Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pile-detoxify

like 1

[ "New functional cyclic aminomethylphosphine ligands for the construction of catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen transformations.", "\nEight-membered cyclic functional bisphosphines, namely 1,5-di-aryl-3,7-di(2-pyridyl)-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes (aryl=2-pyridyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, diphenylmethyl, benzyl, (R)-(+)-(α-methyl)benzyl), with 2-pyridyl substituents on the phosphorus atoms have been synthesized by condensation of 2-pyridylphosphine, formaldehyde, and the corresponding primary amine. ", "The structures of some of these bisphosphines have been investigated by X-ray crystallography. ", "The bisphosphines readily form neutral P,P-chelate complexes [(κ(2)-P,P-L)MCl2], cationic bis-P,P-chelate complexes [(κ(2)-P,P-L)2 M](2+), or a five-coordinate complex [(κ(2)-P,P-L)2 NiBr]Br. ", "The electrochemical behavior of two of the nickel complexes, and their catalytic activities in electrochemical hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation, including the fuel-cell test, have been studied." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006196434260345995, 0.0013874915894120932, 0.000657157099340111, 0.001138562336564064, 0.0005733217694796622 ]

[ " STATE OF MICHIGAN\n\n COURT OF APPEALS\n\n\n\nPEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED\n October 14, 2014\n Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\nv No. ", "316059\n Oakland Circuit Court\nSANDRA MAXINE LAYNE, LC No. ", "2012-241986-FC\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\nBefore: CAVANAGH, P.J., and JANSEN and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.", "\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\n Defendant appeals as of right her jury convictions of second-degree murder, MCL\n750.317, and felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b, for which she was sentenced to 20 to 40 years’\nimprisonment and two years’ imprisonment, respectively. ", "We affirm.", "\n\n Defendant shot her grandson, Jonathon Hoffman, to death. ", "Jonathon lived with\ndefendant and her husband. ", "In March 2012, Jonathan was charged with marijuana possession\nand sentenced to probation that included drug testing. ", "In April 2012, defendant purchased a\nhandgun, a speed loader, and a box of ammunition. ", "She took two lessons related to gun use,\nwhich included firing the gun at a gun range. ", "Her husband did not know about the gun purchase\nor the lessons. ", "On the morning of May 18, 2012, defendant took Jonathon to his scheduled drug\ntest. ", "Because he tested positive for “spice,” also known as “K2,” he had to return later in the day\nand he was angry. ", "He and defendant argued. ", "Defendant took Jonathon to his afternoon drug test\nand, after his return to the vehicle, they argued. ", "When defendant and Jonathon arrived home at\nsome time after 4:30 p.m., defendant asked her husband to take the dog for a walk. ", "While\ndefendant’s husband was out walking the dog, at some time before 5:27 p.m., the shooting\noccurred. ", "Defendant fired numerous gunshots, in several areas of the house. ", "Jonathon was shot\nsix times and died. ", "Toxicology tests revealed no drugs in his blood, but a synthetic drug\nmetabolite in his urine, i.e., K2. ", "The medical examiner testified that drugs found in urine have\nexited a person’s system and do not affect the person. ", "Defendant was arrested and taken to a\nhospital. ", "No injuries were identified. ", "At trial, defendant asserted that she shot Jonathon in self-\ndefense.", "\n\n On appeal, defendant argues that she should have been permitted testify about statements\nJonathon made during both car rides home following the drug testing because they showed\nJonathon’s state of mind and why she felt she had to defend herself against him. ", "We disagree.", "\n\n -1-\n\f Hearsay is only admissible if an exception applies. ", "Defendant argues that the exception\nset forth at MRE 803(3) applied to the excluded testimony. ", "MRE 803(3) provides that the\nfollowing is not excluded by the hearsay rule:\n\n A statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion,\n sensation, or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental\n feeling, pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or\n belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution,\n revocation, identification, or terms of declarant’s will.", "\n\n Defendant argues that she “sought to introduce statements made to defendant by Hoffman\non the day of the incident that would have suggested that he, not defendant, was the aggressor.”", "\nThat is, defense counsel asked defendant what Jonathon was saying on the way home from his\nfirst drug test and a hearsay objection was improperly sustained because the testimony would\nhave showed Jonathan’s state of mind. ", "And after defendant testified that Jonathon was talking in\na “very bizarre[,] agitated way,” on the way home from the second drug test, defense counsel\nasked what he was saying and another hearsay objection was improperly sustained. ", "Defendant\nargues that her testimony regarding Jonathon’s statements during their arguments after each drug\ntest were vital to her claim of self defense because they would have suggested that Jonathon was\nthe aggressor.", "\n\n But defendant did not make an offer of proof after the trial court sustained the\nprosecutor’s objections. ", "When proffered evidence is excluded, the party must make an offer of\nproof to preserve the issue of admissibility for appeal unless the substance of the evidence was\napparent from the context within which questions were asked. ", "MRE 103(a)(2); People v Snyder,\n462 Mich 38, 42; 609 NW2d 831 (2000). ", "Here, we cannot determine the substance of the\ntestimony regarding Jonathon’s statements from the context of the questions asked. ", "Because this\nissue was not preserved, our review is for plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights.", "\nSee MCR 103(d); People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).", "\n\n And plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights is not established. ", "We agree with\ndefendant that Jonathon’s state of mind was relevant because defendant claimed to shoot him in\nself-defense. ", "Statements indicative of the declarant’s state of mind are admissible when the\ndeclarant’s state of mind is in issue. ", "People v White, 401 Mich 482, 502-503; 257 NW2d 912\n(1977), superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized by People v Koonce, 466 Mich\n515, 520; 648 NW2d 153 (2002). ", "And lawful self-defense will excuse a defendant from\nhomicide. ", "People v Riddle, 467 Mich 116, 126, 142; 649 NW2d 30 (2002). ", "To establish this\ndefense, the evidence must show that: (1) defendant honestly believed that she was in danger,\n(2) the danger feared was death or serious bodily harm, (3) the action taken appeared at the time\nto be immediately necessary, and (4) defendant was not the initial aggressor. ", "People v Guajardo,\n300 Mich App 26, 35; 832 NW2d 409 (2013), quoting MCL 780.972.", "\n\n On the record before us, defendant fails to establish that, even if the evidence was\nimproperly excluded, the error affected the outcome of the trial. ", "That is, contrary to her claim,\nany statements Jonathon purportedly made in the car on the way home from the drug testing\nappointments would not likely have led the jury to believe that Jonathon was the initial aggressor\nbefore defendant shot him multiple times. ", "Defendant testified that after they returned home from\n\n -2-\n\fthe second drug testing, she and defendant were arguing upstairs in his bedroom. ", "Jonathon\nwanted to leave Michigan because of his positive drug test and purportedly said: “I am getting\nout of here and I’m taking your car.” ", "Defendant also testified that he said he knew where she\nkept money in the house. ", "After Jonathon made these statements, defendant testified, she went\ndownstairs to her bedroom and retrieved her loaded handgun because: “I wanted him to hear me.", "\nI wanted him to pay attention to me. ", "That I would not give him a car. ", "I would not let him take\nthe car. ", "I would not let him take the money. ", "He had to listen.” ", "She then climbed the 13 stair\nsteps back up to Jonathon’s bedroom with the loaded gun in her hand and found Jonathon in the\nbathroom. ", "She walked toward him in the bathroom; the gun was not concealed. ", "They were very\nclose to each other. ", "Jonathon kicked her and she began shooting. ", "On this record, any statements\nJonathon made in the car after the drug testing, both early in the day and in the afternoon, would\nnot tend to establish defendant’s claim of lawful self-defense. ", "Accordingly, this claim is without\nmerit.", "\n\n Next, defendant argues that her constitutional right to present a defense was violated\nbecause of the trial court’s exclusion of (1) the statements Jonathon allegedly made to her in the\ncar after the drug testing, and (2) statements Jonathon allegedly made to his probation officer\nover two weeks before his death, which questioned her authority and showed disrespect for\nauthority figures. ", "Defendant argues that these statements would have supported her claims that\nshe “reasonably believed she was in danger of being killed or seriously injured” and “had every\nreason to be afraid of him.” ", "After de novo review of this question of law, we disagree. ", "See\nPeople v King, 297 Mich App 465, 472; 824 NW2d 258 (2012).", "\n\n Clearly a criminal defendant must be afforded a meaningful opportunity to present\nevidence in her own defense. ", "People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 249; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).", "\nBut that right is not unlimited. ", "This Court has explained:\n\n The right to present a complete defense may, in appropriate cases, bow to\n accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process. ", "Michigan,\n like other states, has a legitimate interest in promulgating and implementing its\n own rules concerning the conduct of trials. ", "And our Supreme Court has broad\n latitude under the Constitution to establish rules excluding evidence from criminal\n trials.” ", "Thus, an “accused must still comply with established rules of procedure\n and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the ascertainment\n of guilt and innocence. ", "The Michigan Rules of Evidence do not infringe on a\n defendant's constitutional right to present a defense unless they are arbitrary or\n disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to serve. [", "King, 297 Mich App\n at 473-474 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]", "\n\nHere, defendant fails to demonstrate, or even argue, that MRE 803(3) and MRE 402 “are\narbitrary or disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to serve.” ", "See id. at 474. ", "Thus,\nthis argument is without merit. ", "See id. Further, in light of the record evidence, any statements\nJonathon made in the car after the drug testing or to his probation officer over two weeks before\nhe was shot would not tend to support defendant’s claim of lawful self-defense.", "\n\n Finally, defendant argues that her 20 to 40 year sentence for her second-degree murder\nconviction constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, although it was within the applicable\n\n -3-\n\fguidelines range. ", "After review of this unpreserved claim for plain error, we disagree. ", "See\nPeople v Bowling, 299 Mich App 552, 557; 830 NW2d 800 (2013).", "\n\n A sentence within the applicable guidelines range is presumptively proportionate, and a\nproportionate sentence does not constitute cruel or unusual punishment. ", "People v Powell, 278\nMich App 318, 323; 750 NW2d 607 (2008). ", "To overcome the presumption, “a defendant must\npresent unusual circumstances that would render the presumptively proportionate sentence\ndisproportionate.” ", "Bowling, 299 Mich App at 558 (quotation marks and citation omitted).", "\nDefendant argues that because the guidelines range was 144-240 months and she was sentenced\nto a minimum of 240 months, the trial court clearly did not take into consideration her lack of\ncriminal history, age, and health issues. ", "These considerations, however, do not present “unusual\ncircumstances that would render the presumptively proportionate sentence disproportionate.”", "\nSee id. Defendant’s lack of criminal history is considered in the guidelines scoring. ", "And her age\nand non-life-threatening health conditions are unremarkable factors. ", "Accordingly, we reject\ndefendant’s claim that her sentence constituted cruel and unusual punishment.", "\n\n Affirmed.", "\n\n /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh\n /s/ Kathleen Jansen\n /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause\n\n\n\n\n -4-\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0006806821329519153, 0.0007969805155880749, 0.0006859170971438289, 0.0007007335079833865, 0.0009821117855608463, 0.001030458603054285, 0.0005887922598049045, 0.4204796254634857, 0.0020538296084851027, 0.0040962607599794865, 0.0005891548935323954, 0.0007172258337959647, 0.0009659279021434486, 0.0007309107459150255, 0.0014188233762979507, 0.0006847261101938784, 0.0009554132702760398, 0.0014161443104967475, 0.0013759754365310073, 0.026867417618632317, 0.2959947884082794, 0.010909941047430038, 0.0027324229013174772, 0.010105988010764122, 0.0007147094584070146, 0.0026729716919362545, 0.0008210223168134689, 0.0006458120187744498, 0.0006907777860760689, 0.0005945321172475815, 0.0006630123243667185, 0.0006062001921236515, 0.0007578939548693597, 0.0006914656842127442, 0.0011714983265846968, 0.0007139898953028023, 0.0006358168902806938, 0.0007693193620070815, 0.0006475994014181197, 0.0006063429173082113, 0.0006571016856469214, 0.000732695683836937, 0.003685906995087862, 0.0008416725904680789, 0.0007235330995172262, 0.001205307780764997, 0.0008305696537718177, 0.0008895026403479278, 0.0008073019562289119, 0.0005934747750870883, 0.004714340437203646, 0.0006437144475057721, 0.1234821081161499, 0.0006720552337355912, 0.0011902654077857733, 0.0007421888294629753, 0.011076437309384346, 0.00652024382725358, 0.0046366495080292225, 0.0012948125367984176, 0.006426884792745113, 0.003040470415726304, 0.0007441591005772352, 0.23494169116020203, 0.0006437684642150998, 0.0006958214216865599, 0.0007824349449947476, 0.0025037929881364107, 0.0005988109041936696, 0.0006598532199859619, 0.0007228776812553406, 0.0008734888397157192, 0.0007020205375738442, 0.0006244977121241391, 0.0008380288491025567, 0.0006403768202289939, 0.0007085695397108793, 0.0007927778060548007, 0.0006170515553094447, 0.0009068715153262019, 0.000794708845205605, 0.0007587795844301581, 0.0008717580349184573, 0.0007751520024612546, 0.0006008990458212793, 0.0006481168675236404, 0.0011198293650522828, 0.0006931930547580123, 0.0007065105601213872, 0.0006177100003696978, 0.0006625758251175284, 0.0006772807100787759, 0.0006896339473314583, 0.0015955581329762936, 0.0010179654927924275, 0.0007905580569058657, 0.0007196334772743285 ]

[ "{\n \"format_version\": \"1.12\",\n \"minecraft:recipe_shaped\": {\n \"description\": {\n \"identifier\": \"minecraft:mossy_stone_brick_stairs\"\n },\n\n \n \"tags\": [ \"crafting_table\" ],\n \"pattern\": [\n \"# \",\n \"## \",\n \"###\"\n ],\n \"key\": {\n \"#\": {\n \"item\": \"minecraft:stonebrick\",\n \"data\": 1\n }\n },\n \"result\": {\n \"item\": \"minecraft:mossy_stone_brick_stairs\",\n \"count\": 4\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006749719032086432 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'Whether fast cooling processes occur or not is crucial for the thermal evolution of neutron stars. ", "In particular, the threshold of the direct Urca process, which is one of the fast cooling processes, is determined by the interior proton fraction $Y_p$, or the nuclear symmetry energy. ", "Since recent observations indicate the small radius of neutron stars, a low value is preferred for the symmetry energy. ", "In this study, simulations of neutron star cooling are performed adopting three models for equation of state (EoS): Togashi, Shen, and LS220 EoSs. ", "The Togashi EoS has been recently constructed with realistic nuclear potentials under finite temperature, and found to account for the small radius of neutron stars. ", "As a result, we find that, since the direct Urca process is forbidden, the neutron star cooling is slow with use of the Togashi EoS. This is because symmetry energy of Togashi EoS is lower than those of other EoSs. ", "Hence, in order to account for observed age and surface temperature of isolated neutron stars (INS) with use of the Togashi EoS, other fast cooling processes are needed regardless of the surface composition.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Akira Dohi$^{1}$[^1], Ken’ichiro Nakazato$^2$, Masa-aki Hashimoto$^1$, Yasuhide Matsuo$^1$, and Tsuneo Noda$^3$'\ntitle: Possibility of rapid neutron star cooling with the realistic equation of state\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nNeutron stars are formed as a remnant of core-collapse supernovae. ", "Nascent neutron stars are hot and their temperature decreases with their age. ", "Since the emissivity of neutrinos is much larger than that of photons, the neutrino emission determines the thermal evolution of neutron stars until $10^{5-6}$ yr after the birth. ", "Since the ages of observed neutron stars are mostly younger than $10^{6-7}$ yr [@Vigano2013], the observed temperature of neutron stars depends mainly on neutrino emission processes.", "\n\nThe thermal evolutions of neutron stars are described by cooling curves; the relation between the age $t$ and the effective temperature $T_{\\mathrm{eff}}^{\\infty}$ of neutron stars. ", "So far, many theoretical models of cooling curves have been compared to the observed temperature and age of isolated neutron stars (INS) [@Tsuruta1964; @Tsuruta1966; @Tsuruta1979; @Umeda1994; @Tsuruta1998; @Page2004; @Yakovlev2004; @Shternin2011; @Noda2013]. ", "The cooling process of neutron stars depends sensitively on the state of matter, which is described by the equation of state (EoS) beyond the nuclear saturation density. ", "One of the most important ingredients on the thermal evolution of neutron stars is whether fast cooling processes occur or not. ", "Especially, the direct Urca (DU) process is the strongest process in the nucleon cooling processes [@Lattimer1991a]. ", "The threshold of DU process is determined by the proton fraction $Y_p$, which depends on EoS. Therefore, the EoS dependence of the cooling curves has been studied actively [@Lim2017; @Negreiros2018]. ", "Another significant effect on the neutron star cooling comes from the superfluidity [@Yakovlev2001; @Page2004; @Page2009; @Ho2015]. ", "While the superfluid critical temperature is a crucial parameter to govern the efficiency of the cooling, it is uncertain especially for the triplet gap (e.g. [@Amundsen1985; @Baldo1992; @Yakovlev1999; @Takatsuka2004]). ", "Due to the superfluidity, thermodynamical quantities are affected severely through the neutrino loss rates. ", "Therefore, to calculate cooling curves we adopt models of EoS, neutrino loss rates, and superfluid critical temperature, as indispensable physical quantities.", "\n\nIn this paper, we focus on the EoS dependence of the cooling curves. ", "Recently, several constraints on the EoS are considered. ", "For example, the discovery of neutron stars with $\\simeq 2~M_{\\odot}$ [@Demorest2010; @Antoniadis2013] provides a strong constraint because the EoSs with the maximum mass of neutron stars with $<$2$~M_{\\odot}$ are inconsistent with them (see also Ref. [", "@Cromartie2019]). ", "Another examples are from the analysis of low mass X-ray binaries and gravitational wave from neutron star merger (GW170817) [@Steiner2010; @Abbott2018]. ", "They provide constraints on the mass–radius relation of neutron stars and the neutron star radius is indicated to be less than 13 km. ", "In our computations of neutron star cooling, we adopt three models of EoS with different radius of neutron stars. ", "Then, for the EoS model preferred by the observations of neutron star radius, we investigate whether the resultant cooling curves are consistent with the temperature observations of INS. ", "Furthermore, we examine the possibility of rapid cooling process with different surface compositions.", "\n\nContents in this paper are as follows: In section 2, we explain basic equations of our cooling simulations, and neutrino processes related to superfluid models. ", "In section 3, we introduce the models of EoS adopted in our computations. ", "In section 4, we show the results of cooling simulation comparing with the observations of INS, and examine the EoS dependence and the effect of superfluidity. ", "In section 5, we discuss the relation between the threshold of DU process and symmetry energy and examine the influence of surface composition. ", "In section 6, we give a concluding remark and present future investigations.", "\n\nSetup of cooling simulation\n===========================\n\nBasic equations\n---------------\n\nWhen nuclear burning does not occur, fundamental equations of stellar structure are described as follows [@Throne1977], $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\frac{\\partial M_{\\mathrm{tr}}}{\\partial r} \\hspace*{-2mm}& = &\\hspace*{-2mm} 4\\pi r^{2} \\rho~, \\label{eq:1} \\\\\n \\frac{\\partial P}{\\partial r}\\hspace*{-2mm} & = &\\hspace*{-2mm} -\\frac{G\\rho}{r^{2}}\n \\left(1+\\frac{P}{\\rho c^{2}}\\right)\n \\left(M_{\\mathrm{tr}}+\\frac{4\\pi r^{3}P}{c^{2}}\\right) \\left(1-\\frac{2GM_{\\mathrm{tr}}}{c^{2}r}\\right)^{-1}~, \\label{eq:2} \\\\\n\\frac{\\partial (L_{r}e^{2\\phi/c^{2}})}{\\partial M_{r}}\\hspace*{-2mm} & =\\hspace*{-2mm} &\n -e^{2\\phi/c^{2}}\\left(\\varepsilon_{\\nu} + e^{-\\phi/c^{2}}C_V\\frac{\\partial T}{\\partial t}\n \\right)~, \\label{eq:3} \\\\\n \\frac{\\partial \\ln T}{\\partial \\ln P}\\hspace*{-2mm} & =\\hspace*{-2mm} & \\nabla_{\\rm rad}~, \\label{eq:4} \\\\\n \\frac{\\partial M_\\mathrm{tr}}{\\partial M_{r}}\\hspace*{-2mm} & =\\hspace*{-2mm} & \\frac{\\rho}{\\rho_r}\n \\left(1-\\frac{2GM_\\mathrm{tr}}{c^{2}r}\\right)^{1/2}~, \\label{eq:5}\\\\\n \\frac{\\partial \\phi}{\\partial M_\\mathrm{tr}}\\hspace*{-2mm} & =\\hspace*{-2mm} & \\frac{G(M_{\\mathrm{tr}}+4\\pi r^{3}P/c^{2})}\n {4\\pi r^{4}\\rho}\\left(1-\\frac{2GM_\\mathrm{tr}}{c^{2}r}\\right)^{-1}, \\label{eq:6} \\end{aligned}$$ with the gravitational constant $G$ and velocity of light $c$. Here, $\\rho$ is the mass energy density, $\\rho_r$ is the rest mass density, $P$ is the pressure, $M_\\mathrm{tr}$ is the gravitational mass, $M_r$ is the rest mass inside the radius $r$, $T$ is the local temperature, $\\varepsilon_\\nu$ is the energy loss rate by neutrino emission, $C_V$ is the specific heat per baryon, $\\nabla_{\\rm rad}$ is the radiative gradient, and $\\phi$ is the gravitational potential in unit mass.", "\n\nFrom the latest neutron star mass measurements [@Alsing2018], observed minimum and maximum masses are $1.174 \\pm 0.004~M_{\\odot}$ [@Martinez2015] and $2.01 \\pm 0.04~M_{\\odot}$ [@Antoniadis2013], respectively. ", "This range of the masses observed is consistent with simulations of supernova explosions [@Suwa2018]. ", "In this study, we perform the cooling simulations of neutron stars with the masses from $1.1~M_{\\odot}$ to $2.1~M_{\\odot}$. For the age and the surface temperature of INS, we adopt observational data in Ref. [", "@Lim2017] for 18 INS and Ref. [", "@Heinke2010] for Cassiopeia A. Note that, while the temperature variation is observed by $Chandra$ for Cassiopeia A [@Wijingaarden2019] (but see also Ref. [", "@Elshamouty2013] ), we do not intend to account for it in this paper. ", "Although the surface composition affects the photon emission rate due to the differences in the opacity $\\kappa$ [@Noda2006; @Page2006], the surface compositions are fixed to be light elements, which are 73% of ${}^{1}{\\mathrm{H}}$, 25% of ${}^{4}{\\mathrm{He}}$, and 2% of ${}^{56}{\\mathrm{Ni}}$. The mass in the envelope is supposed to be $5.0\\times 10^{-13}~M_{\\odot}$, ignoring the accretion. ", "In Section 5.2, however, we vary the surface composition and consider the pure Ni case. ", "Furthermore, $\\nabla_{\\rm rad}$ depends on mainly $\\kappa$, and is calculated by using public conductivity codes [@Baiko2001; @Potekhin2015]. ", "We adopt the evolution code of a spherically symmetric neutron star [@Fujimoto1984; @Matsuo2018]. ", "As a result, we construct cooling curves by solving the structure equations Eqs. (", "\\[eq:1\\]) – (\\[eq:6\\]) from the core to the surface of neutron stars.", "\n\nNeutrino emission processes\n---------------------------\n\nSo as to evaluate the neutrino energy loss rate $\\varepsilon_\\nu$ in Eq. (", "\\[eq:3\\]), we adopt the neutrino emission processes listed in Table 1. ", "The modified Urca and the nucleon pair bremsstrahlung processes always turn on and their loss rate is approximately $10^{19-21} ~\\mathrm{erg~cm^{-3}~s^{-1}}$ [@Shapiro2008]. ", "While they are slow cooling processes, the DU process is fast cooling process. ", "The emissivity is around $10^{27}~\\mathrm{erg~cm^{-3}~s^{-1}}$ [@Lattimer1991a]. ", "Since the DU process occurs satisfying the momentum conservation, the threshold of proton fraction $Y_p^{\\mathrm{DU}}$ for the DU process to turn on is written as [@Lattimer1991a]: $$Y_p^{\\mathrm{DU}} = \\frac{1}{1 + \\left(1 + x_e^{1/3}\\right)^3}, \\label{eq:7}$$ where $x_e = Y_e/(Y_e + Y_{\\mu})$, defining $Y_e$ and $Y_{\\mu}$ as electron and muon fractions, respectively. ", "In the very high-density regions, $Y_p^{\\mathrm{DU}} \\simeq 0.1477$ because of $Y_e \\simeq Y_{\\mu}$. When muons are absent, $Y_p^{\\mathrm{DU}}$ is $1/9$. Since $Y_p$ increases with density in high-density regions, the DU process occurs generally inside massive neutron stars.", "\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Name Process Efficiency\n ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------\n $\\hspace*{1cm}\\begin{cases} n+n^\\prime \\rightarrow p+n^\\prime+l^-+\\bar\\nu_l \\\\ p+n^\\prime+l^- \\rightarrow n+n^\\prime+\\nu_l \\end{cases}$ Slow\n\n $\\hspace*{1cm}\\begin{cases} n+p^\\prime \\rightarrow p+p^\\prime+l^-+\\bar\\nu_l \\\\ p+p^\\prime+l^- \\rightarrow n+p^\\prime+\\nu_l \\end{cases}$ Slow\n\n Bremsstrahlung $\\hspace*{1cm} Slow\n \\begin{cases} \n n+n^\\prime \\rightarrow n+n^\\prime+\\nu_{l}+\\bar\\nu_{l} \\\\ \n n+p \\rightarrow n+p+\\nu_{l}+\\bar\\nu_{l} \\\\ \n p+p^\\prime \\rightarrow p+p^\\prime+\\nu_{l}+\\bar\\nu_{l}\\\\ \n \\end{cases} \n \\hspace*{-1cm}$ \n\n $\\hspace*{1cm} Medium (if $T \\sim T_{\\mathrm{cr}}$)\n \\begin{cases} \n n+n \\rightarrow [nn] +\\nu_{l}+\\bar\\nu_{l} \\\\ \n p+p \\rightarrow [pp] +\\nu_{l}+\\bar\\nu_{l} \n \\end{cases}$ \n\n $\\hspace*{1cm}\\begin{cases} n \\rightarrow p+l^-+\\bar\\nu_l \\\\ p+l^- \\rightarrow n+\\nu_l \\end{cases}$ Fast (if $Y_p \\ge Y_p^{\\mathrm{DU}}$)\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Nucleon neutrino emission processes adopted in this study. ", "$l$ means electron or muon. []{", "data-label=\"Tab:Nu\"}\n\nNucleon superfluidity\n---------------------\n\nNucleon superfluid effect is also important for neutron star cooling. ", "When the local temperature $T$ is lower than the critical temperature $T_{\\mathrm{cr}}$, proton–proton pairs and neutron–neutron pairs are formed. ", "Then, the neutrinos and antineutrinos are produced, which is called the nucleon pair breaking formation (PBF) process [@Page2004; @Flowers1976; @Voskresensky1987]. ", "As a consequence both protons and neutrons become ${}^1S_0$ states for low-density regions and neutrons become ${}^3P_2$ state for high-density regions. ", "As a result, neutrino emissivity is suppressed in proportional to $\\exp\\left(-aT_{\\mathrm{cr}}/T\\right)$, where $a$ is 1.76 for ${}^1S_0$ state and 8.40 for ${}^3P_2$ state [@Takatsuka1972]. ", "However, the relation between the superfluid energy gap ($\\Delta=aT_{\\mathrm{cr}}$) and the critical temperature is rather uncertain because of the uncertainty of the nuclear force. ", "While many studies about nucleon superfluidity have been done [@Tsuruta1998; @Takatsuka1993; @Takatsuka2004], $T_{\\mathrm{cr}}$ dependence on the Fermi wave number is still uncertain. ", "We adopt CLS model as the superfluidity of ${}^1S_0$ neutrons, and four models as the other superfluidities: Combination of two ${}^1S_0$ proton superfluid models (AO & CCDK) and two ${}^3P_2$ neutron superfluid models (BEEHS & EEHO) [@Ho2015] as shown in Fig.1.", "\n\n![", "Superfluid transition temperature vs. the Fermi wave number of a particle $x = n \\ \\text{or} \\ p$ [@Ho2015]. ", "Abbreviations of superfluid models are inserted inside the panel.](model4.eps){width=\"5.0in\"}\n\nEquation of state {#cs}\n=================\n\nAs already noted, the EoS is important to calculate the thermal evolution of neutron stars. ", "In this study, so as to include the temperature-dependent structure of neutron stars, we adopt three models of EoS constructed under finite temperatures: Shen, LS220, and Togashi EoSs. ", "While the Shen EoS is based on a relativistic mean field model [@Shen1998a; @Shen1998b; @Shen2011], the LS220 EoS is based on a Skyrme energy-density functional [@Lattimer1991b]. ", "These EoSs have been widely used to simulate various astrophysical phenomena [@Couch2013; @Suwa2013; @Famiano2016; @Kuroda2017; @Sumiyoshi1995; @Camelio2017; @Nakazato2018; @Nakazato2019]. ", "The Togashi EoS [@Togashi2017] is constructed with use of realistic two-body potential and phenomenological three-body potential [@Wiringa1995; @Carlson1983; @Pudliner1995] under the finite temperature. ", "In this section, we describe the properties of these EoSs. ", "Note that, in our calculations, while these EoSs are adopted for the pressure $P > 10^{30}~\\mathrm{dyne}~\\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$, we adopt BPS EoS [@Baym1971] in the low-density regions. ", "In the left panel of Fig.", " \\[f2\\], we show total pressures against the baryon density for the EoS models adopted in this study. ", "We find that the Togashi EoS is softer than the other two EoSs for $\\rho \\lesssim 10^{15}$ g $\\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$. A constraint obtained from a flow measurement in experiments of heavy ion collisions [@Danielewicz2002] is also shown in the left panel of Fig.", " \\[f2\\] and we can recognize that the EoSs are consistent with the experimental results of heavy ion collisions.", "\n\n![", "Properties for three nuclear EoSs: Togashi (green), Shen (pink), and LS220 (orange). ", "Left panel: Relation between baryon density and total pressure. ", "The red vertical line indicates nuclear saturation density $\\rho_0$ of the LS220 EoS. Blue region is from the flow in experiment of heavy ion collisions [@Danielewicz2002]. ", "Right panel: Mass–radius relation of neutron stars. ", "Light blue bands show two measurements of $1.908 \\pm 0.016~M_{\\odot}$ of pulsar J0348+0432 [@Demorest2010] and $2.01 \\pm 0.04~M_{\\odot}$ of pulsar J1618-2230 [@Antoniadis2013]. ", "Many dark orange dots indicate the results from the observation of GW170817 [@Abbott2018], and blue regions indicate the results based on the low mass X-ray binary observations [@Steiner2010] (Solid curve: 1$\\sigma$, Dashed curve: 2$\\sigma$).[]{data-label=\"f2\"}](prho2.eps){width=\"3.5in\" height=\"2.7in\"}\n\n![", "Properties for three nuclear EoSs: Togashi (green), Shen (pink), and LS220 (orange). ", "Left panel: Relation between baryon density and total pressure. ", "The red vertical line indicates nuclear saturation density $\\rho_0$ of the LS220 EoS. Blue region is from the flow in experiment of heavy ion collisions [@Danielewicz2002]. ", "Right panel: Mass–radius relation of neutron stars. ", "Light blue bands show two measurements of $1.908 \\pm 0.016~M_{\\odot}$ of pulsar J0348+0432 [@Demorest2010] and $2.01 \\pm 0.04~M_{\\odot}$ of pulsar J1618-2230 [@Antoniadis2013]. ", "Many dark orange dots indicate the results from the observation of GW170817 [@Abbott2018], and blue regions indicate the results based on the low mass X-ray binary observations [@Steiner2010] (Solid curve: 1$\\sigma$, Dashed curve: 2$\\sigma$).[]{data-label=\"f2\"}](mr1.eps){width=\"3.5in\"}\n\nDefining $u = \\rho_{\\mathrm{B}}/\\rho_0$ with the baryon mass density $\\rho_{\\mathrm{B}}$, the energy per nucleon $w(u,Y_p)$ is approximately expanded around the saturation density [@Vidana2009], $$\\begin{aligned}\nw(u,Y_p) = w_0 + \\frac{K}{18}\\left(u - 1\\right)^2 + \\cdots + \\left[S_0 + \\frac{L}{3}\\left(u - 1\\right) + \\cdots \\right]\\left(1 - 2Y_p \\right)^2, \\label{eq:9}\\end{aligned}$$ where $w_0$, $K$, $S_0$, and $L$ are, respectively, the energy per nucleon, incompressibility, symmetry energy, and symmetry energy slope at the nuclear saturation density $\\rho_0$. The term inside the square bracket of Eq. (", "\\[eq:9\\]) is a density-dependent symmetry energy $S(u) = S_0 + \\frac{L}{3}\\left(u - 1\\right) + \\cdots$. In the vicinity of the saturation density, the properties of nuclear matter are characterized by the saturation parameters, $\\rho_0$, $w_0$, $K_0$, $S_0$, and $L$, and they are tabulated in Table 2 for the EoSs adopted in this study. ", "Recent terrestrial experiments suggest $220~ \\mathrm{MeV} \\lesssim K \\lesssim 260~\\mathrm{MeV}$, $S_0 \\lesssim 36~\\mathrm{MeV}$, and $L \\lesssim 80~\\mathrm{MeV}$ [@Garg2018; @Lattimer2013b]. ", "Therefore, the Togashi and LS220 EoSs are consistent with the experimental values while the Shen EoS has large values of $S_0$ and $L$.\n\nThe mass–radius relations of neutron stars are plotted in the right panel of Fig.", " \\[f2\\] for the EoSs adopted in this study. ", "In the present paper, we ignore the effects of rotation and magnetic field of neutron stars. ", "Therefore, provided the relation between the total mass energy density $\\rho$ and the pressure $P$, the gravitational mass $M$ and the radius $R$ of neutron stars are obtained from TOV equation as seen from Eqs. (", "\\[eq:1\\]) and (\\[eq:2\\]) [@TOV1939]. ", "In the right panel of Fig.", " \\[f2\\], we also show the suggestions from the observations: masses of heavy neutron stars observed so far [@Demorest2010; @Antoniadis2013], gravitational wave GW170817 emitted from neutron star merger [@Abbott2018], and flux from low mass X-ray binaries [@Steiner2010]. ", "The maximum mass of neutron stars is $2.21~M_{\\odot}$ for the Togashi EoS, $2.17~M_{\\odot}$ for the Shen EoS, and $2.04~M_{\\odot}$ for the LS220 EoS. Hence, the three EoSs are consistent with the mass measurements of the heavy neutron stars. ", "On the other hand, these EoSs are different with respect to the radius of neutron stars. ", "The observations of the neutron star merger and the low mass X-ray binaries suggest the smaller radius of neutron stars less than around $13$ km. ", "Thus, the Togashi EoS is the most preferred model among the EoSs adopted in this study. ", "Note that, the Togashi EoS has the smallest value for $L$ and it is consistent with the fact that $R$ and $L$ have a positive correlation (e.g. $R \\propto L^{1/4}$ [@Lattimer2001; @Lim2017]) in general.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\n{width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "Cooling curves using the Togashi EoS. Difference of color indicates that of gravitational mass. ", "Dotted curves indicate the cases without the superfluidity, while solid curves are obtained by using superfluid model. ", "The superfluid models are as follows; The left top panel: AO for ${}^1S_0$ protons and BEEHS for ${}^3P_2$ neutrons, the right top panel: CCDK for ${}^1S_0$ protons and BEEHS for ${}^3P_2$ neutrons, the left bottom: AO for ${}^1S_0$ protons and EEHO for ${}^3P_2$ neutrons, the right bottom panel: CCDK for ${}^1S_0$ protons and EEHO for ${}^3P_2$ neutrons. ", "For the cooling data of Cassiopeia A (red symbols), we adopt the data in Ref. [", "@Heinke2010]. ", "The others are taken from Ref. [", "@Lim2017] (black dots with errors). ](", "Togashi_HHe32.eps){width=\"5.0in\"}\n\n{width=\"5.0in\"}\n\n{width=\"5.0in\"}\n\nWe describe our numerical results of the neutron star cooling. ", "The temperature profiles as a function of the baryon density are shown in Fig. ", "3. ", "We adopt isothermal models for the initial conditions of the calculation except for the outer layer where $\\rho_\\mathrm{B}\\lesssim~10^5~\\mathrm{g~cm^{-3}}$. Without superfluidity, the thermal structure of the models with the Shen EoS ($1.8M_\\odot$) and LS220 EoS ($1.7M_\\odot$) show that the DU process works in the core of the star, and the temperatures of the cores drop rapidly. ", "The others show that the DU process does not work and keep the thermal structure almost isothermal. ", "It represents the slow cooling.", "\n\nWe present the cooling curves of neutron stars obtained from our calculations with the Togashi EoS, Shen EoS, and LS220 EoS in Figs. ", "4, 5, and 6, respectively. ", "We focus on the dotted curves corresponding the cooling curves without superfluidity. ", "In Fig. ", "4, the cooling curves of the Togashi EoS locate at high-temperature regions due to the slow cooling as shown in Fig. ", "3. ", "This model does not account for the observational data below the curves. ", "In Fig. ", "5, the cooling curves show that the models with the Shen EoS cools rapidly at any masses, and all of them do not cross observational data of INS. ", "In Fig. ", "6, the cooling curves are shown for the models with the LS220 EoS. The heavy neutron stars ($M \\geq 1.4 M_\\odot$) cool rapidly, while the light neutron stars ($M < 1.4 M_\\odot$) keep warm. ", "By varying the mass for the models with the LS220 EoS, the cooling curves cover the range of the temperature observations. ", "Therefore, the models with the LS220 EoS are suitable to account for the observational data.", "\n\nWe examine the models with superfluid effect. ", "First, we notice the models with the Shen EoS, whose cooling curves locate lower-temperature region than all observational data without considering superfluid effect. ", "We show the cooling curves of the models with the Shen EoS with (without) superfluid effect in the solid (dotted) curves in Fig. ", "5. ", "The effective temperature for the models with the Shen EoS with superfluidity is higher than that without superfluidity, and cooling curves with superfluidity locate in higher-temperature region but are insufficient for the observations with any superfluid models. ", "For instance, any cooling curves with the Shen EoS are inconsistent with the two observations with $t\\lesssim~10^4~\\mathrm{yr}$ and $T^{\\infty}_{\\mathrm{eff}}\\gtrsim~10^{6.2}~\\mathrm{K}$. Next, we focus on the models with the LS220 EoS, whose cooling curves match to the observational data without considering the superfluid effect as shown in Fig. ", "6. ", "The cooling curves are sensitive to the difference of the superfluid models. ", "If the superfluid model for $^3P_2$ neutrons is the EEHO, the cooling curves are consistent with the observations. ", "In contrast, the models with BEEHS become inconsistent due to the quantitative difference of the superfluid effect. ", "At high-density region, the neutron star with the LS220 EoS causes the strong DU process, which is greatly suppressed by nucleon superfluidity. ", "Therefore, with the DU process, the superfluid effect on the cooling curves is large and the cooling becomes slow.", "\n\n{width=\"3.5in\"}\n\nHowever, without the DU process, the effect from the suppression of neutrino emission is clearly weak because the PBF process works. ", "The PBF process is about 2–3 order of magnitude weaker than the DU process, and 1–2 order stronger than the slow cooling processes. ", "The EoS models which do not induce the DU process such as the Togashi EoS are therefore insusceptible from the superfluidity as seen in Fig. ", "4. ", "The cooling curves of the Togashi EoS locate in higher-temperature regions with considering superfluid effect, but compared to those of the Shen and LS220 EoSs, the effect of superfluidity is clearly ineffective. ", "With and without the superfluidity, the Togashi EoS does not suit the observations for $t>10^2$ yr. ", "We also examine the superfluid-model dependence of the cooling curves. ", "Without the DU process, the superfluid contribution to cooling is small as we noted. ", "If the DU process occurs, the suppression of the neutrino emission by superfluidity is important for the neutron star cooling. ", "In Fig. ", "7, the central temperatures of each model are plotted with $T_{\\mathrm{cr}}$ as a function of the Fermi wave number. ", "From this figure, we can see which model has the superfluid effect as a result of the cooling (below $10^8$ K). ", "For instance, considering the superfluid effect of $^1S_0$ protons for the Shen and LS220 EoSs, the threshold mass against the CCDK is about $1.1M_\\odot$ and that against the AO is less than $1.1M_\\odot$. This implies that the suppression of neutrino emission by the CCDK is stronger than that by AO. ", "Figures 5 and 6 indicate such difference, but the difference is smaller than that of $^3P_2$ neutrons. ", "As seen in Fig. ", "7, the threshold mass for $^3P_2$ neutrons against the EEHO for the Shen EoS is about $2.1M_\\odot$ and that for the LS220 EoS is around $1.6M_\\odot$. Therefore the difference of the cooling curves between $1.4M_\\odot$ to $1.7M_\\odot$ ($1.8M_\\odot$ to $2.1M_\\odot$) for the LS220 (Shen) EoS are large as shown in Fig. ", "6 (Fig. ", "5). ", "Similarly, the cooling is slow for BEEHS as in Figs. ", "5 and 6 since the superfluid range of the BEEHS is wide enough to easily exceed the central Fermi wave number with $2.1M_\\odot$ for any EoSs. ", "We recognize that the best models in comparison with the INS observations are with the LS220 EoS and the EEHO $^3P_2$ neutron superfluidity.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe DU process and the symmetry energy at high densities\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\n![", "Proton fraction $Y_p$ vs. baryon density $\\rho_B$ for three nuclear EoSs: Togashi (green), Shen (pink), and LS220 (orange). ", "Red vertical line indicates the nuclear saturation density $\\rho_0$ of the LS220 EoS. Dotted blue line indicates the DU threshold in $npe$ matter while blue curve corresponds to the DU threshold in $npe{\\mu}$ matter of the LS220 EoS. As in Fig. ", "7, $Y_p$ at the central baryon density are plotted for $1.1, 1.4, 1.8,$ and $2.1~M_{\\odot}$ models with the Togashi and Shen EoSs, and $1.1, 1.4, 1.7,$ and $2.0~M_{\\odot}$ models with the LS220 EoS.[]{data-label=\"fig:yp\"}](yp3.eps){width=\"5.0in\"}\n\n![", "Symmetry energies of three EoSs: Togashi (green), Shen (pink), and LS220 (orange). ", "We adopt the saturation number density $n_0 = 0.155~{\\mathrm{fm}^{-3}}$ for LS220 EoS. The DU process thresholds of $npe$ and $npe\\mu$ matter correspond to the dotted and solid black curves, respectively. ", "As in Fig. ", "8, the symmetry energies at the central baryon number density are plotted for $1.1, 1.4, 1.8,$ and $2.1~M_{\\odot}$ models with Togashi and Shen EoSs, and $1.1, 1.4, 1.7$ and $2.0~M_{\\odot}$ models with LS220 EoS.[]{data-label=\"fig:su\"}](symreal1.eps){width=\"5.0in\"}\n\nAs described in the previous section, the EoS determines whether the DU process turns on or not. ", "This is because $Y_p$ depends on the EoS. In our calculations, EoSs are assumed to be in the $\\beta$ equilibrium and charge neutrality: $$\\mu_n - \\mu_p = \\mu_e = \\mu_\\mu,\n\\label{eq:betaeq}$$ $$Y_p = Y_e + Y_\\mu,\n\\label{eq:chrgnt}$$ where $\\mu_n$, $\\mu_p$, $\\mu_e$, and $\\mu_{\\mu}$ are the chemical potentials of neutrons, protons, electrons, and muons, respectively. ", "In Fig.", " \\[fig:yp\\], we show $Y_p$ as a function of the baryon mass density for the EoSs adopted in this study. ", "In this figure, adopting the LS220 EoS, we also plot the DU threshold, $Y^\\mathrm{DU}_p$, obtained by substituting $Y_e$ and $Y_\\mu$ in Eq.", " (\\[eq:7\\]). ", "The DU process turns on for $Y_p \\ge Y^\\mathrm{DU}_p$. We can recognize that, with use of the LS220 EoS, the DU process turns on in neutron stars with $\\gtrsim$1.4$M_\\odot$ but this is not the case for neutron stars with $1.1M_\\odot$. In case of the Togashi EoS, $Y_p$ is lower than the DU threshold and, therefore, the DU process is disallowed even for the maximum-mass neutron stars. ", "In contrast, since $Y_p$ is higher than the DU threshold, the DU process turns on for all the models of the Shen EoS considered in our calculations. ", "Note that, whereas $Y_p^{\\mathrm{DU}}$ depends on the EoS, the difference of $Y_p^{\\mathrm{DU}}$ among the EoS models is insignificant compared to that of $Y_p$.\n\nFor the EoS of neutron star matter, $Y_p$ is related to the symmetry energy, $S(u)$. When the symmetry energy is defined as the energy difference between the pure neutron matter and the symmetric nuclear matter as in Eq.", " (\\[eq:9\\]), the chemical potentials of neutrons and protons satisfy the relation: $$\\mu_n - \\mu_p = 4S(u)(1 - 2Y_p).", "\n\\label{eq:chemsym}$$ Then, $Y_p$ is determined by Eqs.", " (\\[eq:betaeq\\]), (\\[eq:chrgnt\\]) and (\\[eq:chemsym\\]). ", "In general, $Y_p$ is smaller for the EoS with lower symmetry energy, provided that the baryon number density is the same. ", "This trend is confirmed for the EoSs adopted in this study from Fig.", " \\[fig:su\\], where the symmetry energy is shown as a function of the baryon number density. ", "At high densities, the Togashi EoS has the lowest symmetry energy while the Shen EoS has the highest. ", "This is consistent with the fact that the symmetry energy slope parameter, $L$, is small for the Togashi EoS but is large for the Shen EoS. Whereas the value of $L$ is defined at the saturation density, it can be used as an indicator of the symmetry energy at high densities.", "\n\nAs a result of the discussion presented so far, the DU process is disallowed even for heavy neutron stars if the EoS adopted for the cooling calculations has low symmetry energy at high densities, or, small $L$ value. ", "Here, we consider the critical symmetry energy as a function of density, $S^{\\mathrm{DU}}(u)$, for the DU process. ", "When muons are absent, the charge neutrality requires $Y_e=Y_p$ and, therefore, $S(u)$ and $Y_p$ satisfy the relation [@Lattimer1991a; @Tews2017]: $$\\mu_n - \\mu_p = 4S(u)(1 - 2Y_p) = \\frac{hc}{2\\pi}(3\\pi^2n_0 uY_p)^{1/3} = \\mu_e,\n\\label{eq:nomuon}$$ with the Planck constant $h$ and the nuclear saturation number density $n_0$. Then, the condition for the DU process is $Y_p\\ge Y^{\\mathrm{DU}}_p=1/9$, or, $$S(u) \\ge S^{\\mathrm{DU}}(u) \\simeq 50.7 \\left( \\frac{un_0}{0.155~\\mathrm{fm}^{-3}} \\right)^{1/3}~\\mathrm{MeV}.", "\n\\label{eq:nomuons}$$ Similarly, taking into account the muon contributions, we can obtain $Y_p$, $Y_e$, and $Y_\\mu$ from Eqs.", " (\\[eq:betaeq\\]), (\\[eq:chrgnt\\]) and (\\[eq:chemsym\\]) if the symmetry energy $S(u)$ is provided as a function of the density $u$. Then, we can evaluate the DU threshold $Y^{\\mathrm{DU}}_p$ by Eq.", " (\\[eq:7\\]) and judge whether the DU process turns on. ", "The critical symmetry energy $S^{\\mathrm{DU}}(u)$ derived in this way is plotted in Fig.", " \\[fig:su\\]. ", "As seen in this figure, the difference of $S^{\\mathrm{DU}}(u)$ between $npe$ and $npe\\mu$ matter is a few MeV.\n\nSince the DU process is disallowed for any masses, the models with the Togashi EoS are inconsistent with the observations of low-temperature INS as described in the previous section. ", "It stems from the fact that the Togashi EoS has low symmetry energy at high densities, or, small $L$ value. ", "In contrast, a small $L$ value is preferred from the observations of neutron star radius, which indicates the small value for the radius. ", "Therefore, we emphasize that we should consider not only the radius but also the cooling curve so as to examine the neutron star EoS. Note that the fast cooling processes due to exotic particles are omitted in the above discussion.", "\n\nInfluence of the surface composition on cooling curves\n------------------------------------------------------\n\n{width=\"5.0in\"}\n\nIn our cooling calculations as described in the previous section, the neutron star surface is assumed to have the light compositions, which are 73% of ${}^{1}{\\mathrm{H}}$, 25% of ${}^{4}{\\mathrm{He}}$, and 2% of ${}^{56}{\\mathrm{Ni}}$. Many previous studies show that the surface compositions affect the effective surface temperature of INS [@Noda2006; @Page2006]. ", "Therefore, using the Togashi EoS, we calculate cooling curves with the pure-Ni surface, which is the heaviest element in conceivable compositions. ", "The results are shown in Fig. ", "10. ", "Compared to Fig. ", "4, the overall effective temperature of INS with pure-Ni surface is lower than that of INS with light compositions. ", "In addition, when the age of INS becomes $10^{5-6}~\\mathrm{yr}$ at the photon cooling stage, INS with light surface compositions cool rapidly. ", "We see however that these modifications of surface compositions on cooling curves are insufficient to account for the observed data of INS with low temperature. ", "This is similar to the result of Ref. [", "@Beznogov2016] (see Figure 4 in it). ", "Therefore, the cooling curves with use of the Togashi EoS are inconsistent with the INS with low surface temperature, even if the INS surface is composed of heavy elements.", "\n\nConcluding remark\n=================\n\nWe have performed cooling simulation of neutron stars with use of the Togashi, Shen and LS220 EoSs. ", "As a result, the LS220 EoS can account for the temperature observations of INS through the DU process by considering appropriate superfluid model. ", "On the other hand, the Togashi EoS is inappropriate to account for the observations of INS regardless of surface composition because the DU process is prohibited. ", "The fundamental reason comes from rather low symmetry energy, which is appropriate for the neutron star radius. ", "Therefore, other fast cooling processes than the DU process may work in INS with low temperature. ", "For example, the neutrino emissions concerned with exotic particles such as hyperons, pions, kaons, and quarks lead to rapid cooling (e.g. [@Lim2019; @Raduta2019]). ", "Since the value of the symmetry energy is predicted to be small and the DU process is hard to occur, we can imply the possibility that some exotic particles exist in neutron stars. ", "We will investigate their impacts on the cooling curve, as well as on the EoS, elsewhere. ", "Furthermore, the critical temperature of the superfluid transition also depends on the EoS. Calculations taking into account the consistency between the EoS and neutrino emissivity are worth performing.", "\n\n[10]{} D. Vigano, N. Rea, J. A. Pons, R. Perna, D. N. Aguilera, and J. A. Miralles, Mon. ", "Not. ", "R. Astron. ", "Soc. [**", "434**]{}, L123 (2013). ", "S. Tsuruta, Neutron star models. ", "Ph.D. thesis, Columbia Univ., ", "New York (1964). ", "S. Tsuruta, A. G. Cameron, Can. ", "J. Phys. [**", "44**]{}, 1863 (1966). ", "S. Tsuruta, Phys. ", "Rep. [**56**]{}, 237 (1979). ", "S. Tsuruta, Phys. ", "Rep. [**292**]{}, 1 (1998). ", "H. Umeda, K. Nomoto, S. Tsuruta, T. Muto, and T. Tatsumi, Astrophys. ", "J. [**431**]{}, 309 (1994). ", "D. G. Yakovlev, C. J. Pethick, Ann. ", "Rev. Astron. ", "Astrophys. [**", "42**]{}, 169 (2004). ", "D. Page, J. M. Lattimer, M. Prakash, and A. W. Steiner, Astrophys. ", "J. Suppl. [**", "155**]{}, 623 (2004). ", "P. S. Shternin, D. G. Yakovlev, C. O. Heinke, W. C. G. Ho, and D. J. Patnaude, Mon. ", "Not. ", "R. Astron. ", "Soc. [**", "412**]{}, L108 (2011). ", "T. Noda, M. Hashimoto, N. Yasutake, T. Maruyama, T. Tatsumi, and M. Y. Fujimoto, Astrophys. ", "J. [**765**]{}, 1 (2013). ", "J. M. Lattimer, C. J. Pethick, M. Prakash, and P. Haensel, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "66**]{}, 2701 (1991). ", "Y. Lim, C. H. Hyun, and C.-H. Lee, Int. ", "J. Mod. ", "Phys. ", "E [**26**]{}, 4, 1750015 (2017). ", "R. Negreiros, L. Tolos, M. Centelles, A. Ramos, and V. Dexheimer, Astrophys J. [**863**]{}, 104 (2018). ", "D. G. Yakovlev, A. D. Kaminker, O. Y. Gnedin, and P. Haensel, Phys. ", "Rep. [**354**]{}, 1 (2001). ", "D. Page, J. M. Lattimer, M. Prakash, and A. W. Steiner, Astrophys. ", "J. [**707**]{}, 1131 (2009). ", "W. C. Ho, K. G. Elshamouty, C. O. Heinke, and A. Y. Potekhin, Phys. ", "Rev. C [**91**]{}, 1 (2015). ", "L. Amundsen, and E. Østgaard, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A [**442**]{}, 163 (1985). ", "M. Baldo, J. Cugnon, A. Lejeune, and U. Lombardo, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A [**536**]{}, 349 (1992). ", "D. G. Yakovlev, K. P. Levenfish, and Yu. ", "A. Shibanov, Astro. ", "Astrophys. [**", "243**]{}, 650 (1999). ", "T. Takatsuka, R. Tamagaki, Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys. [**", "112**]{}, 1 (2004). ", "P. Demorest, T. Pennucci, S. Ransom, M. Roberts, and J. Hessels, Nature. [**", "467**]{}, 1081 (2010). ", "J. Antoniadis et al., ", "Science [**340**]{}, 6131 (2013). ", "H. T. Cromartie et al., ", "arXiv:1904.16759v1 A. W. Steiner, J. M. Lattimer, and E. F. Brown, Astrophys. ", "J. [**722**]{}, 33 (2010). ", "B. P. Abbott et al., (", "The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration), Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "121**]{}, 161101 (2018). ", "K. S. Thorne, Astrophys. ", "J. [**212**]{}, 825 (1977). ", "J. Alsing, H. O. Silva, and E. Berti, Mon. ", "Not. ", "Roy. ", "Astron. ", "Soc. [**", "478**]{}, 1377 (2018). ", "J. G. Martinez, K. Stovall, P. C. C. Freire, J. S. Deneva, F. A. Jenet, M. A. McLaughlin, M. Bagchi, S. D. Bates, and A. Ridolfi, Astrophys. ", "J. [**812**]{}, 143 (2015). ", "Y. Suwa, T. Yoshida, M. Shibata, H. Umeda, and K. Takahashi, Mon. ", "Not. ", "Roy. ", "Astron. ", "Soc. [**", "481**]{}, 3305 (2018). ", "C. O. Heinke, W. C. G. Ho, Astrophys. ", "J. Lett. [**", "719**]{}, L167 (2010). ", "M. J. P. Wijngaarden, Wynn C. G. Ho, P. Chang, C. O. Heinke, D. Page, M. Beznogov, and D. J. Patnaude, Mon. ", "Not. ", "R. Astron. ", "Soc. [**", "484**]{}, 974 (2019). ", "K. G. Elshamouty, C. O. Heinke, G. R. Sivakoff, W. C. G. Ho, P. S. Shternin, D. G. Yakovlev, D. J. Patnaude, and L. David, Astrophys. ", "J. [**777**]{}, 22 (2013).T. Noda, M. Hashimoto, and M. Y. Fujimoto, PoS(NIC-IX) [**153**]{} (2006). ", "D. Page, and S. Reddy, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, [**56**]{}, 327 (2006). ", "D. A. Baiko, P. Haensel, and D. G. Yakovlev, Astron. ", "Astrophys. [**", "374**]{}, 151 (2001). ", "A. Y. Potekhin, J. A. Pons, D. Page, Neutron Stars - Cooling and Transport, Space Sci. ", "Rev. [**191**]{}, 239 (2015). ", "M. Y. Fujimoto, T. Hanawa, I. Jr. Iben, and M. B. Richardson, Astrophys. ", "J. [**278**]{}, 813 (1984). ", "Y. Matsuo, M. Hashimoto, H. Liu, and T. Noda, Int. ", "J. Mod. ", "Phys. ", "E [**27**]{}, 1850067 (2018). ", "S. Shapiro, and S. A. Teukolsky, Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects, Wiley-Interscience, New-York, USA (2008). ", "E. Flowers, M. Ruderman, and P. Sutherland, Astrophys. ", "J. [**205**]{}, 541 (1976). ", "D. N. Voskresensky, and A. V. Senatorov, Sov. ", "J. Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A [**45**]{}, 411 (1987). ", "T. Takatsuka, Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys. [**", "48**]{}, 1517 (1972). ", "T. Takatsuka, R. Tamagaki, Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys. ", "Suppl. [**", "112**]{}, 221 (1993). ", "H. Shen, H. Toki, K. Oyamatsu, and K. Sumiyoshi, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A [**637**]{}, 435 (1998). ", "H. Shen, H. Toki, K. Oyamatsu, and K. Sumiyoshi, Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys. [**", "100**]{}, 1013 (1998). ", "H. Shen, H. Toki, K. Oyamatsu, and K. Sumiyoshi, Astrophys. ", "J. Suppl. [**", "197**]{}, 20 (2011). ", "J. M. Lattimer, and F. Swesty, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A [**535**]{}, 331 (1991). ", "S. M. Couch, Astrophys. ", "J. [**765**]{}, 29 (2013). ", "Y. Suwa, T. Takiwaki, K. Kotake, T. Fischer, M. Liebend$\\ddot{\\mathrm{o}}$rfer, and K. Sato, Astrophys. ", "J. [**764**]{}, 99 (2013). ", "T. Kuroda, K. Kotake, K. Hayama, and T. Takiwaki, Astrophys. ", "J. [**851**]{}, 62 (2017). ", "M. A. Famiano, T. Kajino, W. Aoki, and T. Suda, Astrophys. ", "J. [**830**]{}, 61 (2016). ", "K. Sumiyoshi, H. Suzuki, and H. Toki, Astron. ", "Astrophys. [**", "303**]{}, 475 (1995). ", "G. Camelio, A. Lovato, L. Gualtieri, O. Benhar, J. A. Pons, and V. Ferrari, Phys. ", "Rev. D 96, 043015 (2017). ", "K. Nakazato, H. Suzuki, and H. Togashi, Phys. ", "Rev. C [**97**]{}, 035804 (2018). ", "K. Nakazato, and H. Suzuki, Astrophys. ", "J. [**878**]{}, 25 (2019). ", "H. Togashi, K. Nakazato, Y. Takehara, S. Yamamuro, H. Suzuki, and M. Takano, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A [**961**]{}, 78 (2017). ", "J. Carlson, V. R. Pandharipande, and R. B. Wiringa, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "A [**59**]{}, 401 (1983). ", "B. S. Pudliner, V. R. Pandharipande, J. Carlson, and R. B. Wiringa, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [**", "74**]{}, 4396 (1995). ", "R. B. Wiringa, V. G. J. Stoks, and R. Schiavilla, Phys. ", "Rev. C [**51**]{}, 38 (1995). ", "G. Baym, C. J. Pethick, and P. Sutherland, Astrophys. ", "J. [**170**]{}, 299 (1971). ", "P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, and W. G. Lynch, Science. [**", "298**]{}, 1592 (2002). ", "I. Vidaña, C. Providência, A. Polls, and A. Rios, Phys. ", "Rev. C [**80**]{}, 045806 (2009). ", "U. Garg, and G. Colo, Prog. ", "Part. ", "Nucl. ", "Phys. [**", "101**]{}, 55 (2018). ", "K. Hebeler, J. M. Lattimer, C. J. Pethick, and A. Schwenk, Astrophys. ", "J. [**773**]{}, 11 (2013). ", "J. R. Oppenheimer, and G. M. Volkoff, Phys. ", "Rev. [**55**]{}, 374 (1939). ", "J. M. Lattimer, and M. Prakash, Astrophys. ", "J. [**550**]{}, 426 (2001). ", "I. Tews, J. M. Lattimer A. Ohnishi, E. E. Kolomeitsev, Astrophys. ", "J. [**848**]{}, 105 (2017). ", "M. V. Beznogov, M. Fortin, P. Haensel, D. G. Yakovlev and J. L. Zdunik, Mon. ", "Not. ", "R. Astron. ", "Soc. [**", "463**]{}, 1307 (2016). ", "Y. Lim, C. H. Hyun, and C.-H. Lee, J. Korean Phys. ", "Soc. [**", "74**]{}, 547 (2019). ", "A. R. Raduta, A. Sedrakian, and F. Weber, Mon. ", "Not. ", "Roy. ", "Astron. ", "Soc. [**", "487**]{}, 2639 (2019).", "\n\n[^1]: dohi@email.phys.kyushu-u.ac.jp\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0006049518124200404, 0.0005957664106972516, 0.0005424568662419915, 0.0005681067705154419, 0.0006158641190268099, 0.0010469391709193587, 0.0005898316740058362, 0.0009077208233065903, 0.0008189778891392052, 0.0010250131599605083, 0.000684030179399997, 0.0007125037373043597, 0.0006227742996998131, 0.000579576357267797, 0.0006070125382393599, 0.0005529180052690208, 0.0005893422057852149, 0.0006437273696064949, 0.0006009517819620669, 0.0008753918227739632, 0.0006875821272842586, 0.0005348230479285121, 0.0005533419316634536, 0.0007481249049305916, 0.0009170101257041097, 0.0005763554363511503, 0.0005546585889533162, 0.0005709052784368396, 0.0005713636637665331, 0.0005105086602270603, 0.0005840687081217766, 0.0005582494777627289, 0.000542947556823492, 0.0005094165098853409, 0.0005155103281140327, 0.08690293878316879, 0.0006223032251000404, 0.0005998567794449627, 0.0005692555569112301, 0.0006602801149711013, 0.0007097207708284259, 0.0006427231128327549, 0.0008792278822511435, 0.0005600180593319237, 0.0007176849758252501, 0.0006068364018574357, 0.000531979778315872, 0.0009138385066762567, 0.0009885290637612343, 0.0007694197702221572, 0.0009605949744582176, 0.0006512086256407201, 0.0007327640778385103, 0.0010049520060420036, 0.0009562178747728467, 0.05263783037662506, 0.0007550853188149631, 0.0006453432142734528, 0.001092955470085144, 0.0008803344098851085, 0.0007909972919151187, 0.0009429232450202107, 0.0006699740188196301, 0.0006213155575096607, 0.0006952430121600628, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0009188731200993061, 0.0005952130304649472, 0.0005628757062368095, 0.000723580364137888, 0.0016636145301163197, 0.0008026919094845653, 0.0011843611719086766, 0.0007135695195756853, 0.0006651324802078307, 0.0006363907014019787, 0.0012986015062779188, 0.000669535540509969, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.000777750217821449, 0.0005985164316371083, 0.0006152020650915802, 0.0005754042067565024, 0.000779254303779453, 0.000612327829003334, 0.000777750217821449, 0.0005985164316371083, 0.0006152020650915802, 0.0005754042067565024, 0.000779254303779453, 0.0012073260731995106, 0.0016424700152128935, 0.0013941434444859624, 0.0006312865298241377, 0.0008497320814058185, 0.0005938663962297142, 0.000720188778359443, 0.001078168977983296, 0.0006452617235481739, 0.0005890524480491877, 0.0008354528108611703, 0.0007282037404365838, 0.0006711204769089818, 0.0009207578259520233, 0.0009289940935559571, 0.0012005205499008298, 0.0018517193384468555, 0.0006722656544297934, 0.0006258889916352928, 0.0009690459119156003, 0.0006085849599912763, 0.0005718299653381109, 0.0013584948610514402, 0.0005570881185121834, 0.001135251484811306, 0.0005913962959311903, 0.0007336654816754162, 0.0007965895347297192, 0.0007226711022667587, 0.0007968897698447108, 0.0007226711022667587, 0.000581196101848036, 0.0005816039047203958, 0.00117425003554672, 0.0006642060470767319, 0.000586663605645299, 0.0005840425728820264, 0.0005585754988715053, 0.0006883176974952221, 0.0005609446088783443, 0.0006813191575929523, 0.0006544283824041486, 0.00117425003554672, 0.0005988446064293385, 0.0006813191575929523, 0.0006282328977249563, 0.0006813191575929523, 0.0007551504531875253, 0.0006161720375530422, 0.0005902531556785107, 0.000578355451580137, 0.0005753444274887443, 0.0005687845987267792, 0.0013671473134309053, 0.0006244682008400559, 0.0007859856705181301, 0.0012020646827295423, 0.0006088280933909118, 0.0006771339103579521, 0.0008427061256952584, 0.0007096846238709986, 0.000663494342006743, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0006719271768815815, 0.0009070569067262113, 0.0009924358455464244, 0.0008426482672803104, 0.0007743377354927361, 0.0012900290312245488, 0.0006927314680069685, 0.0010585765121504664, 0.0005498090176843107, 0.0005950097111053765, 0.0007397259469144046, 0.0006813191575929523, 0.0007310709333978593, 0.0005975967505946755, 0.0010396814905107021, 0.0007543930551037192, 0.0006292342441156507, 0.0018158910097554326, 0.0007396821747533977, 0.0009064250043593347, 0.001059641013853252, 0.005587134975939989, 0.000597687903791666, 0.0014025891432538629, 0.0013879805337637663, 0.0008921590051613748, 0.0011887754080817103, 0.0007568614673800766, 0.0007506128749810159, 0.000734397501219064, 0.0006348728784359992, 0.003581551369279623, 0.0006813191575929523, 0.0008427735301665962, 0.001382437301799655, 0.0008790720021352172, 0.0012566448422148824, 0.0007316069095395505, 0.0011307864915579557, 0.001820008852519095, 0.004498202353715897, 0.015213369391858578, 0.0008592099766246974, 0.0007606974104419351, 0.0008236340363509953, 0.0011610493529587984, 0.0006238578935153782, 0.000603067281190306, 0.0006289728335104883, 0.0071481987833976746, 0.001596317277289927, 0.004134719725698233, 0.0007103215903043747, 0.000698558462318033, 0.0014053287450224161, 0.0009613420115783811, 0.0009114063577726483, 0.0005963697331026196, 0.0005581967998296022, 0.0008567590266466141, 0.0007226711022667587, 0.0006298240041360259, 0.0005952731589786708, 0.0005886951694265008, 0.0011672154068946838, 0.0006655693869106472, 0.0006831132341176271, 0.000712488079443574, 0.0006236126646399498, 0.0006481029558926821, 0.0006231549195945263, 0.000640915590338409, 0.0007911398424766958, 0.0006097737932577729, 0.000718801049515605, 0.0006089258240535855, 0.0006261061644181609, 0.0006986733060330153, 0.0006067536305636168, 0.0005236134747974575, 0.0006522649200633168, 0.0007950731669552624, 0.0010332956444472075, 0.0008833837346173823, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.000796691922005266, 0.0006463248864747584, 0.0007089470745995641, 0.0006704942788928747, 0.0007205193396657705, 0.0009869340574368834, 0.0007395352586172521, 0.0008068652241490781, 0.0008054382633417845, 0.0008068652241490781, 0.0007243978907354176, 0.000731864885892719, 0.000708141247741878, 0.0010240082629024982, 0.0008522158022969961, 0.000799739093054086, 0.0007834745920263231, 0.0007216765661723912, 0.0009022531448863447, 0.0008352581644430757, 0.002157689770683646, 0.0010332956444472075, 0.0008833837346173823, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.0007065422250889242, 0.0007649302715435624, 0.0007700035930611193, 0.000999266980215907, 0.0009571402915753424, 0.0007313977694138885, 0.0007592529291287065, 0.001124858157709241, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0008024092530831695, 0.0007263047737069428, 0.0010670420015230775, 0.0007678010733798146, 0.0007216765661723912, 0.0007960249204188585, 0.0015158347086980939, 0.0007099639624357224, 0.0007975439075380564, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0007607409497722983, 0.0009552667615935206, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.000734005297999829, 0.0009536075522191823, 0.0007534102769568563, 0.000799739093054086, 0.0007736075203865767, 0.0017767222598195076, 0.0011150466743856668, 0.001444117515347898, 0.0007272380753420293, 0.0006968981469981372, 0.0008057449595071375, 0.0006715862546116114, 0.0006585355149582028, 0.0007203913410194218, 0.0007123981486074626, 0.0007652678759768605, 0.0006424234015867114, 0.0007963663665577769, 0.0009571402915753424, 0.0007479132036678493, 0.0007244828739203513, 0.0007796825957484543, 0.0009109674720093608, 0.0010332956444472075, 0.0010070829885080457, 0.0013124251272529364, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.0008079816470853984, 0.0007916997419670224, 0.0007743479800410569, 0.0009124667849391699, 0.0010332956444472075, 0.0010070829885080457, 0.0013124251272529364, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.0007676701643504202, 0.000896853453014046, 0.0010316509287804365, 0.0008213220280595124, 0.0009623002260923386, 0.0010332956444472075, 0.0008833837346173823, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.000945276755373925, 0.0008462104597128928, 0.0007346929633058608, 0.0006391417700797319, 0.0008961039129644632, 0.000799739093054086, 0.000810559606179595, 0.0006856742547824979, 0.0007451699930243194, 0.0006813811487518251, 0.0007797059370204806, 0.0007546619744971395, 0.001124858157709241, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0007546080159954727, 0.000652644201181829, 0.0007060996140353382, 0.000774418527726084, 0.0011805417016148567, 0.0009032974485307932, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0007322168676182628, 0.007964040152728558, 0.0011150466743856668, 0.001444117515347898, 0.0008237376459874213, 0.0017767222598195076, 0.0011150466743856668, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0008739483309909701, 0.0007692973595112562, 0.0008023347472772002, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.00073538429569453, 0.002921314211562276, 0.0011150466743856668, 0.001444117515347898, 0.0008777546463534236, 0.0007043431978672743, 0.0009022531448863447, 0.0007335991249419749, 0.001964523224160075, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0006984187057241797, 0.0008021042449399829, 0.000794549472630024, 0.001632421393878758, 0.00082838733214885, 0.0007553609902970493, 0.000807680597063154, 0.0007719729910604656, 0.000789976620581001, 0.0007593416376039386, 0.000799739093054086, 0.0007040901691652834, 0.0009236860787495971, 0.0006814610096625984, 0.000966274063102901, 0.000773365783970803, 0.0007126748678274453, 0.0008160772267729044, 0.0010027349926531315, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0007898140465840697, 0.0008500495459884405, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0007126796408556402, 0.001052534906193614, 0.0009571402915753424, 0.0008484121062792838, 0.001166110159829259, 0.0007251459755934775, 0.0008229052764363587, 0.0007226820453070104, 0.0007027314277365804, 0.0007366243517026305, 0.0006672254530712962, 0.0007469829288311303, 0.16572362184524536, 0.0009368142345920205, 0.001070261001586914, 0.001444117515347898, 0.0007966657285578549, 0.0007995227351784706, 0.0008281272021122277, 0.0009088815422728658, 0.0007434517028741539, 0.0007070672581903636, 0.0006951161194592714, 0.0007881821366026998, 0.0008252476691268384, 0.001150071038864553, 0.0010332956444472075, 0.0008833837346173823, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.0008288425160571933, 0.0009919977746903896, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.0008701347978785634, 0.0012069115182384849, 0.0010332956444472075, 0.0010070829885080457, 0.0013124251272529364, 0.0008236022549681365, 0.0008363384986296296, 0.0006641899817623198 ]

[ "The NBA Finals are an important, symbolic time in American culture. ", "The success of one team out of many, triumphing against an entire league awaiting your downfall, plays perfectly into the idea of a ‘champion.’ ", "As the Finals draw close with the final two teams set to face each other, London-based artist Richard Swarbrick teamed up with ESPN to create an painting-style animation depicting the greatest moments in the history of the competition. ", "Jordan’s flying windmill layup, Larry Bird victoriously leaping, LeBron cradling his first Larry O’Brien trophy – all of these moments are immortalized in a bold, flowing collage in vivid color. ", "Prepare for tomorrow’s Game 1 matchup by taking a trip down memory lane above." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005858805379830301, 0.006308425683528185, 0.0006563002825714648, 0.0007845931104384363, 0.0007445346564054489 ]

[ "UPDATE: All out again! ", "Request a FREE Sample of Gevalia Coffee, courtesy of Walmart! ", "Simply click the blue ‘Get a Free Sample’ button to access the request form! ", "You should receive your FREE Sample within 4 weeks!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0025495586451143026, 0.0007396306609734893, 0.0007749976357445121, 0.0006425103638321161 ]

[ "4/8/15: Ryan Zimmerman makes a tremendous diving catch on a bunt off the bat of Jacob deGrom in the 2nd inning" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0018195533193647861 ]

[ "Brahms Group Fumbles Challenge Judith Burganger And Friends The Second Installment In An On-going Survey Of Brahms` Chamber Music With Piano. ", "Monday Evening At Florida Atlantic University Theatre, Boca Raton.", "\n\nDecember 4, 1985|By Tim Smith, Music Writer\n\nIt is frequently said that an area`s cultural richness is in many ways tied to its academic environment. ", "Where there are lively centers of learning, the theory goes, all the arts are inevitably given a boost in the home community.", "\n\nSouth Florida has a long way to go on this front, but there are occasional signs that our version of academe is at least living up to its obligation as a magnet for, and promoter of, significant, uncommon musical activity. ", "The University of Miami`s Festival Miami, a showcase for contemporary music, is one such sign; the adventuresome cycle of Brahms` chamber music with piano, undertaken by Florida Atlantic University professor/pianist Judith Burganger, is another.", "\n\nThe second installment in that cycle, which will be spread over the next few years, was presented Monday evening. ", "Burganger chose only two works for the concert, but they made for weighty fare -- the E-flat major Horn Trio, Op. ", "40, and the G minor Piano Quartet, Op. ", "25.", "\n\nThe challenges, both technical and interpretive, posed by such a program are considerable. ", "Unfortunately, the six players who joined Burganger for this concert were a mixed lot. ", "The results were mixed as well.", "\n\nThe quartet had the best luck, largely because of Burganger`s remarkable flair for the Brahmsian style. ", "There was a compelling energy, passion and conviction in her playing, coupled with an assured technique that neatly propelled the frequent keyboard flurries. ", "The Hungarian-flavored finale found the pianist in particularly persuasive form, her phrasing and tone vividly colored.", "\n\nThe quartet`s other participants, though certainly sensitive to the music, rarely matched Burganger`s finesse. ", "Nina Gordon, associate principal cellist for the Philharmonic Orchestra of Florida, came closest technically; she also demonstrated an appreciation for a singing line. ", "Debra Spring, associate principal violist for the Philharmonic, and violinist Yuri Treer had difficulty agreeing on pitch and producing a smooth tone.", "\n\nIf Burganger`s rock-solid foundation and forceful spirit helped keep the quartet going strong despite the uneven efforts of her colleagues, there was no corresponding guiding light in the trio.", "\n\nAside from a few flubs, pianist Leonid Treer`s playing was poised, but tonally anemic and uninterestingly phrased. ", "A far more substantial base from the keyboard is needed here to support the violin and horn.", "\n\nDavid Gray, former principal horn for the London Symphony, short-lived conductor of the Greater Palm Beach Symphony and currently conductor of the University of Miami`s orchestra, handled the horn part with sufficient skill, if not much interpretive warmth or character.", "\n\nClearly, Burganger`s commendable salute to Brahms, which will have its next chapter in April, needs more consistent personnel and increased financial support. ", "If such blessings are forthcoming, it could conceivably amount to one of the most rewarding musical ventures in South Florida." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005968496552668512, 0.0007575307972729206, 0.000564970017876476, 0.0005639184964820743, 0.0006139726028777659, 0.0005890619941055775, 0.0005929518374614418, 0.000751372950617224, 0.0007545239641331136, 0.001151100150309503, 0.0006238504429347813, 0.0008682667976245284, 0.0005672468105331063, 0.0006129333632998168, 0.0006718647200614214, 0.0006788975442759693, 0.000667520915158093, 0.0006105748470872641, 0.0005688916426151991, 0.0005646919598802924, 0.0007729089120402932, 0.0006392051582224667, 0.0006174606969580054, 0.0005716586019843817, 0.0005323383957147598 ]

[ "[New technologies in the prosthetic management after amputations].", "\nIn Germany around 70,000 amputations are carried out on extremities each year. ", "Modern prosthetic functional components have become more and more sophisticated and must be understood and applied by their users to be of beneficial use in everyday life. ", "The prosthetic socket is the most important component of modern extremity prosthetics. ", "Which demands have to be met by a modern prosthetic socket so that innovative function-improving components in prosthetics can be successfully applied? ", "Complex prosthetic technologies are rarely compatible with a lower overall weight of the prosthesis. ", "The increase in functionality also produces differentiated force effects on the human body. ", "Modern socket technologies, therefore, have to compensate for the increased strain and counteract the increasing dynamics between the stump and the prosthesis. ", "This can be achieved through the application of adhesive socket materials and through new adhesive mechanisms. ", "Form variants can also improve the connection between stump and prosthetic socket. ", "The improvements in prosthetic socket technology presented here have a lasting positive effect on the daily routine of many amputees. ", "Not only do they improve the control and application of modern prosthetic components, but also clearly enhance the wearing comfort. ", "The prosthetic socket is crucial for the success of exoskeletal prosthetic management. ", "The better we succeed in making the human body and the prosthetic socket an entity, the more usefully and comfortably innovative prosthetic methods can be applied." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006901818560436368, 0.003038883674889803, 0.0006036797421984375, 0.000769827573094517, 0.0006950204842723906, 0.0006778108072467148, 0.0006215983885340393, 0.0006138038006611168, 0.0005653669941239059, 0.0006518736481666565, 0.01624504290521145, 0.000638990371953696, 0.000773755309637636, 0.0005656952853314579 ]

[ "/**\n * Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.", "\n */\n\n#pragma once\n#include <aws/waf-regional/WAFRegional_EXPORTS.h>\n#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h>\n#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSVector.h>\n#include <aws/waf-regional/model/RuleGroupSummary.h>\n#include <utility>\n\nnamespace Aws\n{\ntemplate<typename RESULT_TYPE>\nclass AmazonWebServiceResult;\n\nnamespace Utils\n{\nnamespace Json\n{\n class JsonValue;\n} // namespace Json\n} // namespace Utils\nnamespace WAFRegional\n{\nnamespace Model\n{\n class AWS_WAFREGIONAL_API ListRuleGroupsResult\n {\n public:\n ListRuleGroupsResult();\n ListRuleGroupsResult(const Aws::AmazonWebServiceResult<Aws::Utils::Json::JsonValue>& result);\n ListRuleGroupsResult& operator=(const Aws::AmazonWebServiceResult<Aws::Utils::Json::JsonValue>& result);\n\n\n /**\n * <p>If you have more <code>RuleGroups</code> than the number that you specified\n * for <code>Limit</code> in the request, the response includes a\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value. ", "To list more <code>RuleGroups</code>, submit\n * another <code>ListRuleGroups</code> request, and specify the\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value from the response in the <code>NextMarker</code>\n * value in the next request.</p>\n */\n inline const Aws::String& GetNextMarker() const{ return m_nextMarker; }\n\n /**\n * <p>If you have more <code>RuleGroups</code> than the number that you specified\n * for <code>Limit</code> in the request, the response includes a\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value. ", "To list more <code>RuleGroups</code>, submit\n * another <code>ListRuleGroups</code> request, and specify the\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value from the response in the <code>NextMarker</code>\n * value in the next request.</p>\n */\n inline void SetNextMarker(const Aws::String& value) { m_nextMarker = value; }\n\n /**\n * <p>If you have more <code>RuleGroups</code> than the number that you specified\n * for <code>Limit</code> in the request, the response includes a\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value. ", "To list more <code>RuleGroups</code>, submit\n * another <code>ListRuleGroups</code> request, and specify the\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value from the response in the <code>NextMarker</code>\n * value in the next request.</p>\n */\n inline void SetNextMarker(Aws::String&& value) { m_nextMarker = std::move(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>If you have more <code>RuleGroups</code> than the number that you specified\n * for <code>Limit</code> in the request, the response includes a\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value. ", "To list more <code>RuleGroups</code>, submit\n * another <code>ListRuleGroups</code> request, and specify the\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value from the response in the <code>NextMarker</code>\n * value in the next request.</p>\n */\n inline void SetNextMarker(const char* value) { m_nextMarker.assign(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>If you have more <code>RuleGroups</code> than the number that you specified\n * for <code>Limit</code> in the request, the response includes a\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value. ", "To list more <code>RuleGroups</code>, submit\n * another <code>ListRuleGroups</code> request, and specify the\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value from the response in the <code>NextMarker</code>\n * value in the next request.</p>\n */\n inline ListRuleGroupsResult& WithNextMarker(const Aws::String& value) { SetNextMarker(value); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>If you have more <code>RuleGroups</code> than the number that you specified\n * for <code>Limit</code> in the request, the response includes a\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value. ", "To list more <code>RuleGroups</code>, submit\n * another <code>ListRuleGroups</code> request, and specify the\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value from the response in the <code>NextMarker</code>\n * value in the next request.</p>\n */\n inline ListRuleGroupsResult& WithNextMarker(Aws::String&& value) { SetNextMarker(std::move(value)); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>If you have more <code>RuleGroups</code> than the number that you specified\n * for <code>Limit</code> in the request, the response includes a\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value. ", "To list more <code>RuleGroups</code>, submit\n * another <code>ListRuleGroups</code> request, and specify the\n * <code>NextMarker</code> value from the response in the <code>NextMarker</code>\n * value in the next request.</p>\n */\n inline ListRuleGroupsResult& WithNextMarker(const char* value) { SetNextMarker(value); return *this;}\n\n\n /**\n * <p>An array of <a>RuleGroup</a> objects.</p>\n */\n inline const Aws::Vector<RuleGroupSummary>& GetRuleGroups() const{ return m_ruleGroups; }\n\n /**\n * <p>An array of <a>RuleGroup</a> objects.</p>\n */\n inline void SetRuleGroups(const Aws::Vector<RuleGroupSummary>& value) { m_ruleGroups = value; }\n\n /**\n * <p>An array of <a>RuleGroup</a> objects.</p>\n */\n inline void SetRuleGroups(Aws::Vector<RuleGroupSummary>&& value) { m_ruleGroups = std::move(value); }\n\n /**\n * <p>An array of <a>RuleGroup</a> objects.</p>\n */\n inline ListRuleGroupsResult& WithRuleGroups(const Aws::Vector<RuleGroupSummary>& value) { SetRuleGroups(value); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>An array of <a>RuleGroup</a> objects.</p>\n */\n inline ListRuleGroupsResult& WithRuleGroups(Aws::Vector<RuleGroupSummary>&& value) { SetRuleGroups(std::move(value)); return *this;}\n\n /**\n * <p>An array of <a>RuleGroup</a> objects.</p>\n */\n inline ListRuleGroupsResult& AddRuleGroups(const RuleGroupSummary& value) { m_ruleGroups.push_back(value); return *this; }\n\n /**\n * <p>An array of <a>RuleGroup</a> objects.</p>\n */\n inline ListRuleGroupsResult& AddRuleGroups(RuleGroupSummary&& value) { m_ruleGroups.push_back(std::move(value)); return *this; }\n\n private:\n\n Aws::String m_nextMarker;\n\n Aws::Vector<RuleGroupSummary> m_ruleGroups;\n };\n\n} // namespace Model\n} // namespace WAFRegional\n} // namespace Aws\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0008050438482314348, 0.0006133944261819124, 0.0006521443137899041, 0.0021120673045516014, 0.0008364616660401225, 0.0008048770250752568, 0.0008208662620745599, 0.0007945884135551751, 0.000885048124473542, 0.0008292156853713095, 0.001588126877322793 ]

[ "Spotting a Breakthrough\n\n“Definitely, horses are my passion,” Dr. Rebecca Terry says. ", "The room around\nher, a tidy office in the new science wing of the Cass Building, visually\nreverberates that passion.", "\n\n“I tell my research students all the time that you have to have passion for\nwhat you’re doing.”", "\n\nIn particular, Terry’s passion is Appaloosas, those equine creatures that\nsport the most fascinating spots this side of Dalmatia.", "\n\nOwner of her own Appaloosa, the effervescent assistant professor of biology\nrevels in the rare joy of living her passion through her work, living it again\nin her free time, and more, extending it into new research with implications\nthat could touch a lot of lives.", "\n\n“We’re trying to identify the genes that cause Appaloosa spotting in horses,”\nshe says with obvious enthusiasm. “", "Last year, I had three students help me\nextract DNA from the blood. ", "We used that blood over the summer to locate one of\nthe genes that we now know is on horse chromosome one. ", "And now, one of the\nstudents in my lab actually is trying to identify a candidate gene in that\nregion, to research further to see if we can find the mutation that causes\nit.", "\n\n“And then the other area that my students work on is, they actually do\ngenetic testing for local breeders. ", "There is one test called the Tobiano test,\nwhich is a paint test, and breeders want to know whether their horses are\nhomozygous or heterozygous —whether they have two copies or one copy. ", "If they\nhave two copies, then, no matter what they breed that horse to, the offspring\nwill be a Tobiano horse.”", "\n\nThey also do “red gene” and “black gene” testing, Terry says, and are working\nto identify the gene that causes “champagne” coloring.", "\n\nThe students are volunteers. ", "They are unpaid, they don’t get class credit,\nand they work outside of and in addition to class time. ", "They are propelled by\ntheir love of science, with maybe a little extra career ambition thrown in.", "\n\nHoity-toity, Fancy Little Piece of\nEquipment\n\nTerry got her Ph.D. at the University of Kentucky, and returned there in the\nsummer of 2003 to further her research. ", "UK is deep in the heart of horse\ncountry, but proximity to her favorite creatures is by no means the only\ndraw.", "\n\n“I went back because they have this hoity-toity, fancy little piece of\nequipment that I was able to use to actually do the research to localize that\ngene in horse chromosome one.”", "\n\nThat little machine is an automated sequencer, which detects fluorescent dyes\nas they’re added to the reaction, isolating things called micro-satellites,\nallowing the Rebecca Terrys of the world to separate the hoity from the toity,\nso to speak. ", "There’s one at Texas A&M, too, Terry says, as well as something\nknown as a bacterial clone laboratory, so this summer’s trip will be to College\nStation, TX.", "\n\nDoes she believe there’s a genetic breakthrough hiding in the research?", "\n\n“What I hope to do is understand more about melanocytes and melanocyte\nmigration, in hopes of, in the future, better understanding melanomas in\nhumans.”", "\n\nThe other reason for her research, she says, is to pinpoint the particular\nmutation that causes Appaloosa spotting, and develop a test similar to the\nTobiano test, “so that breeders aren’t just making blind decisions when they’re\nbreeding two horses to get the particular trait that they want.”", "\n\nWhile one gene alone determines the presence of Appaloosa spotting, Terry\nsays, several genes come into play to determine which of the seven varieties of\nspotting will appear on the horse.", "\n\nJuxtaposing Elements\n\nThe story of Terry’s choice of specialization is one of life’s minor\ncuriosities that, like so many, was a matter of time juxtaposing elements of\nreality, like so many genes juxtaposing traits.", "\n\n“I went to the University of Florida to get my bachelor’s degree, and I was\npre-med. ", "I was going to go to medical school, because my dad wanted me to take\nover his practice. ", "Then, I was going to be a physical therapist, but I didn’t\nlike any of that.", "\n\n“I’d always had an interest in horses, but I was born with one kidney, so I\ncouldn’t ride.” ", "That, she said, was a decision made by her parents. ", "But after\nheading off to college, she decided to take the chance.", "\n\n“I thought, ‘Okay, I’m out of the nest. ", "I’m able to ride horses now.’” ", "And\nride she did, right onto the UF equestrian team.", "\n\nAt the same time, she took a general biology course that touched on genetics\njust enough to spark her interest. ", "That spark turned into a good hot fire once\nshe opted for classes in genetics.", "\n\n“I thought, ‘That’s really cool,’” after the general course. “", "Then, I took a\ngenetics course, and I thought, ‘That’s really cool!’ ", "And then, I took this\ncourse called ‘Genetic Improvement of Farm Animals,’ and that was it.” ", "Her world\nwas ablaze with riding horses and thinking genetics. ", "The two naturally swirled\ntogether.", "\n\n“We got to pick which animals we wanted to breed—horses, cattle, dogs, sheep,\npigs. ", "We did it all. ", "I started to learn at that point what was known in the area\nabout horses and coat color. ", "And I said, ‘Hmmm—nobody understands this Appaloosa\nthing. ’” [", "Brief pause for the light bulb.] “‘", "I think I want to understand this\nAppaloosa thing!’", "\n\n“So, that’s when I applied to the University of Kentucky to go to graduate\nschool.”", "\n\nAfter finishing her doctorate at UK, Terry returned to Florida to work at the\nMoffitt Cancer Center in Tampa.", "\n\n“I did research on mice,” she said, “and I didn’t have passion for that.”", "\n\nBut the work involved genetics and their role in skin cancer. ", "The fire still\nburned, if a bit dimly. ", "Given the chance to research genetics while teaching at\nUT, Terry had her passion back, and the cancer research angle was added to the\nfire.", "\n\nLearning More than the Basics\n\nIn the crowded fluorescent din of Terry’s lab, her three dedicated helpers\nshare a little about themselves while they perform a series of routine yet\ncomplex chemical tests on blood and hair from horses.", "\n\nEach of the three cites enhanced learning as her primary\nrationale for the work, which takes considerable time that their more typical\nclassmates might use to relax, work for pay, or complete assignments for their\ncredit courses.", "\n\nErin Flaherty, a senior majoring in biology and minoring in\nchemistry, plans to attend graduate school after her May graduation from UT, and\nhas set forensic biology as her eventual career destination.", "\n\n“I thought that this would give me good technique and some good\nknowledge to use for that career goal and for graduate school,” the Brewster,\nNY, native says, with just a hint of her accent showing. ", "Forensic biology, she\nexplains, makes its home on the scientific side of law enforcement, with DNA\nanalysis and chromatography its staple activities. ", "She has assisted in Terry’s\nlab since April of last year.", "\n\nLike her mentor, Flaherty originally was in the pre-med program,\nso her interest in genetics came before her interest in forensics, rather than\nthe other way around. ", "And, again like her mentor, that interest was sparked by a\ngeneral genetics course.", "\n\n“I’m not really positive how I got interested in forensics,” she\nsays. “", "I’ve always been interested in it, I guess. ", "And I changed my mind from\nmed school. ", "So, the next thing I know, I would walk by Dr. Terry’s office and\nsee her research stuff outside, so I just went and asked her about what she\ndoes, and I just started.”", "\n\nNaz Gandikal, a junior biology major who minors in chemistry,\ngravitated toward the new and adventurous, as so many of the world’s best\nscientists do. ", "Born in Kuwait City, Kuwait, she has been a Florida resident\nsince age 1.", "\n\n“I got involved with Dr. Terry because I mentored for her lab—her\nbio lab—and we were just talking one day, and she told me about a side of equine\ngenetics I had never heard about—people testing a fetus for what kind of coat\ncolor the horse would have.", "\n\n“I wanted to go into medicine for nutritional and cancer\nresearch,” she says, “but I figured you don’t often get the opportunity to work\nin equine genetics, and I thought it would be a good chance to try something\nnew, and pick up different techniques, because any med school or graduate school\nis going to expect you to have some experience.", "\n\nDeepa Patel, a junior pre-med biology major taking minors in\nchemistry and business, shares the rationale of her lab-mates, although her\ncareer focus remains fixed on medical school. ", "As Gandikal’s roommate, Patel\nquickly got word that Terry was seeking more help.", "\n\nGandikal told her that she could work in the research lab, and\nthe open invitation seemed a perfect fit for the med school\nhopeful.", "\n\n“I want to be a pediatrician. ", "When you go to medical school, you\nhave to do a lot of research, and they expect some sort of\nbackground.", "\n\nBorn to Indian parents in Kansas City, MO, the likely future\nphysician values her hands-on time with the various instruments of the\ntrade.", "\n\n“We touched a little bit on it in classes that we’ve taken,” she\nsays, “but you just pretty much learn the basics in classes.”", "\n\nHow much help are they to Terry in her research pursuits? ", "As this\narticle goes to press, she is taking on a fourth student lab volunteer. ", "With\nthat, though, she feels she’s reached her limit.", "\n\n“I wouldn’t want more than four,” she says with a laugh. “", "They’re\na little hard to keep track of.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006424221792258322, 0.0006479390431195498, 0.0008152533555403352, 0.009023045189678669, 0.0015028994530439377, 0.0007220638799481094, 0.003894485766068101, 0.0032129697501659393, 0.0005453387275338173, 0.0005656731664203107, 0.0013300912687554955, 0.000989275285974145, 0.0007444913499057293, 0.0006455351831391454, 0.0008866767166182399, 0.000619968050159514, 0.0008368275011889637, 0.0007511606672778726, 0.0026423451490700245, 0.0011300472542643547, 0.0005781363579444587, 0.0008556332322768867, 0.0006654885364696383, 0.0006982230115681887, 0.0006395887467078865, 0.0008614775142632425, 0.0009531861287541687, 0.0016929913545027375, 0.002565875416621566, 0.0018901133444160223, 0.0006540533504448831, 0.0007067463593557477, 0.001485178479924798, 0.0022922668140381575, 0.0008185745100490749, 0.0005872672772966325, 0.0009656638721935451, 0.0005803867825306952, 0.0006726181600242853, 0.0006583428476005793, 0.002122432691976428, 0.0006298057269304991, 0.043838031589984894, 0.0008054072386585176, 0.0005528840702027082, 0.0009278073557652533, 0.0006662392406724393, 0.0007244510925374925, 0.0006658270140178502, 0.000715060334187001, 0.0006979575846344233, 0.0009489724761806428, 0.0020310324616730213, 0.0007120150257833302, 0.0011334421578794718, 0.0005651022074744105, 0.0007949940045364201, 0.0005236020078882575, 0.0007504008244723082, 0.0006148359971120954, 0.00065002148039639, 0.0006120568141341209, 0.000615231110714376, 0.0005577302072197199, 0.0007841053884476423, 0.0005760011845268309, 0.0010962934466078877, 0.0006974745192565024, 0.002902393229305744, 0.0009084438206627965, 0.0006570412660948932, 0.0007290620123967528, 0.0005848748260177672, 0.013991180807352066, 0.0008323721121996641, 0.0006893693935126066, 0.0005534434458240867, 0.0006811993080191314, 0.0007373878033831716, 0.0010966788977384567, 0.002765267388895154, 0.0008237262954935431 ]

[ "Story of Jayadeva and Padmavati – Power of True Love\n\nThe story of Jayadeva, the author of Geeta Govinda, and his\nwife, Padmavati, demonstrates the power of true love. ", "Jayadeva’s Geeta Govinda\ndepicts the unparalleled love between Radha and Sri Krishna. ", "Padmavati was a\ngreat dancer and she danced when her husband sang the Geeta Govinda. ", "They\nperformed in the court of the King of Orissa.", "\n\nIt is said that once when Padmavati was with the queen and\nthe ladies of the court talked in great detail about a woman who had performed\nsati – who jumped into the funeral pyre of her husband. ", "The ladies of the court\nsaid she was a great Pativrata (true and devoted wife).", "\n\nPadmavati was not much impressed by the woman. ", "When the\nqueen wanted to know the reason, she said that a real Pativrata (true wife)\nwould drop down dead the moment her husband dies.", "\n\nThe queen and the ladies of the court did not agree to\nPadmavati. ", "When she had left they criticized her and decided to teach her a\nlesson.", "\n\nThey planned to send false news to her that her husband was\ndead. ", "They wanted to tease her when she would cry and lament and not drop dead.", "\n\nThey got the opportunity when Jayadeva had gone along with\nthe king on a hunting expedition.", "\n\nPadmavati was with the queen and the ladies. ", "A man was set\nup by the queen to bring the false news. ", "On the second day of the expedition,\nthe man came running to the palace and informed Padmavati and the queen that\nJayadeva had been killed by a lion during the hunting expedition.", "\n\nThe moment Padmavati heard the news she became silent, she\nsat like a statue and within seconds she dropped dead.", "\n\nThe queen and the ladies of the court did not get any time\nto react. ", "They had no idea how to overcome the situation. ", "Fear gripped them as\nthey were sure that the king would kill them all.", "\n\nA messenger carried the news to Jayadeva and the king. ", "They\nreturned to the palace immediately. ", "When the king came to know about the plot\nhatched by the queen and her companions, he ordered them to be executed. ", "But\nJayadeva stopped the king and said that it was all fate.", "\n\nJayadeva then prayed to Sri Krishna. ", "He wanted to know why he\nwas alive as he loved his wife as much as she loved him.", "\n\nThe devotion of the couple to Sri Krishna was unwavering.", "\nTherefore the ever smiling Gopala appeared before Jayadeva.", "\n\nIt is said that Sri Krishna said to Jayadeva that\nPadmavati’s lifespan on earth was over and this is why she died. ", "This or any\nother reason would have taken her life at the precise moment.", "\n\nJayadeva then wanted to join her. ", "Sri Krishna stopped him\nand told him that if he could give her half of his remaining life span on earth,\nthen both would die the same time and saved from the suffering of parting." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000662018486764282, 0.0009075073758140206, 0.0008348277187906206, 0.0007012024871073663, 0.0010138849029317498, 0.0008442098624072969, 0.0009336655493825674, 0.14628863334655762, 0.0007580402307212353, 0.0007994297193363309, 0.01573036052286625, 0.3608204424381256, 0.0006882200250402093, 0.001362898270599544, 0.0008625226910226047, 0.001516406424343586, 0.025295976549386978, 0.0009607158717699349, 0.0008058624807745218, 0.47679299116134644, 0.0007184884161688387, 0.0009643096127547324, 0.01434343308210373, 0.0011047738371416926, 0.0029286472126841545, 0.0009223862434737384, 0.000733571476303041, 0.0010625123977661133, 0.017910834401845932, 0.013682100921869278, 0.000811631151009351, 0.1296924650669098 ]

[ "Advice Taking in Decision Making: Egocentric Discounting and Reputation Formation.", "\nOur framework for understanding advice-taking in decision making rests on two theoretical concepts that motivate the studies and serve to explain the findings. ", "The first is egocentric discounting of others' opinions and the second is reputation formation for advisors. ", "Advice discounting is attributed to differential information, namely, the notion that decision makers have privileged access to their internal reasons for holding their own opinion, but not to the advisors' internal reasons. ", "Reputation formation is related to the negativity effect in impression formation and to the trust asymmetry principle. ", "In three studies we measured decision makers' weighting policy for advice and, in a fourth study, their willingness to pay for it. ", "Briefly, we found that advice is discounted relative to one's own opinion, while advisors' reputations are rapidly formed and asymmetrically revised. ", "The asymmetry implies that it may be easier for advisors to lose a good reputation than to gain one. ", "The cognitive and social origins of these phenomena are considered. ", "Copyright 2000 Academic Press." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006136271404102445, 0.0005235878052189946, 0.0007632729830220342, 0.0006069170194678009, 0.0007795981946401298, 0.000521926733199507, 0.0005559351993724704, 0.0006788173923268914, 0.000533675542101264, 0.0006941952742636204 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to check whether the group of time are sequence or not in R\n\nIf I have this data \nGroup,start_time\n1,9:05:00\n1,9:07:00\n1,19:09:00\n1,9:00:00\n1,9:00:00\n1,9:02:00\n2,9:05:00\n2,9:07:00\n2,19:09:00\n2,9:00:00\n2,9:00:00\n2,9:02:00\n\nand I would like to get a column check on my data like below. ", "How can I do that? ", "Thanks\nGroup,start_time, check\n1,9:05:00,True\n1,9:07:00,True\n1,19:09:00, True\n1,9:00:00,False\n1,9:00:00,False\n1,9:02:00,False\n2,9:05:00,True\n2,9:07:00,True\n2,19:09:00,True\n2,9:00:00,False\n2,9:00:00,False\n2,9:02:00,False\n\nA:\n\nHere's a possible solution:\ndf = structure(list(Group = c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, \n2L, 2L, 2L), start_time = structure(c(4L, 5L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 3L, \n4L, 5L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 3L), .Label = c(\"19:09:00\", \"9:00:00\", \"9:02:00\", \n\"9:05:00\", \"9:07:00\"), class = \"factor\")), class = \"data.frame\", row.names = c(NA, -12L))\n\nlibrary(dplyr)\n\ndf %>%\n group_by(Group) %>%\n mutate(check = as.numeric(gsub(\":\",\"\",start_time)) >= cummax(as.numeric(gsub(\":\",\"\",start_time)))) %>%\n ungroup() \n\n# # A tibble: 12 x 3\n# Group start_time check\n# <int> <fct> <lgl>\n# 1 1 9:05:00 TRUE \n# 2 1 9:07:00 TRUE \n# 3 1 19:09:00 TRUE \n# 4 1 9:00:00 FALSE\n# 5 1 9:00:00 FALSE\n# 6 1 9:02:00 FALSE\n# 7 2 9:05:00 TRUE \n# 8 2 9:07:00 TRUE \n# 9 2 19:09:00 TRUE \n#10 2 9:00:00 FALSE\n#11 2 9:00:00 FALSE\n#12 2 9:02:00 FALSE\n\nI'm assuming that FALSE cases are the ones that we seem to go back in time.", "\nIn order to compare times I remove : and I create a number using the remaining (numerical) characters.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007327937637455761, 0.0008682774496264756, 0.002848598174750805, 0.0006180591881275177, 0.0019954426679760218 ]

[ "C.1 Verify Requirements\n\nBefore performing any of the troubleshooting steps in this appendix, ensure that the system meets the requirements and that you have completed all of the preinstallation tasks specified in Chapter 2.", "\n\nRead the Release Notes\n\nRead the release notes for the product before installing it. ", "The release notes are available on the Oracle Database 11g DVD. ", "The latest version of the release notes is also available on the Oracle Technology Network website:\n\nC.2 X Window Display Errors\n\nIf you run Oracle Universal Installer on a remote system and you want to display Oracle Universal Installer's user interface on your local system, you might see error messages similar to the following:\n\n\"Failed to connect to server\"\n\"Connection refused by server\"\n\"Can't open display\"\n\nIf you see one of these error messages, follow these steps:\n\nNote:\n\nThis procedure applies only to users of UNIX workstations. ", "If you are using a PC or other system with X server software installed, refer to the X server documentation, or contact your X server vendor or system administrator for information about how to permit remote systems to display X applications on the local system.", "\n\nIn a local terminal window, log in as the user that started the X Window session.", "\n\nEnter the following command:\n\n$ xhost fully_qualified_remote_host_name\n\nFor example:\n\n$ xhost somehost.us.example.com\n\nEnter the following commands, where workstation_name is the host name or IP address of your workstation:\n\nBourne, Bash, or Korn shell:\n\n$ DISPLAY=workstation_name:0.0\n$ export DISPLAY\n\nC shell:\n\n% setenv DISPLAY workstation_name:0.0\n\nTo determine whether X Window applications display correctly on the local system, enter the following command:\n\n$ xclock\n\nThe X clock should appear on your monitor.", "\n\nIf the X clock appears, close the X clock and start Oracle Universal Installer again.", "\n\nC.3 What to Do If an Installation Error Occurs?", "\n\nIf you encounter an error during installation:\n\nDo not exit Oracle Universal Installer.", "\n\nIf you clicked Next after you entered incorrect information on one of the installation screens, click Back to return to the screen and correct the information.", "\n\nIf you encounter an error while Oracle Universal Installer is copying or linking files, then rerun Oracle Universal Installer with the -debug option:\n\nC.4 Reviewing the Log of an Installation Session\n\nDuring an installation, Oracle Universal Installer records all of the actions that it performs in a log file. ", "If you encounter problems during the installation, review the log file for information about possible causes of the problem.", "\n\nTo view the log file, follow these steps:\n\nIf necessary, enter the following command to determine the location of the oraInventory directory:\n\n$ cat etc/oraInst.loc\n\nThe inventory_loc parameter in this file specifies the location of the oraInventory directory.", "\n\nEnter the following command to change directory to Oracle Universal Installer log file directory, where orainventory_location is the location of the oraInventory directory:\n\n$ cd /orainventory_location/logs\n\nEnter the following command to determine the name of the log file:\n\n$ ls -ltr\n\nThis command lists the files in the order of creation, with the most recent file shown last. ", "Installer log files have names similar to the following, where date_time indicates the date and time that the installation started:\n\ninstallActionsdate_time.log\n\nTo view the most recent entries in the log file, where information about a problem is most likely to appear, enter a command similar to the following:\n\n$ tail -50 installActionsdate_time.log | more\n\nThis command displays the last 50 lines in the log file.", "\n\nIf the error displayed by Oracle Universal Installer or listed in the log file indicates a relinking problem, refer to the following file for more information:\n\n$ORACLE_HOME/install/make.log\n\nC.5 Troubleshooting Configuration Assistants\n\nTo troubleshoot an installation error that occurs when a configuration assistant is running:\n\nReview the specific configuration assistant log file located in the $ORACLE_HOME/cfgtoollogs directory. ", "Try to fix the issue that caused the error.", "\n\nIf you see the \"Fatal Error. ", "Reinstall\" message, look for the cause of the problem by reviewing the log files. ", "Refer to \"Fatal Errors\" for further instructions.", "\n\nC.5.1 Configuration Assistant Failure\n\nOracle configuration assistant failures are noted at the bottom of the installation screen. ", "The configuration assistant interface displays additional information, if available. ", "The configuration assistant execution status is stored in the following file:\n\noraInventory_location/logs/installActionsdate_time.log\n\nThe execution status codes are listed in the following table:\n\nStatus\n\nResult Code\n\nConfiguration assistant succeeded\n\n0\n\nConfiguration assistant failed\n\n1\n\nConfiguration assistant canceled\n\n-1\n\nC.5.2 Fatal Errors\n\nIf you receive a fatal error while a configuration assistant is running, you must remove the current installation and reinstall the Oracle software, as follows:\n\nInventory is not available but it is created when the Oracle Enterprise Manager Agent is installed in a separate Oracle home.", "\n\nC.7 Troubleshooting Screen Display Issues\n\nIf you connect to Oracle database with a screen resolution of 640X480 or 800X600, then the Next button in the GUI is not visible as it hides behind the Taskbar. ", "To fix this problem, perform one of the following:\n\nHide the Taskbar.", "\n\nMove the Oracle Universal Installer screen up.", "\n\nSet the screen resolution to 1024X768 or higher.", "\n\nC.8 Silent-Mode Response File Error Handling\n\nTo determine whether a silent-mode installation succeeds or fails, refer to the following log file:\n\n/oraInventory_location/logs/silentInstalldate_time.log\n\nIf necessary, refer to the previous section for information about determining the location of the oraInventory directory.", "\n\nOracle Universal Installer or configuration assistant validates the response file at run time. ", "If the validation fails, the silent-mode installation or configuration process ends.", "\n\nC.9 Cleaning Up After a Failed Installation\n\nIf an installation fails, you must remove the files that Oracle Universal Installer created during the attempted installation using the Deinstallation Tool. ", "For more information on how to run the Deinstallation Tool refer to \"About the Deinstallation Tool\".", "\n\nScripting on this page enhances content navigation, but does not change the content in any way." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005744348163716495, 0.000561594613827765, 0.0005942708812654018, 0.0006227457779459655, 0.0006626124959439039, 0.0007143145776353776, 0.0008826252887956798, 0.0018950800877064466, 0.0007728286436758935, 0.0007554409094154835, 0.0006257249624468386, 0.0006796508096158504, 0.0006098769954405725, 0.0006361372652463615, 0.0006804839358665049, 0.000657991913612932, 0.0006257225759327412, 0.0012395166559144855, 0.0009150237310677767, 0.0007630905020050704, 0.0007404187927022576, 0.0006352668860927224, 0.0005473076598718762, 0.0006182436482049525, 0.0008368953131139278, 0.0009056596318259835, 0.0008584056049585342, 0.0008060786640271544, 0.0006210695719346404, 0.0006124673527665436, 0.0006768919411115348, 0.0008084745495580137, 0.0006193131557665765, 0.0005859489319846034 ]

[ "Search Baton Rouge Obituaries\n\nObits are frequently published in the local newspaper where your deceased ancestor\nresided or other family members lived. ", "Expand your recent Baton Rouge\nobituary searches to include multiple localities and newspapers for the best obit search\nresults.", "\n\nIf you receive zero obituary search results for your ancestor's first and last name in\nour recent Baton Rouge obits archives, try searching by your ancestor's\nlast name only to increase the amount of results returned.", "\n\nObits offer valuable family history information—expanding your family tree in all directions.", "\n\nResearching Baton Rouge obituaries is a great place to learn more\nabout your family tree. ", "Find out important details around your deceased ancestors\npassing, including the dates and causes of death, as well as important information\nabout their family and the community.", "\n\nWe would love to hear your feedback.", "\n\nWe are looking for any type of feedback: What you like, what you don't like, what could we do better, what may be broken or if there are things that you find confusing. ", "Please include as much detail as possible with the URL(s) of the page(s) you are referencing.", "\n\nYour e-mail address (optional)Your phone number (optional)FeedbackWeb Site AddressInclude URL From Current Page" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0010078531922772527, 0.0009494971018284559, 0.0010465014493092895, 0.0009867398766800761, 0.0006211415166035295, 0.000699645490385592, 0.0005266314256004989, 0.0006352196796797216, 0.0005583867896348238, 0.0007910312851890922 ]

[ "Q:\n\nDynamic Bootstrap Accordian loads in show\n\nI have a bootstrap accordion that is generated dynamically from code behind. ", "It is loaded during page_init. ", "Everything works except they are all set to open ('show') not closed ('hide').", "\nIf I take the generated markup and run it, it works fine so the html is OK. ", "Any ideas?", "\nThanks\n============== EDIT ============\nThis script resolves the problem\nPrivate Sub SectionClose()\n Try\n Dim SB As New StringBuilder\n SB.Append(\"$(document).ready(function(){\")\n SB.Append(\" $('#accordion').accordion({ collapsible: true, active: false }); \")\n SB.Append(\"$('.selector').accordion(); \")\n SB.Append(\"}); \")\n ScriptManager.", "RegisterStartupScript(Me, Me.", "GetType(), \"ShowCollapse\", SB.ToString, True)\n Catch ex As Exception\n Dim vError As New SendError\n vError.", "MailError(\"214\", PageName, ex)\n End Try\nEnd Sub\n\nand it now works perfectly, but throws a Object doesn't support property or method 'accordion'\nThis is what the generated markup looks like\n <div class=\"panel panel-default\">\n <div class=\"panel-heading\">Current Board Members</div>\n <!-- ", "Start of Dynamic elements -->\n <div id=\"MainContent_ContactBoardMembers\" class=\"panel-body\">\n\n <div class=\"panel-group\" id=\"accordion\">\n <div class=\"panel panel-default\">\n <div class=\"panel-heading\">\n <h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#collapse_1\">John Doe - Treasurer</a></h4>\n </div>\n <div id=\"collapse_1\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\">\n <div class=\"panel-body\"></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"panel-heading\">\n <h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#collapse_2\">John Smith - President</a></h4>\n </div>\n <div id=\"collapse_2\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\">\n <div class=\"panel-body\"></div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"panel-heading\">\n <h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#collapse_3\">Bill Mathews - Director at large</a></h4>\n </div>\n <div id=\"collapse_3\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\">\n <div class=\"panel-body\"></div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <!-- ", "End of Dynamic elements -->\n</div>\n\nEdit - added to show how to create accordion from code behind\n Dim i As Integer = 0\n For Each Row As DataRow In DT.Rows\n i = Row(\"Member_ID\")\n Dim MemberName As String = \"\"\n MemberName += vFunction.", "ReturnText(Row(\"First_Name\"))\n MemberName += \" \" & vFunction.", "ReturnText(Row(\"Surname\"))\n MemberName += \" - \" & vFunction.", "ReturnText(Row(\"Position\"))\n Dim PanelHeading As New HtmlGenericControl(\"div\")\n With PanelHeading\n .Attributes.", "Add(\"class\", \"panel-heading\")\n End With\n Dim H4 As New HtmlGenericControl(\"h4\")\n With H4\n .Attributes.", "Add(\"class\", \"panel-title\")\n End With\n PanelHeading.", "Controls.", "Add(H4)\n Dim aData As New HtmlGenericControl(\"a\")\n With aData\n .Attributes.", "Add(\"class\", \"accordion-toggle collapsed\")\n .Attributes.", "Add(\"data-toggle\", \"collapse\")\n .Attributes.", "Add(\"data-parent\", \"#accordion\")\n .Attributes.", "Add(\"href\", \"#collapse_\" & i)\n ' .Attributes.", "Add(\"data-target\", \"#collapse_\" & i)\n .InnerHtml = MemberName\n End With\n\n H4.Controls.", "Add(aData)\n\nA:\n\nI noticed that the 'solution' (adding the script) didn't help and when I added jquery.ui to the page (for some reason it wasn't working in the bundle) the error went, but the issue was still there - I did notice that every time there was a javascript error the accordion worked, so I disabled one script at a time in the masterpage. ", "\nThe NavBar is built dynamically and a script is loaded to change @media according to how large it is - once I changed .collapse to .navbar-collapse everything worked :-)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00070547079667449, 0.000671298592351377, 0.0006830806960351765, 0.0005631710519082844, 0.0007957345223985612, 0.001968188676983118, 0.001067903358489275, 0.0073014781810343266, 0.0008553384686820209, 0.0009094501729123294, 0.0010682838037610054, 0.0006447865162044764, 0.000644829822704196, 0.0007567370776087046, 0.0009852687362581491, 0.000760548107791692, 0.0006956132128834724, 0.0009444098686799407, 0.0006742923287674785, 0.0006810931954532862, 0.0006154070724733174, 0.0006289794109761715, 0.0007618237286806107, 0.0005875136121176183, 0.000767362245824188 ]

[ "package(default_visibility = [\"//visibility:public\"])\n\nload(\n \"@io_bazel_rules_go//go:def.bzl\",\n \"go_library\",\n \"go_test\",\n)\n\ngo_library(\n name = \"go_default_library\",\n srcs = [\"reconciler.go\"],\n importpath = \"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/volumemanager/reconciler\",\n deps = [\n \"//pkg/features:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/kubelet/config:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/kubelet/volumemanager/cache:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/util/file:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/util/goroutinemap/exponentialbackoff:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/util/mount:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/util/strings:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume/util:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume/util/nestedpendingoperations:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume/util/operationexecutor:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume/util/types:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/github.com/golang/glog:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/api/core/v1:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/util/feature:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes:go_default_library\",\n ],\n)\n\ngo_test(\n name = \"go_default_test\",\n srcs = [\"reconciler_test.go\"],\n embed = [\":go_default_library\"],\n deps = [\n \"//pkg/kubelet/volumemanager/cache:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/util/mount:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume/testing:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume/util:go_default_library\",\n \"//pkg/volume/util/operationexecutor:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/github.com/stretchr/testify/assert:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/api/core/v1:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/util/feature:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes/fake:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/client-go/testing:go_default_library\",\n \"//vendor/k8s.io/client-go/tools/record:go_default_library\",\n ],\n)\n\nfilegroup(\n name = \"package-srcs\",\n srcs = glob([\"**\"]),\n tags = [\"automanaged\"],\n visibility = [\"//visibility:private\"],\n)\n\nfilegroup(\n name = \"all-srcs\",\n srcs = [\":package-srcs\"],\n tags = [\"automanaged\"],\n)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.000838353531435132 ]

[ "<template>\n <div>\n <el-input\n v-model=\"searchInput\"\n placeholder=\"搜索部门名称\"\n size=\"small\"\n suffix-icon=\"el-icon-search\"\n @input=\"inputchange\"/>\n <div\n v-loading=\"loading\"\n class=\"search-list\">\n <el-breadcrumb\n style=\"padding: 5px 0;\"\n separator-class=\"el-icon-arrow-right\">\n <el-breadcrumb-item\n v-for=\"(item, index) in breadcrumbList\"\n :key=\"index\">\n <a\n href=\"javascript:;\"\n @click=\"breadcrumbBtn(item, index)\">{{ item.label }}</a>\n </el-breadcrumb-item>\n </el-breadcrumb>\n <flexbox\n v-for=\"(item, index) in showlist\"\n v-if=\"item.show\"\n :key=\"index\"\n class=\"stru-list\">\n <el-checkbox\n v-model=\"item.isCheck\"\n :disabled=\"item.disabled\"\n class=\"stru-check\"\n @change=\"checkChange(item, index)\"/>\n <div\n class=\"stru-name\"\n @click=\"enterChildren(item)\">{{ item.name }}</div>\n <div\n v-if=\"item.children\"\n class=\"el-icon-arrow-right stru-enter\"/>\n </flexbox>\n </div>\n </div>\n</template>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\nimport { depList } from '@/api/common'\n\nexport default {\n name: 'XhStructure', // 新建 structure\n components: {},\n props: {\n value: {\n type: Array,\n default: () => {\n return []\n }\n },\n /** 多选框 只能选一个 */\n radio: {\n type: Boolean,\n default: false\n },\n /** 已选信息 */\n selectedData: {\n type: Array,\n default: () => {\n return []\n }\n }\n },\n data() {\n return {\n breadcrumbList: [], // 面包屑数据\n selectItems: [], // 选择项\n showlist: [], // 展示数据\n loading: false, // 加载动画\n searchInput: ''\n }\n },\n computed: {},\n watch: {},\n mounted() {\n this.selectItems = this.selectedData\n // 部门列表数据\n this.getStructureList()\n },\n methods: {\n // 部门列表数据\n getStructureList() {\n this.loading = true\n depList({\n type: 'tree'\n })\n .then(res => {\n this.showlist = this.addIsCheckProp(res.data)\n this.breadcrumbList.push({ label: '全部', data: this.showlist })\n\n this.loading = false\n })\n .catch(() => {\n this.loading = false\n })\n },\n // 面包屑点击事件\n breadcrumbBtn(item, index) {\n if (this.radio && this.selectItems.length == 1) return\n if (index + 1 <= this.breadcrumbList.length - 1) {\n this.breadcrumbList.splice(index + 1, this.breadcrumbList.length - 1)\n }\n this.showlist = []\n this.showlist = this.handelCheck(item.data)\n },\n // 点击checkbox选中\n checkChange(item, aindex) {\n this.$set(this.showlist, aindex, item)\n var removeIndex = -1\n for (let index = 0; index < this.selectItems.length; index++) {\n const element = this.selectItems[index]\n if (item.id == element.id) {\n removeIndex = index\n }\n }\n if (removeIndex == -1 && item.isCheck) {\n this.selectItems.push(item)\n } else if (removeIndex !", "= -1) {\n this.selectItems.splice(removeIndex, 1)\n }\n\n /** 单选逻辑 */\n if (this.radio) {\n if (item.isCheck) {\n this.showlist = this.showlist.map(function(element, index, array) {\n if (element.id == item.id) {\n element.disabled = false\n } else {\n element.disabled = true\n }\n return element\n })\n } else {\n this.showlist = this.showlist.map(function(item, index, array) {\n item.disabled = false\n return item\n })\n }\n }\n\n this.$emit('changeCheckout', { data: this.selectItems })\n },\n /** 数据重新刷新时 循环标记展示数组 */\n handelCheck(list) {\n var self = this\n list = list.map(function(item, index, array) {\n item.isCheck = self.selectItemsHasItem(item)\n return item\n })\n this.inputchange()\n return list\n },\n selectItemsHasItem(item) {\n if (this.selectItems.length == 0) {\n return false\n }\n var hasItem = false\n for (let index = 0; index < this.selectItems.length; index++) {\n const element = this.selectItems[index]\n if (item.id == element.id) {\n hasItem = true\n break\n }\n }\n return hasItem\n },\n /** */\n /** 点击进入子数组 */\n enterChildren(item) {\n // 保证单选环境下 没有选中 才可进入children\n if (item.children && !(", "this.radio && this.selectItems.length == 1)) {\n this.showlist = []\n this.showlist = this.handelCheck(this.addIsCheckProp(item.children))\n this.breadcrumbList.push({ label: item.label, data: this.showlist })\n }\n },\n /** 给默认数据加isCheck属性 */\n addIsCheckProp(list) {\n if (list.length > 0) {\n var item = list[0]\n if (item.hasOwnProperty('isCheck')) {\n return list\n } else {\n return list.map(function(item, index, array) {\n item.disabled = false\n item.isCheck = false\n item.show = true\n return item\n })\n }\n }\n return list\n },\n // 父组件 选中\n parentRemoveCheck(data) {\n this.selectItems = data.data\n var temps = this.showlist\n this.showlist = []\n this.showlist = this.handelCheck(temps)\n /** 单选逻辑 */\n if (this.radio) {\n this.showlist = this.showlist.map(function(item, index, array) {\n item.disabled = false\n return item\n })\n }\n },\n /** 搜索 */\n inputchange(val) {\n this.showlist = this.showlist.map(function(item, index, array) {\n if (item.name.indexOf(val) !", "= -1) {\n item.show = true\n } else {\n item.show = false\n }\n return item\n })\n }\n }\n}\n</script>\n<style lang=\"scss\" scoped>\n.search-list {\n padding: 5px;\n height: 248px;\n overflow: auto;\n}\n.stru-list {\n padding: 5px;\n font-size: 13px;\n .stru-check {\n margin-right: 8px;\n }\n .stru-name {\n flex: 1;\n }\n .stru-enter {\n margin-right: 8px;\n }\n}\n</style>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0011717516463249922, 0.006614475045353174, 0.0038858605548739433, 0.0011723678326234221 ]

[ "Esteban Buján\n\nEsteban Buján (born July 13, 1979) is an Argentine footballer.", "\n\nReferences\n Guardian Football\n\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Argentine footballers\nCategory:Club Atlético Independiente footballers\nCategory:Banfield footballers\nCategory:PAS Giannina F.C. players\nCategory:Albacete Balompié players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Greece\nCategory:Ferro Carril Oeste footballers\nCategory:Association football midfielders" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0013443251373246312, 0.0006007690681144595 ]

[ "Wednesday, September 12, 2007\n\nTODAY IN ATTEMPTING TO JOG: As my good friend Stacey so brilliantly observed a few months ago: Fall is the time when you go \"OK, now I am going to be serious and eat right, be more productive, and engage in a vigorous new exercise routine.\" (", "not a direct quote, as I am not Truman Capote and don't remember \"words\".)", "\n\nSo I decided to take up jogging. ", "But not JUST jogging. ", "But a CROSS TRAINING jogging program that my friend James just began. ", "I woke up at 7:30am and stretched out a bit in my room and texted him \"be there in eight\", meaning the 8 minutes it will take me to walk out side and leisurely stroll down the four blocks to his house, sans cell phone as I assumed I would be running so hard that it would be sent flying out of my jogging vest. (", "red)\n\nWhen I arrived at James' place he was not outside. ", "Minutes passed and still no sign of my jogging buddy. ", "I realized three things: 1) no cell phone 2) buzzer doesn't work 3) throw rocks at the window.", "\n\nMany things on the street look like rocks that aren't rocks. ", "Most of them are gum, some of them are rotting fruit, and some of them are indentations on the side walk that you thought at first glance were 3-D. Eventually,I found a few chunks of cement and started hurling them at James' window.", "\n\nHaving seen this scenario so many times in romantic films, I figured it would be an easy thing to do and not look crazy at the same time. ", "Apparently, that's wrong. ", "The construction workers across the street began hooting and pedestrians made huge arcs to the opposite side of the sidewalk to avoid me. ", "The only time I stopped was when a little girl walked by, because I didn't want her to look at me and think she should ever turn out this way.", "\n\nEventually a woman in a pick up truck pulled up to the side walk behind me. ", "I pretended to be looking at the brick detail of the apartment next door as she let herself into James' building. ", "As soon as she was gone I started to fling cement bits again, flinching ever time it hit anything that wasn't the window, which was every other time but once.", "\n\nFive minutes passed and pick-up truck leaned out her window on the second floor.", "\n\n\"Who are you looking for?\" ", "She asked me, in a sort of I-feel-really-bad-for- you-because-you-might-have-aspergers kind of voice. ", "I told her that I was suppose to jog with James in 2R and she disappeared, apparently to knock on his door and let him know that his autistic friend was waiting for him.", "\n\nFinally he skipped out the door telling me I was ten minutes early. ", "I tried to argue saying that we had AGREED on 7:45am the day before, but he cited my last text which read \"see you in eight\" meaning, to him, see you at 8am. ", "Which, of course, is how any normal person would take read it, as 8 minutes is, literally, the most RANDOM amount of time anyone could ever project on an arrival, and 8am is a very common time to meet. ", "There for I lost twice.", "\n\nAlso, jogging made even my teeth hurt. ", "Which was more frightening then it sounds. ", "It kind of sounds cute. ", "But its not. ", "You don't EVER want to feel your teeth." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0010615687351673841, 0.0006846651085652411, 0.0006141634075902402, 0.0006841644644737244, 0.0005644683260470629, 0.0008620519074611366, 0.0007038144976831973, 0.000816166284494102, 0.011070296168327332, 0.0017918171361088753, 0.0042428444139659405, 0.0005922226700931787, 0.0008504388388246298, 0.0013513151789084077, 0.0030999118462204933, 0.010307424701750278, 0.000748108490370214, 0.0052519734017550945, 0.002380413468927145, 0.0011623285245150328, 0.11076589673757553, 0.07085249572992325, 0.0026114077772945166, 0.0005737178144045174, 0.000694400048814714, 0.0012900229776278138, 0.05704313889145851, 0.0006583126960322261, 0.0006151689449325204, 0.0007360755698755383, 0.34125494956970215 ]

[ "The invention relates to a system and method for automatically evacuating neon tubes and filling the tubing with a neon gas or gas mixture.", "\nPreviously, various pumping systems have been proposed for evacuating and filling neon tubes, such as used in neon signs, with neon and other gas mixtures. ", "Typically, the neon pumping system has included a manifold, a mechanical pressure gauge having a visual display connected to the manifold, and a series of greaseless stopcock valves, which are manually operated, controlling the various flows in the manifold. ", "The stopcock valves typically connect the neon tubes with a vacuum pump assembly, and a source of replenishment gas, such as neon or other gas mixture. ", "Stations for filling neon tubes may be placed on opposing ends of the manifold. ", "There is a system stopcock connected between the manifold and the vacuum pump. ", "A diffusion pump may be connected in a by-pass line with the vacuum pump so as not to be connected in use except after the vacuum has been reduced to a certain level, and it is necessary to achieve an even higher vacuum. ", "Alternatively, a diffusion pump may be connected in a second line, with a second vacuum pump. ", "In use, the system stopcock is opened, and the main stopcock to the vacuum pump is opened simultaneously with turning on the pump. ", "The system is manually operated to control the pressure in the tubes as visually determined from the gauge display, and evacuate the tubes to a desired vacuum whereupon the system stopcock to the vacuum pump is closed. ", "During the evacuation process, an electrical potential is placed across the neon tubes to cause the tubes and gases therein to be heated. ", "The stopcock to the vacuum pump may be opened if the pressure becomes too high in the tube during heating. ", "When the temperature and vacuum conditions inside the tube have reached a desired level the electrical potential is removed from the tubes, and the tubes are allowed to cool. ", "Afterwards, the stopcock to the gas source is opened to backfill the tubes with gas, or gas mixture.", "\nOne problem with the prior neon pumping systems is that the manual operation often results in the neon tubes not being filled properly. ", "If the neon tubes are not filled properly, then their life will be reduced, and/or they may not produce the desired lighting effect during their life. ", "The suitability of prior neon pumping systems has been limited to that of small neon shops.", "\nIt has also been proposed to manually evacuate neon tubes, and afterwards, to automatically fill the neon tube with a gas. ", "The gas flow is automatically cut off when desired gas-filling settings are reached. ", "The gas transfer is electronically controlled to provide consistent filling specifications each time a tube is processed. ", "However, this does not overcome all the problems associated with manual control, nor control all of the conditions required to process neon tubes to exact specifications, particularly as would be suitable for the mass production of neon tubing and lights.", "\nAccordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a neon evacuation and filling system and method for neon tubes which is automated so that optimal conditions are produced in a tube during evacuation and gas backfilling to provide correct color and long life for the tube and neon sign.", "\nAnother object of the invention is to provide an automated system and method for evacuating and filling neon tubes which eliminates human error and performs the steps in the evacuation and filling processes whereby the processing of large numbers of neon tubes may be had according to predetermined specifications to facilitate the mass production of high performance neon tubes.", "\nAnother object of the invention is to provide an automated system for evacuating and filling neon tubes which carries out the operational steps of evacuating and filling a tube with neon, or other gas mixture, yet is very simple and reliable to operate.", "\nYet another object of the invention is to provide a system for evacuating and filling neon tubes in an automated manner which is simple, reliable, and reduces the problems associated with electrical controls of such a system that employs high temperatures and electrical potentials on the tubing during operation.", "\nStill another object of the invention is to provide a fully automated system and method for evacuating and filling neon tubes an electrical controller programmed with operational data of the automatically controls pneumatic actuator valves in response to sensed parameters to carry out evacuation and gas filling of a tube in an optimal manner." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0008037572260946035, 0.000741654250305146, 0.0006072289543226361, 0.0008671307587064803, 0.0007175167556852102, 0.0008450114401057363, 0.0007161183166317642, 0.0007139028166420758, 0.000800709764007479, 0.0008741790661588311, 0.0005917329108342528, 0.0008885340066626668, 0.0007308737840503454, 0.0010197199881076813, 0.0013895530719310045, 0.001074455096386373, 0.0008801222429610789, 0.001209302805364132, 0.0007262005819939077, 0.0006439660210162401, 0.0007977149216458201, 0.0007271101931110024, 0.0007582154357805848, 0.0008589770877733827, 0.0007308954373002052, 0.0007198351086117327 ]

[ "Herbert Evans\n\nHerbert Evans may refer to:\n\n Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971), American anatomist and embryologist\n Herbert Evans (politician) (1868–1931), British Labour Party Member of Parliament for Gateshead 1931\n Herbert Evans (actor) (1882–1952), British-born American film actor\n Herbie Evans, former Welsh footballer\n\nSee also\nBert Evans (disambiguation)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0005953730433247983 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to disable automatic scheduled Puppet runs that occur every 30 minutes?", "\n\nAim\nThe aim is to disable automatic Puppet-agent runs that occur every 30 minutes. ", "It is possible to change the interval, but the automatic Puppet-agent runs should be disabled completely.", "\n\nAttempt one\nAccording to this documentation it should be possible to disable automatic Puppet-agent runs by configuring the following:\n/etc/puppet/puppet.conf\n[agent]\ndaemonize=false\n\nresults in\nNotice: Run of Puppet configuration client already in progress; \nskipping (/var/lib/puppet/state/agent_catalog_run.lock exists)\n\nif puppet is run manually at the default run interval of 30minutes.", "\n\nAttempt two\nuser@hostname:~$ sudo puppet agent --disable\n\nresults in\nuser@hostname:~$ sudo puppet agent -t\nNotice: Skipping run of Puppet configuration client; \nadministratively disabled (Reason: 'reason not specified');\nUse 'puppet agent --enable' to re-enable.", "\n\nAttempt three\nThis documentation was found after googling the question of this Q&A, but the provided information did not answer the question.", "\n\nA:\n\n\"Attempt one\" should have worked. ", "If it was already running you have to stop it yourself. ", "This just prevents future instances from daemonizing. ", "If I am missing something, please clarify why this didn't work. ", "You can also chkconfig puppet off && service puppet stop on Red Hat and derivatives.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to ensure that the puppet agent is not starting as a service. ", "Commands like systemctl, or chkconfig are your friend here (e.g. systemctl disable puppet or chkconfig puppet off). ", "Not sure about most distros.", "\nThen you should also make sure that the agent is stopped. ", "E.g. systemctl stop puppet or service stop puppet.", "\nYou can also just use puppet to accomplish the above:\npuppet apply <(echo \"service { puppet: ensure => false, enable => false }\")\n\nIf it still doesn't work, pkill puppet for good measure, then try again, if it still doesn't work - reboot.", "\n\nA:\n\nAre you looking for a command like:\npuppet agent --disable\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0018002984579652548, 0.002122929785400629, 0.0008590843644924462, 0.0009439929272048175, 0.0009982389165088534, 0.0005979192210361362, 0.0007713233353570104, 0.0026224148459732533, 0.0006601642817258835, 0.0005604636389762163, 0.011585250496864319, 0.0011000019731000066, 0.03282279521226883, 0.0007091501611284912, 0.0008565500611439347, 0.007259295787662268, 0.000899462727829814, 0.017123965546488762 ]

[ "The actions of neuropeptides on dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord slice preparation: an intracellular study.", "\nResponses of dorsal horn neurons to bath application of substance P, somatostatin and enkephalin were studied by intracellular recording in the neonatal spinal cord slice preparation. ", "Substance P depolarized dorsal horn neurons and increased their excitability. ", "The depolarization was most commonly associated with an increase in neuronal input resistance. ", "Somatostatin and enkephalin hyperpolarized dorsal horn neurons and caused reduction or abolition of spontaneous firing. ", "While the hyperpolarization produced by enkephalin was always associated with a fall in neuronal input resistance, in the case of somatostatin the similar effect was less consistently observed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001162185799330473, 0.0006505303317680955, 0.000987014384008944, 0.0007210252224467695, 0.0010961436200886965, 0.0008005186682567 ]

[ "Q:\n\nAdding Authorization Header to HTTP POST request in android(Using JSON)\n\nMy authorization header is \"Authorization: TRUEREST username=user &password=pass&apikey=key&class=class\". ", "How to put it into HTTPPOST request..?", "\nI am doing it like : \n HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();\n HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url);\n httppost.setHeader(\"Authorization\",\"TRUEREST\"); \n httppost.setHeader(\"username\",\"user\");\n httppost.setHeader(\"password\",\"pass\");\n httppost.setHeader(\"apikey\",\"key\");\n httppost.setHeader(\"class\",\"class\");\n\nCredentials don't get send. ", "What is wrong in this code??", "\nKindly help..!!", "\nThanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst, are you sure you need to put all of those in the 'Authorization' header? ", "Second what you are doing is adding 5 different headers with each value, not adding a single 'Authorization' header.", "\nThe '&' usually means you need to send those values as POST/GET parameters, but do check your specs.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006280966917984188, 0.0006766104488633573, 0.0011657520662993193, 0.000768651778344065, 0.0008837642963044345, 0.0005687246448360384, 0.0007061682990752161, 0.0006728633888997138, 0.0005701956106349826, 0.0019954426679760218 ]

[ "Menlo Park, Pretoria\n\nMenlo Park is an upmarket suburb in the city of Pretoria, South Africa. ", " It borders other upmarket areas Waterkloof, Brooklyn and Lynnwood. ", " When it was first established between the 1950s and 1960s, it was the most eastern suburb of Pretoria, but the city has since considerably expanded eastwards. ", "Today these suburbs are known as the Old East and can boast to have some of the city’s most high-end residential properties. ", "The Old East is characterized by established residential suburbs with mature tree lined streets and established gardens. ", "The original stands were the \"Burger Erf\" of 2552 m² allocated to returning Servicemen of World War II. ", "Some of these stands have been subdivided into two properties and some into security clusters of 4 units to suit the need for the modern \"lock-up-and-go\" lifestyles.", "\n\nMenlo Park has a central position near the N1 highway, within easy reach of the CBD, is near major shopping malls (Menlyn and Brooklyn Mall), and has a revamped heart, with a theatre, coffee bars, restaurants and cafés. ", "It is the site of Hoërskool Menlopark (as well as Menlo Park Primary School) and lies near the University of Pretoria.", "\n\nTogether with Brooklyn and Lynnwood, it was most likely named after American counterparts. ", " Residents think that this reflects the suburb’s less “stuffy” image, when compared to that of leafy Waterkloof (which has many street names reflecting the British Empire).", "\n\nThe suburb was the home of iconic South African artist Walter Battiss, whose erstwhile home has been converted into a residential development with guesthouse known as Fook Island (named after the Battiss-created utopian “independent nation” with murals created by Battiss protégé Norman Catherine), as well as abstract artist, Bettie Cilliers-Barnard.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Suburbs of Pretoria" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0007779381121508777, 0.0008141750004142523, 0.0005896223010495305, 0.0007687946781516075, 0.0006967418012209237, 0.0010441252961754799, 0.000677027681376785, 0.0006388780893757939, 0.0009533414267934859, 0.0005652153631672263, 0.0007291137590073049, 0.0007949420833028853, 0.0006052185199223459 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to configure CKEditor to strip \n\nI'm currently using the following code in a CKEditor 4.5.8 config file to strip <svg> and <script> tags from HTML content being edited in CKEditor.", "\nconfig.allowedContent = {\n $1: {\n // Use the ability to specify elements as an object.", "\n elements: CKEDITOR.dtd,\n attributes: true,\n styles: true,\n classes: true\n }\n};\n\nconfig.disallowedContent = 'svg;script;';\n\nThese tags are all stripped out just fine when they're included within <body>, but the tags all remain when they're included within <head>. ", "I'm particularly worried about <script>s sticking around.", "\nHow should CKEditor be configured to strip <script> tags from <head>? ", "Is there some deeper element of configuration I'm missing? ", "Thanks in advance!", "\n\nA:\n\nAdd additional parameter when initializing CKEditor. ", "This is necessary if you want to edit an entire HTML page, with <html>, <head> and <body> elements, you need to set the config.fullPage option to true:\nconfig.allowedContent = {\n $1: {\n // Use the ability to specify elements as an object.", "\n elements: CKEDITOR.dtd,\n attributes: true,\n styles: true,\n classes: true,\n fullPage: true\n }\n};\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.054334964603185654, 0.0009359702235087752, 0.0014111322816461325, 0.0006648513954132795, 0.4262261986732483, 0.0007234180229716003, 0.0006449358188547194, 0.09271823614835739, 0.0008663131156936288, 0.002346862806007266 ]

[ "I understand that I will need a letter of recommendation from an English instructor. ", "However, as a community college student, I have not had an English class in a while (I tested out of English a while ago). ", "I understand that instead, the letter of recommendation may come from another Humanities teacher. ", "But here is where I have some discrepancies:\n\nI have taken a philosophy class online at my college during this semester, but because it is online, I didn't get to know the teacher well.", "\n\nI am currently taking an American Government class online at my college during this semester, but because it is online, I still don't get to know the teacher well.", "\nI am taking French 1 and 2 at my college this semester in class, but I'm not sure it would meet the requirement for a Humanities instructor. ", "I know this instructor the best and have made a great impression on her, while doing well in the class (I do well in all of my classes too btw, if this info helps)\n\nI have taken other humanities online classes during the spring and summer of 2018 (Economics, World History, Human Values and Meaning), but again, because the classes were online, I couldn't get to know the teachers well.", "\n\nSo with these options, which one would you recommend that I seek a recommendation from the most?", "\n\nHow long ago was your last English class? ", "Two-ish years ago should still be fine. ", "5+ may be a different story.", "\n\nFrench is not humanities, but maybe that could be a supplementary letter?", "\n\nOnline teachers can write letters based on your work. ", "Did you impress any of them? ", "Get good feedback? ", "They may not be able to speak much to your personality but they can speak to your work ethic, diligence, etc.", "\n\nHow long ago was your last English class? ", "Two-ish years ago should still be fine. ", "5+ may be a different story.", "\n\nFrench is not humanities, but maybe that could be a supplementary letter?", "\n\nOnline teachers can write letters based on your work. ", "Did you impress any of them? ", "Get good feedback? ", "They may not be able to speak much to your personality but they can speak to your work ethic, diligence, etc.", "\n\nClick to expand...\n\nI'm not sure I could impress any of them, though I completed my work very quickly well before the due dates (I got ahead and completed the courses long before the courses officially ended when possible). ", "I did get good feedback, however I'm not sure how thorough it can be with simple phrases such as \"good job!\" ", "and good grades.", "\n\nIs it better to get a lor from a recent online instructor, or an older one? ", "I am not sure the older ones would remember me from an online class.", "\n\nThis is sort of a go-with-your-gut type thing, once you make sure you're meeting the requirements. ", "The LORs are not the be-all end-all of your application. ", "I've found that they just need to answer the questions on the list. ", "E.g. Does the student have the ability to learn, does he have integrity, does he have a strong work ethic, would you recommend them for appt to x?", "\n\nI understand that I will need a letter of recommendation from an English instructor. ", "However, as a community college student, I have not had an English class in a while (I tested out of English a while ago). ", "I understand that instead, the letter of recommendation may come from another Humanities teacher. ", "But here is where I have some discrepancies:\n\nI have taken a philosophy class online at my college during this semester, but because it is online, I didn't get to know the teacher well.", "\n\nI am currently taking an American Government class online at my college during this semester, but because it is online, I still don't get to know the teacher well.", "\nI am taking French 1 and 2 at my college this semester in class, but I'm not sure it would meet the requirement for a Humanities instructor. ", "I know this instructor the best and have made a great impression on her, while doing well in the class (I do well in all of my classes too btw, if this info helps)\n\nI have taken other humanities online classes during the spring and summer of 2018 (Economics, World History, Human Values and Meaning), but again, because the classes were online, I couldn't get to know the teachers well.", "\n\nSo with these options, which one would you recommend that I seek a recommendation from the most?", "\n\nEchoing the above, this is a great opportunity to contact admissions with a well thought and good question! ", "Whenever those opportunities are available, take them, as they cause your name to stick with an admissions officer or at the very least show interest. ", "I'm not sure if this is true or not, but I was once told that all interactions with admissions are placed in your record/profile.", "\n\nGreat questions and I also agree with the others who have encouraged you to contact your Admissions Officer.", "\n\nTypically, in their LORs, instructors may comment on class content or curriculum but also study habits, work ethic, time management, ability to work in a group, the pace of the class, etc... Those qualities might be more apparent to an instructor who has seen you regularly in a classroom environment, but there are always exceptions. ", "Before you contact CGA, take a moment to consider a recent teacher who could provide the type of info that would be helpful to your application. ", "Then reach out to your Admissions Officer to discuss your options. ", "Good luck!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005516593810170889, 0.0005994135863147676, 0.0005604612524621189, 0.0006311685428954661, 0.0005781658692285419, 0.0005755429738201201, 0.000535800470970571, 0.000554838334210217, 0.006930455099791288, 0.0015080422163009644, 0.0006109331152401865, 0.000616065226495266, 0.0008370409486815333, 0.0010992970783263445, 0.0006577251479029655, 0.0008962652646005154, 0.006930455099791288, 0.0015080422163009644, 0.0006109331152401865, 0.000616065226495266, 0.0008370409486815333, 0.0010992970783263445, 0.0006577251479029655, 0.0008962652646005154, 0.0005450360476970673, 0.000551174278371036, 0.0006501079769805074, 0.0011602859012782574, 0.0009172509307973087, 0.0014164390740916133, 0.03891840949654579, 0.0006439405842684209, 0.0007512971060350537, 0.0005516593810170889, 0.0005994135863147676, 0.0005604612524621189, 0.0006311685428954661, 0.0005781658692285419, 0.0005755429738201201, 0.000535800470970571, 0.000554838334210217, 0.0005366714322008193, 0.0007138401851989329, 0.0005618299474008381, 0.0005336361355148256, 0.000608388683758676, 0.0006300656823441386, 0.000665297033265233, 0.0007107231649570167 ]

[ "Cytokeratin polypeptide expression during the histogenesis of guinea pig submandibular salivary gland.", "\nThe present study was directed towards the characterization of cell-specific histogenetic markers for the various epithelial elements of the adult and the developing guinea pig submandibular salivary gland. ", "We have employed immunofluorescent labelling using three cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies, for which the polypeptide specificities towards guinea pig cytokeratins were determined. ", "All the epithelial elements of the adult gland were positively labelled with two monoclonal antibodies, namely KG 8.13 ('broad spectrum' anti-cytokeratin) and antibody Ks B.18 (reactive with a simple cytokeratin-specific polypeptide of 49 X 10(3) Mr). ", "Antibody KS 8.58 (reactive with a guinea pig cytokeratin polypeptide of 50 X 10(3) Mr) labelled the basal cells of the large ducts, as well as the myoepithelium. ", "During development of the gland, the submandibular anlage and its primary and secondary branches with their terminal buds, were uniformly labelled with the three antibodies; however, the cytokeratin polypeptides reactive with antibody KS 8.58, which were apparently expressed in all cells of the developing ducts, gradually disappear from most of the ductal cells, starting at about 6 weeks of gestation, and remain only in the basal or reserve cells of the large ducts and the myoepithelium. ", "These observations support the notion that the basal cells retain at least some of the properties of the embryonic glandular epithelium and could be considered as pluripotent reserve cells which may function as progenitors for other epithelial elements in the salivary glands epithelia." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.003542307997122407, 0.0007536559132859111, 0.0007422238122671843, 0.0007593820919282734, 0.0009547657682560384, 0.0008811093866825104, 0.0007425545481964946 ]

[ "Sally Boynton Brown\n\nSally Boynton Brown (née Sally Ann Wilson) is an American political strategist who served as was the Executive Director of the Idaho Democratic Party from 2012 to 2017. ", "She was also a candidate for the Democratic National Committee chairmanship election in 2017.", "\n\nEarly life and education\nBrown was born into a working-class family and grew up in Idaho. ", "She attended Boise State University and received her B.A. in Communications in 2005.", "\n\nIdaho Democratic Party \nBrown first started working for the Idaho Democratic Party in early 2011 as a field director, and went on to become communications director in November 2011. ", "She assumed the executive director position in March 2012.", "\n\nBrown worked on Idaho Representative Sue Chew’s legislative campaign in 2006, and as campaign manager for Representative Phylis King’s re-election campaign in 2008. ", "She went on to work for Keith G. Allred's gubernatorial campaign as Director of Operations in 2010.", "\n\nIn 2013, Brown expanded her work nationwide by starting the Lead discussion group, with the goal of increasing participation of women leaders within the Democratic Party.", "\n\nBrown oversaw the largest Democrat caucus in the nation in Ada County, Idaho in 2016.", "\n\nBrown was the president of the Association of State Democratic Party Executive Directors.", "\n\nBrown announced on April 21, 2017 that she would be stepping down from being the Idaho Democratic Party. ", "She was replaced by the party's communications director, Dean Ferguson, pending a search for a full-time replacement.", "\n\nCandidacy for Chair of the Democratic National Committee \nShe announced her candidacy for the chair of the Democratic National Committee on December 16, 2016. ", "Her candidacy was considered a long shot inasmuch as Rep. Keith Ellison, South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg, and former Labor Secretary Tom Perez each had some degree of national recognition; ultimately she achieved third place (after Buttigieg's resignation) before dropping out, having won twelve votes in the first round.", "\n\nControversy \n\nOn January 23, 2017, Brown became the subject of controversy when during the Democratic National Committee Chair Candidates Forum in Washington, D.C. she said in regard to the Black Lives Matter movement that Democrats need to offer \"training\" that teaches white people \"how to be sensitive and how to shut their mouths if they are white.\" ", "Brown went on to say that \"It makes me sad that we're even having that conversation and that tells me that white leaders in our party have failed,\" she said. \"", "I'm a white woman, I don't get it... My job is to listen and be a voice and shut other white people down when they want to interrupt.\" \"", "This is life and death\" she continued. \"", "I am a human being trying to do good work and I can't do it without y'all. ", "So please, please, please, get ahold of me... I need schooling so I can go school the other white people.\"", "\n\nFlorida Democratic Party \nIt was announced on April 26, 2017 that the Florida Democratic Party had hired Brown as its President (Executive Director). ", "She succeeded Scott Arceneaux, the top party administrator for the last seven years. ", "She resigned in November after she was accused of enabling sexual harassment from former Chair Stephen Bittel.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCampaign website\n\nCategory:1970s births\nCategory:21st-century American women\nCategory:Boise State University alumni\nCategory:Florida Democratic Party\nCategory:Florida Democrats\nCategory:Idaho Democrats\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Boise, Idaho\nCategory:People from Middleton, Idaho\nCategory:Politics of Florida" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0007855708827264607, 0.0006195338792167604, 0.0010049801785498857, 0.0007821937906555831, 0.0006089650560170412, 0.0006238317582756281, 0.000683539779856801, 0.000631854054518044, 0.0007073917658999562, 0.000684840721078217, 0.0007482639630325139, 0.0008366744732484221, 0.0006496093701571226, 0.0005970115307718515, 0.0008004237315617502, 0.03669549897313118, 0.0036095420364290476, 0.5209166407585144, 0.11496437340974808, 0.0008340735221281648, 0.08807826042175293, 0.0006230088183656335, 0.000700035656336695, 0.005882417783141136, 0.0006568077369593084 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIs it possible to pass more than 2 private members to a class?", "\n\nI have a problem while compiling in my Qt code. ", "I don't know why I can't pass more than two private members to a class. ", "Here's the code:\nIn the header file(named wind.h)\n #ifndef WIND_H\n #define WIND_H\n\n #include <QApplication>\n #include <QWidget>\n #include <QPushButton>\n\nclass second : public QWidget\n{\n public:\n second();\n\n private:\n QPushButton *bout1;\n QPushButton *bout2;\n QPushButton *bout3;\n};\n#endif // WIND_H\n\nIn the wind.cpp file\n #include \"wind.h\"\n\n second::second() :QWidget()\n {\n setFixedSize(700, 150);\n bout1 = new QPushButton(\"button1\", this);\n bout2 = new QPushButton(\"button2\", this);\n bout3 = new QPushButton(\"button3\", this);\n}\n\nAnd the main.cpp be like\n#include <QApplication>\n#include \"wind.h\"\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[])\n{\n QApplication app(argc, argv);\n second sec;\n sec.show();\n\n return app.exec();\n}\n\nActually,this code doesn\"t compile and runs the debug,there is even a error in the debug but if I put this line in comment it works :\n //bout3 = new QPushButton(\"button3\", this);\n\nSo why isn't it working when I pass more than 2 private members ? ", "And how could I fix it ?", "\nThanks ! :)", "\n\nA:\n\nYour code works as shown. ", "For reference, here's a single file example:\n#include <QApplication>\n#include <QWidget>\n#include <QPushButton>\n\nclass Second : public QWidget\n{\npublic:\n Second();\n\nprivate:\n QPushButton *bout1;\n QPushButton *bout2;\n QPushButton *bout3;\n};\n\nSecond::Second() : QWidget()\n{\n setFixedSize(700, 150);\n bout1 = new QPushButton(\"button1\", this);\n bout2 = new QPushButton(\"button2\", this);\n bout3 = new QPushButton(\"button3\", this);\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[])\n{\n QApplication a(argc, argv);\n Second sec;\n sec.show();\n return a.exec();\n}\n\nYou don't need to list the base class constructor explicitly on the initializer list if you don't pass it any parameters. ", "You also don't need to allocate anything on the heap explicitly. ", "So, this is in a little better style:\n#include <QApplication>\n#include <QWidget>\n#include <QPushButton>\n\nclass Second : public QWidget\n{\n QPushButton bout1, bout2, bout3;\npublic:\n Second();\n};\n\nSecond::Second() :\n bout1(\"button1\", this),\n bout2(\"button2\", this),\n bout3(\"button3\", this)\n{\n setFixedSize(700, 150);\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[])\n{\n QApplication a(argc, argv);\n Second sec;\n sec.show();\n return a.exec();\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0009122499614022672, 0.0007640673429705203, 0.0011871317401528358, 0.0018924915930256248, 0.0008739092736504972, 0.000667228945530951, 0.0007300342549569905, 0.0033621659968048334, 0.0035954380873590708, 0.0010443287901580334 ]

[ "Tuesday Reitano, que falou com a agência Lusa na apresentação do \"Índice de Crime Organizado do Enact\", em Nova Iorque, disse que \"Moçambique está capturado\" por interesses criminosos a níveis múltiplos, nomeadamente a nível político.", "\n\nSegundo a especialista e diretora-adjunta do grupo de mais de 400 pesquisadores da Global Initiative, um novo relatório sobre o mercado de heroína na costa leste e sul da África, que vai ser apresentado em novembro, vai \"destacar claramente a dimensão com que os partidos políticos beneficiam de fundos ilícitos\" em Moçambique.", "\n\nOs autores sabem, através de pesquisas extensas em artigos académicos, notícias e relatórios, que redes criminosas controlam partes importantes das infraestruturas em Moçambique, como alguns portos onde os \"favoritos dos partidos políticos são colocados em posições de poder para que os fluxos ilícitos possam entrar e sair\", disse Tuesday Raitano.", "\n\nA primeira edição do \"Índice de Crime Organizado do Enact - Melhorar a Resposta de África ao Crime Organizado Transnacional\", com dados relativos a 2018, indica que Moçambique é um país com níveis muito altos de criminalidade e níveis muito baixos de resiliência do combate ao crime.", "\n\nNum estudo que reúne classificações sobre dez mercados criminosos e 12 indicadores de resiliência, Moçambique tem níveis altos de crimes no setor ambiental, em grande parte devido à exploração ilegal de madeira (crimes na flora), tráfico de marfim e chifre de rinoceronte (crimes na fauna) e comércio ilegal de rubis (crimes nos recursos não renováveis).", "\n\nO estudo do Enact escreve que o governo moçambicano carece de um plano coerente para combater o crime organizado e o envolvimento de funcionários do Estado em atividades ilícitas é comum. ", "Além disso, a corrupção em todos os níveis, o apoio insuficiente às vítimas e testemunhas e as instituições subfinanciadas são destacadas como áreas de preocupação.", "\n\nEYL//MIM\n\nLusa/Fim" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.014064770191907883, 0.036546509712934494, 0.05305590480566025, 0.003436631988734007, 0.025316163897514343, 0.06587448716163635, 0.11346562206745148, 0.0011850857408717275 ]

[ "![](", "indmedgaz72930-0070){#sp1 .329}\n\n![](", "indmedgaz72930-0071){#sp2 .330}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.001273537054657936, 0.0012298146029934287, 0.001102425274439156 ]

[ "The Interface is a daily column and newsletter about the intersection of social media and democracy. ", "Subscribe here .", "\n\nOn Friday, I wrote about Twitter’s seeming paralysis when it came to enforcing its platform rules. ", "What, exactly, was going on over there? ", "Late Friday evening, we got an answer of sorts. ", "The company invited Cecilia Kang and Kate Conger of The New York Times to sit in on a meeting in which CEO Jack Dorsey and 18 of his colleagues debated safety policies. ", "The meeting was rather… inconclusive, they report:\n\nFor about an hour, the group tried to get a handle on what constituted dehumanizing speech. ", "At one point, Mr. Dorsey wondered if there was a technology solution. ", "There was no agreement on an answer.", "\n\nElsewhere in the piece, executives sound other notes we’ve heard before from this and other platforms: Free speech is valuable. ", "Moderation issues are difficult. ", "User safety is important. ", "Ultimately, Twitter seemed to double down on delayed action, agreeing “to draft a policy about dehumanizing speech and open it to the public for their comments.” (", "Is Twitter really lacking for public speech on this subject?)", "\n\nOf course, policies are only meaningful insofar as they are enforced. ", "Dorsey’s stated rationale for keeping Alex Jones and Infowar on Twitter is that Jones had not violated the site’s rules. ", "CNN’s Oliver Darcy demolished that rationale with a single Twitter search.", "\n\nLate Friday, Twitter copped to it, saying Jones had in fact violated its rules at least seven times. ", "Five were posted before Twitter adopted more stringent behavior guidelines, but two of them were posted “recently enough that Twitter could cite them in the future to take additional punitive action against Jones’ accounts,” Darcy reported.", "\n\nA seven-strikes-and-you’re-still-in approach to dehumanizing speech would seem to encourage more of it. ", "Twitter’s shifting explanations, coupled with theatrical “transparency,” inspire little confidence. ", "The company declines to enforce its rules, then invites journalists in to watch it agonize over the bind it’s gotten itself into. ", "It feels absurd.", "\n\nSurprisingly, the company later did draw a line, though not the one we expected. ", "Ryan Mac and Blake Montgomery broke the news that Twitter had suspended several accounts associated with the Proud Boys, a right-wing group whose members attended last year’s Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, ahead of this year’s gathering.", "\n\nThe group violated Twitter’s policies against “violent extremist groups,” Twitter said. ", "BuzzFeed reported that members of the Proud Boys have attended several rallies that have turned violent. ", "That included a recent one in Portland. ", "So far, Facebook hasn’t followed suit — despite the fact that the Proud Boys do their primary recruiting there, according to this helpful piece from Taylor Hatmaker.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the mother of a six-year-old Sandy Hook shooting victim says Alex Jones and Infowars continue to inspire threats against her. “", "If there are clear threatening actions and harassment that continues from Jones and Infowars, and then Twitter doesn’t take action, well yeah, people need to understand that there are consequences for actions as well as inactions,” Nicole Hockley, who is suing Jones, told Remy Smidt.", "\n\nThe consequences of inaction often seem to be the thing that Twitter understands the least.", "\n\nCorrection, August 14th: This article has been updated to reflect the fact that the Proud Boys were banned for Twitter for violent extremism, not hate speech. ", "It has been further updated to reflect that while members attended the Unite the Right rally, the group itself did not have an official presence.", "\n\nDemocracy\n\nCan Society Scale?", "\n\nJonah Engel Bromwich examines the story of a popular Facebook group, known as New Urbanist Memes for Transit Oriented Teens, which fractured into more than 100 splinter organizations (Social Urbanist Memes for Anarchist Communist Teens, Amchad Memes for American Rail Apologist Teens, etc.) ", "amid political rancor. (", "The title question is not really answered to my satisfaction!)", "\n\n“When everything was smaller, we all loved it more,” she said. ", "Though she could not define an absolute threshold, she said that once a group gets beyond, 1,000, 2,000 or even 5,000 members, “things start getting chaotic.”", "\n\nAn 11-Year-Old Changed The Results Of Florida’s Presidential Vote At A Hacker Convention. ", "Discuss.", "\n\nEarlier this month I told you about the children who would attempt to hack our elections for good. ", "Kevin Collier attended the event in Las Vegas this weekend. ", "Gulp:\n\nIn a room set aside for kid hackers, an 11-year-old girl hacked a replica of the Florida secretary of state’s website within 10 minutes — and changed the results.", "\n\nRussian Hackers Targeted Swedish News Sites In 2016, State Department Cable Says\n\nIt wasn’t just the United States that Russia went after in 2016. ", "According to a State Department cable, the Swedish attack was part of a Russian campaign to sow disinformation about NATO, Kevin Collier and Jason Leopold report:\n\nSent Oct. 19, 2016, primarily to US ambassadors in Europe, it detailed US intelligence suspicions about Russian meddling in US the presidential election. ", "It also warned that Russia was engaged in a widespread campaign to destabilize NATO alliances that included not only a disinformation campaign but the crippling cyberattacks against Swedish news organizations, which knocked several of the country’s largest news organizations offline.", "\n\n‘It’s our time to serve the Motherland’: How Russia’s war in Georgia sparked Moscow’s modern-day recruitment of criminal hackers\n\nMeduza looks at how Russia’s 2008 war in Georgia led it to recruit hackers who would eventually attack the Democratic National Committee during the 2016 US elections.", "\n\nRuslan Stoyanov, the former head of Kaspersky Lab’s investigations department who’s worked extensively with the FSB, has warned openly that Russia is flirting with disaster by cooperating so closely with criminal hackers. “", "There’s an enormous temptation for the ‘decision makers’ to use Russian cybercrime’s ready-made solutions to influence geopolitics,” Stoyanov wrote in an open letter. ", "He’s been in pretrial detention since January 2017, facing treason charges. “", "The most terrifying scenario is one where cyber-criminals are granted immunity from retaliation for stealing money in other countries in exchange for [hacked] intelligence. ", "If this happens, a whole class of ‘patriotic thieves’ will emerge, and semi-legal ‘patriot groups’ can invest their stolen capital fаr more openly in the creation of more sophisticated Trojan programs, and Russia will end up with the most advanced cyber-weapons.” ", "Meduza’s sources say the Russian authorities have been relying on intelligence gathered by these “patriotic groups” for at least a decade.", "\n\nVimeo is the latest platform to remove content from InfoWars conspiracy theorist Alex Jones\n\nJones had turned to Vimeo after getting kicked off YouTube, uploading more than 50 videos on Thursday and Friday.", "\n\nElsewhere\n\nOnline activists hit hatemongers like Alex Jones where it hurts the most — in the wallet\n\nMargaret Sullivan profiles Sleeping Giants, a San Francisco-based Twitter account that tries to shame advertisers into abandoning controversial programming. ", "This playbook is the new normal, Sullivan writes:\n\nit’s not hard to imagine similar techniques being used in ways that hurt media organizations or personalities who have done nothing worse than be provocative, as was the case with Gawker. ", "In an era where bad faith rules the day in so many realms, the techniques used by Sleeping Giants are both powerful and potentially dangerous.", "\n\nFacebook’s message to media: “We are not interested in talking to you about your traffic…That is the old world and there is no going back”\n\nA Kinsley gaffe occurs when a politician tells a truth she wasn’t meant to say. ", "Campbell Brown, Facebook’s head of news partnerships, may or may not have done that recently in Australia — she denies saying the exact quotes attributed to her here — but the message was is enough. ", "Facebook really isn’t turning on its traffic firehose again.", "\n\nFacebook buys Vidpresso’s team and tech to make video interactive\n\nVidpresso “works with TV broadcasters and content publishers to make their online videos more interactive with on-screen social media polling and comments, graphics, and live broadcasting integrated with Facebook, YouTube, Periscope, and more,” Josh Constine reports.", "\n\nBack-to-school shopping for kids involves Amazon wishlists and Snapchat filters\n\nNearly half of 10- to 12-year-olds have their own smartphones, and marketers are finding them at ever-younger ages:\n\n“Snapchat and YouTube have become a way for brands to market right to tweens — in fact, it’s one of the only ways to get to them directly,” said Gregg L. Witt, executive vice president of youth marketing for Motivate, an advertising firm in San Diego. “", "If you’re trying to target a specific demographic, TV no longer works. ", "You’re going to mobile, digital, social media.”", "\n\nLaunches\n\nTwitter Lite in the Google Play Store: now available in 45+ countries\n\nTwitter Lite is now available in the Google Play Store in more than 45 countries around the world. ", "It’s everything you love about Twitter, except it minimizes Nazis. ", "I’m sorry, did I say Nazis? ", "I meant data usage.", "\n\nTakes\n\nTwitter and Facebook Are Platforms, Not Publishers\n\nJeff Jarvis, whose work is funded in part by Facebook grants, says recent media coverage of social networks reflects an incipient “moral panic” and that a small number of malignant trolls on the platforms simply represent “the messy sound of democracy.” ", "Jarvis has long been useful to the platforms because he is a former journalist (and TV Guide Cheers ‘n’ Jeers columnist) who tends to blame the media first. ", "Anyway, here is a take that takes them off the hook so that the media can take the blame for society’s ills:\n\nThose of us in media must acknowledge our responsibility for the messes we’ve made. ", "Long before the net, media played a key role in polarizing the nation into red versus blue, black versus white, 99 percent versus 1 percent. ", "CNN earned its money in conflict rather than resolution. ", "Fox News has done more damage to American democracy than the internet. ", "It was the media’s primary business model, built on volume and attention, that led to the clickbait that is the ruin of the net. ", "Media and platforms as well as advertisers need to work together to build new business models based on value, on relationships, on accomplishment, on quality, on openness.", "\n\nAnd finally...\n\nKevin Roose had me at “Mark Zuckerberg protest song.” ", "The video is helpfully captioned so you don’t even have to listen to the words or the music.", "\n\nI watched this Mark Zuckerberg protest song and now you all have to. ", "I'm sorry those are just the rules. ", "pic.twitter.com/Er3b9Jj5sn — Kevin Roose (@kevinroose) August 13, 2018\n\nTalk to me\n\nSend me tips, comments, questions, or dehumanizing speech policies: casey@theverge.com" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0005838063079863787, 0.0008949614129960537, 0.0005437924992293119, 0.0006745645077899098, 0.0006299975793808699, 0.0005984172457829118, 0.000651300186291337, 0.0005757130566053092, 0.0007165911956690252, 0.0006006353651173413, 0.0005967864999547601, 0.0006109022651799023, 0.0006919756415300071, 0.0007366264471784234, 0.0006953815463930368, 0.0009180999477393925, 0.0006444922182708979, 0.0007061215583235025, 0.0006994451396167278, 0.011510096490383148, 0.000587150570936501, 0.0013986848061904311, 0.00107062968891114, 0.000599105202127248, 0.0006630088319070637, 0.002277929801493883, 0.003439259249716997, 0.0005961543647572398, 0.0007960211369208992, 0.008965802378952503, 0.000883803004398942, 0.000739846786018461, 0.00266046985052526, 0.0005642606993205845, 0.0011435062624514103, 0.0007352602551691234, 0.0007796130375936627, 0.0007073503802530468, 0.0006050965166650712, 0.0006961662438698113, 0.003975521773099899, 0.0006776335649192333, 0.006110562942922115, 0.0005833068280480802, 0.004395573865622282, 0.0008417799836024642, 0.000622348568867892, 0.0014111767522990704, 0.0009409771300852299, 0.0015379193937405944, 0.0005893396446481347, 0.0020399049390107393, 0.0017947106389328837, 0.06941108405590057, 0.0006153208087198436, 0.0009816805832087994, 0.018675321713089943, 0.01123859267681837, 0.0009173981961794198, 0.0010082710068672895, 0.0006164340884424746, 0.003762749722227454, 0.0007445357041433454, 0.0009188228286802769, 0.0011032168986275792, 0.0007444023503921926, 0.0006342463311739266, 0.09915386140346527, 0.03499723598361015, 0.0006906925118528306, 0.0007349961088038981, 0.0006277424399740994, 0.002127488376572728, 0.0015447005862370133, 0.0006958717713132501, 0.0043631731532514095, 0.004998296033591032, 0.0006073128315620124, 0.0011335269082337618, 0.0006764656864106655, 0.0009133840794675052, 0.0009581174235790968, 0.0008215912966988981 ]

[ "Professional liability insurance is essential for art authenticators, appraisers, scholars, artists, curators, and other practitioners in the field of visual art and art history. ", "In today’s increasingly litigious environment, professionals are often subject to lawsuits brought by unhappy clients or other parties who feel they have been harmed by the actions—or inactions—of individuals who worked for them. ", "The financial consequences of such suits, including the costs to defend them, can be devastating. ", "As a result, it is critical that professionals recognize their exposures to financial losses and adopt effective means to deal with them.", "\n\nHerbert L. Jamison & Co. LLC, a provider of professional liability programs, and Philadelphia Insurance Companies are now offering a comprehensive, affordable professional liability insurance solution to art authenticators to help defend against a damaging financial loss that could occur from alleged mistakes or negligence in conducting professional, fee-based services. ", "Though premiums vary depending on circumstances, the annual premium of one policy—which insures an individual engaged in authenticating works up to $500,000 in value—is $1,000 with a $2,500 deductible.", "\n\nSeveral key benefits of this program are:\n\nAutomatic independent-contractor coverage for professional services while acting on the insured’s behalf\n\nDefense costs in addition to the limit of liability for eligible risks\n\nPolicy coverage for a lawful spouse or domestic partner of the insured, but only for actual or alleged wrongful acts of such individual insured for which said spouse or domestic partner may be liable as the spouse or domestic partner of such insured\n\nTailored policy to meet the specific need(s) of clients\n\nFree sixty-day discovery clause\n\nWorldwide coverage\n\nSometimes insurance protection is not enough. ", "The art professional must establish and maintain a loss-prevention program that will help minimize the chance of a professional liability claim being brought in the first place. ", "Examples of effective loss-prevention techniques that can be adopted include:\n\nEstablishing the fees and/or billing practices at the beginning of a client relationship\n\nUsing engagement letters, contracts, and other means to precisely identify the scope of the services to be performed\n\nKeeping written documentation of all activity, including telephone calls, billing calculations, and the like\n\nParticipating in peer reviews, when feasible\n\nAvoiding situations that present conflicts of interest\n\nObtaining appropriate credentials and certifications and taking continuing-education courses to remain current regarding developments in the profession\n\nScreening new clients carefully and keeping existing clients informed at all times" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006371347117237747, 0.0006882469169795513, 0.0007171076140366495, 0.0005769762792624533, 0.0007363004260696471, 0.000603397551458329, 0.0006194246816448867, 0.0006357075180858374, 0.0005518555408343673 ]

[ "Q:\n\nVisual Studio и программирование на C\n\nЯ слышал, что в Visual Studio можно программировать на С, создавая С++ проект и переименовывая файл с кодом в формат *.c.", "\nПодскажите, компилятор полностью поддерживает С или все таки присутствуют какие-то досадные ограничения?", "\nК примеру я заметил, что не компилируются программы с printf,scanf,gets...\nКомпилятор требует использовать безопасные функции с постфиксом _s (Пример gets_s).", "\n\nA:\n\nVisual Studio полностью стандарт C99 не поддерживает, хотя поддерживается многое. ", "printf, scanf - поддерживаются, просто Вам выдаются предупреждения, что они не безопасны. ", "\nПоэтому, строго говоря, полноценно(т.е. ", "с использованием всех доступных фич) на C, используя Visual Studio, писать нельзя. ", "Но для очень многих задач VS будет достаточно. ", "Если я не ошибаюсь, ffmpeg компилируется MSVC2013, а это говорит о многом.", "\nНебольшая цитата от Герба Саттера:\n\nIf you really need <...> features in C95/C99/C11 that are not part of\n ISO C++ <...> then we recommend that you consider using a different\n compiler such as Intel or gcc\n\nОбновление:\nНесколько альтернативных IDE для Windows из комментариев:\n\nCLion + MinGW \nQtCreator + MinGW\nEclipse + MinGW\n\nЕщё можно попробовать использовать clang в Visual Studio, но я не уверен, что этот проект дорос до релизного качества.", "\nОбновление 2:\nТ.к. ", "моё заявление о неполноценной поддержки студией разработки на языке C вызвало спор, приведу здесь одну фичу из C99, которую студия не поддерживает: VLA. ", "Это, разумеется, не единственное отличие, но одно из наиболее ярко выраженных. ", "Есть ещё список здесь, но он не учитывает, что часть C99 перекочевала в C++11. ", "Подобного списка для современности я не нашёл, но отличия есть и они могут стать камнем преткновения при разработке. ", "Хотя повторюсь, ffmpeg студией(по заявлению MS) собирается, а это говорит о том, что многое всё-таки поддерживается. ", "Но на полную поддержку расcчитывать не стоит, и если Вы хотите использовать C со всем функционалом, то стоит пройти мимо компилятора MSVC++ - это компилятор для C++, а не C.\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0024968048091977835, 0.002728226827457547, 0.0036830923054367304, 0.0013746755430474877, 0.0010236991802230477, 0.0012161654885858297, 0.000871696975082159, 0.0014479263918474317, 0.002026192145422101, 0.0012062806636095047, 0.0012277482310310006, 0.0033895946107804775, 0.001314680092036724, 0.0011682872427627444, 0.0031854468397796154, 0.001914133899845183, 0.0025733341462910175 ]

[ "Require Import bedrock2.BasicC64Semantics bedrock2.NotationsInConstr coqutil.", "Z.HexNotation.", "\n\nImport Syntax BinInt String List.", "ListNotations.", "\nLocal Open Scope string_scope. ", "Local Open Scope Z_scope. ", "Local Open Scope list_scope.", "\nLocal Coercion var (x : string) : Syntax.expr := Syntax.expr.var x.\n\nFrom coqutil.", "Macros Require Import unique subst.", "\n\nImport BinInt String.", "\nLocal Open Scope string_scope. ", "Local Open Scope Z_scope. ", "Local Open Scope list_scope.", "\n\nSection chacha20.", "\n Import bedrock2.NotationsInConstr.", "\n Local Coercion literal (z : Z) : expr := expr.literal z.\n\n Notation \"x <<< n\" := ((x << (n%Z)%bedrock_expr) .| (x >> (32 - n%Z)))%bedrock_expr (at level 100) : bedrock_expr.", "\n Notation \"a <<<= b\" := (subst! ", "a for x in (x = (x <<< b)))%bedrock_cmd (at level 75) : bedrock_cmd.", "\n Notation \"a ^= b\" := (subst! ", "a for x in (x = (x .^ b)))%bedrock_cmd (at level 75) : bedrock_cmd.", "\n Notation \"a += b\" := (subst! ", "a for x in (x = (x + b)))%bedrock_cmd (at level 75) : bedrock_cmd.", "\n\n Definition QUARTERROUND (a b c d : String.string) : cmd :=\n a += b;; d ^= a;; d <<<= 16;;\n c += d;; b ^= c;; b <<<= 12;;\n a += b;; d ^= a;; d <<<= 8;;\n c += d;; b ^= c;; b <<<= 7.", "\n\n Let out := \"out\". ", "Let key := \"key\". ", "Let countervalue := \"countervalue\". ", "Let nonce := \"nonce\".", "\n Let i := \"i\".", "\n Let x0 := \"x0\". ", "Let x1 := \"x1\". ", "Let x2 := \"x2\". ", "Let x3 := \"x3\".", "\n Let x4 := \"x4\". ", "Let x5 := \"x5\". ", "Let x6 := \"x6\". ", "Let x7 := \"x7\".", "\n Let x8 := \"x8\". ", "Let x9 := \"x9\". ", "Let x10 := \"x10\". ", "Let x11 := \"x11\".", "\n Let x12 := \"x12\". ", "Let x13 := \"x13\". ", "Let x14 := \"x14\". ", "Let x15 := \"x15\".", "\n Definition xorout o x : cmd := *(uint32_t*)((out+literal(4*o))%bedrock_expr) = *(uint32_t*)((out+literal(4*o))) .^ x.\n Definition chacha20_block := ((out::key::nonce::countervalue::nil), @nil String.string, bedrock_func_body:(\n x0 = Ox\"61707865\";; x1 = Ox\"3320646e\";; x2 = Ox\"79622d32\";; x3 = Ox\"6b206574\";;\n x4 = *(uint32_t*) key;; x5 = *(uint32_t*) (key+4);; x6 = *(uint32_t*) (key+8);; x7 = *(uint32_t*) (key+12);;\n x8 = *(uint32_t*) (key+16);; x9 = *(uint32_t*) (key+20);; x10 = *(uint32_t*) (key+24);; x11 = *(uint32_t*) (key+28);;\n x12 = countervalue;; x13 = *(uint32_t*) nonce;; x14 = *(uint32_t*) (nonce+4);; x15 = *(uint32_t*) (nonce+8);;\n i = 0;; while (i < 10) {{ i += 1;;\n QUARTERROUND x0 x4 x8 x12;;\n QUARTERROUND x1 x5 x9 x13;;\n QUARTERROUND x2 x6 x10 x14;;\n QUARTERROUND x3 x7 x11 x15;;\n QUARTERROUND x0 x5 x10 x15;;\n QUARTERROUND x1 x6 x11 x12;;\n QUARTERROUND x2 x7 x8 x13;;\n QUARTERROUND x3 x4 x9 x14\n }};;\n x0 += Ox\"61707865\";; x1 += Ox\"3320646e\";; x2 += Ox\"79622d32\";; x3 += Ox\"6b206574\";;\n x4 += *(uint32_t*) key;; x5 += *(uint32_t*) (key+4);; x6 += *(uint32_t*) (key+8);; x7 += *(uint32_t*) (key+12);;\n x8 += *(uint32_t*) (key+16);; x9 += *(uint32_t*) (key+20);; x10 += *(uint32_t*) (key+24);; x11 += *(uint32_t*) (key+28);;\n x12 += countervalue;; x13 += *(uint32_t*) nonce;; x14 += *(uint32_t*) (nonce+4);; x15 += *(uint32_t*) (nonce+8);;\n xorout 0 x0;; xorout 1 x1;; xorout 2 x2;; xorout 3 x3;;\n xorout 4 x4;; xorout 5 x5;; xorout 6 x6;; xorout 7 x7;;\n xorout 8 x8;; xorout 9 x9;; xorout 10 x10;; xorout 11 x11;;\n xorout 12 x12;; xorout 13 x13;; xorout 14 x14;; xorout 15 x15\n )).", "\nEnd chacha20.", "\n\n(*\nExample chacha20_block_c_string := Eval vm_compute in\n BasicC64Syntax.c_func (\"chacha20_block\", (chacha20_block )).", "\nPrint chacha20_block_c_string.", "\n*)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0009928969666361809, 0.0017086578300222754, 0.0010539306094869971, 0.0008180579170584679, 0.0007680206908844411, 0.0007300176075659692, 0.0006871523801237345, 0.0011218746658414602, 0.000770163256675005, 0.0030707637779414654, 0.0007680206908844411, 0.0007300176075659692, 0.0006871523801237345, 0.0010008590761572123, 0.0008338490733876824, 0.0011429202277213335, 0.0014609722420573235, 0.0006691842572763562, 0.0016560014337301254, 0.0006422562873922288, 0.0019886039663106203, 0.000652831164188683, 0.0021294765174388885, 0.027429630979895592, 0.0007345060002990067, 0.0007947917911224067, 0.023929743096232414, 0.0010277716210111976, 0.0017393328016623855, 0.0010127467103302479, 0.0010005873627960682, 0.001117431791499257, 0.0010438562603667378, 0.0010085419053211808, 0.0010334092658013105, 0.0010909130796790123, 0.0010455332230776548, 0.0011054861824959517, 0.0009612325811758637, 0.0008383463136851788, 0.0008833197643980384, 0.0008256071014329791, 0.0009279255173169076, 0.0008790841675363481, 0.011166347190737724, 0.001761784078553319, 0.0007183948764577508, 0.0018264820100739598, 0.0008386984118260443 ]

[ "Each time I read a piece of your works Nora, I am reminded about the interesting places that you explore I adore deeply and absolutely. ", "This piece holds such a sensuality that doesn't bekons for any type of faux pas sentiments. ", "Provacutive and alluring, I want to visit this realm within my own being. ", "THanks you Nora." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006017246632836759, 0.00113919738214463, 0.000594235782045871, 0.0005635356646962464 ]

[ "Hilarious House of Frightenstein (1971)\n\nVincent Price hosts this bizarre sketch comedy show from the 70’s, starring various lovable monster personalities." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.001208975212648511 ]

[ "Q:\n\ndouble scrollbars on resizing with maximize and restore browser-window\n\nI have the following situation:\nI've got a header, content, and a footer.", "\nNow the header and footer have a fixed height and are always on the screen.", "\ncss for footer and header:\n#footer {\n background-color:#e6e6e6;\n width:100%;\n height:46px;\n bottom:0;\n left:0;\n position:fixed;\n border-top:1px solid #7F8C8D;\n z-index:101;\n}\n\n#header {\n border-bottom:1px solid black;\n height:45px;\n background-color:#828282;\n color:#FFF;\n position:absolute;\n top:0;\n left:0;\n right:0;\n z-index:105;\n width:100%;\n\n box-sizing:border-box;\n}\n\nAs for the content i have the following:\n#content {\n background: #9cbbe3 url(../img/backgr.gif) repeat-x;\n right:0;\n left:0;\n background-size:auto;\n position: absolute; top: 0px; bottom: 0px;\n overflow: auto; \n}\n\nNow this works! ", "at first...\nBut then i go and maximize and minimize the window, and i end up with two scroll-bars.", "\nWhen i refresh the page the problem is fixed. ", "and re-sizing works as far as I've noticed. ", "but when maximizing and restoring the window i end up with two scroll-bars.", "\nHow can i solve this preferably using CSS?", "\n\nA:\n\nMaybe this works out for you:\nhtml, body { overflow: hidden; }\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006934758857823908, 0.000860168831422925, 0.0012430038768798113, 0.0006558994646184146, 0.0006709359586238861, 0.0006265654810704291, 0.0006771264597773552, 0.000614859804045409, 0.0006969901151023805 ]

[ "Q:\n\nOrange ring in a black hole image\n\nWhat exactly is the origin of the orange ring around M$87$?", "\nI understand that the image was not taken in the visible light range. ", "The colors are therefore artificial. ", "\nI also read that the image shows the shadow of the black hole on a brighter region of space which is \"glowing\" gas. ", "Still I wonder about the following:\n\nWhy is the bright region circularly shaped and centered around the black hole?", "\nIs the bright region at the same distance as the black hole or much further away?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe bright region is known as a \"photon ring\". ", "It is light that is heading towards us from a radius of around $1.5 r_s$ around the black hole, where $r_s = 2GM/c^2$ is the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. ", "So yes, the light is certainly coming to us from the immediate environs of the black hole and so from the same distance.", "\nThe light travelling towards us is warped by the distortion of space-time caused by the black hole. ", "The warping acts like a magnifying glass meaning we see the photon ring as larger - with a radius of $2.6r_s$.\nThe reason that we see a ring at all is because the plasma surrounding the black hole is \"geometrically thick, but optically thin\" at the 1.3 mm wavelengths used in the observations. ", "What this means is that mm-waves are generated by fast-moving electrons in the plasma that is being accreted onto the black hole and the plasma exists over the whole of the region imaged (and beyond), but that most of the emitted light will escape self-absorption.", "\nThe latter property is key. ", "When viewing such a plasma, the brightness depends on the density of the plasma and the path length of the sightline we have into it.", "\nThis matters greatly near a black hole, because the densest plasma will be nearest the black hole but any light that is emitted and heads inside the location of the \"photon sphere\" at $1.5 r_s$ will end up in the black hole, possibly after orbiting many times and is lost. ", "Light emitted outwards from dense plasma inside or at the photon sphere may orbit many times and then escape from the edge of the photon sphere. ", "Light emitted just outside the photon sphere can be bent towards us on trajectories that graze the photon sphere.", "\nThe result is a concentration of light rays that appear to emerge from the photon sphere and which we view as a circular ring. ", "The ring is intrinsically narrow but is made fuzzy in the Event Horizon Telescope images by the limited (but amazing) instrumental resolution.", "\nInside the ring is relative darkness. ", "There is light coming towards us from this direction - from plasma between us and the black hole, but it is much fainter than the concentrated light from the photon ring. ", "Much of the light that would have come to us from that direction has fallen into the black hole and hence it is referred to as the \"black hole shadow\".", "\nThe ring and the shadow should (according to General Relativity) be perfectly circular for a non-spinning, spherically symmetric black hole. ", "The spherical symmetry is broken for a spinning Kerr black hole and small ($\\leq 10$%) departures from circularity might be expected (e.g. see section 9 of paper VI in the Event Horizon Telescope series on M87). ", "The spin of the black hole drags material around it and is thought to be responsible for the asymmetric brightness distribution of the ring, through Doppler boosting in the direction of forward motion.", "\nEDIT: The observed ring is not the accretion disk\nThe apparent radius of something residing in a Schwarzschild metric, when viewed from infinity is given by\n$$ R_{\\rm obs} = R \\left(1 - \\frac{R_s}{R}\\right)^{-1/2}\\ ,$$\nwhere $R_s$ is the Schwarzschild radius $2GM/c^2$.\nThis enlargement is due to gravitational lensing and the formula is correct down to the \"photon sphere\" at $R =1.5 R_s$.\nMost of the light in the EHT image comes from the photon sphere. ", "It is therefore observed to come from a radius\n$$ R_{\\rm obs} =\\frac{3R_s}{2}\\left(1 - \\frac{2}{3}\\right)^{-1/2} = \\frac{\\sqrt{27}}{2}R_s\\ .$$\nThis is almost precisely what is observed if the black hole has the mass inferred from independent observations of the motions of star near the centre of M87.", "\nBy contrast, the accretion disk would be truncated at the innermost stable circular orbit, which is at $3R_s$ and would appear to be at $3.7R_s$ as viewed from the Earth (or larger for co-rotating material around a spinning black hole), significantly bigger than the ring that is observed. ", "So we might expect disk emission to come from further out.", "\nNevertheless, there is inflow from the disk and General Relativistic simulations involving magnetic fields do show some emissivity in a broader disc-like structure around the black hole. ", "\nA set of simulations were done as part of the analysis of the EHT image and are described in paper V of the EHT M87 series. ", "Fig.1 of this paper shows an intrinsic images (i.e. prior to blurring with the instrumental resolution) that provides a reasonable fit to what is seen (see blow). ", "In all cases the emission is dominated by the photon ring and the direct contribution of the accretion disk/flow is much lower.", "\nA direct quote from that paper:\n\nThe central hole surrounded by a bright ring arises because of strong gravitational lensing (e.g., Hilbert 1917; von Laue 1921; Bardeen 1973; Luminet 1979). ", "The so-called \"photon ring\" corresponds to lines of sight that pass close to (unstable) photon orbits (see Teo 2003), linger near the photon orbit, and therefore have a long path length through the emitting plasma.", "\n\nThe Figure above is from paper V of the EHT data release on M87. ", "It shows the observations (left) a General Relativistic simulation (center) and the same simulation blurred by the instumental resolution of the Event Horizon Telescope (right). ", "The dominant feature is the photon ring. ", "A weak disk contribution (or rather inflow from the disk) is seen in the simulation, but contributes little to the observed ring seen in the observations.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007489998242817819, 0.0005982423899695277, 0.0006812539068050683, 0.0007916220347397029, 0.0006885719485580921, 0.001008515479043126, 0.000637503108009696, 0.0014798553893342614, 0.0012085577473044395, 0.0010566974524408579, 0.0007710110512562096, 0.0007612626650370657, 0.0006944844499230385, 0.0005839771474711597, 0.0012804545694962144, 0.0006736660725437105, 0.0005986416945233941, 0.0006706690764985979, 0.0005623665056191385, 0.0007019268232397735, 0.0007114184554666281, 0.0008762237848713994, 0.001247257343493402, 0.0006273814360611141, 0.0008291758713312447, 0.0008022509864531457, 0.0022189640440046787, 0.0008158824639394879, 0.0007440694025717676, 0.0006567758391611278, 0.0005669149104505777, 0.0006857877015136182, 0.0006290021701715887, 0.0005628254730254412, 0.0006124617648310959, 0.0005932616186328232, 0.0005534138763323426, 0.000605320674367249, 0.0006480924203060567, 0.0019954426679760218 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'Gas has been detected in a number of debris disk systems. ", "This gas may have arisen from grain sublimation or grain photodesorption. ", "It interacts with the surrounding dust grains through a number of charge and heat exchanges. ", "Studying the chemical composition and physical state of this gas can therefore reveal much about the dust component in these debris disks. ", "We have produced a new code, <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span>, to address gas emission from dusty gas-poor disks around A–F stars. ", "This code computes the gas ionization and thermal balance self-consistently, with particular care taken of heating/cooling mechanisms. ", "Line emission spectra are then produced for each species (up to zinc) by statistical equilibrium calculations of the atomic/ionic energy levels. ", "For parameters that resemble the observed $\\beta$ Pictoris gas disk, we find that the gas is primarily heated by photoelectric emission from dust grains, and primarily cooled through the 157.7$\\mu$m line emission. ", "The gas can be heated to a temperature that is warmer than that of the dust and may in some cases reach temperature for thermal escape. ", "The dominant cooling line, 157.7$\\mu$m, should be detectable by *Herschel* , while the 63.2$\\mu$m line will be too faint. ", "We also study the dependence of the cooling line fluxes on a variety of disk parameters, in light of the much improved sensitivity to thermal line emission in the mid/far infrared and at sub-millimeter wavelengths provided by, in particular, *Herschel*, *SOFIA*, and *ALMA*. ", "These new instruments will yield much new information about dusty debris disks.'", "\nauthor:\n- Kyryl Zagorovsky\n- Alexis Brandeker\n- Yanqin Wu\ntitle: Gas emission from debris disks around A and F stars\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nDuring the T Tauri phase, models have shown that giant planet formation rely heavily on the timescale and manner in which gas disks disperse [see, e.g. @idalin]. ", "We now know that some of this gas is incorporated into gaseous giant planets, while some is lost to the stars, and that most of the gas disappears on timescales of a few Myr [e.g. @zuc95; @hai01; @jay06; @pas06]. ", "However, we still do not know whether most of the gas disks around T Tauri stars is photoevaporated by the star [see, e.g. @gor08], blown away by wind [@lovelace], or accreted onto the star due to viscous diffusion [@lyndenbell]. ", "Which mechanism dominates will determine how long gas resides in different parts of the disk. ", "Observing protoplanetary disks near their final stages may yield clue to this puzzle.", "\n\nDebris disks are circumstellar disks that show emission from dust. ", "These disks are detectable for up to a few Gyr [@hol98; @spa01; @rie05]. ", "Both the level of emission and the fraction of stars with a detectable excess decay with time and can be interpreted, at least for the case of A stars, as steady state collisional processing of planetesimals formed during the proto-planetary disk phase [@dom03; @wya07]. ", "There is some evidence that gas may persist in debris disks for an extended period of time, at least in some systems. ", "For example, atomic gas in Keplerian rotation has been detected around the $\\sim 12$Myr old main-sequence star $\\beta$Pic [@hob85; @bra04]. ", "Gas has also been found around post-T Tauri stars [e.g. @red07b], and even stars as old as 200Myr [e.g. $\\sigma$Her; @che03]. ", "However, it is not clear whether this gas is primordial (left-over proto-planetary material) or secondary, generated by, e.g., sublimation of planetesimals [@beu07], vaporization of colliding planetesimals [@cze07], and/or photo-desorption of dust [@che07]. ", "If gas is indeed secondary [as dynamical arguments suggest, see @fer06], it presents an exciting new tool to study the compositions of solid bodies in extra-solar systems, unaccessible otherwise. ", "In addition, even a small quantity of gas may also significantly affect the dynamics of the dust and cause grain concentrations, mimicking the bright rings seen in young debris disks like HR4796A [@kla05; @bes07]. ", "Furthermore, gas present during late stages of planet formation could damp eccentricities of the planetesimals enough to reduce their relative speed, thereby aiding the build up of rocky planets.", "\n\nUnfortunately, the information currently available on the manner in which gas disperses in circumstellar disks is scarce, owing to the great difficulty in detecting gas in these environments. ", "Accretion traces only the sub-AU region of the disk, leaving the outer gas disk largely unconstrained. ", "Molecular emission from CO in young circumstellar disks has been detected in the near-infrared (NIR) and in the mm [e.g. @naj03]. ", "The NIR emission is limited to hot CO ($\\sim 1\\,000$K), while the detection of mm emission from cold CO is hampered by limited sensitivity due to beam dilution [e.g. @pas06]. ", "Direct detection of H$_2$ in the ultra violet (UV) and NIR is also made possible by either very hot or fluorescent gas [pumped by Ly$\\alpha$, @her06]. ", "The rotational lines H$_2$ S(0) and S(1) emitted from colder gas ($\\lesssim 100$K) are unfortunately weak and difficult to observe: a Spitzer IRS survey of young stars that are expected to have gas disks yielded only upper limits on the gas disk mass [upper limits $\\gtrsim100\\,M_{\\oplus}$, @che06]. ", "An alternative is to observe stellar light scattered resonantly by the gas, but this requires a spatially resolved disk to be detectable. ", "To date, only the disk around $\\beta$Pic has been detected in such a way [@olo01; @bra04]. ", "Should the disk be oriented edge-on, the circumstellar gas can also be observed in absorption [e.g., @red07a; @rob08].", "\n\nHere, we study infrared atomic cooling lines as promising agents for characterizing gas in tenuous disks, including late stage protoplanetary disks and debris disks. ", "Three of the most abundant species, oxygen, carbon, and silicon, all have ground-state fine transitions at infrared wavelengths that act as effective coolants. ", "Oxygen, in the low-density environment of these disks, is likely to be in the atomic form: the molecular repositories for oxygen [H$_2$O, OH, and CO; e.g. @kam00] are dissociated easily in the circumstellar environment, while the ionization potential for oxygen is sufficiently high for it to remain neutral. ", "Moreover, neutral oxygen does not have strong resonant transitions in the optical and UV, and is thus not easily removed by radiation pressure, unlike some other species [@fer06]. ", "Of all thermally excited cooling lines, the 63$\\mu$m line is expected to be the brightest for a large range of disk masses in late-type stars [G–K; @gor04]. ", "However, in optically thin disks around early-type stars (F or earlier), carbon is expected to be significantly ionized [@fer06], boosting the 158$\\mu$m cooling line. ", "Finally, if cooling by the and lines saturates (i.e. the line fluxes no longer rise with temperature due to the saturated occupation of the excited level, see eq.", " \\[\\[eq:ninx\\]\\]), -cooling may become important.", "\n\nThe 63$\\mu$m and 158$\\mu$m lines both lie within the spectral range of the far-infrared to sub-millimeter *Herschel* space telescope, scheduled to start science operations in early 2010. ", "The telescope has a passively cooled 3.5m mirror and three instruments PACS, SPIRE, and HIFI that together cover the 55–672$\\mu$m with both imaging and spectroscopy capabilities. ", "As such, Herschel is well positioned to investigate the tenuous circumstellar disks we are discussing here and partly motivated this study.", "\n\nPredicting the expected luminosity of gas and interpreting potential detections require detailed modeling of the physical circumstances, such as the radiation field from the star, the spatial distribution and content of the gas and dust, etc. ", "Debris disks are known to be dusty with little gas, meaning that the set of assumptions and approximations that can be used are different from other environments, such as the interstellar medium where well-tested codes exist [e.g. <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">cloudy</span>, @fer05]. ", "Debris disks are generally optically thin, which simplifies the radiative transfer and enables modeling of more general three-dimensional distributions with less computational resources. ", "On the other hand, a more detailed treatment is required for the thermal balance, as fluorescence is generally important due to the strong radiation field from the star in combination with low gas densities. ", "This implies computing the statistical equilibrium (SE) for a large number of energy levels in cooling species.", "\n\nWe have developed a numerical model <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> (“optically thin thermal and ionization equilibrium code”) to investigate the importance of 63$\\mu$m and 158$\\mu$m fine-structure cooling lines as tracers for gas in dusty but optically thin disks around early-type (A–F) stars. ", "This is intended to complement similar analysis made for later-type stars (G–K) by @gor04. ", "The code takes stellar flux, gas and dust profiles as input parameters and performs self-consistent computation of ionization and thermal balance (§\\[sec:thermal\\]) in the disk. ", "Once elemental ionizations and gas temperature have been determined, a full SE computation is performed for a number of atomic species to identify the dominant emission and absorption lines.", "\n\nTo test the code, we use the well-studied $\\beta$ Pictoris disk as a benchmark case in §\\[sec:BPic\\], and compare the numerical model with observed gas disk properties. ", "In §\\[sec:Fiducial\\], we keep stellar parameters at their $\\beta$Pic values but replace the gas and dust distributions with more simplified Gaussian profiles, and take this configuration as the fiducial debris disk. ", "Fiducial case temperature and ionization profiles are analyzed in §\\[sec:Fid\\_Temp\\] and §\\[sec:Fid\\_Ion\\]. ", "We also compute integrated luminosities for the main fine-structure cooling lines (§\\[sec:Fid\\_Cool\\]) and identify the dominant emission and absorption lines (§\\[sec:Fid\\_Spectr\\]). ", "In §\\[sec:Discussion\\] we investigate the dependence of emitted line luminosities on the model parameters, in particular how they scale with disk gas, geometry, mass and composition, and the spectral type of the central star. ", "Conclusions are drawn in §\\[sec:Conclusion\\].", "\n\nThroughout the paper, we adopt the cgs units except where noted.", "\n\nThermal processes modeled in <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> {#sec:thermal}\n==================================================================================\n\nThe <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> model was designed to simulate gas in dusty disks around early-type stars. ", "The code self-consistently computes the thermal and ionization states of the gas in this environment. ", "All gas is assumed to be present in atomic or ionized form: the hard radiation fields surrounding these early-type stars rapidly photo-dissociate molecules into individual atoms or ions [@kam03; @jon06]; thus no chemistry computation is included. ", "Ionizations for atomic elements from hydrogen to zinc are considered, up to the second ionization state. ", "The model assumes both dust and gas to be optically thin, so no complex radiative transfer calculations are performed. ", "This makes the code effectively zero-dimensional as each bin is treated independently of all others, greatly increasing computational performance. ", "Details of the code, including how ionization and statistical equilibrium is treated, is presented in the Appendix. ", "Here, we discuss the main processes that enter the thermal balance.", "\n\nA number of heating and cooling mechanisms that determine the gas temperature in debris disks have been investigated by @kam01 [ hereafter ] and @bes07 [ hereafter ]. ", "Observed upper limits on the gas content of debris disks [@thi01; @che03; @rob05] and theoretical inferences [@fer06] suggest that gas in debris disk is non-primordial and is depleted in hydrogen. ", "Furthermore, even when assuming solar abundance of hydrogen, it was shown by that heating arising from H$_2$ collisional de-excitation, photodissociation and formation on dust, as well as cooling from H$_2$ ro-vibrational lines, are negligible when compared to the photoelectric heating by grains. ", "For these reasons, we do not include H$_2$-dependent heating and cooling processes. ", "We do include, however, the atomic hydrogen contribution to cooling via Ly$\\alpha$ emission at very high temperatures ($T > 5\\,000$K). ", "Also excluded from computation are coolings by vibrational/rotational transitions of molecular CO and CH. ", "These molecular species may arise from evaporating cometary bodies. ", "However, they are believed to be quickly photo-dissociated around the early-type stars that are the target of this study [@kam03]. ", "Indeed, *HST* UV observations of $\\beta$Pic failed to detect significant amounts of CO in the system [@rob00].", "\n\nThe gas temperature is solved at every spatial grid assuming that heating and cooling processes balance each other locally.", "\n\nHeating {#sec:heating}\n-------\n\nRelevant heating processes include: photoelectric heating by dust (PE), photoionization of gas by the stellar light (PI), and gas-grain collisions (GG). ", "The last one becomes a cooling mechanism for the gas when $T_{\\mathrm{gas}} > T_{\\mathrm{dust}}$. For $\\beta$Pic-like disks, have shown that photoelectric (PE) heating is by far the dominant heating mechanism.", "\n\n#### Photoelectric heating.", "\n\nPE is caused by energetic stellar photons striking dust particles, ejecting electrons from the grains. ", "Released electrons, in turn, contribute their kinetic energy to the gas. ", "The PE heating rate per unit volume is given by @wei01[^1] as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Gamma_{\\mathrm{PE}} = \\int_{s_{\\mathrm{min}}}^{s_{\\mathrm{max}}} ds\n \\frac{dn_{\\mathrm{dust}}}{ds} \\pi s^2 \\int^{\\nu_{\\mathrm{max}}}_{(e\\phi+W)/h}\n Q_{\\mathrm{abs}}Y(h\\nu) \\frac{F_{\\nu}}{h\\nu}d\\nu\\end{aligned}$$ $$\\times \\left[\\int^{h\\nu-W-e\\phi}_{0}Ef(E,h\\nu)dE\\right].", "\n \\label{eqn:Gampe}$$ Here, $\\int_{s_{\\mathrm{min}}}^{s_{\\mathrm{max}}} ds \\frac{dn_{\\mathrm{dust}}}{ds} \\pi s^2$ represents the total dust area per unit volume, coming from grains of radii between $s_\\mathrm{min}$ and $s_\\mathrm{max}$, that stellar photons can intercept. ", "$\\phi$ is the charging potential of the grain, $W$ is its work function, $Q_{\\mathrm{abs}}$ is the overall absorption coefficient, $Y(h\\nu)$ is the photoelectric yield, $F_{\\nu}$ is the stellar flux at a given frequency, $E$ is energy of the ejected electrons, and $f(E,h\\nu)$ describes their energy distribution. ", "Following @wei01, we take $Q_{\\mathrm{abs}} = 1$. Throughout this paper we assume a carbonaceous composition for the dust grains, giving a work function of $W = 4.4$eV. Also, $$\\begin{aligned}\nY(h\\nu) & = & {\\frac{E_{\\mathrm{high}}^2 (E_{\\mathrm{high}} - 3 E_{\\mathrm{low}})}{\n(E_{\\mathrm{high}} - E_{\\mathrm{low}})^3}} \\times y_0, \\nonumber \\\\\nf(E,h\\nu) & = & {\\frac{6(E-E_{\\mathrm{low}}) (E_{\\mathrm{high}} - E)}{E_{\\mathrm{high}}^2\n(E_{\\mathrm{high}} - 3 E_{\\mathrm{low}})}},\\end{aligned}$$ where $E_{\\mathrm{high}} = h\\nu - W - e\\phi$, $E_{\\mathrm{low}} = -\ne\\phi$ and the dimensionless factor $y_0$ is the highly uncertain photoionization yield. ", "Following @wei01, we take $$\\begin{aligned}\ny_0 & = & {\\frac{9\\times 10^{-3} (h\\nu - W)^5}{W^5 + 3.7\\times 10^{-2} \n(h\\nu - W)^5}} \\hskip0.6in {\\mathrm{carbonaceous}}, \\nonumber \\\\\n & = & \\frac{0.5 (h\\nu - W)}{W + 5 (h\\nu-W)} \\hskip1.2in{\\mathrm{silicate}}.\\end{aligned}$$ Each photoelectric electron that makes it out of the grain carries with it an average energy of order $1$eV.\n\nThe charging potential $\\phi$ critically determines the heating capability of stellar photons – only stellar photons with energies above a threshold ($W + e\\phi$) yield PE heating. ", "The potential is independent of grain size and is obtained by equating the photoelectric charging current per unit area on the dust grain, $$J_{\\mathrm{PE}} = \\frac{e}{4}\n\\int^{\\nu_{\\mathrm{max}}}_{(e\\phi+W)/h}\n Q_{\\mathrm{abs}}Y(h\\nu) \\frac{F_{\\nu}}{h\\nu}d\\nu,\n \\label{eqn:Jpe}$$ to the thermal electron collection current, $$J_{\\mathrm{e}} = \ne s_{\\mathrm{e}} n_{\\mathrm{e}} \\sqrt{ \\frac{k_{\\mathrm{B}}\n T_{\\mathrm{gas}}}{2\\pi m_{\\mathrm{e}}}} \\left(1+\\frac{e\\phi}{k_{\\mathrm{B}}\n T_{\\mathrm{gas}}}\\right). ", "\\label{eqn:Je}$$ Here $s_{\\mathrm{e}}\n\\sim 0.5$ is the electron sticking coefficient, $n_{\\mathrm{e}}$ is the electron density, obtained in our code from the ionization balance computation. ", "$T_{\\mathrm{gas}}$ is the gas temperature, $m_{\\mathrm{e}}$ the electron mass and $k_{\\mathrm{B}}$ the Stefan-Boltzman constant. ", "Eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:Je\\]\\] holds for positively charged grains ($e\\phi > 0$), which is the case for debris disk gas densities . ", "Also, as argued by @fer06, the charging potential depends logarithmically on disk parameters like electron density, gas temperature, etc.", "\n\n$\\Gamma_{\\mathrm{PE}}$ depends directly on the area covered by the dust and through eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:Je\\]\\] on electron density $n_{\\mathrm{e}}$. If we take the simplification that each liberated electron carries of order 1eV of energy to the gas (second integral in eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:Gampe\\]\\]), we can estimate $\\Gamma_{\\mathrm{pe}} \\approx {\\mathrm{dust\\,area}}\\times J_{\\mathrm{e}} \\times \n1\\,\\mathrm{eV}/e \\propto n_{\\mathrm{e}}$ (also see eq. ", "\\[\\[eq:PEguess\\]\\]).", "\n\nAlso arising from eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:Je\\]\\] is the dependence of PE heating on gas temperature, $T_{\\mathrm{gas}}$. Since $e\\phi$ is generally a few $k_{\\mathrm{B}} T_{\\star} \\gg k_{\\mathrm{B}} T_{\\mathrm{gas}}$ (), $e\\phi / k_{\\mathrm{B}} T_{\\mathrm{gas}}$ is the dominant term in the equation. ", "Hence, $J_{\\mathrm{e}}$ (and in turn $\\Gamma_{\\mathrm{PE}}$) $\\propto T_{\\mathrm{gas}}^{-1/2}$. At higher temperatures, the Coulomb focussing is weakened and electrons are less likely to be collected by the positively charged grains, hence $e\\phi$ becomes more positive, thus raising the $W+e\\phi$ threshold. ", "As a result, the PE heating rate is reduced at higher gas temperatures. ", "There is no runaway heating.", "\n\nIn practice, the double integrals of eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:Gampe\\]\\] are pre-computed for a range of $\\phi$ values. ", "As the integrals are monotonic functions of $\\phi$, the value of $\\phi$ is then obtained by equating the pre-computed thermal equilibrium calculation $J_{\\mathrm{PE}}$ to $J_{\\mathrm{e}}$.\n\n#### Gas-grain collisions.", "\n\nThe volumetric heating rate due to GG is given by eq.", " \\[19\\] in $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Gamma_{\\mathrm{GG}} = \n4.0 \\times 10^{-12}{\\mbox{erg\\,cm$^{-3}$\\,s$^{-1}$}}\\,\\,\\,\nn_{\\mathrm{tot}} \\alpha_T \\sqrt{T_{\\mathrm{gas}}} \\nonumber \\\\\n\\times (T_{\\mathrm{dust}} - T_{\\mathrm{gas}})\n \\int_{S_{\\mathrm{min}}}^{S_{\\mathrm{max}}} \\pi s^2 \n \\frac{dn_{\\mathrm{dust}}}{ds} ds,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\alpha_{\\mathrm{T}} $ is the thermal accommodation coefficient, taken to be $0.3$. For $T_{\\mathrm{gas}} > T_{\\mathrm{dust}}$, gas-grain collisions cool the gas.", "\n\n#### Heating due to photoionization.", "\n\nThe heating rate per unit volume due to photoionization is $$\\Gamma_{\\mathrm{PI}} = \\sum_{i=1}^{30} \\sum_{j=1}^3 \\Gamma_{\\mathrm{E},i} n_{i,j},\n\\label{eqn:PhotoionHeat}$$ where $\\Gamma_{\\mathrm{E},i}$ is the energy released per unit time, per unit atom ($i$) during photoionization, the subscript $j$ denotes the ionization state. ", "The photoionization rate is precomputed for a given stellar flux and recalled when needed. ", "We follow atoms H through Zn and through to their second ionization states (see Appendix for more details).", "\n\n#### Heating due to Gas-Grain Drifting\n\nFollowing BW07, we ignore drift heating due to differential velocity between gas and grains. ", "This is justified in our problem where gas and grain are weakly coupled, and is also confirmed by the calculations of @gor04.", "\n\nCooling\n-------\n\nWhen computing gas cooling, we include the fine structure lines 63.2, 44.1, 145.5$\\mu$m, 157.7$\\mu$m and 34.8$\\mu$m, the atomic cooling lines $\\lambda 6\\,300$Å  and Ly$\\alpha$, as well as free-free, and radiative recombination cooling.", "\n\nFor gas temperatures below 5000K, , and fine-structure transitions dominate the cooling [@hol89]. ", "Collisionally excited levels decay spontaneously, converting thermal energy to photons that are lost to space, effectively cooling the gas. ", "While both collisions with free electrons and atoms/ions can lead to fine-structure cooling, we neglect the latter since electrons move faster.", "\n\n#### Cooling by fine-structure transitions.", "\n\nLet $n_i$ be the population density in level $i$. For sufficiently high electron densities (and therefore collision rates), each level is populated according to the local thermal equilibrium (LTE), $$n_i = \\frac{g_i\\exp(-E_{i}/k_{\\mathrm{B}} T)} {\\sum_i g_i\\exp(-E_{i}/k_\\mathrm{B} T)} \\\\\\ n_{\\mathrm{X}},\n\\label{eq:ninx}$$ where $g_i$ is the statistical weight of state $i$, $E_{i}$ its excitation energy, $n_{\\mathrm{X}}$ the total number density of species X, and the summation runs through all energy levels. ", "At lower densities, a full statistical equilibrium calculation is required to determine $n_i$. The threshold densities ($n_{\\mathrm{e,\n crit}}$) between SE and LTE are listed in @hol89 for various transitions. ", "We collect values for lines of interest to this study in Table \\[table:critical\\]. ", "The typical electron density encountered in our systems is of order twenty or less. ", "As such, we have constructed the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> code to perform SE calculation for all elements of interest. ", "In particular, for the important cooling elements (, and ), the SE calculation is self-consistently coupled to the gas thermal equilibrium calculation. ", "Data required in such calculations, as well as the numbers of energy levels and transitions included, are detailed in the Appendix.", "\n\n ------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------\n Line $A_{ij}$ $n_{\\mathrm{e,crit}}$\n \\[s$^{-1}$\\] \\[cm$^{-3}$\\]\n 157.7$\\mu$m $2.3\\times 10^{-6}$ $8.7 \\left( T/100\\,\\mathrm{K}\\right)^{0.50} $\n 44.1$\\mu$m $8.9\\times 10^{-10}$ $6.3\\times 10^3 \\left(T/100\\,\\mathrm{K}\\right)^{-0.03} $\n 63.2 $\\mu$m $8.9\\times 10^{-5}$ $6.3\\times 10^3 \\left(T/100\\,\\mathrm{K}\\right)^{-0.03} $\n 145.5$\\mu$m $8.9\\times 10^{-10}$ $8.9\\times 10^2$\n 34.8$\\mu$m $2.1\\times 10^{-4}$ $1.2\\times 10^2 \\left(T/100\\,\\mathrm{K}\\right)^{0.50} $\n ------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Relevant cooling lines\n\n\\[table:critical\\]\n\nThe line luminosity per unit volume for fine-structure de-excitation $i\\rightarrow j$ is contributed by both spontaneous and stimulated emission, $$F_{10} = [A_{ij}+B_{ij}(U_{\\nu)}]\\,n_i\\:h \\nu_{ij},\n \\label{eqn:SECoolFlux}$$ where $A_{ij}$ and $B_{ij}$ are the usual Einstein coefficients, $U_{\\nu}$ is the radiation field density at $\\nu_{ij}$. We ignore stimulated emission when computing line fluxes.[^2] However, we do include the stellar fluxes and dust infrared radiation when computing SE. ", "demonstrated that dust IR radiation promote population in the higher excitation states of , leading to stronger line fluxes.", "\n\nThe energy absorbed from radiation pumping leaves the system in two ways. ", "Part of it is subsequently released as photons by spontaneous emission, part of it heats the gas via collisional de-excitation. ", "The former process increases the line luminosity (as calculated in eq. ", "\\[\\[eqn:SECoolFlux\\]\\]), but does not contribute to the net cooling of the gas. ", "As a result, we define the gas cooling rate differently from the cooling line luminosity (eq. ", "\\[\\[eqn:SECoolFlux\\]\\]) as the difference between collisional excitation and de-excitation between levels $i$ and $j$, $$\\Lambda_{ij} = ( q_{ji}\\:n_j - q_{ij}\\:n_i )\\: n_{\\mathrm{e}}\\:h \\nu_{ij},\n \\label{eqn:SECoolRate}$$ where $q_{ji}$ and $q_{ij}$ are collisional excitation and de-excitation rates, respectively. ", "For very strong radiation fields in the vicinity of early-type stars, fluorescence can sometimes cause population inversion and lead to effective collisional *heating* of the gas.", "\n\n#### (6300Å) and Ly$\\alpha$ transitions.", "\n\nElectronic transitions only become important at high temperatures (eqs.", " \\[34\\] & \\[35\\] of ): $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Lambda_{\\mathrm{O\\,I, \\lambda 6300}}\n&=& 1.8 \\times 10^{-24} {\\mbox{erg\\,cm$^{-3}$\\,s$^{-1}$}}\nn_{\\mathrm{O\\,I}} n_e\\,\\,\\,\n\\exp\\left(-\\frac{22\\,800\\,\\mbox{K}}{T}\\right) \\\\\n\\Lambda_{\\mathrm{Ly}\\,\\alpha}\n&=& 7.3 \\times 10^{-19} {\\mbox{erg\\,cm$^{-3}$\\,s$^{-1}$}}\\,\\,n_{\\mathrm{H\\,I}} n_e\n\\exp\\left(-\\frac{118\\,400\\,\\mbox{K}}{T}\\right).\\end{aligned}$$\n\n#### Free-free cooling.", "\n\nFree-free cooling also enters at high temperatures. ", "Cooling due to electrons interacting with ions of charge Z is [eq.", " [\\[3.14\\]]{} in @ost89] $$\\Lambda_{\\mathrm{ff}}(Z)\n1.42 \\times 10^{-27} {\\mbox{erg\\,cm$^{-3}$\\,s$^{-1}$}} \\,\\,\ng_{\\mathrm{ff}}\\,Z^2 \\sqrt{T} n_e n_{\\mathrm{+}},$$ where $n_+$ is the ion number density and $g_{\\mathrm{ff}}\n\\approx 1.3$ is the mean Gaunt factor for free-free emission. ", "The total free-free cooling rate is the summation over all ionic species. ", "The recombination cooling is similar to that in eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:PhotoionHeat\\]\\], but with $\\Gamma_{\\mathrm{E}}$ replaced by $\\Lambda_{\\mathrm{E}}$, the recombination cooling rate per electron for species $i$, and with $n_{i,j}$ replaced by electron number density $n_{\\mathrm{e}}$: $$\\Lambda_{\\mathrm{E}} = \\sum_{i=1}^{30} \\sum_{j=1}^3 \\Lambda_{\\mathrm{E},i} n_{\\mathrm{e}}.", "\n\\label{eqn:Recomb}$$\n\nThe $\\beta$ Pictoris debris disk {#sec:BPic}\n================================\n\nIn order to check the reliability of <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span>, we apply it to the well-studied debris disk of $\\beta$ Pictoris. ", "The $\\beta$Pic system is unique in that it is the only debris system where both the dust and the gas components have been extensively mapped [see, e.g., @che07 and references therein].", "\n\nInput parameters {#subsec:bpic-input}\n----------------\n\nThe adopted model parameters of the $\\beta$Pic system are listed in Table \\[table:Params\\_BPic\\]. ", "We used the same flux-calibrated stellar model spectrum for $\\beta$Pic as in @fer06, except we merged the model spectrum with far- and near-ultraviolet observations from *FUSE* and *HST/STIS* , covering 925–1180Å and 1465–1660Å, respectively, and interpolating over the gap. ", "The distribution of dust area is deduced from *HST/STIS* observations [@hea00; @fer06] and summarized by a fitting form $$\\pi \\langle a^2 \\rangle n_{\\mathrm{dust}} = \\frac{\\tau_0}{W}\n \\frac{\\exp\\left[-(z/W )^{0.7}\\right]}\n {\\sqrt{(\\rho/\\rho_0)^{-4}+(\\rho/\\rho_0)^6}},\n \\label{eqn:n_dust_BPic}$$ where $\\rho$ is the cylindrical radius and $z$ the height above disk midplane. ", "The empirically determined fitting parameters are $\\rho_0 = 120$AU, $W = 6.6(\\rho/\\rho_0)^{0.75}$AU, and $\\tau_0 = 2\n\\times 10^{-3}$. We also adopt the following form to describe the distribution of the total gas number density [@bra04]: $$n_{\\mathrm{gas}}(\\rho,z) = n_0\\left[\\frac{2}{(\\rho/\\rho_1)^{2\\alpha_1} + (\\rho/\\rho_1)^{2\\alpha_2}}\\right]^{1/2}\n \\,\\,\\exp\\left[-\\frac{z^2}{2\\sigma_{\\mathrm{z}}^2}\\right].", "\n \\label{eqn:n_gas_BPic}$$ For elemental abundances, we assume solar abundances [@gre93] except for three elements: hydrogen is set to $10^{-3}$ of its solar value, helium is assumed to be zero, and carbon is set to be $20\\times$ its solar abundance. ", "This is motivated below. ", "We then compare our model output to the observed profile to obtain values for the fitting parameters, $\\rho_1 \\approx 100$AU, $\\alpha_1 = 1.0$, $\\alpha_2 = 2.3$, $n_0 = 24$cm$^{-3}$, $\\sigma_z\n = (\\rho / 100\\,\\mathrm{AU}) \\times 40\\,\\mathrm{AU} / \\sqrt{8\\ln\n 8}$. This derived distribution is similar to that in eq.", " \\[4\\] of @bra04 except for two differences: our $n_0$ is a factor of $10^3$ smaller as we adopt a hydrogen poor mix while they assumed a solar abundance of hydrogen; our vertical distribution is well approximated by a Gaussian profile with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of $H = 0.4 r$. This differs from [@bra04] because we include the variation of ionization fraction with height in this work, while @bra04 did not.", "\n\nThe volume density of dust area (eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_dust\\_BPic\\]\\]) vanishes close to the star, indicating an inner clearing of dust. ", "The gas profile of the inner disk is uncertain. ", "The emission line can be traced in to a projected separation of 13AU from the star and out to 323AU from the star. ", "Comparing the seen in emission with the seen in absorption, @bra04 concludes that 80–100% of the circumstellar seen in absorption is within this range. ", "We therefore limit the gas disk to start at 15AU and end at 200AU (with more distant regions making negligible contributions to the total line luminosities). ", "The model disk height is limited to 100AU above the midplane.", "\n\nTo relate the dust opacity distribution of eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_dust\\_BPic\\]\\] to the dust disk mass, we assume that dust grains are spherical and range in sizes $s_{\\mathrm{min}} < s < s_{\\mathrm{max}}$, with a differential number distribution $dn_{\\mathrm{dust}}/ds \\propto s^{-3.5}$, as characteristic of dust in the interstellar medium. ", "$s_{\\mathrm{max}}$ is set, somewhat arbitrarily, to 1cm, while $s_{\\mathrm{min}}$ is set to be the minimum size below which radiation pressure could remove the grains. ", "For a grain initially at circular orbit, this occurs when the ratio of the radiation pressure to gravitational force acting on the grains, $\\beta$, is equal to 0.5. ", "This translates to $$s_{\\mathrm{min}} = \\frac{3 L_{\\star} Q_{\\mathrm{PR}} }{16 \\pi G M_{\\star} c \\varrho_{\\mathrm{grain}} \\beta}\n= \\frac{3 L_{\\star} Q_{\\mathrm{PR}} }{8 \\pi G M_{\\star} c \\varrho_{\\mathrm{grain}}},\n\\label{eq:smin}$$ where $c$ is the speed of light and $Q_{\\mathrm{PR}} \\sim 1$ is the radiation pressure efficiency averaged over the stellar spectrum. ", "For $\\beta$Pic, we assume $M_{\\star}$ = 1.75$M_{\\odot}$ and $L_{\\star}$ = 11$L_{\\odot}$. Taking $\\varrho_{\\mathrm{grain}} \\sim 1$gcm$^{-3}$, we find $s_{\\mathrm{min}} \\sim$ 5$\\mu$m.", "\n\nThe infrared luminosity from the dust, integrated over the whole disk, is thus given by: $$L_{\\mathrm{dust}} = \\int \\hspace{-.4em} \\int \\frac{L_{\\star}}{4 \\pi (\\rho^2 + z^2)} (1-\\epsilon)\n\\pi \\langle a^2 \\rangle n_{\\mathrm{dust}}\n2 \\pi \\rho \\,\\, d\\rho dz,$$ where $\\epsilon \\sim 0.5$ is the grain reflectivity coefficient. ", "When using the $\\beta$Pic dust distribution described by eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_dust\\_BPic\\]\\], $L_{\\mathrm{dust}} \\sim 10^{-3}\nL_{\\star}$.\n\nTo derive the grain temperature as a function of distance from the star, we use an empirical relation derived from observations of the $\\beta$Pic dust disk. ", "From observations (e.g. Nilsson et al.", " 2009) it is clear that the dust cannot radiate as black bodies, as that would imply too much sub-mm radiation. ", "Instead, the spectral energy distribution of the disk is found to be well fit by a modified black body, $$\\label{eq:grey}\nI_{\\nu} = \\left(\\frac{\\nu}{\\nu_0}\\right)^{\\gamma} B_{\\nu}(T).$$ One can attempt to relate $\\gamma$ and $\\nu_0$ to dust properties [e.g. @dra03], but that is beyond the scope of the present article, where we are content that this simple empirical relation approximates the observed dust emission surprisingly well. ", "Using eq.", " \\[\\[eq:grey\\]\\] for radiative equilibrium, where we equate the absorbed energy flux to the emitted, we get $$\\label{eq:dusttemp0}\n\\frac{(1-\\epsilon)L_{\\star}}{4\\pi R^2} \\pi a^2 = 4\\pi a^2 \\int_0^{\\infty}\\pi\\left(\\frac{\\nu}{\\nu_0}\\right)^{\\gamma} B_{\\nu}(T),$$ which in turn implies $$\\label{eq:dusttemp1}\nT = \\frac{(1-\\epsilon)L_{\\star}\\nu_0^2c^2}{32h\\pi^2R^2\\zeta(4+\\gamma)\\Gamma(4+\\gamma)},$$ where $\\epsilon$ is an average albedo for stellar radiation, $L_{\\star}$ is the luminosity of the star, $h$ is Planck’s constant, $c$ the speed of light, $\\zeta$ is the Riemann $\\zeta$-function, and $\\Gamma$ is the (true) gamma function. ", "Using eq.", " \\[\\[eq:dusttemp1\\]\\] to compute the temperatures the $\\beta$Pic dust disk, and eq.", " \\[\\[eq:grey\\]\\] and the dust area density distribution of eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_dust\\_BPic\\]\\] to compute the emission, we integrate the total emission from the disk seen at Earth to fit $\\gamma = 0.67$ and $\\nu_0 = 4\\times10^{14}$Hz by comparing to the SED summarized in @nil09. ", "A simplified expression for the dust temperature is thus $$\\label{eq:dusttemp2}\nT \\approx 430\\,\n\\mathrm{K}\\,\\left(\\frac{L_{\\star}}{L_{\\odot}}\\right)^{0.214}\n\\left(\\frac{R}{\\mathrm{AU}}\\right)^{-0.428}\n\\left(\\frac{\\nu_0}{4\\times10^{14}\\,\\mathrm{Hz}}\\right)^{0.143}.$$\n\nReturning back to the issue of elemental abundances, observations and numerical modeling of gas in the $\\beta$Pic system indicate that the disk may be deficient in hydrogen, consistent with a disk comprised of mainly metals, produced as a result of dust sublimation [@lec01; @bra04; @fer06]. ", "In addition, the gas in the disk has been found to be of 20$\\times$ higher carbon abundance than expected for solar composition [@rob06]. ", "Other observed elements are close to solar in relative abundance. ", "The abundance of oxygen, which is important for cooling the gas, is unfortunately hard to constrain, because the available absorption lines are strongly saturated [@rob06], although a solar abundance is consistent with data. ", "Consequently, for our study, we set all elemental abundances at their solar values except for carbon at 20 times solar, hydrogen at $10^{-3}$ solar and helium abundance set to zero.", "\n\n ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n M$_\\star$ 1.75$M_\\odot$\n R$_\\star$ 2$R_\\odot$\n L$_\\star$ 11$L_\\odot$\n Disk inner cutoff 15AU\n Dust mass 0.27$M_{\\oplus}$\n Dust profile eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_dust\\_BPic\\]\\]\n Dust luminosity $9.6 \\times 10^{-4}$$L_{\\star}$\n Gas mass $8.3 \\times 10^{-4}$$M_{\\oplus}$\n Gas profile eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_gas\\_BPic\\]\\]\n Elemental abundances solar [@gre93], except\n \\[C\\] = 20\\[C\\]$_{\\odot}$, \\[H\\] = $10^{-3}$\\[H\\]$_{\\odot}$ and \\[He\\] = 0\n ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : $\\beta$Pic disk model input parameters\n\n\\[table:Params\\_BPic\\]\n\nComparing the model to observations {#subsec:bpic-output}\n-----------------------------------\n\n### Disk temperature profile {#sec:BPic_Temp}\n\nFig.", " \\[fig:bPic\\_vs\\_rho\\] shows $\\beta$Pic disk midplane gas and dust distribution and temperature profiles together with important heating and cooling mechanisms. ", "The temperature in the disk is determined by two major heating mechanisms: PE and PI heating. ", "PE is maximum around 100 AU where the dust distribution peaks; PI dominates in the strong radiation field within $\\sim\\,25$ AU of the star. ", "With low gas densities gas-grain collision rates are negligible, so that gas and dust temperatures are effectively decoupled. ", "The result is a gas temperature profile that peaks at the inner disk boundary and at 100 AU. ", "The cooling is dominated almost exclusively by the 157.7$\\mu$m fine structure transition. ", "The line transition becomes stronger in the higher temperature region around dust distribution peak, yet still remains $\\sim$ 100 times below the flux.", "\n\n### Column densities\n\nThe edge-on orientation of the $\\beta$Pic disk makes it possible to observe the disk gas through absorption. ", "In Table \\[table:ColDens\\] we list column densities inferred from observations and column densities computed with <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span>, using the disk model outlined in §\\[subsec:bpic-input\\]. ", "The same comparison is also presented in Fig.", " \\[fig:ColumnDens\\] for better visualization.", "\n\n --------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------\n Species Observed Model\n \\[cm$^{-2}$\\] \\[cm$^{-2}$\\]\n (2–4)$\\times 10^{16}$ $8.9\\times 10^{15}$\n $2.0^{+2.1}_{-0.4}\\times 10^{16}$ $6.6\\times 10^{16}$\n (3–8)$\\times 10^{15}$ $7.4\\times 10^{15}$\n $0.0$\n $(3.4\\pm 0.4)\\times 10^{10}$ $2.5\\times 10^{10}$\n $3.2\\times 10^{13}$\n $2.5\\times 10^{11}$ $7.6\\times 10^{11}$\n $\\geq 2\\times 10^{13}$ $5.3\\times 10^{14}$\n $\\leq 4\\times 10^{10}$ $1.0\\times 10^{8}$\n $4.5\\times 10^{12}$ $4.5\\times 10^{13}$\n $\\leq 1\\times 10^{13}$ $1.2\\times 10^{11}$\n $1\\times 10^{14}$ $5.3\\times 10^{14}$\n $\\leq 7.0\\times 10^{11}$ $2.6\\times 10^{11}$\n $\\leq 9.2\\times 10^{13}$ $4.6\\times 10^{12}$\n $5.4\\times 10^{12}$ $6.1\\times 10^{12}$\n $5\\times 10^{12}$ $2.7\\times 10^{14}$\n $\\leq 2\\times 10^9$ $3.1\\times 10^8$\n $1.26^{+3.75}_{-0.63}\\times 10^{13}$ $3.3\\times 10^{13}$\n $1.8\\times 10^{12}$\n $8.5\\times 10^{9}$\n $3.5\\times 10^{12}$ $7.1\\times 10^{12}$\n $\\leq 3\\times 10^{10}$ $6.7\\times 10^9$\n $3\\times 10^{12}$ $4.4\\times 10^{12}$\n $1\\times 10^{12}$ $6.7\\times 10^{11}$\n $(3.7\\pm 0.5)\\times 10^{14}$ $4.3\\times 10^{14}$\n $\\leq 7.6\\times 10^{10}$ $2.8\\times 10^{10}$\n $1.5\\times 10^{13}$ $2.7\\times 10^{13}$\n $\\leq 7\\times 10^{10}$ $8.9\\times 10^{10}$\n $2\\times 10^{11}$ $5.1\\times 10^{11}$\n --------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------\n\n : Column densities for metallic gas in the $\\beta$Pic disk\n\n\\[table:ColDens\\]\n\n![", "Column densities for metallic gas in the $\\beta$Pic disk, same data as in Tab.", " \\[table:ColDens\\]. ", "No data for , , , are available as these are not observed in optical spectra. ", "and are strongly constrained, and no observational uncertainty data are available for , , , , , , , , , .[]{data-label=\"fig:ColumnDens\"}](figure1){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe real gas disk is far from being cylindrically symmetric, with the observed profiles from the south-west (SW) and north-east (NE) parts of the $\\beta$Pic disk differing substantially. ", "The NE side is the brightest within a projected distance of 35AU and outside 100AU, and is detected to the limit of the observations at 323AU. ", "The SW side on the other hand, is slightly brighter in the 35–100AU region, and drops much more quickly outside 100AU than the NE side [Fig.", " 3 of @bra04]. ", "Given that the model is based on the spatially resolved emission from the D$_2$ line, where the represents only 10$^{-3}$ of the total Na, the agreement in column density between observation and prediction is remarkable, and reinforces the conclusion by @bra04 that the gas seen in absorption is the same seen in emission.", "\n\nThe model predicts most elements to be highly ionized, with the exceptions of O and C, due to their higher ionization potential. ", "Only a few elements have their ionization fractions directly determined (as an column density average), but many have ionization fractions constrained by the data. ", "Overall, the predicted ionization levels from <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> are consistent with observations, with the exception of C and S, which appear less ionized than predicted. ", "Interestingly, together with the elements O and P (which do not have their ionization level observationally constrained), these are the elements of Table \\[table:ColDens\\] with the highest ionization potential (first ionization potentials are 10.4 \\[for S\\], 11.3 \\[C\\], 13.6 \\[O\\], and 10.5eV \\[P\\]). ", "Their ionization fractions are thus the most sensitive to the stellar UV spectrum at energies higher than 10eV. A possibility for the discrepancy is thus that the UV flux in our adopted stellar spectrum is overestimated compared to the actual spectrum. ", "There is the tantalizing possibility of doing cosmo-chemistry using these data. ", "If indeed the metallic gas arises from grain-grain collisions, the evaporated gas could have the same chemical composition as the grains. ", "This provides a window to study the make-up of $\\beta$Pic’s planetesimal belt, much like what cosmochemists have accomplished by studying meteorites that fall on Earth. ", "Among the intriguing questions to ask are: why is C so super-solar, and is the factor of $10$ depletion observed in Al significant?", "\n\n{width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\n### Cooling line fluxes\n\nAs outlined in §\\[sec:heating\\], we can estimate the total cooling line fluxes by estimating the PE heating rate. ", "Assuming that every escaping electron heats the gas by $\\sim$1eV, we obtain the following order-of-magnitude estimate for the cooling luminosity, $$\\begin{aligned}\nL_{\\mathrm{cool}} & \\sim & \\int dV \\Lambda_{\\mathrm{fine}} \\approx \n\\int dV \\Gamma_{\\mathrm{pe}} \\nonumber \\\\\n& \\approx &\n\\int dV \\int_{s_{\\mathrm{min}}}^{s_{\\mathrm{max}}} ds {\\frac{dn_{\\mathrm{dust}}}{ds}} \\pi s^2 \\times \n\\frac{J_{\\mathrm{e}}}{e} \\times 1\\,\\mathrm{eV} \\nonumber\\\\ \n& \\sim & {\\frac{2L_{\\mathrm{dust}}}{L_*}} \\times 4\\pi R^2 \\times {\\frac{J_{\\mathrm{e}}}{e}}\n\\times 1\\,\\mathrm{eV} \\nonumber \\\\ & \\sim & 10^{-8} L_{\\odot}\n\\left({\\frac{T_{\\mathrm{gas}}}{100\\,\\mathrm{K}}}\\right)^{-1/2} \\left({\\frac{R}{100\\,\\mathrm{AU}}}\\right)^2\\nonumber \\\\\n& & \\times \\left({\\frac{L_{\\mathrm{dust}}/L_*}{10^{-3}}}\\right)\\,\n\\left({\\frac{n_{\\mathrm{e}}}{20\\,\\mathrm{cm}^{-3}}}\\right)\\, \\left({\\frac{e \\phi}{2\\,\\mathrm{eV}}}\\right),\n\\label{eq:PEguess}\\end{aligned}$$ where the factor of $2$ in front of $L_{\\mathrm{dust}}$ corrects for albedo, and $R$ is the radius of the dust ring. ", "This estimate roughly explains the total cooling luminosity of $\\sim 7\\times\n 10^{-8} L_\\odot$ we obtain for $\\beta$Pic (Table \\[table:CoolFlux\\_BPic\\]), and it illuminates the dependency of cooling luminosity on gas and dust properties.", "\n\nWe compare these values to a previous model by , also shown in Table \\[table:CoolFlux\\_BPic\\]. ", "The total cooling luminosity there is higher by a factor of 30 and the dominant line is 63.2$\\mu$m line, as opposed to the 157.7$\\mu$m line here. ", "These are explained by the three major differences between the model we adopt here and that adopted by : 1) the gas mass (the metallic component) adopted in is about seven times greater than we use here. ", "As they also include contribution to electron density from hydrogen, the total electron density is some fifteen times greater than our value (see eq.", " \\[\\[eq:PEguess\\]\\]). ", "2) used LTE to compute the level occupation, while we calculate the detailed statistical equilibrium (SE). ", "For the low electron density in the $\\beta$Pic disk ($n_{\\mathrm{e}} \\sim 20$cm$^{-3} \\ll n_{\\mathrm{e,crit}}$ for some ions), an LTE treatment grossly overestimate the occupation number in the excited states of . ", "This accounts for their strong lines. ", "In our $\\beta$Pic model, oxygen atoms do no contribute to cooling significantly.", "\n\n Line \n ------------- ---------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------\n Luminosity Flux Flux Flux\n (no dust IR) \n \\[$L_{\\odot}$\\] \\[ergs$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$\\] \\[ergs$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$\\] \\[ergs$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$\\]\n 157.7$\\mu$m $9.0\\times 10^{-8}$ $7.2\\times 10^{-15}$ $7.2\\times 10^{-15}$ $6.0\\times 10^{-15}$\n 44.1$\\mu$m $1.9\\times 10^{-15}$ $1.5\\times 10^{-22}$ $1.5\\times 10^{-22}$ $7.7\\times 10^{-20}$\n 63.2$\\mu$m $7.1\\times 10^{-10}$ $5.7\\times 10^{-17}$ $5.5\\times 10^{-17}$ $2.1\\times 10^{-13}$\n 145.5$\\mu$m $7.3\\times 10^{-11}$ $5.9\\times 10^{-18}$ $5.9\\times 10^{-18}$ $3.1\\times 10^{-15}$\n 34.8$\\mu$m $5.6\\times 10^{-9}$ $4.5\\times 10^{-16}$ $4.5\\times 10^{-16}$ \n\n : $\\beta$Pic cooling line luminosities\n\n\\[table:CoolFlux\\_BPic\\]\n\nTo test that there are no other significant differences between <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> and the model used by , we used their gas and dust distribution and enforced LTE for the level populations, and confirmed that these changes made <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> reproduce the results.", "\n\nFor the $\\beta$Pic dust and gas profiles, turning off the dust IR field in our code only produces a $<$4% variation on the 63.2$\\mu$m line flux.", "\n\nOur predicted value for the 157.7$\\mu$m line flux is high enough to be detectable with heterodyne far-infrared spectrometer *HIFI* on *Herschel*. ", "For a crude estimate of the instruments sensitivity, we use the pre-launch predicted sensitivity, expressed as the system temperature $T_{\\mathrm{sys}} = 2\\,000$K at 157.7$\\mu$m. ", "Assuming the emission to be unresolved at a nearly diffraction-limited beam-size of 12, a flux of $7.2\\times 10^{-15}$ergs$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$ corresponds to the velocity integrated antenna temperature 0.38Kkms$^{-1}$. Assuming the line to be 10kms$^{-1}$ broad, i.e. the frequency bandwidth $\\Delta\\nu = 60$MHz, the effective integration time required for a $5\\sigma$-detection should be on the order of $$t \\sim \\frac{1}{6\\times10^{7}\\,\\mathrm{Hz}} \\left(\\frac{5 \\times 10\\,\\mathrm{km}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-1} \\times 2000\\,\\mathrm{K}}\n{0.38\\,\\mathrm{K}\\,\\mathrm{km}\\,\\mathrm{s}^{-1}}\\right)^2 = 20\\,\\mathrm{min}.$$ The line could also be detected by *PACS* on *Herschel*, with a similar effective integration time.", "\n\nA tentative detection of the 157.7$\\mu$m line was reported for the $\\beta$Pic disk [@kam03] with a flux of $10^{-13}$ergcm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ ($4\\sigma$ result). ", "This is more than 10$\\times$ stronger than our prediction and a confirmation by Herschel is necessary (we estimate it would be confirmed with a $5\\sigma$ confidence in $\\sim 6$ seconds of integration time).", "\n\nUnfortunately, the 63.2$\\mu$m emission predicted by our model ($5.7\\times 10^{-17}$ergs$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$) is far too weak to be detected by *PACS*, which has a pre-launch estimated sensitivity of $10^{-15}$ergs$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$ (5$\\sigma$, 1h). ", "The wavelength region of 34.8$\\mu$m line is not covered by any present or planned instrument and, as such, cannot be confirmed.", "\n\nLINE LUMINOSITIES FROM DISKS AROUND A AND F STARS\n=================================================\n\nHaving studied the $\\beta$Pic disk in some detail, we now proceed to investigate a range of potential debris disk configuration. ", "We first study a fiducial disk with parameters tuned to resemble the $\\beta$Pic disk of §\\[sec:BPic\\], but with simplified gas and dust profiles. ", "We then investigate the temperature and ionization rates in the disk, fine-structure cooling line fluxes, and identify major emission and absorption lines. ", "We vary these parameters systematically and report their influences on the observed cooling fluxes. ", "In particular, we sample changes in elemental abundances (C, O, and H), variations in the total mass and distribution of gas and dust in the disk, and test a range of stellar spectral types.", "\n\nFiducial disk {#sec:Fiducial}\n-------------\n\n -------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n $\\mathrm{M}_{\\star}$ 1.75$M_{\\odot}$\n $\\mathrm{R}_{\\star}$ $2\\,R_{\\odot}$\n $\\mathrm{L}_{\\star}$ 11$L_{\\odot}$\n Dust mass 0.5$M_{\\oplus}$ (assuming a bulk density of\n 1gcm$^{-3}$ and $s_{\\mathrm{max}}=1$cm)\n Dust profile eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_GasDust\\_Fid\\]\\]: $\\rho_{0,\\mathrm{dust}} = 120$AU, FWHM$_{\\rho} = 10$AU\n $H/\\rho$ = 0.1, $n_{0,\\mathrm{dust}}$ = $2.9\\times10^{-16}$ cm$^2$cm$^{-3}$\n Dust size distribution $dn_{\\mathrm{dust}}/ds \\propto s^{-3.5}$, $s_{\\mathrm{min}} \\le s \\le $1cm\n Gas mass $3.0\\times 10^{-4}$$M_\\oplus$\n Gas profile eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_GasDust\\_Fid\\]\\]: $n_{0,\\mathrm{gas}} = 24$cm$^{-3}$, $\\rho_{0,\\mathrm{gas}} = 100$AU,\n FWHM$_{\\rho} = 40$AU, $H/\\rho$ = 0.4\n Elemental abundances solar [@gre93], except\n \\[C\\] = 20\\[C\\]$_{\\odot}$, \\[H\\] = $10^{-3}$\\[H\\]$_{\\odot}$ and \\[He\\] = 0\n \\[tbl:InputParams\\_Fid\\] \n -------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Fiducial Case Input Parameters\n\nFiducial case input parameters are listed in table \\[tbl:InputParams\\_Fid\\]. ", "For the gas distribution observed in the $\\beta$Pic system (eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_gas\\_BPic\\]\\]), the total mass of the gas disk depends not only on the parameters specifying the gas profile, but also on the choice of inner and outer disk boundaries. ", "To avoid this complication, we choose a double-Gaussian profile for both the gas and the dust components, $$n= n_{0} \\exp \\left[-\\frac{(\\rho-\\rho_{0})^2}{2\\sigma_{\\rho}^2}\n \\right] \\,\\,\n \\exp\\left[-\\frac{z^2}{2\\sigma_{\\mathrm{z}}^2}\\right].", "\n \\label{eqn:n_GasDust_Fid}$$ Here $\\rho$ and $z$ are cylindrical coordinates, $\\sigma_{\\rho} =\n\\mathrm{FWHM}_{\\rho}/\\sqrt{8\\ln 2}$ represents the width of the radial distribution and $\\sigma_{\\mathrm{z}} =\n(\\rho/\\rho_{\\mathrm{ref}})\\times \\mathrm{FWHM}_{\\mathrm{z}}/\\sqrt{8\\ln\n2}$ is the vertical profile width that scales linearly with distance. ", "At $\\rho_{\\mathrm{ref}} = 100$AU we set FWHM$_{\\mathrm{z}}$ to 40AU, giving a constant $H/\\rho$ = 0.4. ", "The peak midplane density $n_{0,gas}$ is set to 24cm$^{-3}$, based on the value observed for the $\\beta$Pic system. ", "The interstellar medium gas density of $6.7\\times\n10^{-3}$cm$^{-3}$ is chosen as a lower limit throughout the disk, should the Gaussian of eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_GasDust\\_Fid\\]\\] fall below this ($6.7\\times 10^{-3}$cm$^{-3}$ corresponds to 1cm$^{-3}$ if solar abundances of H and He were to be included). ", "The Gaussian distribution of the dust is slightly offset from the gas in the radial direction (see Fig. ", "\\[fig:vs\\_Rho\\]) with a steeper radial and vertical drop-off (FWHM$_{\\rho}$ of 10AU and $H/\\rho$ = 0.1).", "\n\nThe implied dust luminosity is $1.2\\times 10^{-3}L_{\\star}$. To convert between the dust area distribution and the total dust mass, we computed $s_{\\mathrm{min}}$ from eq.", " \\[\\[eq:smin\\]\\].", "\n\n### Disk temperature profile {#sec:Fid_Temp}\n\nFig. ", "\\[fig:vs\\_Rho\\] shows the gas and dust temperature obtained in our fiducial model, as well as various cooling and heating rates. ", "The gas is thermally decoupled from the dust, as the low gas-grain collision rate is not able to equilibrate the two population. ", "We find that PE heating dominates the gas heating where dust density is high, and that PI heating dominates where dust density is relatively low. ", "Over most of the disk, cooling is dominated by the 157.7 $\\mu$m line. ", "However, as gas temperatures rises above $\\sim\n100$K, the cooling flux of saturates as the upper occupation number $n_1$ approaches the LTE limiting value, $n_1\n\\rightarrow g_1/(g_0 + g_1) n_0$. Other cooling lines come into importance, including the 34.8$\\mu$m line, the Ly$\\alpha$ line, and gas-grain collisions. ", "The lines, estimated to be important by BW07, are insignificant in our model, due to NLTE effects.", "\n\nFig.", " \\[fig:vs\\_Rho\\] shows the gas temperature at the peak of the dust distribution to rise as high as $2.5\\times10^4$K. Since <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> does not include some cooling processes becoming important above $5\\,000$K (like $\\lambda$9849, $\\lambda$2324, 1.26$\\mu$m, etc.", " @hol89), this is an overestimate.[^3] There is a possibility, however, that the temperature is high enough for the gas to thermally evaporate. ", "Let the criterion be that the sound speed (for Carbon) becomes comparable to the orbital escape velocity:\n\n$$T_{\\mathrm{max}} = 1.7\\times10^4 \\,\\left(\\frac{r}{100\\,\\mathrm{AU}}\\right)\\,\\mathrm{K}.$$\n\nAs this temperature limit is below our (over-)estimate, we cannot rule out gas evaporation from the disk; a more detailed study, outside the scope of the present paper, would be required.", "\n\n{width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\n### Cooling line fluxes {#sec:Fid_Cool}\n\nTable \\[table:CoolFlux\\] lists cooling line luminosities integrated over the whole disk for the fiducial case. ", "157.7$\\mu$m remains the most luminous line, with 34.8$\\mu$m following within an order of magnitude, while lines are very underluminous compared to previous study [@bes07] due to NLTE effects. ", "Most of the line flux is generated in region of highest gas and dust densities: 93% of the total 157.7$\\mu$m flux arises in the region extending radially from 100 to 140AU and vertically up to 20AU.", "\n\nFor , which is close to LTE, the line flux is dominated by collisional processes (eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:SECoolFlux\\]\\] $\\approx$ eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:SECoolRate\\]\\]), which in turn is determined by the heating processes (in this case, photoelectric heating). ", "Compared to the $\\beta$Pic case, the fiducial case has a higher gas temperature in the dust maximum and consequently a smaller photoelectric heating rate. ", "This explains largely the lower flux in the latter. ", "This difference is further compounded by enhanced photoionization heating in the $\\beta$Pic case due to a larger amount of gas closer to the star. , ", "on the other hand, experiences an electron density that falls far below its critical density for LTE and its line flux arises largely from excitation by stellar photons (radiative pumping) and not collisional excitation which leads to cooling. ", "This is reflected in the third column of Table \\[table:CoolFlux\\], which shows that the cooling fraction (fraction of the line flux responsible for cooling the gas, the ratio of eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:SECoolRate\\]\\] to eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:SECoolFlux\\]\\]) for is $0.06 \\ll 1$, while it is $0.96$ for .", "\n\n ------------- ---------------------- --------------------------- --------------\n Line Luminosity Flux at 20pc Cooling\n \\[$L_{\\odot}$\\] \\[ergs$ ^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$\\] Fraction[^4]\n 157.7$\\mu$m $2.3\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.8\\times 10^{-15}$ 0.96\n 44.1$\\mu$m $3.5\\times 10^{-16}$ $2.8\\times 10^{-23}$ $\\rceil$\n 63.2$\\mu$m $1.5\\times 10^{-10}$ $1.2\\times 10^{-17}$ 0.06[^5]\n 145.5$\\mu$m $1.4\\times 10^{-11}$ $1.1\\times 10^{-18}$ $\\rfloor$\n 34.8$\\mu$m $3.2\\times 10^{-9}$ $2.6\\times 10^{-16}$ 0.63\n ------------- ---------------------- --------------------------- --------------\n\n : Fiducial case cooling line luminosities\n\n\\[table:CoolFlux\\]\n\n### Ionization profile {#sec:Fid_Ion}\n\n![", "Midplane neutral (unbroken line) and ionization (dashed for one time ionized, and dash-dotted for two times ionized) fractions of three selected elements: Ca, Na, and C.[]{data-label=\"fig:radion\"}](figure4){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "As in Fig.", " \\[fig:radion\\], but for the vertical distribution at 100AU (thick line) and 120AU (thin line).[]{data-label=\"fig:vertion\"}](figure5){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn our fiducial model, the metallic gas is strongly ionized by the central star. ", "Figs.", " \\[fig:radion\\]&\\[fig:vertion\\] show the neutral fractions of Ca, Na, and C, the main contributers to the electron density. ", "We also show the fractions of and since a significant fraction of Ca is ionized a second time.", "\n\nThe ionization profile is explained by a competition between stellar photoionization and recombination. ", "Rate for the former falls off as one moves away from the star, while rate for the latter scales with electron density (and weakly depends on temperature through the recombination coefficient). ", "So the neutral fraction is the lowest near the star and it rises upward until it reaches a maximum around 100AU. ", "Outward of this distance, the sharp drop of gas density reduces the recombination rate faster than the decrease of the ionization rate, resulting again in a more ionized gas. ", "The neutral fractions exhibit a narrow dip at around 120AU. ", "This is due to the temperature peak (as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:vs\\_Rho\\]), which in turn is due to the dust peak at that location. ", "As is seen in Fig.", " \\[fig:vertion\\], the neutral fractions decrease monotonically away from the midplane due to the reduction in recombination in lower densities.", "\n\n### Optical/UV absorption and emission lines {#sec:Fid_Spectr}\n\nObservationally, an advantage of the IR cooling lines is that the stellar photosphere is relatively dark at those wavelengths, making faint emission lines more easily detectable. ", "Should the disk be spatially resolvable or be observed edge on, strong transitions in the optical/UV might still be easier to detect. ", "Indeed, gas around $\\beta$Pic was first detected in absorption [@sle75; @hob85], and then in spatially resolved emission from light scattered in atomic resonance lines [ D$_{2,1}$; @olo01]; apart from the tentative detection of 157.7$\\mu$m emission [@kam03], cooling lines have yet to be observed from the disk. ", "With this in mind, we have computed equivalent widths for absorption lines assuming an edge-on disk (Table \\[tbl:Absorp\\]), and total luminosities for light scattered in lines with strong transitions (Table \\[tbl:Emissions\\]). ", "Resolved observations of the K absorption line around $\\beta$Pic [@cra98] show it to be $\\sim$ 2kms$^{-1}$ wide. ", "We assume absorption from the ‘stable component’ of other species to be similarly broadened, resulting in increasing saturation for lines with equivalent widths approaching 2kms$^{-1}$.\n\n --------- --------------------------------- ---------------\n Species $\\lambda_{\\mathrm{vacuum}}$[^6] Eq.", " Width[^7]\n \\[Å\\] \\[mÅ\\]\n 5891.58 $0.86$\n 5897.56 $0.43$\n 3934.78 OT\n 3969.59 OT\n 3350.37 $0.82$\n 3362.18 $0.59$\n 3373.77 $0.51$\n 3384.74 $0.39$\n 3442.97 $0.15$\n 3441.59 $0.31$\n 3720.99 $0.88$\n 3735.93 $0.36$\n 3861.01 $0.53$\n --------- --------------------------------- ---------------\n\n : Fiducial Case Dominant Absorption Lines\n\n\\[tbl:Absorp\\]\n\n --------- --------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------\n Species $\\lambda_{\\mathrm{vacuum}}$[^8] Luminosity Flux at 20pc\n $L_{\\odot}$ \\[ergs$ ^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$\\]\n 9826.8Å $1.5\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.2\\times 10^{-15}$\n 9853.0Å $4.4\\times 10^{-8}$ $3.5\\times 10^{-15}$\n 157.7$\\mu$m $2.3\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.8\\times 10^{-15}$\n 63.2$\\mu$m $1.5\\times 10^{-10}$ $1.2\\times 10^{-17}$\n 5897.6Å $7.6\\times 10^{-8}$ $6.1\\times 10^{-15}$\n 5891.6Å $1.5\\times 10^{-7}$ $1.2\\times 10^{-14}$\n 3945.1Å $2.2\\times 10^{-10}$ $1.8\\times 10^{-17}$\n 3962.6Å $4.4\\times 10^{-10}$ $3.5\\times 10^{-17}$\n 34.8$\\mu$m $3.2\\times 10^{-9}$ $2.6\\times 10^{-16}$\n 25.2$\\mu$m $2.4\\times 10^{-10}$ $1.9\\times 10^{-17}$\n \\* 3934.8Å $9.4\\times 10^{-6}$ $7.6\\times 10^{-13}$\n \\* 3969.6Å $7.0\\times 10^{-6}$ $5.6\\times 10^{-13}$\n 7293.5Å $3.4\\times 10^{-7}$ $2.8\\times 10^{-14}$\n 7325.9Å $3.2\\times 10^{-7}$ $2.5\\times 10^{-14}$\n 4534.5Å $4.2\\times 10^{-10}$ $3.4\\times 10^{-17}$\n 4983.1Å $4.6\\times 10^{-10}$ $3.7\\times 10^{-17}$\n 3350.4Å $1.6\\times 10^{-7}$ $1.3\\times 10^{-14}$\n 3362.2Å $1.1\\times 10^{-7}$ $8.8\\times 10^{-15}$\n 3373.8Å $1.1\\times 10^{-7}$ $8.8\\times 10^{-15}$\n 3384.7Å $8.4\\times 10^{-8}$ $6.8\\times 10^{-15}$\n 8002.3Å $7.4\\times 10^{-8}$ $5.9\\times 10^{-15}$\n 8127.5Å $5.8\\times 10^{-8}$ $4.7\\times 10^{-15}$\n 8231.9Å $4.7\\times 10^{-8}$ $3.8\\times 10^{-15}$\n 4034.2Å $2.2\\times 10^{-9}$ $1.8\\times 10^{-16}$\n 4031.9Å $3.0\\times 10^{-9}$ $2.4\\times 10^{-16}$\n 3443.0Å $3.5\\times 10^{-8}$ $2.8\\times 10^{-15}$\n 3461.3Å $1.8\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.5\\times 10^{-15}$\n 3721.0Å $1.4\\times 10^{-7}$ $1.1\\times 10^{-14}$\n 3735.9Å $8.6\\times 10^{-8}$ $6.9\\times 10^{-14}$\n 3821.5Å $9.9\\times 10^{-8}$ $7.9\\times 10^{-15}$\n 3861.0Å $1.3\\times 10^{-7}$ $1.1\\times 10^{-14}$\n 12570.9Å $1.6\\times 10^{-7}$ $1.3\\times 10^{-14}$\n 13209.9Å $4.3\\times 10^{-8}$ $3.5\\times 10^{-15}$\n 16440.0Å $4.1\\times 10^{-8}$ $3.3\\times 10^{-15}$\n 25.99$\\mu$m $6.1\\times 10^{-8}$ $4.9\\times 10^{-15}$\n 6668.6Å $1.9\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.5\\times 10^{-15}$\n 7379.9Å $8.0\\times 10^{-8}$ $6.4\\times 10^{-15}$\n 7413.7Å $3.1\\times 10^{-8}$ $2.5\\times 10^{-15}$\n --------- --------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------\n\n : Fiducial Case Dominant Emission Lines\n\n\\[tbl:Emissions\\]\n\nParametric survey {#sec:Discussion}\n-----------------\n\nTo detect circumstellar gas in absorption requires a special geometry, and to detect light scattered in gas most likely requires a resolved disk. ", "A comprehensive survey for tenuous gas in debris disks is therefore best served by the IR cooling lines. ", "In this section, we study how the cooling line luminosities depend on various disk parameters, focusing on the 157.7$\\mu\\mathrm{m}$ and 63.2$\\mu\\mathrm{m}$ lines, since these fall in the wavelength window of the Herschel telescope. ", "The parameter study is obtained by modifying one parameter at a time while keeping all other parameters at their fiducial values. ", "Disk parameters and their ranges (provided for easy reference in Table \\[table:Parameters\\]) that we cover include:\n\n1. ", " peak gas density. ", "Range covered is from 0.01 $\\beta$Pic density ($2.4\\times 10^{-1}$cm$^{-3}$) to $\\sim\n 2.7\\times10^3$cm$^{-3}$, the latter corresponds to a column density above which the 157.7$\\mu$m line becomes radially optically thick. ", "For the spatial distribution we adopt, these densities correspond (through eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:n\\_GasDust\\_Fid\\]\\] with fiducial parameters) to a total gas masses of $2.1\\times10^{-6} M_\\oplus$ and $3.3\\times10^{-2} M_{\\oplus}$, respectively.", "\n\n2. ", " total dust mass. ", "We sample dust mass from 1 zodiac (taken as $M_{\\mathrm{dust}} = 10^{-3}$$M_{\\oplus}$; with fiducial disk parameters, this corresponds to $L_{\\mathrm{dust}}/L_*\n \\sim 10^{-6}$) to 3$M_{\\oplus}$, at which point the dust becomes radially optically thick (with $L_{\\mathrm{dust}}/L_* \\sim 3\n \\times 10^{-3}$).", "\n\n3. ", " spatial distributions of the gas and dust components, including location of peak density, radial FWHM and vertical scale height, spanning about an order of magnitude in each parameter.", "\n\n4. ", " elemental abundances. ", "We vary carbon and oxygen abundances, respectively, from solar to 20$\\times$ solar, to account for the type of abundance anomaly detected in the $\\beta$Pic disk.", "\n\n5. ", " stellar spectral type. ", "We study main sequence stars with effective photosphere temperatures ranging from 6500K to 10000K. For cooler stars, molecular chemistry is likely to be important, rendering the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> code invalid. ", "We interpolate between the ZAMS models in Table 15.14 in Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities [@cox00] to obtain the stellar luminosities and sizes.", "\n\n Parameter sampled Min Max \\# of bins\n ----------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------\n Gas peak density $2.4\\times 10^{-1}$cm$^{-3}$ $2.7\\times 10^{3}$cm$^{-3}$ 9\n (total gas mass) ($2.1\\times 10^{-6}$$M_\\oplus$) ($3.3\\times 10^{-2}$$M_\\oplus$) \n Dust mass 10$^{-3}$$M_\\oplus$ 3$M_\\oplus$ 8\n Gas peak location 30AU 190AU 33\n Gas FWHM 5AU 95AU 19\n Gas scale height 0.05 0.95 19\n Dust peak location 30AU 190AU 33\n Dust FWHM 5AU 95AU 19\n Dust scale height 0.05 0.95 19\n Spectral types (T$_\\mathrm{eff}$) 6500K 10000K 8\n Elemental abundances solar $20\\times$ solar \n\n : Parametric survey: overview of sampled parameters\n\n\\[table:Parameters\\]\n\n![ ", "157.7$\\mu$m integrated line luminosity as a function of peak gas density and total dust mass. ", "Contours are separated by a factor of 10. ", "The arrow shows the direction of increasing temperature. []{", "data-label=\"fig:CoolC_vs_DustGas\"}](figure6){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n### Gas and dust densities\n\nWe show the integrated luminosities from the 157.7$\\mu$m and the 63.2$\\mu$m lines as functions of gas peak density and dust mass in Figs.", " \\[fig:CoolC\\_vs\\_DustGas\\] & \\[fig:CoolO\\_vs\\_DustGas\\], respectively. ", "In systems with little dust, gas is primarily heated through photoionization, so the luminosity scales almost linearly with the amount of gas. ", "As more dust is added, photoelectric heating takes over and the flux starts to increase with both dust and gas density (eq.", " \\[\\[eq:PEguess\\]\\]). ", "For very massive dust disks, gas temperature is so high that the flux becomes saturated and once again loses its dependence on the dust mass. ", "Despite minor features, one can summarize the results in Fig.", " \\[fig:CoolC\\_vs\\_DustGas\\] as that the flux rises roughly linearly with gas density.", "\n\n![ ", "63.2$\\mu$m integrated line luminosity as a function of peak gas density and total dust mass. ", "A 10-level atom is used in the computation . ", "The line luminosity is largely independent of dust mass and scales roughly linearly with gas density.[]{data-label=\"fig:CoolO_vs_DustGas\"}](figure7){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Similar to Fig. ", "\\[fig:CoolO\\_vs\\_DustGas\\] except that here a 3-level atom is adopted. ", "This removes the possibility of radiative pumping. ", "Line luminosities are much weaker and they depend on dust mass. []{", "data-label=\"fig:CoolO3_vs_DustGas\"}](figure8){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Similar to Fig. ", "\\[fig:CoolO\\_vs\\_DustGas\\] except that here a 3-level atom is adopted, and dust IR field is disabled. []{", "data-label=\"fig:CoolO3NoDustIR_vs_DustGas\"}](figure9){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nExcept for the most massive dust disks where SE begins to be dominated by the strong dust IR field, the contours for the 63.2$\\mu$m line flux appear independent of the dust mass for most of our disks (Fig.", " \\[fig:CoolO\\_vs\\_DustGas\\]). ", "This is explained by the fact that the line flux is almost completely dominated by radiative pumping, which masks any features from the collisional processes. ", "To remove this masking we repeat the computation but with the atom having only the three lowest energy states (as opposed to the 10 levels in our normal calculation, ). ", "Data both with and without the dust IR field are presented in Figs.", " \\[fig:CoolO3\\_vs\\_DustGas\\] and \\[fig:CoolO3NoDustIR\\_vs\\_DustGas\\], respectively. ", "With radiative pumping disabled, the results show similar dust mass dependence as that of the line. ", "For more massive disks the flux from the cooling lines is dominated by the population equilibrium determined by the dust IR field.", "\n\n  \\\n  \n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig:Cool\\_vs\\_GasDustParams\\], cooling luminosities are presented as a function of a number of parameters that define the geometry of the gas and dust distributions.", "\n\nOverall, the 157.7$\\mu$m luminosity is at the greatest when peaks of the gas and dust distributions coincide, allowing for maximum photoelectric heating, or when bulk of the gas is located close to the star, allowing for maximum radiative pumping and photoionization heating. ", "The luminosity steadily increases as the gas distribution is moved closer to the star as this line is dominated by radiative pumping. ", "In contrast, the radial width and the vertical scale height for the distributions do not affect line luminosities appreciably. ", "Besides having a minimal upregulating effect on the 63.2$\\mu$m line flux (as observed for the $\\beta$Pic configuration), changes in the dust IR field due to varying dust profiles has no effect on the cooling line fluxes.", "\n\n### Elemental abundances\n\nSince carbon is the dominant electron donor in the fiducial disk, increasing the carbon abundance increases $n_\\mathrm{e}$. This, in turn, enhances the photoelectric heating as is demonstrated by eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:Je\\]\\]. ", "The effects on the line fluxes are seen in Fig.", " \\[fig:Cool\\_vs\\_Abund\\] (and Table \\[table:ModCoolFlux\\]). ", "In contrast, increasing the O abundance has no significant effect on the thermal balance, besides from raising the 63.2$\\mu$m flux by providing more atoms to be radiatively pumped.", "\n\nWe assume the gas to be poor in hydrogen. ", "Raising the hydrogen abundance to its solar value increases the gas-grain collisions which cools the gas. ", "This lowers the equilibrium gas temperature and slightly increases the photoelectric heating (and the corresponding cooling flux). ", "But the effect is not significant. ", "In fact, one can remove all elements from the gas except for C, O, Si without causing much change in the cooling line luminosities (Table \\[table:ModCoolFlux\\]).", "\n\n ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------\n Modification[^9] 157.7$\\mu$m 63.2$\\mu$m\n \\[$L_{\\odot}$\\] \\[$L_{\\odot}$\\]\n Fiducial $2.3\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.3\\times 10^{-10}$\n $n_{\\mathrm{C}}$ = $n_{\\mathrm{C},\\odot}$ $3.8\\times 10^{-10}$ $1.2\\times 10^{-10}$\n $n_{\\mathrm{O}}$ = 20 $n_{\\mathrm{O},\\odot}$ $2.3\\times 10^{-8}$ $2.5\\times 10^{-9}$\n $n_{\\mathrm{H}}$ = $n_{\\mathrm{H},\\odot}$ $2.6\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.3\\times 10^{-10}$\n C, O, Si only[^10] $2.3\\times 10^{-8}$ $1.3\\times 10^{-10}$\n \\[table:ModCoolFlux\\] \n ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------\n\n : Line luminosities as functions of elemental abundances\n\n{width=\"\\columnwidth\"} {width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n### Stellar spectral type\n\n![ ", "157.7$\\mu$m and 63.2$\\mu$m,145.5$\\mu$m integrated line luminosities as function of effective temperature ($T_{\\mathrm{eff}}$) of the central main-sequence star. ", "Around stars with $T_\\mathrm{eff} \\gtrsim 8\\,500$K, the level population of is dominated by radiative pumping, while population in is dominated by radiative pumping for stars with $T_\\mathrm{eff} \\gtrsim\n 7\\,500$K.[]{data-label=\"fig:Cool_vs_SpT\"}](figure12){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig:Cool\\_vs\\_SpT\\], 157.7$\\mu$m, 63.2$\\mu$m and 145.5$\\mu$m luminosities are plotted against stellar spectral types (represented by their respective effective temperatures). ", "The 157.7$\\mu$m line remains dominant for all spectral types. ", "Its luminosity is constant for $T_{\\mathrm{eff}}\n\\leq 8\\,000$K. Around more luminous stars the excited level of is populated mostly by stellar radiation (through fluorescence of UV lines), rather than by collisions with electrons. ", "In this regime, the 157.7$\\mu$m flux is greater than the actual cooling and it increases with $T_{\\mathrm{eff}}$ until $T_{\\mathrm{eff}}$ reaches $\\sim 10\\,000$K. Relatedly, level population in the excited states of the atoms is dominated by radiative pumping for all stars with $T_{\\mathrm{eff}}\\geq 7\\,500$K. As a result, the line flux rises with $T_{\\mathrm{eff}}$ above 7500K.\n\nConclusions {#sec:Conclusion}\n===========\n\nWe have produced a thermal and statistical equilibrium code to specifically address gas emission from dusty gas-poor disks around A–F stars, motivated by the recent launch of the far-infrared observatory *Herschel*, as well as the discovery of gas in a number of debris disk systems. ", "We study the effects of, among other things, photoelectric heating from dust grains, photoionization heating of the gas, thermal equilibrium reached in the disk, statistical equilibrium of atoms in the disk, and cooling by infrared atomic lines. ", "Details about the code (<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span>) are presented in the appendix.", "\n\nUsing this code and disk parameters that resemble the observed $\\beta$Pic gas disk, we have computed a range of observables, including the line luminosities from infrared transitions, the emission and absorption of optical and UV lines, and the column densities of metals in the disk.", "\n\nAs a guidance for observations to be carried out on Herschel and other telescopes, we explore the dependence of the infrared line luminosities on disk parameters. ", "Our findings are summarized below:\n\n- for most of the configurations surveyed, we find that the 157.7$\\mu$m line is the most luminous. ", "The expected flux for the $\\beta$Pic disk is $\\sim 10^{-14}$ ergs$^{-1}$cm$^{-2}$, which should be easily detectable by *Herschel*.", "\n\n- the lines, initially thought to be important cooling lines [@bes07], have underwhelming luminosities due to NLTE effects. ", "Most of the luminosities in these lines arise from fluorescence of stellar UV photons, as opposed to from collisional cooling of the gas. ", "The flux from the 63.2$\\mu$m line will be too faint to reasonably be detected by *Herschel*.", "\n\n- over the parameter range we sample, the line flux scales roughly linearly with the gas density, with the carbon elemental abundance, and rises with the effective temperature of the star. ", "Line fluxes also reach maximum when the dust and gas components in the disk align radially.", "\n\nWe note two major caveats in our model:\n\n- in some of our models, the gas temperature rise above $5\\,000$K. This is possibly an artificial result because we have not included all relevant gas cooling mechanisms. ", "We have performed preliminary tests by considering other fine transition lines listed in [@hol89] but do not find them of importance. ", "However, if this high temperature feature does occur in real disks, it implies loss of metallic gas by thermal evaporation.", "\n\n- we have assumed that molecular species are unimportant for the thermal equilibrium of the gas. ", "For cooler stars, a significant amount of the gas may be in molecular phases (CH, CO,...) and this may impact our predictions of infrared line luminosities.", "\n\nBy comparing <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> predictions with observations, one may hope to infer physical properties of the debris disks, including gas density and elemental abundances. ", "With the new observing windows being opened up by *Herschel*, *SOFIA*, and *ALMA*, we expect many new observational results that will require interpretation by models such as <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span>.", "\n\nKZ was funded under NSERC USRA scholarship. ", "AB is funded by the *Swedish National Space Board* (contract 84/08:1), and YW acknowledges the NSERC support. ", "We thank the referee Inga Kamp for many detailed and insightful comments, which helped improve the manuscript.", "\n\nThe <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> code\n==============================================================\n\nAn overview of <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span>’s program flow is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:flowchart\\]. ", "<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> in principle consists of a master routine and four principal subroutines. ", "The four subroutines are:\n\n1. ", " *Geometry solver*: defines the geometry and produces observables from the solution. ", "Our models are currently two dimensional (radius and height), but could in principal be of any geometry. ", "The geometry solver computes the projected flux from the defined geometry.", "\n\n2. ", " *Ionization balance*: given a temperature, radiation field, and elemental abundances, it guesses an electron density and then iterates until the derived electron density (computed from the ionization of the actual elements input) agrees with the assumed electron density. ", "Ionization cross-sections and recombination coefficients are retrieved from the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">cloudy</span> code [@fer05], and are restricted to the first 30 elements (atomic numbers 1–30, hydrogen through zinc). ", "To estimate the radiation field, we use NextGen stellar atmospheres [@hau99] with solar abundance and main sequence surface $\\log g$. No chromosphere emission is estimated in general, but the interstellar radiation field [from @wei01] and cosmic ray ionization [$2 \\times\n 10^{-17}$s$^{-1}$atom$^{-1}$, from @spi78] are included.", "\n\n3. ", " *Thermal balance*: given an ionization state, dust density and radiation field, this routine computes all relevant heating and cooling mechanisms (as outlined in §\\[sec:thermal\\]) assuming an initial temperature, and then modifying the assumed temperature until the heating equals the cooling. ", "If the resulting temperature is different from what was assumed for the ionization balance, that routine recomputes the ionization state, which is then input to the thermal balance routine for a new thermal balance computation.", "\n\n4. ", " *Level population*: given a radiation field, an electron density and electron temperature, the electronic energy level population is calculated using a statistical equilibrium (SE) of all considered transitions for given elements. ", "This routine is mostly used at the end, when the physical state of the disk is already computed, as most levels and species do not participate in the cooling of the disk. ", "The exception is , , and where we do include a statistical equilibrium computation already in the thermal balance computation, because of the important cooling lines of those species. ", "The radiative data for all atomic species was taken from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database [@ral05] and the Kurucz Atomic Spectral Line Database [@kur95]. ", "The transition data from the two sources were combined to produce a more complete energy level set. ", "Collisional coefficients for the cooling and lines were obtained from the Iron Project [@pra00] and @sil01, respectively; for , , and from @hol89. ", "Collisional data for other electron transition lines were taken from the Iron Project [@pra00] for , , , . ", "At higher temperatures, where there were no data available, the collisional strength was extrapolated using a first order polynomial fit in the log-log space. ", "The number of levels and transitions for different elements included in <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> are summarized in Table \\[table:bookkeeping\\].", "\n\n<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> assumes the disk is optically thin in the continuum, so that simplified radiative transfer can be used for both the ionization and thermal balance, which simplifies the computation greatly and allows for more general geometries (compared to, e.g., <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">cloudy</span>).", "\n\n![", "Model flowchart describing the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> code. ", "The dashed path illustrates how the code is run when fitting observations.[]{data-label=\"fig:flowchart\"}](figureA1)\n\nCollisional strengths $\\gamma$ for the electronic transition lines for the majority of atomic species are not available from literature. ", "$\\gamma$ is calculated by taking into account a number of quantum effects (see, for example, @zha95) and no simple relationship exists between the collisional strengths and the energy associated with a transition line. ", "Since we were only able to obtain collisional data for the fine structure cooling line and not other higher level electronic transitions, we investigated whether this might result in incorrect determination of the gas temperature. ", "Results of running the code with and without non-cooling collisional strengths (that is, setting $q_{ij} = q_{ji} =\n0$ for $i,j \\neq 1,0$) for a number of bins produced no noticeable change in the computed temperatures (within 1K). ", "Therefore, all non-cooling electron transitions can be treated as purely radiative for gas densities representative of debris disks.", "\n\nSE calculation is the most computationally expensive part of the numerical model. ", "An example on the extreme side is , which has 790 electron energy levels and 54054 transitions. ", "To solve SE for this atomic species matrix of 54054 elements has to be inverted for each bin in the grid (the actual number of levels used was reduced to 300 lower levels: the population of the higher levels is negligible, and this reduction significantly improved computation time). ", "Furthermore, while , and have substantially less electron energy levels (150, 191 and 143 respectively) and corresponding transitions (1048, 1347 and 927 respectively), SE for these species participating in cooling of the gas has to be solved multiple times for each bin when recursively computing thermal equilibrium.", "\n\nTo avoid a full SE computation, 2 and 3-level atom approximation for and fine structure line cooling, respectively, were previously used in similar simulations [@hol89; @kam01]. ", "We used <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span> to test the validity of this assumption for the hotter stars sampled by our model. ", "For around a $T_{\\mathrm{eff}} = 10\\,000$K star we found a factor of 4 increase in the cooling line flux when using an ion with all the energy levels compared to a 2-level approximation. ", "The difference was determined to be due to fluorescence (radiative pumping to higher levels). ", "While the $0\\rightarrow 1$ energy transition is radiatively forbidden, ground state electrons can get photo-excited to higher energy levels and then spontaneously decay to the first excited level. ", "Our results show that a 2-level approximation underestimates the population of level 1, and consequently the $1\\rightarrow 0$ emission flux. ", "The effect is more pronounced closer to the star where the photo-excitation is more important. ", "Similar results were seen for and . ", "Furthermore, since gas densities are substantially below $n_{\\mathrm{e,crit}}$ for these species, the effect of radiative pumping is much stronger. ", "In fact, using a significantly reduced number of levels for and can for some system configurations underestimate flux by more than a factor of a 100. ", "In addition, strong radiative pumping can overpopulate the first excited energy state beyond its LTE level, leading to stronger collisional de-excitation than excitation flux. ", "In this regime the fine-structure transition becomes a heating line, injecting stellar energy into the gas. ", "This effect is absent when radiative transitions are excluded.", "\n\nWe further tested the effect of reducing the number of energy levels for the cooling atoms and determined that a limited reduction did not significantly effect the computed temperature and line fluxes. ", "Using 10 level approximations for , and species kept temperature close to the full-level species results and produced similar line fluxes. ", "However, the decrease in computation time was significant. ", "For example, reducing from 191 to 10 energy levels decreases execution time by a factor of $\\sim\n365$ (the square of the level reduction). ", "Therefore, we used these limited reduction cooling species approximations in all further numerical runs.", "\n\n Species $\\#$ of Energy Levels $\\#$ of Transitions Refs for collisional rates.", "\n --------- ----------------------- --------------------- -----------------------------\n 611 7597 @hol89\n 191 1347 @pra00\n 150 1048 @sil01\n 58 452 \n 57 540 \n 213 798 \n 153 2167 \n 598 6557 @hol89\n 143 927 @hol89\n 114 720 @hol89\n 67 625 \n 394 12709 \n 213 4571 \n 725 36350 \n 431 9451 \n 503 18950 \n 497 18349 @pra00\n 300 13992 @pra00\n 682 30767 @pra00\n 35 1135 \n 6 6 \n\n : Number of energy levels and transitions included in <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ontario</span>\n\n\\[table:bookkeeping\\]\n\n[58]{} natexlab\\#1[\\#1]{}\n\n, G. & [Wu]{}, Y. 2007, , 655, 528\n\n, H. & [Valiron]{}, P. 2007, , 466, 201\n\n, A., [Liseau]{}, R., [Olofsson]{}, G., & [Fridlund]{}, M. 2004, , 413, 681\n\n, C. H. & [Jura]{}, M. 2003, , 582, 443\n\n, C. H., [Li]{}, A., [Bohac]{}, C., [Kim]{}, K. H., [Watson]{}, D. M., [van Cleve]{}, J., [Houck]{}, J., [Stapelfeldt]{}, K., [Werner]{}, M. W., [Rieke]{}, G., [Su]{}, K., [Marengo]{}, M., [Backman]{}, D., [Beichman]{}, C., & [Fazio]{}, G. 2007, , 666, 466\n\n, C. H., [Sargent]{}, B. A., [Bohac]{}, C., [Kim]{}, K. H., [Leibensperger]{}, E., [Jura]{}, M., [Najita]{}, J., [Forrest]{}, W. J., [Watson]{}, D. M., [Sloan]{}, G. C., & [Keller]{}, L. D. 2006, , 166, 351\n\n, A. N. 2000, [Allen’s astrophysical quantities]{} (Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities)\n\n, I. A., [Beust]{}, H., & [Lagrange]{}, A.-M. 1998, , 294, L31\n\n, A. & [Mann]{}, I. 2007, , 660, 1541\n\n, C. & [Decin]{}, G. 2003, , 598, 626\n\n, B. T. 1978, , 36, 595\n\n—. ", "2003, , 598, 1017\n\n, G. J. 2005, in Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 477–+\n\n, R., [Brandeker]{}, A., & [Wu]{}, Y. 2006, , 643, 509\n\n, U. & [Hollenbach]{}, D. 2004, , 613, 424\n\n—. ", "2009, , 690, 1539\n\n, N. & [Noels]{}, A. 1993, in Origin and Evolution of the Elements, ed. [", "N. Prantzos, E. Vangioni-Flam, & M. Casse]{}, 14–+\n\n, Jr., K. E., [Lada]{}, E. A., & [Lada]{}, C. J. 2001, , 553, L153\n\n, P. H., [Allard]{}, F., & [Baron]{}, E. 1999, , 512, 377\n\n, S. R., [Lindler]{}, D. J., [Lanz]{}, T. M., [Cornett]{}, R. H., [Hubeny]{}, I., [Maran]{}, S. P., & [Woodgate]{}, B. 2000, , 539, 435\n\n, G. J., [Linsky]{}, J. L., [Walter]{}, F. M., [Gahm]{}, G. F., & [Johns-Krull]{}, C. M. 2006, , 165, 256\n\n, L. M., [Vidal-Madjar]{}, A., [Ferlet]{}, R., [Albert]{}, C. E., & [Gry]{}, C. 1985, , 293, L29\n\n, W. S., [Greaves]{}, J. S., [Zuckerman]{}, B., [Webb]{}, R. A., [McCarthy]{}, C., [Coulson]{}, I. M., [Walther]{}, D. M., [Dent]{}, W. R. F., [Gear]{}, W. K., & [Robson]{}, I. 1998, , 392, 788\n\n, D. & [McKee]{}, C. F. 1989, , 342, 306\n\n, S. & [Lin]{}, D. N. C. 2004, , 616, 567\n\n, R., [Coffey]{}, J., [Scholz]{}, A., [Brandeker]{}, A., & [van Kerkwijk]{}, M. H. 2006, , 648, 1206\n\n, B., [Kamp]{}, I., [Augereau]{}, J.-C., & [van Dishoeck]{}, E. F. 2006, , 453, 163\n\n, I. & [Bertoldi]{}, F. 2000, , 353, 276\n\n, I. & [van Zadelhoff]{}, G.-J. 2001, , 373, 641\n\n, I., [van Zadelhoff]{}, G.-J., [van Dishoeck]{}, E. F., & [Stark]{}, R. 2003, , 397, 1129\n\n, H. & [Lin]{}, D. N. C. 2005, , 632, 1113\n\n, R. L. 1995, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol.", " 78, Astrophysical Applications of Powerful New Databases, ed. ", "S. J. [Adelman]{} & W. L. [Wiese]{}, 205–+\n\n, A., [Vidal-Madjar]{}, A., [Roberge]{}, A., [Feldman]{}, P. D., [Deleuil]{}, M., [Andr[é]{}]{}, M., [Blair]{}, W. P., [Bouret]{}, J.-C., [D[é]{}sert]{}, J.-M., [Ferlet]{}, R., [Friedman]{}, S., [H[é]{}brard]{}, G., [Lemoine]{}, M., & [Moos]{}, H. W. 2001, , 412, 706\n\n, R. V. E., [Romanova]{}, M. M., & [Barnard]{}, A. W. 2008, , 389, 1233\n\n, D. & [Pringle]{}, J. E. 1974, , 168, 603\n\n, J., [Carr]{}, J. S., & [Mathieu]{}, R. D. 2003, , 589, 931\n\n, R., [Liseau]{}, R., [Brandeker]{}, A., [Olofsson]{}, G., [Risacher]{}, C., [Fridlund]{}, M., & [Pilbratt]{}, G. 2009, , 508, 1057\n\n, G., [Liseau]{}, R., & [Brandeker]{}, A. 2001, , 563, L77\n\n, D. E. 1989, [Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei]{} (Research supported by the University of California, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, University of Minnesota, et al.", " Mill Valley, CA, University Science Books, 1989, 422 p.)\n\n, I., [Gorti]{}, U., [Hollenbach]{}, D., [Najita]{}, J., [Meyer]{}, M. R., [Carpenter]{}, J. M., [Hillenbrand]{}, L. A., [Herczeg]{}, G. J., [Padgett]{}, D. L., [Mamajek]{}, E. E., [Silverstone]{}, M. D., [Schlingman]{}, W. M., [Kim]{}, J. S., [Stobie]{}, E. B., [Bouwman]{}, J., [Wolf]{}, S., [Rodmann]{}, J., [Hines]{}, D. C., [Lunine]{}, J., & [Malhotra]{}, R. 2006, , 651, 1177\n\n, A. K. 2000, in Atomic Data Needs for X-ray Astronomy, p. 69, ed. ", "M. A. [Bautista]{}, T. R. [Kallman]{}, & A. K. [Pradhan]{}, 69–+\n\n, Y. 2005, Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana Supplement, 8, 96\n\n, S. 2007, , 656, L97\n\n, S., [Kessler-Silacci]{}, J. E., & [Cieza]{}, L. A. 2007, , 661, 944\n\n, G. H., [Su]{}, K. Y. L., [Stansberry]{}, J. A., [Trilling]{}, D., [Bryden]{}, G., [Muzerolle]{}, J., [White]{}, B., [Gorlova]{}, N., [Young]{}, E. T., [Beichman]{}, C. A., [Stapelfeldt]{}, K. R., & [Hines]{}, D. C. 2005, , 620, 1010\n\n, A., [Feldman]{}, P. D., [Lagrange]{}, A. M., [Vidal-Madjar]{}, A., [Ferlet]{}, R., [Jolly]{}, A., [Lemaire]{}, J. L., & [Rostas]{}, F. 2000, , 538, 904\n\n, A., [Feldman]{}, P. D., [Weinberger]{}, A. J., [Deleuil]{}, M., & [Bouret]{}, J.-C. 2006, , 441, 724\n\n, A. & [Weinberger]{}, A. J. 2008, , 676, 509\n\n, A., [Weinberger]{}, A. J., [Redfield]{}, S., & [Feldman]{}, P. D. 2005, , 626, L105\n\n, A. I. & [Viegas]{}, S. M. 2001, Computer Physics Communications, 136, 319\n\n, A. 1975, , 197, 137\n\n, C., [Sargent]{}, A. I., [Silverstone]{}, M. D., [Becklin]{}, E. E., & [Zuckerman]{}, B. 2001, , 555, 932\n\n, L. 1978, [Physical processes in the interstellar medium]{}\n\n, W. F., [Blake]{}, G. A., [van Dishoeck]{}, E. F., [van Zadelhoff]{}, G. J., [Horn]{}, J. M. M., [Becklin]{}, E. E., [Mannings]{}, V., [Sargent]{}, A. I., [van den Ancker]{}, M. E., & [Natta]{}, A. 2001, , 409, 60\n\n, J. C. & [Draine]{}, B. T. 2001, , 134, 263\n\n, M. C., [Smith]{}, R., [Su]{}, K. Y. L., [Rieke]{}, G. H., [Greaves]{}, J. S., [Beichman]{}, C. A., & [Bryden]{}, G. 2007, , 663, 365\n\n, H. L. & [Pradhan]{}, A. K. 1995, , 293, 953\n\n, B., [Forveille]{}, T., & [Kastner]{}, J. H. 1995, , 373, 494\n\n[^1]: The @wei01 formulation is a refinement over that in @dra78. ", "We adopt it here.", "\n\n[^2]: Photons arising from stimulated emission are highly anisotropic. ", "In the case of stimulation by stellar photons, only emission from gas directly in our line-of-sight to the central star is detectable. ", "Moreover, this contribution is negligible compared to spontaneous emission from the whole disk. ", "We therefore decide to report only line fluxes from spontaneous emission.", "\n\n[^3]: However, our tests indicate that at the low gas density assumed here, these cooling mechanisms are negligible even at temperatures as high as $10^5$K.\n\n[^4]: Fraction of line luminosity from collisional processes (the ratio of eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:SECoolRate\\]\\] to eq.", " \\[\\[eqn:SECoolFlux\\]\\]); the remainder is due to radiative pumping and does not contribute to cooling of the gas.", "\n\n[^5]: Total cooling fraction summed over all 3 transitions.", "\n\n[^6]: Only lines with $\\lambda \\geq 3300$ Å are presented.", "\n\n[^7]: OT - optically thick line, defined to have an equivalent width that corresponds to a velocity $\\gtrsim 2$kms$^{-1}$.\n\n[^8]: Only lines with $\\lambda \\geq 3300$Å are presented.", "\n\n[^9]: Fiducial case inputs are used except for the parameter mentioned.", "\n\n[^10]: All elements except for C, O, Si and H are removed.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0007034976151771843, 0.0009310459136031568, 0.0006622504442930222, 0.0006188968545757234, 0.0007565449341200292, 0.0006146933883428574, 0.000545605958905071, 0.0007102620438672602, 0.0007769576041027904, 0.0011098243994638324, 0.0005409478908404708, 0.0005322970100678504, 0.0006580498884432018, 0.0007018967880867422, 0.0006374889053404331, 0.0008234484121203423, 0.0005342468502931297, 0.0009305886924266815, 0.0010710025671869516, 0.000587733113206923, 0.0005953756044618785, 0.000965918239671737, 0.0010423448402434587, 0.0010138032957911491, 0.0005856089410372078, 0.0006719579687342048, 0.0007007041131146252, 0.0005948416073806584, 0.000790613004937768, 0.0006149125401861966, 0.0009524580091238022, 0.0007032037246972322, 0.0012995426077395678, 0.0006004222086630762, 0.0008351790020242333, 0.0007083936943672597, 0.0005552806542254984, 0.000606314919423312, 0.0006110178655944765, 0.0006465886253863573, 0.0008984126034192741, 0.0008336142636835575, 0.0006145847146399319, 0.0006680800579488277, 0.0007993649342097342, 0.0015146969817578793, 0.000558253435883671, 0.0005899961106479168, 0.0007018299074843526, 0.0006359305698424578, 0.0006188950501382351, 0.0005770724965259433, 0.0006091452669352293, 0.0005767909460701048, 0.0005892874323762953, 0.0005934758810326457, 0.0006279009976424277, 0.0007313232054002583, 0.000677115167491138, 0.0005875161150470376, 0.0005556046380661428, 0.0005937203532084823, 0.0005425610579550266, 0.0009238836937583983, 0.0005948798498138785, 0.0007112286402843893, 0.0005459566018544137, 0.0007480517961084843, 0.0006330756586976349, 0.0005462311673909426, 0.0005274317227303982, 0.0005798242054879665, 0.0007115520420484245, 0.000672409834805876, 0.0005821973318234086, 0.0006800881237722933, 0.0006099417805671692, 0.0006908357026986778, 0.0005605929181911051, 0.0009128267993219197, 0.0006109241512604058, 0.0006100560422055423, 0.0008987704641185701, 0.0008952032076194882, 0.0010457375319674611, 0.0007319852011278272, 0.01379331387579441, 0.0049385265447199345, 0.0011969238985329866, 0.004465850070118904, 0.0013607355067506433, 0.0030957963317632675, 0.00164642499294132, 0.0012367117451503873, 0.0010828772792592645, 0.001578007242642343, 0.0006905164336785674, 0.00132287060841918, 0.0009043722529895604, 0.009457622654736042, 0.0021547782234847546, 0.0007621939876116812, 0.014916954562067986, 0.007355624344199896, 0.0007579904049634933, 0.0007389244274236262, 0.0006727759027853608, 0.006880348548293114, 0.0009534513810649514, 0.0008188335923478007, 0.035540834069252014, 0.0007131856982596219, 0.0015711236046627164, 0.0005668086814694107, 0.0005405363044701517, 0.0007262795115821064, 0.0006024491740390658, 0.0008363528177142143, 0.0006174945156089962, 0.0008055119542405009, 0.0006270843441598117, 0.0006514762062579393, 0.015493543818593025, 0.0006893917452543974, 0.0005471926415339112, 0.0006179196061566472, 0.0005827120039612055, 0.0005616149865090847, 0.0005583324818871915, 0.012393750250339508, 0.0008422714308835566, 0.0006361030391417444, 0.0006259754882194102, 0.0006860694265924394, 0.0008456727955490351, 0.0006346154841594398, 0.004491311032325029, 0.000666834763251245, 0.0022550420835614204, 0.0006203916273079813, 0.0263692457228899, 0.0005770793650299311, 0.000784915464464575, 0.006038125138729811, 0.0007331353845074773, 0.0006119539029896259, 0.020175404846668243, 0.001070130616426468, 0.0008184719481505454, 0.000860498403199017, 0.0007915137684904039, 0.001955026527866721, 0.0025100482162088156, 0.0006986353546380997, 0.0005906611913815141, 0.00105210579931736, 0.0007989061996340752, 0.0007394813001155853, 0.001623875112272799, 0.000665114785078913, 0.0005621639429591596, 0.0007467136019840837, 0.000745208584703505, 0.0006625793175771832, 0.0007337867864407599, 0.0015525107737630606, 0.000982320518232882, 0.0006847244803793728, 0.007501896005123854, 0.013664371334016323, 0.00303902686573565, 0.0013950339052826166, 0.0022389059886336327, 0.0005967848701402545, 0.0009707437711767852, 0.0008400176302529871, 0.0007093462045304477, 0.006856637541204691, 0.0007093462045304477, 0.010508331470191479, 0.0009658234775997698, 0.0017030710587278008, 0.0011605019681155682, 0.0006896454142406583, 0.000585756788495928, 0.0006183514487929642, 0.000587818562053144, 0.006815027911216021, 0.003232487477362156, 0.004335532430559397, 0.0006649341084994376, 0.00066448311554268, 0.0008684943313710392, 0.0007518739439547062, 0.0006762935663573444, 0.0008626887574791908, 0.000645824649836868, 0.0013178379740566015, 0.0006289359298534691, 0.0005975642707198858, 0.0006214339518919587, 0.021668268367648125, 0.0009150307159870863, 0.0010939962230622768, 0.0006131305708549917, 0.0007762453169561923, 0.0006715529598295689, 0.0007972528110258281, 0.0009195694583468139, 0.0006532017141580582, 0.0006157297757454216, 0.0005534669035114348, 0.0005838029319420457, 0.000670498120598495, 0.0006480010924860835, 0.0005731898127123713, 0.000603538821451366, 0.0015003776643425226, 0.0006600422202609479, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0006417554686777294, 0.07223492860794067, 0.0008061424014158547, 0.0006141511257737875, 0.0014701476320624352, 0.0005857822252437472, 0.0005777741898782551, 0.0021547782234847546, 0.0005951275816187263, 0.0010476276511326432, 0.0005891804466955364, 0.0008038671803660691, 0.011324379593133926, 0.002954505616798997, 0.0008756896131671965, 0.0006247825222089887, 0.005185672082006931, 0.001029368955641985, 0.000687043706420809, 0.001778490492142737, 0.0007189273601397872, 0.0009982673218473792, 0.0012469799257814884, 0.0005668376688845456, 0.000542373105417937, 0.0005888015148229897, 0.011880259960889816, 0.016958635300397873, 0.014087720774114132, 0.0008693057461641729, 0.0008186614722944796, 0.0026509216986596584, 0.008277788758277893, 0.019005052745342255, 0.0008861864916980267, 0.0008033518097363412, 0.004912481643259525, 0.0007266162429004908, 0.007915390655398369, 0.0008628462092019618, 0.009219111874699593, 0.0008033725316636264, 0.0006266279378905892, 0.0007901595672592521, 0.0006651937146671116, 0.0016849408857524395, 0.0015362800331786275, 0.0006415362004190683, 0.0008292015991173685, 0.0007837897865101695, 0.0007712321821600199, 0.0006774556240998209, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0007584260310977697, 0.002251177793368697, 0.0008707456290721893, 0.0006351718329824507, 0.012269305065274239, 0.0006968997768126428, 0.0010413700947538018, 0.0005902832490392029, 0.0007063423399813473, 0.0006769248284399509, 0.0006738134543411434, 0.019173068925738335, 0.0041215308010578156, 0.007129774894565344, 0.0006182256620377302, 0.000734397501219064, 0.0006642000516876578, 0.0007230323390103877, 0.0006875941762700677, 0.0006371271447278559, 0.0005947822937741876, 0.000655766052659601, 0.0007392125553451478, 0.0007295190007425845, 0.0006921361782588065, 0.0006124568171799183, 0.0007269867928698659, 0.0006446734187193215, 0.0007418557070195675, 0.0005784298991784453, 0.0005795600591227412, 0.0007006683736108243, 0.0006089720409363508, 0.0007918035262264311, 0.0008054731879383326, 0.011746769770979881, 0.0005773791926912963, 0.000631023314781487, 0.0005881102988496423, 0.0005846970016136765, 0.0006943243206478655, 0.001765160239301622, 0.0005928017781116068, 0.00662096356973052, 0.0011855863267555833, 0.0011821858352050185, 0.0011364531237632036, 0.00117425003554672, 0.0005800778744742274, 0.0012900290312245488, 0.000685426639392972, 0.0009117976296693087, 0.0013671473134309053, 0.0006119819008745253, 0.0005654203705489635, 0.0005720226326957345, 0.003604958998039365, 0.001102228881791234, 0.000624285836238414, 0.0005682351184077561, 0.0006951691466383636, 0.0008475221693515778, 0.0008767256513237953, 0.0007301351288333535, 0.0021547782234847546, 0.0008660531020723283, 0.000540316104888916, 0.0006426756735891104, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0010799344163388014, 0.0005823216633871198, 0.0006962840561755002, 0.000708145962562412, 0.00069130101474002, 0.0009267357527278364, 0.0008446411811746657, 0.000671793008223176, 0.000708145962562412, 0.0007876227609813213, 0.0007041978533379734, 0.0008559662965126336, 0.0006708978908136487, 0.0006256137858144939, 0.0006077841972000897, 0.0010537488851696253, 0.0008586252224631608, 0.0005858039949089289, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0007438895991072059, 0.000746115343645215, 0.000868552247993648, 0.0007560779340565205, 0.0007563841645605862, 0.000666743260808289, 0.0006821227725595236, 0.0009800326079130173, 0.0007133971666917205, 0.0006302824476733804, 0.0011272379197180271, 0.00072010065196082, 0.011285200715065002, 0.0006682344246655703, 0.0009408121113665402, 0.0008813642780296504, 0.009848698042333126, 0.0006357466336339712, 0.0006409852649085224, 0.0006293649785220623, 0.0006744465790688992, 0.025199519470334053, 0.0007597277290187776, 0.000656953314319253, 0.001198037643916905, 0.0016542656812816858, 0.0007810098468326032, 0.0012839827686548233, 0.0009982113260775805, 0.001357588218525052, 0.0005675717839039862, 0.0005576129769906402, 0.0008174217073246837, 0.000537621381226927, 0.0007231353665702045, 0.0011379604693502188, 0.0005743540823459625, 0.0006313698249869049, 0.001333992462605238, 0.0005434629274532199, 0.0006240279763005674, 0.0006914940313436091, 0.0005414673360064626, 0.0006654247990809381, 0.00059847766533494, 0.0005918468232266605, 0.0005392241291701794, 0.0005690603866241872, 0.0006416747346520424, 0.0005640598828904331, 0.0005097758839838207, 0.0008933859644457698, 0.0008203783072531223, 0.000620691105723381, 0.000758466892875731, 0.000637636287137866, 0.0005768953706137836, 0.0006087332149036229, 0.0011855863267555833, 0.0005652094259858131, 0.0005705351359210908, 0.000652586342766881, 0.00117425003554672, 0.0005724175134673715, 0.000583670858759433, 0.0012900290312245488, 0.0005526190507225692, 0.0006393349030986428, 0.0005440092063508928, 0.0005861243116669357, 0.0005422397516667843, 0.0005666852812282741, 0.0005838717333972454, 0.0005794874159619212, 0.00056132220197469, 0.0005828344728797674, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0006756576476618648, 0.0005638558650389314, 0.0006181529024615884, 0.0005390378646552563, 0.0006904536276124418, 0.000666394189465791, 0.000887647969648242, 0.0005850755260325968, 0.000564177636988461, 0.0006579868495464325, 0.0006003929884172976, 0.0005750664859078825, 0.0020177997648715973, 0.0006312080076895654, 0.0010464928345754743, 0.0006176148890517652, 0.0006037361454218626, 0.0006219871575012803, 0.000939154764637351, 0.0006305699935182929, 0.000730545783881098, 0.0006581449415534735, 0.0007576185162179172, 0.0005862980033271015, 0.0005984551389701664, 0.0005643502809107304, 0.0005999488057568669, 0.0005726363742724061, 0.0007116174674592912, 0.001040925271809101, 0.0006777174421586096, 0.000631180009804666, 0.0011249100789427757, 0.0006845284369774163, 0.0009073149994947016, 0.000786807737313211, 0.0008991349022835493, 0.0005935381632298231, 0.0006547980010509491, 0.0006153343128971756, 0.00081578956451267, 0.0005884217098355293, 0.0006507433135993779, 0.019173068925738335, 0.0010569959413260221, 0.0005774763412773609, 0.001058231689967215, 0.0031882277689874172, 0.00062073755543679, 0.0006590779521502554, 0.0019954426679760218 ]

[ "Clinical effect of hormonal replacement therapy with estradiol associated with noretisterone or drospirenone. ", "A prospective randomized placebo controlled study.", "\nThe study was performed to compare the clinical effect of a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with two different progestins. ", "Postmenopausal women (PMW) with climacteric symptoms (CS) randomly received for 12 months orally, either placebo (n = 20), 1 mg estradiol (E) plus 0.5 mg noretisterone acetate (NETA; n = 40), or 2 mg drospirenone (DRSP; n = 40), a testosterone- and spironolactone-derived molecule, respectively. ", "Weight (W) declined only during E/DRSP (p < 0.04 versus placebo). ", "Fat mass (FM) decreased, similarly, during E/NETA and E/DRSP. ", "Intracellular water (ICW) did not change, while extracellular water (ECW) decreased during E/DRSP (p < 0.0001) (p < 0.002 versus E/NETA). ", "During E/NETA and E/DRSP, similar decreases were observed for insulin resistance (IR) by the homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) (p < 0.0001 versus placebo for both), systolic (p < 0.04 versus placebo for both) and diastolic (p < 0.002) blood pressure (BP). ", "Lipids did not change. ", "In comparison to placebo CS, by the Kupperman Index (KI), significantly declined (p < 0.0001) during E/NETA or E/DRSP. ", "Menopause-specific Quality of Life (MENQoL) significantly declined versus placebo (p < 0.04) during both E/NETA and E/DRSP. ", "In conclusion, differences between the two progestins are mainly limited to body composition (BC), where the addition of DRSP decreases ECW and body W (BW)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0008160002762451768, 0.0006135437870398164, 0.0012523314217105508, 0.010084806941449642, 0.0006364152650348842, 0.001479458762332797, 0.0006212087464518845, 0.0006625070236623287, 0.0009885836625471711, 0.0006759098614566028, 0.0006383503787219524, 0.0010187785374000669 ]

[ "# Copyright 2017 The TensorFlow Authors. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n# ==============================================================================\n\n\"\"\"Tests for google3.research.vale.object_detection.losses.\"\"\"", "\nfrom __future__ import absolute_import\nfrom __future__ import division\nfrom __future__ import print_function\n\nimport math\n\nimport numpy as np\nfrom six.moves import zip\nimport tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf\n\nfrom object_detection.core import box_list\nfrom object_detection.core import losses\nfrom object_detection.core import matcher\nfrom object_detection.utils import test_case\n\n\nclass WeightedL2LocalizationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testReturnsCorrectWeightedLoss(self):\n batch_size = 3\n num_anchors = 10\n code_size = 4\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.ones([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n target_tensor = tf.zeros([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n weights = tf.constant([[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedL2LocalizationLoss()\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights))\n return loss\n expected_loss = (3 * 5 * 4) / 2.0\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, expected_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectAnchorwiseLoss(self):\n batch_size = 3\n num_anchors = 16\n code_size = 4\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.ones([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n target_tensor = tf.zeros([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n weights = tf.ones([batch_size, num_anchors])\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedL2LocalizationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n return loss\n expected_loss = np.ones((batch_size, num_anchors)) * 2\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, expected_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectNanLoss(self):\n batch_size = 3\n num_anchors = 10\n code_size = 4\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.ones([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n target_tensor = tf.concat([\n tf.zeros([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size / 2]),\n tf.ones([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size / 2]) * np.nan\n ], axis=2)\n weights = tf.ones([batch_size, num_anchors])\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedL2LocalizationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights,\n ignore_nan_targets=True)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n expected_loss = (3 * 5 * 4) / 2.0\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, expected_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectWeightedLossWithLossesMask(self):\n batch_size = 4\n num_anchors = 10\n code_size = 4\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.ones([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n target_tensor = tf.zeros([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n weights = tf.constant([[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],\n [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],\n [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], tf.float32)\n losses_mask = tf.constant([True, False, True, True], tf.bool)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedL2LocalizationLoss()\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights, losses_mask=losses_mask))\n return loss\n expected_loss = (3 * 5 * 4) / 2.0\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, expected_loss)\n\n\nclass WeightedSmoothL1LocalizationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLoss(self):\n batch_size = 2\n num_anchors = 3\n code_size = 4\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[2.5, 0, .4, 0],\n [0, 0, 0, 0],\n [0, 2.5, 0, .4]],\n [[3.5, 0, 0, 0],\n [0, .4, 0, .9],\n [0, 0, 1.5, 0]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.zeros([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n weights = tf.constant([[2, 1, 1],\n [0, 3, 0]], tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSmoothL1LocalizationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n exp_loss = 7.695\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLossWithLossesMask(self):\n batch_size = 3\n num_anchors = 3\n code_size = 4\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[2.5, 0, .4, 0],\n [0, 0, 0, 0],\n [0, 2.5, 0, .4]],\n [[3.5, 0, 0, 0],\n [0, .4, 0, .9],\n [0, 0, 1.5, 0]],\n [[3.5, 7., ", "0, 0],\n [0, .4, 0, .9],\n [2.2, 2.2, 1.5, 0]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.zeros([batch_size, num_anchors, code_size])\n weights = tf.constant([[2, 1, 1],\n [0, 3, 0],\n [4, 3, 0]], tf.float32)\n losses_mask = tf.constant([True, True, False], tf.bool)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSmoothL1LocalizationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights,\n losses_mask=losses_mask)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n exp_loss = 7.695\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n\nclass WeightedIOULocalizationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[1.5, 0, 2.4, 1],\n [0, 0, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, .5, .25]]])\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[1.5, 0, 2.4, 1],\n [0, 0, 1, 1],\n [50, 50, 500.5, 100.25]]])\n weights = [[1.0, .5, 2.0]]\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedIOULocalizationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n exp_loss = 2.0\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLossWithNoLabels(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[1.5, 0, 2.4, 1],\n [0, 0, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, .5, .25]]])\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[1.5, 0, 2.4, 1],\n [0, 0, 1, 1],\n [50, 50, 500.5, 100.25]]])\n weights = [[1.0, .5, 2.0]]\n losses_mask = tf.constant([False], tf.bool)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedIOULocalizationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights,\n losses_mask=losses_mask)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n exp_loss = 0.0\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n\nclass WeightedSigmoidClassificationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n\n exp_loss = -2 * math.log(.5)\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectAnchorWiseLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss, axis=2)\n return loss\n\n exp_loss = np.matrix([[0, 0, -math.log(.5), 0],\n [-math.log(.5), 0, 0, 0]])\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLossWithClassIndices(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100, 100],\n [100, -100, -100, -100],\n [100, 0, -100, 100],\n [-100, -100, 100, -100]],\n [[-100, 0, 100, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100, 100],\n [100, 100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1, 100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0, 1],\n [1, 0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1, 0],\n [0, 1, 0, 0],\n [1, 1, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n # Ignores the last class.", "\n class_indices = tf.constant([0, 1, 2], tf.int32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights,\n class_indices=class_indices)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss, axis=2)\n return loss\n\n exp_loss = np.matrix([[0, 0, -math.log(.5), 0],\n [-math.log(.5), 0, 0, 0]])\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLossWithLossesMask(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]],\n [[-100, 0, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]],\n [[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]]], tf.float32)\n losses_mask = tf.constant([True, True, False], tf.bool)\n\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n loss_per_anchor = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights,\n losses_mask=losses_mask)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss_per_anchor)\n return loss\n\n exp_loss = -2 * math.log(.5)\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n\ndef _logit(probability):\n return math.log(probability / (1. - ", "probability))\n\n\nclass SigmoidFocalClassificationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testEasyExamplesProduceSmallLossComparedToSigmoidXEntropy(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[_logit(0.97)],\n [_logit(0.91)],\n [_logit(0.73)],\n [_logit(0.27)],\n [_logit(0.09)],\n [_logit(0.03)]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[1],\n [1],\n [1],\n [0],\n [0],\n [0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1], [1], [1], [1], [1], [1]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(gamma=2.0,\n alpha=None)\n sigmoid_loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n sigmoid_loss = tf.reduce_sum(sigmoid_loss_op(prediction_tensor,\n target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n return sigmoid_loss, focal_loss\n\n sigmoid_loss, focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n order_of_ratio = np.power(10,\n np.floor(np.log10(sigmoid_loss / focal_loss)))\n self.assertAllClose(order_of_ratio, [[1000, 100, 10, 10, 100, 1000]])\n\n def testHardExamplesProduceLossComparableToSigmoidXEntropy(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[_logit(0.55)],\n [_logit(0.52)],\n [_logit(0.50)],\n [_logit(0.48)],\n [_logit(0.45)]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[1],\n [1],\n [1],\n [0],\n [0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1], [1], [1], [1], [1]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(gamma=2.0,\n alpha=None)\n sigmoid_loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n sigmoid_loss = tf.reduce_sum(sigmoid_loss_op(prediction_tensor,\n target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n return sigmoid_loss, focal_loss\n sigmoid_loss, focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n order_of_ratio = np.power(10,\n np.floor(np.log10(sigmoid_loss / focal_loss)))\n self.assertAllClose(order_of_ratio, [[1., ", "1., ", "1., ", "1., ", "1.]])", "\n\n def testNonAnchorWiseOutputComparableToSigmoidXEntropy(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[_logit(0.55)],\n [_logit(0.52)],\n [_logit(0.50)],\n [_logit(0.48)],\n [_logit(0.45)]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[1],\n [1],\n [1],\n [0],\n [0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1], [1], [1], [1], [1]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(gamma=2.0,\n alpha=None)\n sigmoid_loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights))\n sigmoid_loss = tf.reduce_sum(sigmoid_loss_op(prediction_tensor,\n target_tensor,\n weights=weights))\n return sigmoid_loss, focal_loss\n sigmoid_loss, focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n order_of_ratio = np.power(10,\n np.floor(np.log10(sigmoid_loss / focal_loss)))\n self.assertAlmostEqual(order_of_ratio, 1.)", "\n\n def testIgnoreNegativeExampleLossViaAlphaMultiplier(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[_logit(0.55)],\n [_logit(0.52)],\n [_logit(0.50)],\n [_logit(0.48)],\n [_logit(0.45)]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[1],\n [1],\n [1],\n [0],\n [0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1], [1], [1], [1], [1]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(gamma=2.0,\n alpha=1.0)\n sigmoid_loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n sigmoid_loss = tf.reduce_sum(sigmoid_loss_op(prediction_tensor,\n target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n return sigmoid_loss, focal_loss\n\n sigmoid_loss, focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(focal_loss[0][3:], [0., ", "0.])", "\n order_of_ratio = np.power(10,\n np.floor(np.log10(sigmoid_loss[0][:3] /\n focal_loss[0][:3])))\n self.assertAllClose(order_of_ratio, [1., ", "1., ", "1.])", "\n\n def testIgnorePositiveExampleLossViaAlphaMultiplier(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[_logit(0.55)],\n [_logit(0.52)],\n [_logit(0.50)],\n [_logit(0.48)],\n [_logit(0.45)]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[1],\n [1],\n [1],\n [0],\n [0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1], [1], [1], [1], [1]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(gamma=2.0,\n alpha=0.0)\n sigmoid_loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n sigmoid_loss = tf.reduce_sum(sigmoid_loss_op(prediction_tensor,\n target_tensor,\n weights=weights), axis=2)\n return sigmoid_loss, focal_loss\n sigmoid_loss, focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(focal_loss[0][:3], [0., ", "0., ", "0.])", "\n order_of_ratio = np.power(10,\n np.floor(np.log10(sigmoid_loss[0][3:] /\n focal_loss[0][3:])))\n self.assertAllClose(order_of_ratio, [1., ", "1.])", "\n\n def testSimilarToSigmoidXEntropyWithHalfAlphaAndZeroGammaUpToAScale(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(alpha=0.5,\n gamma=0.0)\n sigmoid_loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n focal_loss = focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights)\n sigmoid_loss = sigmoid_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights)\n return sigmoid_loss, focal_loss\n sigmoid_loss, focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(sigmoid_loss, focal_loss * 2)\n\n def testSameAsSigmoidXEntropyWithNoAlphaAndZeroGamma(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(alpha=None,\n gamma=0.0)\n sigmoid_loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSigmoidClassificationLoss()\n focal_loss = focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights)\n sigmoid_loss = sigmoid_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights)\n return sigmoid_loss, focal_loss\n sigmoid_loss, focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(sigmoid_loss, focal_loss)\n\n def testExpectedLossWithAlphaOneAndZeroGamma(self):\n def graph_fn():\n # All zeros correspond to 0.5 probability.", "\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]],\n [[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(alpha=1.0,\n gamma=0.0)\n\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights))\n return focal_loss\n focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(\n (-math.log(.5) * # x-entropy per class per anchor\n 1.0 * # alpha\n 8), # positives from 8 anchors\n focal_loss)\n\n def testExpectedLossWithAlpha75AndZeroGamma(self):\n def graph_fn():\n # All zeros correspond to 0.5 probability.", "\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]],\n [[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]]], tf.float32)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(alpha=0.75,\n gamma=0.0)\n\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights))\n return focal_loss\n focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(\n (-math.log(.5) * # x-entropy per class per anchor.", "\n ((0.75 * # alpha for positives.", "\n 8) + # positives from 8 anchors.", "\n (0.25 * # alpha for negatives.", "\n 8 * 2))), # negatives from 8 anchors for two classes.", "\n focal_loss)\n\n def testExpectedLossWithLossesMask(self):\n def graph_fn():\n # All zeros correspond to 0.5 probability.", "\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]],\n [[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]],\n [[0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]],\n [[1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]]], tf.float32)\n losses_mask = tf.constant([True, True, False], tf.bool)\n focal_loss_op = losses.", "SigmoidFocalClassificationLoss(alpha=0.75,\n gamma=0.0)\n\n focal_loss = tf.reduce_sum(focal_loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor,\n weights=weights,\n losses_mask=losses_mask))\n return focal_loss\n focal_loss = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(\n (-math.log(.5) * # x-entropy per class per anchor.", "\n ((0.75 * # alpha for positives.", "\n 8) + # positives from 8 anchors.", "\n (0.25 * # alpha for negatives.", "\n 8 * 2))), # negatives from 8 anchors for two classes.", "\n focal_loss)\n\n\nclass WeightedSoftmaxClassificationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0.5, 0.5, 0.5],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSoftmaxClassificationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = - 1.5 * math.log(.5)\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectAnchorWiseLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0.5, 0.5, 0.5],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSoftmaxClassificationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = np.matrix([[0, 0, - 0.5 * math.log(.5), 0],\n [-math.log(.5), 0, 0, 0]])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectAnchorWiseLossWithHighLogitScaleSetting(self):\n \"\"\"At very high logit_scale, all predictions will be ~0.33.\"\"\"", "\n def graph_fn():\n # TODO(yonib): Also test logit_scale with anchorwise=False.", "\n logit_scale = 10e16\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]]], tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSoftmaxClassificationLoss(\n logit_scale=logit_scale)\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n return loss\n uniform_distribution_loss = - math.log(.33333333333)\n exp_loss = np.matrix([[uniform_distribution_loss] * 4,\n [uniform_distribution_loss] * 4])\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLossWithLossesMask(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]],\n [[1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0.5, 0.5, 0.5],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]]], tf.float32)\n losses_mask = tf.constant([True, True, False], tf.bool)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSoftmaxClassificationLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights,\n losses_mask=losses_mask)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = - 1.5 * math.log(.5)\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n\nclass WeightedSoftmaxClassificationAgainstLogitsLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, -100, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[1, 1, .5, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 1]], tf.float32)\n weights_shape = tf.shape(weights)\n weights_multiple = tf.concat(\n [tf.ones_like(weights_shape), tf.constant([3])],\n axis=0)\n weights = tf.tile(tf.expand_dims(weights, 2), weights_multiple)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSoftmaxClassificationAgainstLogitsLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = - 1.5 * math.log(.5)\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectAnchorWiseLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, -100, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[1, 1, .5, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 0]], tf.float32)\n weights_shape = tf.shape(weights)\n weights_multiple = tf.concat(\n [tf.ones_like(weights_shape), tf.constant([3])],\n axis=0)\n weights = tf.tile(tf.expand_dims(weights, 2), weights_multiple)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSoftmaxClassificationAgainstLogitsLoss()\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = np.matrix([[0, 0, - 0.5 * math.log(.5), 0],\n [-math.log(.5), 0, 0, 0]])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectAnchorWiseLossWithLogitScaleSetting(self):\n def graph_fn():\n logit_scale = 100.", "\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [0, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 0],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[1, 1, .5, 1],\n [1, 1, 1, 0]], tf.float32)\n weights_shape = tf.shape(weights)\n weights_multiple = tf.concat(\n [tf.ones_like(weights_shape), tf.constant([3])],\n axis=0)\n weights = tf.tile(tf.expand_dims(weights, 2), weights_multiple)\n loss_op = losses.", "WeightedSoftmaxClassificationAgainstLogitsLoss(\n logit_scale=logit_scale)\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n return loss\n\n # find softmax of the two prediction types above\n softmax_pred1 = [np.exp(-1), np.exp(-1), np.exp(1)]\n softmax_pred1 /= sum(softmax_pred1)\n softmax_pred2 = [np.exp(0), np.exp(0), np.exp(-1)]\n softmax_pred2 /= sum(softmax_pred2)\n\n # compute the expected cross entropy for perfect matches\n exp_entropy1 = sum(\n [-x*np.log(x) for x in softmax_pred1])\n exp_entropy2 = sum(\n [-x*np.log(x) for x in softmax_pred2])\n\n # weighted expected losses\n exp_loss = np.matrix(\n [[exp_entropy1, exp_entropy1, exp_entropy2*.5, exp_entropy1],\n [exp_entropy2, exp_entropy1, exp_entropy1, 0.]])", "\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n\nclass BootstrappedSigmoidClassificationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLossSoftBootstrapping(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, 0],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, -100, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n alpha = tf.constant(.5, tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "BootstrappedSigmoidClassificationLoss(\n alpha, bootstrap_type='soft')\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = -math.log(.5)\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectLossHardBootstrapping(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, 0],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, -100, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n alpha = tf.constant(.5, tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "BootstrappedSigmoidClassificationLoss(\n alpha, bootstrap_type='hard')\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = -math.log(.5)\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n def testReturnsCorrectAnchorWiseLoss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n prediction_tensor = tf.constant([[[-100, 100, -100],\n [100, -100, -100],\n [100, 0, -100],\n [-100, -100, 100]],\n [[-100, 0, 100],\n [-100, 100, -100],\n [100, 100, 100],\n [0, 0, -1]]], tf.float32)\n target_tensor = tf.constant([[[0, 1, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [1, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 1]],\n [[0, 0, 1],\n [0, 1, 0],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n weights = tf.constant([[[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1]],\n [[1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [1, 1, 1],\n [0, 0, 0]]], tf.float32)\n alpha = tf.constant(.5, tf.float32)\n loss_op = losses.", "BootstrappedSigmoidClassificationLoss(\n alpha, bootstrap_type='hard')\n loss = loss_op(prediction_tensor, target_tensor, weights=weights)\n loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss, axis=2)\n return loss\n loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loss = np.matrix([[0, 0, -math.log(.5), 0],\n [-math.log(.5), 0, 0, 0]])\n self.assertAllClose(loss_output, exp_loss)\n\n\nclass HardExampleMinerTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def testHardMiningWithSingleLossType(self):\n def graph_fn():\n location_losses = tf.constant([[100, 90, 80, 0],\n [0, 1, 2, 3]], tf.float32)\n cls_losses = tf.constant([[0, 10, 50, 110],\n [9, 6, 3, 0]], tf.float32)\n box_corners = tf.constant([[0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9]], tf.float32)\n decoded_boxlist_list = []\n decoded_boxlist_list.append(box_list.", "BoxList(box_corners))\n decoded_boxlist_list.append(box_list.", "BoxList(box_corners))\n # Uses only location loss to select hard examples\n loss_op = losses.", "HardExampleMiner(num_hard_examples=1,\n iou_threshold=0.0,\n loss_type='loc',\n cls_loss_weight=1,\n loc_loss_weight=1)\n (loc_loss, cls_loss) = loss_op(location_losses, cls_losses,\n decoded_boxlist_list)\n return loc_loss, cls_loss\n loc_loss_output, cls_loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loc_loss = 100 + 3\n exp_cls_loss = 0 + 0\n self.assertAllClose(loc_loss_output, exp_loc_loss)\n self.assertAllClose(cls_loss_output, exp_cls_loss)\n\n def testHardMiningWithBothLossType(self):\n def graph_fn():\n location_losses = tf.constant([[100, 90, 80, 0],\n [0, 1, 2, 3]], tf.float32)\n cls_losses = tf.constant([[0, 10, 50, 110],\n [9, 6, 3, 0]], tf.float32)\n box_corners = tf.constant([[0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9]], tf.float32)\n decoded_boxlist_list = []\n decoded_boxlist_list.append(box_list.", "BoxList(box_corners))\n decoded_boxlist_list.append(box_list.", "BoxList(box_corners))\n loss_op = losses.", "HardExampleMiner(num_hard_examples=1,\n iou_threshold=0.0,\n loss_type='both',\n cls_loss_weight=1,\n loc_loss_weight=1)\n (loc_loss, cls_loss) = loss_op(location_losses, cls_losses,\n decoded_boxlist_list)\n return loc_loss, cls_loss\n loc_loss_output, cls_loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loc_loss = 80 + 0\n exp_cls_loss = 50 + 9\n self.assertAllClose(loc_loss_output, exp_loc_loss)\n self.assertAllClose(cls_loss_output, exp_cls_loss)\n\n def testHardMiningNMS(self):\n def graph_fn():\n location_losses = tf.constant([[100, 90, 80, 0],\n [0, 1, 2, 3]], tf.float32)\n cls_losses = tf.constant([[0, 10, 50, 110],\n [9, 6, 3, 0]], tf.float32)\n box_corners = tf.constant([[0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.9, 0.9, 0.99, 0.99],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9],\n [0.1, 0.1, 0.9, 0.9]], tf.float32)\n decoded_boxlist_list = []\n decoded_boxlist_list.append(box_list.", "BoxList(box_corners))\n decoded_boxlist_list.append(box_list.", "BoxList(box_corners))\n loss_op = losses.", "HardExampleMiner(num_hard_examples=2,\n iou_threshold=0.5,\n loss_type='cls',\n cls_loss_weight=1,\n loc_loss_weight=1)\n (loc_loss, cls_loss) = loss_op(location_losses, cls_losses,\n decoded_boxlist_list)\n return loc_loss, cls_loss\n loc_loss_output, cls_loss_output = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n exp_loc_loss = 0 + 90 + 0 + 1\n exp_cls_loss = 110 + 10 + 9 + 6\n\n self.assertAllClose(loc_loss_output, exp_loc_loss)\n self.assertAllClose(cls_loss_output, exp_cls_loss)\n\n def testEnforceNegativesPerPositiveRatio(self):\n location_losses = np.array([[100, 90, 80, 0, 1, 2,\n 3, 10, 20, 100, 20, 3]], np.float32)\n cls_losses = np.array([[0, 0, 100, 0, 90, 70,\n 0, 60, 0, 17, 13, 0]], np.float32)\n box_corners = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.6, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.8, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 1.1, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1]], np.float32)\n match_results = np.array([2, -1, 0, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 3],\n np.int32)\n\n max_negatives_per_positive_list = [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 10]\n exp_loc_loss_list = [80 + 2,\n 80 + 1 + 2,\n 80 + 1 + 2 + 10,\n 80 + 1 + 2 + 10 + 100,\n 80 + 1 + 2 + 10 + 100 + 20]\n exp_cls_loss_list = [100 + 70,\n 100 + 90 + 70,\n 100 + 90 + 70 + 60,\n 100 + 90 + 70 + 60 + 17,\n 100 + 90 + 70 + 60 + 17 + 13]\n\n # pylint: disable=cell-var-from-loop\n for max_negatives_per_positive, exp_loc_loss, exp_cls_loss in zip(\n max_negatives_per_positive_list, exp_loc_loss_list, exp_cls_loss_list):\n def graph_fn():\n loss_op = losses.", "HardExampleMiner(\n num_hard_examples=None, iou_threshold=0.9999, loss_type='cls',\n cls_loss_weight=1, loc_loss_weight=1,\n max_negatives_per_positive=max_negatives_per_positive)\n match_list = [matcher.", "Match(tf.constant(match_results))]\n decoded_boxlist_list = [box_list.", "BoxList(tf.constant(box_corners))]\n (loc_loss, cls_loss) = loss_op(tf.constant(location_losses),\n tf.constant(cls_losses),\n decoded_boxlist_list, match_list)\n return loc_loss, cls_loss\n loc_loss_output, cls_loss_output = self.execute_cpu(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loc_loss_output, exp_loc_loss)\n self.assertAllClose(cls_loss_output, exp_cls_loss)\n # pylint: enable=cell-var-from-loop\n\n def testEnforceNegativesPerPositiveRatioWithMinNegativesPerImage(self):\n location_losses = np.array([[100, 90, 80, 0, 1, 2,\n 3, 10, 20, 100, 20, 3]], np.float32)\n cls_losses = np.array([[0, 0, 100, 0, 90, 70,\n 0, 60, 0, 17, 13, 0]], np.float32)\n box_corners = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.6, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.8, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 1.1, 0.1],\n [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.1]], np.float32)\n match_results = np.array([-1] * 12, np.int32)\n\n min_negatives_per_image_list = [0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6]\n exp_loc_loss_list = [0,\n 80,\n 80 + 1,\n 80 + 1 + 2 + 10,\n 80 + 1 + 2 + 10 + 100,\n 80 + 1 + 2 + 10 + 100 + 20]\n exp_cls_loss_list = [0,\n 100,\n 100 + 90,\n 100 + 90 + 70 + 60,\n 100 + 90 + 70 + 60 + 17,\n 100 + 90 + 70 + 60 + 17 + 13]\n\n # pylint: disable=cell-var-from-loop\n for min_negatives_per_image, exp_loc_loss, exp_cls_loss in zip(\n min_negatives_per_image_list, exp_loc_loss_list, exp_cls_loss_list):\n def graph_fn():\n loss_op = losses.", "HardExampleMiner(\n num_hard_examples=None, iou_threshold=0.9999, loss_type='cls',\n cls_loss_weight=1, loc_loss_weight=1,\n max_negatives_per_positive=3,\n min_negatives_per_image=min_negatives_per_image)\n match_list = [matcher.", "Match(tf.constant(match_results))]\n decoded_boxlist_list = [box_list.", "BoxList(tf.constant(box_corners))]\n (loc_loss, cls_loss) = loss_op(location_losses, cls_losses,\n decoded_boxlist_list, match_list)\n return loc_loss, cls_loss\n loc_loss_output, cls_loss_output = self.execute_cpu(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(loc_loss_output, exp_loc_loss)\n self.assertAllClose(cls_loss_output, exp_cls_loss)\n # pylint: enable=cell-var-from-loop\n\n\nLOG_2 = np.log(2)\nLOG_3 = np.log(3)\n\n\nclass PenaltyReducedLogisticFocalLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n \"\"\"Testing loss function from Equation (1) in [1].", "\n\n [1]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.07850\n \"\"\"\n\n def setUp(self):\n super(PenaltyReducedLogisticFocalLossTest, self).setUp()\n self._prediction = np.array([\n # First batch\n [[1 / 2, 1 / 4, 3 / 4],\n [3 / 4, 1 / 3, 1 / 3]],\n # Second Batch\n [[0.0, 1.0, 1 / 2],\n [3 / 4, 2 / 3, 1 / 3]]], np.float32)\n self._prediction = np.log(self._prediction/(1 - self._prediction))\n\n self._target = np.array([\n # First batch\n [[1.0, 0.91, 1.0],\n [0.36, 0.84, 1.0]],\n # Second Batch\n [[0.01, 1.0, 0.75],\n [0.96, 1.0, 1.0]]], np.float32)\n\n def test_returns_correct_loss(self):\n def graph_fn(prediction, target):\n weights = tf.constant([\n [[1.0], [1.0]],\n [[1.0], [1.0]],\n ])\n loss = losses.", "PenaltyReducedLogisticFocalLoss(alpha=2.0, beta=0.5)\n computed_value = loss._compute_loss(prediction, target,\n weights)\n return computed_value\n computed_value = self.execute(graph_fn, [self._prediction, self._target])\n expected_value = np.array([\n # First batch\n [[1 / 4 * LOG_2,\n 0.3 * 0.0625 * (2 * LOG_2 - LOG_3),\n 1 / 16 * (2 * LOG_2 - LOG_3)],\n [0.8 * 9 / 16 * 2 * LOG_2,\n 0.4 * 1 / 9 * (LOG_3 - LOG_2),\n 4 / 9 * LOG_3]],\n # Second Batch\n [[0.0,\n 0.0,\n 1 / 2 * 1 / 4 * LOG_2],\n [0.2 * 9 / 16 * 2 * LOG_2,\n 1 / 9 * (LOG_3 - LOG_2),\n 4 / 9 * LOG_3]]])\n self.assertAllClose(computed_value, expected_value, rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-3)\n\n def test_returns_correct_loss_weighted(self):\n def graph_fn(prediction, target):\n weights = tf.constant([\n [[1.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]],\n [[1.0, 1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]],\n ])\n\n loss = losses.", "PenaltyReducedLogisticFocalLoss(alpha=2.0, beta=0.5)\n\n computed_value = loss._compute_loss(prediction, target,\n weights)\n return computed_value\n computed_value = self.execute(graph_fn, [self._prediction, self._target])\n expected_value = np.array([\n # First batch\n [[1 / 4 * LOG_2,\n 0.0,\n 1 / 16 * (2 * LOG_2 - LOG_3)],\n [0.0,\n 0.0,\n 4 / 9 * LOG_3]],\n # Second Batch\n [[0.0,\n 0.0,\n 1 / 2 * 1 / 4 * LOG_2],\n [0.0,\n 0.0,\n 0.0]]])\n\n self.assertAllClose(computed_value, expected_value, rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-3)\n\n\nclass L1LocalizationLossTest(test_case.", "TestCase):\n\n def test_returns_correct_loss(self):\n def graph_fn():\n loss = losses.", "L1LocalizationLoss()\n pred = [[0.1, 0.2], [0.7, 0.5]]\n target = [[0.9, 1.0], [0.1, 0.4]]\n\n weights = [[1.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0]]\n return loss._compute_loss(pred, target, weights)\n computed_value = self.execute(graph_fn, [])\n self.assertAllClose(computed_value, [[0.8, 0.0], [0.6, 0.1]], rtol=1e-6)\n\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n tf.test.main()\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006351936608552933, 0.0006133944261819124, 0.0005865358980372548, 0.0005523220170289278, 0.0005652986001223326, 0.0023699519224464893, 0.001223478582687676, 0.0015831227647140622, 0.0011525781592354178, 0.0010492780711501837, 0.0017045163549482822, 0.001131146913394332, 0.0011984604643657804, 0.0014194356044754386, 0.001951341051608324, 0.0010836775181815028, 0.0010512011358514428, 0.002215019194409251, 0.0013189474120736122, 0.0012538759037852287, 0.002634357661008835, 0.003240711521357298, 0.0015508249634876847, 0.001955130835995078, 0.0011288776295259595, 0.0010068892734125257, 0.0018982267938554287, 0.0015246447874233127, 0.0011333470465615392, 0.0015246447874233127, 0.0007988836732693017, 0.0009121755720116198, 0.0009121755720116198, 0.0009121755720116198, 0.0008588068885728717, 0.0019421624019742012, 0.0015246447874233127, 0.0008195922710001469, 0.0014006596757099032, 0.0020740730687975883, 0.0009540565661154687, 0.0009420947753824294, 0.0008093575015664101, 0.0009121755720116198, 0.0008372917654924095, 0.0013036757009103894, 0.0022336107213050127, 0.0009492903482168913, 0.001182963140308857, 0.0009420947753824294, 0.000824381539132446, 0.0008372917654924095, 0.0028924234211444855, 0.0021502801682800055, 0.001372156897559762, 0.0017242399044334888, 0.0009675439214333892, 0.001304489909671247, 0.0009598465985618532, 0.001304489909671247, 0.0009757380466908216, 0.0006424420862458646, 0.0006448660860769451, 0.0007748713833279908, 0.0006942366599105299, 0.0011036904761567712, 0.0036295882891863585, 0.0008486724691465497, 0.0006424420862458646, 0.0006448660860769451, 0.0007748713833279908, 0.0006942366599105299, 0.0008132301736623049, 0.0013019987381994724, 0.003591412678360939, 0.0008964190492406487, 0.000895561883226037, 0.0011273291893303394, 0.0021365596912801266, 0.0009410546044819057, 0.0009853194933384657, 0.0012442037696018815, 0.0011424969416111708, 0.001122907386161387, 0.0012598087778314948, 0.0012351871700957417, 0.0015004656743258238, 0.001600124523974955, 0.0020445443224161863, 0.0011711480328813195, 0.0015849702758714557, 0.0007348662475124002, 0.0007521430379711092, 0.0034693945199251175, 0.0007348662475124002, 0.00068212382029742, 0.002681498182937503, 0.0007348662475124002, 0.00068212382029742, 0.006741425022482872, 0.0009087290964089334, 0.0006565896328538656, 0.0022452049888670444, 0.0009762522531673312, 0.0006565896328538656, 0.001132661709561944, 0.0005911511252634227, 0.0010040317429229617, 0.0033894043881446123, 0.0012169877300038934, 0.0011775054736062884, 0.0009061343735083938 ]

[ "My favorite scene from \"The 13th Warrior\", showing preparations and prayers of the remaining warriors before the final battle.", "\n\nMuslim prayer: \"\"Merciful Father, I have squandered my days with plans of many things. ", "This was not among them. ", "But, at this moment, I beg only to live the next few minutes well. ... ", "For all we ought to have thought and have not thought, all we ought to have said and have not said, all we ought to have done and have not done, I pray thee, God, for forgiveness.\"", "\n\nViking prayer: \"Lo, there do I see my father. ", "Lo, there do I see my mother and my sisters and my brothers. ", "Lo, there do I see the line of my people back to the beginning. ", "Lo, they do call to me. ", "They bid me take my place among them in the halls of Valhalla where the brave may live forever.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005573983071371913, 0.001139855827204883, 0.0013492446159943938, 0.005328796803951263, 0.001830412889830768, 0.0007696790271438658, 0.0018331853207200766, 0.0011288776295259595, 0.006098816636949778, 0.0021152927074581385 ]

[ "[Experimental approaches to investigation into the role of the genotype by the locus TAG 1A of dopamine D2-receptors in epileptogenesis].", "\nThe effect of genotype in locus TAG 1A of gene receptor dopamine second type on characteristics of peak-and-wave EEG pattern in somatosensory, parietal and occipital areas of the cortex was studied in two groups of rats. ", "Quantitative analysis showed that the peak-wave discharge of the first type in rats with A1/A1 genotype had a significantly longer duration, occurred more frequently leading to a significant increase in their peak-wave index. ", "The results are of clinical interest creating a theoretical basis for improved diagnosis of absence epilepsy and selection of anticonvulsants." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005778069607913494, 0.0007536924676969647, 0.0005738662439398468, 0.0006729598972015083 ]

[ "[Concept of secondary cerebral injury of systemic origin].", "\nThe prevention and treatment of secondary insults to the brain of systemic origin in severely head injured patients remain of utmost importance. ", "Head injury remains the leading cause of traumatic death, being responsible for 50-60% of fatalities. ", "Head-injured patients not only suffer from the primary injury at the time of trauma, but also from the secondary, largely ischaemic, brain damage that occurs later. ", "Some of these insults are of extracranial origin (or systemic), such as arterial hypotension, hypoxaemia, hypercarbia and anaemia. ", "Their impact on mortality and morbidity is extremely high and requires greater efforts in improving the care of head-injured patients. ", "Systemic insults occur either before the patient reaches hospital or during interfacility transfer or, in a surprisingly large number of cases, within hospital during emergency procedures, intrahospital transport or during their stay in intensive care units. ", "Hypoxaemia, although quite easy to treat, is still common. ", "This calls for better and earlier protection of the airway, more systematic administration of oxygen to trauma patients and wider use of pulse oximetry. ", "Arterial hypotension has even more dramatic consequences in severe head injury. ", "Recent studies indicate that short episodes of hypotension may induce severe brain ischaemia, that will be present even after complete systemic haemodynamic restoration. ", "The treatment of hypotensive episodes should be immediate and aggressive. ", "In some circumstances, restoration of an adequate cerebral perfusion pressure may not be obtained sufficiently rapidly with fluids alone and may require early use of vasopressors. ", "Optimal haemodynamic resuscitation of the trauma patient with haemorrhagic hypotension and severe head injury remains a special challenge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005872955080121756, 0.0008270417456515133, 0.0020348934922367334, 0.002003955887630582, 0.0010968788992613554, 0.0011443212861195207, 0.0007093918393366039, 0.0024923046585172415, 0.0006549780955538154, 0.002700238488614559, 0.001074260100722313, 0.002931122435256839, 0.000603455409873277, 0.0010491132270544767 ]

[ "Moscow and Damascus are set to sign a deal on renting the sea port of Tartus to Russia for trade purposes, deputy prime minister Yury Borisov announced after talks with Syrian President Bashar Assad.", "\n\n“The key issue that should trigger a positive dynamic is the use of the port of Tartus,” Borisov told reporters in Damascus. ", "The agreement to rent the Mediterranean port to Russia was provisionally reached last year and the current visit “has cemented all these arrangements.”", "\n\nAlso on rt.com Crimea's lifeline to Syria: Damascus gets grain supplies from Russia’s Black Sea peninsula\n\nRussian businesses gaining access to Tartus will not just boost trade between the two countries but will primarily enable Syria's economy to recover, Borisov emphasized. ", "The sides will put their signatures under the deal within the next seven days, the deputy PM promised.", "\n\nRussia already has a navy supply facility in Tartus, which was set up at Syria’s second largest port, in accordance with the 2017 deal.", "\n\nLike this story? ", "Share it with a friend!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006455403636209667, 0.0005590289947576821, 0.0005640883464366198, 0.0006617337348870933, 0.0005713361315429211, 0.0005731141427531838, 0.0007745070615783334, 0.0007277046097442508 ]

[ "EDITORIAL: 26 reasons to act: Charlotte Bacon\n\nCharlotte Bacon loved the color pink, and the color dominated her funeral at Christ the King Lutheran Church in Newtown as her classmates filed in wearing pink dresses, headbands and ribbons.", "\n\nShe wanted to be a veterinarian, and her favorite movie was \"Brave,\" whose heroine is a young girl with bouncy red hair like hers.", "\n\nCharlotte Bacon was 6 years old when she was killed at Sandy Hook Elementary School Dec. 14 by who knows how many of the hundreds of bullets fired from a Bushmaster AR-15 semi-automatic rifle.", "\n\nWe urge the Connecticut General Assembly to remember who Charlotte was and what happened to her as they consider legislation restricting access to high-capacity weapons and ammunition in the coming weeks." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0008559923735447228, 0.0028055738657712936, 0.0025322854053229094, 0.0005636689020320773 ]

[ "Rated 4.5 / 5 stars2005-03-01 16:55:38\n\nRated 2 / 5 stars2005-03-01 16:53:01\n\nRated 2.5 / 5 stars2005-03-01 16:51:50\n\nThats funny.", "\n\nWell...the sound was too loud for one thing...and it was pacman so the graphics werent great. ", "I did enjoy the facing off scene though. ", "That was one scary pacman...good humor there too, it made me smile :) <---see? ", "Not great but not bad...nice twist with the bonus ending lol." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0008645682246424258, 0.0008778382907621562, 0.0008743660291656852, 0.0009546284563839436, 0.0014496420044451952 ]

[ "Our kids range from 5-13 years old. ", "Team placement based on age on August 1st.", "\n\n7U - Rookie Division (Ages 5-7)\n\n9U\n\n11U\n\nMiddle School Division (13U)\n\nWe welcome kids from within Fauquier County as well as the surrounding areas. ", "Team placements will be based on the high school you are zoned for (Kettle Run, Fauquier or Liberty).", "\n\nSiblings will be placed in the same area to allow practice locations to be the same.", "\n\nThe FYF season begins with open registration May 2. ", "Once team placement is completed, you will be contacted by your coach with instructions and information regarding specific practice dates and times.", "\n\nRegistration will open May 2nd, 2018.", "\n\nEarly Bird Registration (through June 15th) - $180\n\nRegular Registration (June 16 - July 15th) - $195\n\nLate Registration (July 16 -July 30th) $205\n\nRegistration includes: Helmet, Chin Strap, Shoulder Pads, Integrated Game pants, Practice Pants with 7-pad set and Game Jersey (Jersey is yours to keep!)", "\n\n*Equipment will be handed out in July. ", "Dates will be announced and emails will go out to list the dates.", "\n\nPRACTICE: Practices begin the last week of July. ", "Practice days and times are determined by what fields are released by Fauquier County Parks and Recreation. ", "Practices can be between 5:30pm -8pm. ", "Head Coaches determine practice days and times. ", "Prior to the school year, teams can practice up to 4 days a week. ", "Once school begins, the max is 3 days a week. ", "Fridays are a no practice day so families can support their local high school teams.", "\n\nPractice Locations\n\nEagles\n\nTBD\n\nFalcons\n\nTBD\n\nCougars\n\nTBD\n\nGAME SCHEDULE:\n\nOpening Day Jamboree (August 18th) *Hosted by FYF\n\n8 regular games\n\n2 week playoffs\n\nSuper Bowl Games (November 3rd) *Hosted by FYF\n\nPro Bowl – Players are recommended by their coaches\nto play on a Pro Bowl team and will practice the last two weeks of the season\nprior to the Super Bowl Games. ", "More information to follow on the\nPro Bowl.", "\n\nGame Locations:\n\n4 home games (Marshall and/or Fauquier HS)\n\n4 away games (Most likely Front Royal but some may be\nBerryville or Winchester)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.00984437856823206, 0.0005831953603774309, 0.0009308041771873832, 0.004364594351500273, 0.0005635214038193226, 0.0006141636986285448, 0.0005223361076787114, 0.000559536274522543, 0.0006832131766714156, 0.0005719229229725897, 0.0005502808489836752, 0.0005997564876452088, 0.0007274234085343778, 0.0006026338087394834, 0.0006359999533742666, 0.0006033398094587028, 0.0007302948506549001, 0.00076590187381953, 0.0006540215108543634, 0.0005582021549344063, 0.0006519482121802866 ]

[ "By Jeffrey Damicog\n\nColleges and universities can still include Filipino, Panitikan and the Constitution as subjects in their respective curricula.", "\n\nThe Supreme Court gave this assurance in a resolution which upheld its Oct. 9, 2018 decision that declared as constitutional Republic Act 10533 (K to 12 Law), RA 10157 (Kindergarten Education Act), and other government issuances concerning the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program, including CHEd Memorandum Order (CMO) No. ", "20 which directed the exclusion of Filipino, Panitikan, and the Constitution as core subjects from the curriculum of college courses.", "\n\nFor “failing to offer any substantial argument,” the resolution denied the motion for reconsideration of Tanggol Wika — an alliance of professors, students, writers and cultural activists–which sought a reversal of the High Court’s Oct. 9, 2018 decision.", "\n\nTanggol Wika insisted that the Constitution mandates the inclusion of the study of Filipino and the Constitution in the curriculum in all levels.", "\n\n“While the Constitution mandates the inclusion of the study of the Constitution, Filipino and Panitikan in the curriculum of educational institutions, the mandate was general and did not specify the educational level in which it must be taught,” read the high tribunal’s resolution penned by SC Associate Justice Estela Perlas-Bernabe dated March 5 but which was only released to the media this week.", "\n\n“Thus, CMO 20 did not violate the Constitution when it merely transferred these subjects as part of the curriculum of primary and secondary education,” the SC explained.", "\n\nThe High Tribunal pointed out that “CMO 20 only provides for the minimum standards for the general education component of all degree programs.”", "\n\n“It does not limit the academic freedom of universities and colleges to require additional courses in Filipino, Panitikan and the Constitution in their respective curricula,” the SC stressed.", "\n\nThe same resolution also denied the motion for reconsideration of petitioner Ma. ", "Dolores Brillantes who argued that the additional two years of senior high school is arbitrary and oppressive as it fails to consider the needs of students of Science High Schools, who have higher mental capabilities.", "\n\nTo this, the SC reminded that the Kto12 Law, as a police power measure, is “intended to promote the interest of the public and not only of a particular class.”", "\n\n“It is also erroneous for petitioners to assume that the K to 12 Law does not serve the interest of the students of Science High Schools. ", "In fact, the K to 12 Law explicitly recognized the right of schools to modify their curricula subject, of course, to the minimum standards prescribed by DepEd (Department of Education),” the High Court stated.", "\n\nIt noted that the K to 12 implementing rules and regulations “further confirmed the inclusiveness of the design of the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum by mandating the inclusion of programs for the gifted and talented and allowing acceleration of learners in public and private educational institutions.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0007621191907674074, 0.0006468934589065611, 0.0007946076802909374, 0.0008006334537640214, 0.0006264308467507362, 0.000557422696147114, 0.0006199065828695893, 0.0006244601681828499, 0.0006732527981512249, 0.0007906954851932824, 0.007676171604543924, 0.000642615370452404, 0.0007144861156120896, 0.0006692420574836433, 0.0005669626989401877 ]

[ "Keenox, Kentucky\n\nKeenox is an unincorporated community located in Bell County, Kentucky, United States.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Bell County, Kentucky\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Kentucky" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0008907345472835004, 0.0005743590299971402 ]

[ "Anthony Clark (cyclist)\n\nAnthony Clark (born ) is an American male cyclo-cross cyclist. ", "He represented his nation in the men's elite event at the 2016 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Heusden-Zolder.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Profile at cyclingarchives.com\n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Cyclo-cross cyclists\nCategory:American male cyclists\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0009953209664672613, 0.0007514863973483443, 0.0005936960224062204 ]

[ "Sealing the paint with a Carnauba WaxNext we'll seal the paint. ", "For this I've chosen a modern version of a traditional Carnauba Hard Paste Wax from Dodo Juice.", "\n\nDodo Juice is located in the United Kingdom and offers a wide variety of high caliber Carnauba waxes that are conversation pieces in and of themselves. ", "Before purchasing a full jar of any of their different formulas you can start with what's called a Panel Pot, which is small jar of wax with more than enough product to cover a large panel on most cars and give you a really good feel for the wax as far as how it applies, wipes off and most important... looks!", "\n\nThe original paint on this 1973 Lincoln Continental is a very warm, golden, butterscotch color and in the Dodo Juice line of waxes they offer a wax called Banana Armour and right on the label it states it's for WARM COLOURED CARS. ", "In fact it's fairly close in color to the actual color of paint on the car, so it seems like fate has already sealed the deal.", "\n\nThis is what the wax looks like when you first open the jar. ", "All Dodo Juice full size jars of waxes are sealed with plastic indicator tab to show that they have never been opened since leaving the manufacturing plant so you can be assured of their quality.", "\n\nSo far every procedure has been performed by hand and in keeping with this theme I have applied the Banana Armour Carnauba Wax by hand. ", "After covering just the hood with wax you can see I'm still pulling oxidation out of the paint just from the simple act of rubbing a liquefied paste wax over it.", "\n\nHere's a close-up of the soft, foam applicator pad, the yellowish wax together with the blackish gray that comes out of the paint looks kind of green. ", "I want to point out that this is not the result of this wax having any cleaners or cleaning ability as that is not the case as this is a non-cleaning, non-abrasive finishing wax for paint in excellent condition.", "\n\nThe oxidation coming out of the paint is normal for a single stage metallic finish and it will do this with just about any liquid paint care product applied to it. ", "Because the applicator pad is small, rubbing out a massive hood like this has an accumulative effect as it relates to the build up of residue on the working face of the pad. ", "This is nothing to be concerned about, it's a normal result for this type of paint.", "\n\nHere's a uniform layer of Banana Armour drying on the paint.", "\n\nCircles or Straightlines?To really work the wax into the paint I used an overlapping circular motion, as long as everything that touches the paint is clean and non-abrasive, that is your applicator pad, the paint itself, your working environment, your choice of wax and even you and your hands, then you can rub in circular motions or straight lines as you won't be instilling any scratches either way.", "\n\nThis is a new, clean, white microfiber polishing towel. ", "This style is actually new to Autogeek.net and I don't know how long these specific types will remain in inventory but I really like them, they have a very soft and plush short tufted nap on one side and a medium length tufted nap on the other side and they are edged with a soft piping. (", "If you want some of these towels you better order them quickly, there's no part number you have to call the 1-800-869-3011 number)\n\nAfter wiping off the dried wax residue you can see some of the black oxidation on the microfiber towel. ", "Again, this is normal for these types of paints and there's nothing that will prevent this kind of transfer of oxidation out of and off of the paint.", "\n\nAnd here's the end result.", "\n\nThe paint has been take to its maximum potential for what can be achieved working only by hand without any abrasives.", "\n\nEnd results by handHere's a close up because I want to show you that the finish isn't perfect, it's just dramatically improved. ", "I have no idea how this paint was taken care of over the last 37 years but like the car, the paint has survived and the goal up to this point was to share with my friends in the collector car hobby how to remove oxidation and restore a show room new finish to antique single stage paint without using anything abrasive.", "\n\nBe careful not to compare apples to orangesWhile the quality of results don't compare to a modern day basecoat/clearcoat finish, if this was compared to the same paint the day this car rolled off the assembly line it would be pretty close in appearance. ", "Chances are many people that will read this article and look at these pictures will have never owned a car with a single stage paint let alone restored an antique but intact single stage paint, and if that describes you then chances are also good your only point of reference for finish quality will be new cars with their new hi tech clear coat paint technology.", "\n\nThat is an unfair comparison as modern clear coat paint technology is capable of creating show car quality paint right off the assembly line. ", "Back in the old day the only way to get a show car finish on a car was to spray on plenty of paint and then have a true craftsman sand and buff the paint to perfection.", "\n\nNow days even the most inexpensive cars in the market place have paint jobs that far surpass the quality of what was available and possible 20 and 30 years ago.", "\n\nHere's a few beauty shots...\n\nThe paint actually reflects images now...\n\nI hope the above how-to article will help anyone trying to restore and preserve an original antique finish. ", "Remember, metallic single stage paints are the hardest of all paints to restore, if you're just working on a non-metallic single stage paint, you can easily surpass these results just by following the techniques outlined above and pouring a little bit of yourself into the process.", "\n\nNext up, we're going to try to create a little more shine, gloss and clarity by machine polishing the finish." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0008111851057037711, 0.0007815422723069787, 0.000629332906100899, 0.0009550032555125654, 0.0009219298372045159, 0.0005825876141898334, 0.0008232335094362497, 0.0006998088792897761, 0.0005979671259410679, 0.0008048870367929339, 0.0006240690127015114, 0.0006775202346034348, 0.0005908712046220899, 0.0007584694540128112, 0.0007001096964813769, 0.0010315123945474625, 0.0007489537820219994, 0.0019740662537515163, 0.0006014112732373178, 0.0009512899559922516, 0.0007807356305420399, 0.001349679776467383, 0.0006595058366656303, 0.0006183284567669034, 0.0006084356573410332, 0.0005797791527584195, 0.000548516632989049, 0.0006159733165986836, 0.0008654476841911674, 0.0006906339549459517, 0.0006006986950524151, 0.0006475794361904263, 0.0005585486069321632 ]

[ "Hernán Galíndez\n\nHernán Ismael Galíndez (born March 30, 1987 in Rosario, Argentina) is an Argentine footballer currently playing for Rangers of the Primera División in Chile.", "\n\nTeams\n Rosario Central 2008-2010\n Quilmes 2010-2011\n Rosario Central 2011\n Rangers 2012–present\n\nReferences\n Profile at BDFA \n \n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Argentine footballers\nCategory:Argentine expatriate footballers\nCategory:Quilmes footballers\nCategory:Rosario Central footballers\nCategory:Rangers de Talca footballers\nCategory:Chilean Primera División players\nCategory:Argentine Primera División players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Chile\n\nCategory:Association footballers not categorized by position" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0010338613064959645, 0.0006640538340434432 ]

[ "From solar-powered boats to resorts that run on coconut oil, here’s six ways to experience one of the world’s most beautiful destinations in true sustainable style\n\nWith travelers becoming increasingly conscious of sustainability, eco-adventures have become an important box in the tick list for consumers when planning their next trip.", "\n\nThe Islands of Tahiti take environmental stewardship, an important part of Polynesian culture, seriously and have been at the forefront of sustainability tourism for years.", "\n\nOne of the first nations to enact laws protecting marine life, The Islands of Tahiti had one of the first UNESCO Biosphere reserves – as well as an implemented ban on all sunscreen harmful to the coral from all tourist sites.", "\n\nThanks to a number of initiatives and experiences, it’s easier than ever to enjoy Tahiti’s natural beauty while being eco-conscious too.", "\n\nFrom solar-powered boats to resorts that run on coconut oil, here’s six ways to see one of the world’s most beautiful destinations in sustainable style:\n\n1 Eco-friendly cruising\n\nIf you’re keen to cruise the sapphire waters of the South Pacific, but have a deep respect for our vast oceans, then a trip on a solar-powered Polynesian boat is the way to go.", "\n\nThe Fa’afaite is a large canoe built according to drawings made by James Cook around 1770 and represents the reconciliation of the Polynesian people and their environment.", "\n\nCombining modern technology with ancient wisdom, a journey on Fa’afaite produces zero emission and waste while providing an authentic Polynesian sailing experience.", "\n\n2 Eat local\n\nInstead of fine dining with imported ingredients, eat locally sourced foods to reduce your carbon footprint.", "\n\nAt Le Taha’a Island Resort and Spa, rather than contributing to CO2 emissions by importing beef, lamb, and poultry, the resident Chef makes imaginative use of the vegetables, fruit, fish and pork that can be found in abundance.", "\n\nVegetable waste goes into the compost, and the rest goes to a pig farmer in exchange for ten piglets a year. ", "Not only will you be trying traditional Tahitian delicacies like suckling pig, marinated fish and grilled vegetables, but you’ll also be giving back to the community and supporting local producers.", "\n\n3 Stay with the locals\n\nTahitian guesthouses, also referred to locally as pensions (pronounced pone-see-owns), are typically family-operated lodgings.", "\n\nThese hidden gems provide a unique opportunity for visitors to immerse themselves in local cultures, and some owners sit down to meals or even escort guests on excursions.", "\n\n4 Play with dolphins\n\nEducation is key when it comes to conservation, and what better way to learn about the marine biodiversity of The Islands of Tahiti than getting up close and personal.", "\n\nFor more than 20 years, the Moorea Dolphin Center has offered high-quality educational and interactive programs giving guests the opportunity to share an unforgettable experience while learning about marine mammals.", "\n\nAccredited by the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA) and the International Marine Animal Trainers Association (IMATA), a team of veterinarians and animal behaviourists are dedicated to the dolphins’ welfare on a daily basis.", "\n\n5 Eco-Friendly Opulence\n\nShortlisted for the 2019 Climate Action Award, The Brando considers itself the steward of Tetiaroa, and takes this environmental responsibility seriously.", "\n\nThe luxury resort relies entirely on renewable energy sources including solar power and coconut oil, and all building materials used are of local or certified origin, renewable, or incorporate recycled components.", "\n\nA pioneering deep seawater air-conditioning system keeps the hotel cool and all guests are provided with free bicycles to get around the island, further reducing the carbon footprint.", "\n\n6 Adopt a coral\n\nCoral reefs are the oceans lungs, but 20% of coral worldwide are dead while a majority remained threatened by pollution and climate change.", "\n\nAdopting a coral is a tangible way to make a difference as coral reefs regulate global climate, protect coasts against storms and provide the habitat for about 25% of marine life. ", "Help Coral Gardeners educate the public on the importance of reefs and restore the heavily impacted reefs of the island of Moorea.", "\n\nOnce you name your coral you will receive an adoption certificate with a picture and the GPS coordinates of where your coral was planted.", "\n\nHungry for more? ", "Explore more and start the adventure by clicking here." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006028952193446457, 0.0005706272786483169, 0.0007203260902315378, 0.0005613949615508318, 0.0005587943596765399, 0.0006341051775962114, 0.0019807901699095964, 0.0006803465075790882, 0.0007937911432236433, 0.20607168972492218, 0.31960856914520264, 0.0008086282177828252, 0.0005710141267627478, 0.0006352196796797216, 0.000530973426066339, 0.0005475142388604581, 0.0005888624000363052, 0.0006070567760616541, 0.000557621184270829, 0.0006623939843848348, 0.000581349537242204, 0.0005599900032393634, 0.0005361802759580314, 0.0014349211705848575, 0.0005762359360232949 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCreating Array with Comparison from Other Arrays in Python\n\nI have a simple problem, but I'm hitting some hurdles. ", "The problem is like this, I have 2 arrays:\na=['A','B','C','D','E']\ni=['C','F']\n\nI'm trying to compare the two and where an item in the 2nd array(i) does not match an item in the first, I'm trying to update the array(i) with the position of the mismatch, and fill it with a blank value ('')\nSo, I'm trying to end up with this solution:\ni=['','',C,'','',F]\n\nI tried the insert method:\nfor n,x in enumerate(a):\n for item in i:\n if x !", "= item:\n i.insert(n,'')\n\nnot working\n\nA:\n\nThis list comprehension will do what you're after:\na_set = set(a) # using sets allows the `in` function to run in\ni_set = set(i) # constant time vs. running in linear time (its faster for large data sets)\n[x if x in i_set else \"\" for x in a] + [x for x in i if x not in a_set]\n\nIt goes through each item of a first. ", "If it appears in i, it adds the item, otherwise it adds \"\". ", "Then it goes through each item of i, checks if it appears in a, and if not, adds it to the list. ", "These two lists are then appended to each other using the + operator.", "\nYou can then assign this to i to get the output you're after.", "\n>>> a_set = set(a)\n>>> i_set = set(i)\n>>> i =[x if x in i_set else \"\" for x in a] + [x for x in i if x not in a_set]\n>>> i\n[\"\", \"\", \"C\", \"\", \"\", \"F\"]\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0005626353668048978, 0.0009715261985547841, 0.0009573893039487302, 0.0006353429052978754, 0.0007078314665704966, 0.0006879521533846855, 0.00088469561887905, 0.0029244674369692802 ]

[ "Infusion reactions: diagnosis, assessment, and management.", "\nMany cancer therapies administered by IV infusion, including monoclonal antibodies, have the potential for infusion reactions. ", "All infusion reactions involve the immune system; however, some (anaphylactic) are allergic in nature and usually are mediated by immunoglobulin E (lgE), whereas others (anaphylactoid) are not true allergic reactions and are not mediated by lgE. Although reactions can be allergic or nonallergic, the clinical manifestations are the same and require prompt, accurate assessment and astute management to avoid severe adverse events, including fatality. ", "Monoclonal antibodies have a unique side-effect profile that includes the potential for nonallergic infusion reactions caused by cytokine release. ", "Understanding the pathophysiology underlying any infusion reaction will enhance decision making regarding rechallenge and thereby improve treatment outcomes. ", "Rituximab is an example of a drug with the potential for varying types of infusion reactions. ", "This article discusses oncology nurses' role in patient risk assessment, institution of prophylactic measures, administration monitoring, severity grading, management, and follow-up. ", "This understanding will clarify new data regarding the safety of a rapid infusion schedule of rituximab." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005734816077165306, 0.0008599627763032913, 0.0006591675337404013, 0.000662038626614958, 0.0005623155157081783, 0.0005983370938338339, 0.0005337124457582831, 0.0005461553810164332 ]

[ "TOKYO (AP) — Japan formally approved a plan Wednesday to scrap an experimental fast-breeder nuclear reactor that drained government finances for decades without living up to hopes it would be a savior for the resource-poor country's energy needs.", "\n\nGovernment ministers decided to decommission the trouble-plagued \"Monju\" reactor. ", "It has cost Japan about 1 trillion yen ($9 billion) while operating only 250 days since it started up 22 years ago.", "\n\nThe so-called \"dream reactor\" was designed to burn a plutonium-uranium mix, while potentially producing more plutonium in the process that could be converted into more nuclear fuel.", "\n\nThe reactor suffered a leakage of sodium, used as coolant, in 1995, months after it went online, a major accident that caused its initial yearslong suspension before more recent safety problems.", "\n\nIt was estimated that Monju would have required costly upgrades to meet new safety standards introduced after meltdowns at a nuclear plant in Fukushima that was flooded by a tsunami in 2011, with at least 540 billion yen ($4.6 billion) and eight more years of work estimated to restart Monju, officials said, citing their latest estimates.", "\n\n\"We have decided to decommission Monju because restarting it would require significant time and cost,\" Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said from Fukui, home to Monju in western Japan. ", "Local officials oppose losing Monju, which rakes in subsidies and provides jobs.", "\n\nOfficials, however, said Japan's spent fuel recycling plan would not change even without Monju. ", "Opponents say Japan should give up the program and shift to direct burial of spent fuel as waste, but officials are seeking another fast reactor to replace Monju, although details are still extremely sketchy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0013404430355876684, 0.0006821524002589285, 0.0008841761737130582, 0.000875180761795491, 0.00070814392529428, 0.0006280143861658871, 0.0007448714459314942, 0.0008910808246582747, 0.0006258332286961377, 0.001470903749577701 ]

[ "Canada has placed four Chinese monitoring devices just 186 miles away from the US coast, near a major waterway used by a US nuclear submarine base, reports SCMP. ", "The sensors were placed on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge by a remote controlled Canadian Coast Guard submersible on June 27, and are now fully operational.", "\n\nThe instruments, which use hi-tech sensors to monitor the underwater environment, are connected to the Ocean Network Canada (ONC), a grid of marine observatories stretching from the northeast Pacific to the Arctic. ", "While the network is operated by the University of Victoria in British Columbia, its four new additions are the property of the Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, a unit of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which also developed and built them. ", "-SCMP\n\nData from the sensors can be streamed in real-time to the Chinese institute's control center in the city of Sanya, located on the island province of Hainan.", "\n\nWhile there is no indication that the devices will be used to spy on the United States, both Canada and Beijing have refused to say what they're for, while the US State Department said it had \"nothing to say\" on the matter.", "\n\nWhat is known is that information collected by the devices will help Chinese marine scientists better understand the environment of a strategic waterway close to the United States, and get a close look at the structure and operation of one of the world’s largest and most advanced underwater observatories. ", "While there is no evidence to suggest China’s military is involved with the project – there is also no suggestion the devices can be used to track submarines or other vessels – maritime environmental data is equally valuable to both civilian and non-civilian researchers. ... ", "Some Chinese government research websites have suggested the positioning of the monitoring devices could be a precursor to China building its own network in the region. ", "-SCMP\n\nONC is primarily a research facility, however it does maintain a defense contract with the Canadian military monitor Arctic waters using an AI-powered surveillance system, according to state broadcaster CBC.", "\n\nAs SCMP notes, \"the Strait of Juan de Fuca is one of the world’s busiest waterways. ", "Across the strait to the south, not far from the city of Seattle, is one of the United States’ two strategic nuclear weapon facilities – Naval Base Kitsap – which is home to a nuclear submarine shipyard and the only dry dock on the country’s west coast capable of accommodating a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.\"", "\n\n\"Deep sea observation networks are highly sensitive, and closely related to national security,\" says Chen Hongqiao - a researcher for the Centre for Canadian Studies at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies in Guangzhou. \"", "Countries don’t open them up to third parties unless there is a high level of trust and confidence.\"", "\n\n\"Such collaboration is very unusual. ", "The implications go far beyond science, [so] it could have only happened with a nod from the top on both sides.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006124979699961841, 0.0020910862367600203, 0.0005542223225347698, 0.0005677609005942941, 0.0005235475837253034, 0.0005941324052400887, 0.0005201093736104667, 0.0005985663738101721, 0.0005627445061691105, 0.0005630283267237246, 0.03232672065496445, 0.0007178091327659786, 0.0005576403345912695, 0.0005867340951226652, 0.0005540047422982752, 0.0005604628822766244 ]

[ "julia 0.3\nCompat 0.3.5\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0038243853487074375 ]

[ "Nicole Lewis was driving on May 18 near Avery Lake, which borders Ontario, Canada, and the US state of Michigan, when she came across two lynxes having what seemed to be some sort of territorial dispute.", "Lynxes are rarely spotted in Michigan but they are very common in the Dinorwic Region of Ontario, close to where Lewis spotted these two.", "Although it remains unclear exactly what the two lynxes were doing, since they are normally solitary animals, the interaction most likely had to do with claiming territory. ", "Credit: Nicole Lewis via Storyful" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006515932036563754, 0.0006303879781626165, 0.000614809978287667, 0.0005819585057906806 ]

[ "A variety of systems using data carrier of the electromagnetically coupled type have heretofore been proposed depending upon the communication systems and the power source systems. ", "First, the power source systems can be divided into those of the cell-containing type in which the data carrier contains a cell and the power sourceless type which does not contain the cell but which receives an electromagnetic signal transmitted from the fixed facility and rectifies the signal to obtain a voltage that serves as a power source. ", "The communication systems can be divided into those of the one-way communication type in which the data stored in the data carrier are transmitted to the fixed facility and those of the two-way communication type in which the data stored in the data carrier can be rewritten depending upon the data transmitted from the fixed facility; and the data can also be transmitted from the data carrier to the fixed facility. ", "Moreover, the two-way communication systems can be classified into those of the two-frequency type in which a frequency of an AC magnetic field generated by the fixed facility is different from a frequency of an AC magnetic field generated by the data carrier and those of the one-frequency type which use the same frequency. ", "The present invention is chiefly concerned with a power sourceless two-way communication system which uses only one frequency.", "\nDescribed below are conventional examples of each of the above-mentioned systems. ", "First, the two-way communication systems to which the present invention is concerned have been disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications (Kokai) Nos. ", "2-291091, 3-273465 and 4-692. ", "There have further been proposed power sourceless two-way communication systems that resemble the present invention, and Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. ", "3-12353 discloses the one which is of the two-frequency type. ", "Moreover, those of the power sourceless one-way communication type have been disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publications (Kokoku) Nos. ", "3-19591, 3-12352, U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,964,024 and 4,129,855. ", "In particular, Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. ", "3-25832 discloses a communication system of the power sourceless one-frequency one-way type to which the present invention is related. ", "However, all of the above-mentioned prior art documents employ only one fixed facility and one data carrier, and do not give any attention concerning the problem of interference among fixed facilities that develops when the individual fixed facilities communicate simultaneously with the data carriers.", "\nThe problem of interference among the fixed facilities which will be considered below is the principal object of the present invention over the aforementioned prior art. ", "First, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publications (Kokai) Nos. ", "2-291091, 3-273465 and 4-692 simply disclose the idea of two-way communication systems but do not at all concretely disclose the communication systems. ", "On account of their cell-containing system, however, it is considered that these prior art disclosures must employ the two-frequency system. ", "Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. ", "3-12353 employs the two-frequency system as described above. ", "In the case of the two-frequency system, the problem of interference among the fixed facilities can be avoided by separating the two kinds of frequencies using different filters, as is well known.", "\nIn the case of the one-way communication system, the problem of interference among the fixed facilities does not develop even when it is of the power sourceless one-frequency type (Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. ", "3-25832) which resembles the present invention as will be described with reference to FIG. ", "28.", "\nFIG. ", "28(B) shows transmitted and received waveforms in a power sourceless one-way communication system disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. ", "3-25832 of the case where a fixed facility G2 is disposed close to a set of a fixed facility G1 and a data carrier C1 that is shown in FIG. ", "28(A) in the one-frequency type data carrier system.", "\nIn FIG. ", "28, GTS1 represents an AC magnetic field that is transmitted to the data carrier C1 from the fixed facility G1, i.e., represents unmodulated AC signals for feeding electric power without transmitting data. ", "CDS1 represents data signals of the data carrier C1, and CTS1 represents an AC magnetic field transmitted to the fixed facility G1 from the data carrier C1 and which is obtained by modulating the AC signals of the same frequency as the GTS1 with the data signals CDS1. ", "GTS1-1 represents data signals of the fixed facility G1 which are detected upon receiving the AC magnetic field CTS1. ", "GTS2 represents an AC magnetic field transmitted from the fixed facility G2, i.e., represents unmodulated AC signals for feeding electric power without transmitting data like the above GTS1. ", "GKS1 represents an interference signal of the fixed facility G1 which is obtained by receiving the AC magnetic field GTS2 transmitted from the fixed facility G2 and is detected by the fixed facility G1. ", "Since GTS2 is an unmodulated AC signal, the interference signal GKS1-2 which is detected therefrom is under the condition of no signal. ", "GKS-1 represents total data signals of the fixed facility G1 obtained by adding the detected signals GKS1-1 of AC magnetic field CTS1 transmitted from the data carrier C1 and the interference signal GKS1-2 from the fixed facility G2 together. ", "In the case of the one-way communication system, the AC magnetic field GTS2 of the fixed facility G2 forms unmodulated AC signals, and there exists no interference signal GKS1-2 in the fixed facility G1. ", "Therefore, the total data signals GKS1 have the same waveform as the data signals GKS1-1, and there develops no problem of interference from the other fixed facility G2.", "\nIn the case of the one-frequency two-way communication system in which a plurality of fixed facilities G1, G2, . . . , ", "Gv are arranged close to one another, the AC magnetic fields GTS1 and GTS2 from the fixed facilities in FIG. ", "28 are modulated with data signals. ", "Therefore, the modulated AC magnetic fields from the fixed facilities are received as interference signals by the antennas of other fixed facilities that have a resonance characteristic at the same frequency. ", "As a result, the total data signals of the fixed facility that has received the interference signal become different from the data signals which are obtained by detecting the signals transmitted from the data carrier, and it becomes difficult to read out correct data.", "\nThat is, concretely speaking, the system which uses the power sourceless electromagnetically coupled data carrier has been put into practical use only in a manner in which the communication is made one way from the data carrier to the fixed facility. ", "In many of these systems, the AC magnetic field generated by the fixed facility is not modulated and the field of synthesizing the AC magnetic fields established by a plurality of fixed facilities is not modulated, either. ", "Therefore, the fixed facilities do not interfere with each other, and the data communication is not disturbed. ", "In a system of the type in which the AC magnetic field generated by the fixed facility has a frequency different from that of the AC magnetic field generated by the data carrier, the data signals are separated, relying upon the filter technology, since the AC magnetic field generated by the data carrier has a frequency different from the frequency of the AC magnetic field generated by the fixed facilities. ", "This makes it possible to preclude the effect of AC magnetic fields generated by the fixed facilities which are close to each other.", "\nWhen the data are transmitted to the data carrier by modulating an AC magnetic field generated from the fixed facility, a very great change takes place in the AC magnetic field, causing a change in the electromotive force induced in the antenna coils of neighboring fixed facilities, though they are located considerably far away. ", "Since the frequency of the AC magnetic field generated by the data carrier is the same as the frequency of the AC magnetic field generated from the fixed facility, it is very difficult to distinguish a change in the induced electromotive force from a change in the electromotive force induced by the AC magnetic field generated by the data carrier. ", "It has therefore been considered difficult to read correct data from the data carrier. ", "On the other hand, when the AC magnetic fields generated by the data carrier and the fixed facility have different frequencies, the electromotive forces induced by the two AC magnetic fields can be separated relying upon the filter technology. ", "With the data carrier of this system, however, the AC magnetic field that is output is so weak that it is subject to be affected by external noise and the communication is limited to short distances.", "\nThe data carrier system which uses the power sourceless electromagnetically coupled data carrier has not been realized in a form which permits two-way data communication between the data carrier and the fixed facility. ", "The present inventors have developed an electromagnetically coupled data carrier which mounts a nonvolatile memory of high performance which is called C-MOS-IC that consumes very small power and which is devised in a sophisticated manner to rewrite the memory, and have developed a fixed facility for the electromagnetically coupled data carrier as a result of contrivance. ", "The object of the present invention therefore is to solve the above-mentioned problem and to provide a data carrier system which uses an electromagnetically coupled data carrier primarily of chiefly the power sourceless two-way communication type, and in which the AC magnetic field of one frequency is employed for communication between the fixed facility and the data carrier to increase the distance of communication and to read out correct data from the data carrier even when interfered with by modulated AC magnetic fields from other neighboring fixed facilities." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0005565340397879481, 0.0005893657798878849, 0.0005691590486094356, 0.0005880491808056831, 0.0005956934182904661, 0.0005610318039543927, 0.0005701974732801318, 0.0007203583954833448, 0.0005859366501681507, 0.0006072471151128411, 0.0005837937933392823, 0.0007034390000626445, 0.0008322071516886353, 0.0008411217131651938, 0.0006350834737531841, 0.0005925334990024567, 0.0005882845725864172, 0.0006197402835823596, 0.0006092587718740106, 0.000578280829358846, 0.0006367022870108485, 0.0006661691586486995, 0.0006177317700348794, 0.0005852166214026511, 0.000615181284956634, 0.0006446298793889582, 0.0010886960662901402, 0.0008292015991173685, 0.000613932206761092, 0.0006202706717886031, 0.000626500986982137, 0.0006813191575929523, 0.0006250207661651075, 0.0006363807478919625, 0.0006169224507175386, 0.0006649106508120894, 0.000693980255164206, 0.0009538338636048138, 0.0006279866211116314, 0.000645305379293859, 0.0007027809624560177, 0.0006311165634542704, 0.0006147970561869442, 0.0007408409146592021, 0.0007390892133116722, 0.0006431802758015692, 0.000573168508708477, 0.0006070596864446998, 0.0006528756930492818, 0.0006262517417781055, 0.0006234756438061595, 0.000586426816880703, 0.0006145205115899444, 0.0005595996626652777, 0.0006262410315684974, 0.000736316607799381, 0.0005907602608203888, 0.0005992710357531905, 0.0006387118482962251 ]

[ "Patent Document 1, for example, discloses a control apparatus for an internal combustion engine with a turbocharger. ", "The conventional apparatus judges compressor surge of the turbocharger in accordance with the relationship between a pressure ratio of the upstream and downstream pressure of the compressor and an air flow amount passing through the compressor, the relationship between the above pressure ratio and engine speed.", "\nIncluding the above-mentioned document, the applicant is aware of the following documents as a related art of the present invention.", "\n[Patent Document 1] Japanese Laid-open Patent Application Publication No. ", "2001-342840\n[Patent Document 2] Japanese Laid-open Utility Model Application Publication No. ", "Hei 05-42642" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0006081924657337368, 0.0005813054740428925, 0.0005258401506580412, 0.0006644099485129118, 0.0006373069481924176, 0.0010845765937119722 ]

[ "Q:\n\nUse CDATA to store raw binary streams?", "\n\nInstead of the overhead with saving binary as Base64, I was wondering if you could directly store double-byte binary streams into XML files, using CDATA, or commenting it out, or something?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe Nul character ( '\\0' in C ) is not valid anywhere in XML, even as an escape ( & #0; ). ", "\n\nA:\n\nNo you can't use CDATA alone to inject binary data in an XML file.", "\nIn XML1.0 (because XML 1.1 is more permissive, but not about control chars), the following restrictions apply to CDATA characters:\nCData ::= (Char* - (Char* ']]>' Char*)) \nChar ::= #x9 | #xA | #xD | [#x20-#xD7FF] | [#xE000-#xFFFD] | [#x10000-#x10FFFF]\n\nThat means there are several characters illegal, among them are:\n\nillegal XML control characters 0x00 to 0x20 except new lines, carriage returns and tabs\nillegal UTF-8 sequences like 0xFF or the non canonical 0b1100000x 0b10xxxxxx\n\nIn addition to that, in a standard entity content without CDATA :\n\n\"<\" and \">\" use are illegal\n\"&\" use is restricted (&eacute; is OK, &zajdalkdza; is not)\n\nSo CDATA is just a way to allow \"<\", \">\" and \"&\", by restricting \"]]>\" instead. ", "It doesn't solve the illegal XML, Unicode and UTF-8 characters issue which is the main problem.", "\nSolutions:\n\nUse Base64 with 33% overhead but a large support in all programming languages and the fact that it's a standard\nUse BaseXML with still limited implementations but 20% overhead only\nDon't encode binary data within XML if possible, transfer it separately\n\nA:\n\nXML is a plain-text format - don't use it to store binary data. ", "Put the binary blobs in separate files and add an element to your XML which references these files. ", "If you want to store all binary blobs in a single file, add an offset attribute or something like that...\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0008182095480151474, 0.0006052952376194298, 0.0007051897700875998, 0.0007602199329994619, 0.001090214354917407, 0.0007614009082317352, 0.000752334832213819, 0.0009855255484580994, 0.0008876061183400452 ]

[ "import createBundleTestSuite from '../../utils/createBundleTestSuite';\n\ncreateBundleTestSuite('react_native_with_haul_0_60x', 'android', {\n testRamBundle: true,\n checkAssets: true,\n});\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0008609609212726355 ]

[ "Dianic Wicca\n\nDianic Wicca, also known as Dianic Witchcraft, is a neopagan religion female-centered goddess ritual and tradition. ", "While some adherents identify as Wiccan, it differs from most traditions of Wicca in that only goddesses are honored (whereas most Wiccan traditions honor both female and male deities).", "\n\nWhile there is more than one tradition that calls itself Dianic, the best known is the female-only variety, founded by Zsuzsanna Budapest in the United States in the 1970s. ", "It is notable for its worship of a single Goddess and focus on egalitarian matriarchy. ", "It is named after the Roman goddess Diana, but Dianics worship goddesses from many cultures, seeing them as \"aspects\" of a monotheistic goddess. ", " Dianic Wicca is an eclectic combination of elements from British Traditional Wicca, Italian folk-magic as recorded by Charles Leland in Aradia, the importance of womanhood, folk magic and healing practices from a variety of different cultures.", "\n\nBeliefs and practices\n\nDianic Wiccans of the Budapest lineage worship the Goddess, who they see as containing all goddesses, from all cultures; she is seen as the source of all living things and containing all that is within her. ", "Dianic covens practice magic in the form of mediation and visualization in addition to spell work. ", "They focus especially on healing themselves from the wounds of the patriarchy while affirming their own womanhood.", "\n\nRituals can include reenacting religious and spiritual lore from a female-centered standpoint, celebrating the female body, and mourning society's abuses of women. ", "The practice of magic is rooted in the belief that energy or 'life force' can be directed to enact change. ", "However it is important to note that rituals are often improvised to suit individual or group needs and vary from coven to coven. ", "Some Dianic Wiccans eschew manipulative spellwork and hexing because it goes against the Wiccan Rede. ", "However, many other Dianic witches (notably Budapest) do not consider hexing or binding of those who attack women to be wrong, and actively encourage the binding of rapists.", "\n\nDifferences from mainstream Wicca\nLike other Wiccans, Dianics may form covens, attend festivals, celebrate the eight major Wiccan holidays, and gather on Esbats. ", "They use many of the same altar tools, rituals, and vocabulary as other Wiccans. ", "Dianics may also gather in less formal Circles. ", "The most noticeable difference between the two are that Dianic covens of Budapest lineage are composed entirely of women.", "\n\nWhen asked why \"men and gods\" are excluded from her rituals, Budapest stated:\n\nThere is therapeutic value inherent in Dianic ritual—many women use it to overcome personal trauma and raise awareness about violence towards women, earning comparisons to female-centered consciousness-raising groups in the 1960s and 70s. ", "In fact, some groups develop rituals specifically to confront gendered personal trauma, such as battery, rape, incest, and partner abuse. ", "In one ethnographic study of such a ritual, women shifted their understanding of power from the hands of their abusers to themselves. ", "It was found that this ritual had improved self-perception in participants in the short-term, and that the results could be sustained with ongoing practice. ", "\n \nDianics pride themselves on the inclusion of lesbian and bisexual members. ", "It is a goal within many covens to explore female sexuality and sensuality outside of male control, and many rituals function to affirm lesbian sexuality, making it a popular tradition for women who have come out. ", "Some covens exclusively consist of same-sex oriented women and advocate lesbian separatism.", "\n\nDianic Wicca developed from the Women's Liberation Movement and covens traditionally compare themselves with radical feminism. ", "Some of these covens reject transgender people who were assigned male at birth. ", "Some groups also directly challenge gender identity.", "\n\nHistory\n\nAradia, or the Gospel of the Witches claims that ancient Diana, Aphrodite, Aradia, and Herodius cults linked to the Sacred Mysteries are the origin of the all-female coven and many witch myths as we know them.", "\nDianic Wicca began on the Winter Solstice of 1971, when Budapest led a ceremony in Hollywood, California. ", "Self-identifying as a \"hereditary witch,\" and claiming to have learned folk magic from her mother, Budapest is frequently considered the mother of modern Dianic Wiccan tradition. ", "Dianic Wicca itself is named after the Roman goddess of the same name.", "\n\nDenominations and related traditions\n Traditions derived from Zsuzsanna Budapest - Female-only covens run by priestesses trained and initiated by Budapest.", "\n Independent Dianic witches - who may have been inspired by Budapest, her published work (such as The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries) or other woman's spirituality movements, and who emphasize independent study and self-initiation.", "\n\nMcFarland Dianic\nMcFarland Dianic is a Neopagan tradition of goddess worship founded by Morgan McFarland and Mark Roberts which, despite the shared name, has a different theology and in some cases accepts male participants. ", "McFarland largely bases their tradition on the work of Robert Graves and his book The White Goddess. ", "While some McFarland covens will initiate men, the leadership is limited to female priestesses. ", "Like other Dianic traditions, \"McFarland Dianic covens espouse feminism as an all-important concept.\" ", "They consider the decision whether to include or exclude males as \"solely the choice of [a member coven's] individual High Priestess.\"", "\n\nSee also\nFeminist theology\nGoddess movement\nThealogy\nPachamama\nSacred feminine\nSacred Mysteries\nShaktism\nGynocentrism\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Barrett, Ruth. ", "Women's Rites, Women's Mysteries: Intuitive Ritual Creation. ", "Llewellyn Publications; 2007, . ", "Earlier publishing: Women's Rites, Women's Mysteries: Creating Ritual in the Dianic Wiccan Tradition. ", "Authorhouse; 2004, .", "\n Eisler, Riane, The Chalice and the Blade.", "\n Mountainwater, Shekhinah, Ariadne's Thread.", "\n Ochshorn, Judith and Cole, Ellen. ", "Women's Spirituality, Women's Lives. ", "Haworth Press 1995. . ", "pp 122 & 133 referring to Z Budapest and Shekinah Mountainwater, among others, in a discussion of Dianic Witchcraft.", "\n Pond, Gina, et al. ", "Gender and Transgender in Modern Paganism. ", "Circle of Cerridwen Press, 2012. ", "\n On Starhawk, the Reclaiming Tradition and feminism, M. Macha NightMare.", "\n Interview with Starhawk in Modern Pagans: An Investigation of Contemporary Pagan Practices, ed. ", "V. Vale and John Sulak, Re/Search, San Francisco, 2001, .", "\n\nExternal links\nDianic Wicca, Official Website\nDianic Tradition, Official Website\nDianic Wicca, Website\nZ. Budapest\nInternational Goddess Conference\nSusan B. Anthony Coven, Dianic Wicca Website\nTemple of Diana\nThe McFarland Dianic Tradition\n\n \nCategory:Monotheism\nCategory:Theism\nCategory:Feminist spirituality\nCategory:Neopaganism in the United States\nCategory:Wiccan feminism\nCategory:Diana (mythology)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.006854364648461342, 0.0010294723324477673, 0.0006416472024284303, 0.004362299107015133, 0.0012653814628720284, 0.0011431364109739661, 0.0025675527285784483, 0.0008074893848970532, 0.029730208218097687, 0.005364208947867155, 0.0006226811674423516, 0.000537847459781915, 0.04149674251675606, 0.07304320484399796, 0.003086620941758156, 0.0009392737410962582, 0.0007580402307212353, 0.001003640121780336, 0.0006703866529278457, 0.004460682161152363, 0.0017878140788525343, 0.0005619630101136863, 0.026214048266410828, 0.019489780068397522, 0.12833797931671143, 0.0018951892852783203, 0.12143196910619736, 0.0011778123443946242, 0.0008333681034855545, 0.0006506057106889784, 0.0017281519249081612, 0.0013312508817762136, 0.0007475330494344234, 0.0005767021793872118, 0.0016164161497727036, 0.0007611085311509669, 0.006704078521579504, 0.0009004483581520617, 0.0008117178222164512, 0.004542222712188959, 0.0007654271903447807, 0.0008557290420867503, 0.0007803678745403886, 0.0006796731613576412, 0.001356340479105711, 0.0008292276179417968, 0.0007913034060038626, 0.03790031000971794, 0.0007596297073177993, 0.0005987923359498382, 0.0006084733176976442, 0.021384159103035927, 0.0007839220343157649, 0.0008583299932070076, 0.0008552133804187179, 0.0006469575455412269, 0.0007983472314663231 ]

[ "apiVersion: v1\nkind: ServiceAccount\nmetadata:\n labels:\n k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard\n k8s-addon: kubernetes-dashboard.addons.k8s.io\n name: kubernetes-dashboard\n namespace: kube-system\n\n---\n\napiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1\nkind: ClusterRoleBinding\nmetadata:\n name: kubernetes-dashboard\n labels:\n k8s-addon: kubernetes-dashboard.addons.k8s.io\n k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard\nroleRef:\n apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io\n kind: ClusterRole\n name: cluster-admin\nsubjects:\n- kind: ServiceAccount\n name: kubernetes-dashboard\n namespace: kube-system\n\n---\n\nkind: Deployment\napiVersion: extensions/v1beta1\nmetadata:\n labels:\n k8s-addon: kubernetes-dashboard.addons.k8s.io\n k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard\n version: v1.6.1\n kubernetes.io/cluster-service: \"true\" \n name: kubernetes-dashboard\n namespace: kube-system\nspec:\n replicas: 1\n revisionHistoryLimit: 10\n selector:\n matchLabels:\n k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard\n template:\n metadata:\n labels:\n k8s-addon: kubernetes-dashboard.addons.k8s.io\n k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard\n version: v1.6.1\n kubernetes.io/cluster-service: \"true\"\n annotations:\n scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: ''\n scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/tolerations: '[{\"key\":\"CriticalAddonsOnly\", \"operator\":\"Exists\"}]'\n spec:\n containers:\n - name: kubernetes-dashboard\n image: k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.6.1\n ports:\n - containerPort: 9090\n protocol: TCP\n resources:\n # keep request = limit to keep this container in guaranteed class\n limits:\n cpu: 100m\n memory: 50Mi\n requests:\n cpu: 100m\n memory: 50Mi\n args:\n # Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host\n # If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect\n # to it. ", "Uncomment only if the default does not work.", "\n # - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:port\n livenessProbe:\n httpGet:\n path: /\n port: 9090\n initialDelaySeconds: 30\n timeoutSeconds: 30\n serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard\n # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master\n tolerations:\n - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master\n effect: NoSchedule\n\n---\n\nkind: Service\napiVersion: v1\nmetadata:\n labels:\n k8s-addon: kubernetes-dashboard.addons.k8s.io\n k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard\n kubernetes.io/cluster-service: \"true\"\n name: kubernetes-dashboard\n namespace: kube-system\nspec:\n ports:\n - port: 80\n targetPort: 9090\n selector:\n k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0009140308829955757, 0.0007638114620931447, 0.0007386156939901412 ]

[ "The information being provided by California Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. (“CRMLS”) is for your personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties you may be interested in purchasing. ", "Any information relating to a property referenced on this web site comes from CRMLS. ", "This web site may reference real estate listing(s) held by a brokerage firm other than the broker and/or agent who owns this website. ", "The accuracy of all information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be personally verified through personal inspection by and/or with the appropriate professionals. ", "The data contained herein is copyrighted by CRMLS and is protected by all applicable copyright laws. ", "Any dissemination of this information is in violation of copyright laws and is strictly prohibited.", "\n\n28104 Bryce Drive, CastaicCA, 91384(Residential)\n\nGorgeous Castaic pool home, 4 bed+3 bath., ", "great floor plan with open kitchen to dining area. ", "The 4th bedroom is a loft, can be used as an office/bedroom. ", "Large master bedroom with bath and a large balcony. ", "High ceilings in the living room connecting to dining area and kitchen.", "\n\nPrice\n\nSold Price:$446,000Sold Date:02/20/2015\n\nCounty:\nLos Angeles\n\nBeds: 4\n\nBaths: 3 Full\n\nSq ft:1,689 (approx)\n\nMLS#: SR15012889\n\nStatus: Closed\n\nDescription\n\nGorgeous Castaic pool home, 4 bed+3 bath., ", "great floor plan with open kitchen to dining area. ", "The 4th bedroom is a loft, can be used as an office/bedroom. ", "Large master bedroom with bath and a large balcony. ", "High ceilings in the living room connecting to dining area and kitchen.", "\n\nListing Information\n\nProperty Type: Single Family, Contemporary, 2 Story\n\nBedrooms:4\n\nBathrooms:3 Full\n\nLot Size:0.16 Acres\n\nSquare Feet:1,689 (approx)\n\nPrice per Sq. ", "Ft.:$264.06\n\nYear Built:1993\n\nGarage:\nYes- 2 spaces\n\nStories:2\n\nWater:Public Water Service\n\nSewer:Sewer at Street\n\nNeighborhood\n\nRoom Information\n\nBathrooms\n\nFull Baths: 3\n\nAdditional Room Information\n\nRooms:Loft\n\nInterior Features\n\nFlooring:Ceramic Tile, Laminate\n\nCooling:Central Air\n\nFireplaces:Family Room\n\nExterior / Lot Features\n\nParking:2 Garage Spaces,2 Parking Spaces\n\nRoof:Tile, Concrete\n\nPool:Pool\n\nPool Description:Private\n\nLot View:Mountain\n\nAdditional Exterior/Lot Features:Sidewalks\n\nDriving Directions\n\nHasley exit to the Old Road, Hillcrest & Yosemite\n\nFinancial Considerations\n\nTax/Property ID:\n2865056019\n\nListing Price History\n\nCastaic Real Estate\n\nCastaic is located in California.", "\nCastaic, California 91384 has a population of 18,610.", "\n\nThe median household income in Castaic, California 91384 is\n$106,538.", "\nThe median household income for the surrounding county is $56,241\ncompared to the national median of $53,046.", "\nThe median age of people living in Castaic 91384 is\n36.4 years.", "\n\nLoading nearby sales and history ...\n\nCourtesy: Berkshire Hathaway HomeServic Paul Ferreccio;\n\nThe information being provided by California Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. (“CRMLS”) is for your personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties you may be interested in purchasing. ", "Any information relating to a property referenced on this web site comes from CRMLS. ", "This web site may reference real estate listing(s) held by a brokerage firm other than the broker and/or agent who owns this website. ", "The accuracy of all information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be personally verified through personal inspection by and/or with the appropriate professionals. ", "The data contained herein is copyrighted by CRMLS and is protected by all applicable copyright laws. ", "Any dissemination of this information is in violation of copyright laws and is strictly prohibited." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005408772849477828, 0.0006279392982833087, 0.0006170465494506061, 0.0005282313795760274, 0.0006637950427830219, 0.0006465800106525421, 0.0008818195201456547, 0.0006142134661786258, 0.0011912839254364371, 0.003664948046207428, 0.0006207712576724589, 0.0006524197524413466, 0.0006142134661786258, 0.0011912839254364371, 0.003664948046207428, 0.0006207712576724589, 0.0007480158237740397, 0.0007341848686337471, 0.0008245822973549366, 0.0007049757405184209, 0.0006677662022411823, 0.0008026716532185674, 0.0005855885101482272, 0.0006279392982833087, 0.0006170465494506061, 0.0005282313795760274, 0.0006637950427830219, 0.0006465800106525421 ]

[ "After America made terrifying history by electing a demagogue who campaigned by uniting White America against Mexicans, Muslims, African Americans, and more \"others\" while doing little to hide his disdain for women, you may be wondering what to do now. ", "How do we move forward when Donald Trump has rightfully earned the title of president-elect? ", "How can those of us who didn't vote for a great \"white-lash,\" aka the majority of the electorate, continue to make our voices heard? ", "How can we start a legitimate movement against our legitimately elected president-to-be?", "\n\nWe can protest the shit out of him.", "\n\nPlans for exercising our First Amendment rights are popping up across the United States. ", "Here's a list of protests today in various cities that'll hopefully continue to grow (all times local):\n\nIf you know of a protest not on the list, feel free to email me at ian.servantes@complex.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.023312818259000778, 0.0006420677527785301, 0.0038062511011958122, 0.0013303890591487288, 0.8897939324378967, 0.0006034508114680648, 0.000643197214230895 ]

[ "0 Shares\n\nThe duo behind such legendary tokusatsu as Choujin Sentai Jetman and GARO are teaming up once again to bring you what is being called a “”Love Comedy Battle Action Hero” show. ", "So… all the demographics. ", "😀\n\nFrom forum member Jacky392000 who broke the news:\n\nOfficial Site\n\nThe official forum discussion kicks off here and we’ll bring you more details as it comes.", "\n\nShougeki Gouraigan is set to air Fall of 2013." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0010281986324116588, 0.0010852721752598882, 0.0006257184431888163, 0.0012296698987483978 ]

[ "#import \"GPUImage3x3TextureSamplingFilter.h\"\n\n@interface GPUImageColorLocalBinaryPatternFilter : GPUImage3x3TextureSamplingFilter\n\n@end\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.000949256937019527 ]

[ "Respondents to the question in the above chart, from Statista , were asked about their views on the creation of the universe in light of the Philae lander successfully landing on the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.", "\n\nAs well as the marked difference in views on creation on opposing sides of the Atlantic, the YouGov poll found that the idea of our planet being seeded by organic compounds from comets - as Philae and its spacecraft Rosetta have been investigating - is yet to really take root." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0005803679814562201, 0.0006490112864412367 ]

[ "Summary\n\nIn a split decision, the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's ruling in the case of United States v. Texas, a challenge to Obama's 2014 executive actions. ", "The 4-4 decision sends the case back to the district court to decide the case on the merits. ", "Meanwhile, DAPA and extended DACA remain blocked.", "\n\nThis case, a challenge brought by governors and attorneys general from Texas and 25 other states, involves the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) program and an expansion of the earlier Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which were decreed by President Obama in November 2014. ", "Under the programs, an illegal alien becomes \"lawfully present\" in the U.S. and receives a work permit and a Social Security number after an application is reviewed (typically merely rubber stamped) and a fee is paid. ", "The amnestied aliens also become eligible to receive driver's licenses and the Earned Income Tax Credit welfare program and various state programs.", "\n\nThe states allege that the DAPA program (1) violates the president's constitutional duty to \"take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed\"; (2) DAPA was promulgated without public notice and comment; and (3) DAPA is in excess of agency authority.", "\n\nStanding is a key issue in the case. ", "Will the Court decide that standing provides a defense to any agency action? ", "If it does, the Court is saying \"the president can announce a vast program to suspend the law and provide benefits to illegal aliens prohibited by Congress through administrative action without so much as providing the public an opportunity to comment in advance.\"", "\n\nNearly all the media attention has been focused on the discretion issue to the exclusion of all the others. ", "Is it really just discretion to not prosecute when, under DAPA, the government is handing out work permits and making illegal aliens eligible for to work in the United States as well as to receive Social Security, unemployment, and disability benefits?", "\n\nThe Obama administration explicitly claims that it has unlimited authority to allow any alien to work — unless Congress specifically prohibits it. ", "Except that even when Congress explicitly prohibits such work (as with illegal aliens), the president still claims authority to grant it. ", "Obama also claims authority to make any alien \"lawfully present\" in the United States. ", "In other words, Obama claims to have the power to allow any alien to be in and to work in the United States.", "\n\nArticles\n\nWhat is it about? ", "What the Supreme Court Decision on DAPA entails.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "Now the case progresses normally though the court system. ", "The first stop is that the case will return to the Southern District of Texas. ", "There, the next likely step is that the judge will work with the parties to create a schedule of events to take place.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "What the Supreme Court Decision on DAPA entails.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "The lower court's decision to uphold the injunction remains in place, and the DAPA amnesty program (for illegal alien parents of U.S.-born kids) and the expansion of the DACA amnesty (for illegals who claim to have come here before age 16) remain on hold.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "A PBS Newshour debate on the SCOTUS decision and amnesty in general.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "The Center's Legal Analyst, Jon Feere, takes on the concerns of an illegal alien activist.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "The issues surrounding the upcoming Supreme Court case.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "Up until now, the Supreme Court has repeatedly held that Congress has plenary power over immigration: \"Over no conceivable subject is the legislative power of Congress more complete than it is over the admission of aliens.\"", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "The 5th Circuit Court of Appeals refusal to remove an injunction put in place by a district court\n\nWhy is it important? ", "Contains a PDF of the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals decision, which has led to upcoming the Supreme Court case, as well as the Center’s analysis of the decision.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "The multi-state challenge to Obama's DAPA amnesty for illegal aliens who have U.S.-citizen or permanent-resident children.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "Contains a map of the states that both oppose and defend the Texas lawsuit.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "Congressional testimony that details the costs of the DACA and DAPA programs on the labor market and tax revenue.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "The realities of the modern American economy, coupled with the modern American administrative state, make large fiscal costs an unavoidable problem of less-educated immigration.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "An Internal Revenue Service decision that some illegal aliens, granted short-term amnesty under DACA and DAPA programs, can also retroactively collect tax benefits previously denied to them.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "The benefits can be as much as several thousand dollars — and perhaps as much as $10,000 over the years for some illegal aliens, particularly parents.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "A USCIS document provided to the Senate Judiciary Committee detailing exactly which categories of legal immigrants were disadvantaged by the implementation of the DACA program.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "There can be no question that illegal aliens are the priority for USCIS these days, not Americans and legal immigrants.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "Constitutional law surrounding the DACA program.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "The deferral of removal directly violates a provision of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996; grants of advance parole also directly violate a provision of the 1996 Act; and granting employment authorization to millions of illegal aliens directly contradicts numerous court decisions holding that the Executive Branch may not, under color of its power to administer immigration laws, circumvent the statutory limits on the number of aliens allowed to compete in the U.S. labor market.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "Are DACA aliens members of gangs, or were they ever?", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "USCIS decided that the gang membership question should be on the application form filed in the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. ", "Then USCIS decided did not want to know the answer, so the information is not recorded.", "\n\nWhat is it about? ", "Companies seeking more cheap labor from abroad have filed an amicus brief with the U.S. Supreme Court in support of the Obama administration.", "\n\nWhy is it important? ", "It is that likely Facebook viewed this brief as a way to pull in companies supportive of low-skilled labor who can be called upon by Facebook to back its push for more high-skilled foreign labor in the future." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0005911790649406612, 0.0006605522939935327, 0.0009027145570144057, 0.0005845535197295249, 0.0006485818303190172, 0.0008188530337065458, 0.0007765767513774335, 0.0005828614230267704, 0.0009003878803923726, 0.0006193895824253559, 0.0005922006675973535, 0.0008699784521013498, 0.0006948164664208889, 0.0006597312749363482, 0.0006492253160104156, 0.0008053964702412486, 0.0007379596936516464, 0.0006708193104714155, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0005880455137230456, 0.0007258248515427113, 0.0005617514834739268, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0006708193104714155, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0009303068509325385, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0006609905976802111, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0006934669800102711, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.000616982753854245, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0006744652055203915, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0006627870607189834, 0.0005570891662500799, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.001171668991446495, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0007471658755093813, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0005476347869262099, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0008082434651441872, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0006295704515650868, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0013865113724023104, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0005115774692967534, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0009225664543919265, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0006067788344807923, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0007784608751535416, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.006898827850818634, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.000593576580286026, 0.0006469812942668796, 0.0008508149185217917, 0.0005999614368192852, 0.0007437446620315313, 0.0006292380858212709 ]

[ "The failure to make much progress at the UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar this winter was yet another reminder that the world might soon face extreme climate shifts. ", "In response, it is becoming increasingly likely that governments will adopt risky strategies, known as “geoengineering,” to rapidly cool the planet. ", "Four years ago, in order to raise awareness about geoengineering, we published \"The Geoengineering Option\" in Foreign Affairs. ", "Almost nobody thought that such tactics -- which included spraying particles into the upper atmosphere to make the earth more reflective, akin to how big volcanoes cool the planet -- were a particularly good option. ", "The risks were simply too great and the unknowns too many. ", "Still, if reliable data and specific models showed that climate change was about to get out of hand, we wrote, such drastic measures might start to look more appealing. ", "The world could no longer ignore the geoengineering option, and we argued that a major science program should begin to explore it.", "\n\nThese days, barely a month goes by without new research that shows that the planet’s climate could be more sensitive to global warming than experts previously thought. ", "For example, some ice sheets now appear a lot less stable than scientists had imagined. ", "And new estimates of how much the sea will rise when ice sheets melt far surpass the best estimates of just a few years ago. ", "It is clear that, unchecked, climate change won’t just menace natural ecosystems; it will also cause severe harm to humans and could even threaten national security. ", "And, because governments have made barely any progress in controlling the emissions that cause global warming -- the 2000s saw the most rapid growth in emissions of carbon dioxide and other warming gases since the 1970s -- it’s not so crazy to imagine that some nation will launch an emergency geoengineering scheme, perhaps before its viability and consequences are understood.", "\n\nSince we wrote our essay, press coverage of geoengineering has exploded. ", "The topic makes for good copy: it is weird, sexy, and steeped in exotic science. ", "The term is also incredibly vague, including both techniques for removing carbon dioxide from the air and technology that could rapidly change the amount of sunlight reflected back to space and cool the planet. ", "That method is often termed solar radiation management (SRM).", "\n\nCarbon dioxide removal schemes include everything from planting trees to fertilizing the oceans in an attempt to cajole great blooms of phytoplankton. ", "Both hinge on photosynthesis, which sucks carbon dioxide from the air; carbon dioxide is the chief long-term cause of global warming. ", "These techniques also include installing scrubbers almost anywhere on the planet, which can strip carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. ", "Such removal strategies are intriguing, but seem likely to cost hundreds of billions of dollars a year and would take decades to have much of an effect.", "\n\nIn contrast, SRM technologies could cool the planet in just a few months by tinkering with the planet’s energy balance. ", "The usual proposals involve spraying material into the stratosphere, where it would turn into reflective clouds, or blowing seawater into the air, with a similar effect. ", "The clouds could deflect just enough incoming sunlight to offset, crudely, the number of degrees human emissions have warmed the planet. ", "Flying a fleet of high-altitude aircraft that spray particles into the upper atmosphere would cost perhaps ten billion dollars per year -- a pittance for a country that is suffering from severe climate change and seeks a quick solution.", "\n\nMost carbon dioxide removal schemes appear relatively safe, although tinkering with a fragile ecosystem by fertilizing the ocean does involve risks. ", "In contrast, SRM raises serious political and policy questions. ", "Although quick and cheap, messing with the complex and imperfectly understood climate system, which is already stressed by warming gases, could end badly. ", "Severe side effects might, for example, include a shift in the seasonal monsoons that many countries rely on for rainfall and agriculture, or accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer. ", "No one knows whether it would be possible to predict and offset all such harmful side effects or how much it might cost. ", "Further, once an SRM system is deployed for an extended period of time, stopping it suddenly would lead to even more rapid and severe climate change as the mask is lifted. ", "Another wrinkle is that some aspects of climate change, such as degraded coral reefs, might be irreversible, and, since the driving forces behind the destruction would remain, it would be particularly irresponsible to deploy SRM without an accompanying program to control carbon emissions.", "\n\nGiven the real and imagined dangers, a movement to regulate geoengineering has been gaining momentum. ", "In the fall of 2010, 193 governments adopted a nonbinding decision under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity that would all but ban testing of geoengineering systems. ", "Most environmental NGOs seem to be opposed to even talking about geoengineering out of fear that it might distract from the urgent task of controlling emissions or encourage governments to go ahead with their own projects.", "\n\nThe missing ingredient in all this controversy, though, is arguably the most important: the science. ", "Since 2009, there has been a significant increase in geoengineering research. ", "So far, however, the research is almost exclusively devoted to modeling. ", "It has not yet really moved on to the next stages -- careful monitoring nature’s own geoengineering processes (for example, volcanic eruptions) and small-scale field tests. ", "There has been some limited field work on ocean fertilization, with less than encouraging results.", "\n\nThe result is that the scientific community knows little more than it did four years ago about how geoengineering would actually work or what its consequences would be. ", "These technologies might not be well understood when and if they are needed, and could be deployed prematurely. ", "In the growing efforts to regulate geoengineering, governments and activists are flying blind as they conjure up new regulations.", "\n\nSince 2009, several proposals have been made for new SRM research, including by the United Kingdom’s Royal Society, the U.S. Bipartisan Policy Center, and a variety of other scientific groups. ", "Yet funding for serious laboratory, modeling, and field study has not followed, in part because government officials fear the political spotlight that follows this kind of research. ", "Indeed, when White House science adviser John Holdren broached the topic some years ago, he quickly retreated after a blizzard of controversy.", "\n\nGetting started on serious research need not be expensive. ", "When managed correctly, a well-designed scientific research program also needn’t be that controversial if government funders and scientists follow some simple guidelines. ", "Small-scale field trials in the upper atmosphere to test components of an SRM system are particularly urgent. ", "The countries with the leading atmospheric research programs already have the rockets, satellites, and aircraft technologies needed to deploy, instrument, and gather data from tests. ", "For now, research doesn’t even require much new investment, since better knowledge of the upper atmosphere overlaps heavily with broader needs of climate research.", "\n\nThe key is to draw a sharp line between studies that are small enough to avoid any noticeable or durable impact on the climate or weather and those that are larger and, accordingly, carry larger risks. (", "In a recent paper, Ted Parson, a scientist at the Emmett Center for Climate Change and Law, and David Keith, an engineer at Harvard, suggested some reasonable limits.) ", "A smart research program begins with small tests, for example to study whether and how very fine particles in the stratosphere might clump together and how long they will persist. ", "Results would be essential to develop guidelines for larger experiments down the road.", "\n\nSuch small-scale tests should not be viewed as the camel's nose under the tent. ", "As the results are analyzed, it is likely that deficiencies of SRM will become more apparent. ", "And the public, far from seeing SRM as a silver bullet, could become yet more concerned about climate change and about the fact that failures to control emissions have made even terribly risky options plausible.", "\n\nIn 1891, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes admonished Dr. Watson, \"It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data.\" ", "And right now, the politics of geoengineering are far ahead of the science. ", "As the 2010 decision within the Conventional on Biological Diversity shows, fears about geoengineering are leading to counterproductive policy schemes. ", "More practical understanding of what is at stake could help reorient the debate, and if the science is funded and published openly, then best practices and norms for behavior will emerge. ", "In time, those norms and new information will make it easier to focus treaty negotiations -- if they prove necessary at all -- on the aspects of geoengineering that actually need formal intergovernmental regulation.", "\n\nThat nations are talking seriously about climate engineering is a sign of just how sick the planet has become. ", "In 2009, we presented geoengineering as an intriguing research project that had potentially profound political consequences. ", "Since then, the politics and public discourse have run quickly, but the research has not. ", "Until the science gets serious, the politics won’t reflect what’s really at stake. ", "Meanwhile, the planet keeps warming and the day when geoengineering might be needed draws nearer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0009370663901790977, 0.0009656257461756468, 0.0005597271374426782, 0.0007180123357102275, 0.0008688825182616711, 0.0005627788486890495, 0.0005802478990517557, 0.0006998382741585374, 0.0006105801439844072, 0.0006804852746427059, 0.0012098143342882395, 0.0007445423980243504, 0.0006535046850331128, 0.0005982270813547075, 0.0006143706850707531, 0.000610743067227304, 0.0010770192602649331, 0.04039248079061508, 0.0011772880097851157, 0.0006085652275942266, 0.0007292547961696982, 0.0006124699721112847, 0.0007231167983263731, 0.0008448439766652882, 0.0006207269034348428, 0.0006125508225522935, 0.0008766183163970709, 0.0005916187074035406, 0.0024406432639807463, 0.0005837125354446471, 0.004012032877653837, 0.000566392089240253, 0.0006617166800424457, 0.0006755379727110267, 0.0005985652678646147, 0.0005667809164151549, 0.0006171624409034848, 0.0005780490464530885, 0.0005576100083999336, 0.0007298729033209383, 0.0005717629683203995, 0.001450459472835064, 0.0005359736387617886, 0.0005779623170383275, 0.0006139210890978575, 0.0006281763198785484, 0.000558581028599292, 0.0005420694942586124, 0.0005506820161826909, 0.0005699149915017188, 0.0005631120875477791, 0.0005517745157703757, 0.0005965940654277802, 0.000540020118933171, 0.0010168987791985273, 0.0005866820574738085, 0.0006194382440298796, 0.0008321952191181481, 0.0008061665575951338, 0.0005780526553280652, 0.0005505972076207399, 0.0005561021971516311, 0.03407667949795723, 0.0005719889304600656, 0.0005804603570140898, 0.0009616485331207514, 0.0007024330552667379 ]

[ "Male infertility and thiamine-dependent erythroid hypoplasia in mice lacking thiamine transporter Slc19a2.", "\nThiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia with diabetes and deafness (TRMA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the high-affinity thiamine transporter gene SLC19A2. ", "To study the role of thiamine transport in the pathophysiology of TRMA syndrome and of each of the component disorders, we created a targeted disruption of the Slc19a2 gene in mice. ", "Slc19a2 -/- mice are viable and females are fertile. ", "Male -/- mice on a pure 129/Sv background are infertile with small testes (testis/body weight=0.13 +/- 0.04 knockout vs. 0.35 +/- 0.05 wild type, P<0.000005). ", "The lack of developing germ cells beyond primary spermatocytes suggests an arrest in spermatogenesis prior to meiosis II. ", "Nuclear chromatin changes indicative of apoptosis are present. ", "No mature sperm are found in the tubules or epididymis. ", "This phenotype suggests a previously unknown role for thiamine transport in spermatogenesis and male fertility. ", "Slc19a2 -/- mice on a pure 129/Sv background develop reticulocytopenia after two weeks on thiamine-depleted chow with a virtual absence of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood (0.12% knockout vs. 2.58% wild type, P=0.0079). ", "Few erythroid precursors are found in the bone marrow. ", "Contrary to human TRMA syndrome, we see no evidence of megaloblastosis or ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow of Slc19a2 -/- mice in thiamine-replete or thiamine-deficient dietary states. ", "Phenotypic differences between TRMA patients and Slc19a2 -/- mice might be explained by dissimilar tissue expression patterns of the transporter, as well as by differing metabolic needs and possible different species-specific contributions of the related thiamine transporter Slc19a3." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.01642162911593914, 0.002778872149065137, 0.0006365536246448755, 0.006653798744082451, 0.1264905482530594, 0.00871402770280838, 0.0006789338076487184, 0.11621205508708954, 0.002436293289065361, 0.001042701886035502, 0.0007270357455126941, 0.001146615482866764, 0.0006876885890960693 ]

[ "Q:\n\nComment reply @ name with space\n\nConsider the following comment thread.", "\nThis will not work, the foos are all wrong --john doe\n@john Yeah, the bars too --john smith\n\nIf I reply using @john it will notify \"john smith\" but not \"john doe\". ", "How do I reply to \"john doe\"?", "\nHow do I reply to someone named \"BA Baracus\"? ", "Will @BABaracus work?", "\nWhat if the name is \"B. A. Baracus\"?", "\nWhat if, in the same comment thread, someone else is named \"BABaracus\"?", "\nNote: I have read Meta Stack Overflow question How do comment @replies work? ", "and Display names with spaces in the first few characters cannot be used in @ responses.", "\n\nA:\n\nTo quote How do comment @replies work?,", "\n\nSpaces are removed from the display names for matching purposes, so to match Peter Smith you may use @pet, @peter, @peters, or @petersmith. ", "The last two are useful if Peter Jones is also participating.", "\n\nTo answer your second question, it is only possible to reply to the most recent commentor of two identical usernames.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006189351552166045, 0.000979801407083869, 0.0006644732784479856, 0.0008687579538673162, 0.004249077755957842, 0.0007263711886480451, 0.0006875962135381997, 0.0007384517812170088, 0.0006826079334132373, 0.0008402990060858428, 0.0006853319937363267, 0.0006005135364830494, 0.0006092257099226117, 0.0019954426679760218 ]

[ "/**\n * {{#description}}{{.}}{{/description}}{{^description}}{{classname}}{{/description}}\n */{{#description}}\n{{#useOas2}}@ApiModel{{/useOas2}}{{^useOas2}}@Schema{{/useOas2}}(description = \"{{{description}}}\"){{/description}}\n{{>generatedAnnotation}}\npublic class {{classname}} {{#parent}}extends {{{parent}}}{{/parent}} {{#serializableModel}}implements Serializable {{#interfaceModels}}, {{classname}}{{^@last}}, {{/@last}}{{#@last}} {{/@last}}{{/interfaceModels}}{{/serializableModel}}{{^serializableModel}}{{#interfaceModels}}{{#@first}}implements {{/@first}}{{classname}}{{^@last}}, {{/@last}}{{#@last}} {{/@last}}{{/interfaceModels}}{{/serializableModel}} {\n {{#vars}}\n {{#baseItems this}}\n {{#is this 'enum'}}\n{{>enumClass}}\n {{/is~}}\n {{/baseItems}} \n {{#jackson}}\n @JsonProperty(\"{{baseName}}\")\n {{/jackson}}\n {{#if gson}}\n @SerializedName(\"{{baseName}}\")\n {{/if}}\n {{#is this 'container'}}\n private {{{datatypeWithEnum}}} {{name}}{{#required}} = {{{defaultValue}}}{{/required}}{{^required}} = null{{/required}};\n {{/is}}\n {{#isNot this 'container'}}\n private {{{datatypeWithEnum}}} {{name}} = {{{defaultValue}}};\n {{/isNot}}\n\n {{/vars}}\n {{#vars}}\n {{^isReadOnly}}\n public {{classname}} {{name}}({{{datatypeWithEnum}}} {{name}}) {\n this.{{name}} = {{name}};\n return this;\n }\n {{#is this 'list-container'}}\n\n public {{classname}} add{{nameInCamelCase}}Item({{{items.datatypeWithEnum}}} {{name}}Item) {\n {{^required}}\n if (this.{{name}} == null) {\n this.{{name}} = {{{defaultValue}}};\n }\n {{/required}}\n this.{{name}}.add({{name}}Item);\n return this;\n }\n {{/is}}\n {{#is this 'map-container'}}\n\n public {{classname}} put{{nameInCamelCase}}Item(String key, {{{items.datatypeWithEnum}}} {{name}}Item) {\n {{^required}}\n if (this.{{name}} == null) {\n this.{{name}} = {{{defaultValue}}};\n }\n {{/required}}\n this.{{name}}.put(key, {{name}}Item);\n return this;\n }\n {{/is}}\n\n {{/isReadOnly}}\n /**\n {{#description}}\n * {{description}}\n {{/description}}\n {{^description}}\n * Get {{name}}\n {{/description}}\n {{#minimum}}\n * minimum: {{minimum}}\n {{/minimum}}\n {{#maximum}}\n * maximum: {{maximum}}\n {{/maximum}}\n * @return {{name}}\n **/\n {{#vendorExtensions.extraAnnotation}}\n {{{vendorExtensions.extraAnnotation}}}\n {{/vendorExtensions.extraAnnotation}}\n {{#jackson}}\n @JsonProperty(\"{{baseName}}\")\n {{/jackson}}\n {{#useOas2}}\n @ApiModelProperty({{#example}}example = \"{{{example}}}\", {{/example}}{{#required}}required = {{required}}, {{/required}}value = \"{{{description}}}\")\n {{/useOas2}}\n {{^useOas2}}\n @Schema({{#example}}example = \"{{{example}}}\", {{/example}}{{#required}}required = {{required}}, {{/required}}description = \"{{{description}}}\")\n {{/useOas2}}\n{{#useBeanValidation}}{{>beanValidation}}{{/useBeanValidation}} public {{{datatypeWithEnum}}} {{getter}}() {\n return {{name}};\n }\n {{^isReadOnly}}\n\n public void {{setter}}({{{datatypeWithEnum}}} {{name}}) {\n this.{{name}} = {{name}};\n }\n {{/isReadOnly}}\n\n {{/vars}}\n\n{{^supportJava6}}\n @Override\n public boolean equals(java.lang.", "Object o) {\n if (this == o) {\n return true;\n }\n if (o == null || getClass() !", "= o.getClass()) {\n return false;\n }{{#has this 'vars'}}\n {{classname}} {{classVarName}} = ({{classname}}) o;\n return {{#vars}}Objects.equals(this.{{name}}, {{classVarName}}.{{name}}){{#has this 'more'}} &&\n {{/has}}{{/vars}}{{#parent}} &&\n super.equals(o){{/parent}};{{/has}}{{#hasNot this 'vars'}}\n return true;{{/hasNot}}\n }\n\n @Override\n public int hashCode() {\n return Objects.hash({{#vars}}{{name}}{{#has this 'more'}}, {{/has}}{{/vars}}{{#parentModel}}{{#has ../this 'vars'}}, {{/has}}super.hashCode(){{/parentModel}});\n }\n\n{{/supportJava6}}\n{{#supportJava6}}\n @Override\n public boolean equals(java.lang.", "Object o) {\n if (this == o) {\n return true;\n }\n if (o == null || getClass() !", "= o.getClass()) {\n return false;\n }{{#has this 'vars'}}\n {{classname}} {{classVarName}} = ({{classname}}) o;\n return {{#vars}}ObjectUtils.equals(this.{{name}}, {{classVarName}}.{{name}}){{#has this 'more'}} &&\n {{/has}}{{/vars}}{{#parent}} &&\n super.equals(o){{/parent}};{{/has}}{{#hasNot this 'vars'}}\n return true;{{/hasNot}}\n }\n\n @Override\n public int hashCode() {\n return ObjectUtils.hashCodeMulti({{#vars}}{{name}}{{#has this 'more'}}, {{/has}}{{/vars}}{{#parentModel}}{{#has this 'vars'}}, {{/has}}super.hashCode(){{/parentModel}});\n }\n\n{{/supportJava6}}\n\n @Override\n public String toString() {\n StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\n sb.append(\"class {{classname}} {\\n\");\n {{#parent}}sb.append(\" \").append(toIndentedString(super.toString())).append(\"\\n\");{{/parent}}\n {{#vars}}sb.append(\" {{name}}: \").append(toIndentedString({{name}})).append(\"\\n\");\n {{/vars}}sb.append(\"}\");\n return sb.toString();\n }\n\n /**\n * Convert the given object to string with each line indented by 4 spaces\n * (except the first line).", "\n */\n private String toIndentedString(java.lang.", "Object o) {\n if (o == null) {\n return \"null\";\n }\n return o.toString().replace(\"\\n\", \"\\n \");\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.023798827081918716, 0.020208891481161118, 0.005676985252648592, 0.020208891481161118, 0.010585526004433632, 0.0008523128926753998, 0.019401926547288895 ]

[ "Neribeichō, Tokyo\n\n, officially , is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. ", "As April 1, 2007, its population is 246. ", "Its postal code is 101-0022.", "\n\nKanda-Neribeichō is located on the northeastern part of Chiyoda. ", "It borders Akihabara, Taitō to the north, Kanda-Matsunagachō to the east, Kanda-Aioichō, and Soto-Kanda to the west.", "\n\nLocated to the north of the Akihabara Station, Neribeichō is home to several skyscrapers including and .", "\n\nCategory:Districts of Chiyoda, Tokyo" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0011683611664921045, 0.0007732235826551914, 0.0006595982704311609, 0.0010241298004984856, 0.0010338725987821817, 0.0007493353332392871, 0.0006319721578620374 ]

[ "Bottenwil\n\nBottenwil is a municipality in the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.", "\n\nHistory\nBottenwil is first mentioned in 1189 as Botanwile.", "\n\nGeography\nBottenwil has an area, , of . ", " Of this area, or 48.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 42.4% is forested. ", " Of the rest of the land, or 8.8% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes.", "\n\nOf the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.5%. ", " Out of the forested land, 39.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. ", " Of the agricultural land, 15.7% is used for growing crops and 30.8% is pastures, while 2.0% is used for orchards or vine crops. ", " All the water in the municipality is flowing water.", "\n\nThe municipality is located in the Zofingen district, in the upper Uerkental. ", " It consists of the linear village of Bottenwil.", "\n\nCoat of arms\nThe blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Pine Tree Vert issuant from a Wall Argent masoned embattled issuant from base.", "\n\nDemographics\nBottenwil has a population () of , 7.3% of the population are foreign nationals. ", " Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 0.4%. ", " Most of the population () speaks German(98.2%), with Italian being second most common ( 0.5%) and French being third ( 0.3%).", "\n\nThe age distribution, , in Bottenwil is; 71 children or 8.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 109 teenagers or 13.7% are between 10 and 19. ", " Of the adult population, 91 people or 11.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. ", " 112 people or 14.1% are between 30 and 39, 122 people or 15.4% are between 40 and 49, and 131 people or 16.5% are between 50 and 59. ", " The senior population distribution is 80 people or 10.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 55 people or 6.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 22 people or 2.8% who are between 80 and 89,and there is 1 person who is between 90 and older.", "\n\n the average number of residents per living room was 0.56 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. ", " In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. ", " About 62% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).", "\n\n, there were 23 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 124 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 153 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. ", " , there were 307 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. ", " there were 156 single family homes (or 45.6% of the total) out of a total of 342 homes and apartments. ", " There were a total of 0 empty apartments for a 0.0% vacancy rate. ", " , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.8 new units per 1000 residents.", "\n\nIn the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41.32% of the vote. ", " The next three most popular parties were the SP (13.92%), the FDP (11.39%) and the EVP Party (9.93%). ", " In the federal election, a total of 285 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.6%.", "\n\nThe historical population is given in the following table:\n\nEconomy\n, Bottenwil had an unemployment rate of 1.11%. ", " , there were 45 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector. ", " 86 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 16 businesses in this sector. ", " 34 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 15 businesses in this sector.", "\n\n there were 442 workers who lived in the municipality. ", " Of these, 335 or about 75.8% of the residents worked outside Bottenwil while 95 people commuted into the municipality for work. ", " There were a total of 202 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. ", " Of the working population, 6.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.2% used a private car.", "\n\nReligion\nFrom the , 115 or 14.4% were Roman Catholic, while 554 or 69.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. ", " Of the rest of the population, there were 2 individuals (or about 0.25% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.", "\n\nEducation\nThe entire Swiss population is generally well educated. ", " In Bottenwil about 79% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). ", " Of the school age population (), there are 58 students attending primary school in the municipality.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Municipalities of Aargau" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0014355294406414032, 0.0008685352513566613, 0.0007743468740954995, 0.0006629147101193666, 0.0012187706306576729, 0.0011302243219688535, 0.0007077515474520624, 0.0006689401343464851, 0.0006821188726462424, 0.0010032567661255598, 0.000776846834924072, 0.0007409196114167571, 0.0008526300080120564, 0.0007030770648270845, 0.0008326449897140265, 0.0035793904680758715, 0.0032276178244501352, 0.002102545229718089, 0.0015279205981642008, 0.0008228386868722737, 0.0006362503045238554, 0.0007729126373305917, 0.0010382764739915729, 0.0006175925955176353, 0.00108749617356807, 0.0008304975926876068, 0.0009558675810694695, 0.0009799121180549264, 0.0009479333530180156, 0.000689128355588764, 0.0009200781933031976, 0.0007001304184086621, 0.0009625275852158666, 0.0008519141701981425, 0.0008603159803897142, 0.0007912091678008437, 0.0007706430042162538, 0.0014080462278798223, 0.001086659962311387, 0.0015377693343907595, 0.000604006927460432, 0.0013000663602724671, 0.0006580041372217238, 0.0006547262310050428 ]

[ "Role of Micronutrients on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Micronutrients in Subclinical Atherosclerosis.", "\nAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) leading to coronary heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. ", "Nutrition is one of the key factors in the etiology of atherosclerosis. ", "Micronutrient supplements are widely used to prevent many chronic diseases including atherosclerosis. ", "However, scientific evidence regarding this issue is still insufficient and current data on the association of dietary micronutrients and CVD risk is contradictory. ", "Most of the randomized studies have failed to demonstrate beneficial effects of micronutrient supplementation on markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. ", "In this review, role of each micronutrient on subclinical atherosclerosis will be evaluated thoroughly." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007691115606576204, 0.0071946089155972, 0.0005832009483128786, 0.000808284617960453, 0.0006147534004412591, 0.0006368782487697899, 0.0005590540240518749 ]

[ "Add Similar Cars\n\nChoose Other Models to Add\n\nWhy buy used?", "\n\n4,858 new Chevrolet Suburban listings\n\n2007 Chevrolet Suburban LTZ 1500 4WD Review\n\nby phire\n\n“I'm a Chevy Guy . . .”", "\n\nI Love all types of cars, I like some Trucks but stayed away from them till my Mother left me a note to go get that truck ( Dodge Ram 1500 for Trash Hauling ) so when I found the note I started looking again as( Mom had passed away ) I went from Dealer to Dealer I didn't feel like this is it but on my last stop the Dealer had nothing to show me but...\n\nAvg. ", "Dealer Rating: (2 reviews)\n\"I contacted the dealer to get info. ", "and told them I was 1 1/2 hour\naway and if I was interested I would buy it and take it home.", "\nWhen I got there I was told the vehicle needed some parts that\nthey wanted to replace before I could take it home, I appreciated\nthe safety concerns, but I could have rescheduled my trip to look\nat it.\"", "\n\nAvg. ", "Dealer Rating: (8 reviews)\n\"Took nothing off the asking price of the car. ", "To top it off, they offered me $1500 less than the \"Dealer Trade In\" value of my car from Kelly Blue Book. ", "Don't waste your time.\"", "\n\nAvg. ", "Dealer Rating: (6 reviews)\n\"Rick is down to earth and does not try to\ntalk down to you. ", "The entire staff seem\nto have a great sense of humor. ", "The\nCorvette was not misrepresented in any\nway. ", "I did not buy at this time, but\nremain very interested. ", "Their facility is\nvery clean and un cluttered.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007541142404079437, 0.0006848772172816098, 0.0017978143878281116, 0.0005381653900258243, 0.0006160514312796295, 0.0005007924628444016, 0.0028000948950648308, 0.0006945976638235152, 0.0009028737549670041, 0.029698988422751427, 0.0028000948950648308, 0.0017785506788641214, 0.0005582138546742499, 0.000662945385556668, 0.0005720990593545139, 0.0006443033344112337 ]

[ "Introduction\n============\n\nClinically, severe drug eruption is typically divided into toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), severe erythema multiforme-type drug eruption (Steven-Johnson syndrome; SJS) and exfoliative dermatitis (Erythrodermic drug eruption). ", "Severe drug eruption is a serious disease that is difficult to treat and has a high mortality rate ([@b1-etm-0-0-5336]); for example, the mortality rate of TEN is 30% ([@b2-etm-0-0-5336]). ", "Corticosteroids are the preferred therapeutic for severe drug eruption, however, the use of corticosteroids to treat severe drug eruption is clinically controversial ([@b2-etm-0-0-5336]). ", "Engelhardt *et al* ([@b3-etm-0-0-5336]) hypothesized that the use of corticosteroids would not be able to shorten the course of drug eruption. ", "Instead, it would increase the risk of infection, sepsis and gastrointestinal bleeding, prolonging hospital stays and increasing mortality. ", "A study by Guibal *et al* ([@b4-etm-0-0-5336]) demonstrated that although long-term corticosteroid therapy may delay the progression of TEN, it was not able to prevent the entire progression of the disease. ", "Schneck *et al* ([@b5-etm-0-0-5336]) revealed that the use of corticosteroids was not beneficial in the reduction of SJS and TEN-associated mortality in a large-scale retrospective study in France and Germany.", "\n\nDue to the side effect of corticosteroids, the use of corticosteroids is restricted for patients with underlying diseases, including diabetes, gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic-ulcer, epilepsy, glaucoma, cataracts, osteoporosis, tuberculosis or hypertension ([@b6-etm-0-0-5336]). ", "In the present study, the patient was admitted to hospital due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. ", "Following anti-*Helicobacter pylori* (HP) treatment, the patient presented with severe drug eruption. ", "Routine use of corticosteroids may have, in the present case, increased the risk of aggravating the underlying disease. ", "Previous studies in which tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antagonists have been successfully used to treat drug eruption have been reported ([@b2-etm-0-0-5336],[@b7-etm-0-0-5336],[@b8-etm-0-0-5336]).", "\n\nA TNF-α antagonist was subsequently used as treatment and the patient was fully recovered after six injections. ", "Rash, pyrexia, peripheral blood leukocytes, eosinophils and the evolution of the systematic damage were assessed and reported.", "\n\nCase study\n==========\n\n### Patient\n\nIn May 2015, a 73-year-old female was admitted to the gastroenterology clinic of The First People\\'s Hospital of Wujiang (Suzhou, China) due to abdominal pain that had persisted for 1 week and melena for 5 days. ", "Endoscopy indicated the presence of a compound gastric ulcer with bleeding. ", "Pathological diagnosis demonstrated that the antral gastric mucosa exhibited chronic active inflammation. ", "Following treatment with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, pantoprazole, and colloidal bismuth pectin (quadruple anti-HP therapy), the patient\\'s abdominal pain eased. ", "On day 4, an itchy erythema appeared around the patient\\'s neck and the patient was re-admitted to hospital.", "\n\nThe patient presented with no cough or expectoration in the course of treatment. ", "The patient had a history of hypertension and was taking antihypertensive tablets daily to control her blood pressure. ", "No history of coronary heart disease, trauma, blood transfusion or drug allergy was indicated. ", "The patient\\'s stool was black and urine frequency, output and color were normal.", "\n\n### Examination\n\nClinical examination demonstrated that the patient\\'s temperature was 37.4°C ([Fig. ", "1](#f1-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}), pulse was 86 beats per minute, blood pressure was 144/79 mmHg, respiratory rate was 18 beats per minute and SpO~2~ was 96%. ", "The skin and mucous membranes across the entire body were not cyanosed, icteric and pale. ", "Superficial lymph nodes were impalpable. ", "Lung breath sounds were rough but rhonchi and moist rale were not heard and the heartbeat was regular. ", "Pathological cardiac murmurs were not heard in the auscultation area of the heart valves. ", "The abdomen was soft, with upper abdominal tenderness below the xiphoid process. ", "Abdomen had no rebound tenderness or muscle tension and abdominal mass was impalpable. ", "The liver and spleen were impalpable below the costal margin. ", "Murphy\\'s sign, shifting dullness and renal percussive pain were all negative. ", "Bowel sounds occurred 5 times per min. ", "Lower limbs had no edema. ", "Physiological reflex was normal and pathologic reflex was not elicited.", "\n\n### Skin changes\n\nEdematous erythema appeared on the head, face and neck. ", "The eyelids slightly swelled but the conjunctiva presented with no congestion. ", "The mouth and genitalia had no ulceration or erosion.", "\n\n### Laboratory examination\n\nLaboratory examinations were conducted and the findings were as follows: Leukocyte count, 5.03×10^9^ cells/l (normal, 4.00--10.0×10^9^ cells/l); hemoglobin (Hb), 105 g/l (normal, 110--150 g/l); neutrophil ratio, 74.7% (normal, 50--70%); lymphocyte ratio, 14.3% (normal, 20\\~40%); eosinophil ratio, 5.2% (normal, 0.5--5.0%); erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 19 mm/h (normal, 0--20 mm/h); glycated hemoglobin, 5.4% (normal, 4.0--6.0%); total glycated Hb, 6.4% (normal, 3.9--7.3%); C-reactive protein, 2 mg/l (normal, 0.00--10.00 mg/l); ketone, 2+ (normal, 0--0.5 mmol/l); urine protein, negative; D-dimer, 1.23 mg/l (normal, 0.00--0.55 mg/l) and total T3 0.92 nmol/l (normal, 1.34\\~2.73 nmol/l).", "\n\n### Gastroscopy (pre-admission)\n\nThe patient presented with a compound gastric ulcer with bleeding. ", "Pathological diagnosis demonstrated that the antral gastric mucosa presented with chronic active inflammation. ", "Preliminary diagnosis was a compound gastric ulcer with bleeding and drug eruption (slight) following treatment.", "\n\n### Admission course and treatment procedure\n\nThe patient\\'s rash further developed following admittance to hospital. ", "The rash on the face, neck, trunk and limbs had worsened and the patient also had itchiness, fever and increased peripheral blood leukocytes. ", "Following intravenous injection of 60 ml compound glycyrrhizin (20 ml contains 40 mg glycyrrhizin, 400 mg aminoacetic acid and 20 mg cysteine hydrochloride; Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co,. ", "Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and administration of calamine lotion, the rash further increased and integrated. ", "The face became swollen, the conjunctiva exhibited hyperemia and edema and the conjunctival secretion increased. ", "On day 3 following admission, the patient presented with a fever at 6:00 a.m. (body temperature, 38.7°C; [Fig. ", "1](#f1-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The rash was more swollen and reddish, and had integrated further. ", "Conjunctival secretion markedly increased and the patient had difficulty opening their eyes. ", "Typical target-like erythematous papules appeared on the lower limbs. ", "On day 4, the patient\\'s condition aggravated further. ", "The rash extended to cover 80% of the body surface area and the skin temperature increased ([Fig. ", "2A-C](#f2-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with the patient indicating that the itch was severe. ", "Her body temperature rose to 39.6°C ([Fig. ", "1](#f1-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}) at 6:00 p.m. Leukocyte and neutrophil counts markedly increased as determined by laboratory examination: Leukocyte count, 24.70×10^9^/l; neutrophil ratio, 93%; and eosinophil ratio, 1.9%. ", "A diagnosis of severe drug eruption (severe erythema multiforme-type drug eruption) was given.", "\n\nThe patient was hospitalized due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding and a peptic ulcer. ", "Following anti-HP treatment, a severe drug eruption occurred. ", "Therefore, the routine use of corticosteroids posed an increased risk to this patient. ", "The patient was assessed for viral hepatitis, cancer and tuberculosis through hepatitis series, tumor series and X-ray testing, all of which were negative. ", "Written informed consent was provided by the patient, prior to the subcutaneous injection of the recombinant human TNF receptor II-antibody fusion protein (etanercept) with a 25 mg/needle (CITIC National Health Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) every three days with the initial dose being 50 mg/day and the maintenance dose as 25 mg/day. ", "Following six injections with the protein, the patient\\'s symptoms were improved.", "\n\nAs severe drug eruption lacks acknowledged evaluation criteria, the present study referred to an eruption-severity scoring method, outlined by Chen *et al* ([@b8-etm-0-0-5336]), that utilizes a drug eruption area and severity index (DASI). ", "According to this, the evolution of the rash was recorded and quantified. ", "The method was as follows: i) Evaluating rash area (A). ", "Head/neck made up 10%, trunk made up 30%, upper limbs made up 20%, and lower limbs made up 40%. ", "If no rash was observed, the area was assigned a score of 0. ", "The present study assigned points as follows: 1, rash area \\<10%; 2, 10--29%; 3, 30--49%; 4, 50--69%; 5, 70--89%; and 6, 90--100%. ", "Overall rating scores were between 0 and 24 points. ", "Upper limbs included axillas and hands. ", "The trunk included the groin and middle axillary axial area. ", "Lower limbs included hips and feet. ", "ii) Evaluating the rash severity. ", "The following features were evaluated: Erythema (E), infiltration or edema (I), erosion or vesicle (Ev), and desquamation (D). ", "Each feature was evaluated using a 0--3 rating: 0, none; 1, slight condition; 2, moderate condition; and 3, severe condition. ", "D was scored in reverse. ", "iii) Evaluating mucosal damage. ", "The mucosa included the eyes, nose, mouth, genitalia, anus and rectum. ", "Involvement of the eyes and oral mucosa scored 2 points and the rest scored 1 point. ", "Severe eye mucosal damage may cause blindness and severe oral mucosal damage affects eating and therefore, the involvement of two mucosal areas is very important. ", "Severity of mucosal damage was scored using a 4-point system, as follows: 0 point, none; 1 point, \\<5 blisters; 2 points, \\>5 blisters and (or) mild erosion; and 3 points, severe erosion. ", "DASI total scores were calculated as follows: DASI total scores = (E head + I head + Ev head + D head) × A head × 0.1 + (E upper limbs + I upper limbs + Ev upper limbs + D upper limbs) × A upper limbs × 0.2 + (E trunk + I trunk + Ev trunk + D trunk) × A trunk × 0.3 + (E lower limbs + I lower limbs + Ev lower limbs + D lower limbs) × A lower limbs × 0.4 + Mucosal area score × Mucosal damage severity score. ", "Total scores were between 0 and 93 points, according to the formula.", "\n\nThe patient\\'s initial DASI score on admission was 9.9 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The score prior to injection was 64 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}); meanwhile the rash area covered 80% of the body surface area. ", "According to SCORNTEN scoring method ([@b9-etm-0-0-5336]), this case\\'s score was 2 points and predicted mortality was 12.1%. ", "Following the first injection of etanercept, the fever was under control within 1 h. The rash was under control within 24 h and no new rashes appeared. ", "The score was 59.4 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The rash further improved over the next 72 h. The rash color turned dark and the itchiness and conjunctival secretion markedly reduced. ", "Slight scaling appeared on the face and some normal skin was revealed. ", "The rash covered 45% of the whole body surface area ([Fig. ", "4A-C](#f4-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and scored 23.9 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The patient did not feel itchy and clear desquamation began to appear on the head, face and trunk following 96 h. Conjunctival erosion was almost recovered and the score was 20.9 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Two herpes simplex sores appeared separately on the right lip and the back of the right shoulder-back on day 5 following the injection. ", "The patient was treated with penciclovir cream, and recovered 1 week later. ", "The rash on the patient\\'s limbs, in particular the lower limbs, faded markedly by day 7 following injection and the target-like erythema disappeared. ", "The trunk and limbs markedly began to scale, the face and neck returned to normal and the score was 10.9 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The majority of the patient\\'s skin returned to normal and the primary rash was shedding on the lower limbs on day 14 ([Fig. ", "5A-C](#f5-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and the score was 1.7 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "On day 16, the patient was discharged and the score was 0.4 points ([Fig. ", "3](#f3-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Following admission, the water and electrolyte balance was maintained at 2,000--2,500 ml daily fluid infusion to allow adequate urine output. ", "The patient was also instructed drink milk and was treated with an intravenous drip of compound glycyrrhizin (80 ml daily). ", "The patient was asked to gargle with chlorhexidine solution and protect her eyes with chlortetracycline eye ointment. ", "During the treatment, the patient presented with no nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hematochezia, cough or abdominal pain.", "\n\nLaboratory examination on the first day of admission indicated that the leukocyte count was 5.03×10^9^ cells/l (normal, 4.00--10.0×10^9^ cells/l; [Fig. ", "6](#f6-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and the percentage of eosinophils was 5.2% (normal, 0.5--5.0%; [Fig. ", "6](#f6-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Prior to etanercept injection, the leukocyte count rose to 24.70×10^9^/l ([Fig. ", "6](#f6-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and the percentage of neutrophils increased to 93.0%. ", "The percentage of eosinophils was 1.9% ([Fig. ", "6](#f6-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and biochemical indicators were normal, with the exception of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) being slightly increased at 369 U/l (normal, 109--245 U/l), and total protein slightly dropped to 56.7 g/l (normal, 60.0--85.0 g/l).", "\n\nThe peripheral blood eosinophil count continued to rise and the percentage peaked at 23.6% ([Fig. ", "6](#f6-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}) following the third injection of etanercept. ", "When the patient was discharged, the percentage of eosinophils remained higher than normal and reached up to 12.4% ([Fig. ", "6](#f6-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The patient\\'s hepatic and renal function remained normal during hospitalization. ", "On day 3 following the injection of etanercept, LDH was slightly increased at 271 U/l (normal, 109--245 U/l), serum total protein was lowest at 49.6 g/l (normal, 60.0--85.0 g/l) and albumin was lowest at 30.6 g/l (normal, 35.0--55.0 g/l).", "\n\nAlbumin was not administered but the patient was instructed to drink more milk. ", "The level of albumin returned to normal when reviewed. ", "On day 9 following injection, the level of triglycerides rose to 2.35 mmol/l (normal, 0.33--1.70 mmol/l) and returned to normal when the patient was discharged. ", "Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of the images and medical data in this report.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe patient in the current study presented with generalized edematous erythema, lymphadenectasis, fever, severe itch, conjunctival erosion and increased levels of leukocytes and eosinophils in the peripheral blood following antibiotic treatment. ", "Parts of the rash were target-like and therefore, the diagnosis was severe erythema multiforme-type drug eruption (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, SJS). ", "According to the probability of drug eruption, amoxicillin allergy was the most probable cause.", "\n\nSevere erythema multiforme-type drug eruption is a serious adverse drug reaction and it has a risk of mortality. ", "According to previous studies ([@b10-etm-0-0-5336],[@b11-etm-0-0-5336]), the average mortality rate for SJS is 1--5%, and the risk of mortality is higher in elderly patients. ", "The most common drugs that cause allergic reactions are penicillin, sulfonamides and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ([@b12-etm-0-0-5336],[@b13-etm-0-0-5336]). ", "TNF-α is a cytokine secreted by macrophages, lymphocytes and other immune cells that are activated by endotoxins. ", "TNF-α is the strongest anti-tumor and anti-inflammation cytokine identified, thus far. ", "TNF-α has a role in the occurrence and development of a number of different diseases and illnesses, including cancer, infection, fever, endotoxin shock, autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection ([@b14-etm-0-0-5336]--[@b18-etm-0-0-5336]). ", "The more severe the trauma is, the higher the level of TNF-α is ([@b19-etm-0-0-5336],[@b20-etm-0-0-5336]).", "\n\nEpidermal necrosis in SJS and TEN is considered to be caused by cytotoxic T cells. ", "Perforin, which is released with TNF-α and other cytokines, may induce keratinocyte necrosis. ", "Paquet *et al* ([@b21-etm-0-0-5336]) demonstrated that there is a high expression of TNF-α in the rashes of patients with TEN and hypothesized that TNF-α mediates apoptosis. ", "Carr *et al* ([@b22-etm-0-0-5336]) revealed that TNF-α was detected in the rashes of exanthematous drug eruption of patients with HIV infection and the positive rate was \\~45%. ", "Nassif *et al* ([@b23-etm-0-0-5336]) indicated marked TNF-α expression in the blister fluid of patients with TEN. ", "Paul *et al* ([@b24-etm-0-0-5336]) observed that the rashes of 5 patients with TEN and SJS-TEN overlap and demonstrated that all the rashes exhibited full-thickness necrosis of epidermal keratinocytes. ", "This was hypothesized to be due to extensive apoptosis following the release of TNF-α, which may enhance this toxicity. ", "This suggests that the inhibition of apoptosis may be an important means of treating TEN.", "\n\nTNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. ", "The pathogenesis of TNF-α may involve severe eruption due to the following aspects: i) As the drug is absorbed into the body, it activates drug-specific T cells that secrete TNF-α, stimulate keratinocytes and endothelial cells and mediate the immune responses of skin and mucosa; ii) TNF-α mediates type IVa hypersensitivity; and iii) in TEN, TNF-α has a role in FasL-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase ([@b25-etm-0-0-5336]).", "\n\nTNF antagonists may block the biological activity of TNF by specific binding, which may function to control the inflammation, leading to recovery from the disease. ", "Previously, there have been a number of cases of single use TNF factor antagonists to successfully treat severe drug eruption, globally. ", "Hunger *et al* ([@b2-etm-0-0-5336]) used single infliximab (5 mg/kg) to treat a 69-year-old female patient with TEN, and successfully identified the point when the recovery time was significantly shorter than the gamma globulin. ", "Kreft *et al* ([@b7-etm-0-0-5336]) used infliximab to successfully treat a case of celecoxib-induced TEN. ", "Chen *et al* ([@b8-etm-0-0-5336]) injected etanercept every other day for 16 days and successfully treated a patient with Dress accompanied diabetes.", "\n\nIn the present study, the patient recovered and was discharged on day 16, following subcutaneous injections of 25 mg (initial dose, 50 mg) etanercept every 3 days for 6 times. ", "The total amount of etanercept treatment included seven injections. ", "It is evident that TNF-α antagonist is able to target and inhibit the early inflammatory mediator TNF-α in a timely and effective manner, terminate the inflammatory cascade and then block the pathogenesis of drug eruption. ", "Therefore, TNF-α antagonist is effective in the treatment of severe drug eruption.", "\n\nPrior to treatment by injection, the total level of leucocytes and neutrophils markedly increased. ", "Considering that the patient presented with no clear evidence of infection, it was speculated that this was associated with increased interleukin (IL)-8 in the drug eruption pathogenesis. ", "IL-8 has the effect of stimulating neutrophil chemotaxis and releasing lysosomes. ", "Therefore, no antibiotics were used during treatment. ", "TNF-α is able to induce IL-8. ", "In this case, the patient\\'s leukocytes and neutrophils quickly returned to normal following treatment with the TNF-α antagonist. ", "In the follow-up examinations, the level of leukocytes and neutrophils remained within the normal range. ", "This may be because the TNF-α antagonist inhibits TNF-α, reduce IL-8 and then inhibit the chemotaxis of neutrophils.", "\n\nThe peripheral blood eosinophil continued to rise following the injection of TNF-α antagonist in the present case and reached its peak on day 9 following the injection. ", "From then, it declined slowly, but remained significantly higher than normal when the patient was discharged ([Fig. ", "6](#f6-etm-0-0-5336){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This observation is the same as Chen *et al*\\'s ([@b8-etm-0-0-5336]). ", "This suggests that TNF antagonist is a safe, fast and effective therapeutic for severe drug eruption, but it may not prevent the rise of peripheral blood eosinophils, as they are not affected by the treatment.", "\n\nIn addition, in the process of using TNF-α antagonist, the patient\\'s gastrointestinal symptoms were continuously improved and melena did not recur. ", "It indicated that TNF-α antagonist does not affect the prognosis of underlying diseases such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding and peptic-ulcer in the present case.", "\n\nIn gastroenterology, anti-HP treatment typically uses penicillin antibiotics. ", "Penicillin is associated with a higher probability of leading to drug allergies or even severe drug eruption ([@b26-etm-0-0-5336],[@b27-etm-0-0-5336]). ", "As the patients using anti-HP therapy typically also have upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the contraindication is to use glucocorticoids. ", "It is therefore, difficult to treat drug eruption in these cases. ", "The patient of the current study was treated with a TNF-α antagonist, which achieved promising results.", "\n\nIn conclusion, the present case of drug eruption was healed within 16 days of injection treatments and this treatment did not affect the underlying diseases, including gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding. ", "Therefore, TNF-α antagonist may be a good treatment in similar situations. ", "TNF-α antagonist opens new perspectives for the treatment of severe drug eruption. ", "Due to our treatment being administered to a single case, well-conducted studies of the efficacy and safety of such treatment are urgently needed.", "\n\n{#f1-etm-0-0-5336}\n\n{#f2-etm-0-0-5336}\n\n{#f3-etm-0-0-5336}\n\n{#f4-etm-0-0-5336}\n\n{#f5-etm-0-0-5336}\n\n{#f6-etm-0-0-5336}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.0013651534682139754, 0.001183933112770319, 0.0009283763938583434, 0.0021613272838294506, 0.011921894736588001, 0.000720015843398869, 0.0007723678136244416, 0.0019917511381208897, 0.0022635930217802525, 0.00139238394331187, 0.0027586151845753193, 0.0006468422943726182, 0.0006282170652411878, 0.004683773964643478, 0.001186089008115232, 0.04004184156656265, 0.009129276499152184, 0.001074751140549779, 0.012942853383719921, 0.0007206124137155712, 0.0022104596719145775, 0.0007422969792969525, 0.011082069016993046, 0.000653983501251787, 0.000707706087268889, 0.000916368211619556, 0.002299163956195116, 0.0019159037619829178, 0.0006510544335469604, 0.0006374803488142788, 0.0007939284550957382, 0.0019258831162005663, 0.010685406625270844, 0.0011556041426956654, 0.0010372510878369212, 0.0015910222427919507, 0.0024311637971550226, 0.0006318489322438836, 0.054988376796245575, 0.001090016565285623, 0.03632296621799469, 0.009313215501606464, 0.017421159893274307, 0.0006754014757461846, 0.005618898663669825, 0.0010312878293916583, 0.0007353458204306662, 0.003377774264663458, 0.0006333800847642124, 0.0006578423199243844, 0.0010095590259879827, 0.00077565893298015, 0.007798033766448498, 0.0006786136655136943, 0.000784668605774641, 0.02414238452911377, 0.0007043204386718571, 0.0008601201116107404, 0.000706150138285011, 0.049472033977508545, 0.0008532992796972394, 0.012832053005695343, 0.0006472755339927971, 0.00055525335483253, 0.0007641069823876023, 0.0005810556467622519, 0.0005976588581688702, 0.0005967069300822914, 0.0011241281172260642, 0.000678348820656538, 0.0007440896006301045, 0.0007430097321048379, 0.0007137562497518957, 0.001305608544498682, 0.0006343170534819365, 0.0006456080009229481, 0.0007168363663367927, 0.000641243124846369, 0.0006688004941679537, 0.0016374064143747091, 0.621701180934906, 0.0007706775213591754, 0.004481140058487654, 0.00112351740244776, 0.001450508483685553, 0.0006509042577818036, 0.000721387448720634, 0.0007109853904694319, 0.0006796540692448616, 0.0007705023745074868, 0.0008181249722838402, 0.0006445699254982173, 0.0007664220174774528, 0.0007109853904694319, 0.0020552549976855516, 0.000746500096283853, 0.0011394406901672482, 0.000725806225091219, 0.0007109853904694319, 0.0008693147683516145, 0.0007109853904694319, 0.002147759310901165, 0.0007545440457761288, 0.0007474899757653475, 0.0007233317592181265, 0.0007109853904694319, 0.0008220960153266788, 0.0007648949977010489, 0.0007109853904694319, 0.0006633033626712859, 0.0007109853904694319, 0.0007154502090997994, 0.001212097005918622, 0.13236387073993683, 0.01500033400952816, 0.0007097255438566208, 0.0012268621940165758, 0.0006950631504878402, 0.0011280262842774391, 0.0016695967642590404, 0.001756034791469574, 0.0006431526853702962, 0.0030720399226993322, 0.0006695316988043487, 0.0009539565653540194, 0.0006950631504878402, 0.0008450219174847007, 0.0007302603917196393, 0.0006639083148911595, 0.000591559219174087, 0.0006203143857419491, 0.0005476296064443886, 0.0017357498873025179, 0.0008343004155904055, 0.0007848442764952779, 0.001320735551416874, 0.0006581292254850268, 0.0012207585386931896, 0.007518831640481949, 0.000836517836432904, 0.0007647094316780567, 0.0010036473395302892, 0.0017079414101317525, 0.002164573175832629, 0.0010195557260885835, 0.0011372702429071069, 0.00102972739841789, 0.0008097084355540574, 0.0008684595231898129, 0.0005897799856029451, 0.008865897543728352, 0.0007703155279159546, 0.0008395538898184896, 0.0005911136395297945, 0.0012053708778694272, 0.0007605354185216129, 0.0007683427538722754, 0.0005798874772153795, 0.0006522636977024376, 0.001037481357343495, 0.0008707729866728187, 0.0006634775782003999, 0.0006251226295717061, 0.018602410331368446, 0.0006180456839501858, 0.001033131149597466, 0.000935858697630465, 0.0007411758997477591, 0.0027560058515518904, 0.0008469739696010947, 0.0006180715863592923, 0.0006950631504878402, 0.0007203309214673936, 0.0007911658030934632, 0.0009250335278920829, 0.0009649851126596332, 0.0009420951828360558, 0.0012003770098090172, 0.008147886022925377, 0.0006230242433957756, 0.0006173821748234332, 0.0011501695262268186, 0.000634571653790772, 0.0006164934602566063, 0.000511642312631011, 0.0019055787706747651, 0.0007260413840413094, 0.01289420947432518, 0.0021521304734051228, 0.000796241860371083, 0.0009470183867961168, 0.0018012337386608124, 0.002552646677941084, 0.0006928335060365498, 0.0025466959923505783, 0.0014528053579851985 ]

[ "Steven Findlay\n\nSteven Findlay (born in Motherwell, Scotland on 27 July 1985) is a Scotland Club XV international rugby union player who plays for Glasgow Hawks at the Loosehead Prop position. ", "In the 2015-16 season he had a short term professional deal with Glasgow Warriors. ", "He previously played for Dalziel Rugby Club and Eastern Suburbs in Australia.", "\n\nAmateur career\n\nFindlay started playing amateur rugby with Dalziel Rugby Club in 2004. ", "He played with them until 2011 appearing 97 times for the 1st XV and scoring 45 points (nine tries).", "\n\nMoving to the Glasgow Hawks for the season 2011–12, Findlay made 22 appearances for the club in season 2014–15.", "\n\nThe Glasgow Warriors professional contract in 2015 allowed Findlay to play at Glasgow Hawks when not involved with the Warriors team.", "\n\nOn 30 March 2016 it was announced that Findlay would move to New South Wales, Australia to play for Eastern Suburbs for a season playing in the Shute Shield.", "\n\nAfter the Australian rugby season finished, Findlay returned to play for Glasgow Hawks.", "\n\nProfessional career\n\nHe was called up to the Glasgow Warriors 'A' squad for a derby match against an Edinburgh 'A' side in September 2014.", "\n\nOn 17 July 2015 it was announced that Findlay had secured a short term professional contract with Glasgow Warriors to provide depth and competition for places during the 2015 World Cup when the Warriors will lose a host of their top stars on Scotland duty.", "\n\nInternational career\n\nFindlay has been called up for the Scotland ClubXV squad.", "\n\nExternal links \nFour players signed ahead of new campaign\nGlasgow Hawks duo in Scotland club call-up\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Scottish rugby union players\nCategory:Glasgow Hawks players\nCategory:Dalziel RFC players\nCategory:Glasgow Warriors players\nCategory:Eastern Suburbs players\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Scotland Club XV international rugby union players" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0023463258985430002, 0.0006899432046338916, 0.0009527493384666741, 0.0008317251340486109, 0.0010485976235941052, 0.0006979466415941715, 0.0006236076587811112, 0.0019124571699649096, 0.000909332768060267, 0.0006987889064475894, 0.0007239942206069827, 0.0006703502149321139, 0.000677433970849961 ]

[ "Q:\n\nscraping probsssss\n\nI have two questions. ", "\n\nI am trying to get the value of propval, but when I run the scraper I just get an emptying string back. ", "Should I use a different method\n besides filter or am I not choosing the right element? ", "I've tried\n different elements, but it does the same thing. ", "\nCan I use a loop to go through every single table row to collect all the prop value ids or is there a more efficient way?", "\n\nconst express = require('express');\nconst fs = require('fs');\nconst request = require('request');\nconst cheerio = require('cheerio');\nvar app = express();\n\napp.get('/scrape', function(req, res) {\n\nurl = 'http://streak.espn.com/en/';\n\nrequest(url, function(error, response, html){\n if(!error) {\n var $ = cheerio.load(html);\n\n var gameQuestion, propVal;\n var json = { gameQuestion : \"\", propVal : \"\"};\n\n $('.gamequestion').each(function(){\n var data = $(this)\n gameQuestion = data.text();\n\n json.gameQuestion = gameQuestion;\n\n })\n\n $('a#.matchupDiv').each(function() {\n var data = $(this);\n\n propVal = data.text();\n\n json.propVal = propVal;\n })\n }\n\n fs.writeFile('output.json', JSON.stringify(json, null, 4), function(err){\n\n console.log('File successfully written! - ", "Check your project directory for the output.json file');\n })\n\n res.send('Check your console!')", "\n\n });\n})\n\napp.listen('8081')\n\nconsole.log('magic happens on port 8081');\n\nexports = module.exports = app;\n\n<tbody>\n <tr> \n <td rowspan = \"2\" class='mg-column1 start'></td>\n <td rowspan = \"2\" class='mg-column2 start'></td>\n <td rowspan = \"2\" class='mg-column3 start'></td>\n <div class=\"mg-check\" propval=\"m57207o58439\" name=\"matchupDiv\">nbsp;</div> \n\nA:\n\nThe jQuery .filter() function takes either an element, a selector, a function, or another jQuery object (http://api.jquery.com/filter/). ", "Since you are passing a function into the filter, it is expecting you to return a boolean (a true/false value).", "\nWhat you probably want to use is the .each() function. (", "http://api.jquery.com/jquery.each/). ", "When you query a class, you will get back an array of matching objects. ", ".each() will loop through the array and you could do what you are trying to do there. ", "Give it a shot.", "\nADDED***** I was looking at the source code, and there is no class propval. ", "You need to change your query to:\n$('.mg-check').attr('propVal')\nBut .mg-check doesn't appear to have any children. ", "What are you trying to scrape exactly?", "\nEDITED *** To get an array of the propVals, try this:\nChange your initialization of your json.propVal from '' to [], then...\n$('.mg-check').each(function(){ json.propVal.push($(this).attr('propVal')) });\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0008003367693163455, 0.0008567031472921371, 0.0008467452134937048, 0.0005806955159641802, 0.0009247688576579094, 0.0020369775593280792, 0.0007667014724574983, 0.0007647032616659999, 0.0018070233054459095, 0.0005938688991591334, 0.0006824228912591934, 0.0006401558639481664, 0.0005658778245560825, 0.016516299918293953, 0.0007236965466290712, 0.0008466552244499326, 0.0006893040845170617, 0.0013319147983565927 ]

[ "Toxic element concentrations in the Razorbill Alca torda (Charadriiformes, Alcidae) in Portugal.", "\nThe present study provides the first data on inorganic element levels (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn) in juvenile, immature, and adult razorbills (Alca torda) collected along the central coast of Portugal. ", "Element concentrations were assessed by ICP-MS in kidney, liver, muscle, and feathers of 28 razorbills, including 4 juveniles, 17 subadults, and 7 adults. ", "The effect of age and tissue on element accumulation was also assessed. ", "The detected levels in razorbills may indicate a possible contamination risk by Hg and Cr. ", "With respect to bird tissues, higher accumulation of Se and Cd was detected in kidney, Zn and Pb in feathers, and As and Mn in liver. ", "Age was found to affect the accumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn, juveniles presenting higher levels of Cu and Mn than older individuals. ", "In razorbill kidney, Zn-Hg constituted the most significant relationship among metal concentrations. ", "Liver presented the highest number of significant relationships (mostly involving Zn and Co). ", "With regard to feathers, the most significant relationships involved Se, Zn, Cr and Cu concentrations. ", "Positive linear relationships were detected among kidney, liver, and muscle, with emphasis on relationships involving Se and Hg, which may be indicative of similar accumulation/regulation mechanisms in those organs. ", "Element concentrations are discussed in view of possible detoxification mechanisms in seabirds." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006688747671432793, 0.0005644360790029168, 0.0006605765083804727, 0.0005518313846550882, 0.0006461250595748425, 0.0005807423149235547, 0.0007141348323784769, 0.0008294982835650444, 0.0005566077306866646, 0.0005545256426557899, 0.0006085194763727486, 0.00055591796990484 ]

[ "Effects of patient age, pH of cerebrospinal fluid, and vasopressors on onset and duration of spinal anesthesia.", "\nTwo hundred twenty-two spinal anesthesias were administered with 10 mg. ", "of tetracaine and 1 ml. ", "of 10 percent dextrose to investigate the effects of vasopressors, patients age, and pH of cerebrospinal fluid on the onset and duration of spinal anesthesia. ", "Neither the differences in overall age, cerebrospinal fluid pH, nor the addition of vasopressors had any significant effect on onset. ", "Duration, however, was significantly prolonged by the addition of vasopressors, 53 percent prolongation by 0.2 mg. ", "of epinephrine and 72 percent prolongation by 2 mg. ", "of phenylephrine." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0010160345118492842, 0.0007052795263007283, 0.0010018249740824103, 0.0008152607479132712, 0.0009203925728797913, 0.0007474283338524401, 0.0009279581718146801, 0.001918866764754057 ]

[ "Responses of medial geniculate neurons to species-specific vocalized sounds in the guinea pig.", "\nWe obtained extracellular single-unit recordings in the medial geniculate body (MG) of guinea pigs, and studied the responses of MG neurons to pure-tone stimuli and to species-specific vocalized sounds. ", "Of pure-tone sensitive neurons with a characteristic frequency (CF) within the frequency range of the vocalized sounds, only 29% responded to the vocalized sound, 6% were inhibited by the vocalized sound, and 30% showed no response to the vocalized sounds. ", "The responsiveness of MG neurons to the vocalized sound was low. ", "The majority of neurons responsive to the vocalized sounds showed discharge patterns which were not predictable from response properties to pure tones. ", "These results suggest the presence of neurons which specifically respond to the complex feature of sound in the subcortical MG level of the guinea pig." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001986925955861807, 0.0007071660365909338, 0.0007098259520716965, 0.0008181593148037791, 0.0006580561748705804, 0.0017529923934489489 ]

[ "Q:\n\nWhat are all the possible tags that can be used inside the web.xml concerning a Java EE project?", "\n\nConcerning Java EE with Tomcat we know that there is the web.xml file to be used and edited. ", "I know that there are the tags <web-app>, <servlet>, <servlet-mapping> that can be written inside the web.xml file. ", "But I want to know are there other tags that can be used ? ", "Where can we learn all the possible tags we can put in the web.xml file ?", "\n\nA:\n\nBrief: http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E13222_01/wls/docs81/webapp/web_xml.html\nXSD: http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd\nJava Servlet 2.5 Specification: \nhttp://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/mrel/jsr154/index.html\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006259689689613879, 0.0006099030724726617, 0.0006180297350510955, 0.0007320378790609539, 0.0006107113440521061, 0.0006565054645761847 ]

[ "Microsurgical anatomy of the early branches of the middle cerebral artery: morphometric analysis and classification with angiographic correlation.", "\nThe cortical arteries arising from the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery, proximal to its bifurcation or trifurcation, are called \"early branches.\" ", "The purpose of this study was to characterize these early branches. ", "The early branches were characterized according to their sites and patterns of origin, diameters, and relative proximity to the internal carotid artery bifurcation, as well as the course and area of supply of their cortical branches based on an examination of 50 hemispheres. ", "Special attention was directed to the perforating arteries that arose from the early branches and entered the anterior perforated substance. ", "The anatomical findings were compared with data obtained from 109 angiograms. ", "Early branches directed to the temporal and frontal lobes were found in 90 and 32% of the hemispheres, respectively. ", "The early branches that arose more proximally from the M1 segment were larger than those arising distally. ", "Lenticulostriate arteries arose from 81% of the early frontal branches (EFBs) and from 48% of the early temporal branches (ETBs). ", "An average of two cortical arteries arose from the EFBs and 1.3 from the ETBs, the most common of which supplied the temporopolar and orbitofrontal areas. ", "Although the microsurgical anatomy of the early branches demonstrates abundant diversity, they can be classified into clearly defined patterns based on anatomical features. ", "These patterns can prove helpful in evaluating angiographic data and in planning an operative procedure." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.000696781266015023, 0.0006552094127982855, 0.000560274813324213, 0.0006093374686315656, 0.0006818215479142964, 0.0010382452746853232, 0.0005491425399668515, 0.0006038262508809566, 0.0006249927682802081, 0.0007756275008432567, 0.0005415808991529047, 0.0007488492992706597 ]

[ "\nLet w = -2253.1 + 2230. ", "Let h = 175808929.8999802 + -175808953. ", "Let b = w - h. Round b to 6 dps.", "\n0.00002\nLet i = 0.134 - -1067.866. ", "Let v = -1158.2 + i. What is v rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n-90\nSuppose -80*y + 77*y = -9. ", "Suppose y*g + 808743 = 55443. ", "What is g rounded to the nearest ten thousand?", "\n-250000\nLet x = -12563 - -12562.88703. ", "What is x rounded to 2 dps?", "\n-0.11\nLet d(p) = -74797*p**2 + 75299*p**2 - 10 + 27*p - 140810*p**2. ", "Let s be d(14). ", "What is s rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n-28000000\nLet q be (3036/(-22))/((-1)/91500 - 0). ", "Round q to the nearest 100000.", "\n12600000\nLet k(c) = -1558 - 6*c + 1618 - 832*c**2 - 12*c. ", "Let o be k(6). ", "Round o to the nearest 1000000.", "\n0\nSuppose -57039975 = x + 5*h, h = x + 5*h + 57039980. ", "What is x rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n-57000000\nLet f = -2105757 - -2105552.9751. ", "Let o = f - -204. ", "Let s = o + -0.003. ", "What is s rounded to 3 decimal places?", "\n-0.028\nSuppose 5*l + 1042000 = -10*a, 5*a - 10*a = 4*l + 833615. ", "What is l rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n-210000\nLet l = -1428407.50986 + 1428394. ", "Let r = 13.5688503 + l. Let a = r + -0.059. ", "Round a to six decimal places.", "\n-0.00001\nLet z(k) = -23*k + 136. ", "Let v be z(6). ", "Let h be 3379990/v + 8 + -13. ", "Round h to the nearest one million.", "\n-2000000\nLet c = 114.2 - 131.189. ", "What is c rounded to one decimal place?", "\n-17\nLet i = 112.921 + -113. ", "Let u = 112.9 + -113.0066. ", "Let v = i - u. Round v to three decimal places.", "\n0.028\nLet m = 1.183 + 2.002. ", "Let o = m + 0.015. ", "Let q = o + -2.99. ", "What is q rounded to one decimal place?", "\n0.2\nLet w be 2/(8/35725) - (13 + (-969)/76). ", "What is w rounded to the nearest one thousand?", "\n9000\nLet j = 1404781.73 - 1404785.98000011. ", "Let l = j + 4.25. ", "What is l rounded to six decimal places?", "\n0\nLet n = -194 - -219. ", "Let p = -25.604 + n. Round p to one decimal place.", "\n-0.6\nLet z = -0.22977 - 943.87023. ", "Round z to the nearest one hundred.", "\n-900\nLet u = -0.61542167 - -0.5831633. ", "Let t = 0.03228 + u. Round t to six dps.", "\n0.000022\nLet h = 894831708.0000407 + -894832175. ", "Let s = h - -467. ", "What is s rounded to five decimal places?", "\n0.00004\nLet s be (-84200050)/(-4) - 8*(-2)/(-32). ", "Suppose -6992994 = 5*m - a - 28042997, 0 = 5*m - 4*a - s. What is m rounded to the nearest 100000?", "\n4200000\nLet t = 419513403 - 699863403. ", "Round t to the nearest 1000000.", "\n-280000000\nSuppose -3 = -5*j + 7. ", "Suppose -j*f = -4 + 4. ", "Suppose 2*g = -2*a + 39697 - 137693, f = -g + 2. ", "Round a to the nearest 10000.", "\n-50000\nLet j = 78841.6 + -48973. ", "Round j to the nearest 100.", "\n29900\nLet n = 0.077602 - 0.485932. ", "Round n to 2 decimal places.", "\n-0.41\nLet r be (-9 - 5)*4/(-2). ", "Suppose 0 = -2*s - r + 32. ", "Suppose 465 = -s*f + 103. ", "Round f to the nearest 10.", "\n-180\nLet h be 2 + (105299964/(-30))/((-3)/10). ", "Suppose h = x + d, -x = x - 3*d - 23400006. ", "What is x rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n12000000\nLet n be 22/(-14) + 24/(-56). ", "Let t be (n - 5)/(4/(-297284)). ", "Let c = 269753 + t. What is c rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?", "\n800000\nLet u = -82548 + 82597.067. ", "Round u to 0 dps.", "\n49\nLet j = -215254.61 - -214115. ", "What is j rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n-1140\nLet d = 5353 + -2862. ", "Let w = d + -2493.361. ", "Round w to 1 decimal place.", "\n-2.4\nLet c = 57894.287 - 57929. ", "What is c rounded to the nearest integer?", "\n-35\nLet x be (25*-60)/(((-2)/6)/(-1 + -2737)). ", "Round x to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n-12300000\nLet b(l) = -11353*l**2 - 30*l - 137. ", "Let t be b(-19). ", "Round t to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n-4100000\nLet v = -8.8601155 + 485.6854055. ", "Let g = 454.8253 - v. Let k = 22 + g. Round k to 4 dps.", "\n0\nLet b = 1140.057 - -1.943. ", "Let v = b - 1207.36. ", "What is v rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n-70\nLet j be (1*2 + 20256/(-120))/((-42)/2660000). ", "What is j rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n11000000\nLet b = -54099896738.99999562 + 54099897251. ", "Let m = b - 512. ", "What is m rounded to 6 decimal places?", "\n0.000004\nLet b = -14790.237 - -14780. ", "Let k = 10.2 + b. Round k to 2 dps.", "\n-0.04\nLet c = 309 + -331. ", "Let m = c - -26.88. ", "What is m rounded to 0 dps?", "\n5\nLet a = 91.0227637 + -0.0180637. ", "Let z = 101 + -10. ", "Let i = a - z. What is i rounded to three decimal places?", "\n0.005\nLet f = 55.8 + -29.35. ", "Let p = 0.95 - f. What is p rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n-30\nLet j = 2684.4 + -2684.233389. ", "What is j rounded to 3 dps?", "\n0.167\nLet z = -0.12904 - -0.1287291. ", "Round z to 4 dps.", "\n-0.0003\nSuppose 439832759 = 7*l - 256935828 + 37067587. ", "What is l rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n94000000\nLet b = 804.5 - 728. ", "Let v = b - 79.87. ", "What is v rounded to 1 dp?", "\n-3.4\nLet r = -19113.0219848 + 19112.9. ", "Let s = r + 0.122. ", "Round s to 5 decimal places.", "\n0.00002\nLet h = 3500811.000158 - 3500832. ", "Let q = -6309 + 6288. ", "Let a = h - q. What is a rounded to 5 dps?", "\n0.00016\nLet u = 579 - 400. ", "Let m = u - 178.999992. ", "What is m rounded to six decimal places?", "\n0.000008\nSuppose 2*y + 2360 = 10340. ", "Suppose b - 5320 = -0*b. ", "Suppose 4*h - b = 4*n, -3*n + 2*h - y = -0*n. ", "Round n to the nearest one hundred.", "\n-1300\nSuppose -15 = -5*t, -3*w + 0*w - 3*t = -105. ", "Suppose -o + l = 3*o + w, 0 = o - 4*l + 8. ", "Let f be -1*1 - (-4480)/o - 1. ", "Round f to the nearest 100.", "\n-600\nLet x = 1.6946 - 1.964. ", "Let n = 0.1611 + x. What is n rounded to two decimal places?", "\n-0.11\nLet m(r) = 3*r**2 + 25*r + 9. ", "Let y be m(-8). ", "Let u(w) = 1329999*w**3 + 3*w**2 - 2. ", "Let n be u(y). ", "What is n rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n1000000\nLet r(y) = 300*y**3 + 4*y**2 + 3*y + 49. ", "Let q be r(9). ", "Round q to the nearest ten thousand.", "\n220000\nSuppose 0 = -p - 4, 5*d + 11 = 2*d + p. Let o be (3 + 0)*3*d/(-9). ", "Suppose 4*f - 12 = 0, -o*s - 66 = -5*f + 244. ", "What is s rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n-60\nLet g = 3.71 - -0.39. ", "Let z = g + 0.4. ", "Let y = -6.06 + z. What is y rounded to 1 dp?", "\n-1.6\nLet z = -19 - 6. ", "Let f = 25.00000526 + z. What is f rounded to six dps?", "\n0.000005\nLet q = -122.8 + -8.2. ", "Let f = -131.00000331 - q. Round f to six dps.", "\n-0.000003\nLet d = 8510 - 8509.999890148. ", "What is d rounded to six dps?", "\n0.00011\nLet p = 105959 - 105959.51941. ", "What is p rounded to 3 decimal places?", "\n-0.519\nLet f = -0.0516 - 191.3484. ", "Let u = f - -100.1. ", "What is u rounded to 0 dps?", "\n-91\nLet m = -141.8 - -182. ", "Let x = 26 - m. Let q = 14.199767 + x. What is q rounded to 5 dps?", "\n-0.00023\nLet w = -0.500008717 - -0.5. ", "Round w to 6 dps.", "\n-0.000009\nLet o = -4198 + 2781.9. ", "Round o to the nearest ten.", "\n-1420\nSuppose 6675608 = -3*s + 299745608. ", "Round s to the nearest one million.", "\n98000000\nLet a(n) = -12817*n - 113. ", "Let p be a(-30). ", "Suppose -4*h + 4 = 0, -h = -4*t - 4*h - p. What is t rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n-100000\nLet m = 345923 + -330099.7. ", "What is m rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n15800\nSuppose 0 = w - 5*d - 658675, 12*w - 15*w - 4*d = -1976120. ", "Round w to the nearest 10000.", "\n660000\nLet q = -0.0374 + 0.5592. ", "Round q to one dp.", "\n0.5\nLet t be 246619 + 2 + 2 + 5. ", "Let x = 372628 - t. What is x rounded to the nearest 10000?", "\n130000\nLet f be (-106358)/14 - (3 - -8). ", "What is f rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n-7600\nLet r = -17003 + 98975. ", "Suppose -84228 = 20*h + r. What is h rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n-8300\nLet x(t) = 3555*t**3 + 3*t**2 + 11*t - 2. ", "Let k be x(7). ", "Let m = k + -4679587. ", "What is m rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n-3000000\nLet b(c) be the third derivative of 17*c**5/12 + 3*c**4/8 + 5*c**3/2 - 16*c**2. ", "Let r be b(11). ", "Suppose -3*l + 401 = -r. ", "Round l to the nearest 1000.", "\n4000\nLet b = 4481082 - 3141062. ", "Suppose 4*u + 5*p = -2240826 - 3119154, u - 5*p = -b. ", "What is u rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n-1000000\nLet x(q) = -10*q**3 - 25*q**2 - 68*q + 73. ", "Let z(h) = 2*h**3 + 6*h**2 + 17*h - 18. ", "Let g(c) = 2*x(c) + 9*z(c). ", "Let j be g(-8). ", "Round j to the nearest 100.", "\n1100\nLet f = 0.047413 + -0.0449649. ", "What is f rounded to three decimal places?", "\n0.002\nLet i(z) = -824*z - 3. ", "Let d be i(-19). ", "Let r = -24253 + d. Round r to the nearest 1000.", "\n-9000\nLet u = -6869243 - -4655476. ", "Suppose -4*a + 3004061 = 148993. ", "Let x = a + u. What is x rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n-2000000\nLet x = -486557 - -487587.234. ", "Let p = x - 1027. ", "Round p to 1 dp.", "\n3.2\nLet b = 2213 - 2032. ", "Let a = -179.365 - 2.625. ", "Let w = b + a. Round w to one decimal place.", "\n-1\nLet w be (-10)/(-6) + (-33)/9. ", "Let l be (-11 - -12)*((-870)/1)/w. ", "Suppose 0 = 2*x + l - 1875. ", "What is x rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n700\nLet d = -313 + 324. ", "Let l = d + -11.00306. ", "Round l to four decimal places.", "\n-0.0031\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0.0011567010078579187, 0.0016362523892894387, 0.008472154848277569, 0.005504867993295193, 0.001476718345656991, 0.0015449572820216417, 0.006310147698968649, 0.0009638646151870489, 0.0011438342044129968, 0.0010493721347302198, 0.023999014869332314, 0.0008872962789610028, 0.0008591358782723546, 0.000870712858159095, 0.0009864470921456814, 0.33677271008491516, 0.005509747192263603, 0.001640617148950696, 0.0009166263043880463, 0.0008226202917285264, 0.001746004680171609, 0.00443733436986804, 0.006180111318826675, 0.0008525674347765744, 0.004882066510617733, 0.000802735798060894, 0.001546121435239911, 0.0033259557094424963, 0.0007339105941355228, 0.36296790838241577, 0.0014858312206342816, 0.0017076575895771384, 0.002076901728287339, 0.001005721976980567, 0.0008460217504762113, 0.0012093483237549663, 0.0010864457581192255, 0.004036302212625742, 0.0024581742472946644, 0.0077239032834768295, 0.004340154118835926, 0.0009369163308292627, 0.001472913078032434, 0.0013398131122812629, 0.0014175219694152474, 0.0012394121149554849, 0.0007750102085992694, 0.002262794878333807, 0.00407769251614809, 0.0025372125674039125, 0.0015110097592696548, 0.00171659083571285, 0.04235684126615524, 0.001782808220013976, 0.001210436807014048, 0.0008281568298116326, 0.0012333972845226526, 0.0016216764925047755, 0.0013453048886731267, 0.0014874592889100313, 0.001117232721298933, 0.02036963403224945, 0.005567051935940981, 0.0010228855535387993, 0.0010751642985269427, 0.001124473405070603, 0.0016699766274541616, 0.0008904782589524984, 0.0017184190219268203, 0.004012725781649351, 0.030064556747674942, 0.00237517268396914, 0.002019593259319663, 0.004275854676961899, 0.0009324472048319876, 0.0014968834584578872, 0.0014423774555325508, 0.0012080012820661068, 0.0022977138869464397, 0.008129643276333809, 0.0013275360688567162, 0.001400812529027462, 0.0011344380909577012, 0.0013110488653182983, 0.0009177120518870652, 0.0011737473541870713, 0.0007621337426826358, 0.0015673962188884616, 0.0012059680884703994, 0.003046630881726742, 0.001487931003794074, 0.001702181063592434, 0.0012053914833813906, 0.02022911049425602, 0.0017581993015483022, 0.0012978690210729837, 0.0018872189102694392, 0.0013507058611139655, 0.001012225286103785, 0.0036523097660392523, 0.001827168045565486, 0.0007763680769130588, 0.0022458843886852264, 0.04339594766497612, 0.00097466487204656, 0.001556670875288546, 0.0017439440125599504, 0.002169262384995818, 0.001455259625799954, 0.0017012666212394834, 0.004601079970598221, 0.001322238240391016, 0.001101725036278367, 0.0015624044463038445, 0.0019485746743157506, 0.0014837803319096565, 0.0014142650179564953, 0.0008135371026583016, 0.0011628950014710426, 0.001121583511121571, 0.0013657626695930958, 0.001298643765039742, 0.0018263272941112518, 0.0008437245269306004, 0.0038132730405777693, 0.0010932257864624262, 0.005088216159492731, 0.0012523684417828918, 0.0013826295034959912, 0.0008025848073884845, 0.0018490769434720278, 0.001889972947537899, 0.11663158237934113, 0.0016923525836318731, 0.007278589066118002, 0.014525030739605427, 0.08475659042596817, 0.0027611390687525272, 0.0010028992546722293, 0.0010732704540714622, 0.07929223030805588, 0.0019849317613989115, 0.03469076752662659, 0.08432357013225555, 0.0009718344663269818, 0.01802019588649273, 0.0011561354622244835, 0.001799166901037097, 0.03242023289203644, 0.22955188155174255, 0.0010562525130808353, 0.0022571319714188576, 0.004068085458129644, 0.0017599737038835883, 0.0024627435486763716, 0.0038498719222843647, 0.002582110930234194, 0.017303217202425003, 0.0018877509282901883, 0.0016042022034525871, 0.0011630113003775477, 0.00088871008483693, 0.004995823372155428, 0.011966397054493427, 0.0035827085375785828, 0.002448547864332795, 0.0014032485196366906, 0.0026818413753062487, 0.001382526126690209, 0.00941504817456007, 0.0016021622577682137, 0.0012220569187775254, 0.001546901068650186, 0.004496872425079346, 0.002028496004641056, 0.0035208044573664665, 0.00110572949051857, 0.0009860730497166514, 0.0026018028147518635, 0.0011212972458451986, 0.00174859375692904, 0.0010788938961923122, 0.006970126181840897, 0.0008547045872546732, 0.0012642942601814866, 0.0014083203859627247, 0.0011371797882020473, 0.001028520055115223, 0.019471894949674606, 0.001973149599507451, 0.0024933693930506706, 0.001081891474314034, 0.08676145225763321, 0.0013320227153599262, 0.0009565066429786384, 0.0008987002656795084, 0.0008271426195278764, 0.004511443432420492, 0.0013927858090028167, 0.002785641932860017, 0.0171861220151186, 0.010040616616606712, 0.0018556506838649511, 0.001124473405070603, 0.0016013416461646557, 0.001039936556480825, 0.006465327460318804, 0.0009048795327544212, 0.0017102519050240517, 0.0019945958629250526, 0.0010519049828872085, 0.002850955817848444, 0.0014074852224439383, 0.0011186511255800724, 0.0012506161583587527, 0.0008706017397344112, 0.0013165846467018127, 0.007101779337972403, 0.002282487228512764, 0.001195221208035946, 0.0012082660105079412, 0.0009551051771268249, 0.0010079843923449516, 0.0016624246491119266, 0.0007504745153710246, 0.0009012015070766211 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow can I view string content being written by XMLWriter to a Stream/MemoryStream?", "\n\nHow can I view the content I write with XMLWriter object to a MemoryStream object?", "\nNote that the MemoryStreamobject isn't a member field of the class and I don't have access to it in the relevant method in which I write to it with XMLWriter. ", " \nI thought I will be able to look at the MemoryStream by the XMLWriter object itself, which is linked to the MemoryStream it writes to, but It seems that who wrote XMLWriter didn't think about that option. ", " :\\\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nI assume you would like to get string value from your MemoryStream object? ", "\nTry this:\n memoryStream.", "Position = 0;\n var sr = new StreamReader(memoryStream);\n var myStr = sr.", "ReadToEnd();\n Console.", "WriteLine(myStr);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000678125477861613, 0.0007528325659222901, 0.0006026765331625938, 0.0005299566546455026, 0.0007588334265165031, 0.0007063826778903604, 0.0007129849400371313, 0.0007132112514227629, 0.000740608258638531 ]

[ "\"So please finish Percival for next time.\" \"", "I know many of you had this as undergraduates, but it won't hurt to brush up.\" \"", "Thank you, Steven.\" \"", "I also put an advanced Fourier system on the main hallway chalkboard.\" \"", "I'm hoping that one of you might prove it by the end of the semester.\" \"", "Now the person to do so will not only be in my good graces... but also go on to fame and fortune... by having their accomplishment recorded and their name printed... in the auspicious M.I.T. Tech.\" \"", "Former winners include Nobel laureates, Field's medal winners... renowned astrophysicists and lowly M.I.T. professors.\" \"", "Well, that's all.\" \"", "If you have any questions...\" \"I'm sure that Tom has the answers.\" \"", "Hi, Will.\" \" ", "Kirsten, how you doing?\" \" ", "I'm all right.\" \"", "How are you?\" \" ", "Good.\" \" ", "I didn't get on Cathy last night.\" \" ", "No?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Why not?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \" ", "Cathy!\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Why didn't you give me none of that nasty little hoochie-woochie...\" \" you usually throw at me?\" \" ", "Oh, fuck you... and your Irish curse, Chuckie.\" \"", "Like I'd waste my energy spreadin' my legs for that Tootsie Roll dick?\" \" ", "Go home and give it a tug yourself.\" \" ", "Tootsie Roll!\" \"", "T-Toots!\" \"", "She's missin' a tooth, Will.\" \"", "She's got skin problems.\" \"", "I don't\" \"Plus, it's like 5-to-2 Morgan ends up marrying' her, you know what I mean?\" \"", "There's only so many times you can bang your friend's future wife.\" \"", "It's wrong.\" \"", "Where you goin'?\" \" ", "I'm gonna take off.\" \" ", "Fuck you, you're takin' off.\" \"", "It's, like, what, 10:00?\" \"", "No, I'm tired.\" \"", "Irish curse?\" \"", "She don't know.\" \"", "There ain't no Irish curse.\" \"", "Out!\" \"", "Stop pressuring me back.\" \"", "Stop crowding the plate!\" \"", "Which one will it be?\" \"", "You're gonna get charged, you know that?\" \"", "You think I'm afraid of you, you big fuck?\" \"", "You're crowdin' the fuckin' plate.\" \"", "Hey, uh, Casey's bouncin' up a bar at Harvard next week.\" \"", "We should go up there.\" \" ", "What are we gonna do up there?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \"", "We'll fuck up some smart kids.\" \"", "Probably fit right in.\" \"", "Ow!\" \"", "Fuckin' punk.\" \" ", "Oh, what's up?\" \"", "You still tough?\" \" ", "Come on!\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "That's it.\" \"# ", "I'd hold you forever here #\" \"# In my arms #\" \" Professor Lambeau?\" \" ", "Yes?\" \"", "I'm in your applied theories class.\" \"", "We're all up at the math and science building.\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "It's Saturday.\" \" ", "Unless you wanna have a drink with me tonight.\" \" ", "Maybe.\" \"", "We just couldn't wait until Monday to find out.\" \" ", "Find out what?\" \" ", "Who proved the theorem.\" \"", "This is correct.\" \"", "Who did this?\" \" ", "Jack?\" \" ", "It wasn't me.\" \" ", "Nemesh?\" \" ", "N-No way.\" \" ", "Come on, Joey, now!\" \" ", "Billy, McNamara's up.\" \"", "Come on, kid!\" \" ", "Joey, dig it out!\" \"", "Dig it out!\" \" ", "Son of a bitch!\" \"", "Bring it down, Mac!\" \"", "That's how to do it!\" \"", "Attaboy!\" \"", "Take two, Mac.\" \"", "Hey, Morgan, who's the girl with the striped pants?\" \"", "She's got a nice ass.\" \" ", "Yeah, that's a real nice ass.\" \" ", "Who's the guy she's with?\" \"", "That fuckin' guinea.\" \"", "I hate that little bitch.\" \"", "Will knows him.\" \"", "Yeah, I do.\" \"", "Yeah, fuckin' Carmine Scarpaglia.\" \" ", "That guy used to beat the shit out of me in kindergarten.\" \" ", "That guy?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Fuck this.\" \"", "Let's get some food.\" \" ", "Oh, what, Morgan, you're not gonna go talk to her?\" \" ", "Fuck her.\" \" ", "I could go for a Whopper.\" \" ", "Let's go to Kelly's.\" \"", "Morgan, I'm not goin' to Kelly's just 'cause you like the take-out girl.\" \" ", "It's 15 minutes out of our way.\" \" ", "What the fuck are we gonna do?\" \"", "We can't spare 15 minutes?\" \"", "Double burger.\" \"", "Double burger.\" \"", "Double burger.\" \"", "Chuck, I had a double burger.\" \"", "Would you shut the fuck up!\" \"", "I know what you ordered.\" \"", "I was there.\" \" ", "So give me my fuckin' sandwich.\" \" ", "What do you mean, your sandwich?\" \"", "I bought it.\" \"", "Morgan, how much money you got on you?\" \"", "I said I'd get change when I get the snow cone.\" \"", "I said that when we pulled up.\" \"", "Give me my sandwich and stop bein' a prick.\" \"", "All right, well, give me your fuckin' 16 cents that you got on you now.\" \"", "We'll put your fuckin' sandwich on layaway.\" \"", "Here we go.\" \"", "Keep it right up here for ya.\" \"", "We'll put you on a program.\" \"", "Every day you come in here with your six cents.\" \" ", "At the end of the week, you get your sandwich.\" \" ", "Are you gonna be an asshole?\" \"", "What am I, fuckin' sandwich welfare?\" \"", "I think you should establish a good line of credit.\" \"", "Like how you bought your couch-- payment plans.\" \"", "Remember how your mother brought in ten dollars every day for a year.\" \"", "She finally got her couch Rent-A-Center style.\" \" ", "Can I have my food, please?\" \" ", "Here's your fuckin' double burger.\" \" ", "Whoa!\" \" ", "Hey, hold up, Chuck.\" \" ", "Slow it down.\" \" ", "Who do we got?\" \" ", "I don't know yet.\" \" ", "Hey, douche bag!\" \"", "Yeah, you, you skank face!\" \" ", "Shut the fuck up.\" \" ", "Get outta here.\" \" ", "What are you worried about?\" \"", "Why don't you lick my love stick?\" \"", "We seen the guy 15 minutes ago.\" \"", "We should've fight him then.\" \"", "We're eatin' our snacks now.\" \" ", "Shut up, Morgan, you're goin'.\" \" ", "I'm not goin'.\" \" ", "So don't go.\" \" ", "I'm not goin'.\" \" ", "Fuckin' go, Morgan.\" \"", "Let me tell you somethin'.\" \"", "If you're not out there in two fuckin' seconds, when I'm done with them, you're next.\" \"", "Carmine, it's me, Will.\" \"", "Remember, we went to kindergarten together.\" \"# ", "Way down the street there's a light in his place #\" \"# He opens the door, he's got that look on his face ##\" \" Fuckin', let's go, man.\" \" ", "Step on his fuckin' head.\" \"", "Get his ass on the ground.\" \"", "Stop that motherfucker.\" \"", "Motherfucker, die!\" \" ", "Carter!\" \" ", "Come on!\" \"", "Will!\" \"", "Will, come on!\" \"", "Will, come on.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Easy, brother, easy.\" \" ", "Hey, fellas, thanks for comin' out.\" \" ", "Come here!\" \"", "Whoa!\" \"", "Whoa!\" \"", "Ah.\" \"", "Fuck.\" \"", "Is it just my imagination, or has my class grown considerably?\" \"", "Well, by no stretch of my imagination... do I believe you've all come here to hear me lecture.\" \"", "Rather, to ascertain the identity of the mystery math magician.\" \"", "So without further adieu, come forward, silent rogue, and receive thy prize.\" \"", "Well, I'm sorry to disappoint my spectators, but... it seems there will be no unmasking here today.\" \"", "However, uh, my colleagues and I have conferred, and there is a problem on the board right now... that took us more than two years to prove.\" \"", "So let this be said:\" \"The gauntlet has been thrown down, but the faculty have answered and answered with vigor.\" \"", "Hey, when's the arraignment?\" \"", "Next week.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \" ", "What are you doing?\" \" ", "Sorry.\" \"", "That's people's work.\" \"", "You can't graffiti here.\" \" ", "Don't you walk away from me!\" \" ", "Hey, fuck you!\" \"", "Oh, you're a clever one.\" \"", "What's your name?\" \"", "Oh, my God.\" \"", "Looks right.\" \"", "Will, how retarded do you gotta be to get fired from that job?\" \"", "I mean, how hard is it to push a motherfuckin' broom around?\" \"", "Mitch, you got fired from pushing' a fuckin' broom.\" \"", "I got fired 'cause management was restructuring.\" \"", "Yeah, restructuring the amount of retards they had working' for 'em.\" \"", "Shut up.\" \"", "You get canned more than tuna, bitch.\" \"", "At least I got a motherfuckin' job right now, don't I?\" \" ", "Why'd you get fired, Will?\" \"", "Come on.\" \" ", "Management was restructuring.\" \" ", "My uncle could probably get you on a demo team.\" \" ", "Can he do that?\" \"", "You kiddin' me!\" \"", "I asked you yesterday if I could get a job.\" \"", "And I told you \"no\" yesterday.\" \" ", "What's up, Casey?\" \" ", "What's up, Case?\" \" ", "What's up, Big Case?\" \"", "Let's sit over here.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Oh, this is-- this is a Harvard bar, huh?\" \"", "I thought there'd be, like, equations and shit on the wall.\" \"", "I will take a pitcher of the finest lager in the house.\" \"", "Timeout.\" \"", "I'm gonna have to bust a little move on them Harvard hotties down there at the bar.\" \" ", "Work some magic.\" \" ", "Get some potion for us.\" \" ", "Oh, hello.\" \" ", "Oh, hello.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \"", "How are ya?\" \" ", "Fine.\" \" ", "So, do you ladies, uh\" \" Come here often?\" \"", "Do I come here?\" \"", "I come here a bit.\" \"", "I'm here, you know, from time to time.\" \" ", "Do you go to school here?\" \" ", "Yep.\" \" ", "Yeah, that's it.\" \"", "I think I had a class with you.\" \" ", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "What class?\" \" ", "History.\" \" ", "Maybe.\" \"", "Yes, I think that's what it was.\" \"", "You don't necessarily-- may not remember me.\" \"", "You know, I like it here.\" \" ", "It doesn't mean 'cause I go here, I'm a genius.\" \"", "I am very smart.\" \" ", "Hey.\" \" ", "Hey, how's it goin'?\" \"", "How are ya?\" \" ", "Good.\" \"", "How ya doin'?\" \"", "What class did you say that was?\" \" ", "History.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Just history?\" \"", "It must have been a survey course then.\" \" ", "Yeah, it was.\" \"", "It was surveys.\" \" ", "Right.\" \"", "You should check it out.\" \"", "It's a good course.\" \"", "It'd be a good class.\" \" ", "How'd you like that course?\" \" ", "You know, frankly,\" \" I found that class, you know, rather elementary.\" \" ", "Elementary.\" \" ", "You know, I don't doubt that it was.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "I, uh, I remember that class.\" \"", "It was, um-- It was just between recess and lunch.\" \"", "Clark, why don't you go away?\" \" ", "Why don't you relax?\" \" ", "Why don't you go away?\" \"", "I'm just havin' fun with my new friend.\" \"", "Are we gonna have a problem?\" \"", "No, no, no, no.\" \"", "There's no problem here.\" \"", "I was just hoping you might give me some insight into the evolution... of the market economy in the southern colonies.\" \"", "My contention is that prior to the Revolutionary War, the economic modalities-- especially in the southern colonies-- could most aptly be characterized as...\" \" agrarian precapitalist.\" \" ", "Let me tell you somethin'.\" \"", "Of course that's your contention.\" \"", "You're a first-year grad student.\" \"", "You just got finished readin' some Marxian historian-- Pete Garrison, probably\" \"You're gonna be convinced of that till next month when you get to James Lemon.\" \"", "Then you're gonna be talkin' about how the economies of Virginia and Pennsylvania... were entrepreneurial and capitalist way back in 1740.\" \"", "That's gonna last until next year.\" \"", "You're gonna be in here regurgitatin' Gordon Wood, talkin' about, you know, the prerevolutionary utopia... and the capital-forming effects of military mobilization.\" \"", "Well, as a matter of fact, I won't, because Wood drastically underestimates the impact of\" \"Wood drastically underestimates the impact of social distinctions... predicated upon wealth, especially inherited wealth.\" \"", "You got that from Vickers' Work in Essex County.\" \"", "Page 98, right?\" \"", "I read that too.\" \"", "Were you gonna plagiarize the whole thing for us?\" \"", "Do you have any thoughts of your own on this matter?\" \"", "Or is that your thing?\" \"", "You come into a bar.\" \"", "You read some obscure passage.\" \"", "Then pretend-- pawn it off as your own.\" \"", "As your own idea just to impress some girls?\" \"", "Embarrass my friend?\" \"", "See, the sad thing about a guy like you is, in 50 years, you're gonna start doin' some thinkin' on your own.\" \"", "You're gonna come up with the fact that there are two certainties in life.\" \"", "One:\" \"Don't do that.\" \"", "And two:\" \"You dropped 150 grand on a fuckin' education... you could've got for $1.50 in late charges at the public library.\" \"", "Yeah, but I will have a degree, and you'll be servin' my kids fries at a drive through on our way to a skiing trip.\" \"", "Maybe, but at least I won't be unoriginal.\" \"", "If you have a problem with that, we could step outside.\" \"", "We could figure it out.\" \"", "No, man, there's no problem.\" \"", "It's cool.\" \" ", "It's cool?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Cool.\" \" ", "Damn right, it's cool.\" \"", "How do you like me now?\" \"", "My boy's wicked smart.\" \"", "I just spent three minutes in this fuckin' place and run into a barney, huh?\" \"", "There it is.\" \" ", "Nice to meet you.\" \" ", "They were fine, man.\" \"", "I was gonna close the deal, but then Chuck\" \" Billy insulted one of 'em\" \"The heavyset girl said I had a receding hairline, and I was a few pounds overweight.\" \"", "And I was, like, \"Go fuck yourself.\"\" \"", "I swallowed a bug.\" \"", "Hi.\" \" ", "You're an idiot.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "You're an idiot.\" \"", "I've been sitting over there for 45 minutes... waiting for you to come and talk to me.\" \"", "But I'm tired now, and I have to go home.\" \"", "I couldn't sit there anymore waiting for you.\" \" ", "I'm Will.\" \" ", "Skylar.\" \" ", "Skylar.\" \" ", "Oh, and by the way, that guy over there-- Michael Bolton clone\" \"He wasn't sitting with us, so to speak.\" \" ", "I know.\" \"", "I kinda got that impression.\" \" ", "Good.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Well, I've got to go.\" \"", "Gotta get up early and waste some more money on my overpriced education.\" \" ", "No, I didn't mean you.\" \" ", "That's all right.\" \"", "There's my number.\" \"", "Maybe we can go out for coffee sometime.\" \"", "All right, yeah.\" \"", "Maybe we can just get together and eat a bunch of caramels.\" \" ", "What do you mean?\" \" ", "When you think about it,\" \" it's as arbitrary as drinking' coffee.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Uh, right, then.\" \"", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "You're kidding.\" \"", "Yo!\" \" ", "Fuck you, bitch!\" \" ", "Fuck you.\" \" ", "There goes them fuckin' barneys right now with his skiing' trip.\" \" ", "Hold on.\" \"", "We should've beat that old bitch's ass.\" \"", "Do you like apples?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "Well, I got her number!\" \"", "How do you like them apples?\" \"# ", "We arrived tonight #\" \"# The miles were over me #\" \"# I turned off the light #\" \"# So, come on, night #\" \"# Everyone who's gone #\" \"# Home to oblivion #\" \"# So come home #\" \"# So come on by ##\" \"Come.\" \"", "Excuse me?\" \"", "Is this the Buildings and Grounds office?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "What can I do for you?\" \"", "I just need the name of a student who works here.\" \" ", "No students work for me.\" \" ", "Could you please check?\" \"", "I have this guy who works in my building.\" \" ", "He's about this high.\" \" ", "Which one is your building?\" \" ", "Two.\" \" ", "Two.\" \"", "Building two.\" \" ", "Look, if anything was stolen, I should know about it.\" \" ", "No, it's nothing like that.\" \"", "I just need his name.\" \" ", "I can't give you his name unless you have a complaint.\" \" ", "This is Professor Lambeau.\" \"", "And this is Professor Hayes.\" \"", "Tom, please.\" \"", "This is important.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Will didn't show for work today.\" \"", "Got this job through his P.O. You can call him.\" \" ", "P.O.?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Parole officer.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Asshole.\" \"", "There is a lengthy legal precedent, Your Honor, going back to 1789, whereby a defendant can claim self-defense against an agent of the government... if that act is deemed a defense against tyranny, a defense of liberty.\" \"", "Your Honor, Henry Ward Beecher,\" \" in Proverbs from the Plymouth Pulpit, 1887, said, quote-- - 1887?\" \" ", "Excuse me.\" \" ", "This is the 20th century.\" \" ", "He's gonna make a mockery.\" \" ", "I am afforded the right to speak in my own defense, sir, by the Constitution of the United States.\" \" ", "Don't tell me about the Constitution.\" \" ", "This guarantees my liberty.\" \"\"", "Liberty,\" in case you've forgotten, is a soul's right to breathe.\" \"", "When it cannot take a long breath, laws are girded too tight.\" \" ", "Without liberty, man is a syncope.\" \" ", "Man is a what?\" \" ", "Ibid., ", "Your Honor.\" \" ", "Son, my turn.\" \"", "I've been sitting here for ten minutes now lookin' over this rap sheet of yours.\" \"", "I just can't believe it.\" \"", "June '93, assault.\" \"", "September '93, assault.\" \"", "Grand theft auto, February of '94.\" \"", "Where, apparently, you defended yourself and had the case thrown out by citing...\" \"\"free property rights of horse and carriage\" from 1798.\" \"", "Joke.\" \"", "January '95, impersonating an officer.\" \"", "Mayhem, theft, resisting.\" \"", "All overturned.\" \"", "I'm also aware that you've been through several foster homes.\" \"", "The state removed you from three because of serious physical abuse.\" \"", "You know, another judge might care, but you hit a cop.\" \"", "You're going in.\" \"", "Motion to dismiss is denied.\" \"", "$50,000 bail.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Rise.\" \" ", "Hello?\" \" ", "Uh, Skylar?\" \" ", "Yep.\" \" ", "Hey, uh, it's Will.\" \" ", "Who?\" \" ", "It's Will.\" \"", "You know, the really funny, good-looking guy you met at the bar the other night.\" \"", "I don't recall meeting anyone who matches that description.\" \"", "I think I'd remember.\" \"", "Oh, all right, you got me.\" \"", "It's the ugly, obnoxious, toothless loser... who got hammered and wouldn't leave you alone all night.\" \"", "Oh, Will!\" \"", "I remember.\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "I was wondering if you'd call me.\" \" ", "Yeah, look, I was wondering\" \" Yo, what's up, baby?\" \" ", "Hold on one second.\" \" ", "What you doing?\" \"", "Want some of my ass?\" \" ", "Herve, I remember you from juvi.\" \"", "How you doing?\" \" ", "What you doing?\" \"", "Oh, yeah, sorry about that.\" \"", "I was wonderin' maybe we could get together sometime this week.\" \" ", "Sit out at a cafe.\" \"", "Maybe have some caramels.\" \" ", "Oh, that sounds wonderful.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \" ", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "Where are you?\" \"", "Uh, well, actually, this is just a shot in the dark, but, uh, there's no chance that you're pre-law, is there?\" \" ", "Have a seat.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \"", "Nice talking to ya.\" \"", "What the fuck do you want?\" \"", "I'm Gerald Lambeau.\" \"", "Professor you told to fuck himself.\" \"", "Well, what the fuck do you want?\" \"", "I've spoken to the judge, and he's agreed to release you under my supervision.\" \" ", "Really?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Under two conditions.\" \" ", "What are those?\" \"", "First condition is that you meet with me every week.\" \" ", "What for?\" \" ", "Go over the proof you're working on, get into some more advanced... combinatorial mathematics, finite math.\" \"", "Sounds like a real hoot.\" \"", "And the second condition is that-- that you see a therapist.\" \"", "I'm responsible to submit reports on those meetings.\" \"", "If you fail to meet with any of those conditions, you will have to serve time.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I'll do the math, but I'm not gonna meet with any fuckin' therapist.\" \"", "It's better than spending that time in jail, isn't it?\" \"", "I read your book, and \"Mike\" was havin' the same problems... that \"Chad,\" the stockbroker, was havin'.\" \"", "Absolutely right.\" \"", "Right on the button.\" \"", "Good for you, Will.\" \" ", "Very nice.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \"", "Will, the pressures-- and I'm not judging them.\" \"", "I'm not labeling them, but they are destroying your potential.\" \"", "No more shenanigans.\" \"", "No more tomfoolery.\" \"", "No more ballyhoo.\" \"", "You're right.\" \"", "God, I know.\" \"", "You're not gonna get off that easily.\" \"", "Come on, Will.\" \"", "A bit more.\" \" ", "Well, I mean, I do do things, you know?\" \" ", "What\" \" What kind of things?\" \"", "I do things that, you know, I mean, I hide from people.\" \" ", "You hide, do you?\" \" ", "No, no.\" \"", "I mean, I like-- I go places.\" \"", "I interact.\" \" ", "Really?\" \"", "What sort of places?\" \" ", "Just certain clubs.\" \"", "More.\" \"", "That's nice.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "What sort of clubs?\" \"", "Like, uh, like Fantasy.\" \"", "Fantasy.\" \"", "That's nice.\" \"", "A bit more.\" \"", "It's something like when you get in there, the music, like, owns you.\" \"", "It's like that house music.\" \"", "It's like-- # Bom, bom, bom #\" \"# Bom-bom-bom Boom, boom, boom, boom ##\" \" You know, you start dancin'.\" \" ", "Boom, boom, boom.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "It's just\" \"Yes.\" \"", "Do you find it hard to hide the fact that you're gay?\" \"", "What are you talking about?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Look, buddy, two seconds ago, you were ready to give me a jump.\" \"", "A jump?\" \"", "Are you\" \"I'm terribly sorry to disappoint you.\" \"", "Hey, I don't have a problem with it.\" \"", "I don't care if you putt from the rough.\" \"", "What are you\" \" P\" \" Putting from the rough?\" \"", "What on earth are you talking about?\" \"", "A difficult theorem could be like a symphony.\" \"", "It's very erotic.\" \"", "You go somewhere else.\" \"", "I can't handle this.\" \" ", "Wow.\" \" ", "Thank you, Henry.\" \" ", "Ah, Henry.\" \" ", "Hi, Gerry.\" \"", "You know something?\" \"", "I can't do this pro bono work anymore.\" \" ", "It's just not\" \" It's not worth it.\" \" ", "What happened?\" \"", "Well, I'm going on national television next week.\" \"", "I mean, I haven't got time to tell you, much less talk to that raving looney in there.\" \"", "An absolute lunatic, he is.\" \"", "Henry.\" \"", "Okay, you are in your bed, Will.\" \"", "Now, how old are you?\" \"", "Seven.\" \"", "What do you see?\" \"", "Something's in my room.\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "It's like a\" \" It's a figure.\" \"", "It's hovering' over me.\" \"", "You are in a safe place, Will.\" \"", "It's t-- It's touchin' me.\" \"", "Where is it touching you?\" \"", "It's touching me down there, and I'm nervous.\" \"", "You don't have to be nervous, Will.\" \"", "We start dancin' and dancin'.\" \"", "It's just beautiful, 'cause we can make... a lot of love before the sun goes down.\" \"# ", "Skyrockets in flight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \" # Hey, hey, hey, afternoon delight #\" \" Jesus.\" \"# ", "Skyrockets in flight Da-da-da-da #\" \" I'm sorry, Rich.\" \" ", "I have better things to do with my time.\" \"# ", "Hey, hey, afternoon delight ## Come on!\" \"", "One dance!\" \"", "You really hypnotized me, you know?\" \" ", "For God's sake, Will.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "He left.\" \"", "You can't pin that on me.\" \" ", "I told you to cooperate with these people.\" \" ", "Look...\" \" into my eyes.\" \" ", "Get out, Will.\" \"", "I don't need therapy.\" \"", "That's enough.\" \"", "Get out!\" \" ", "I called Mel Weintraub this morning to see\" \" Oh, what's the use?\" \"", "What do you want to do?\" \" ", "Well, there's someone.\" \" ", "Who is he?\" \"", "He used to be my, uh-- my roommate in college.\" \"", "Trust.\" \"", "Very important in a relationship.\" \"", "It's also very important in a clinical situation.\" \"", "Why is trust the most important thing... in making a breakthrough with a client?\" \"", "Maureen, stop the oral fixation for a moment and join us.\" \" ", "Vinnie.\" \" ", "Um\" \"Because, uh\" \"Trust is, uh-- Trust is life.\" \"", "Wow.\" \"", "That's very deep.\" \"", "Thank you, Vinnie.\" \"", "Next time, get the notes from your brother.\" \"", "If a patient doesn't feel safe enough trust you, then they won't be honest with you.\" \"", "Then there's really no point for them being in therapy.\" \"", "I mean, hey, if they don't trust you, you're never gonna get them to sleep with you.\" \"", "That should be the goal of any good therapist.\" \"", "Nail 'em while they're vulnerable.\" \"", "That's my motto.\" \"", "Oh, good, everyone's back.\" \"", "Welcome back, everybody.\" \" ", "Hello, Sean.\" \" ", "Hey, Gerry.\" \"", "Um, ladies and gentlemen, we are in the presence of greatness.\" \"", "Professor Gerald Lambeau, Field's medal winner for combinatorial mathematics.\" \" ", "Hello.\" \" ", "Anyone know what the Field's medal is?\" \"", "It's a really big deal.\" \"", "It's like the Nobel prize for math.\" \"", "Except they only give it out once every four years.\" \"", "It's a great thing.\" \"", "It's an amazing honor.\" \"", "Okay, everybody, that's it for today.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "We'll see you Monday.\" \"", "We'll be talking about Freud.\" \"", "Why he did enough cocaine to kill a small horse.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \" ", "How are you?\" \" ", "It's good to see you.\" \"", "Good to see you.\" \" ", "Sean, I think I got something interesting for ya.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "What, you have to have blood and urine?\" \"", "What's up?\" \"", "Why didn't you come to the reunion?\" \"", "You know, I'm-- I've been busy.\" \" ", "You were missed.\" \" ", "Really?\" \" ", "So how long has it been since we've seen each other?\" \" ", "Before Nancy died.\" \"", "Yeah, I'm sorry.\" \"", "I was in Paris.\" \"", "It was that damn conference.\" \"", "I got your card.\" \"", "It was nice.\" \" ", "Come here.\" \" ", "Now that's a takedown.\" \"", "Hey, what happened?\" \"", "Did you get leniency or what?\" \"", "I got, uh, probation and then counseling two days a week.\" \"", "Joke.\" \"", "You're a smoothie.\" \"", "Come on, Morgan!\" \"", "Just submit!\" \"", "Hey, Bill, just-just get off him.\" \"", "We're gonna miss the game.\" \" ", "I've got a full schedule.\" \"", "I'm very busy.\" \" ", "Sean, Sean.\" \"", "This-This boy is incredible.\" \"", "I've never seen anything like him.\" \"", "What makes him so incredible, Gerry?\" \" ", "You ever heard of Ramanujan?\" \" ", "Yeah, yeah.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "It's a man.\" \"", "He lived over 100 years ago.\" \"", "He was Indian.\" \" ", "Dots, not feathers.\" \" ", "Not feathers.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "He lived in this tiny hut somewhere in India.\" \"", "He had no formal education.\" \" ", "He had no access to any scientific work.\" \" ", "Coffee?\" \" ", "You, sir?\" \" ", "Just a little.\" \"", "But he came across this old math book, and from the simple text, he was able to extrapolate theories... that had baffled mathematicians for years.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Continued fractions.\" \"", "He wrote, uh\" \" Well, he mailed it to Hardy at Cambridge.\" \" ", "Yeah, Cambridge.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \" ", "And Hardy immediately recognized the brilliance of his work...\" \" Mm-hmm.\" \"", "and brought him over to England, and then they worked together for years, creating some of the most exciting math theory ever done.\" \"", "This-This Ramanujan-- his-his genius was unparalleled, Sean.\" \" ", "Well, this boy's just like that.\" \" ", "Hmm.\" \" ", "But he's-- he's a bit defensive.\" \" ", "Hmm.\" \"", "I need someone who can get through to him.\" \" ", "Like me?\" \" ", "Yeah, like you.\" \" ", "Why?\" \" ", "Well, because you have the same kind of background.\" \" ", "What background?\" \" ", "Well, you're from the same neighborhood.\" \" ", "He's from Southie?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Boy genius from Southie.\" \" ", "How many shrinks you go to before me?\" \" ", "Five.\" \" ", "Let me guess.\" \"", "Barry?\" \"", "Henry?\" \"", "Not Rick?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Sean, please, just meet with him once a week.\" \" ", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Please?\" \"", "It's a poker game with this kid.\" \"", "Don't let him know what you've got.\" \"", "He probably even read your book, if he could find it.\" \"", "It's gonna be hard for him to find.\" \" ", "Hi, Will.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \"", "This is Sean Maguire.\" \"", "Will Hunting.\" \"", "How are ya?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Let's get started.\" \" ", "Yeah, let's do it.\" \"", "I'm pumped.\" \"", "Let's let the healing begin.\" \" ", "Will you excuse us?\" \" ", "Yeah, please, Tom.\" \"", "You, too, Gerry.\" \"", "Yeah, of course.\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "Where you from in Southie?\" \"", "l like what you've done with the place.\" \"", "Oh, thanks.\" \"", "Do you buy all these books retail, or do you send away for, like, a \"shrink kit\" that comes with all these volumes included?\" \" ", "Do you like books?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Did you read any of these books?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \" ", "How about any of these books?\" \" ", "Probably not.\" \"", "What about the ones on the top shelf?\" \"", "You read those?\" \" ", "Yeah, I read those.\" \" ", "Good for you.\" \"", "What do you think about 'em?\" \"", "I'm not here for a fuckin' book report.\" \"", "They're your books.\" \"", "Why don't you read 'em?\" \"", "I did.\" \"", "I had to.\" \" ", "Must've taken you a long time.\" \" ", "Yeah, it did.\" \"", "United States of America:\" \"A Complete History, Volume I.\" \"Jesus.\" \"", "If you wanna read a real history book, read Howard Zinn's A People's History in the United States.\" \"", "That book'll fuckin' knock you on your ass.\" \"", "Better than Chomsky's Manufacturing Consent?\" \" ", "Do you think that's a good book?\" \" ", "You fuckin' people baffle me.\" \"", "You spend all your money on these fuckin' fancy books.\" \"", "You surround yourselves with 'em.\" \" ", "They're the wrong fuckin' books.\" \" ", "What are the right fuckin' books, Will?\" \" ", "Whatever blows your hair back.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Haven't got much hair left.\" \"", "Hey, you know you'd be better shoving that cigarette up your ass.\" \" ", "It'd probably be healthier for you.\" \" ", "Yeah, I know.\" \" ", "It really gets in the way of my yoga.\" \" ", "You work out, huh?\" \" ", "What, you lift?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Nautilus?\" \" ", "No, free weights.\" \" ", "Oh, really?\" \"", "Free weights, huh?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, big time.\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \" ", "Just like that.\" \" ", "What do you bench?\" \" ", "285.\" \"", "What do you bench?\" \"", "You paint that?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Do you paint?\" \" ", "Uh-uh.\" \" ", "Do you sculpt?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Do you like art?\" \" ", "Do you like music?\" \" ", "This is a real piece of shit.\" \"", "Oh, tell me what you really think.\" \"", "Just the linear and impressionistic mix makes a very muddled composition.\" \"", "It's also a Winslow Homer rip-off, except you got whitey rowing' the boat there.\" \"", "Well, it's art, Monet.\" \"", "It wasn't very good.\" \" ", "That's not really what concerns me though.\" \" ", "What concerns you?\" \"", "Just the coloring.\" \"", "You know what the real bitch of it is?\" \"", "It's paint-by-number.\" \"", "Is it color-by-number?\" \"", "Because the colors are fascinating to me.\" \" ", "Aren't they really?\" \" ", "You bet.\" \"", "I think you're about one step away from cutting' your fuckin' ear off.\" \" ", "Really?\" \" ", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Think I should move to the south of France, change my name to \"Vincent\"?\" \" ", "You ever heard the saying', \"any port in a storm\"?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Yeah, maybe that means you.\" \" ", "In what way?\" \" ", "Maybe you're in the middle of a storm, a big fuckin' storm.\" \" ", "Yeah, maybe.\" \"", "The sky's fallin' on your head.\" \"", "The waves are crashin' over your little boat.\" \"", "The oars are about to snap.\" \"", "You just piss in your pants.\" \"", "You're cryin' for the harbor.\" \"", "So maybe you do what you gotta do to get out.\" \"", "You know, maybe you became a psychologist.\" \"", "Bingo.\" \"", "That's it.\" \"", "Let me do my job now.\" \"", "You start with me.\" \"", "Come on.\" \" ", "Maybe you married the wrong woman.\" \" ", "Maybe you should watch your mouth!\" \"", "Watch it right there, chief, all right?\" \"", "Ah.\" \"", "That's it, isn't it?\" \"", "You married the wrong woman.\" \"", "What happened?\" \"", "What, did she leave you?\" \"", "Was she, you know-- banging some other guy?\" \"", "If you ever disrespect my wife again, I will end you.\" \"", "I will fuckin' end you.\" \"", "Got that, chief?\" \"", "Time's up.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "At ease, gentlemen.\" \"", "You okay?\" \"", "Look, I'll understand if you don't wanna meet with him again.\" \"", "Thursday, 4:00.\" \"", "Make sure the kid's here.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Well, you look lovely in those glasses.\" \" ", "Thank you very much.\" \" ", "They're just beautiful.\" \" ", "Yes, I always wanted dark blue eye shadow.\" \" ", "Wonderful.\" \"", "Growing up in England, you know, I went to a very nice school.\" \"", "You know, it was kind of progressive, organic, do-it-yourself, private school.\" \"", "Then Harvard.\" \"", "Hopefully med school.\" \"", "You know, I figured out, by the end, my brain's gonna be worth $250,000.\" \"", "That sounded horrible, didn't it?\" \"", "Bring me another mai tai!\" \"", "Yeah, that's cool.\" \"", "I mean, I bet your parents were happy to pay.\" \"", "No, I was happy to pay.\" \"", "I inherited the money.\" \"", "Wow.\" \"", "Is Harvard gettin' all that money?\" \"", "No, Stanford.\" \"", "I'm going there in June when I graduate.\" \"", "All right, so you just wanted to use this sailor and then run away, huh?\" \"", "I was gonna, you know, experiment on you for anatomy class first, obviously.\" \"", "In that case, that's fine.\" \" ", "Hey, you wanna see my magic tricks, Skylar?\" \" ", "Of course.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Promise to\" \"All right.\" \" ", "This one's for you, Rudolph.\" \" ", "Wait, wait.\" \"", "You need my wand.\" \"", "All right, give me a hit.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I'm gonna make all these caramels disappear.\" \"", "You ready?\" \"", "Ready.\" \"", "One, two, three.\" \"", "They're all gone.\" \"", "That was my\" \" It works better when I have my rabbit.\" \"", "Well\" \"I don't really date, you know, that much.\" \"", "How very unfortunate...\" \"I think for me.\" \"", "You know what I mean?\" \"", "I know you've been thinking about it.\" \" ", "Oh, no, I haven't.\" \" ", "Yes, you have.\" \" ", "No, I really haven't.\" \" ", "Yes, you have.\" \"", "You were hoping to get a good night kiss.\" \"", "No, you know, I tell ya, I was hopin' to get a good night laid.\" \"", "But I'll settle for, like, a kiss, you know?\" \" ", "How very noble of you.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \" ", "Mm.\" \" ", "No, I was\" \" I was hopin' for a kiss.\" \"", "Well, why don't we just get it out of the way now?\" \" ", "Right now?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "I think I got some of your pickle.\" \"", "You again, huh?\" \"", "Come with me.\" \"", "So what's this?\" \"", "A Taster's Choice moment between guys?\" \"", "This is really nice.\" \"", "You got a thing for swans?\" \"", "Is this, like, a fetish?\" \"", "Is it something, like, maybe we need to devote some time to?\" \" ", "Thought about what you said to me the other day.\" \"", "About my painting.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "Stayed up half the night thinking about it.\" \"", "Something occurred to me.\" \"", "I fell into a deep, peaceful sleep and haven't thought about you since.\" \" ", "You know what occurred to me?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "You're just a kid.\" \"", "You don't have the faintest idea what you're talking about.\" \" ", "Why, thank you.\" \" ", "It's all right.\" \"", "You've never been out of Boston.\" \"", "Nope.\" \"", "So if I asked you about art, you'd probably give me the skinny... on every art book ever written.\" \"", "Michelangelo?\" \"", "You know a lot about him.\" \"", "Life's work, political aspirations.\" \"", "Him and the pope.\" \"", "Sexual orientation.\" \"", "The whole works, right?\" \"", "I bet you can't tell me what it smells like in the Sistine Chapel.\" \"", "You never actually stood there and looked up at that beautiful ceiling.\" \"", "Seeing that.\" \"", "If I ask you about women, you'll probably give me a syllabus of your personal favorites.\" \"", "You may have even been laid a few times.\" \"", "But you can't tell me what it feels like to wake up next to a woman... and feel truly happy.\" \"", "You're a tough kid.\" \"", "I ask you about war, you'd probably throw Shakespeare at me, right?\" \"\"", "Once more into the breach, dear friends.\"\" \"", "But you've never been near one.\" \"", "You've never held your best friend's head in your lap... and watch him gasp his last breath lookin' to you for help.\" \"", "If I asked you about love, you'd probably quote me a sonnet, but you've never looked at a woman and been totally vulnerable.\" \"", "Known someone that could level you with her eyes.\" \"", "Feelin' like God put an angel on Earth just for you, who could rescue you from the depths of hell.\" \"", "And you wouldn't know what it's like to be her angel, to have that love for her be there forever.\" \"", "Through anything.\" \"", "Through cancer.\" \"", "And you wouldn't know about sleepin' sittin' up in a hospital room... for two months, holding her hand, because the doctors could see in your eyes... that the terms \"visiting hours\" don't apply to you.\" \"", "You don't know about real loss, 'cause that only occurs when you love something more than you love yourself.\" \"", "I doubt you've ever dared to love anybody that much.\" \"", "I look at you.\" \"", "I don't see an intelligent, confident man.\" \"", "I see a cocky, scared shitless kid.\" \"", "But you're a genius, Will.\" \"", "No one denies that.\" \"", "No one could possibly understand the depths of you.\" \"", "But you presume to know everything about me because you saw a painting of mine.\" \"", "You ripped my fuckin' life apart.\" \"", "You're an orphan, right?\" \"", "Do you think I'd know the first thing about how hard your life has been-- how you feel, who you are-- because I read Oliver Twist?\" \"", "Does that encapsulate you?\" \"", "Personally, I don't give a shit about all that, because\" \"You know what?\" \"", "I can't learn anything from you...\" \"I can't read in some fuckin' book.\" \"", "Unless you wanna talk about you, who you are.\" \"", "And I'm fascinated.\" \"", "I'm in.\" \"", "But you don't wanna do that, do you, sport?\" \"", "You're terrified of what you might say.\" \"", "Your move, chief.\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Professor Valenti, are you calling me again?\" \"", "Freak.\" \" ", "Oh, God.\" \" ", "Christ, who did you call?\" \" ", "No one.\" \"", "I forgot the number.\" \" ", "You fuckin' retarded?\" \"", "You went all the way out there in the rain, and you didn't bring the number.\" \"", "No, it was your mother's 900 number.\" \"", "I just ran out of quarters.\" \"", "Why don't we get off on mothers?\" \"", "I just got off yours.\" \"", "That's pretty funny, Morgan.\" \"", "That's a fuckin' nickel, bitch.\" \" ", "Keep antagonizing me.\" \"", "Watch what happens.\" \" ", "All right, then, Morgan.\" \" ", "Watch what happens.\" \" ", "All right, then, Morgan.\" \"", "Keep fuckin' with me.\" \"", "No smoking.\" \"", "What do you mean, he didn't talk?\" \"", "You were in there for an hour.\" \"", "He just sat there counting the seconds until the session was over.\" \" ", "Pretty impressive, actually.\" \" ", "Why would he do that?\" \"", "To prove to me he doesn't have to talk to me if he doesn't want to.\" \"", "What is this?\" \"", "Some kind of staring contest between two kids from the old neighborhood?\" \"", "Yeah, it is, and I can't talk first.\" \"", "We know your theory, Alexander, but the boy's found a simple geometrical picture.\" \" ", "A tree structure won't work.\" \" ", "Look now.\" \"", "He's joining the two vertices.\" \"", "But I can do the sum.\" \" ", "It's how you group the terms, Alexander.\" \" ", "But, Gerry.\" \"", "If we do the whole thing this way, then\" \"Hey, look, look.\" \"", "I wrote it down.\" \"", "It's simpler this way.\" \"", "Sometimes people get lucky.\" \"", "You're a brilliant man.\" \"", "You know, I was on this plane once, and I'm sittin' there, and... the captain gets on, he does his whole, you know,\" \"\"we'll be cruisin' at 35,000 feet,\" but then he puts the mike down.\" \" ", "He forgets to turn it off.\" \" ", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "So he turns to the copilot.\" \"", "He's, like,\" \"\"You know, all I could use right now is a fuckin' blow job and a cup of coffee.\"\" \"", "So the stewardess fuckin' goes bombin' up from the back of the plane... to tell him the microphone's still on.\" \"", "This guy in the back of the plane's like, \"Hey, hon, don't forget the coffee.\"\" \"", "You ever been on a plane?\" \"", "No, but it's a fuckin' joke.\" \"", "It works better if I tell it in the first person.\" \"", "Yeah, it does.\" \"", "I have been laid, you know?\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "Good for you.\" \" ", "Big time, big time.\" \" ", "Big time, huh?\" \"", "I went on a date last week.\" \" ", "How'd it go?\" \" ", "It was good.\" \" ", "Goin' out again?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \" ", "Why?\" \" ", "Haven't called her.\" \" ", "Christ, you're an amateur.\" \" ", "I know what I'm doin'.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Don't worry about me.\" \"", "I know what I'm doin'.\" \"", "Yeah, but this girl was, like, you know, beautiful.\" \"", "She's smart.\" \"", "She's fun.\" \"", "She's different from most of the girls I've been with.\" \" ", "So call her up, Romeo.\" \" ", "Why, so I can realize she's not that smart.\" \"", "That she's fuckin' boring?\" \"", "You know, I mean, you don't\" \"This girl's, like, fuckin' perfect right now.\" \"", "I don't wanna ruin that.\" \"", "Maybe you're perfect right now.\" \"", "Maybe you don't wanna ruin that.\" \"", "But I think that's a super philosophy, Will.\" \"", "That way, you can go through your entire life without ever having to really know anybody.\" \"", "My wife used to fart when she was nervous.\" \"", "She had all sorts of wonderful idiosyncrasies.\" \"", "You know, she used to fart in her sleep.\" \"", "Just thought I'd share that with you.\" \"", "One night it was so loud, it woke the dog up.\" \"", "She woke up and gone, like, \"Was that you?\"\" \"", "I said, \"Yeah.\" ", "I didn't have the heart to tell her.\" \"", "Oh, God.\" \" ", "She woke herself up?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "Oh, Christ.\" \"", "But, Will, she's been dead two years and that's the shit I remember.\" \"", "It's wonderful stuff, you know?\" \"", "Little things like that.\" \"", "Yeah, but those are the things I miss the most.\" \"", "Those little idiosyncrasies that only I knew about.\" \"", "That's what made her my wife.\" \"", "Boy, and she had the goods on me too.\" \"", "She knew all my little peccadillos.\" \"", "People call these things \"imperfections,\" but they're not.\" \"", "That's the good stuff.\" \"", "And then we get to choose who we let into our weird little worlds.\" \"", "You're not perfect, sport.\" \"", "And let me save you the suspense.\" \"", "This girl you met, she isn't perfect either.\" \"", "But the question is whether or not you're perfect for each other.\" \"", "That's the whole deal.\" \"", "That's what intimacy is all about.\" \"", "Now you can know everything in the world, sport, but the only way you're findin' out that one is by givin' it a shot.\" \"", "You certainly won't learn from an old fucker like me.\" \"", "Even if I did know, I wouldn't tell a pissant like you.\" \"", "Yeah, why not?\" \"", "You told me every other fuckin' thing.\" \"", "Jesus Christ.\" \"", "Fuckin' talk more than any shrink I ever seen in my life.\" \"", "I teach the shit.\" \"", "I didn't say I knew how to do it.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "You ever think about gettin' remarried?\" \"", "My wife's dead.\" \" ", "Hence the word \"remarried.\"\" \" ", "She's dead.\" \"", "Yeah, well, I think that's a super philosophy, Sean.\" \"", "I mean, that way, you can actually go through the rest of your life... without ever really knowing anybody.\" \"", "Time's up.\" \" ", "Hold it open.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"# ", "I am happy with you #\" \"# I know I'm about to love you #\" \"# Yeah, yeah, yeah You know him #\" \" # Oh, my, you made me-- ##\" \"\"G\" minor seventh.\" \"", "Saddest of all chords.\" \" ", "Hello.\" \" ", "Hey.\" \" ", "Where have you been?\" \" ", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "I've been, like-- I've been really busy, and\" \" But, um\" \" Mmm.\" \"", "Me too.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I-- I thought you'd call.\" \"", "Yeah, um\" \" I mean, we had a really good time.\" \" ", "I had a really good time too.\" \"", "I mean, I just\" \" I\" \"I'm sorry, you know.\" \"", "I blew it.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No, I mean, you know, it's all right.\" \"", "Yeah, um, so, I was wonderin' if, uh, if, you know, you'd give me another crack at it.\" \"", "You know, let me take you out again.\" \" ", "I can't.\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "Oh, no, I didn't\" \" I didn't mean I can't, like, ever.\" \"", "I just can't right now.\" \"", "I've got to assign the proton spectrum for \"ebogamine.\"\" \"", "All that sounds really, really interesting.\" \"", "It's actually fantastically boring.\" \" ", "All right, um\" \" Maybe some other time.\" \" ", "Like tomorrow?\" \" ", "Um, yeah, all right.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \" ", "Bye.\" \" ", "Bye.\" \"", "What are you doing here?\" \"", "I couldn't wait till tomorrow.\" \"", "Where the fuck did you get this?\" \"", "I had to sleep with someone in your class.\" \"", "Oh, I hope it was someone with the open-toed sandals and the really bad breath.\" \" ", "Come on.\" \"", "Let's go have some fun.\" \" ", "No, I've got to learn this.\" \"", "Well, you're not going into surgery tomorrow, are you?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Let's go.\" \"", "Oh, my God!\" \"", "My dog is winning!\" \"", "Come on, Misty!\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Run!\" \"", "Look at that!\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Look, there he goes.\" \"", "Misty, run!\" \"", "Come on!\" \" ", "We won.\" \" ", "He totally won.\" \"", "So did you grow up around here then?\" \"", "Not far.\" \"", "South Boston.\" \"", "Still glowing from my win.\" \"", "Look at you.\" \"", "You're so happy.\" \"", "And what was that like then?\" \"", "It was normal, I guess.\" \"", "Nothin' special.\" \"", "Do you got lots of brothers and sisters?\" \" ", "Do I have a lot of brothers and sisters?\" \" ", "That's what I said.\" \" ", "Well, Irish Catholic, what do you think?\" \" ", "Right.\" \"", "That's right.\" \" ", "How many?\" \" ", "You wouldn't believe me if I told you.\" \" ", "Why?\" \"", "Go on.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Five?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Seven?\" \"", "Eight?\" \"", "How many?\" \" ", "I have 12 big brothers.\" \" ", "You do not!\" \"", "No, I swear to God.\" \"", "I swear to God.\" \"", "I'm lucky 13 right here.\" \"", "Do you know all their names?\" \"", "Do I\" \" Yeah, they're my brothers.\" \"", "What are they called?\" \"", "Marky, Ricky, Danny, Terry, Mikey, Davey, Timmy, Tommy, Joey, Robby, Johnny and Brian.\" \"", "Say it again.\" \"", "Marky, Ricky, Danny, Terry, Mikey, Davey, Timmy, Tommy, Joey, Robby, Johnny and Brian.\" \"", "And Willy.\" \" ", "Willy?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Will.\" \" ", "Wow.\" \" ", "Do you still see all of them?\" \" ", "Yeah, well, they all live in Southie.\" \"", "I'm livin' with three of 'em right now.\" \"", "Oh, yeah?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "I'd like to meet them.\" \"", "Yeah, we'll do that.\" \"", "Oh, you know, I read your book last night.\" \"", "Oh, so you're the one.\" \"", "Do you still, uh-- Do you still counsel veterans?\" \"", "No, I don't.\" \" ", "Why not?\" \" ", "Well, I gave it up when my wife got sick.\" \"", "You ever wonder what your life would be like if you, uh, if you never met your wife?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Wonder if I'd be better off without her?\" \" ", "No, no, no, I'm not saying, like, better off.\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "I didn't mean it like that.\" \" ", "It's all right.\" \"", "It's an important question.\" \"", "'Cause you'll have bad times, but that'll always wake you up... to the good stuff you weren't paying attention to.\" \"", "And you don't regret meeting' your wife?\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "'Cause the pain I feel now?\" \"", "Oh, I got regrets, Will, but I don't regret a single day I spent with her.\" \"", "So when did you know, like, that she was the one for you?\" \"", "October 21, 1975.\" \"", "Jesus Christ.\" \"", "You know the fuckin' day?\" \"", "Oh, yeah, 'cause it was game six of the World Series, biggest game in Red Sox history.\" \" ", "Yeah, sure.\" \" ", "My friends and I had slept out all night to get tickets.\" \" ", "You got tickets?\" \" ", "Yep.\" \"", "Day of the game I was sittin' in a bar, waitin' for the game to start and in walks this girl.\" \"", "It was an amazing game though.\" \"", "You know, bottom of the eighth, Carbo ties it up.\" \"", "It was 6-6.\" \"", "It went to 12.\" \"", "Bottom of the 12th, in stepped Carlton Fisk, old Pudge.\" \"", "Steps up to the plate.\" \"", "You know, he's got that weird stance.\" \" ", "Yeah, yeah.\" \" ", "And then\" \" Boom!\" \"", "He clocks it, you know.\" \"", "High fly ball down the left field line!\" \"", "Thirty-five thousand people on their feet, yelling' at the ball.\" \"", "But that's nothin', 'cause Fisk, he's wavin' at the ball like a madman.\" \" ", "Yeah, I've seen that.\" \" \"", "Get over!\" \"", "Get over!\" \" ", "Right.\" \" ", "Get over!\"\" \"", "Then it hits the foul pole.\" \"", "He goes ape-shit, and 35,000 fans\" \"They charge the field, you know.\" \"", "Yeah, and he's fuckin' blowing' people outta the way.\" \"\"", "Get outta the way!\" \"", "Get outta the way!\"\" \"", "I can't fuckin' believe you had tickets to that fuckin' game!\" \" ", "Did you rush the field?\" \" ", "No, I didn't rush the fuckin' field.\" \"", "I wasn't there.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "No, I was in a bar, havin' a drink with my future wife.\" \"", "You missed Pudge Fisk's home run to have a fuckin' drink with some lady you never met?\" \"", "Yeah, but you should have seen her.\" \"", "She was a stunner.\" \" ", "I don't care if\" \" Oh, no, no, she lit up the room.\" \" ", "I don't care if Helen of Troy walks into the room.\" \" ", "Oh, Helen of Troy!\" \"", "That's game six!\" \"", "Oh, my God, and who were these friends of yours?\" \" ", "They let you get away with that?\" \" ", "They had to.\" \"", "What did you say to 'em?\" \"", "l just slid my ticket across the table.\" \"", "I said, \"Sorry, guys.\" \"", "I gotta see about a girl.\"\" \" \"", "I gotta go see about a girl\"?\" \" ", "Yes!\" \"", "That's what you said?\" \"", "They let you get away with that?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "They saw it in my eyes that I meant it.\" \" ", "You're kiddin' me?\" \" ", "No, I'm not kidding you, Will.\" \"", "That's why I'm not talkin' right now about some girl I saw at a bar 20 years ago... and how I always regretted not goin' over and talkin' to her.\" \"", "I don't regret the 18 years I was married to Nancy.\" \"", "I don't regret the six years I had to give up counseling when she got sick, and I don't regret the last years when she got really sick.\" \"", "And I sure as hell don't regret missing' a damn game.\" \"", "That's regret.\" \"", "Wow!\" \"", "Would have been nice to catch that game though.\" \"", "I didn't know Pudge was gonna hit a home run.\" \"", "You know, I'm very, very useful on the court.\" \"", "I'm extremely tall.\" \" ", "You're not that tall.\" \" ", "I dunk.\" \"", "Will I ever play in the N.B.A.?\" \"\"", "It is decidedly so.\" ", "Hmph.\" \"", "Why do we always stay here?\" \"", "'Cause it's nicer than my place.\" \"", "Yes, but I've never seen your place.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "When am I gonna meet your friends and your brothers?\" \"", "Well, they don't really come down here that much.\" \"", "I think I can make it to South Boston.\" \"", "It's kind of a hike.\" \"", "Is it me you're hiding from them or the other way around?\" \" ", "All right, we'll go.\" \" ", "When?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "We'll go sometime next week.\" \"", "What if I said I would not sleep with you again until you let me meet your friends?\" \"", "I'd say it's, like, 4:30 in the mornin'.\" \"", "They're probably up.\" \"", "Oh, my God.\" \"", "Men are shameless.\" \"", "If you're not thinking with your wiener, then you're acting directly on its behalf.\" \"", "You bet.\" \"", "And on behalf of my wiener, can I get an advance payment?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Let's ask.\" \"\"", "Outlook does not look good.\"\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "Fuck the\" \" Hey, Chuck.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Nothing.\" \"", "Go back to sleep.\" \"\"", "Outlook\"?\" \"", "That's the same thing that told you you was gonna play in the N.B.A.\" \"Exactly, so look out.\" \"", "You'd better start buying some season tickets.\" \"", "Mmm!\" \"", "I plan to.\" \"", "I'm tall.\" \"", "I like wearing shorts.\" \"", "Hook, hook.\" \"", "Dunk, dunk.\" \" ", "You're not that tall.\" \" ", "Yes, I am.\" \"", "Maybe I'm all about three points.\" \"", "I'm all about home runs.\" \"", "Stop mixing your sporting metaphors.\" \"", "A leprechaun's got his dick in the monkey's ass.\" \"", "Morgan comes runnin' in, goin', \"l don't mind it.\" \"", "I don't mind--\"\" \"Well, I can't believe you brought Skylar here when we're fuckin' all bombed and drinkin'.\" \"", "I know, Morgan.\" \"", "It's a real rarity we'd be all drinking'.\" \"", "My uncle Marty drinks.\" \"", "He'll go on a bender for six, eight months.\" \"", "Did I ever tell ya what happened to him when he was drivin' up there and got pulled over?\" \" ", "I told you guys, right?\" \" ", "Marty, yeah.\" \"", "Let me tell ya what happened to my uncle Marty, because you oughta know this.\" \"", "He's always tellin' stories.\" \"", "Every time we come here he's got another story.\" \"", "But we all heard this one.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "Say it anyway.\" \"", "I will go ahead.\" \"", "Thanks a lot.\" \"", "Guess I have the floor now.\" \"", "My uncle Marty's drivin' home, right?\" \"", "Bombed out of his tree, right?\" \"", "Just hammered out of his gourd.\" \"", "Just wrecked.\" \"", "This state trooper sees him, pulls him over.\" \"", "So my uncle's fucked basically.\" \"", "Got him out of the car, tryin' to make him walk the line.\" \"", "He gets out of the car, pukes, and the statie's pretty sure he's over the legal limit.\" \"", "So he's about to throw the cuffs on him and put him in jail.\" \"", "All of a sudden, 50 yards down the road, there's this huge fuckin' boom.\" \" ", "Statie gets real spooked.\" \"", "He turns around\" \" He got shot?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "So\" \" So\" \" You heard this story before.\" \"", "Yeah, Morgan, stop.\" \"", "Stop.\" \"", "Some other guy's car had hit a tree.\" \"", "There was an accident.\" \"", "Anyway\" \" How could he hear\" \" Shut the fuck up!\" \" ", "You're drivin' him nuts.\" \" ", "I'm gonna break your neck.\" \"", "Shut up!\" \"", "He told you the story once before.\" \"", "So he tells my uncle, \"Stay here.\" \"", "Don't move.\"\" \"", "Statie goes running' down the road to deal with the other accident.\" \"", "After a few minutes of just lyin' in his own piss and vomit, my uncle starts wonderin' what he's doin' there.\" \"", "Gets up, gets in his car and just drives home.\" \"", "The next mornin' my uncle's just passed out.\" \"", "He hears this knockin' at the door.\" \"", "So he goes downstairs, pulls the door open-- \"What?\"\" \"", "It's the state trooper that pulled him over.\" \"", "Statie says, \"Fuck you mean, 'What?\" \"'\" \"", "You know what.\" \"", "I pulled you over last night is what, and you took off.\"\" \"", "He's like, \"l never seen you before in my life.\" \"", "I've been home all night with my kids.\" \"", "I don't know who the fuck you are.\"\" \"", "He's like, \"You know who I am.\" \"", "Let me get in your garage.\"\" \"", "My uncle's like, \"What?\" ", "He said, \"You heard me.\" \"", "Let me get in your garage.\"\" \"", "He was like, \"All right.\" \"", "Fine.\" ", "Takes him out to the garage, opens the door.\" \"", "And there's\" \" The statie's police cruiser is in my uncle's garage.\" \"", "He was so fuckin'\" \"He was so fuckin' hammered he drove the wrong car home.\" \"", "The best part about it is, the fuckin' state trooper... was so embarrassed he didn't do anything.\" \"", "He'd been drivin' around all night in my uncle's Chevelle, lookin' for the house.\" \"", "All right, Chuck, what the fuck is the point of your story?\" \"", "He got away.\" \"", "That's the point.\" \" ", "Well, question\" \" Come on.\" \"", "Stop.\" \" ", "I'm tryin' to clarify something'.\" \" ", "You're embarrassing him.\" \" ", "It doesn't make any sense.\" \" ", "It does make sense, if you listen to the story and quit asking' questions.\" \"", "Well, let's see if you can get this one.\" \"", "I've got a little story for you.\" \"", "All right, there's an old couple in bed, Mary and Paddie.\" \"", "They wake up on the morning of their 50th anniversary.\" \"", "Mary looks over and gazes adoringly at Paddie.\" \"", "She's like, \"Oh, Jesus, Paddie.\" \"", "You're such a good-looking feller.\" \"", "I love ya.\" \"", "I want to give ya a little present.\" \"", "Anything your little heart desires, I'm goin' to give it to ya.\" \"", "What would ya like?\" \"", "Paddie's like, \"Oh, gee, Mary.\" \"", "That's a very sweet offer.\" \"", "Now, in 50 years, there's one thing that's been missing, and, uh, I would like you to give me a blow job.\" \"", "I would like for it.\" ", "Mary's like, \"All right.\"\" \"", "She takes her teeth out, puts 'em in the glass.\" \"", "She gives him a blow job.\" \"", "Afterwards, Paddie's like, \"Yeah, geez, now that's what I've been missin'.\" \"", "That was the most beautiful, earth-shattering thing ever!\" \"", "Beautiful, Mary!\" \"", "I love ya!\" \"", "Is there anything that I can do for you?\"\" \"", "Mary looks up to him and she goes, \"Give us a kiss.\"\" \" ", "Oh!\" \" ", "Oh, my God!\" \" ", "That's filthy.\" \" ", "It's not that filthy.\" \"", "I've heard filthy.\" \" ", "Get off of me!\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "See you guys later.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Take it easy, Bill.\" \"", "So, Skylar, thanks for comin' by.\" \"", "Changed my opinion of Harvard people.\" \"", "You don't want to rush to judgment on that one, 'cause they're not all like me.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "I'm sure.\" \"", "It was nice to meet ya.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \" ", "Take it easy.\" \"", "Slowly back away.\" \" ", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "Brother.\" \" ", "I don't know what you're doin', dude.\" \" ", "You're givin' us a ride.\" \" ", "What the fuck do I look like to you?\" \" ", "Come on, Chuck.\" \" ", "You're walkin', bitch.\" \"", "Will's takin' the car.\" \"", "All right, thanks, sucker.\" \"", "I appreciate it.\" \"", "I don't know what you're gettin' all serious about.\" \" ", "You're droppin' me off first.\" \" ", "It's really out of the way.\" \"", "Oh, okay.\" \"", "Just 'cause you don't have to sleep in your one-room palace tonight... don't start thinkin' you're bad.\" \"", "Hey, wait a minute.\" \"", "You said we were gonna see your place.\" \" ", "Not tonight.\" \" ", "Oh, no, not tonight.\" \"", "Not any other night.\" \"", "He knows once you see that shit-hole he's gettin' dropped like a bad habit.\" \"", "But I wanted to meet your brothers.\" \"", "We're gonna do that another time.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Need them keys.\" \"", "The stewardess hears this and goes hauling' ass down the aisle.\" \"", "I yell, \"Don't forget the coffee.\"\" \"", "No shit!\" \"", "You didn't say that.\" \"", "For Christ's sake, Marty, it's a joke.\" \" ", "I know someone that actually happened to, Marty.\" \" ", "A joke.\" \" ", "Gerry.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \" ", "Have trouble findin' the place?\" \" ", "No, I took a cab.\" \"", "Timmy, this is Gerry.\" \"", "We went to college together.\" \"", "How you doin'?\" \"", "Nice to meet ya.\" \" ", "Pleased to meet you.\" \" ", "Can I get you a beer?\" \"", "Um, no, just a Perrier.\" \"", "That's French for club soda.\" \" ", "Club soda, yeah.\" \" ", "Couple of sandwiches too.\" \" ", "Sure.\" \" ", "Put it on my tab.\" \"", "You ever plannin' on payin' your tab?\" \"", "Yeah, chief, got the winning lottery ticket right here.\" \" ", "What's the jackpot?\" \" ", "Twelve million.\" \" ", "I don't think that'll cover it.\" \" ", "It'll cover your sex change operation.\" \" ", "Nuts?\" \" ", "No, thank you.\" \"", "So, you wanted to talk about Will.\" \" ", "Well, it seems to be going well.\" \" ", "I think so.\" \"", "Have you talked to him at all about his future?\" \"", "No, we haven't gotten into that yet.\" \"", "We're still bangin' away at the past.\" \"", "Maybe you should.\" \"", "My phone's been ringing off the hook with job offers.\" \" ", "What kind?\" \" ", "Cutting edge mathematics, think tanks.\" \"", "The kind of place where a mind like Will's is given free rein.\" \"", "That's great that there are offers, but I don't really think he's ready for that.\" \"", "I'm not sure you understand, Sean.\" \" ", "What don't I understand?\" \" ", "Here you go, guys.\" \" ", "Thanks, Tim.\" \" ", "Yeah, thank you.\" \"", "Just so you don't get sticky fingers.\" \"", "Tim, can you help us?\" \"", "We're tryin' to settle a bet.\" \"", "Uh-oh.\" \" ", "Ever heard of Jonas Salk?\" \" ", "Sure.\" \"", "Cured polio.\" \"", "Ever heard of Albert Einstein?\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "How about Gerald Lambeau?\" \"", "Ever heard of him?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Thank you, Tim.\" \" ", "So who won the bet?\" \" ", "I did.\" \"", "This isn't about me, Sean.\" \"", "I'm nothing compared to this young man.\" \"", "You ever hear of Gerald Lambeau?\" \"", "In 1905 there were hundreds of professors renown for their study of the universe.\" \"", "But it was a 26-year-old Swiss patent clerk, doing physics in his spare time, who changed the world.\" \"", "Can you imagine if Einstein would have given that up... just to get drunk with his buddies in Vienna every night.\" \"", "We all would have lost something.\" \"", "Tim would never have heard of him.\" \" ", "Pretty dramatic, Gerry.\" \" ", "No, it isn't, Sean.\" \"", "This boy has that gift.\" \"", "He just doesn't got the direction, but we can give that to him.\" \"", "Hey, Gerry, in the 1960s, there was a young man graduated from University of Michigan.\" \"", "Did some brilliant work in mathematics.\" \"", "Specifically, bounded harmonic functions.\" \"", "Then he went on to Berkeley.\" \"", "He was assistant professor.\" \"", "Showed amazing potential.\" \"", "Then he moved to Montana, and he blew the competition away.\" \" ", "Yeah, so who was he?\" \" ", "Ted Kaczynski.\" \"", "Haven't heard of him.\" \" ", "Hey, Timmy!\" \" ", "Yo!\" \" ", "Who's Ted Kaczynski?\" \" ", "Unabomber.\" \"", "That's exactly what I'm talking about.\" \" ", "We gotta give this kid direction.\" \" ", "Yeah\" \"He can contribute to the world, and we can help him do that.\" \"", "Direction's one thing.\" \"", "Manipulation's another.\" \" ", "Sean\" \" We have to let him find\" \"I'm not sitting at home every night twisting my mustache and hatching a plan... to ruin this boy's life!\" \"", "I was doing advanced mathematics when I was 18, and it still took me over 20 years to do something worthy of a Field's medal.\" \"", "Maybe he doesn't want what you want.\" \"", "There's more to life than a fuckin' Field's medal.\" \"", "This is too important, Sean, and it's above personal rivalry.\" \"", "Wait a minute.\" \"", "Let's talk about the boy.\" \"", "Why don't we give him time to figure out what he wants?\" \"", "That's a wonderful theory, Sean.\" \"", "It worked wonders for you, didn't it?\" \"", "Yeah, it did, you arrogant fuckin' prick!\" \"", "Oh, I'm sorry.\" \"", "I'm sorry that I came here today.\" \"", "I came here out of courtesy.\" \"", "I wanted to keep you in the loop.\" \"", "Nice to be in the loop.\" \"", "The boy's in a meeting right now I set up for him over at McNeil.\" \"", "Well, Will, I'm not exactly sure what you mean.\" \"", "We've already offered you a position.\" \"", "Nobody in this town works without a retainer, guys.\" \"", "You think you can find somebody who does, you have my blessin'.\" \"", "But I think we all know that person is not gonna represent you as well as I can.\" \"", "Will, our offer is $84,000 a year.\" \"", "Retainer!\" \"", "Retainer.\" \"", "You want us to give you cash right now?\" \"", "Whoa-ho-ho.\" \"", "Easy-- Now, I didn't say that.\" \"", "Allegedly, your situation, for you, would be concurrently improved if I had... $200 in my back pocket right now.\" \"", "I don't think I can\" \" Larry?\" \" ", "I've got $73.\" \" ", "Will you take a check?\" \"", "Let me tell you somethin'.\" \"", "You're suspect.\" \"", "Yeah, you.\" \"", "I don't know what your reputation is in this town, but after the shit you tried to pull today, you can bet I'll be lookin' into you.\" \"", "Now, any business we have heretofore, you can speak with my aforementioned attorney.\" \"", "Good day, gentlemen.\" \"", "And until that day comes, keep your ear to the grindstone.\" \" ", "How's it goin'?\" \" ", "Fine.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Good.\" \" ", "Want some help?\" \" ", "No!\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Give me one little peek, and we'll go to the batting cages.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "It is actually important that I learn this.\" \" ", "It's really important... to me, okay?\" \" ", "All right.\" \" ", "Why don't we just hang out here all day?\" \" ", "Yes, why don't we?\" \"", "All right, Mr. Nosey Parker.\" \"", "Seeing as you're intent on breaking my balls,\" \" let me ask you a question.\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "Do you have a photographic memory?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "I just kind of remember.\" \"", "I mean, how do you remember your phone number?\" \"", "You just do.\" \" ", "Have you studied organic chemistry?\" \" ", "A little bit.\" \" ", "Oh, just for fun?\" \" ", "Yeah, for kicks.\" \"", "Yeah, it's so much fun studying organic chemistry.\" \"", "Are you mad?\" \"", "Have you completely lost your mind?\" \"", "Nobody studies it for fun.\" \"", "It's not a necessity, especially for someone like you.\" \" ", "Someone like me?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Someone who divides their time, fairly evenly, between batting cages and bars.\" \" ", "I would hardly say it was a necessity.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "You know, there are very smart people here at Harvard.\" \"", "Even they have to study, because this is really hard.\" \"", "And yet... you do it so easily.\" \"", "I don't understand.\" \"", "I don't understand how your mind works.\" \" ", "Did you play the piano?\" \" ", "I want to talk about this.\" \"", "No, I'm trying to explain it to you.\" \"", "Do you play the piano?\" \" ", "Yeah, a bit.\" \" ", "So when you look at a piano, you see Mozart.\" \" ", "I see \"Chopsticks.\"\" \" ", "All right, well, Beethoven, okay?\" \"", "He looked at a piano, and it just made sense to him.\" \"", "He could just play.\" \" ", "So what are you saying?\" \"", "You play the piano?\" \" ", "Not a lick.\" \"", "I look at a piano, I see a bunch of keys, three pedals and a box of wood.\" \"", "But Beethoven, Mozart-- They saw it.\" \"", "They could just play.\" \"", "I couldn't paint you a picture.\" \"", "I probably can't hit the ball out of Fenway.\" \" ", "And I can't play the piano.\" \" ", "But you can do my O-chem paper in under an hour.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "Well, I mean, when it came to stuff like that, I could always just play.\" \"", "That's the best I can explain it.\" \" ", "Come here.\" \"", "I have to tell you something.\" \" ", "Huh?\" \" ", "I have to tell you something.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "Well\" \" It's not fair.\" \" ", "What's not fair?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I've been here for four years, and I've only just found you.\" \"", "Well, you found me.\" \" ", "Are you awake?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Yes, you are.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I want you to come to California with me.\" \" ", "You sure about that?\" \" ", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, but how do you know?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "I just know.\" \"", "Yeah, but how do you know?\" \"", "I know because I feel it.\" \" ", "Because that's a really serious thing you're saying.\" \" ", "I know.\" \"", "You could be in California next week... and you might find out something about me you don't like.\" \"", "Maybe you wish you hadn't said that, but you know it's such a serious thing you can't take it back.\" \"", "Now I'm stuck in California with someone that doesn't really want to be with me,\" \" just wish they had a take-back.\" \" ", "A what?\" \"", "What's a take-back?\" \"", "I don't want a take-back.\" \"", "I just want you to come to California with me.\" \"", "Well, I can't go to California with you, so\" \"Why not?\" \"", "Well, one, because I got a job here.\" \"", "And, two, because I live here.\" \"", "Look, um, if you don't love me, you should just tell me.\" \"", "I'm not sayin' I don't love you.\" \"", "Then why?\" \"", "Why won't you come?\" \"", "What are you so scared of?\" \"", "What am I so scared of?\" \"", "Well, what aren't you scared of?\" \"", "You live in this safe little world where no one challenges you\" \"Don't tell me about my world.\" \"", "Don't tell me about my world.\" \"", "You just want to have your little fling with the guy from the other side of town.\" \"", "Then you're gonna go off to Stanford.\" \"", "You're gonna marry some rich prick... who your parents will approve of... and just sit around with the other trust fund babies... and talk about how you went slumming', too, once.\" \"", "Why are you saying this?\" \"", "What is your obsession with this money?\" \"", "My father died when I was 13, and I inherited this money.\" \"", "You don't think every day I wake up, and I wish I could give it back.\" \"", "That I would give it back in a second if it meant I could have one more day with him.\" \"", "But I can't, and that's my life, and I deal with it.\" \"", "So don't put your shit on me when you're the one that's afraid.\" \"", "I'm afraid?\" \"", "What am I afraid of?\" \"", "What the fuck am I afraid of?\" \"", "You're afraid of me.\" \"", "You're afraid that I won't love you back.\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "I'm afraid too.\" \"", "But fuck it, I want to give it a shot.\" \"", "At least I'm honest with you.\" \" ", "I'm not honest with you?\" \" ", "No, what about your 12 brothers?\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "No, you're not going.\" \"", "You're not leaving.\" \"", "What do you want to know?\" \"", "That I don't have 12 brothers?\" \"", "That I'm a fuckin' orphan?\" \" ", "You don't want to hear that.\" \" ", "I didn't know that.\" \"", "You don't want to hear I got fuckin' cigarettes put out on me when I was little.\" \" ", "I didn't know that.\" \" ", "That this isn't fuckin' surgery.\" \"", "The motherfucker stabbed me.\" \"", "You don't want to hear that shit, Skylar!\" \" ", "I do want to hear that.\" \" ", "Don't tell me you want that shit!\" \" ", "I want to help you.\" \" ", "Help me?\" \"", "What the fuck?\" \"", "What do I got, a fuckin' sign on my back that says, \"Save me\"?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Do I look like I need that?\" \" ", "No, I just want to be with you\" \" Don't bullshit me!\" \" ", "I love you.\" \" ", "Don't bullshit me!\" \"", "Don't you fuckin' bullshit me!\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "I want to hear you say that you don't love me.\" \"", "Because if you say that... then I won't call you... and I won't be in your life.\" \"", "I don't love you.\" \"", "Most people never get to see how brilliant they can be.\" \"", "They don't find teachers that believe in them.\" \"", "They get convinced they're stupid.\" \"", "I hope you appreciate what he's doing, because I've seen how much he enjoys working with you, not against you.\" \"", "Hello, Will.\" \"", "Tom, can you get us some coffee?\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "Now, let's see.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "This is correct.\" \"", "I see you used Maclaurin here.\" \"", "Yeah, I don't know what you call it, but\" \"This can't be right.\" \"", "This would be very embarrassing.\" \" ", "Did you ever consider\" \" I'm pretty sure it's right.\" \"", "Hey, look, can we do this at Sean's office from now on?\" \"", "Because I got to knock off work to come here and the commute is killin' me.\" \" ", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "Did you think of the possibility\" \" That's right.\" \"", "It's right.\" \"", "Just take it home with you.\" \"", "What happened at the McNeil meeting?\" \"", "I couldn't go.\" \"", "I had a date.\" \"", "So I sent my chief negotiator.\" \"", "On your own time, you can do whatever you like, Will.\" \"", "But when I set up a meeting with my associates, and you don't show up, it reflects poorly on me.\" \" ", "Then don't set up any more meetings.\" \" ", "I won't.\" \"", "I'll cancel 'em.\" \"", "I'll give you a job myself.\" \"", "I just wanted you to see what was out there.\" \"", "Maybe I don't want to spend the rest of my fuckin' life explaining' shit to people.\" \"", "I think you could show me some appreciation.\" \"", "A little appreciation?\" \"", "Do you know how easy this is for me?\" \"", "Do you have any fuckin' idea how easy this is?\" \"", "This is a fuckin' joke.\" \"", "I'm sorry you can't do this-- I really am\" \"Because I wouldn't have to fuckin' sit here and watch you fumble around and fuck it up.\" \"", "Then you'd have more time to sit around and get drunk instead, wouldn't you?\" \"", "You're right.\" \"", "This is probably a total waste of my time.\" \"", "You're right, Will.\" \"", "I can't do this proof, but you can.\" \"", "And when it comes to that, it's only about just a handful of people in the world... who can tell the difference between you and me.\" \" ", "But I'm one of them.\" \" ", "Sorry.\" \"", "Yeah, so am I.\" \"Most days I wish I never met you, because then I could sleep at night.\" \"", "I didn't have to walk around with the knowledge that there was someone like you out there.\" \"", "I didn't have to watch you throw it all away.\" \"", "Bill, hold it.\" \"", "Did you hear that?\" \"", "Morgan!\" \"", "If you're watchin' pornos in my mom's room again, I'm gonna give you a fuckin' beatin'!\" \"", "What's up, fellas?\" \"", "Morgan, why don't you jerk off in your own fuckin' house.\" \"", "That's fuckin' filthy.\" \"", "I don't have a V.C.R. in my house.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Not in my glove.\" \"", "I didn't use the glove.\" \"", "That's my Little League glove.\" \"", "What do you want me to do?\" \"", "I mean, what's wrong with you?\" \"", "You'll hump a baseball glove?\" \"", "l-l just used it for cleanup.\" \"", "Stop jerking' off in my mother's room.\" \" ", "Is there another V.C.R. in the house?\" \" ", "It's just sad, bro.\" \"", "So why do you think I should work for the National Security Agency?\" \"", "Well, you'd be working on the cutting edge.\" \"", "You'd be exposed to the kind of technology you wouldn't see anywhere else, because we've classified it.\" \"", "Superstring theory, chaos math, advanced algorithms.\" \"", "Code breaking.\" \"", "That's one aspect of what we do.\" \"", "Oh, come on.\" \"", "That is what you do.\" \"", "You guys handle 80% of the intelligence workload.\" \"", "You're seven times the size of the C.I.A.\" \"We don't like to brag about that, Will, but you're exactly right.\" \"", "So the way I see it, the question isn't:\" \"\"Why should you work for the N.S.A.?\"\" \"", "The question is:\" \"\"Why shouldn't you?\"\" \"", "Why shouldn't I work for the N.S.A.?\" \"", "That's a tough one, but I'll take a shot.\" \"", "Say I'm workin' at the N.S.A. and somebody puts a code on my desk.\" \"", "Something no one else can break.\" \"", "Maybe I take a shot at it and maybe I break it.\" \"", "I'm real happy with myself because I did my job well.\" \"", "But maybe that code was the location of some rebel army in North Africa or Middle East.\" \"", "Once they have that location, they bomb the village where the rebels are hidin'.\" \"", "Fifteen hundred people that I never met, never had no problem with, get killed.\" \"", "Now the politicians are saying, \"Send in the Marines to secure the area,\"\" \"'cause they don't give a shit.\" \"", "It won't be their kid over there gettin' shot, just like it wasn't them when their number got called 'cause they were in the National Guard.\" \"", "It'll be some kid from Southie over there takin' shrapnel in the ass.\" \"", "He comes back to find the plant he used to work at... got exported to the country he got back from, and the guy who put the shrapnel in his ass got his old job... 'cause he'll work for 15 cents a day and no bathroom breaks.\" \"", "Meanwhile, he realizes the only reason he was over there in the first place... was so we could install a government that would sell us oil at a good price.\" \"", "Of course, the oil companies used a skirmish over there to scare up domestic oil prices.\" \"", "A cute little ancillary benefit for them, but it ain't helpin' my buddy at 2.50 a gallon.\" \"", "They're takin' their sweet time bringin' the oil, of course.\" \"", "Maybe they even took the liberty to hire an alcoholic skipper, who likes to drink martinis and fuckin' play slalom with the icebergs.\" \"", "It ain't too long till he hits one, spills the oil... and kills all the sea life in the North Atlantic.\" \"", "So now my buddy's out of work, he can't afford to drive, so he's walkin' to the fuckin' job interviews... which sucks because the shrapnel in his ass is givin' him chronic hemorrhoids.\" \"", "Meanwhile, he's starvin', 'cause every time he tries to get a bite to eat, the only blue plate special they're servin'... is North Atlantic scrod with Quaker State.\" \"", "So what did I think?\" \"", "I'm holdin' out for somethin' better.\" \"", "I figure, fuck it.\" \"", "While I'm at it, why not just shoot my buddy, take his job, give it to his sworn enemy, hike up gas prices, bomb a village, club a baby seal, hit the hash pipe and join the National Guard?\" \"", "I can be elected president.\" \" ", "You feel like you're alone?\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Do you have a soul mate?\" \"", "Do I have a-- Define that.\" \"", "Somebody who challenges you.\" \" ", "Uh, Chuckie.\" \" ", "No, Chuckie's family.\" \"", "He'd lie down in fuckin' traffic for you.\" \"", "I'm talking about someone who opens up things for you, touches your soul.\" \" ", "I got\" \" I got\" \" Who?\" \" ", "I got plenty.\" \" ", "Well, name 'em.\" \"", "Shakespeare, Nietzsche, Frost, O'Connor, Kant, Pope, Locke\" \"That's great.\" \"", "They're all dead.\" \" ", "Not to me they're not.\" \" ", "You don't have a lot of dialogue with them.\" \"", "You can't give back to them, Will.\" \" ", "Not without some serious smelling salts and a heater.\" \" ", "That's what I'm saying.\" \"", "You'll never have that kind of relationship in a world... where you're always afraid to take the first step, because all you see is every negative thing ten miles down the road.\" \" ", "You gonna take the professor's side on this?\" \" ", "Don't give me a line of shit.\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "I didn't want the job.\" \"", "It's not about the job.\" \"", "I don't care if you work for the government.\" \"", "But you can do anything you want.\" \"", "You are bound by nothing.\" \"", "What are you passionate about?\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "There are guys who work their entire life laying' brick... so their kids have a chance at the opportunities you have here.\" \" ", "I didn't ask for this.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "You were born with it, so don't cop out behind: \"l didn't ask for this.\"\" \" ", "What do you mean, cop out?\" \"", "What's wrong with laying' brick?\" \" ", "Nothing.\" \"", "There's nothin' wrong.\" \"", "That's somebody's home I'm buildin'.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "My dad laid brick, okay?\" \"", "Busted his ass so I could have an education.\" \"", "Exactly.\" \"", "That's an honorable profession.\" \"", "What's wrong with fixin' somebody's car?\" \"", "Someone will get to work the next day because of me.\" \"", "That's honor in that.\" \"", "Yeah, there is, Will.\" \"", "There is honor in that.\" \"", "There's honor in takin' that 40-minute train ride... so those college kids could come in in the morning and their floors are clean.\" \" ", "And their wastebaskets are empty.\" \"", "That's real work.\" \" ", "That's right.\" \"", "And that's honorable.\" \"", "I'm sure that's why you took that job.\" \"", "I mean, for the honor of it.\" \"", "I just have a little question here.\" \"", "You could be a janitor anywhere.\" \"", "Why did you work at the most prestigious technical college in the whole fuckin' world?\" \"", "Why did you sneak around at night and finish other people's formulas... that only one or two people in the world could do and then lie about it?\" \"", "'Cause I don't see a lot of honor in that, Will.\" \"", "So what do you really wanna do?\" \"", "I wanna be a shepherd.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "I wanna move up to Nashua, get a nice little spread, get some sheep and tend to them.\" \" ", "Maybe you should go do that.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "You know, if you're gonna jerk off, why don't you just do it at home with a moist towel?\" \" ", "You're chuckin' me?\" \" ", "Yeah, get the fuck outta here.\" \" ", "No, no, no, time's not up yet.\" \" ", "Yeah, it is.\" \" ", "I'm not leavin'.\" \"", "No.\" \" ", "You're not gonna answer, you're wastin' my time.\" \"", "I thought we were friends.\" \" ", "Playtime's over, okay?\" \" ", "Why are you kickin' me out?\" \"", "You're lecturing' me on life?\" \"", "Look at you, you fuckin' burnout.\" \" ", "What winds your clock?\" \" ", "Workin' with you.\" \"", "Where's your soul mate?\" \"", "You wanna talk about soul mates?\" \"", "Where is she?\" \" ", "Dead.\" \" ", "That's right.\" \"", "She's fuckin' dead.\" \"", "She fuckin' dies and you just cash in your chips and you walk away?\" \" ", "At least I played a hand.\" \" ", "You played a hand and you lost.\" \"", "You lost a big fuckin' hand.\" \"", "Some people will lose a big hand like that and have the sack to ante up again.\" \"", "Look at me.\" \"", "What do you wanna do?\" \"", "You and your bullshit.\" \"", "You got a bullshit answer for everybody.\" \"", "But I ask you a very simple question and you can't give me a straight answer, because you don't know.\" \"", "I'll see ya, Bo-peep.\" \" ", "Fuck you.\" \" ", "You're the shepherd.\" \"", "Shepherd.\" \"", "White little prick.\" \"", "I just wanted to, you know, um, call you up, uh, before you left, um\" \"I've been takin' all these jobs interviews and stuff, so I'm not gonna be just a construction worker.\" \"", "Well, you know, I never really cared about that.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "Will?\" \"", "You take care.\" \"# ", "Someone's always comin' around here #\" \" # Trailin' some new kill #\" \" Bye.\" \"# ", "Says, I seen your picture on a #\" \"# Hundred-dollar bill #\" \"# What's a game of chance to you #\" \"# In this world #\" \"# Of real skill #\" \"# So glad to meet ya #\" \"# Angeles #\" \"# Pickin' up the ticket shows there's money to be made #\" \"# Go on, lose the gamble #\" \"# That's the history of the trade #\" \"# Did you add up all the cards left to play #\" \"# To zero #\" \"# And sign up with people #\" \"# Angeles #\" \"# Don't start with me tryin' #\" \"Will, come on.\" \"", "Will!\" \"", "Will, that's it!\" \"", "We're done!\" \"", "I'm sitting in your office and the boy isn't here.\" \"", "Well, it's ten past 5:00.\" \"", "An hour and ten minutes late.\" \"# ", "I can make you satisfied in everything #\" \"Well, if he doesn't show up and I file a report saying he wasn't here... and he goes back to jail, he won't be on my conscience.\" \"# ", "Now be coming true ##\" \"Okay.\" \"", "Fine.\" \"", "What's up?\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Ah!\" \"", "God, that's good.\" \"", "So how's your lady?\" \"", "Ah, she's gone.\" \"", "Gone?\" \"", "Gone where?\" \"", "Med school.\" \"", "Medical school in California.\" \" ", "Really?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "When was this?\" \" ", "It was, like, a week ago.\" \"", "That sucks.\" \"", "So, uh, when are you done with those meetings?\" \"", "I think the week after I'm 21.\" \"", "They gonna hook ya up with a job or what?\" \"", "Yeah, fuckin' sit in a room and do long division for the next 50 years.\" \"", "Nah, probably make some nice bank though.\" \"", "I'm gonna be a fuckin' lab rat.\" \"", "Better than this shit.\" \"", "Way outta here.\" \"", "What do I want a way outta here for?\" \"", "I mean, I'm gonna fuckin' live here the rest of my life.\" \"", "You know, be neighbors.\" \"", "You know, have little kids.\" \"", "Fuckin' take 'em to Little League together up Foley Field.\" \"", "Look, you're my best friend, so don't take this the wrong way.\" \"", "But in 20 years if you're still livin' here, comin' over to my house to watch the Patriots games, still workin' construction, I'll fuckin' kill ya.\" \"", "That's not a threat.\" \"", "That's a fact.\" \"", "I'll fuckin' kill ya.\" \"", "What the fuck are you talkin' about?\" \" ", "Look, you got something none of us have.\" \" ", "Oh, come on!\" \"", "Why is it always this?\" \"", "I fuckin' owe it to myself to do this or that.\" \" ", "What if I don't want to?\" \" ", "No, no, no.\" \"", "Fuck you.\" \"", "You don't owe it to yourself.\" \"", "You owe it to me, 'cause tomorrow I'm gonna wake up and I'll be 50, and I'll still be doin' this shit.\" \"", "That's all right.\" \"", "That's fine.\" \"", "I mean, you're sittin' on a winning' lottery ticket.\" \"", "You're too much of a pussy to cash it in, and that's bullshit.\" \"", "'Cause I'd do fuckin' anything to have what you got.\" \"", "So would any of these fuckin' guys.\" \"", "Be an insult to us if you're still here in 20 years.\" \"", "Hangin' around here is a fuckin' waste of your time.\" \" ", "You don't know that.\" \" ", "I don't?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "You don't know that.\" \" ", "Oh, I don't know that.\" \"", "Let me tell you what I do know.\" \"", "Every day I come by your house, and I pick you up.\" \"", "We go out and have a few drinks and few laughs, and it's great.\" \"", "You know what the best part of my day is?\" \"", "It's for about ten seconds:\" \"from when I pull up to the curb and when I get to your door.\" \"", "'Cause I think maybe I'll get up there and I'll knock on the door and you won't be there.\" \"", "No \"good-bye,\" no \"see ya later.\" ", "No nothing.\" \"", "You just left.\" \"", "I don't know much, but I know that.\" \"", "This is a disaster, Sean.\" \"", "I brought you in here because I wanted you to help me with the boy,\" \" not to run him out.\" \" ", "I know what I'm doing with the boy.\" \"", "I don't care if you have a rapport with the boy!\" \"", "I don't care if you have a few laughs, even at my expense.\" \" ", "But don't you dare undermine what I'm trying to do here.\" \" ", "Undermine?\" \"", "This boy is at a fragile point right now.\" \"", "I do understand.\" \"", "He is at a fragile point.\" \"", "He's got problems.\" \"", "What problems does he have?\" \"", "That he's better off as a janitor, in jail?\" \"", "Better hanging out with a bunch of retarded gorillas?\" \"", "Why do you think he does that?\" \"", "You have any fuckin' clue why?\" \"", "He can handle the problems.\" \"", "He can handle the work.\" \"", "He obviously handled you.\" \"", "Listen to me.\" \"", "Why is he hiding?\" \"", "Why doesn't he trust anybody?\" \"", "Because the first thing that happened to him, he was abandoned by the people who were supposed to love him the most.\" \"", "Don't give me that Freudian crap.\" \"", "Why does he hang out with those retarded gorillas, as you call them?\" \"", "Because any one of them, if he asked them to, would take a bat to your head.\" \" ", "That's called loyalty.\" \" ", "Yeah, that's very touching.\" \"", "Who's he handling?\" \"", "He pushes people away before they have a chance to leave him.\" \"", "It's a defense mechanism, all right?\" \"", "For 20 years, he's been alone because of that.\" \"", "If you push him right now, it's gonna be the same thing all over again.\" \"", "I'm not gonna let that happen to him.\" \" ", "Don't you do that.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Don't infect him with the idea that it's okay to quit, that it's okay to be a failure.\" \"", "Because it's not okay, Sean!\" \"", "And if you're angry at me for being successful, for being what you could have been\" \" I'm not angry at you.\" \" ", "Oh, yes, you're angry at me.\" \"", "You resent me, but I'm not gonna apologize for any success I've had.\" \"", "You're angry at me for doing what you could have done!\" \"", "But ask yourself, Sean-- Ask yourself... if you want Will to feel that way-- if you want him to feel like a failure?\" \"", "You arrogant shit!\" \"", "That's why I don't come to the goddamn reunions, 'cause I can't stand that look in your eye.\" \" ", "That condescending, embarrassed look.\" \" ", "Oh, come on, Sean.\" \"", "You think I'm a failure.\" \"", "I know who I am.\" \"", "I'm proud of what I do.\" \"", "It was a conscious choice.\" \"", "I didn't fuck up!\" \"", "And you and your cronies think I'm some sort of pity case.\" \"", "You and your kiss-ass chorus following you around going, \"The Field's medal!\"\" \"", "Why are you still so fuckin' afraid of failure?\" \"", "It's about my medal, isn't it?\" \"", "Oh, God, I could go home and get it for you.\" \"", "You can have it.\" \"", "Shove the medal up your fuckin' ass, all right?\" \"", "'Cause I don't give a shit about your medal, because I knew you before you were a mathematical god, when you were pimple-faced and homesick and didn't know what side of the bed to piss on.\" \"", "Yeah, you were smarter than me then and you're smarter than me now.\" \"", "So don't blame me for how your life turned out.\" \"", "I don't blame you!\" \"", "It's not about you!\" \"", "You mathematical dick!\" \"", "It's about the boy!\" \"", "He's a good kid!\" \"", "And I won't see you fuck him up like you're tryin' to fuck up me right now.\" \"", "I won't see you make him feel like a failure too!\" \"", "He won't be a failure!\" \"", "But if you push him!\" \"", "If you ride him!\" \"", "I am what I am today because I was pushed and because I learned to push myself.\" \"", "He's not you!\" \"", "You get that!\" \"", "I can come back.\" \"", "No, come in.\" \"", "Uh, I was just leaving.\" \"", "A lot of that stuff goes back a long way between me and him.\" \"", "You know.\" \"", "Not about you.\" \"", "What is that?\" \"", "This is your file.\" \"", "I have to send it back to the judge for evaluation.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Hey, you're not gonna fail me, are you?\" \"", "What's it say?\" \" ", "Wanna read it?\" \" ", "Why?\" \"", "Have you had any, uh, experience with that?\" \"", "Twenty years of counseling.\" \"", "Yeah, I've seen some pretty awful shit.\" \"", "I mean, have you had any experience with that?\" \" ", "Personally?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Yeah, I have.\" \"", "It sure ain't good.\" \"", "My father was an alcoholic.\" \"", "Mean fuckin' drunk.\" \"", "He'd come home hammered, lookin' to whale on somebody.\" \"", "So I'd provoke him so he wouldn't go after my mother and little brother.\" \"", "Interesting nights when he wore his rings.\" \"", "He used to just put a wrench, a stick and a belt on the table.\" \" ", "Just say, \"Choose.\"\" \" ", "Well, I gotta go with the belt there.\" \"", "I used to go with the wrench.\" \"", "Why the wrench?\" \"", "'Cause fuck him, that's why.\" \" ", "Your foster father?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "So, uh, what is it, like, Will has an attachment disorder?\" \"", "Is it all that stuff?\" \"", "Fear of abandonment?\" \"", "Is that why I broke up with Skylar?\" \" ", "I didn't know you had.\" \" ", "Yeah, I did.\" \" ", "You wanna talk about it?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Hey, Will, I don't know a lot.\" \"", "You see this?\" \"", "All this shit?\" \"", "It's not your fault.\" \"", "Yeah, I know that.\" \"", "Look at me, son.\" \" ", "It's not your fault.\" \" ", "I know.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "It's not your fault.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "No, no, you don't.\" \"", "It's not your fault.\" \" ", "Hmm?\" \" ", "I know.\" \" ", "It's not your fault.\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "It's not your fault.\" \" ", "It's not your fault.\" \" ", "Don't fuck with me.\" \"", "It's not your fault.\" \"", "Don't fuck with me, all right?\" \"", "Don't fuck with me, Sean, not you.\" \"", "It's not your fault.\" \"", "It's not your fault.\" \"", "My God\" \"My God!\" \"", "I'm so sorry!\" \"", "My God!\" \"", "Fuck them, okay?\" \" ", "Can I help you?\" \" ", "Yeah, I'm Will Hunting.\" \"", "I'm here about a position.\" \"", "Could you just have a seat for a moment?\" \"", "Yes, there's a Mr. Hunting in the lobby.\" \"", "Which one did you take?\" \"", "I was over at McNeil.\" \"", "It's one of the jobs the professor set me up with.\" \"", "I haven't told him yet, but I went down there and talked to my boss\" \"My new boss.\" \"", "He seemed like a good guy.\" \" ", "Is that what you want?\" \" ", "Yeah, you know, I think so.\" \"", "Well, good for you.\" \"", "Congratulations.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Time's up.\" \"", "So that's\" \" So that's it?\" \"", "So we're done?\" \"", "Yeah, that's it.\" \"", "You're done.\" \"", "You're a free man.\" \"", "Well, um, I just want you to know, Sean, that\" \"You're welcome, Will.\" \"", "So, you know, I hope we keep in touch, you know.\" \"", "Yeah, me too.\" \"", "I'll be travelin' around a bit.\" \"", "It'll be a little hard, but, uh\" \"I've got an answering machine at the college I'll be checking in with.\" \"", "So, here's the number.\" \"", "You call that.\" \"", "I'll get back to you right away.\" \"", "Yeah, you know, I figured I'm just gonna... put my money back on the table and see what kind of cards I get.\" \"", "You do what's in your heart, son.\" \"", "You'll be fine.\" \" ", "Thank you, Sean.\" \" ", "Uh\" \"Thank you, Will.\" \"", "Hey, does this violate the patient-doctor relationship?\" \"", "Naw.\" \"", "Only if you grab my ass.\" \" ", "Take care.\" \" ", "You too.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Good luck, son.\" \"", "Two beers.\" \"", "What's up?\" \"", "Did you guys go?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I had to talk him down.\" \" ", "Why didn't you yoke him?\" \" ", "Little Morgan's got a lot of scrap to him.\" \"", "People try to whip his ass every week.\" \" ", "Fuckin' kid won't back down.\" \" ", "What are you sayin' about me?\" \"", "Was I talkin' to you?\" \"", "None of your fuckin' business.\" \" ", "Go get me a beer.\" \" ", "I ordered two beers!\" \" ", "Hey, asshole.\" \" ", "What, bitch?\" \"", "Happy birthday.\" \"", "Thought we forgot, huh, bitch?\" \" ", "Come on!\" \" ", "I'm goin'.\" \"", "I'm goin'.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Who's first?\" \" ", "Come on, motherfucker!\" \" ", "Who's first?\" \"# ", "Oh, Danny boy ##\" \"Here's your present.\" \" ", "Come on, bro.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Well, we knew you had to get back and forth to Cambridge for your new job.\" \"", "I knew I wasn't gonna fuckin' drive you every day, so\" \" Morgan wanted to get you a \"T\" pass.\" \" ", "That's not what I was sayin'!\" \"", "But, uh, you're 21 now.\" \"", "You're legally allowed to drink, so we figured the best thing for ya was a car.\" \" ", "How do you like it?\" \" ", "This is like\" \"It's the ugliest fuckin' car I've ever seen in my life.\" \" ", "Come on, brother.\" \" ", "How'd you guys do this?\" \"", "You know, me and Bill scraped together the parts, and Morgan was out panhandlin' for change every day.\" \"", "I had the router to do all the bodywork.\" \"", "Yeah, I have a fuckin' job, too, brother.\" \"", "Guy's been up my ass for two years about a job.\" \"", "I had to let him help with the car.\" \"", "So you finally got a job, huh, Morgan?\" \" ", "Yeah, had one.\" \"", "Now I'm fucked again.\" \" ", "So what is it?\" \" ", "A lawn mower?\" \"", "What do ya got?\" \" ", "It's a straight fuckin' six.\" \"", "Me and Bill rebuilt this engine ourselves here.\" \"", "It's a good car.\" \"", "The engine's good.\" \"", "Engine's good.\" \" ", "Happy 21, Will.\" \" ", "Happy 21, brother.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Come on in.\" \"", "Sean, I, um\" \"Me too, Gerry.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "I heard you're takin' some time.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Travel a little bit, maybe write.\" \"", "So where are you going?\" \"", "India and China and Baltimore.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "You know when you'll be back?\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "I got this flyer the other day.\" \"", "It says, uh, class of '72 is having a reunion in six months.\" \"", "Yeah, I got one of those too.\" \"", "Why don't you come?\" \"", "I'll buy ya a drink.\" \"", "The drinks at those things are free.\" \"", "I know, Gerry.\" \"", "I was being ironical.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \" ", "How about a drink right now?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "It's a good idea.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "This one's on me.\" \" ", "I got the winner right here, pal.\" \" ", "Oh!\" \"", "Yes, sir, this is the one.\" \"", "This is my ticket to paradise.\" \"", "Do you know what the odds are against winning the lottery?\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Four to one?\" \" ", "About 30 million to one.\" \"", "I still have a shot, you know?\" \"", "Yes, just about as big chance as you being hit by lightning here on the staircase right now.\" \"", "It's a possibility too.\" \"", "I mean, 32 million.\" \"", "If you look at the size\" \"Will!\" \"", "Will?\" \"", "He's not there.\" \"# ", "I'll fake it through the day #\" \"Sean, if the professor calls about that job, just tell him sorry, I had to go see about a girl.\" \"", "Will.\" \"", "Son of a bitch.\" \"", "He stole my line.\" \"# ", "To take its toll and in having a lot #\" \"# Of nothing' to do #\" \"# Do you miss me #\" \"# Miss misery #\" \"# Like you say you do #\" \"# I know you'd rather see me gone #\" \"# Than to see me #\" \"# The way #\" \"# That I am, when I am #\" \"# In the life anyway #\" \"# Next door TV's flashing through #\" \"# Frames on the wall #\" \"# It's a comedy #\" \"# Of errors, you see #\" \"# It's about takin' a fall #\" \"# To vanish into #\" \"# Oblivion #\" \"# It's easy to do #\" \"# And I try to be #\" \"# But you know me I come back #\" \"# When you want me to #\" \"# Do you miss me #\" \"# Miss misery #\" \"# Like you say you do ##\" \"# Gonna find my baby Gonna hold her tight #\" \"# Gonna grab some afternoon delight #\" \"# My motto's always been When it's right, it's right #\" \"# Why wait until the middle of a cold, dark night #\" \"# When everything's a little clearer in the light of day #\" \"# And we know the night is always gonna be here anyway #\" \"# Thinkin' of you is workin' up an appetite #\" \"# Lookin' forward to a little afternoon delight #\" \"# Rubbin' sticks and stones together make the sparks ignite #\" \"# And the thought of rubbing' you is gettin' so excitin' #\" \"# Skyrockets in flight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Started out this mornin' feeling' so polite #\" \"# I always thought a fish could not be caught who didn't bite #\" \"# But you got some bait a-waitin' and I think I might #\" \"# Like nibbling' a little afternoon delight #\" \"# Skyrockets in flight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Be waitin' for me, baby when I come around #\" \"# We can make a lot of lovin' before the sun go down #\" \"# Thinkin' of you is workin' up an appetite #\" \"# Lookin' forward to a little afternoon delight #\" \"# Rubbin' sticks and stones together make the sparks ignite #\" \"# And the thought of rubbing' you is gettin' so excitin' #\" \"# Skyrockets in flight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Aft #\" \"# Afternoon delight #\" \"# Aft #\" \"# Afternoon delight ##\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles" }

[ 0.0005744980880990624, 0.0006153363501653075, 0.0005855254712514579, 0.0006075759883970022, 0.0006180161726661026, 0.0008278787136077881, 0.0020907241851091385, 0.00076864700531587, 0.0007358522270806134, 0.0007851353147998452, 0.0008613794343546033, 0.0006496495916508138, 0.001141029759310186, 0.0006345456349663436, 0.0006562573835253716, 0.0008623460307717323, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0009556335862725973, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.000923753366805613, 0.000925688655115664, 0.41090911626815796, 0.9986918568611145, 0.9802575707435608, 0.010414155200123787, 0.024487154558300972, 0.2649536430835724, 0.01999727450311184, 0.004216923378407955, 0.0011983190197497606, 0.7269321084022522, 0.0007447990356013179, 0.0008262930787168443, 0.10972019284963608, 0.9978035092353821, 0.0007691067876294255, 0.0008077371749095619, 0.059842973947525024, 0.0009307527798227966, 0.004858712665736675, 0.09770336002111435, 0.057672563940286636, 0.06448934227228165, 0.000990383792668581, 0.042872171849012375, 0.9952697157859802, 0.994918167591095, 0.0007602771511301398, 0.0007914331508800387, 0.000803103088401258, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.98594069480896, 0.0006078574806451797, 0.009835691191256046, 0.9977611303329468, 0.0007326824124902487, 0.0010724979219958186, 0.012550692074000835, 0.002807093784213066, 0.002807093784213066, 0.0010814612032845616, 0.00233696517534554, 0.0007158495718613267, 0.0006757130613550544, 0.0006034030811861157, 0.0033055974636226892, 0.0007904826197773218, 0.01140675600618124, 0.0006905650952830911, 0.0006553218117915094, 0.0009438449051231146, 0.0006208837148733437, 0.0006290540914051235, 0.001415639417245984, 0.006421406287699938, 0.001066067605279386, 0.00106394465547055, 0.0009475693805143237, 0.004043671768158674, 0.001151090837083757, 0.032799798995256424, 0.00862630270421505, 0.021690871566534042, 0.9954046010971069, 0.024457180872559547, 0.000978491734713316, 0.0138836819678545, 0.0010284127201884985, 0.062200646847486496, 0.9469445943832397, 0.905670702457428, 0.0011170869693160057, 0.9973951578140259, 0.9960736036300659, 0.0009142298949882388, 0.0006739977980032563, 0.9931146502494812, 0.94999760389328, 0.0009166206582449377, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.000778860121499747, 0.9903601408004761, 0.0013391312677413225, 0.0012867992045357823, 0.995314359664917, 0.005182873457670212, 0.001663344562985003, 0.007324244361370802, 0.0009083261247724295, 0.9897420406341553, 0.0010687831090763211, 0.0008943219436332583, 0.0008943219436332583, 0.0008943219436332583, 0.001162041211500764, 0.9966821074485779, 0.000725545862223953, 0.0006972735282033682, 0.990402340888977, 0.0010145186679437757, 0.0006731664179824293, 0.0018089114455506206, 0.0010537935886532068, 0.0006113070994615555, 0.8427388072013855, 0.9943217039108276, 0.996476948261261, 0.0006868043565191329, 0.0006680478109046817, 0.0010571676539257169, 0.003042793832719326, 0.0007314907852560282, 0.9871247410774231, 0.9893207550048828, 0.0005404611001722515, 0.0013001554179936647, 0.0073104314506053925, 0.0011445621494203806, 0.0007250298513099551, 0.9931777715682983, 0.0008802681695669889, 0.002454194938763976, 0.0018357464578002691, 0.0013066957471892238, 0.0006988684763200581, 0.9556609392166138, 0.9499627351760864, 0.9958093166351318, 0.6295883059501648, 0.0008053769124671817, 0.9615654945373535, 0.0006234323373064399, 0.01839429698884487, 0.001248840824700892, 0.8572691082954407, 0.0010013201972469687, 0.012329822406172752, 0.0010013201972469687, 0.9936007857322693, 0.0006218431517481804, 0.9901465773582458, 0.001409113872796297, 0.0008221532334573567, 0.964982271194458, 0.9975188970565796, 0.9955257773399353, 0.997318685054779, 0.9966632723808289, 0.002100519370287657, 0.012550692074000835, 0.002316330326721072, 0.006922360509634018, 0.0018915369873866439, 0.0008637221762910485, 0.0008637221762910485, 0.0008828052086755633, 0.10003884136676788, 0.011852105148136616, 0.0008802681695669889, 0.0008802681695669889, 0.00097271817503497, 0.9892476201057434, 0.0006885713082738221, 0.0006863587768748403, 0.0006264714756980538, 0.06158217787742615, 0.0007105495315045118, 0.0006021956796757877, 0.0005968869081698358, 0.0006964519270695746, 0.0006748140440322459, 0.0007211304036900401, 0.0010587092256173491, 0.0007211304036900401, 0.0008734309813007712, 0.07139167189598083, 0.24927428364753723, 0.9973950386047363, 0.001984712667763233, 0.000993529916740954, 0.001456051948480308, 0.0005993107915855944, 0.9119516015052795, 0.9736726880073547, 0.9919941425323486, 0.0008383903186768293, 0.7427658438682556, 0.9136964678764343, 0.976804792881012, 0.9717605113983154, 0.01312008686363697, 0.002807093784213066, 0.0006448169588111341, 0.0008666248177178204, 0.0008267833618447185, 0.0617692768573761, 0.0007714464445598423, 0.0007278131670318544, 0.0007096882909536362, 0.0007247611647471786, 0.0007109213620424271, 0.0008641827735118568, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0008637221762910485, 0.0011447061551734805, 0.8766769766807556, 0.006857646629214287, 0.0007104753167368472, 0.004756608512252569, 0.004607992712408304, 0.0009161299094557762, 0.0006809880142100155, 0.0006809880142100155, 0.0007317421841435134, 0.0008240473689511418, 0.0008010737947188318, 0.0007029269472695887, 0.0010990676237270236, 0.0006863823509775102, 0.0006354522192850709, 0.0031335605308413506, 0.0015557166188955307, 0.0007466754759661853, 0.0007103338721208274, 0.000715315924026072, 0.0009071510867215693, 0.0007434519939124584, 0.0006905650952830911, 0.0006493571563623846, 0.000727131380699575, 0.0006821101414971054, 0.0006739672389812768, 0.0006723345723003149, 0.000756401102989912, 0.0006409513298422098, 0.0008240473689511418, 0.0006345456349663436, 0.0008097532554529607, 0.000979808857664466, 0.0007434519939124584, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0007422601920552552, 0.0005866110441274941, 0.0006993938586674631, 0.0006559735629707575, 0.0006859585992060602, 0.000565185968298465, 0.000586128153372556, 0.00060111447237432, 0.0006603181245736778, 0.0011908760061487556, 0.0007111256127245724, 0.0006984855863265693, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0005901986151002347, 0.0006289836601354182, 0.044117771089076996, 0.000911220908164978, 0.09795825928449631, 0.0006223705131560564, 0.0039464863948524, 0.0008723480859771371, 0.0007122532115317881, 0.0005411482416093349, 0.0006341420812532306, 0.0006218431517481804, 0.0007390007958747447, 0.003768711816519499, 0.0008581728907302022, 0.0006596932071261108, 0.0008708804962225258, 0.00500883674249053, 0.0006520194001495838, 0.0005895405192859471, 0.0008203357574529946, 0.0006075117271393538, 0.003645353252068162, 0.0009225436369888484, 0.0014606529148295522, 0.05480054393410683, 0.0006207588594406843, 0.02320331148803234, 0.10121887922286987, 0.006144774612039328, 0.0484796017408371, 0.010522053577005863, 0.001858996693044901, 0.8887258768081665, 0.0020166095346212387, 0.0007439470500685275, 0.000825753842946142, 0.0005697683081962168, 0.000735491921659559, 0.0006030644290149212, 0.000624613428954035, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006526473443955183, 0.03708459064364433, 0.0012685541296377778, 0.006495537236332893, 0.992070734500885, 0.0006601111381314695, 0.0005736142047680914, 0.0006765185389667749, 0.017852192744612694, 0.9969481825828552, 0.0016634957864880562, 0.0007317421841435134, 0.9851526021957397, 0.000925688655115664, 0.9851526021957397, 0.000647165987174958, 0.0010761331068351865, 0.0010970059083774686, 0.0010009329998865724, 0.0008276401204057038, 0.0008276401204057038, 0.0006261446978896856, 0.0007598196971230209, 0.0006138558965176344, 0.0006345456349663436, 0.0006919825682416558, 0.0009087117505259812, 0.04045640304684639, 0.001873037894256413, 0.0006830957136116922, 0.0008543927688151598, 0.0006841625436209142, 0.0006456741830334067, 0.0016770182410255075, 0.0007883425569161773, 0.0006987812812440097, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006919825682416558, 0.0006508903461508453, 0.0022852339316159487, 0.0013210612814873457, 0.03295699134469032, 0.9977113008499146, 0.9973549842834473, 0.9948703050613403, 0.0010818213922902942, 0.9970179796218872, 0.002071454655379057, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0007833872805349529, 0.000834951875731349, 0.0014727083034813404, 0.00595046253874898, 0.001838519936427474, 0.0006788623286411166, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0007669235928915441, 0.0005631026579067111, 0.0008410929003730416, 0.0006208369741216302, 0.0006972106639295816, 0.0023730858229100704, 0.0019185809651389718, 0.0009434552048332989, 0.0009434552048332989, 0.0006857144180685282, 0.0006973797571845353, 0.0008814528700895607, 0.0006785993464291096, 0.0020373051520437002, 0.0007129472214728594, 0.000667809450533241, 0.0006563412607647479, 0.0005968621699139476, 0.0006230230792425573, 0.0007205870351754129, 0.006661603227257729, 0.000965915503911674, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006965651991777122, 0.0005571154179051518, 0.9943771958351135, 0.0007407134980894625, 0.0007432072889059782, 0.0014722876949235797, 0.0008316819439642131, 0.022764019668102264, 0.0006390190683305264, 0.0009003535378724337, 0.0006422789301723242, 0.0019117328338325024, 0.0009218731429427862, 0.0010324985487386584, 0.032400719821453094, 0.0007708986522629857, 0.0006285057170316577, 0.0009217695333063602, 0.027036787942051888, 0.000963636499363929, 0.0007913324516266584, 0.0007885115337558091, 0.0007674412336200476, 0.000814779254142195, 0.0013942623045295477, 0.000722878728993237, 0.0014161464059725404, 0.0008822620729915798, 0.0005831008893437684, 0.012627915479242802, 0.08114151656627655, 0.001234347466379404, 0.0007541810628026724, 0.0009720640955492854, 0.0005571154179051518, 0.0017849733121693134, 0.0007577116484753788, 0.000765398028306663, 0.0015557166188955307, 0.0007347072823904455, 0.0011352942092344165, 0.0008648690418340266, 0.0005918908282183111, 0.0005994552629999816, 0.0006195817259140313, 0.0008749531698413193, 0.8528488874435425, 0.0027122972533106804, 0.0006425537867471576, 0.001141029759310186, 0.0007115358021110296, 0.000671667221467942, 0.0006949121598154306, 0.0009037008276209235, 0.9791521430015564, 0.0006611251155845821, 0.0008337588515132666, 0.0009037008276209235, 0.0006225926917977631, 0.0005891206674277782, 0.0010311793303117156, 0.0013261333806440234, 0.0005652355612255633, 0.0007833872805349529, 0.0006504199700430036, 0.0024721669033169746, 0.002862387103959918, 0.000932432129047811, 0.0005571154179051518, 0.0005582768353633583, 0.9903662204742432, 0.0006912215612828732, 0.9928632378578186, 0.9882649183273315, 0.0006421978469006717, 0.0008307232055813074, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0005784067325294018, 0.0008125489694066346, 0.0008291059057228267, 0.0008111487259157002, 0.000723247358109802, 0.005927511025220156, 0.0009119057795032859, 0.000546084891539067, 0.0006226178957149386, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.9809877872467041, 0.007960454560816288, 0.0010926452232524753, 0.0006365014123730361, 0.0007353737601079047, 0.0006290396559052169, 0.0005884203128516674, 0.0005571154179051518, 0.0007472040597349405, 0.0015171451959758997, 0.016156017780303955, 0.01681256666779518, 0.05894104763865471, 0.0007091879961080849, 0.0009733401820994914, 0.04094532132148743, 0.0032352081034332514, 0.0007502349326387048, 0.0006863270536996424, 0.0007011279230937362, 0.0011327194515615702, 0.010600263252854347, 0.0008099206606857479, 0.0007410283433273435, 0.0007647047168575227, 0.0008307232055813074, 0.0007298478740267456, 0.0007689888007007539, 0.0009377201204188168, 0.0006120824837125838, 0.0006974359857849777, 0.0010095748584717512, 0.0009330777684226632, 0.0011670435778796673, 0.0006120824837125838, 0.0007502349326387048, 0.0028079012408852577, 0.0007358483853749931, 0.007589708082377911, 0.0037440722808241844, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006843832670710981, 0.8059675097465515, 0.0007810668321326375, 0.000925688655115664, 0.005817457567900419, 0.0020144677255302668, 0.000849731732159853, 0.0009045429178513587, 0.36103078722953796, 0.014358602464199066, 0.024758057668805122, 0.000590875162743032, 0.0007856315351091325, 0.002211104379966855, 0.0010250298073515296, 0.0007749850628897548, 0.0005933269276283681, 0.000850968062877655, 0.0007655158406123519, 0.0008048299350775778, 0.000707092578522861, 0.0025882956106215715, 0.0007993310573510826, 0.0006174207082949579, 0.08376564830541611, 0.8837124109268188, 0.0011619986034929752, 0.19784513115882874, 0.41453588008880615, 0.0009759672684594989, 0.0008471717592328787, 0.001576567068696022, 0.0008812680607661605, 0.0008701940532773733, 0.0007498282939195633, 0.0016042214119806886, 0.007932479493319988, 0.0034264239948242903, 0.0006207434926182032, 0.0018134129932150245, 0.0007227884489111602, 0.0008103502332232893, 0.0012737821089103818, 0.0009610219276510179, 0.0006478753639385104, 0.001279237912967801, 0.0011214695405215025, 0.004559067077934742, 0.004600237123668194, 0.000925688655115664, 0.0022852339316159487, 0.0011128897313028574, 0.0018927869386970997, 0.0006069350056350231, 0.017254749312996864, 0.26267802715301514, 0.0008506503072567284, 0.012311949394643307, 0.7220919728279114, 0.0007462732028216124, 0.0008851442253217101, 0.0006819118279963732, 0.0013839403400197625, 0.0007334865513257682, 0.000691705965436995, 0.000575997109990567, 0.0005549420020543039, 0.0006133868591859937, 0.0009809414623305202, 0.022552791982889175, 0.0008379098726436496, 0.0007749850628897548, 0.0006544741918332875, 0.001402784138917923, 0.002023521112278104, 0.0006110595422796905, 0.0007100401562638581, 0.05351313576102257, 0.000683040008880198, 0.07579647749662399, 0.0006803714204579592, 0.004217726178467274, 0.0006257064524106681, 0.0007316815317608416, 0.0009715890628285706, 0.0005704236682504416, 0.0006198082701303065, 0.0006684531690552831, 0.0006738353404216468, 0.0006157875759527087, 0.0006511127576231956, 0.000633933290373534, 0.0005775355384685099, 0.0005472974735312164, 0.0006466826307587326, 0.0005748636904172599, 0.0006694738985970616, 0.014472655951976776, 0.6114447712898254, 0.0005571154179051518, 0.001141029759310186, 0.0006000509602017701, 0.0005806396366097033, 0.0005564664024859667, 0.0007833872805349529, 0.9201185703277588, 0.0007352959946729243, 0.0007583820261061192, 0.0007395229185931385, 0.0013786592753604054, 0.0008307232055813074, 0.0007191028562374413, 0.001493517542257905, 0.0006351506453938782, 0.0006505948258563876, 0.8005379438400269, 0.0007214465294964612, 0.0005938595277257264, 0.0033055974636226892, 0.004169876221567392, 0.0007680879789404571, 0.0008202595054171979, 0.0007444286020472646, 0.0013942623045295477, 0.03585994243621826, 0.011629847809672356, 0.002965122926980257, 0.47253522276878357, 0.009824538603425026, 0.0007397717563435435, 0.0007048447732813656, 0.0010559586808085442, 0.0006084327469579875, 0.0009508939692750573, 0.0009759885724633932, 0.0007602745317853987, 0.0006819612463004887, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0008107603644020855, 0.0007966521079652011, 0.0029710382223129272, 0.0006568068056367338, 0.0007458495092578232, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.000887378235347569, 0.0022066012024879456, 0.0007672463543713093, 0.0007912539876997471, 0.0009978788439184427, 0.0008042744593694806, 0.0006112310802564025, 0.0006974359857849777, 0.0006561726913787425, 0.0005784508539363742, 0.0006522344192489982, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006106409709900618, 0.0005981004796922207, 0.0008756770403124392, 0.009746605530381203, 0.0010243455180898309, 0.005240988917648792, 0.0010243455180898309, 0.0011391622247174382, 0.005097769200801849, 0.1003238707780838, 0.0009252539020963013, 0.0006479979492723942, 0.00067621044581756, 0.0008426101412624121, 0.0009236680343747139, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.000674308801535517, 0.02005010098218918, 0.0010253321379423141, 0.0006903302273713052, 0.0011127790203318, 0.0012866044417023659, 0.0014532494824379683, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0005708225653506815, 0.000778860121499747, 0.0006963713676668704, 0.0016847075894474983, 0.0015442556468769908, 0.0006136996671557426, 0.0007615932263433933, 0.0007851353147998452, 0.0007317421841435134, 0.0006943153566680849, 0.0011128209298476577, 0.0008240473689511418, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006433060625568032, 0.0006578423199243844, 0.0006992539274506271, 0.0006275360356085002, 0.0020281861070543528, 0.0006567629752680659, 0.0018612559651955962, 0.0006293008336797357, 0.001141029759310186, 0.0007949424907565117, 0.0008629661751911044, 0.0005781553918495774, 0.000718856870662421, 0.001490215421654284, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0007164706476032734, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.000691638037096709, 0.0008040828979574144, 0.0006604468217119575, 0.0006972661358304322, 0.0005857227370142937, 0.0005727247917093337, 0.0008220791933126748, 0.9837086796760559, 0.012461395934224129, 0.0011828407878056169, 0.0007909215637482703, 0.0012772255577147007, 0.0006624224479310215, 0.0006901565939188004, 0.0006950459792278707, 0.0006379373953677714, 0.9967318773269653, 0.0006818040274083614, 0.0006562208291143179, 0.9976667165756226, 0.9954095482826233, 0.0077079529874026775, 0.990388810634613, 0.9844984412193298, 0.11495542526245117, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0015762413386255503, 0.9940914511680603, 0.0005922980490140617, 0.0006784707074984908, 0.001973718637600541, 0.0012367512099444866, 0.0016375677660107613, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0010830984683707356, 0.0006497598369605839, 0.0007700270507484674, 0.0008188097272068262, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0005856177886016667, 0.0007833872805349529, 0.0009472593083046377, 0.005552270449697971, 0.0007688100449740887, 0.005552270449697971, 0.0011702546617016196, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0013782331952825189, 0.0007351236999966204, 0.03462851047515869, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0019532793667167425, 0.0013033237773925066, 0.9719993472099304, 0.0007240514969453216, 0.000582040345761925, 0.003896817099303007, 0.0009725657291710377, 0.0006763982819393277, 0.0006390415946952999, 0.0008785227546468377, 0.00069182098377496, 0.9536818861961365, 0.000701321114320308, 0.0007794511038810015, 0.0005949152982793748, 0.0007987067219801247, 0.0007128830184228718, 0.9948976635932922, 0.0008307232055813074, 0.000715315924026072, 0.0009387320606037974, 0.0006852617370896041, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0008195415139198303, 0.0007008680258877575, 0.9917946457862854, 0.000646748230792582, 0.16688436269760132, 0.047797221690416336, 0.03167590871453285, 0.9710531830787659, 0.1104392409324646, 0.02160152792930603, 0.0016597496578469872, 0.0008615399710834026, 0.0009489968651905656, 0.0029105476569384336, 0.002183257369324565, 0.002807093784213066, 0.004402490798383951, 0.8416690230369568, 0.0006642836378887296, 0.00097271817503497, 0.00084202631842345, 0.0160048957914114, 0.0007993310573510826, 0.001604450517334044, 0.06490858644247055, 0.5847504734992981, 0.9944096207618713, 0.0009805714944377542, 0.0006742370896972716, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0005947327008470893, 0.0007823193445801735, 0.000701810815371573, 0.0007221364649012685, 0.0027735517360270023, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0005748636904172599, 0.0006156047456897795, 0.0005376011249609292, 0.0008938181563280523, 0.0006605261587537825, 0.0006635214667767286, 0.0006707553402520716, 0.0009027102496474981, 0.000693403126206249, 0.0007568096043542027, 0.01880812644958496, 0.0030637457966804504, 0.0020482430700212717, 0.0006232546293176711, 0.016532061621546745, 0.0010771793313324451, 0.0006933162803761661, 0.0007749850628897548, 0.0029343352653086185, 0.0007371376850642264, 0.0005948920152150095, 0.05102141574025154, 0.01385327335447073, 0.0005957054090686142, 0.001176159712485969, 0.0006442742305807769, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0007069550920277834, 0.0009891970548778772, 0.0007860175683163106, 0.011992002837359905, 0.02916891686618328, 0.0005571154179051518, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.027714332565665245, 0.0008227641228586435, 0.0007270110654644668, 0.000853701145388186, 0.0020667777862399817, 0.005262077320367098, 0.0010485436068847775, 0.0008968333131633699, 0.0009105982026085258, 0.0005922000855207443, 0.0008601704612374306, 0.0006734144408255816, 0.0007863771170377731, 0.0006734144408255816, 0.0029010053258389235, 0.10095150023698807, 0.0009296936332248151, 0.0006354486104100943, 0.0005571154179051518, 0.0009184862719848752, 0.004832268692553043, 0.0008914417121559381, 0.0007560083759017289, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.002807093784213066, 0.01801099255681038, 0.026386160403490067, 0.03466898575425148, 0.0008101298590190709, 0.0006292366306297481, 0.0005748869734816253, 0.0008494948269799352, 0.0955844521522522, 0.00063502904959023, 0.0006066834321245551, 0.0007804113556630909, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.0007299532298929989, 0.0006214100285433233, 0.000729614868760109, 0.0007928416598588228, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.20376944541931152, 0.0009417429682798684, 0.0005724314833059907, 0.000639640842564404, 0.002552909078076482, 0.0014322672504931688, 0.0037763386499136686, 0.0007964338874444366, 0.0006860328139737248, 0.0006466881604865193, 0.0008159299031831324, 0.6984743475914001, 0.000622803985606879, 0.020322857424616814, 0.0009815033990889788, 0.0006808264879509807, 0.019324855878949165, 0.0010473247384652495, 0.0031082427594810724, 0.001357504166662693, 0.0035065242554992437, 0.0006350436015054584, 0.0010123641695827246, 0.10892694443464279, 0.0014944893773645163, 0.0007820577593520284, 0.05428500473499298, 0.0013051665155217052, 0.0007493004086427391, 0.011139332316815853, 0.022619547322392464, 0.001258775475434959, 0.001359271234832704, 0.0007916711620055139, 0.0007129642181098461, 0.7556474804878235, 0.0012867336627095938, 0.0006984763313084841, 0.0010358532890677452, 0.0008953268406912684, 0.996378481388092, 0.28192374110221863, 0.0016404736088588834, 0.0016032211715355515, 0.8387831449508667, 0.9833364486694336, 0.0006409595953300595, 0.0006943256594240665, 0.0007038661278784275, 0.0011863477993756533, 0.1461905837059021, 0.0007600713870488107, 0.0007577116484753788, 0.0007577116484753788, 0.0007577116484753788, 0.0012234942987561226, 0.8014675378799438, 0.00466100824996829, 0.008013400249183178, 0.0010373430559411645, 0.0007573608309030533, 0.9986090064048767, 0.0008043323177844286, 0.11454065889120102, 0.000745984201785177, 0.3039320707321167, 0.18280643224716187, 0.0007520531653426588, 0.9977559447288513, 0.060322463512420654, 0.005052063148468733, 0.0008188346982933581, 0.005052063148468733, 0.0008188346982933581, 0.993152379989624, 0.03729041665792465, 0.0007293976377695799, 0.000710285094100982, 0.0007180335815064609, 0.0006153293652459979, 0.0008544820011593401, 0.0010535145411267877, 0.000905031687580049, 0.0008243414922617376, 0.0006488485960289836, 0.0006039508152753115, 0.0007475875318050385, 0.0008522892603650689, 0.0007449065451510251, 0.0007937027257867157, 0.00062336161499843, 0.0008653206168673933, 0.0006769528845325112, 0.0005863581318408251, 0.0006083883927203715, 0.0006067021749913692, 0.0006517584552057087, 0.0015183332143351436, 0.0009229893330484629, 0.000778860121499747, 0.0016960081411525607, 0.9858518242835999, 0.9928107857704163, 0.0015425111632794142, 0.0009586653904989362, 0.9839380383491516, 0.0005727646639570594, 0.0006951837567612529, 0.001068726647645235, 0.0008307232055813074, 0.0005727247917093337, 0.0005883428966626525, 0.0007142335525713861, 0.0007099277572706342, 0.0007462447974830866, 0.0005788123817183077, 0.0012927952921018004, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.0009252539020963013, 0.0007551630842499435, 0.1570775806903839, 0.0006775864167138934, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0029221614822745323, 0.0006775864167138934, 0.0016464971704408526, 0.0007404939387924969, 0.0006791541818529367, 0.002719379961490631, 0.012611729092895985, 0.05060844495892525, 0.9920852780342102, 0.9871455430984497, 0.003849736647680402, 0.0009725517593324184, 0.0027408297173678875, 0.0008813940803520381, 0.021844394505023956, 0.43723031878471375, 0.003330328967422247, 0.5609610676765442, 0.0005787850241176784, 0.003725573653355241, 0.03987747058272362, 0.0006891589146107435, 0.00090659165289253, 0.00466100824996829, 0.006143301725387573, 0.0006974359857849777, 0.009801076725125313, 0.8929541110992432, 0.0006093325209803879, 0.0007038104231469333, 0.0007383222691714764, 0.006449444219470024, 0.0030850600451231003, 0.0015508676879107952, 0.14765974879264832, 0.0006756003713235259, 0.0006110021495260298, 0.0017090701730921865, 0.20722410082817078, 0.00233703525736928, 0.002794505562633276, 0.0011005847482010722, 0.0007259837002493441, 0.0007566369022242725, 0.0014624539762735367, 0.9892386198043823, 0.7484394311904907, 0.0007294928655028343, 0.9885241389274597, 0.002834866289049387, 0.9930315017700195, 0.9548808336257935, 0.0006880940636619925, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.001271275570616126, 0.01745905727148056, 0.0006305745337158442, 0.016194263473153114, 0.0009112678235396743, 0.028397155925631523, 0.0006742370896972716, 0.0013551247538998723, 0.0006919825682416558, 0.0005974774248898029, 0.0007804775377735496, 0.007948474027216434, 0.0006684531690552831, 0.000756401102989912, 0.0010173885384574533, 0.0006722749676555395, 0.0006505210767500103, 0.0007238586549647152, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0007943654200062156, 0.0005736166494898498, 0.0005589051288552582, 0.0006850723875686526, 0.04316097870469093, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0006823604344390333, 0.0007281512953341007, 0.23527690768241882, 0.001092870021238923, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0009876912226900458, 0.0007307697087526321, 0.0005733756115660071, 0.0005821232916787267, 0.001869681873358786, 0.0006270894082263112, 0.0009911975357681513, 0.0006347132148221135, 0.0006919825682416558, 0.0006919825682416558, 0.0010483075166121125, 0.0010483075166121125, 0.0009183076908811927, 0.000687266350723803, 0.9896148443222046, 0.021773161366581917, 0.012605716474354267, 0.002807093784213066, 0.0007646344020031393, 0.0007016750751063228, 0.007483753375709057, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0008637221762910485, 0.002828050870448351, 0.003764015156775713, 0.0021343862172216177, 0.012550692074000835, 0.12460596114397049, 0.0011995158856734633, 0.012550692074000835, 0.000820196932181716, 0.0313228964805603, 0.012550692074000835, 0.0006468044011853635, 0.0008938752580434084, 0.004901094362139702, 0.000758205249439925, 0.0008617136045359075, 0.0006044593174010515, 0.0013256736565381289, 0.0006354509969241917, 0.0008831185987219214, 0.000624530715867877, 0.0007861257181502879, 0.0013376609422266483, 0.0009250291623175144, 0.0007341057062149048, 0.0021470861975103617, 0.0006859585992060602, 0.0007137127104215324, 0.0010613570921123028, 0.011280647478997707, 0.0009252539020963013, 0.0014559756964445114, 0.000925688655115664, 0.0009505026391707361, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0009572880226187408, 0.0009959493763744831, 0.0010613570921123028, 0.0005999919958412647, 0.015681007876992226, 0.012297043576836586, 0.027715593576431274, 0.0006382938008755445, 0.0007799151353538036, 0.0008896981016732752, 0.0007107082637958229, 0.0012419103877618909, 0.0006958803860470653, 0.0012419103877618909, 0.004023393150418997, 0.008278567343950272, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0011671753600239754, 0.0007749850628897548, 0.000879384926520288, 0.0007883338839747012, 0.0033812227193266153, 0.0006981375627219677, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006680672522634268, 0.0006234082393348217, 0.0007470659329555929, 0.03260601684451103, 0.0006926287896931171, 0.0008951323688961565, 0.0009556335862725973, 0.006216059438884258, 0.01917087845504284, 0.000925688655115664, 0.0012111165560781956, 0.000895893492270261, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0007775460835546255, 0.000639640842564404, 0.0005972568178549409, 0.003341118572279811, 0.009271240793168545, 0.0009252539020963013, 0.002605343936011195, 0.000748635153286159, 0.0011119842529296875, 0.0006833180668763816, 0.002834866289049387, 0.9889455437660217, 0.000844713649712503, 0.0006504199700430036, 0.000839581829495728, 0.0009380620322190225, 0.0015557166188955307, 0.0036758098285645247, 0.0005952478968538344, 0.0007969474536366761, 0.0006999452598392963, 0.0006903506582602859, 0.08260735124349594, 0.0007174381171353161, 0.006523497402667999, 0.0006819612463004887, 0.001221387879922986, 0.0008933073258958757, 0.003141980152577162, 0.0029030332807451487, 0.008785746060311794, 0.0006300007808022201, 0.06100621074438095, 0.06100621074438095, 0.0006859585992060602, 0.07737767696380615, 0.0049760895781219006, 0.9593677520751953, 0.993787944316864, 0.4257959723472595, 0.4778745472431183, 0.9957309365272522, 0.0010511541040614247, 0.9813311696052551, 0.0007845661602914333, 0.000925688655115664, 0.003992266487330198, 0.9861634373664856, 0.0007729958742856979, 0.44562751054763794, 0.028827914968132973, 0.02857382968068123, 0.0007871755515225232, 0.0016029129037633538, 0.0008792307926341891, 0.003122275462374091, 0.0014744504587724805, 0.0007628192543052137, 0.0007342344615608454, 0.0006651927251368761, 0.0010191065957769752, 0.0008971175411716104, 0.0008441462996415794, 0.0007596314535476267, 0.003122275462374091, 0.000715315924026072, 0.0007157857762649655, 0.013406723737716675, 0.005597242619842291, 0.0007115729968063533, 0.0007581497193314135, 0.005815676413476467, 0.6884512901306152, 0.000790722609963268, 0.0008687641238793731, 0.000569825351703912, 0.16089870035648346, 0.0006521104369312525, 0.0007022376521490514, 0.22536952793598175, 0.013173053041100502, 0.0011855480261147022, 0.0006401921855285764, 0.0011360786156728864, 0.0007846775697544217, 0.0006921117892488837, 0.000745858415029943, 0.0007598196971230209, 0.0010166042484343052, 0.0007631293847225606, 0.0008732781861908734, 0.0007611183682456613, 0.0024226061068475246, 0.0006656372570432723, 0.0008339169435203075, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.0006123587372712791, 0.02213600091636181, 0.00124350655823946, 0.0008904825081117451, 0.001456051948480308, 0.7113155126571655, 0.010547571815550327, 0.0007128830184228718, 0.0008106642635539174, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.0006808137986809015, 0.0006889517535455525, 0.000925688655115664, 0.9932875037193298, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0018709636060521007, 0.13864140212535858, 0.0007381273899227381, 0.021926911547780037, 0.0009294770425185561, 0.002402053214609623, 0.0007882039062678814, 0.0007182175759226084, 0.005676320753991604, 0.00467901024967432, 0.0741729661822319, 0.22536952793598175, 0.0007020058110356331, 0.0006291302270255983, 0.0014732014387845993, 0.0028031785041093826, 0.9954581260681152, 0.007044346537441015, 0.9829937219619751, 0.0009440576541237533, 0.0006665907567366958, 0.0014896854991093278, 0.021552003920078278, 0.0013954238966107368, 0.0006444839527830482, 0.0008979658596217632, 0.0008581974543631077, 0.0007367830257862806, 0.0006235413602553308, 0.0006023529567755759, 0.0018164260545745492, 0.0006872827070765197, 0.0006541359471157193, 0.000567996350582689, 0.0007039948832243681, 0.0023328186944127083, 0.024481670930981636, 0.0272054560482502, 0.0009655884350650012, 0.0028401832096278667, 0.9875687956809998, 0.005344883073121309, 0.842671811580658, 0.2728479206562042, 0.9738084673881531, 0.008941849693655968, 0.025283416733145714, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0006474180263467133, 0.005582813173532486, 0.004655381664633751, 0.004709633067250252, 0.0009686493431217968, 0.992172360420227, 0.8876938819885254, 0.7762389779090881, 0.9491755962371826, 0.0006018052226863801, 0.0060922326520085335, 0.014673200435936451, 0.001196906203404069, 0.4875096082687378, 0.030387355014681816, 0.03763200342655182, 0.012033473700284958, 0.00950906053185463, 0.0007381636532954872, 0.9933253526687622, 0.000867917318828404, 0.1791592687368393, 0.013982323929667473, 0.0011238817824050784, 0.9951276779174805, 0.0014690133975818753, 0.13600750267505646, 0.0026141339913010597, 0.0009516135905869305, 0.13600750267505646, 0.0007495700265280902, 0.0008325144299305975, 0.004585287068039179, 0.0009610201232135296, 0.9980781078338623, 0.9694063067436218, 0.0023456003982573748, 0.9760493040084839, 0.0021099448204040527, 0.0008030568133108318, 0.0007251266506500542, 0.004655381664633751, 0.0005797678022645414, 0.20851312577724457, 0.0007257615798152983, 0.0005881862016394734, 0.000651534937787801, 0.0005952788633294404, 0.0012048635398969054, 0.0006851739599369466, 0.0010511355940252542, 0.03641637787222862, 0.3729999363422394, 0.0006305720889940858, 0.0006669050781056285, 0.0008472705958411098, 0.000779115071054548, 0.0049420567229390144, 0.0006007103947922587, 0.5156623125076294, 0.0006108655943535268, 0.0033046139869838953, 0.17704863846302032, 0.9051098823547363, 0.0013589735608547926, 0.0007274217205122113, 0.00254896585829556, 0.0007547745481133461, 0.0008899320964701474, 0.005376774352043867, 0.0015448072226718068, 0.002828050870448351, 0.6879974007606506, 0.030556360259652138, 0.6225986480712891, 0.9002148509025574, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0006916281417943537, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.001115387654863298, 0.0006547050434164703, 0.0006037206621840596, 0.0011936925584450364, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.000651651294901967, 0.0005392660386860371, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.0007923247176222503, 0.001999050844460726, 0.0022852339316159487, 0.0011035337811335921, 0.0009581709164194763, 0.008544410578906536, 0.9913139939308167, 0.006360673811286688, 0.9920112490653992, 0.0035861849319189787, 0.8887031078338623, 0.0005628206999972463, 0.0008362357039004564, 0.014962623827159405, 0.000726214493624866, 0.0007272976217791438, 0.2056206315755844, 0.0007074754685163498, 0.0009788530878722668, 0.0009647457045502961, 0.0008718241006135941, 0.0011299836914986372, 0.9093887209892273, 0.0008635580306872725, 0.0006342107080854475, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0007303248276002705, 0.9006304740905762, 0.0026661898009479046, 0.9701333045959473, 0.0007174364291131496, 0.06195451691746712, 0.0009033021051436663, 0.0014231400564312935, 0.000993991969153285, 0.0007317421841435134, 0.001650900230742991, 0.0014779013581573963, 0.001000907737761736, 0.0007542428211309016, 0.000825858092866838, 0.000570461677853018, 0.0005643798504024744, 0.005113981664180756, 0.016362706199288368, 0.000671219895593822, 0.0006457160343416035, 0.0005855793133378029, 0.0006624902598559856, 0.006258231587707996, 0.010487359017133713, 0.0006600830820389092, 0.09761394560337067, 0.000969482702203095, 0.0007332443492487073, 0.8021947145462036, 0.34817665815353394, 0.0005749613046646118, 0.0005970126367174089, 0.0005783574306406081, 0.0006662783562205732, 0.0006462285527959466, 0.0006382898427546024, 0.0027492621447890997, 0.0008005103445611894, 0.001134387799538672, 0.0009630330023355782, 0.0006178377661854029, 0.0013651177287101746, 0.0005467215669341385, 0.0012933426769450307, 0.0009134118445217609, 0.000756042602006346, 0.0006079886807128787, 0.0005642303149215877, 0.0010402441257610917, 0.0007515967590734363, 0.000796084466855973, 0.0007343523902818561, 0.0007856928859837353, 0.0006624902598559856, 0.020218754187226295, 0.0007113282917998731, 0.000756401102989912, 0.0007694183150306344, 0.0007274674717336893, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0005660339957103133, 0.0009787644958123565, 0.0007909215637482703, 0.0010891348356381059, 0.0007992187165655196, 0.000809597026091069, 0.000568901130463928, 0.0007817258592694998, 0.0030377469956874847, 0.0010076232720166445, 0.000754987820982933, 0.0007487725233659148, 0.0009441561414860189, 0.001193372649140656, 0.0006226926925592124, 0.0005968425539322197, 0.0005999580025672913, 0.0005893640918657184, 0.0006586814415641129, 0.0008189806831069291, 0.000578506791498512, 0.0015570593532174826, 0.0008047052542679012, 0.0008490737527608871, 0.0006881019216962159, 0.009557205252349377, 0.03295699134469032, 0.0009863206651061773, 0.0008258731104433537, 0.0006506580393761396, 0.0006513650878332555, 0.0005806139088235795, 0.000606701651122421, 0.0016300800489261746, 0.3093591630458832, 0.0006004170281812549, 0.0013618835946545005, 0.9810112714767456, 0.0007234072545543313, 0.000712903740350157, 0.0005869936430826783, 0.0007810571696609259, 0.0006245524273253977, 0.0006274412735365331, 0.9966838955879211, 0.0006818177062086761, 0.0006046909256838262, 0.0006065593915991485, 0.0006932822871021926, 0.000580592080950737, 0.0006712419562973082, 0.0007692408980801702, 0.0006041727610863745, 0.008877218700945377, 0.0007686825701966882, 0.0006536934524774551, 0.0006620882195420563, 0.004475034773349762, 0.0010444301879033446, 0.02341611124575138, 0.0008018612861633301, 0.0006698307115584612, 0.0012701281812041998, 0.0009531607502140105, 0.0007750545046292245, 0.0008634736877866089, 0.0006218431517481804, 0.08342836052179337, 0.007225810084491968, 0.6251575350761414, 0.0007536266930401325, 0.000581110711209476, 0.010114166885614395, 0.0006914874538779259, 0.0008010737947188318, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006345456349663436, 0.0007773818797431886, 0.002537983702495694, 0.002807093784213066, 0.000958650722168386, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.000561907363589853, 0.0006304970593191683, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0014278989983722568, 0.0007230488699860871, 0.0021984241902828217, 0.8808046579360962, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0006933222757652402, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.0006374089862219989, 0.000711511354893446, 0.0012811224441975355, 0.0006185040692798793, 0.0007303804741241038, 0.0006890048971399665, 0.0011072407942265272, 0.0005763485096395016, 0.48544758558273315, 0.03730156272649765, 0.0006840269779786468, 0.003585860598832369, 0.0018183804349973798, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006307662115432322, 0.0006658235215581954, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.0005973359802737832, 0.0006516771391034126, 0.0015431708889082074, 0.000916897552087903, 0.001033357111737132, 0.0009637764887884259, 0.0005549475899897516, 0.0005948756006546319, 0.0011317719472572207, 0.0007037728792056441, 0.0006935267592780292, 0.0007214929792098701, 0.0006137991440482438, 0.000608021451625973, 0.0008460253593511879, 0.0007947024423629045, 0.0010105289984494448, 0.26161277294158936, 0.0006071085808798671, 0.0006936173303984106, 0.0007957447087392211, 0.0013842228800058365, 0.0014865609118714929, 0.0008722105412743986, 0.0007387621444649994, 0.0006859585992060602, 0.0006070492090657353, 0.000593913602642715, 0.0033055974636226892, 0.0006736333598382771, 0.001426420290954411, 0.0006736333598382771, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.0008335149614140391, 0.0008037821971811354, 0.000925688655115664, 0.002644140040501952, 0.0014242675388231874, 0.002808984136208892, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0019096650648862123, 0.000925688655115664, 0.016519350931048393, 0.0007938694325275719, 0.000715315924026072, 0.0006888699717819691, 0.0007662306888960302, 0.0007045547245070338, 0.0006888699717819691, 0.0006639193743467331, 0.0006427051266655326, 0.0007598196971230209, 0.0020437068305909634, 0.0008337899344041944, 0.0009813631186261773, 0.0009844665182754397, 0.001043174765072763, 0.0031871399842202663, 0.010155201889574528, 0.0011621691519394517, 0.0007417415617965162, 0.0007581001846119761, 0.002252207137644291, 0.02838529832661152, 0.0008717755554243922, 0.0015823314897716045, 0.011171787045896053, 0.0018020527204498649, 0.0011419517686590552, 0.020707355812191963, 0.0036522336304187775, 0.01922125183045864, 0.016979824751615524, 0.5619171261787415, 0.0007268267800100148, 0.029190445318818092, 0.001298443996347487, 0.0008582628797739744, 0.0006703677354380488, 0.0009337375522591174, 0.9759209752082825, 0.000738783972337842, 0.0013315838295966387, 0.9832897186279297, 0.03493737801909447, 0.03039964661002159, 0.0009980553295463324, 0.0006939644226804376, 0.9883847236633301, 0.0006290279561653733, 0.0007983064861036837, 0.0009766238508746028, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0013661074917763472, 0.004605845548212528, 0.000740463612601161, 0.0009705431875772774, 0.9817206859588623, 0.0013703220756724477, 0.0006831946084275842, 0.993216335773468, 0.0006831946084275842, 0.9833417534828186, 0.997086226940155, 0.9786908626556396, 0.0005760918138548732, 0.9769495725631714, 0.0007178939413279295, 0.0007544911932200193, 0.9875106811523438, 0.9847797751426697, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0011712444247677922, 0.9766481518745422, 0.0006640740903094411, 0.9835689663887024, 0.9976905584335327, 0.0006640740903094411, 0.009584203362464905, 0.09683937579393387, 0.06611403077840805, 0.0006504249759018421, 0.0010791822569444776, 0.8979780077934265, 0.0005595432012341917, 0.0008386364206671715, 0.0013533919118344784, 0.0006624902598559856, 0.0006621251814067364, 0.0006345456349663436, 0.0006290540914051235, 0.0007179774111136794, 0.0006973801064305007, 0.001140215783379972, 0.0006011330988258123, 0.0008468972519040108, 0.3337147533893585, 0.0006504199700430036, 0.0006160326302051544, 0.0006649984861724079, 0.0008074679062701762, 0.0006259787478484213, 0.0008436867501586676, 0.000838553300127387, 0.03146321326494217, 0.003128238720819354, 0.0006297592190094292, 0.0008479041862301528, 0.0009968018857762218, 0.001733470126055181, 0.02208874747157097, 0.0005958816618658602, 0.9864055514335632, 0.0005272190901450813, 0.0006466804770752788, 0.0009017636766657233, 0.9870612621307373, 0.9911409020423889, 0.9940774440765381, 0.22628408670425415, 0.0007091879961080849, 0.0256224125623703, 0.0011525907320901752, 0.003321371739730239, 0.0007543758256360888, 0.0009330870816484094, 0.0007211304036900401, 0.011130979284644127, 0.011591422371566296, 0.001079588895663619, 0.0012046517804265022, 0.000799037516117096, 0.003312726505100727, 0.9959755539894104, 0.10833849757909775, 0.9969966411590576, 0.9951646327972412, 0.01032986305654049, 0.002807093784213066, 0.0009145967196673155, 0.0007749552023597062, 0.0024050751235336065, 0.0010264081647619605, 0.0013451268896460533, 0.787247896194458, 0.0006074242410250008, 0.9484415650367737, 0.0014009511796757579, 0.0009603826911188662, 0.0006714252522215247, 0.0005901418044231832, 0.0006410106434486806, 0.0006382180727086961, 0.0006997585296630859, 0.0006602643406949937, 0.0022852339316159487, 0.0024490640498697758, 0.0006694506737403572, 0.31984105706214905, 0.0007247176254168153, 0.0010088153649121523, 0.0013781099114567041, 0.0007910342537797987, 0.0016856766305863857, 0.000834205886349082, 0.0009917387505993247, 0.0005937596433795989, 0.0006608582916669548, 0.04460006579756737, 0.7178087830543518, 0.8909168839454651, 0.06937668472528458, 0.8902400135993958, 0.5662219524383545, 0.0007109843427315354, 0.0006265308475121856, 0.0009451560326851904, 0.0008722582715563476, 0.9625899791717529, 0.16387632489204407, 0.990371823310852, 0.002581390319392085, 0.00070443149888888, 0.0006575987790711224, 0.9869691133499146, 0.23623618483543396, 0.0006168680847622454, 0.008183222264051437, 0.000925688655115664, 0.009281662292778492, 0.0006792396306991577, 0.0014625750482082367, 0.006918015424162149, 0.0015477263368666172, 0.9915698766708374, 0.001242412137798965, 0.0008150999783538282, 0.000622237625066191, 0.0011139223352074623, 0.0007312311790883541, 0.037246644496917725, 0.0009242952219210565, 0.0006748037412762642, 0.008571947924792767, 0.002068297704681754, 0.0007007993408478796, 0.0022287725005298853, 0.015664031729102135, 0.9668271541595459, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0010788475628942251, 0.0008402497624047101, 0.09503877907991409, 0.0010493026347830892, 0.06216052919626236, 0.0006152868154458702, 0.0009955207351595163, 0.0026197456754744053, 0.000648352550342679, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.013258257880806923, 0.008820892311632633, 0.001780267572030425, 0.0018709636060521007, 0.0007664658478461206, 0.000880339415743947, 0.0006859585992060602, 0.0023469822481274605, 0.9931257963180542, 0.0006443908787332475, 0.0006758341332897544, 0.001745509565807879, 0.0013909691479057074, 0.0005801417282782495, 0.0007954111788421869, 0.0005629988154396415, 0.0009412177605554461, 0.18175892531871796, 0.0006783197168260813, 0.0007137127104215324, 0.0007340217707678676, 0.0008175599505193532, 0.0005767950788140297, 0.000600863597355783, 0.09031548351049423, 0.972467303276062, 0.0019039694452658296, 0.0009595676674507558, 0.0008517132373526692, 0.0034053041599690914, 0.0008307232055813074, 0.022977933287620544, 0.0007882575737312436, 0.000925688655115664, 0.9096019268035889, 0.054591793566942215, 0.9956576824188232, 0.0007643196149729192, 0.0006937399739399552, 0.0010161369573324919, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.016160983592271805, 0.0005954635562375188, 0.000906475936062634, 0.08002392947673798, 0.004996614996343851, 0.9969268441200256, 0.0012513299006968737, 0.0009547711815685034, 0.035037461668252945, 0.0009013685630634427, 0.0016702096909284592, 0.03296390175819397, 0.0007137127104215324, 0.9952853322029114, 0.9947878122329712, 0.0007314918329939246, 0.053982801735401154, 0.9955279231071472, 0.043700773268938065, 0.004239543341100216, 0.0009063981124199927, 0.9867938160896301, 0.971805989742279, 0.0006636837497353554, 0.001006562146358192, 0.9973549842834473, 0.13673816621303558, 0.0007482807268388569, 0.718576967716217, 0.0010069304844364524, 0.0008233304251916707, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006640740903094411, 0.001056635519489646, 0.0008933307253755629, 0.03966245427727699, 0.002565392293035984, 0.002316330326721072, 0.001774856704287231, 0.0012939705047756433, 0.002198182512074709, 0.0008216778514906764, 0.0014486517757177353, 0.05938826873898506, 0.0007761646411381662, 0.0008010737947188318, 0.0007352959946729243, 0.0005748636904172599, 0.0015778038650751114, 0.0007033199653960764, 0.001035791588947177, 0.0021839735563844442, 0.0015307946596294641, 0.0012775164796039462, 0.0007620708784088492, 0.0006022074376232922, 0.0008307232055813074, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.000815357081592083, 0.00065616489155218, 0.9726479649543762, 0.0006493503460660577, 0.0006608350086025894, 0.05576009303331375, 0.9907308220863342, 0.0006095753633417189, 0.9943735599517822, 0.9618645310401917, 0.04503704980015755, 0.008554455824196339, 0.9843313694000244, 0.0007479787454940379, 0.00855827797204256, 0.9906439781188965, 0.0008782231016084552, 0.9899826645851135, 0.0011767558753490448, 0.0008117444231174886, 0.9934279322624207, 0.9916495084762573, 0.0015115155838429928, 0.008781134150922298, 0.0007318045827560127, 0.9855929017066956, 0.0011630135122686625, 0.0008126217289827764, 0.9973549842834473, 0.0054810442961752415, 0.9450559020042419, 0.0006830957136116922, 0.0006590317934751511, 0.0008721098420210183, 0.994077205657959, 0.984198808670044, 0.9946289658546448, 0.14395324885845184, 0.9958017468452454, 0.0008038113010115921, 0.0009998955065384507, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0008038113010115921, 0.0007266173488460481, 0.0006385347223840654, 0.05860397592186928, 0.0008021749672479928, 0.0008747085812501609, 0.003822922008112073, 0.213740274310112, 0.0007891328423283994, 0.0010095547186210752, 0.0008955938974395394, 0.0006462195888161659, 0.021962253376841545, 0.0014480787795037031, 0.0007021673955023289, 0.07810415327548981, 0.13004156947135925, 0.012135514058172703, 0.013012667186558247, 0.0006312395562417805, 0.000681118166539818, 0.0006502220057882369, 0.0013966257683932781, 0.001124350936152041, 0.09935726970434189, 0.91544109582901, 0.0008811555453576148, 0.9918375611305237, 0.0006993018905632198, 0.0006623914814554155, 0.0007328374776989222, 0.00496838940307498, 0.000830315169878304, 0.0009673628374002874, 0.0006622872897423804, 0.960064172744751, 0.9010394811630249, 0.19206592440605164, 0.0007154172053560615, 0.0005977340624667704, 0.000842403038404882, 0.0014169099740684032, 0.0006771619664505124, 0.0006766339647583663, 0.007679674308747053, 0.013932101428508759, 0.010966142639517784, 0.000925688655115664, 0.11185872554779053, 0.0018279367359355092, 0.061628520488739014, 0.08270303905010223, 0.003592859487980604, 0.1901053637266159, 0.09818115085363388, 0.9947421550750732, 0.8059380650520325, 0.00196910765953362, 0.0029855924658477306, 0.07524772733449936, 0.0007563499384559691, 0.0005867874715477228, 0.0006047846400178969, 0.9674432873725891, 0.027272582054138184, 0.8864138126373291, 0.9935256242752075, 0.0007012081332504749, 0.004886124283075333, 0.0006640247884206474, 0.9975405931472778, 0.9275678396224976, 0.06125964596867561, 0.01300047431141138, 0.02179647609591484, 0.00788692757487297, 0.993830144405365, 0.0008849426521919668, 0.0006823376752436161, 0.9976644515991211, 0.4967759847640991, 0.05462472885847092, 0.01838156394660473, 0.03085544891655445, 0.0009512636461295187, 0.07942894101142883, 0.0023278696462512016, 0.0013368508080020547, 0.001379642402753234, 0.0007417444721795619, 0.0006079936283640563, 0.0008041848195716739, 0.0018388796597719193, 0.0008723227074369788, 0.0011449165176600218, 0.0005884699639864266, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.03540761396288872, 0.0007102079107426107, 0.0007765159825794399, 0.0009252539020963013, 0.0006828916375525296, 0.0007329604122787714, 0.9395004510879517, 0.0007349443039856851, 0.0007321393932215869, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006349010509438813, 0.0007322182646021247, 0.06038730964064598, 0.9958470463752747, 0.026593245565891266, 0.03165927156805992, 0.0007741089793853462, 0.0019189699087291956, 0.0008182551828213036, 0.0007436149753630161, 0.002937410259619355, 0.0010444048093631864, 0.9916684627532959, 0.0009406587923876941, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0074965436942875385, 0.000902980740647763, 0.00111741095315665, 0.0017030540620908141, 0.0007734354585409164, 0.0006952433031983674, 0.0006770158070139587, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0008057369268499315, 0.0008039131644181907, 0.972391664981842, 0.00938665121793747, 0.0006697694188915193, 0.006437394767999649, 0.00938665121793747, 0.0007598196971230209, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.00938665121793747, 0.0007598196971230209, 0.004240367095917463, 0.00938665121793747, 0.0009749792516231537, 0.0007598196971230209, 0.00938665121793747, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.00938665121793747, 0.00938665121793747, 0.9933984279632568, 0.00938665121793747, 0.9914848208427429, 0.9959555864334106, 0.00938665121793747, 0.00938665121793747, 0.001068952726200223, 0.000895012984983623, 0.0026021788362413645, 0.9935166835784912, 0.0007426685187965631, 0.0009426447795704007, 0.0006667906418442726, 0.0005991634097881615, 0.0007013962604105473, 0.0009202890796586871, 0.0006520721944980323, 0.0007423079805448651, 0.0006118104211054742, 0.0005698861787095666, 0.0009940635645762086, 0.0006717296200804412, 0.0005703436909243464, 0.0005873014451935887, 0.0005748636904172599, 0.0006742370896972716, 0.0008078256505541503, 0.0009494323167018592, 0.0007466754759661853, 0.0014129887567833066, 0.0013825221685692668, 0.0006967427325434983, 0.0005918677197769284, 0.000666044361423701, 0.0006424092571251094, 0.0005715308361686766, 0.0007741395966149867, 0.001947999931871891, 0.0009038101998157799, 0.0012120866449549794, 0.0017537084640935063, 0.0007061605574563146, 0.00057629169896245, 0.0006441848818212748, 0.0007527382113039494, 0.0009710976155474782, 0.9851559400558472, 0.000746089790482074, 0.0007217081729322672, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.000756401102989912, 0.0005884931888431311, 0.000774759566411376, 0.0007352959946729243, 0.0008422561804763973, 0.0008441181853413582, 0.0012546584475785494, 0.015269285067915916, 0.0011182208545506, 0.9927809834480286, 0.9959099292755127, 0.0009940123418346047, 0.0007726718904450536, 0.9952221512794495, 0.011294765397906303, 0.0008298528846353292, 0.9920929074287415, 0.9870447516441345, 0.0005983980954624712, 0.9780893921852112, 0.012550692074000835, 0.0007485884125344455, 0.0007485884125344455, 0.0006731600733473897, 0.0009520452586002648, 0.9975678324699402, 0.0010626079747453332, 0.0013126875273883343, 0.0036382090765982866, 0.000925688655115664, 0.0006678594509139657, 0.987984836101532, 0.0013062733924016356, 0.09016134589910507, 0.0036135814152657986, 0.0008532785577699542, 0.9939058423042297, 0.003915781155228615, 0.0007363492040894926, 0.0008037821971811354, 0.0007421591435559094, 0.9850277900695801, 0.9589675664901733, 0.0006913461838848889, 0.005555307026952505, 0.0006414683884941041, 0.980591356754303, 0.0008264729403890669, 0.0014453392941504717, 0.0008364345412701368, 0.9819485545158386, 0.0007272033835761249, 0.0005851706373505294, 0.0005562168662436306, 0.000576465914491564, 0.0006826668395660818, 0.0006243759416975081, 0.0007317421841435134, 0.0015711011365056038, 0.001430513453669846, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006345456349663436, 0.0009267777786590159, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0006802417919971049, 0.0008816128829494119, 0.0006641513318754733, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.001787770539522171, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.0006319390377029777, 0.0005920978728681803, 0.0006063825567252934, 0.0022840905003249645, 0.01236535795032978, 0.0005722399801015854, 0.0009821356507018209, 0.0007121961680240929, 0.0010676216334104538, 0.0011223005130887032, 0.0007149254088290036, 0.0005667139193974435, 0.002807093784213066, 0.004537520464509726, 0.0007771582459099591, 0.0015448072226718068, 0.0006628531264141202, 0.0013746669283136725, 0.000948497443459928, 0.000925688655115664, 0.0009784726426005363, 0.0006933628465048969, 0.0012172885471954942, 0.002590428339317441, 0.0006213676533661783, 0.0007812462863512337, 0.002199021400883794, 0.001056635519489646, 0.0011202903697267175, 0.0013309161877259612, 0.0011671753600239754, 0.9948830604553223, 0.014026709832251072, 0.05114595592021942 ]

[ "Over the past couple of years, stories of non-citizen veterans being deported have made major headlines. ", "As it turns out, there is a process in place that provides extra consideration for those immigration cases, but federal officials haven’t been following it.", "\n\nIt’s an issue that’s affected at least hundreds of veterans, but the full extent is unknown because of a lack of record keeping, according to a report released last week by the Government Accountability Office.", "\n\nImmigration and Customs Enforcement not only doesn’t adhere to the policy requiring a service record review before deporting these veterans, they also don’t track how many of them are caught by federal agents or ultimately deported, according to the report.", "\n\n“When ICE agents and officers learn they have encountered a potentially removable veteran, ICE policies require them to take additional steps to proceed with the case,” according to the report. “", "GAO found that ICE did not consistently follow its policies involving veterans who were placed in removal proceedings from fiscal years 2013 to 2018.”", "\n\nMany legal residents of the U.S. choose to service in the military because it can earn them citizenship, though they don’t always qualify for or complete that process. ", "After separation, they could spend years still in the U.S., until something like a criminal conviction brings them to ICE’s attention.", "\n\nAt the request of the House Veterans Affairs Committee, GAO sifted through two databases, finding 250 veterans who had been subject to removal, and 92 who had ultimately been deported.", "\n\nSince 2004, there have been two memos dictating how ICE agents handle a notice to appear ― the first step in deportation proceedings ― for veterans. ", "And since 2015, those cases have needed to be kicked to a higher headquarters for review.", "\n\nAt a minimum, they must consider:\n\n× Fear of missing out? ", "Sign up for the Early Bird Brief - a daily roundup of military and defense news stories from around the globe. ", "Thanks for signing up. ", "By giving us your email, you are opting in to the Early Bird Brief.", "\n\nOverall criminal history.", "\n\nEvidence of rehabilitation.", "\n\nFamily and financial ties to the U.S.\n\nEmployment history.", "\n\nHealth.", "\n\nCommunity service.", "\n\nIn relation to their service specifically, they need to review years of service, deployments and awards. ", "If they still decide to go ahead with the deportation case, the veteran’s file must include a memo detailing the review of their service.", "\n\nThe GAO found that this doesn’t happen every time.", "\n\n“Specifically, ICE policies require agents and officers to document the decision to issue a NTA to a veteran, but do not require agents and officers to identify and document veteran status when interviewing potentially removable individuals,” according to the report.", "\n\nTwenty-one percent of cases never got a full review of their service, and 70 percent of cases were not reviewed by a higher office, the report found.", "\n\n“Further, in December 2018 [Homeland Security Investigations] officials told us that HSI has not been adhering to either the 2004 or the 2015 policies because they were unaware of the policies prior to our review,\" according to the study.", "\n\nThe officials added that they don’t, in practice, distinguish between veterans and non-veterans when opening a deportation case.", "\n\n“Because ICE did not consistently follow these policies, some veterans who were removed may not have received the level of review and approval that ICE has determined is appropriate for cases involving veterans,” according to the study.", "\n\nPart of the issue may be that ICE also doesn’t have a policy to identify and document any veterans it deals with. ", "After an initial interview, individuals fill out a form that includes their most recent employer, Enforcement and Removal Operations staff told the GAO, and that’s usually where they find out if someone is a veteran.", "\n\n“However, ICE does not have a policy requiring agents and officers to specifically ask about and document veteran status,” the report found, despite the requirement to handle veterans’ cases differently.", "\n\nTroops do not view immigration as a ‘national emergency.’ ", "Not even close. ", "Both immigration and Mexico itself were perceived as relatively small threats compared to more pressing concerns like cyberterrorism, Russia and China.", "\n\nThe reason is that immigration enforcement basic training includes a lesson on including veteran status on paperwork, officials said, though that same lesson plan’s list of mandatory questions doesn’t include one about military service.", "\n\nAnd if veterans are identified, none of the agencies involved have consistent means to track what happens to them. ", "It might be noted on one form, but that information doesn’t go into the multiple databases used, preventing any electronic searches.", "\n\n“Because ICE does not maintain complete electronic data on potentially removable veterans it encounters, ICE does not know exactly how many veterans have been placed in removal proceedings or removed, or if their cases have been handled according to ICE’s policies,” the reporter found.", "\n\nAnd, the report found, once deported, living abroad made it more difficult for veterans to access the benefits they earned while serving, such as disability or retirement pay.", "\n\n“For example, a removed veteran may not be able to attend a hearing to appeal a VA disability rating decision because VA conducts those hearings exclusively in the United States,” the report found.", "\n\nThe GAO’s recommendations focused mostly on following policies ICE already has, including to ensure consistent application of them and to create a new policy requiring officials to specifically ask about military service in interviews.", "\n\nThere was also a recommendation to input that data into electronic databases, to more easily track veterans subject to deportation or who have already left.", "\n\nDHS agreed with the findings, according to the report, saying that ICE had plans to update guidance and training materials to accurately record service info, ensure it is reviewed before issuing a NTA and that veterans in the system can be tracked through electronic databases.", "\n\nAt the same time, lawmakers have tried to apply legislation to the issue.", "\n\nIn 2017, the House of Representatives introduced a bill that would create a new path to citizenship for veterans who had been deported for criminal offenses.", "\n\nCalled the “Repatriate Our Patriots Act,” it would bar their deportations and ensure legal permanent residency following sentencing.", "\n\n“If you are willing to put your life on the line to defend this great nation and its values, you should be able to become a U.S. citizen,” bill sponsor Rep. Don Young, R-Alaska said in a statement after its announcement. “", "It is inexcusable that service members who risked it all to protect us would be put through the deportation process.”", "\n\nIt has been with the Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security since." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006029256037436426, 0.0005533642834052444, 0.0005676334840245545, 0.0005847142892889678, 0.0005766870453953743, 0.0006168575491756201, 0.0006011339137330651, 0.0013282410800457, 0.0005843192921020091, 0.0005643594195134938, 0.0005653066909871995, 0.0006339774117805064, 0.0005636651185341179, 0.0005314415320754051, 0.0005441204411908984, 0.0010169012239202857, 0.0006538775633089244, 0.000555793521925807, 0.0009113290579989552, 0.0006210174760781229, 0.0005116481333971024, 0.0005517017561942339, 0.0008027951116673648, 0.0005676937871612608, 0.0006777123780921102, 0.0005589855718426406, 0.0006174012669362128, 0.0005875591887161136, 0.0007153980550356209, 0.0005404546391218901, 0.0006022261222824454, 0.0008597570704296231, 0.0010205012513324618, 0.0007445377996191382, 0.0005957366083748639, 0.0007359115406870842, 0.0005654658889397979, 0.0006613566656596959, 0.0006866866024211049, 0.0005817020428366959, 0.0005452771438285708, 0.0006086737266741693, 0.000559159554541111, 0.000572006858419627, 0.0007011957932263613, 0.0010970875155180693, 0.012179220095276833, 0.0005990535137243569, 0.0005768811097368598 ]

[ "Reports & Briefs\n\nDid You Know...Russia\n\n... that in 2012 Vladimir Putin signed into force five new Russian laws that restrict the civil and political rights of Russian civil society, including those of religious communities?", "\n\nProtests erupted across the Russian Federation, but particularly in Moscow, after Vladimir Putin returned to the Russian presidency in March 2012 in an election widely viewed as rigged. ", "In response to these major demonstrations, Putin signed a raft of new legislation into force that created harsh new penalties for independent political activity, which also impacts religious freedom. ", "USCIRF Chair Dr. Katrina Lantos Swett and USCIRF Senior Policy Analyst Catherine Cosman visited Moscow in September 2012. ", "The policy brief, “ Russia: Unruly State of Law ,” details findings from this trip.", "\n\nIn June, Putin signed the first bill into law that imposes new administrative fines, which could amount to more than the average annual salary, on individuals taking part in unauthorized public gatherings that violate “public order.” ", "By September 2012, Forum 18 reported that the law had already been used against several religious communities. ", "A Pentecostal pastor was fined for holding a religious service. ", "In addition, in the north Caucasus republic of Adygea, the FSB security service ordered the closure of a Muslim prayer room and Muslims in two other locations were warned that their Eid-ul-Fitr ceremonies in rented premises must conform to the new law.", "\n\nFollowing in July, a second law signed by Putin required foreign-funded non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in political activity to register as “foreign agents.” ", "The law requires that the phrase “foreign agents” -- with its negative Soviet-era connotations -- be included in all materials produced by such NGOs. ", "Failure to comply is punishable by heavy fines or even a two-year prison sentence. ", "Most Russian human rights NGOs, including Memorial, have indicated that they will not register as “foreign agents.” ", "On November 21 -- the day the new NGO law came into force -- some human rights groups found the phrase “foreign agent” spray-painted across their office buildings. ", "While Russian human rights groups that publicize religious freedom violations are not exempt from the new law, religious groups are, according to the SOVA Center. ", "The new NGO law also penalizes groups alleged to have harmed public health – a charge sometimes brought against Protestant-run health charities. ", "Russian human rights activists informed USCIRF that an NGO coalition will challenge the new law in the ECtHR.", "\n\nThe third new law, also signed in July, increases government control of the internet. ", "The law creates a federal website blacklist, and requires site owners and internet operators to shut down any listed site. ", "RFE/RL reported that 181 internet sites had been closed by November. ", "Even before the new law, access to certain websites had been restricted. ", "For example, the independent Moscow-based Portal-credo.ru website, which discusses religious freedom, has been blocked for years. ", "In addition, internet providers in Russian regions such as Chechnya, Volgograd and Omsk have had their access blocked to the YouTube site hosting the controversial “Innocence of Muslims” video. ", "According to the SOVA Center, internet advocacy of the superiority of non-violent religious views accounted for half of the convictions for alleged extremism in 2012.", "\n\nJuly also saw the passage of the fourth new law that criminalizes certain types of libel, particularly against officials such as the police. ", "Unlike the criminal libel law overturned by then-President Medvedev, the new law introduces harsh administrative fines. ", "Media libel is now subject to a fine of up to 2 million rubles (USD 61,000), while a person who is convicted of libel by false accusations of a major crime will be fined up to 5 million rubles (USD 153,000). ", "One likely goal of the new law is to limit the opportunities for criticism of public officials, including those who may have acted in an arbitrary way towards religious communities.", "\n\nFinally, and most disturbingly, on November 13, Putin signed into law amendments to the treason bill -- the same day that he told the new Presidential Human Rights Council that he might not sign it in its current form. ", "The new law amends the Criminal Code with a new article prosecuting illegal access to information considered state secrets, amends three current articles, on state treason, espionage, and disclosure of state secrets, and amends the Code of Criminal Procedure, so that all cases brought under the new criminal code now come under Federal Security Service jurisdiction, according to the Law Library of Congress. ", "Problematically, the law also expands the legal definition of high treason from acts that endanger state security to include those that undermine Russia’s “constitutional order, sovereignty, and territorial and state integrity.” ", "Moreover, Russian citizens who furnish financial, material, technical, consultative or other help to a foreign state or an international or foreign organization now face possible 20-year prison terms. ", "Also under the new law, Russian citizens who participate in international human rights conferences or supply information on religious rights violations to international organizations potentially are liable for criminal prosecution as traitors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005919591058045626, 0.0006910767406225204, 0.0006295045022852719, 0.000606959278229624, 0.0007616947987116873, 0.0007405874785035849, 0.0006571110570803285, 0.0006566765950992703, 0.0006779755931347609, 0.0005932649364694953, 0.0006302797701209784, 0.007434000726789236, 0.0006913997931405902, 0.0006727928994223475, 0.000614272546954453, 0.001109338249079883, 0.0006128323148004711, 0.0006468573701567948, 0.0032890080474317074, 0.0009385751327499747, 0.0006699612713418901, 0.0006087360670790076, 0.0011472824262455106, 0.0007736879051662982, 0.001184891676530242, 0.0010405861539766192, 0.011270839720964432, 0.0006547246593981981, 0.0007956863264553249, 0.0007193245110101998, 0.0016134139150381088, 0.012155367061495781, 0.008934589102864265 ]

[ "Q:\n\nMagento2 Check if Customer is logged in - Not working\n\nI have taken the reference from this link\nCreated the variable protected $_customerSession;\nDone the injection \\Magento\\Customer\\Model\\Session $customerSession,\nBut in my Function in my block class it always returns as false \nvar_dump($this->_customerSession->isLoggedIn());\n\nThen I tried checking whats Happening in $_SESSION\n[_session_validator_data] => Array (\n [remote_addr] => ::1\n [http_via] => \n )\n[_session_hosts] => Array (\n [localhost] => 1\n )\n[default] => Array (\n [_form_key] => k9RrgTSkjcgnJ1iZ\n )\n[customer_base] => Array (\n [customer_group_id] => 0\n [customer_id] => \n )\n[checkout] => Array ( )\n[catalog] => Array ( )\n[reports] => Array (\n [product_index_viewed_count] => 1\n )\n[message] => Array ( )\n[review] => Array ( )\n\nMy block is extending Template class \nuse Magento\\Framework\\View\\Element\\Template as Template;\n\nMy construct function looks like this \npublic function __construct(\n \\Magento\\Framework\\View\\Element\\Template\\Context $context,\n \\Vendor\\Module\\Model\\Faq $faq,\n \\Vendor\\Module\\Helper\\Data $dataHelper,\n \\Magento\\Customer\\Model\\Url $customerUrl,\n \\Magento\\Framework\\Registry $registry,\n \\Magento\\Customer\\Model\\Session $customerSession,\n array $data = []\n ) {\n $this->faq = $faq;\n $this->_registry = $registry;\n $this->_dataHelper = $dataHelper;\n $this->_customerUrl = $customerUrl;\n $this->_customerSession = $customerSession;\n parent::__construct($context, $data);\n $this->setTabTitle();\n }\n\nJust to add My php file in my block is custom file in my custom module. ", "\n\nA:\n\nConstruct code - \npublic function __construct(\n \\Magento\\Framework\\View\\Element\\Template\\Context $context,\n \\Vendor\\Module\\Model\\Faq $faq,\n \\Vendor\\Module\\Helper\\Data $dataHelper,\n \\Magento\\Customer\\Model\\Url $customerUrl,\n \\Magento\\Framework\\Registry $registry,\n \\Magento\\Customer\\Model\\Session $customerSession,\n \\Magento\\Framework\\App\\Request\\Http $request,\n \\Magento\\Customer\\Api\\CustomerRepositoryInterface $customerRepository,\n \\Magento\\Customer\\Model\\SessionFactory $_customerSession,\n array $data = []\n ) {\n $this->_isScopePrivate = true;\n $this->faq = $faq;\n $this->_registry = $registry;\n $this->_dataHelper = $dataHelper;\n $this->_customerUrl = $customerUrl;\n $this->_customerSession = $customerSession;\n $this->request = $request;\n $this->customerRepository = $customerRepository;\n $this->customerSession = $_customerSession;\n parent::__construct($context, $data);\n $this->setTabTitle();\n }\n\nFunction code - \n$customer = $this->customerSession->create();\n var_dump($customer->isLoggedIn());\n\nThis is what worked for me. ", "I will be now Removing unnecessary code.", "\nThis is the answer which helped from Prashant\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.002340583363547921, 0.0029092570766806602, 0.0007607075967825949, 0.0011064063291996717 ]

[ "The ratio of hemoglobin to red cell distribution width predicts survival in patients with gastric cancer treated by neoadjuvant FLOT: a retrospective study.", "\nHemoglobin (HB) and red cell distribution width (RDW) are known to be prognostic in many cancer types. ", "The HB-RDW ratio (HRR) is a new biomarker that has been shown to be predictive in some cancer types. ", "However, the prognostic significance of HRR in patients with gastric cancer (GC) is unknown. ", "In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the prognostic importance of HRR in GC patients treated with neoadjuvant fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, docetaxel (FLOT). ", "Eighty-five GC patients who were treated with neoadjuvant FLOT in our center were included in the study, retrospectively. ", "Associations between clinical and histopathological parameters with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared by the log-rank test. ", "The optimal cutoff values were determined by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ", "Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and HRR were grouped based on a cutoff points 3.05, 802, and 0.89, respectively. ", "Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess their prognostic values for DFS and OS. ", "Low NLR, low SII, and high HRR were found to be associated with longer DFS/OS. ", "In univariate analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, grade, stage, response to neoadjuvant treatment, NLR, SII, and HRR were found to be significantly associated with DFS and OS. ", "But in multivariate analysis, only HRR was demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor for DFS/OS (p 0.001, p 0.037, respectively). ", "HRR is a new biomarker that can predict DFS and OS in GC patients treated with neoadjuvant FLOT." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0011939126998186111, 0.0009402515715919435, 0.0007816628203727305, 0.0011486340081319213, 0.0006386297172866762, 0.0010074874153360724, 0.0006186143727973104, 0.0005843312828801572, 0.001862886594608426, 0.0006076229037716985, 0.0010546311968937516, 0.0006020053988322616, 0.0006048252689652145, 0.004295873921364546 ]

[ "Your days are numbered, top online entrepreneur tells retailers\n\nBy Emma Thomasson, Reuters\n\nPARIS - The founder of Rocket Internet, the German venture capital company behind dozens of online start-ups, warned the retail industry on Thursday that e-commerce and smartphones would mean there will be little future for stores in emerging markets.", "\n\nOliver Samwer, 40, told the annual summit of the Consumer Goods Forum (CGF), an industry network of some 400 retailers and big brands from 70 countries, that many of them risked being left behind as the growth of e-commerce accelerates.", "\n\n\"You only have stores because there was no Internet, but that does not mean there is a right to have a store,\" Samwer said, adding that traditional retailers focused too much on older shoppers and not enough on smartphone-savvy youngsters.", "\n\n\"What you fear will come much faster,\" he warned.", "\n\nRocket Internet is bidding to create the largest internet empire outside the United States and China, seeking to replicate the success of Amazon and Alibaba in markets the U.S. and Chinese e-commerce groups have yet to dominate, such as Africa, Latin America and Russia.", "\n\nAfter his speech, Samwer traded blows about whether stores will survive, in a panel discussion with Mark Price, managing director of British grocer Waitrose, who introduced himself to Samwer saying: \"Hi - I'm Mark, I'm a dinosaur.\"", "\n\nSamwer founded Rocket Internet in 2007 with his brothers Marc and Alexander and it is already active in 102 countries, making revenue of $1 billion in 2013 via online fashion stores including Dafiti in Latin America and Lamoda in Russia, as well as Jumia for general merchandise in Africa.", "\n\nSources have told Reuters the company is considering a stock market listing in Frankfurt later this year which could value it at up to 5 billion euros ($6.8 billion), as buoyant capital markets have encouraged a flurry of e-commerce flotations this year, with most focus on Alibaba.", "\n\nSamwer said the stock market value of Amazon and Alibaba would soon dwarf the world's biggest retailer Wal-Mart.", "\n\n\"What would you buy for your children? ", "I would buy Amazon and Rocket (shares),\" he said, adding he believed French retailer Carrefour would have been better off buying a stake in Alibaba than trying to open stores in China.", "\n\nONLY 10 PERCENT LEFT OFFLINE?", "\n\nNoting that 75 percent of the world's population lives in the markets Rocket is targeting, Samwer said e-commerce had even better prospects in emerging markets than in developed economies, as online sites do not have to compete with such established stores.", "\n\n\"If you don't have to share with offline, your percentage will be much higher,\" he said. \"", "It will all move online, you will have 10 percent left that will not move online.\"", "\n\nSamwer said Rocket Internet ventures around the world already had 44 million fans on Facebook, more than Nike and Apple combined, noting that the cities with the most active users of Facebook are Bangkok, Jakarta and Istanbul, with none of the top 10 cities in the United States.", "\n\nDeutsche Post, the world's largest postal and logistics company which is profiting from booming deliveries for online retailers, predicts e-commerce could account for up to 40 percent of total trade by 2025 in developed countries, from under 10 percent in most markets now, and up to 30 percent in emerging markets, up from a tiny fraction today.", "\n\nThe Samwers have raised hundreds of millions of dollars of funding for Rocket Internet and its ventures, including from Swedish investor AB Kinnevik, billionaire American industrialist Leonard Blavatnik, JP Morgan Asset Management and retailers like Tesco and Germany's Tengelmann and Rewe.", "\n\nBefore founding Rocket, the Samwers had success with German online auction site Alando, which they sold to eBay and mobile phone content provider Jamba which they sold to VeriSign .", "\n\nRocket Internet also helped launch Zalando, Europe's biggest online fashion retailer, which is considering its own stock market listing. ", "Rocket is no longer invested in Zalando, but the Samwer brothers' European Founders Fund still owns 18 percent." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0013381462777033448, 0.000559846987016499, 0.0012808821629732847, 0.0015662460355088115, 0.0006388241890817881, 0.0006841651047579944, 0.0005886272992938757, 0.0005620213923975825, 0.0007441668421961367, 0.0024601994082331657, 0.000722993747331202, 0.0008155306568369269, 0.0006406734464690089, 0.0006977042066864669, 0.0007473856094293296, 0.0005949197802692652, 0.000602777348831296, 0.0006669072317890823, 0.000708041712641716, 0.0006769332103431225, 0.0006758328527212143 ]