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"Eucerceris canaliculata\n\nEucerceris canaliculata is a species of wasp in the family Crabronidae. ",
"It is found in North America.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Crabronidae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1823"
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"Exploring and modelling impacts of third molar experience on quality of life: a real-time qualitative study using Twitter.",
"\nThis study had two objectives: (i) to explore and model domains describing the real-time impact of third molars (TMs) on quality of life (QoL); and (ii) to assess the percentage coverage, in some generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) instruments, of the TM QoL domains identified in this study. ",
"A global cross-sectional sample of tweets containing 'wisdom tooth' over a 1-week period retrieved 3,537 tweets. ",
"After random quota sampling, classification and filtering, only 843 tweets were included in the thematic analysis. ",
"A TM QoL model was constructed based on the associations of the identified domains. ",
"Domains for the selected generic HRQoL and OHRQoL instruments were plotted against the domains identified in the study to calculate the percentage coverage for each. ",
"The QoL domains identified were pain (n = 348, 41%), mood (n = 173, 20%), anxiety and fear (n = 54, 7%), enjoying food (n = 41, 4%), coping (n = 37, 4%), daily activities (n = 34, 4%), sleep (n = 24, 2%), social life (n = 19, 2%), physical health (n = 17, 2%), ability to think (n = 9, 1%), self-care (n = 8, 1%) and sporting & recreation (n = 2, <1%). ",
"The Assessment Quality of Life instrument (AQoL-8D) covers 87% of the TM QoL domains, while the rest of the HRQoL and OHRQoL instruments cover 33-60%. ",
"This study shows how Twitter can be used to obtain real-time QoL data, which might be used to model how TMs impact on QoL. The TM QoL domains identified in the study were generally under-represented among the generic OHRQoL instruments assessed while, the HRQoL AQoL-8D covered most of the TM QoL domains. ",
"The QoL domains identified in the study might be used to develop a new OHRQoL measure for TMs."
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"Q:\n\nBounds of all intervals where a series crosses a fixed level\n\nI have many two columns matrices, say like this one:\nX<-structure(c(-3.09, -3.028, -2.965, -2.903, -2.841, -2.778, -2.716, \n-2.653, -2.591, -2.528, -2.466, -2.404, -2.341, -2.279, -2.216, \n-2.154, -2.091, -2.029, -1.967, -1.904, -1.842, -1.779, -1.717, \n-1.654, -1.592, -1.53, -1.467, -1.405, -1.342, -1.28, -1.217, \n-1.155, -1.093, -1.03, -0.968, -0.905, -0.843, -0.78, -0.718, \n-0.656, -0.593, -0.531, -0.468, -0.406, -0.343, -0.281, -0.219, \n-0.156, -0.094, -0.031, 0.031, 0.094, 0.156, 0.219, 0.281, 0.343, \n0.406, 0.468, 0.531, 0.593, 0.656, 0.718, 0.78, 0.843, 0.905, \n0.968, 1.03, 1.093, 1.155, 1.217, 1.28, 1.342, 1.405, 1.467, \n1.53, 1.592, 1.654, 1.717, 1.779, 1.842, 1.904, 1.967, 2.029, \n2.091, 2.154, 2.216, 2.279, 2.341, 2.404, 2.466, 2.528, 2.591, \n2.653, 2.716, 2.778, 2.841, 2.903, 2.965, 3.028, 3.09, 10.188, \n10.195, 10.202, 10.209, 10.216, 10.224, 10.233, 10.241, 10.25, \n10.26, 10.27, 10.281, 10.293, 10.305, 10.318, 10.332, 10.346, \n10.362, 10.378, 10.396, 10.415, 10.435, 10.456, 10.479, 10.504, \n10.53, 10.558, 10.589, 10.622, 10.658, 10.696, 10.738, 10.784, \n10.833, 10.887, 10.946, 11.011, 11.082, 11.161, 0.165, 0.095, \n0.086, 0.091, 0.348, 12.949, 12.793, 12.673, 12.587, 12.531, \n12.503, 12.503, 12.531, 12.587, 12.673, 12.793, 12.949, 0.348, \n0.091, 0.086, 0.095, 0.165, 11.161, 11.082, 11.011, 10.946, 10.887, \n10.833, 10.784, 10.738, 10.696, 10.658, 10.622, 10.589, 10.558, \n10.53, 10.504, 10.479, 10.456, 10.435, 10.415, 10.396, 10.378, \n10.362, 10.346, 10.332, 10.318, 10.305, 10.293, 10.281, 10.27, \n10.26, 10.25, 10.241, 10.233, 10.224, 10.216, 10.209, 10.202, \n10.195, 10.188), .Dim = c(100L, 2L), .Dimnames = list(NULL, c(\"x0\", \n\"x2\")))\n\nMany times, the entries of the second column (x2) will cross below 1 and then back above.",
"\nI am trying to construct a matrix where there \nwill be one row for each time x2 crosses 1 and, for each row, a column with the first value of x0 (the first column) for which x2<1 and a second column with the first value of x0 for which x2>1. ",
"For example, the first row of this table should have values:\n -0.656,-0.343\n\nthe second row:\n 0.406,0.718\n\nand, for this X, there should not be a third row. ",
" \n\nA:\n\nCrossings\nd<-diff(X[,2]>1)\n\nIndices of crossings\nind<-cbind(which(d==-1)+1,which(d==1)+1)\n\nValues at crossings\nmatrix(X[ind,1],nrow(ind),ncol(ind))\n\n [,1] [,2]\n[1,] -0.656 -0.343\n[2,] 0.406 0.718\n\n"
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"Edit/Approval - Therm-a-Rest Trail Lite - Matt Mayfield\n\nOK, Matt, ready for the website! ",
"After making the minor changes below, you may upload at http://tinyurl.com/yzmlbmp Please delete the copy in the Tests/OR\n\nMessage 1 of 2\n, Oct 20, 2009\n\n0 Attachment\n\nOK, Matt, ready for the website! ",
"After making the minor changes below, you may upload at http://tinyurl.com/yzmlbmp\nPlease delete the copy in the Tests/OR folder. ",
"Congratulations on completing your first Owner Review! ",
"Cheers, Richard\n\n<Size:Large>\nEDIT: Add a space between the colon and \"Large\"\n\n<Listed weight: 2 lb 11 oz (1220 g)\nWeight as delivered: 2 lb 11 oz (1220 g)>\nEdit: You might do with this what I suggested (and you changed) with Size: \"Weight, listed and measured,\" on one line.",
"\n\n<, while the Therm-a-Rest⢠provided me with this prime real estate!",
">\nEdit: We discourage use of the trademark symbol. ",
"You probably should delete it.",
"\n\n< Realizing this made me smile as I leaned over and fired up the stove\nfor a cup of coffee).",
">\nEDIT: Delete the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.",
"\n\nOK, Matt, ready for the website! ",
"After making the minor changes below, you may upload at http://tinyurl. ",
"com/yzmlbmp\nPlease delete the copy in the Tests/OR folder. ",
"Congratulations on completing your first Owner Review! ",
"Cheers, Richard\n\n<Size:Large>\nEDIT: Add a space between the colon and \"Large\"\n\n<Listed weight: 2 lb 11 oz (1220 g)\nWeight as delivered: 2 lb 11 oz (1220 g)>\nEdit: You might do with this what I suggested (and you changed) with Size: \"Weight, listed and measured,\" on one line.",
"\n\n<, while the Therm-a-Restâ„¢ provided me with this prime real estate!",
">\nEdit: We discourage use of the trademark symbol. ",
"You probably should delete it.",
"\n\n< Realizing this made me smile as I leaned over and fired up the stove\nfor a cup of coffee).",
">\nEDIT: Delete the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.",
"\n\n[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]\n\nYour message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly."
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"1 Technical Field\nThe present invention relates to a biological sample measuring device for medical institutions, which measures blood glucose levels, lactic acid levels, and so forth in biological samples, for example.",
"\n2 Background Art\nIn recent years, biological sample measuring devices used by nurses and so forth to measure glucose levels, lactic acid levels, and the like in biological samples at hospitals and other such medical institutions have had the following configuration.",
"\nSpecifically, a conventional biological sample measuring device comprises a main body case, a display section provided to the main body case, a controller connected to the display section, a measurement section connected to the controller, and a sensor mounting portion connected to this measurement section. ",
"Measurement values for blood glucose levels and so forth measured by the measurement section are displayed on the display section.",
"\nWith a biological sample measuring device such as this, a quality control scheduled maintenance is provided and measurements to check the operation are carried out periodically in order to improve the measurement reliability.",
"\nMore specifically, measurements to check the operation are carried out periodically by mounting an accuracy management chip to the sensor mounting portion (see Patent Literature 1, for example), or depositing a control solution onto a sensor mounted to the sensor mounting portion."
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"Niagara Falls Wineries & Wine Tours\n\nNiagara is home to more than 50 world-class wineries. ",
"The wineries in the region offer wine tour, culinary adventures, wine tasting and more! ",
"Tour Niagara's Wine Route throughout the scenic countryside by car, bus, bicycle, limo or opt a guided wine tour. ",
"Many of the hotels and wineries in Niagara Falls offer wine tours and tasting as well as on-site restaurants where wines are paired with gourmet regional cuisine. ",
"After you've sampled and selected your favourite wines, you can purchase them in the wineries gift shop. ",
"The winter is a magical season for the Niagara Region Wineries. ",
"Be part of the festivities of the winter ice wine festival and fall wine festival hosted by wineries in the Niagara Region.",
"\n\nFor a special occasion, treat yourself to a winemaker's dinner or relax under a starry sky and listen to a musical concert in the vineyard.",
"\n\nOver 90% of Canada's icewine is produced by Niagara Vintners and Niagara Icewine has become a world leader in quality. ",
"Icewine harvest takes place when the temperature reaches between minus 10 and minus 13 degrees Celsius. ",
"This provides the optimum sugar level and flavour in the grapes. ",
"The grapes are carefully picked by hand and often an entire vine only makes a single bottle. ",
"This is why icewine can be so expensive and is often sold in half-bottles. ",
"It is very sweet and is usually drunk as a dessert wine after being chilled for one or two hours.",
"\n\nBe sure to include a Wine Tour and enjoy a grand Wine Tasting Party in your next visit to Niagara Falls.",
"\n\nDisclaimer: The information on infoniagara.com is for information purposes only. ",
"All prices and information is subject to change at any time. ",
"In the event of any price or information discrepancies between infoniagara.com and the end supplier the supplier's information supercedes the information found on infoniagara.com."
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[
"---\nabstract: 'The photorecombination spectrum of $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$ was measured employing the merged electron-ion beams technique at a heavy-ion storage ring. ",
"The experimental electron-ion collision energy range $0-80$ eV comprises all dielectronic recombination (DR) resonances associated with $2s\\to2p$ ($\\Delta N =0$) core excitations as well as trielectronic recombination (TR) resonances that involve $2s^2\\to2p^2$ core double-excitations. ",
"At low collision energies DR resonances are observed that are associated with the excitation of metastable $2s\\,2p\\,^3P_0$ primary ions with nearly infinite lifetime for the isotope $^{48}$Ti with zero nuclear spin. ",
"For the isotope $^{47}$Ti with nonzero nuclear spin hyperfine quenching of these resonances occurs. ",
"The procedure for obtaining the associated time constant from a recombination measurement is outlined.'",
"\naddress: |\n $^1$Institut für Atom- und Molekülphysik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany\\\n $^2$Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany\nauthor:\n- |\n S Schippers$^1$, E W Schmidt$^1$, D Bernhardt$^1$, D Yu$^{1,}$, A Müller$^1$,\\\n M Lestinsky$^2$, D A Orlov$^2$, M Grieser$^2$, R Repnow$^2$, A Wolf$^{\\,2}$\ntitle: 'Photorecombination of berylliumlike Ti$^{18+}$: Hyperfine quenching of dielectronic resonances'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe $ns\\,np\\;^3P_0$ state in divalent atoms and ions is the first excited state above the $ns^2\\;^1S_0$ ground state. ",
"Its decay by a one-photon $J=0 \\to J=0$ transition is strictly forbidden and the lifetime of the $^3P_0$ state is nearly infinite provided the ion has zero nuclear spin $(I=0)$. If $I>0$ the hyperfine interaction mixes levels with different $J$ and, consequently, the $^3P_0$ level acquires a finite lifetime. ",
"This hyperfine quenching has been treated theoretically for Be-like, Mg-like and Zn-like ions [@Marques1993; @Marques1993a; @Brage1998a; @Liu2006a]. ",
"Theoretical work on neutral alkaline-earth-metal atoms [@Porsev2004a; @Santra2004a] was motivated by the idea to use the hyperfine induced $^3P_0 \\to {^1S_0}$ transition in ultraprecise atomic clocks. ",
"In another application the $^{13}$C$^{2+}$($^3P_0 \\to {^1S_0}$) fluorescence from planetary nebulae was measured to infer the $^{13}$C/$^{12}$C abundance ratio and, thereby, to gain insight into stellar nucleosynthesis [@Rubin2004a].",
"\n\nSo far, the only experimental values for $ns\\,np\\;^3P_0 \\to\nns^2\\;^1S_0$ hyperfine induced (HFI) transition rates were obtained for In$^+$ ($n$=5) [@Becker2001a] stored in a radio frequency trap and for Be-like N$^{3+}$ from astrophysical observations [@Brage2002a]. ",
"Although the latter result had a rather large uncertainty of $\\pm33\\%$, it allows one to discriminate between the two theoretical values [@Marques1993; @Brage1998a] that are available for this ion and that differ by almost a factor of 4. ",
"In view of these theoretical uncertainties it is evident that accurate experimental benchmarks are highly desirable, especially for few electron systems such as Be-like ions where correlation effects are particularly strong.",
"\n\nIn the present work the hyperfine quenching of the $2s\\,2p\\;^3P_0$ state of Be-like $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$ was observed in dielectronic recombination (DR) experiments carried out at the heavy-ion storage-ring TSR of the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. ",
"The procedure for obtaining the associated decay constant from electron-ion recombination measurements is outlined. ",
"The result will be published elsewhere [@Schippers2006a]. ",
"Here, the Ti$^{18+}$ recombination spectrum is presented and its isotope-dependence is discussed.",
"\n\nExperiment\n==========\n\nMass selected $^{47,48}$Ti$^{18+}$ ion beams (natural abundances 7.2% and 73.7%, respectively) were provided by a tandem accelerator, followed by a radio frequency linear accelerator, at energies close to 240 MeV, using a fixed magnetic setting for the beam line and the storage ring. ",
"In one straight section of the storage ring the ion beam was continuously phase-space cooled using the velocity-matched electron beam of the TSR electron cooler. ",
"In a second straight section, the ion beam was merged with the collinear electron beam of the high-resolution electron target [@Sprenger2004a], run at variable acceleration voltage in order to set the required collision energy in the co-moving reference frame of the ions. ",
"The target electron beam temperatures were $kT_\\| \\approx 40$ $\\mu$eV and $kT_\\perp\\approx 4$ meV. Ti$^{17+}$ ions formed by electron-ion recombination in the electron target or by charge transfer in collisions with residual gas molecules were deflected out of the closed orbit of the circulating Ti$^{18+}$ ion beam in the first dipole magnet downstream of the electron target and were directed onto a scintillation detector operated in single-particle counting mode with nearly 100% detection efficiency.",
"\n\nRecombination spectra of the Ti$^{18+}$ ions as a function of the relative electron-ion energy were taken by varying the cathode voltage of the electron target appropriately. ",
"The procedure for electron-ion measurements at the TSR storage ring has been described in more detail in, e.g., Ref.",
" [@Schippers2000b] (and references therein). ",
"For the present spectral measurements, a constant current of cooled, circulating Ti$^{18+}$ ions was maintained. ",
"Currents of a fraction of a $\\mu$A were injected at a rate of $\\approx$1 s$^{-1}$ in order to obtain stationary stored currents of $\\approx$40 $\\mu$A for $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$ and $\\approx$6 $\\mu$A for $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$, respectively; this largely reflects the difference in the natural isotope abundances.",
"\n\nResults and discussion\n======================\n\nAn overview over the measured $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$ recombination spectrum is presented in figure \\[fig:overview\\]. ",
"The energy range 0–80 eV comprises all resonances associated with $2s\\to2p$ ($\\Delta N=0$) core excitations. ",
"The spectrum is similar to the previously measured ones of the isoelectronic ions Cl$^{13+}$ [@Schnell2003b] and Fe$^{22+}$ [@Savin2006a]. ",
"At higher energies it is dominated by the regular Rydberg series of $2s^2\\;^1S_0\\to (2s\\,2p\\;^1P_1)\\,n\\ell$ DR resonances converging to the $2s\\,2p\\;^1P_1$ series limit at 73.11 eV [@Ralchenko2005a]. ",
"The $2s\\,2p\\;^3P_J$ series limits are barely visible. ",
"They are expected to occur at 35.73, 37.77, and 43.05 eV for $J=0$, 1, and 2, respectively. ",
"At lower energies the spectrum is more irregular due to the larger fine-structure splitting of the lower-$n$ resonances. ",
"Some resonance features, e.g., at 23.6 and 34.0 eV can be related to $2s^2\\to2p^2$ core double-excitations. ",
"A thorough discussion of these trielectronic recombination (TR) resonances can be found elsewhere [@Schnell2003b].",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:overview\\]Measured recombination spectrum of berylliumlike $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$. The vertical lines indicate DR resonance positions $E_n$ for excitation from the $2s^2\\;^1S_0$ ground state that were estimated using the Rydberg formula $E_n =\nE_\\infty - 13.606\\mathrm{~eV}\\times(18/n)^2$ with the series limits $E_\\infty$ taken from the NIST atomic spectra data base [@Ralchenko2005a].](1-16_Schippers_fig1){width=\"77.50000%\"}\n\nIn single-pass merged-beams electron-ion recombination experiments with lower charged Be-like C$^{2+}$, O$^{4+}$, and F$^{5+}$ ions, strong Rydberg series of DR resonances were observed associated with $2s\\,2p\\;^3P \\to 2s\\,2p\\;^1P$ and $2s\\,2p\\;^3P \\to 2p^2\\;^3P$ core excitations of metastable $2s\\,2p\\;^3P$ primary ions [@Badnell1991a]. ",
"In these experiments the metastable $^3P$ fraction in the primary ion beams amounted up to $\\approx$70%. ",
"In the present $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$ recombination spectrum analog strong resonance features are absent. ",
"The $J=1$ and $J=2$ levels of the Ti$^{18+}$($2s\\,2p\\;^3P)$ term have theoretical lifetimes of 74 ns and 1 ms, respectively [@Bhatia1980a], much shorter than the average storage lifetime ($\\approx$50 s). ",
"Thus, the major fraction of the initially present metastable ions decayed to the ground state very fast on the time scale of the experiment, and the remaining (infinitely) long-lived $^3P_0$ metastable fraction amounted to only $\\approx$5% (see below). ",
"In the single-pass experiments, however, typical flight times were of the order of several $\\mu$s, i.e., much shorter than the lifetimes of the $^3P_1$ and $^3P_2$ states. ",
"For lower charged ions these lifetimes are even larger than the values given above, e.g. 0.16 ms (theoretical value [@Marques1993]) for the F$^{5+}$($2s\\,2p\\;^3P_1$) state, so that even the fastest decaying $^3P_1$ component of the $^3P$ term was contained in the primary beams of the single-pass experiments.",
"\n\n![",
"\\[fig:quenching\\] Detailed view of DR resonance structures at low energies: (a) $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$ and (b) $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$. The dash-dotted line is the theoretical rate coefficient for nonresonant radiative recombination. ",
"Resonances associated with DR of metastable $^3P_0$ ions are not observed when $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$ ions with nonzero nuclear spin $I$ are continuously injected into the storage ring.](1-16_Schippers_fig2){width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\nIn the present experiment DR resonances associated with the excitation of the metastable $^3P_0$ fraction of the primary ion beam are only observed at low electron-ion collision energies. ",
"Figure \\[fig:quenching\\](a) shows a region of the recombination spectrum where resonances of metastable $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$($2s2p\\;^3P_0$) ions occur close to a strong resonance from ground-state Ti$^{18+}$ ions. ",
"Theoretical calculations using the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">autostructure</span> code [@Badnell1986] were performed [@Schippers2006a] to assign the weaker structures to the metastables. ",
"Additionally, the calculations indicate an average population of $\\approx$5% for the metastable Ti$^{18+}$($2s2p\\;^3P_0$) ions in the stored $^{48}$Ti$^{18+}$ beam.",
"\n\nUsing a $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$ beam the resonances assigned to metastable Ti$^{18+}$($2s2p\\;^3P_0$) ions essentially disappear \\[Fig.\\[fig:quenching\\](b)\\]. ",
"Their average population is strongly reduced through the $2s\\,2p\\;^3P_0\\to 2s^2\\;^1S_0$ HFI radiative decay. ",
"The isotope-dependent occurrence of resonances in a DR spectrum was also observed in earlier TSR experiments, using the heavier divalent ion Pt$^{48+}$ (Zn-like) [@Schippers2005b]. ",
"Here, resonances due to $4s\\,4p\\;^3P_0$ were seen for $^{194}$Pt$^{48+}$ and disappeared for $^{195}$Pt$^{48+}$. A measurement of the optical decay lifetime, predicted to be 0.2971 ms [@Marques2006a], was not attempted as, in contrast to the present case, it should be much shorter than the time needed for electron cooling of the ion beam. ",
"In the present case of $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$ the theoretical value for the HFI decay rate of the $^3P_0$ state is $\\tau_\\mathrm{HFI} = 2.8$ s [@Marques1993] so that a sizeable $^3P_0$ fraction can be expected in the ion beam even after cooling for some 100 ms.",
"\n\nFor the experimental determination of $\\tau_\\mathrm{HFI}$ the decay of the $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$($^3P_0$) beam component was monitored as a function of storage time. ",
"To this end the relative electron-ion energy in the electron target was set fixed to 0.75 eV where the $2s\\,2p\\;^3P_0\\to\n(2s\\,2p\\;^1P_1)\\,11d$ DR resonance associated with excitation of the $^3P_0$ state occurs (figure \\[fig:quenching\\]). ",
"After injection of a single Ti$^{18+}$ ion pulse into the storage ring the recombination rate was recorded for up to 200 s. Prior to the injection of the next pulse the remaining ions were kicked out of the ring. ",
"This scheme was repeated for a sufficient number of times to reduce statistical uncertainties to a level as low as achievable within one week of beam time. ",
"This method had been applied previously for measuring the slow radiative decay rates of $1s\\,2s\\;^3S$ states in the He-like ions (B$^{3+}$, C$^{4+}$, N$^{5+}$ [@Schmidt1994] and Li$^{+}$ [@Saghiri1999]). ",
"The experimental result for $\\tau_\\mathrm{HFI}$ of the $^{47}$Ti$^{18+}$($2s\\,2p\\;^3P_0$) state will be presented and discussed in a forthcoming publication [@Schippers2006a].",
"\n\nThe authors thank M. Schnell for a helpful discussion and gratefully acknowledge the excellent support by the MPI-K accelerator and TSR crews. ",
"This work was supported in part by the German federal research-funding agency DFG under contract no.",
" Schi 378/5.",
"\n\n[10]{} url \\#1[`#1`]{}urlprefix\n\nMarques J P, Parente F and Indelicato P 1993 *Phys. ",
"Rev. A* **47** 929\n\n— 1993 *At. ",
"Data Nucl. ",
"Data Tables* **55** 157\n\nBrage T, Judge P G, Aboussaied A, Godefroid M R, Joensson P, Ynnerman A, Fischer C F and Leckrone D S 1998 *Astrophys. ",
"J.* **500** 507\n\nLiu Y, Hutton R, Zou Y, Andersson M and Brage T 2006 *J. Phys. ",
"B* **39** 3147\n\nPorsev S G and Derevianko A 2004 *Phys. ",
"Rev. A* **69** 042506\n\nSantra R, Christ K V and Greene C H 2004 *Phys. ",
"Rev. A* **69** 042510\n\nR H, [Ferland]{} G J, [Chollet]{} E E and [Horstmeyer]{} R 2004 *Astrophys. ",
"J.* **605** 784\n\nBecker T, Zanthier J v, Nevsky A Y, Schwedes C, Skvortsov M N, Walther H and Peik E 2001 *Phys. ",
"Rev. A* **63** 051802\n\nBrage T, Judge P G and Proffitt C R 2002 *Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett.* **",
"89** 281101\n\nSchippers S in preparation\n\nSprenger F, Lestinsky M, Orlov D A, Schwalm D and Wolf A 2004 *Nucl. ",
"Instrum. ",
"Methods A* **532** 298\n\nSchippers S, Bartsch T, Brandau C, Müller A, Gwinner G, Wissler G, Beutelspacher M, Grieser M, Wolf A and Phaneuf R A 2000 *Phys. ",
"Rev. A* **62** 022708\n\nRalchenko Y, Jou F C, Kelleher D E, Kramida A E, Musgrove A, Reader J, Wiese W L and Olsen K 2005 *[NIST]{} Atomic Spectra Database :version 3.0.2:* (Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technolgy) available: <http://physics.nist.gov/asd3>\n\nSchnell M 2003 *Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett.* **",
"91** 043001\n\nSavin D W 2006 *Astrophys. ",
"J.* **642** 1275\n\nBadnell N R, Pindzola M S, Andersen L H, Bolko J and Schmidt H T 1991 *J. Phys. ",
"B* **24** 4441\n\nBhatia A K, Feldman U and Doschek G A 1980 *J. Appl. ",
"Phys.* **",
"51** 1464\n\nBadnell N R 1986 *J. Phys. ",
"B* **19** 3827 available: <http://amdpp.phys.strath.ac.uk/autos/>\n\nSchippers S 2005 *Nucl. ",
"Instrum. ",
"Methods B* **235** 265\n\nMarques J P private communication\n\nSchmidt H T 1994 *Phys. ",
"Rev. Lett.* **",
"72** 1616; Schmidt H T 1994 *PhD thesis* (Univ. ",
"of Aarhus)\n\nSaghiri A A 1999 *Phys. ",
"Rev. A* **60** R3350\n"
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[
"1. ",
"Technical Field\nThe present invention relates to an integrated coal gasification combined cycle plant, in particular, of the dry-coal-fed air-blown type.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nIn general, a dry-coal-fed air-blown integrated coal gasification combined cycle plant is configured such that coal is supplied from a raw coal bunker to a coal pulverizer, where the coal is pulverized. ",
"The coal which has been pulverized (hereinafter referred to as “pulverized coal”) is collected by a pulverized-coal collector and is supplied to a gasification furnace via a pulverized-coal bin and a pulverized-coal hopper.",
"\nWhen pulverized coal is to be supplied from the pulverized-coal hopper to the gasification furnace, the pulverized coal is carried to the gasification furnace using nitrogen gas, which is inert gas separated from air by an air separation unit. ",
"Oxygen separated from air by the air separation unit is introduced to the gasification furnace, where the pulverized coal carried by the nitrogen gas is burned. ",
"The pulverized coal is partly burned and decomposed by heat in the gasification furnace and is thereafter gasified into raw syngas.",
"\nChar contained in the raw syngas which is produced is separated from the syngas through a filter. ",
"The char separated by the filter is recovered into the gasification furnace and is burned together with the pulverized coal. ",
"At that time, the char is carried to the gasification furnace by the nitrogen gas generated by the air separation unit. ",
"The filter that separates the char is prevented from clogging by backwashing using the nitrogen gas generated by the air separation unit.",
"\nThe syngas that has passed through the filter is introduced to a gas turbine as fuel gas after sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds and so on contained therein are removed by a gas purification system. ",
"The fuel gas introduced to the gas turbine is burned in a combustor of the gas turbine together with air to become exhaust gas.",
"\nThe exhaust gas is exhausted from the combustor to rotationally drive the turbine of the gas turbine. ",
"Since the turbine is rotationally driven, a compressor provided coaxially therewith is rotationally driven to compress air. ",
"Electrical power is generated by a generator connected to an end of the rotating shaft. ",
"The air that the compressor has compressed is supplied to the combustor of the gas turbine and the gasification furnace.",
"\nThe exhaust gas that has rotationally driven the turbine is introduced to an exhaust-heat recovery boiler. ",
"The exhaust gas introduced to the exhaust-heat recovery boiler vaporizes water introduced to the exhaust-heat recovery boiler depending on the amount of heat in the exhaust gas. ",
"The steam generated in the exhaust-heat recovery boiler rotationally drives a steam turbine mounted on the rotating shaft of the gas turbine. ",
"The rotating shaft connected to the steam turbine is further driven by rotational driving of the steam turbine. ",
"Thus, the generator is driven by the gas turbine and the steam turbine to achieve combined-cycle power generation, thus improving the power generation efficiency.",
"\nOn the other hand, the exhaust gas that has given up its heat to the feed water in the exhaust-heat recovery boiler is exhausted outside the integrated coal gasification combined cycle plant through a chimney.",
"\nMoreover, part of the exhaust gas let out from the gas turbine is introduced to the coal pulverizer. ",
"The exhaust gas introduced to the coal pulverizer, because it is dry and has a large quantity of heat, is used to dry the coal supplied from the raw coal bunker.",
"\nThe use of carbon dioxide exhausted from the foregoing integrated coal gasification combined cycle plant, as described above, is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. ",
"Hei 4-1428, in which exhaust gas let out from a gas turbine is recovered and is circulated in a combustor of the gas turbine and a compressor."
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[
"Membership\n\nVentilation 101\n\nPosted: August 1, 2013\n\nNothing enhances the quality of life belowdecks during the heat of summer or when cruising hotter latitudes like plenty of cool, fresh air.",
"\n\nBy: Capt. ",
"Frank Lanier\n\nNothing enhances the quality of life belowdecks during the heat of summer or when cruising hotter latitudes like plenty of cool, fresh air. ",
"Good ventilation provides a multitude of benefits, from prevention of odors, condensation and mold growth to the elimination of minor carbon monoxide buildup and its negative effects on crew health (such as headaches and seasickness).",
"\n\nPassive or Active\n\nThere are two types of ventilation systems: passive and active. ",
"Passive systems rely on the wind blowing over them to move air belowdecks. ",
"They either direct air inside or exhaust it (depending on their type and orientation to the wind). ",
"Examples of passive vents include traditional cowl vents, clam-shell or scoop vents, louvered hatch boards and low-profile discs (aka mushrooms). ",
"Passive vents work best when installed in opposing pairs, and while they can move a surprising amount of air on a breezy day, they don’t perform well on days with little or no wind.",
"\n\nActive systems are typically mushroom vents outfitted with a small electric fan installed in the vent body. ",
"Some are powered by your boat’s 12v DC system; however, most are solar powered. ",
"Many of the solar-powered units contain a rechargeable battery (to facilitate nighttime operation) as well as interchangeable fan blades, allowing them to be used as either an intake or an exhaust.",
"\n\nVentilation Basics\n\nEfficient air flow requires not only an intake but an exhaust as well. ",
"A single intake can’t force air into a boat against pressure any better than a single exhaust can remove it against a vacuum.",
"\n\nAssuming a boat is oriented head into the wind (as is typical while at anchor or on a mooring), it’s pretty intuitive that opening a forward-facing hatch channels air belowdecks, much like an air ram. ",
"Conversely, an open companionway door or an aft-facing hatch acts as an extractor, pulling air from belowdecks as the wind passes over it.",
"\n\nAdding a wind chute to your hatch provides even greater funneling ability. ",
"The same goes for portlight scoops, which help deflect those cooling breezes down below through vertical portlights.",
"\n\nBoats at the dock face additional ventilation challenges, as they can’t orient themselves to the wind. ",
"Wind chutes can be repositioned to the side or rear of a hatch to help funnel air belowdecks, while some traditional hatches can be opened on all four sides (a boon in this situation).",
"\n\nOther challenges occur during rainy or stormy weather, which can prevent boats from leaving hatches and portlights open while in port or under way. ",
"A tarp or a canvas cover rigged over a partially open hatch keeps rain out and provides ventilation, but the air flow will be less than it would with a fully opened hatch or one using a wind chute (which typically can’t be used in conjunction with a tarp). ",
"One innovative solution to the tarp or wind-chute dilemma is the Hatch Hoodie Wind-Scoop Awning from Banner Bay Marine (bannerbaymarine.com), which combines the protection of a hatch awning and the functionality of a low-profile wind scoop.",
"\n\nHow Much Is Enough?",
"\n\nA well-designed ventilation system should exchange the air belowdecks roughly once every hour. ",
"Let’s say you have a midsized boat with an interior volume of about 1,400 cubic feet. ",
"Airflow ratings for passive vents range from 350 to 600 cfm (cubic feet per minute). ",
"As intake volume should equal output, a 1,400-cubic-foot boat would need a minimum of four similar-sized vents (two intake, two exhaust) to provide adequate ventilation.",
"\n\nIn a four-vent scenario, two active vents should be matched with two passive vents, but four passive vents are OK, because they will automatically adapt to intake or exhaust mode as needed (with the exception of improperly aligned cowl vents).",
"\n\nVents should be arranged to provide as much cross flow as possible inside the cabin. ",
"Passive vents should be mounted in pairs at opposite ends of the boat (to the extent possible) with one facing forward and the other facing aft, which provides an intake and an exhaust, regardless of wind direction). ",
"A combination of passive and active vents provides the same effect with varying wind directions (or in the case of no wind at all).",
"\n\nWhile getting fresh air belowdecks is important, it’s only half of the ventilation battle. ",
"In our 1,400-cubic-foot example, four vents may technically provide enough fresh air, but the space itself will be broken into separate cabins or compartments that can restrict airflow throughout the boat. ",
"As such, simply installing the correct size and number of vents may not be enough to get the ventilation job done. ",
"Equally important is moving that fresh air into all the low-ventilation spaces.",
"\n\nDrawers, hanging lockers and other such closed storage compartments will benefit from the use of louvered doors or vent grilles — just remember, these spaces require a way for air to both enter and exit in order to provide good cross ventilation.",
"\n\nCabins and heads should also have some kind of ventilation installed, particularly if they can be closed off from the rest of the boat. ",
"For these and other such living areas, nothing improves ventilation like a few well-placed electric fans. ",
"They make a hot bunk bearable, remove heat from the galley, and help reduce odor and moisture in the head/shower area. ",
"Unlike the noisy, power-hungry units of yesteryear, today’s fans are both quiet and efficient."
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[
"package requests\n\nimport (\n\t\"net/http\"\n\t\"strings\"\n\n\t\"github.com/rancher/rancher/pkg/auth/audit\"\n\t\"github.com/rancher/rancher/pkg/auth/util\"\n\t\"k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/endpoints/request\"\n)\n\nfunc NewAuthenticatedFilter(next http.",
"Handler) http.",
"Handler {\n\treturn &authHeaderHandler{\n\t\tnext: next,\n\t}\n}\n\ntype authHeaderHandler struct {\n\tnext http.",
"Handler\n}\n\nfunc (h authHeaderHandler) ServeHTTP(rw http.",
"ResponseWriter, req *http.",
"Request) {\n\tuserInfo, authed := request.",
"UserFrom(req.",
"Context())\n\t// checking for system:cattle:error user keeps the old behavior of always returning 401 when authentication fails\n\tif !",
"authed || userInfo.",
"GetName() == \"system:cattle:error\" {\n\t\tutil.",
"ReturnHTTPError(rw, req, 401, ErrMustAuthenticate.",
"Error())\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\n\t// clean extra\n\tfor header := range req.",
"Header {\n\t\tif strings.",
"HasPrefix(header, \"Impersonate-Extra-\") {\n\t\t\treq.",
"Header.",
"Del(header)\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treq.",
"Header.",
"Set(\"Impersonate-User\", userInfo.",
"GetName())\n\treq.",
"Header.",
"Del(\"Impersonate-Group\")\n\tfor _, group := range userInfo.",
"GetGroups() {\n\t\treq.",
"Header.",
"Add(\"Impersonate-Group\", group)\n\t}\n\n\tauditUser, ok := audit.",
"FromContext(req.",
"Context())\n\tif ok {\n\t\tauditUser.",
"Name = userInfo.",
"GetName()\n\t\tauditUser.",
"Group = userInfo.",
"GetGroups()\n\t}\n\n\th.next.",
"ServeHTTP(rw, req)\n}\n"
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[
"Pages\n\nFurniture Moving\n\nWhether you are moving down the street, across town, or across the country to a new home or business, NWM Rentals is here to help you manage your moving and relocation stress. ",
"We have your best interest with each and every aspect of your move, assisting you during the time of your move is our top priority. ",
"Don't want to deal with the franchise moving companies? ",
"We are local to Lagrange, GA and are known by name and face in our town. ",
"Don't hesitate to come by our store and meet us!"
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[
"Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nFreezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), resulting in mobility problems and frequent falls \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\]. ",
"FOG is an episodic phenomenon, characterized by brief periods of inability to step effectively \\[[@CR3]\\]. ",
"FOG is not present in all patients, but becomes more common in advanced PD \\[[@CR4]\\]. ",
"The mechanism behind its occurrence is still not clear.",
"\n\nWe focus on the possible role of the cerebellum in PD, and specifically on its role in the pathophysiology underlying FOG. ",
"Although lesions in a single brain area can occasionally induce FOG \\[[@CR5]\\], FOG generally results from a widespread dysfunction within a neural gait circuitry involving the supplementary motor area (SMA) \\[[@CR6]\\], the mesencephalic locomotor region \\[[@CR6], [@CR7]\\] and the cerebellar locomotor region \\[[@CR8], [@CR9]\\]. ",
"Recent work has emphasized the tight interplay between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia \\[[@CR10], [@CR11]\\]. ",
"Cerebellar activity is increased in PD patients compared to healthy subjects \\[[@CR12], [@CR13]\\]. ",
"This hyper-activation in the cerebellum may be an adaptive mechanism that compensates for the defective basal ganglia \\[[@CR11], [@CR12], [@CR14]--[@CR16]\\].",
"\n\nWe hypothesize that compared to patients without FOG, patients with FOG are less able to recruit the cerebellum to compensate for dysfunction of other brain circuitries. ",
"This hypothesis is supported by the fact that FOG is common in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) \\[[@CR17]\\], who also have lesions in brainstem areas connected with the cerebellum \\[[@CR18]\\].",
"\n\nTo investigate the possible compensatory role of the cerebellum in PD patients with FOG, we intended to up-regulate cerebellar activity with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) \\[[@CR19], [@CR20]\\], and to measure the resulting effect on freezing and movement performance using a specific set of tasks. ",
"The tasks included a FOG-provoking gait protocol, including rapid 360° turns \\[[@CR21]\\] and a 10-m walking test with small fast steps \\[[@CR22], [@CR23]\\], as well as a repetitive finger flexion--extension task, which can evoke upper limb freezing (FOUL) \\[[@CR24], [@CR25]\\]. ",
"The severity of FOUL correlates with FOG scores, but not with disease severity, which supports the hypothesis that a generic motor control problem partially underlies freezing in both the upper and the lower extremities \\[[@CR26]\\].",
"\n\nTheta burst stimulation (TBS), a specific type of repetitive TMS (rTMS) \\[[@CR20]\\], is a suitable stimulation protocol for patient studies. ",
"It combines a short stimulation period (40--190 s) with long lasting (up to 1 h) effects on cortical excitability that are either inhibitory or excitatory \\[[@CR27]\\]. ",
"Following the rationale of previous studies \\[[@CR28]--[@CR30]\\], we used an excitatory TBS form (intermittent TBS, iTBS) to stimulate the cerebellum and hypothesized that this should improve both general gait and upper limb performance, including a reduction in freezing episodes. ",
"As a control condition, we stimulated the cerebellum with a protocol that aimed to achieve the opposite effect, i.e. inhibitory continuous TBS (cTBS). ",
"If the increased cerebellar activity is indeed compensatory, this control condition should either worsen or (in case of ceiling effects) not affect freezing episodes in the upper and lower limbs.",
"\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nSubjects {#Sec3}\n--------\n\nFifteen patients (12 men) were included in all analyses and two additional patients (one male) were included only in analyses of gait, pegboard test and corticospinal excitability. ",
"Clinical and demographic characteristics of all 17 patients are listed in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Three additional patients could not be included in any analyses. ",
"Two dropped out due to uncomfortable co-activation of neck muscles during TBS, one because the protocol was experienced as too stressful.",
"Table 1Clinical and demographic characteristics of 17 Parkinson's disease patientsParameterMeanRangeAge (years)61.246--76Parkinson's disease duration (years)8.51--25FOG duration (years)3.41--12Hoehn and Yahr stage2--3MDS-UPDRS part 333.412--68NFOGQ16.53--28FAB16.012--18MMSE28.524--30Resting motor threshold (%MSO)4334--60For MDS-UPDRS, N-FOGQ and Hoenh and Yahr stage, higher scores indicate worse functioning. ",
"For both FAB and MMSE, lower scores indicate worse functioning. ",
"The scores were evaluated 'off' medication*MDS-UPDRS* Movement Disorder Society---unified Parkinson's disease rating scale part 3 (score 0--132), *N-FOGQ* new freezing of gait questionnaire (score 0--28), Hoenh and Yahr stage (score 0--5), *MMSE* mini mental examination (score 0--30), *FAB* Frontal Assessment Battery (score 0--18)\n\nPatients had objectively verified FOG. ",
"FOG was objectified by expert raters using standardized and established FOG-provoking methods \\[[@CR21], [@CR23]\\]. ",
"Exclusion criteria were neurological disorders other than PD, presence of deep brain stimulation, a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) \\[[@CR31]\\] score \\<24, and exclusion criteria for TMS experiments \\[[@CR32]\\]. ",
"All subjects gave written informed consent prior to participation. ",
"The ethics committee of the Radboud University Medical Centre approved the study, which was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.",
"\n\nExperimental design {#Sec4}\n-------------------\n\nTesting occurred while patients were in a practically defined 'off' state; i.e. after withholding all anti-parkinsonian medications for at least 12 h. To create a homogenous patient group, we included only patients with 'off' state FOG, as this is the most common type of FOG \\[[@CR33], [@CR34]\\]. ",
"Prior to testing, clinical data were collected including the new freezing of gait questionnaire (N-FOGQ) \\[[@CR35]\\], MMSE \\[[@CR31]\\], frontal assessment battery (FAB) \\[[@CR36]\\] and the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS) part 3 \\[[@CR37]\\]. ",
"Patients were stimulated with cerebellar iTBS and cTBS in separate sessions. ",
"During the first session, patients were stimulated with cTBS or iTBS; during the second session they received the opposite TBS protocol, always in a counterbalanced manner. ",
"Patients were kept unaware of the nature of the stimulation and the nature of the expected effects. ",
"The researcher was aware, as he was involved in both the clinical testing as well as the stimulation protocol. ",
"The sessions were at least one week apart to ensure sufficient wash-out of the preceding TBS. ",
"Before and after TBS, patients performed a gait protocol and rhythmic upper limb task to measure the effect on movement performance and freezing duration (Fig.",
" [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"In addition to these primary outcome measures, cortical excitability was measured with motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and patients performed a pegboard dexterity task to objectively quantify upper limb bradykinesia \\[[@CR38], [@CR39]\\].Fig.",
" 1Protocol-design for a session. ",
"All post-TBS measurements were performed in 30--60 min, depending on the patients' performance. ",
"The added timeline is a rough indication (in minutes, and the moment directly after the TBS set to 0). ",
"Not included are N-FOGQ, MMSE, FAB and MDS-UPDRS part 3, for which the scores were determined prior to this protocol in session one\n\nTheta burst stimulation {#Sec5}\n-----------------------\n\nTBS \\[[@CR27]\\] was administered using a C-B60 figure-of-eight coil (MagVenture, A/S, Farum, Denmark), connected to a MagPro X100 (MagVenture) stimulator. ",
"The ipsilateral cerebellum (1 cm below and 3 cm lateral to inion) was stimulated, corresponding to the most affected side by PD based on the MDS-UPDRS part 3 (i.e. the body side with the highest scores). ",
"The coil was placed tangentially to the scalp with the handle pointing upwards. ",
"To ensure anatomically identical coil positioning during and over sessions, location and orientation of the coil target position were saved using a stereotactic image guidance system (Localite TMS Navigator, Localite GmbH, Sankt Augustin, Germany). ",
"Cerebellar TBS was administered with an intensity of 70% of resting motor threshold (see \"[Corticospinal excitability](#Sec9){ref-type=\"sec\"}\" in section \"[Methods](#Sec2){ref-type=\"sec\"}\"). ",
"The stimulation period for cTBS was 40 s and for iTBS 192 s.\n\nGait protocol {#Sec6}\n-------------\n\nOccurrence of FOG was measured using a protocol that is known to elicit FOG. ",
"This protocol included eight 360° turns (as fast as possible, four times clockwise, four times counterclockwise) \\[[@CR21]\\] and a 10-m gait trajectory (including gait initiation and gait termination while reaching a destination (stripes on the floor)), using different velocities (self-selected speed = normal; and as fast as possible) and different stride lengths (self-selected stride length = normal steps; and 20% of leg-length = small steps) \\[[@CR22], [@CR23]\\]. ",
"Visual guidance for the small steps was provided with stripes on the floor for three steps at the beginning and at the end of the gait trajectory.",
"\n\nThe entire gait protocol was videotaped allowing for offline assessment of FOG. ",
"Two independent, experienced, and fully blinded raters scored the videos for the presence and duration of FOG. ",
"The definition used to score FOG was an obvious episode with ineffective stepping and the characteristic FOG phenotype. ",
"When raters disagreed, trials were sent back for consensus. ",
"FOG seen when turning after the 10-m gait trajectory was not included in the analysis.",
"\n\nThe time to complete each task (execution time) was determined to measure general gait performance. ",
"A decrease in execution time may be due to increased gait speed as walking is easier and less likely to be driven to the threshold for FOG \\[[@CR40]\\]. ",
"Therefore, a decreased execution time was interpreted as increased gait speed and as improved performance.",
"\n\nUpper limb task {#Sec7}\n---------------\n\nTo elicit FOUL, the instruction was to make anti-phase rhythmic flexion and extension movements using both index fingers as described previously \\[[@CR24], [@CR25], [@CR41]\\]. ",
"Two different amplitudes \\[45° (normal) or 30° (small)\\] and two different movement frequencies \\[normal (100%) or fast (133%)\\] were used. \"",
"Normal frequency\" was defined as the patients' specific comfortable movement speed, determined for each subject individually at the beginning of the first session. ",
"The four different conditions were: normal amplitude + normal speed (NANS), normal amplitude + fast speed (NAFS), small amplitude + normal speed (SANS), and small amplitude + fast speed (SAFS). ",
"SAFS has proven to be the most sensitive condition to elicit FOUL \\[[@CR25]\\]. ",
"Each condition was repeated three times, both pre- and post-TBS. ",
"Auditory pacing guided the first six movement cycles. ",
"After auditory pacing stopped, the patients had to maintain the rhythm for 25 s. Both hands were covered to prevent visual feedback. ",
"Angular finger displacement was registered with single axis goniometers (Type F35, Biometrics Ltd., Newport, UK) placed over the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index fingers.",
"\n\nThe data of the goniometers were processed and analysed with Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA). ",
"For each condition the peak-to-peak amplitude and frequency values were calculated per movement cycle.",
"\n\nFor each pre- and post-measurement the mean duration of freezing during a complete trial was defined. ",
"In accordance with Vercruysse and co-workers \\[[@CR25]\\], the beginning of a freezing episode was determined as \"the onset of abnormally small motion cycles (\\<50% of the initial amplitude) accompanied by an irregular cycle frequency\", which proved to be a reliable procedure. ",
"The end was defined as the moment where movement cycles with regular amplitude and frequency were resumed, or when the trial ended. ",
"A semi-automatic detection was used, which was visually checked and corrected by two independent raters.",
"\n\nPegboard dexterity test {#Sec8}\n-----------------------\n\nThe pegboard dexterity test \\[[@CR38], [@CR39]\\] was used to determine upper limb bradykinesia at the start and end of each session as a brief surrogate test to estimate overall treatment effects and disease state. ",
"This test strongly correlated with the overall MDS-UDPRS part 3 score \\[[@CR38], [@CR39]\\] and repeating the entire MDS-UPDRS part 3 was considered to be too cumbersome for patients. ",
"The time needed to turn four wooden pegs upside down using one hand, from one hole into the next, was recorded four times for each hand. ",
"The average over the four trials was taken for each hand separately.",
"\n\nCorticospinal excitability {#Sec9}\n--------------------------\n\nWith single pulse TMS corticospinal excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) was determined. ",
"The pulses were administered using the figure-of-eight coil. ",
"The optimal location of the coil for eliciting MEPs in the resting first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle of the most affected hand was tracked (hotspot). ",
"To ensure identical coil positioning during and over sessions, the location and orientation of the coil over the hotspot were also saved using the stereotactic image guidance system. ",
"The resting motor threshold was determined, defined as the minimum stimulator intensity required to obtain MEPs with an amplitude of at least 50 μV in at least five out of ten trails in the relaxed FDI of the most affected hand. ",
"Last, the minimum stimulator intensity was determined to obtain single pulse MEPs of on average 1 mV over 10 trials (SI~1mV~). ",
"Directly before (pre) TBS, directly after TBS (post 1), and at the end of the session (post 2), 20 single pulses at SI~1mV~ were applied to measure the corticospinal excitability.",
"\n\nStatistical analyses {#Sec10}\n--------------------\n\nAll statistical analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 20. ",
"The data for the upper limb task, the gait protocol, and the pegboard dexterity test were all separately analysed using the ANOVA with random factor 'patient' and fixed factors 'stimulation' (cTBS or iTBS) and 'time' (pre or post). ",
"The fixed factor 'task' was added for the analyses of the upper limb task (NANS, NAFS, SANS or SAFS) and for the gait protocol (normal, fast, small steps or small fast steps). ",
"The analyses for the upper limb task and the pegboard dexterity test were performed separately for the most and least affected hand as any difference between hands was not part of the research question. ",
"Additional ANOVAs for both stimulation protocols (cTBS and iTBS) with random factor 'patient' and fixed factor 'time' (pre or post) were performed to explore the effects of excitatory or inhibitory stimulation separately.",
"\n\nThe main variables of interest were the mean FOG duration (per trial) in the gait protocol and the mean FOUL duration (per trial) in the upper limb task \\[[@CR42]\\]. ",
"In addition to freezing duration, the mean execution time in the gait protocol, and the mean peak-to-peak amplitude and mean frequency in the upper limb task (calculated over the complete trials) were evaluated. ",
"The variable for the pegboard dexterity test was execution time. ",
"In case the fixed factors 'stimulation', 'time' or an interaction between factors was statistically significant regarding the tested variables post hoc analyses were performed using paired sample *t* tests.",
"\n\nA change in corticospinal excitability was tested comparing the MEP amplitudes of all three time points (pre, post 1, post 2) using a repeated measurements test and for two time points (pre and post 1) a paired sample *t* test. ",
"These comparisons for MEP amplitudes were done for cTBS and iTBS separately.",
"\n\nFor all analyses, a *p* value \\<0.05 was considered significant for the ANOVAs. ",
"For the post hoc analysis a Bonferroni correction was applied and a *p* value of 0.05/(number of comparisons) was considered significant. ",
"All data are shown as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM).",
"\n\nResults {#Sec11}\n=======\n\nGait: FOG {#Sec12}\n---------\n\nThe gait protocol successfully provoked FOG in 12 out of 17 patients (71%). ",
"The other five patients did not show any FOG during the experiments, although they had showed unequivocal FOG episodes during earlier assessments to decide about inclusion in the study. ",
"Among the 12 patients who did show FOG, five showed only one or two episodes during the baseline gait measurements. ",
"The FOG duration per trial varied from less than 1 s in some patients to a maximum of 357.5 in one patient.",
"\n\nNo significant effect of stimulation (cTBS versus iTBS), time (pre versus post), task or interaction between factors was found for FOG duration when all turn and gait conditions were included as separate tasks, nor when all turns were combined and all gait trajectory conditions (normal, fast, small steps, small fast steps) were combined (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Neither did the separate ANOVAs for both stimulation protocols show significant effects (Tables S1 and S2 in the supplementary material). ",
"Because of the lack of a significant effect, only the FOG duration results for the turns are shown (Fig.",
" [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), as this is the most FOG-provoking task \\[[@CR21], [@CR23]\\]. ",
"No post hoc analyses were performed for FOG duration.",
"Table 2Statistics gait task and upper limb taskTimeStimulationTaskStimulation × timeStimulation × taskTime × taskStimulation × time × taskFOG duration \\[combined\\]\\[0.867; n.s.\\]\\[0.874; n.s.\\]\\[0.865; n.s.\\]\\[1.032; 0.326\\]\\[0.971; n.s.\\]\\[0.735; n.s.\\]\\[0.152; n.s.\\]FOG duration \\[separate\\]\\[0.840; n.s.\\]\\[0.901; n.s.\\]\\[1.078; 0.379\\]\\[0.974; n.s.\\]\\[1.074; 0.382\\]\\[1.180; 0.326\\]\\[0.997; n.s.\\]Mean execution time \\[separate\\]\\[4.005; 0.062\\]\\[1.142; 0.301\\]**\\[10.058; 0.000\\]**\\[1.903; 0.186\\]\\[1.045; 0.398\\]**\\[3.214; 0.011\\]**\\[0.826; n.s.\\]FOUL duration \\[most\\]\\[3.218; 0.073\\]\\[3.287; 0.070\\]**\\[19.158; 0.000\\]**\\[0.671; n.s.\\]\\[0.442; n.s.\\]\\[0.565; n.s\\]\\[0.017; n.s.\\]FOUL duration \\[least\\]\\[0.348; n.s.\\]\\[3.801; 0.052\\]**\\[5.883; 0.001\\]**\\[0.697; n.s.\\]\\[1.162; 0.323\\]\\[0.860; n.s.\\]\\[0.657; n.s.\\]Amplitude \\[most\\]\\[0.009; n.s.\\]\\[1.760; 0.185\\]**\\[60.733; 0.000\\]**\\[0.942; n.s.\\]\\[0.302; n.s.\\]\\[0.699; n.s.\\]\\[0.250; n.s.\\]Amplitude \\[least\\]\\[0.661; n.s.\\]\\[1.271; 0.260\\]**\\[87.445; 0.000\\]**\\[0.139; n.s.\\]\\[0.354; n.s.\\]\\[0.437; n.s.\\]\\[0.005; n.s.\\]Frequency \\[most\\]\\[1.772; 0.184\\]\\[2.472; 0.116\\]**\\[11.317; 0.000\\]**\\[2.746; 0.098\\]\\[0.033; n.s.\\]\\[0.285; n.s.\\]\\[0.191; n.s.\\]Frequency \\[least\\]\\[0.709; n.s.\\]\\[0.052; n.s.\\]**\\[17.049; 0.000\\]**\\[0.591; n.s.\\]\\[0.139; n.s.\\]\\[0.381; n.s.\\]\\[0.043; n.s.\\]The factors are 'time' (pre or post), 'stimulation' (cTBS or iTBS) and task. ",
"For gait the task includes (normal, fast, small steps, small fast steps, turning clockwise or turning counterclockwise) and for upper limb (NANS, NAFS, SANS or SAFS). ",
"Factor task and interactions with factor task in separate FOG duration and mean execution time = \\[*F* ~5,16~; *p*\\]. ",
"All other factors and interactions in FOG and mean execution time = \\[*F* ~1,16~; *p*\\]. ",
"FOG duration was analysed for all gait tasks \\[separately, 6 task conditions\\] and for turns and gait trajectory \\[combined, 2 task conditions\\] combined. ",
"Factor task and interactions with factor task for FOUL duration, amplitude and frequency = \\[*F* ~3,14;~ *p*\\]. ",
"All other factors and interactions for FOUL duration, amplitude and frequency = \\[*F* ~1,14;~ *p*\\]. ",
"Significant results are indicated in bold Fig.",
" 2The mean freezing (FOG) duration during turning, before and after stimulation, for the **a** excitatory iTBS and **b** inhibitory cTBS in seconds. ",
"The *error bars* signify the SEM\n\nGait: speed {#Sec13}\n-----------\n\nWhen comparing the gait speed for all turns and gait conditions separately, a significant main effect of task was found, but not for stimulation or time. ",
"The interaction of factors time and task also showed a significant effect (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"There was no difference in performance during baseline measurements in the cTBS and iTBS conditions.",
"\n\nPost hoc analyses showed a significant decrease in execution time between pre and post for TBS intervention in the small steps with normal speed condition (Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, 32.1 s pre-TBS versus 26.8 s post-TBS; *p* = 0.004). ",
"A small, but also significant increase in execution time between pre- and post-TBS in fast walking with normal step size (8.5 versus 9.6 s; *p* \\< 0.001) was found (Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ",
"All other combinations of gait conditions did not show significant effects. ",
"The execution times for the gait tasks are shown in Fig.",
" [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}.Fig.",
" 3The mean task execution times for the gait protocol (only shown for significant differences) before and after stimulation for the **a** small steps and **b** fast walking normal step size condition in seconds. ",
"The *error bars* signify the SEM. ",
"The *asterisks* indicate a significant difference between pre- and post-measurements Fig.",
" 4The mean task execution times for the gait protocol before (pre) and after (post) stimulation for the **a** cTBS and **b** iTBS stimulation condition in seconds. ",
"The error bars signify the SEM. (",
"pre/post-1 = clockwise turning, pre/post-2 = counter-clockwise turning, pre/post-3 = self-selected speed and normal step size, pre/post-4 = fast walking with normal step size, pre/post-5 = self-selected speed and small step size, pre/post-6 = fast walking with small step size)\n\nThe ANOVA for the iTBS protocol showed a significant main effect of time and task, as well as for the interaction of factors (Table S1). ",
"Post hoc analyses showed a significant decrease in execution time between pre and post for iTBS intervention in the small steps with normal speed condition (34.2 s pre-TBS versus 25.9 s post-TBS; *p* = 0.014). ",
"The ANOVA for the cTBS protocol showed only a significant main effect of task (Table S2), which was no reason for further post hoc analyses.",
"\n\nUpper limb {#Sec14}\n----------\n\nThe upper limb task successfully provoked FOUL at least once in all patients at baseline. ",
"The FOUL duration varied strongly from 0.2 to 37.9 s and was 3.1 s on average. ",
"In 42% it was shorter than 1 s and in 66% shorter than 2 s. The average duration is shorter than in previous reports \\[[@CR25], [@CR41], [@CR43]\\]. ",
"In total 271 trials showed freezing during baseline (both sessions combined), with 54% bilateral, 31% unilateral most affected and 15% unilateral least affected side.",
"\n\nThe main factors time and stimulation showed no significant effect on FOUL, nor did any of the interactions between factors (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The factor task (NANS, NAFS, SANS or SAFS) showed a significant effect. ",
"The tasks with small amplitudes evoked more freezing than the normal amplitudes, and the fast speed tasks evoked more freezing than the normal speed tasks. ",
"The ANOVA for the iTBS protocol showed the same results (Table S1). ",
"The ANOVA for the cTBS protocol showed only a significant effect for the factor time on FOUL of the least affected hand (Table S2). ",
"Post hoc analyses showed a decrease in FOUL duration (1.4 s pre-cTBS versus 1.2 s post-cTBS; *p* = 0.045) averaged over all tasks, but did not show a significant effect for one of the separate tasks.",
"\n\nSimilar to the result for FOUL duration, the fixed factor task showed a significant effect on amplitude and frequency (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}, S1 and S2). ",
"In addition the ANOVA for the iTBS protocol showed an effect for the interaction of factors time and task on the amplitude of the most affected hand (Table S1). ",
"And although three tasks showed an increase in amplitude after the stimulation, post hoc analyses did not identify a significant effect on one of the separate tasks.",
"\n\nPegboard {#Sec15}\n--------\n\nThe pegboard dexterity test did not show a difference in execution time between pre- and post-stimulation for both TBS protocols (cTBS and iTBS) in both the most and least affected hand.",
"\n\nCorticospinal excitability {#Sec16}\n--------------------------\n\nBoth cTBS and iTBS did not have a significant effect on the corticospinal excitability over time measured over the M1 contralateral to the most affected side, when taking all three time points into consideration (pre, post 1, post 2) (factor time: *F* ~2,32~ = 1.181; *p* = 0.320, factor stimulation: *F* ~1,16~ = 0.518; *p* = n.s.). ",
"Neither was a significant effect measured for both cTBS (*p* = 0.820) and iTBS (*p* = 0.130), when only pre and post 1 were taken into consideration.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#Sec17}\n==========\n\nWe tested the hypothesis that PD patients with FOG, who may have reduced cerebellar compensatory drive for motor function, would benefit from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum. ",
"The main result is that both TBS protocols (facilitatory iTBS and inhibitory cTBS) did not significantly alter freezing duration in the upper limbs, nor during gait. ",
"However, an increase in overall gait speed when walking with small steps was found after TBS (decreased execution time), while gait speed during fast walking decreased after TBS. ",
"Additional analyses identified these changes to be primarily present after facilitatory iTBS.",
"\n\nWe stimulated the cerebellum, because previous studies suggested that the role of the cerebellum in motor control of PD patients is compensatory \\[[@CR11], [@CR12], [@CR14]--[@CR16]\\]. ",
"Although our hypothesis about compensatory cerebellar activity preventing freezing in PD has not been confirmed, the changes in gait speed do suggest that improved gait performance is possible after cerebellar TBS.",
"\n\nGait effects and FOG {#Sec18}\n--------------------\n\nIn PD patients with FOG an increased functional connectivity between the SMA on the one hand, and the cerebellum and the mesencephalic locomotor region on the other hand, was found during rest \\[[@CR9]\\]. ",
"This emphasizes the importance of the cerebellum in this specific PD population. ",
"As an increase in functional connectivity was correlated with objective ratings of freezing, it was proposed that this reflects maladaptive compensation in FOG. ",
"However, as correlations do not reflect causality, an increase in functional connectivity could also indicate an increase in compensational strength of the network with increasing severity of FOG.",
"\n\nThe importance of cerebellar activity in PD patients with FOG was confirmed as the gait protocol showed significant changes in the execution times, i.e. in gait speed. ",
"However, the hypothesized changes in FOG duration were not found. ",
"A possible reason for this result is the sensitivity to detect changes. ",
"In line with previous experiments, FOG proved difficult to elicit \\[[@CR33]\\]. ",
"More repetitions in the gait protocol, especially the most FOG provocative tasks, could have increased the statistical power. ",
"In addition, the power of the study (and in particular the number of actually observed FOG events during the experiments) may have been too low to find changes in FOG.",
"\n\nAnother reason could be that cerebellar TBS cannot sufficiently improve the complex neural circuitry that is involved specifically in the occurrence of FOG. ",
"For example, brainstem motor regions have also been associated with FOG \\[[@CR6], [@CR44], [@CR45]\\]. ",
"Moreover, pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) stimulation, a form of deep brain stimulation, successfully reduced the number of FOG episodes \\[[@CR46]\\], albeit not consistently. ",
"Possibly, stimulation of specific regions is necessary and global cerebellar stimulation lacks such specificity.",
"\n\nFOUL {#Sec19}\n----\n\nWe evaluated not only the effects of cerebellar TBS on freezing during gait, but also the effects on upper limb freezing. ",
"Similar to the results on FOG, no changes in FOUL duration were found after cerebellar TBS in the most affected hand, or in the pegboard performance (to test for hand bradykinesia). ",
"An effect of time was found for the least affected hand in the cTBS condition averaged over all tasks, but not for the tasks separately.",
"\n\nPrevious fMRI studies of upper limb motion in PD patients without FOG have consistently shown increased activation in premotor-parietal and cerebellar regions. ",
"The increase in cerebellar regions was interpreted as a compensatory shift for the dysfunctional striato-supplementary motor loop \\[[@CR16], [@CR47]\\] and thought to influence the activity in the M1 through cerebellar-motor connections. ",
"The present results do not confirm such a compensatory role of the cerebellum in upper limb motor control.",
"\n\nCorticospinal circuitry {#Sec20}\n-----------------------\n\nThe changes in gait speed were not accompanied by changes in MEP amplitude in the relaxed FDI of the most affected hand measured after cerebellar TBS. ",
"This lack of an effect on corticospinal excitability is in agreement with previous results in PD \\[[@CR48]\\]. ",
"This suggests that cerebellar TBS does not affect the direct output from M1 of PD patients. ",
"An alteration of the cerebello-cortical connectivity after cerebellar rTMS has been found for PD patients \\[[@CR29], [@CR30]\\], but not always \\[[@CR48]\\]. ",
"It could be that the increased gait speed when walking with small steps after TBS was accompanied by an alteration of cerebello-cortical connectivity, but not by an alteration of the motor cortex activity.",
"\n\nIt is also possible that changes in gait speed are not accompanied by changes in MEP amplitude of hand muscles, but rather by changes in corticospinal excitability of leg muscles. ",
"In future studies it would be interesting to test the corticospinal excitability and cerebello-cortical connectivity of the lower limbs.",
"\n\nFuture perspectives {#Sec21}\n-------------------\n\nThe results from this exploratory study provide more insight into the involvement of the cerebellum in gait mechanisms of PD patients with FOG. ",
"Our hypothesis about compensatory cerebellar activity preventing freezing in PD was not confirmed, but the results do provide multiple leads for future research.",
"\n\nAlthough the lateral cerebellum is involved in gait \\[[@CR49]\\], the medial cerebellum could possibly be a better target location for future stimulation protocols. ",
"The medial cerebellum is important for balance and gait control \\[[@CR50], [@CR51]\\], and patients with medial cerebellar atrophy have gait and stance problems \\[[@CR49]\\].",
"\n\nAnother factor was our choice for unilateral instead of bilateral stimulation. ",
"Bilateral stimulation might be needed to compensate for freezing in both legs, although the dominant view is that reducing the asymmetry of gait parameters improves FOG \\[[@CR52]\\]. ",
"Bilateral stimulation should include an asymmetry, wherein the least affected side is stimulated less than the most affected side \\[[@CR52]\\].",
"\n\nWe used a single session of cerebellar TBS instead of multiple sessions over a certain period. ",
"In a previous study also the effects of multiple sessions of cerebellar TBS have been evaluated \\[[@CR28]\\]. ",
"Multiple sessions could possibly enhance the effects of the stimulation and maybe prolong them as well, which could thereby increase the effect on gait speed and possibly even cause an effect on FOG duration.",
"\n\nTo identify the cerebellar and cerebral effects of the TBS that accompany the gait effects, future studies should combine stimulation sessions with fMRI or PET \\[[@CR53]\\]. ",
"This would also help to establish how and to what extent activity in the cerebellum and the connected circuitries is affected by TBS.",
"\n\nA limitation of our study was the absence of a sham condition. ",
"We purposely made this choice to minimize the burden for patients, and only included two active interventions (cTBS and iTBS session), such that the contrast in excitatory effects and direction of the effect for both active conditions could serve as control for the opposite condition. ",
"Patients had to be tested 'off' medication to increase the possibility to observe FOG, which has a high impact on mobility \\[[@CR1], [@CR2]\\] on the days of testing. ",
"Consequently, placebo effects cannot fully be ruled out. ",
"However, if present, these placebo effects should be the same for all gait and stimulation conditions, as the patients were not aware of the nature of the stimulation, and because conditions were randomized. ",
"As TBS affected performance differently in different gait tasks, the results still suggest an involvement of the cerebellum in gait of PD patients with FOG. ",
"To test the hypothesized compensational mechanism of the cerebellum, future studies should include a sham condition.",
"\n\nFinally, stimulation of the cerebellum with TBS and other techniques will only become clinically relevant for future therapies when accompanied by a substantial decrease in freezing, and not only by changes in gait speed. ",
"Therefore, future studies in larger patient populations are needed with the aim of achieving an effect on freezing duration by increasing stimulation strength or by patient-specific targeting of the cerebellum. ",
"To compensate for the transient effect of rTMS, cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could be used instead \\[[@CR54]\\]. ",
"An advantage of this technique is the possibility to stimulate the cerebellum during execution of the freezing evocative tasks.",
"\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n {#Sec22}\n\nBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material. ",
"Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 21 kb)\n\nCBI\n\n: Cerebellar brain inhibition\n\ncTBS\n\n: Continuous TBS\n\nFAB\n\n: Frontal assessment battery\n\nFDI\n\n: First dorsal interosseous\n\nfMRI\n\n: Functional magnetic imaging\n\nFOG\n\n: Freezing of gait\n\nFOUL\n\n: Freezing of upper limbs\n\niTBS\n\n: Intermittent TBS\n\nM1\n\n: Primary motor cortex\n\nMDS-UPDRS\n\n: Movement Disorders Society---unified Parkinson's disease rating scale\n\nMEP\n\n: Motor evoked potential\n\nMMSE\n\n: Mini mental state examination\n\nN-FOGQ\n\n: New freezing of gait questionnaire\n\nPD\n\n: Parkinson's disease\n\nPPN\n\n: Pedunculopontine nucleus\n\nPSP\n\n: Progressive supranuclear palsy\n\nrTMS\n\n: Repetitive TMS\n\nSEM\n\n: Standard error of mean\n\nSMA\n\n: Supplementary motor area\n\nTBS\n\n: Theta burst stimulation\n\nTMS\n\n: Transcranial magnetic stimulation\n\nThis study was performed in the context of the BrainGain Smart Mix program of the Dutch government. ",
"We would like to acknowledge Dr. Sarah Vercruysse for her valuable input.",
"\n\nAJ contributed to the study design, data acquisition, analysis, and manuscript preparation. ",
"MM contributed to the data acquisition, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. ",
"AS contributed to the study design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. ",
"JN and TK contributed to the data analysis, and manuscript preparation. ",
"IT, AN, BB, and DS contributed to the study design and manuscript preparation.",
"\n\nConflicts of interest {#FPar1}\n=====================\n\nOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.",
"\n\nEthical standards {#FPar2}\n=================\n\nThis study was approved by the Institution Ethics Committee and has, therefore, been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. ",
"All participants gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. ",
"There are no details in this manuscript that might disclose the identity of the participants.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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"Article content continued\n\nMulcair certainly seems to be wearing the blame for this. ",
"NDP MP Niki Ashton declined to say last week whether she would support him during the review; caucus leader Charlie Angus also decided to stay neutral on the subject — which seems like a fairly defensible position for a caucus leader, but anyway. ",
"This all paled in comparison to the smattering of 37 Quebec-based NDPers who signed a passive-aggressive open letter calling for change, of some kind, although they wouldn’t mention Mulcair by name. ",
"Soon the Socialist Caucus was chiming in. ",
"The NDP’s resident band of malcontents says Mulcair has to go.",
"\n\nFinding 37 whiners to sign an open letter is easy. ",
"Now find 370 delegates to fly to Edmonton to cast a ballot\n\nEveryone seems to be getting excited. ",
"Far be it from me to dash any hopes, then, but being from Alberta, I maintain an inherent skepticism of internal leadership reviews. ",
"Unpopular leaders always seem to land suspiciously close to the 77 per cent mark. ",
"A solid B, low enough to credibly register dissatisfaction, but high enough to remain in power.",
"\n\nAt the very least these are hardly perfectly fair or objective elections. ",
"Even if the ballot box isn’t outright stuffed, organization still plays a huge role. ",
"Leaders and their teams work hard to ensure the right delegates are picked to attend the convention. ",
"A lot of effort is put into ensuring that the leader’s supporters are in the room and have voting powers. ",
"Organizers will then often reach out to whoever is on the delegate list.",
"\n\nIf Mulcair’s team is halfway competent, and if he demonstrates an understanding of the party’s grievances at the convention, his survival is more than likely. ",
"Absent an obvious, aggressive and well-organized counter-movement, grassroots discontent tends to fizzle out pretty quickly. ",
"It’s all very well to be unhappy. ",
"It’s another matter to do the work."
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"Tom Venuto is a natural bodybuilder, certified strength and conditioning specialist (CSCS) and a certified personal trainer (CPT). ",
"I’ve learned so much from Tom through his truth about fat loss. ",
"is a natural bodybuilder, certified strength and conditioning specialist (CSCS) and a certified personal trainer (CPT). ",
"I’ve learned so much from Tom through his Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle Program . ",
"No hype, no gimmicks — Tom shoots straight from the hip, and tells you theabout fat loss.",
"\n\nEarlier this week someone in our discussion forum wrote, “I haven’t “LOST” any fat… I know EXACTLY where it went! ",
"I got a chuckle out of that because I “got” the joke, but truth is, most people really don’t know how fat cells work, how the fat burning process takes place or where the fat goes when it’s burned. ",
"It’s actually quite a complex biochemical process, but I’ll explain it as simply as possible, so by the end of this article, you’ll be a “fat burning” expert!",
"\n\n\n\nWhen you “lose” body fat, the fat cell (also called an adipocyte) does not go anywhere or “move into the muscle cell to be burned. ",
"The fat cell itself, (unfortunately) stays right where it was – under the skin in your thighs, stomach, hips, arms, etc., ",
"and on top of the muscles – which is why you can’t see muscle “definition” when your body fat is high.",
"\n\nFat is stored inside the fat cell in the form of triaglycerol. ",
"The fat is not burned right there in the fat cell, it must be liberated from the fat cell through somewhat complex hormonal/enzymatic pathways. ",
"When stimulated to do so, the fat cell simply releases its contents (triaglycerol) into the bloodstream as free fatty acids (FFA’s), and they are transported through the blood to the tissues where the energy is needed.",
"\n\nA typical young male adult stores about 60,000 to 100,000 calories of energy in body fat cells. ",
"What triggers the release of all these stored fatty acids from the fat cell? ",
"Simple: When your body needs energy because you’re consuming fewer calories than you are burning (an energy deficit), then your body releases hormones and enzymes that signal your fat cells to release your fat reserves instead of keeping them in storage.",
"\n\nFor stored fat to be liberated from the fat cell, hydrolysis (lipolysis or fat breakdown), splits the molecule of triaglycerol into glycerol and three fatty acids. ",
"An important enzyme called hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) is the catalyst for this reaction. ",
"The stored fat (energy) gets released into the bloodstream as FFA’s and they are shuttled off to the muscles where the energy is needed. ",
"As blood flow increases to the active muscles, more FFA’s are delivered to the muscles that need them.",
"\n\nAn important enzyme called lipoprotein lipase (LPL), then helps the FFA’s get inside the mitochondria of the muscle cell, where the FFA’s can be burned for energy. ",
"If you’ve ever taken a biology class, then you’ve probably heard of the mitochondria. ",
"This is the “cellular powerhouse” where energy production takes place and this is where the FFA’s go to be burned for energy.",
"\n\nWhen the FFA’s are released from the fat cell, the fat cell shrinks and that’s why you look leaner when you lose body fat – because the fat cell is now smaller. ",
"A small or “empty” fat cell is what you’re after if you want the lean, defined look.",
"\n\nIt was once believed that the number of fat cells could not increase after adulthood, only the size of the fat cells could increase (or decrease). ",
"We now know that fat cells can indeed increase both in size (hypertrophy) and in number (hyperplasia) and that they are more likely to increase in number at certain times and under certain circumstances, such as 1) during late childhood and early puberty, 2) During pregnancy, and 3) During adulthood when extreme amounts of weight are gained\n\nSome people are genetically predisposed to have more fat cells than others and women have more fat cells than men. ",
"An infant usually has about 5 – 6 billion fat cells. ",
"This number increases during early childhood and puberty, and a healthy adult with normal body composition has about 25 to 30 billion fat cells. ",
"A typical overweight adult has around 75 billion fat cells. ",
"But in the case of severe obesity, this number can be as high as 250 to 300 billion!",
"\n\nThe average size (weight) of an adult fat cell is about 0.6 micrograms, but they can vary in size from 0.2 micograms to 0.9 micrograms. ",
"An overweight person’s fat cells can be up to three times larger than a person with ideal body composition.",
"\n\nRemember, body fat is basically just a reserve source of energy and fat cells are the like the storage tanks. ",
"Unlike a gas tank in your car which is fixed in size, however, fat cells can expand or shrink in size depending on how “filled” they are.",
"\n\nPicture a balloon that is not inflated: It’s tiny when not filled with air – maybe the size of your thumb. ",
"When you blow it up with air, it can expand 10 or 12 times it’s normal size, because it simply fills up. ",
"That’s what happens to fat cells: They start as nearly empty fat storage “tanks” (when you are lean), and when energy intake exceeds your needs, your fat cells “fill up” and “stretch out” like balloons filling up with jelly (not a pretty picture, is it?)",
"\n\nSo you don’t actually “lose” fat cells, you “shrink” or “empty out” fat cells.",
"\n\nTake-home lessons:\n\n\n\n1. ",
"Calories count!The signal that triggers your body to release adipose from fat cells is an energy deficit… you have to burn more than you eat.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Cut calories conservatively. ",
"Starving yourself may cause quick weightloss at first, but never works long term because it actually decreases the activity of fat burning enzymes that release fat from the cells. ",
"to avoid this “starvation mode” use exercise to BURN THE FAT, not very low calorie crash diets.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Get control of your weight now. ",
"If you are gaining weight, and especially if your weight is climbing upwards out of control, make a decision to STOP RIGHT NOW. ",
"Your fat cells might be multiplying, making it more difficult to burn fat in the future. ",
"NOW is the time!",
"\n\n4. ",
"If you’ve already lost weight, you must be forever diligent. ",
"Your fat cells are not gone, they have merely “shrunk” or “emptied out.” ",
"Fitness is not a 12 week program, its a lifestyle. ",
"To stay lean you have to eat clean and stay active\n\n5. ",
"Genetics are only a minor factor. ",
"You may not have control over how many fat cells you were born with, but you do control the major factors that determine how much fat you store: lifestyle, exercise, nutrition, mental attitude.",
"\n\nGenetics are not an excuse. ",
"The past is not an excuse. ",
"Your present condition is not an excuse. ",
"You can either make excuses or get results, but you can’t do both.",
"\n\nSo keep educating yourself about the science, read these newsletters, take action every day and go out there and make it happen!",
"\n\nTom Venuto\n\nFat Loss Coach\n\nwww.burnthefat.com"
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"Transgender and nonbinary young people are more likely to experience sexual assault if they go to a school that doesn’t allow them to access bathrooms corresponding to their gender, according to a new study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics.",
"\n\nHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health researchers analyzed 2017 data from more than 3,600 trans and nonbinary youth in grades 7 through 12. ",
"Researchers found that 26.5% of transgender boys, 18.5% of transgender girls, and 17.6% of nonbinary teens assigned male at birth reported having been sexually assaulted in the last year.",
"\n\nThe risk for sexual assault increased when restroom and locker room access was restricted. ",
"There is a 26% greater risk of sexual assault for transgender boys, a 42% greater risk for nonbinary people assigned female at birth, and a 149% greater risk for transgender girls. ",
"They did not find a significant difference in risk for nonbinary people assigned male at birth, as the study did not have enough of those students.",
"\n\nLead study author Gabriel Murchison said in a video presenting the study that researchers can’t be certain that bathroom restrictions for trans and nonbinary youth cause sexual assault.",
"\n\n\n“However, our results make clear that sexual assault is a serious health concern for transgender and nonbinary youth and that the school environment may play a role,” Murchison said in the video.",
"\n\nThe study concluded that pediatricians should be aware that sexual assault is highly prevalent among trans and nonbinary teens. ",
"Researchers added that pediatricians should also be aware that these kinds of restrictive policies may be associated with risk for sexual assault and harassment of transgender youth.",
"\n\nThe study results reinforce what transgender people and LGBTQ health advocates have been saying for some time about their safety in bathrooms that don’t correspond with their gender.",
"\n\nElisabeth B. Flynn, senior communications director at the Mazzoni Center for LGBT Health and Wellbeing, told SELF in 2016 that policies forcing transgender people and nonbinary people to use bathrooms that don’t correspond with their gender gives people a cover for harassment.",
"\n\n“Gender policing in restrooms actually invites people to try to determine someone else’s gender, giving someone with ulterior motives an excuse for spying on other occupants as ‘detective work,'” Flynn said. “",
"The people who’ve been confronted under these laws include trans and cisgender people. ",
"But because cisgender people are more likely to have ID that matches their gender identity, they are able to respond more easily.”",
"\n\n\nThis fear for safety includes transgender adults trying to use public restrooms of their gender. ",
"A 2013 Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law survey found that 70% of transgender responders said they were denied entrance, harassed, or assaulted when trying to use a public bathroom corresponding with their gender.",
"\n\nThat hasn’t stopped interest groups form pushing anti-trans ballot initiatives. ",
"A ballot committee called Keep Massachusetts Safe, pushed a ballot initiative last fall, Question 3, to overturn a 2016 state anti-discrimination law. ",
"One television ad from the group showed a man in a bathroom stall near a teenager girl undressing and a voice says, “It means any man who says he’s a woman can enter a woman’s locker room, dressing room or bathroom at any time — even convicted sex offenders.” ",
"One of the committee’s major donors supported the anti-LGBTQ Family Research Council. ",
"Massachusetts voters ultimately decided to keep the legislation in place. ",
"Anchorage, Alaska voters also defeated Proposition 1 last year, which would have required Anchorage residents to use bathrooms and other facilities according to gender assigned at birth.",
"\n\nSchools have also pushed policies that are harmful to transgender students. ",
"The Eastern Lancaster County School District in Pennsylvania recently ended the practice of letting transgender students use bathrooms according to their gender and would institute a policy that says students have to use facilities based on biological sex or use bathrooms designed for only one occupant. ",
"During a school board meeting in April, Superintendent Robert Hollister said, “I think a lawsuit potential certainly exists.”",
"\n\nAlthough some conservatives have long claimed that transgender people’s unrestricted use of bathrooms and other facilities endanger cisgender people, research makes it clear that it’s the other way around.",
"\n\nThere isn’t sufficient evidence to show that cisgender people are harmed by transgender people who use bathrooms corresponding with their gender. ",
"A 2018 Williams Institute study looked at localities in Massachusetts with and without gender identity inclusive public accommodation nondiscrimination ordinances. ",
"It found that there was no evidence that the passage of laws protecting transgender people’s rights was related to the number or frequency of criminal incidents in bathrooms."
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"Parimarjan Negi\n\nParimarjan Negi (born 9 February 1993) is an Indian chess grandmaster. ",
"He achieved the grandmaster title at the age of 13 years, 4 months, and 20 days, which makes him the sixth youngest grandmaster in history, behind Sergey Karjakin, Praggnanandhaa Rameshbabu, and Nodirbek Abdusattorov.",
"\n\nNegi is an Indian and Asian champion. ",
"He played on the top board for the bronze medal-winning Indian team in the 2014 Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway.",
"\n\nHe was granted the Arjuna Award in 2010 by the Government of India.",
"\n\nChess career\nParimarjan Negi won the under 10 division at the Asian Youth Chess Championship in 2002 in Tehran. ",
"He achieved his first grandmaster norm at the 2005/06 Hastings International Chess Congress. ",
"Soon after he earned his second GM norm at the 4th Parsvnath International Open Chess Tournament in Delhi. ",
"Negi earned his third and final GM norm on 1 July 2006 by drawing with Russian Grandmaster Ruslan Sherbakov at the Chelyabinsk Region Superfinal Championship in Satka, Russia, where he finished with six points from nine rounds. ",
"Negi thus became the youngest chess grandmaster ever in India, breaking Pentala Harikrishna's record, and the second youngest ever in the world.",
"\n\nNegi won the strong Philadelphia International Open Tournament in June 2008 with a score of 7/9, and was undefeated. ",
"In August 2008, he finished second, behind Abhijeet Gupta, at the World Junior Chess Championship in Gazientep. ",
"In 2009 he won the Politiken Cup in Copenhagen with 8.5/10, on tiebreaks over Boris Avrukh, and the 6th IGB Dato' Arthur Tan Malaysia Open in Kuala Lumpur.",
"\n\nParimarjan Negi won the 48th National Premier Chess Championship on 22 December 2010 in New Delhi.",
"\n\nIn 2012 Negi has won the 11th Asian Chess Championship held in Ho Chi Minh City. ",
"He tied for first place in the Cappelle-la-Grande Open in 2012 and 2013. ",
"In 2013, he also won the Politiken Cup for the second time.",
"\n\nBooks\n\nPersonal life\nParimarjan Negi attended school at Amity International School in New Delhi. ",
"He then graduated from Stanford University as a Mathematics major in 2018. ",
"He is currently a PhD student in the CS & AI department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nParimarjan Negi chess games at 365Chess.com\n\nhttp://www.hindu.com/2006/07/02/stories/2006070206481600.htm\nChessdom - Parimarjan Negi wins Delhi State blitz\n\nCategory:1993 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Chess grandmasters\nCategory:Indian chess players\nCategory:Chess writers\nCategory:Chess players from Uttarakhand"
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"Datacenters can include a large number of servers and virtual machines. ",
"As such datacenters can have a large number of data flows between each server and virtual machine. ",
"Monitoring and managing the network of a datacenter can be cumbersome especially with a datacenter with a large number of servers, virtual machines and data flows. ",
"Visualizing the network of a datacenter can help network operators manage and monitor the network of a datacenter. ",
"However, because of the large number of data flows, visualizing these data flows can be very cumbersome."
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"Prognostic significance of survivin polymorphisms on non-small cell lung cancer survival.",
"\nSurvivin is an apoptotic inhibitor, involves in regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression, and its polymorphisms may influence the development and progression of cancer. ",
"This study evaluated the impact of the survivin gene polymorphisms on survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. ",
"In this case-cohort follow-up study, a total of 568 NSCLC patients were investigated and 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms in survivin gene were genotyped by using the Illumina GoldenGate platform. ",
"During the maximum of 72 months of follow-up, 314 (55.11%) deaths were observed. ",
"After adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, histology, stage, surgical operation, and chemotherapy or radiotherapy status, Cox hazard proportional model suggested that four single nucleotide polymorphisms had statistically significant impacts on NSCLC survival (rs3764383, AG/GG versus AA, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.99; rs8073069, GG versus CG/CC, HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.16-2.67; rs4789551, GG versus AG/AA, HR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.08-3.86; rs1042489, GG versus AG/AA, HR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.83). ",
"Further combined analysis showed that the high risk group (3-4 unfavorable loci) presented a 1.84-fold (95% CI: 1.22-2.77) increased risk compared with low risk group (0-2 unfavorable loci). ",
"Among 185 stage III to IV patients who received only chemotherapy, only the potentially functional rs8073069 still had a significantly increased risk on the prognosis of NSCLC (GG versus CG/CC, HR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.10-3.87). ",
"Our results suggest that polymorphisms in survivin may be a genetic modifier for NSCLC prognosis in this Chinese population."
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"The sleep apnoea syndrome and epidural morphine.",
"\nA patient not known in advance to have the sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) was administered a combined epidural-general anaesthetic for a proposed radical prostatectomy. ",
"After surgery which had to be discontinued due to extensive tumoural spread, morphine 5 mg was administered through the epidural catheter for analgesia. ",
"Severe respiratory depression occurred eight hours later and was successfully reversed by repeated injections of naloxone. ",
"The potential danger of epidural morphine administration to SAS patients is discussed."
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"Isotenulin\n\naDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA*Correspondence e-mail: kyle-knight@utc.edu\n\n(Received 10 July 2013;accepted 16 July 2013;online 20 July 2013)\n\nIsotenulin, C17H22O5, is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from sneezeweed Helenium amarum. ",
"It crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. ",
"In each molecule, two five-membered rings (cyclopentenone and lactone) are trans-fused to the central seven-membered ring. ",
"The five-membered rings each adopt envelope conformations. ",
"The seven-membered ring adopts a twist-chair conformation. ",
"In the crystal, the molecules are linked by C—H⋯O interactions, which generate a three-dimensional network.",
"\n\nIsotenulin, C17H22O5, is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from sneezeweed Helenium amarum, a medicinal plant native to the southeastern USA. ",
"The crystal structure contains two independent tenulin molecules. ",
"These two conformations are distinguished by the way in which the five membered rings twist relative to each other, as measured by the magnitude of the dihedral angles at the cycloheptane-cyclopentenone and cycloheptane-lactone ring junctures. ",
"In the more twisted conformation, the dihedral angle of the substituents on the cycloheptane ring that form the cyclopentenone is 21.5 (1)°, while that of the lactone is 30.2 (1)°. ",
"Those values for the less twisted conformer are 18.1 (1)° and 28.2 (1)° respectively. ",
"The absolute configuration of all other stereocenters is that established for other sesquiterpene lactones (Mazhar-Ul-Haque et al., ",
"1974).",
"\n\nH atoms were positioned geometrically at bond distances of 0.98, 0.99, 1.00 and 0.95 Å for methyl, methylene, methine and vinyl, respectively, and constrained to ride on their parent atoms with Uiso(H)= 1.2–1.5 Ueq(C).",
"\n\nGeometry. ",
"All e.s.d.",
"'s (except the e.s.d. ",
"in the dihedral angle between two l.s. ",
"planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. ",
"The cell e.s.d.",
"'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.",
"'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.",
"'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. ",
"An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.",
"'s is used for estimating e.s.d.",
"'s involving l.s. ",
"planes.",
"\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nAcknowledgements are made to the National Science Foundation MRI Program (CHE-0951711) and the Grote Chemistry Fund at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga for their generous support of our work.",
"\n\nThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited."
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"Mitchell wants to change that. \"",
"What we're working on is a new field of AI that we call artificial audio intelligence,” says Mitchell. “",
"It’s not something that has been tackled before in any meaningful sense.\"",
"\n\nAudio Analytic is part of a new wave of companies training machine learning systems to spot patterns in sounds. ",
"Uberchord, based in Berlin, is developing an AI that can help people learn to play guitar. ",
"It listens to you strum and tells you when you have your fingering wrong. ",
"Uberchord is one of several AI companies working with sound that Abbey Road Studios – one-time recording home of the Beatles – is investing in.",
"\n\nAnother company, Cambridge Consultants, has taught an AI to recognise different genres of piano music, like ragtime or baroque. ",
"The system, called Aficionado, was trained on just a few hundred hours of piano playing, including both professional recordings and amateur practice videos taken from YouTube. ",
"The training data was deliberately patchy, says Monty Barlow at Cambridge Consultants. “",
"We were challenging the AI to handle the near infinite complexity of live music.”",
"\n\nAficionado’s musical chops are not just for show, however. ",
"Training the system on music – and getting it to ignore irrelevant factors such as tempo, volume or tone – turns out to be a good way to teach it to spot patterns in complex data in general, whatever it represents. ",
"Aficionado’s first task will be to identify faults in telecommunications networks."
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"One of the grand challenges in molecular biology is to understand how proteins fold into complex 3D shapes.",
"\n\nProteins are chains of amino acids made by various molecular machines inside cells. ",
"When proteins first form, they are random coils. ",
"In this state, they are at best benign and at worst toxic–the prions that cause problems such as mad cow disease are misshapen proteins.",
"\n\nBut soon after this, a small miracle occurs. ",
"These huge molecular chains quickly self-assemble into the complex 3D shapes that allow them to perform their jobs within the cellular machinery.",
"\n\nThis performance is so astounding, it’s worth dwelling on.",
"\n\nWhen two amino acid bond, they can take on one of roughly ten different orientations to one another. ",
"So a chain of 3 amino acids can be 10^3 different shapes.",
"\n\nThe fastest folding protein discovered so far is a structure called a 3-stranded beta sheet. ",
"As it’s name suggests, it is a surface formed from three strands of protein that bind together. ",
"In total, these sheets contain up to 90 amino acids and so in theory can take on any of 10^90 different shapes.",
"\n\nIf these shapes were tried at the rate of 100 billion a second, it would take longer than the age of the Universe to find the correct fold. ",
"And yet the 3-stranded beta sheet forms in just 140 nanoseconds.",
"\n\nIt would less surprising to leave a few lumps of metal and plastic in the back yard and discover the next morning that it had self-assembled into a laptop computer.",
"\n\nThere are various suggestions for how protein folding does its magic. ",
"One of the most promising is the idea that evolution has selected only those proteins that collapse naturally into the required shape. ",
"To do this, the energy of the final shape has to be lower than the starting energy and all the steps in between.",
"\n\nThat means the energy landscape of this system must be funnel-shaped. ",
"By this way of thinking, protein folding works because, in exploring the space of possible shapes, the structure “falls” through this funnel.",
"\n\nBut there is a problem. ",
"If this were the whole story, proteins ought to be more stable at lower temperatures. ",
"But they’re not. ",
"A well know property of many proteins is that their structure collapses as the temperature drops. ",
"So any model of protein folding has to account for this too.",
"\n\nToday, Olivier Collet at Nancy University in France has worked out what’s going on and the key, he says, is water.",
"\n\nHe points out that protein folding does not occur in isolation but in solution. ",
"So the amino acid chain is surrounded by water molecules. ",
"At close range, these form a shell around the protein chain. ",
"What Collet has done is study the behaviour of the water molecules in this first shell.",
"\n\nCollet says that the water molecules form hydrogen bonds with the amino acids. ",
"As long as the temperature remains relatively high, the hydrogen bonds are constantly being broken and forming again and the folding proceeds in the usually rapid fashion.",
"\n\nBut if the temperature drops, the hydrogen bonds become permanent, allowing the protein to take on new low-energy configurations. ",
"This dramatically changes the energy landscape, creating additional valleys that correspond to these new low-energy shapes. ",
"So instead of falling through the energy funnel, the protein becomes stuck in another valley that corresponds to an incorrect shape.",
"\n\nThat’s a useful idea. ",
"It neatly explains the temperature problem within the existing theory.",
"\n\nIt also suggests that a powerful new understanding of protein folding could come from a better understanding of the properties of water at these tiny scales.",
"\n\nAs we saw last week, the network of links between water molecules confined on this scale have a dramatic impact on its behaviour. ",
"There may even by a quantum coherence associated with these links, which immediately suggests a new way to approach this problem–treating it as a kind of quantum computation.",
"\n\nThat could open a whole new avenue of work and we’ll be watching. ",
"Fascinating stuff!",
"\n\nRef: arxiv.org/abs/1101.5502: How Does The First Water Shell Fold Proteins So Fast?"
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"Parathormone and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase for the follow-up of bone turnover in hemodialysis patients: is it so simple?",
"\nChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with mineral and bone disorders (MBD). ",
"International guidelines suggest that levels of serum parathormone (PTH) or bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP) can be used to evaluate MBD in dialysis patients. ",
"The evidence remains moderate and based on transversal studies. ",
"We retrospectively investigated the variations of PTH (ΔPTH) and b-ALP (Δb-ALP) serum concentrations over a short (6-weeks) and a long (one-year) period in a monocentric hemodialysis population. ",
"The proportion of patients reaching the critical difference (CD) (50% for PTH and 25% for b-ALP) was calculated. ",
"Seventy-seven patients were included. ",
"A significant correlation between PTH and b-ALP levels was found at baseline (r=0.51). ",
"By contrast, no correlation was observed between ΔPTH and Δb-ALP over a 6-week interval (r=0.07). ",
"The CD for PTH and b-ALP was reached by 19 and 11 patients, respectively, with 2 patients showing consistent variations of both biomarkers. ",
"One year later, measurements were repeated in 48 survivors. ",
"No correlation was found between ΔPTH and Δb-ALP (r=0.27). ",
"The CD for PTH or b-ALP was reached by 24 patients and 28 patients, respectively, with 6 patients (12.5%) showing opposite results for both biomarkers. ",
"This study shows the lack of correlation between ΔPTH and Δb-ALP over time in patients under chronic hemodialysis."
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"Background\n==========\n\nDue to high surface to volume ratio and other unique properties, nanomaterials interact within living system (cells, tissues, organisms) significantly different. ",
"Therefore, developing a rational basis for investigation and understanding about how these nanomaterials interact with living system is still a fundamental challenge. ",
"Further, it has been well documented that nanomaterials get coated by the proteins present in their surrounding thus constructing a \"protein corona\". ",
"This event also plays a major role in determining the interaction of nanomaterials with cells/tissues. ",
"Therefore, to probe this we have chosen BSA coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a model system to study the interaction with a mammalian lung cell culture model system.",
"\n\nMaterials and methods\n=====================\n\nAuNPs of different sizes (15, 30, 50 and 70 nm) were synthesized using sodium citrate as a reducing agent. ",
"Size distribution, zeta potential and stability of coated (AuNPSBSA) as well as uncoated AuNPs were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-vis spectroscopy. ",
"Cytotoxicity response was assessed by neutral red uptake (NRU) and MTT \\[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide\\] assays.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nZeta potential values for AuNPs of different sizes were found negative, which was decreased significantly after BSA coating. ",
"Further, the stability of AuNPSBSA in saline solution (1M and 500 mM NaCl) and cell culture media (DMEM-F12), which showed that BSA coated AuNPs were stable in both saline solution and serum containing culture media, as compared to uncoated AuNPs. ",
"Cytotoxicity studies revealed that BSA coated and bare AuNPs were non-toxic up to 50 µM, however, at higher concentration (above 50 µM) bare AuNPs were found to be more toxic as compared to AuNPSBSA. ",
"Further, the cytotoxicity of AuNPs on A549 cells was also found to be size dependent.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nThis study demonstrates the size and BSA coating on AuNPs significantly control the cytotoxicity on lung cancer cells. ",
"BSA coating imparts the biocompatibility thus non toxic nature of these particles even at higher concentration. ",
"However, the relation between cytotoxicity and internalization of AuNPs (bare and BSA coated) in A549 cells remains to be seen.",
"\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThe financial assistance for the Centre for Nanotechnology Research and Applications (CENTRA) by The Gujarat Institute for Chemical Technology (Grant no. ",
"ILS/GICT/2013/003) is acknowledged.",
"\n"
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"Address\n\nPhone\n\nWebsite\n\nHours\n\nFacebook Page\n\nYelp Reviews\n\nMercer Caverns, one of three caves in Calaveras County, is open for guided tours, year round. ",
"See deep underground in this cavern filled with a large array of cave formations like stalactities, stalagmites and flowstones. ",
"This cavern also won the Paris World’s Fair for its display of the rare cavern formation: flos feri.",
"\n\nAn early local newspaper, The Calaveras Weekly Citizen, published this notice in its pages on September 12th, 1885:\n\n“The town of Murphys has been considerably agitated by the discovery of an immense cave near that place. ",
"The cave was discovered by Walter Mercer a couple of weeks ago. ",
"It is situated about a mile from Murphys near the road from that place to Sheep Ranch. ",
"The cave has only been partially explored, but enough has already been discovered to justify us in saying that it will prove a major attraction to tourists and curiosity seekers. ",
"The cave is in a limestone region, as in fact are all of the great caves of the world. ",
"Some of the apartments are of immense dimensions. ",
"It has been explored to the extent of seven or eight hundred feet.”",
"\n\nTim VargasGrape Stomp Time!!",
"\nMurphys taxi service will be open all day Saturday, October 7th! ",
"until 2 AM! ",
"call 209-795-7777 or go to: Murphystaxi.comhave fun and be safe,\nstay friendly in the foothills!",
"\n\n19 hours ago\n\nShyatesa DrakeJoni Drake this would be fun to go do this weekend with the kids?",
"\n\nCalaveras County is a four-season travel destination located in California’s beautiful Gold Country and spectacular High Sierra between Yosemite and Lake Tahoe. ",
"Just 2-1/2 hours from San Francisco and 3-1/2 hours from San Jose, Calaveras is your affordable weekend getaway with award-winning Sierra Foothills wineries and unlimited recreational opportunities. ",
"Check our events calendar to see what’s happening right now! ",
"Exploring the state? ",
"Click on the Visit California logo above to find more fun and adventure."
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"Q:\n\nDLL comparison to confirm If same source code is used\n\nI am comparing to make sure 2 dlls are generated from same source. ",
"As I could not use external tools to compare, I just created IL files using IL disassembler and comparing manually.",
"\n\nFor the below fields in a .IL file , the count is same while\ncomparing.",
"\n // CLR method headers : \n // Num.of method bodies - \n // Num.of fat headers - \n // Num.of tiny headers - \n\n // Managed code : \n // Ave method size - \n\nOrder of class names are not same while count and names are same .",
"\n\nIs it safe to assume for the above scenarios that both DLLs are from same source code?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou can use ILSpy to decompile both DLLs. ",
"Use Save Code... option for both libraries, so you can save it as complete Visual Studio project (csproj). ",
"Then simple WinMerge (with recursion) on both directories will show you all differences in the source code.",
"\nI've recently successfully used this approach to make sure what version of DLL was used on production machines.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere's no way to tell this. ",
"\nNot only are no two compiled DLL's the same because of the MVID and other properties that differ each time you compile: two assemblies containing the same number of methods doesn't tell anything:\n\nThe implementation of the methods can differ (e.g. v1's Foo() method contains return true, while v2's Foo() contains return false)\nDifferent source code can yield the same IL.",
"\n\nIt seems like you have an entirely different problem you want to solve, like educating your team and using continuous integration to share assemblies that are compiled on a build server. ",
" If you can explain why you want to make sure two DLLs were compiled from the same source, perhaps some better answers can be given.",
"\n\n"
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"\"They've done everything. ",
"They've got the institutions. ",
"They've got the universities. ",
"They've got Hollywood. ",
"They've got big tech. ",
"They've got everything. ",
"But they forgot one little thing: They forgot to reproduce. ",
"They forgot to have babies. ",
"And we didn't. ",
"And in 20 years, we're going to inherit those institutions.\"",
"\n\nThe video of his remarks, posted by the Oconee County Observations blog, made the rounds in political circles over the weekend. ",
"Democratic Party of Georgia spokeswoman Maggie Chambers said Frost epitomized how state Republican officials see women.",
"\n\n“Brant Frost said out loud what the Georgia GOP has already made clear with their backwards policy agenda – they only value women for their ability to reproduce,” she said. “",
"Georgia women know their worth and will show up to vote them out.”",
"\n\n>> Related: Republicans push $10M 'mojo' plan to defend Georgia House\n\n>> Related: At GOP rally, Georgia Republicans warn 2018 was a blaring 'wake-up call'\n\nPressed to substantiate his claims, Frost pointed to a story on Fatherly.com and cited \"Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth?\" – ",
"a book on the growth of religious communities in the U.S..\n\nFrost also told The Atlanta Journal-Constitution he meant to refer to statistics in a 2006 ABC story that quoted a political scientist who said the gap between conservative and liberal birth rates is closer to 40 percent.",
"\n\nHe sent over this statement late Sunday:\n\n\"Far too many conservatives today are pessimistic about the future chances of the Republican Party and I want them to know that there are many encouraging signs out there, including family size.",
"\n\nWe celebrate a culture of life and we are seeing its results. ",
"Conservatives are building larger families on average than liberals, and this will have a long-term positive impact for the GOP.\"",
"\n\n\n\nWatch the full video here from Oconee County Observations -- Frost's remarks on fertility rates come around the 1:07 mark:"
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"None (Model must be streaming to see Features)\n\nAbout My Show\n\nI'm not experienced enough to be an expert, but I really like sucking a cock.",
"\n\nWhat Turns Me On\n\nGood flirting. ",
"Dirty minds and erotic fantasies. ",
"Dirty Talk. ",
"I love C2C and see that for me the way we enjoy each other and sperm;) Toys, zoom, role-playing games, outfits, underwear, heels, legs\n\nMy Expertise\n\nStriptease, sucking and fucking. ",
"Love C2C, JOI, Spanking, Ingestion and dirty conversations. ",
"Role-playing game / Ageplay / Outfits & Pussy / Oil / CLOSE-UP / Ingestion"
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"\"Kalifaattinsa\" perustamisesta lähtien Isis on rohkaissut naisia liittymään riveihinsä. ",
"Muista konflikteista poiketen naisten osuus Isiksen vierastaistelijoista onkin ollut suuri: 20–30 prosenttia. ",
"Suojelupoliisin arvion mukaan Suomesta on lähtenyt Syyrian ja Irakin konfliktialueille 80 henkilöä, joista parikymmentä on naisia.",
"\n\nNaisen rooli ei ole ollut pelkästään olla miespuolisen taistelijan tai \"marttyyrin\" vaimo.",
"\n\n– Naisten roolina on ollut tuottaa propagandaa ja rekrytoida muita naisia, sanoo sisäministeriön poliisiosaston kehittämispäällikkö Tarja Mankkinen.",
"\n\nMyös suomalaisten naisten kirjoituksia on julkaistu Isiksen propagandalehdissä.",
"\n\nPropagandan ja rekrytoinnin lisäksi Isis tarvitsi naisia riveihinsä synnyttämään uutta taistelijoiden sukupolvea. ",
"Sisäministeriön arvion mukaan Suomesta Isiksen alueille lähteneet naiset ovat synnyttäneet mahdollisesti toistakymmentä lasta. ",
"Heidän lisäkseen noin 30 lasta on matkustanut alueelle vanhempiensa mukana.",
"\n\n– Lapsia, jouden vanhemmilla on Suomeen joku linkki, kuten kansalaisuus, kaksoiskansalaisuus, tai pysyvä oleskelulupa. ",
"Mutta (Isiksen alueilla) ei ole väestökirjanpitoa, joten syntyneiden määrää ei voi tarkkaan tietää, Mankkinen sanoo.",
"\n\n\"Jos halutaan, että lapset paranevat traumoistaan on tärkeää, että he saavat tarvitsemaansa tukea. ",
"Ja että heitä ei leimata uhiksi\". ",
"Sisäministeriön poliisiosaston kehittämispäällikkö Tarja Mankkinen.",
"\n\nTaistelualueille lähteneistä on Suojelupoliisin arvion mukaan palannut noin 20. ",
"Suojelupoliisi myös ennakoi osan lähteneistä naisista palaavan lapsineen Suomeen.",
"\n\nSe synnyttää uuden turvallisuuspulman, sillä radikalisoituneiden vanhempien voidaan odottaa kasvattavan lapsiaan radikaali-islamistisen ideologian mukaisesti. ",
"Kansainvälisesti on tiedossa, että hyvin pieniä lapsia on kasvatettu kannattamaan terroristijärjestön ideologiaa, koulutettu aseellisesti, jopa pistetty toimeenpanemaan fyysisiä rangaistuksia.",
"\n\nMitä vakavasti traumatisoituneiden tai mahdollisesti raakuuksiin usutettujen lasten kanssa tulisi tehdä? ",
"Toistaiseksi hyväksi havaittua, valmista mallia ei ole. ",
"Taistelualueilta palaavista lapsista vasta kerätään tietoa (siirryt toiseen palveluun).",
"\n\nSisäministeriön Mankkisen mukaan ongelma on kaksipiippuinen. ",
"Toisaalta ongelma on ehdottomasti tiedostettava, toisaalta lapsien leimaaminen ei todetusti auta radikalisoitumisen ennaltaehkäisyssä.",
"\n\n– Jos halutaan, että lapset paranevat traumoistaan, on tärkeää, että he saavat tarvitsemaansa tukea. ",
"Ja että heitä ei leimata uhiksi.",
"\n\nEsimerkiksi lapsen huostaanotto radikalisoituneilta vanhemmilta ei välttämättä ole mikään ratkaisu, vaikka se onkin yksi harkittavissa oleva toimenpide muiden joukossa.",
"\n\n– Lapsi on huostaanotettunakin tavallisesti lojaali vanhemmilleen. ",
"Lasten deradikalisoimisessa tarvitaan ammattilaisia.",
"\n\nMiksi näiden lasten äidit ovat ylipäänsä liittyneet väkivaltaiseen ääriliikkeeseen?",
"\n\n– Osa naisista on ollut nuoria, naiiveja ja manipuloitavissa. ",
"He ovat lähteneet taistelijoiden vaimoiksi, eivätkä ehkä ole miettineet loppuun asti, mitä ovat tekemässä, Mankkinen kuvailee.",
"\n\nIdeologian merkitys on ollut kuitenkin merkittävä myös naisten kohdalla. ",
"Mankkisen mukaan siihen on liittynyt esimerkiksi kokemus siitä, että ei saa elää länsimaissa haluamallaan tavalla.",
"\n\n– Tutkimusten mukaan esimerkiksi pukeutumiseen liittyvä kritiikki ja kiellot ovat vaikuttaneet nuoriin naisiin. ",
"Monet nuoret ovat kokeneet, että länsimaissa ei ole tilaa uskonnollisuudelle.",
"\n\nSuomen ääriliikehdintä edelleen pääosin äärioikeistolaista\n\nKuvaus Suomesta Isiksen kalifaattiin matkustaneiden naisten ja lapsien tilanteesta oli osa sisäministeriön katsausta Suomen väkivaltaiseen ääriliikehdintään. ",
"Muilta osin raportti ei tuota kummoisia yllätyksiä.",
"\n\nRikosepäilyjen lukumäärällä mitattuna suurin osa väkivaltaisesta ääriliikehdinnästä on luonteeltaan äärioikeistolaista, kuten edeltävinäkin vuosina.",
"\n\nTilannekatsauksen mukaan \"poliisin rikosilmoitusjärjestelmästä tunnistettiin hieman alle 100 rikosnimikettä, joiden epäiltiin liittyvän väkivaltaiseen ekstremismiin\". ",
"Rikosepäilyistä yli puolet oli luonteeltaan äärioikeistolaista, noin kolmasosa uskonnolla perusteltua ja loput äärivasemmistolaista radikaaliliikehdintää.",
"\n\nUskonnolla perustellussa väkivallassa korostuivat Turun joukkopuukotus, sekä muslimimiesten kristityiksi kääntyneisiin muslimeihin kohdistamat pahoinpitelyrikokset ja laittomat uhkaukset."
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[
"Tips For Sweet and Juicy Fruits in 2018\n\nWe all love our organic fruits. ",
"Most gardeners understand that how the fruit is grown has a direct effect on its taste. ",
"It also has an effect on the nutrient values of the fruit. ",
"Compare the taste and health of a plant that is grown on a commercial farm with a plant that is grown in a home garden, and you can see, feel, and taste the difference.",
"\n\nBelow we are going to give you some tips that we have gathered from experienced gardeners on how to get your highest yield and the sweetest and juiciest fruit from your plants.",
"\n\nKeep them healthy\n\nFruit plants are prone to viruses. ",
"The only way to ensure that your fruit plants will not have viruses is to use a virus-free and high-quality seed. ",
"My Seed Needs is an industry leader and provides the highest quality seed for any size garden. ",
"You can find them here: https://www.myseedneeds.com/collections/flowers\n\nPrepare your soil correctly\n\nThe more fertile the soil, the better the crop. ",
"Make sure the soil is tilled properly and that none of the plants that were planted there before remain. ",
"Test the soil to see if the PH balance is correct. ",
"If it is not, add nutrients to the soil before you plant.",
"\n\nDrainage\n\nFruit plants need plenty of water. ",
"The roots must have water to properly grown. ",
"However, do not over water them. ",
"You should minimize the amount of water on the leaves and be sure you have adequate drainage.",
"\n\nWhere you plant matters\n\nFruit plants require a lot of sunlight. ",
"But, do your homework. ",
"Before deciding what to plant, determine how much direct sunlight the plant will get. ",
"Most fruit trees require 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day and good air circulation.",
"\n\nUse organic compost\n\nThe best fertilizer is compost that consists of organic peelings and things from your kitchen. ",
"Compost also assists with the drainage of the plants.",
"\n\nFind out if you need cross-pollination.",
"\n\nApples and pears are good examples of trees that need cross-pollination. ",
"They need another blooming tree of a different species planted next to them to get the best fruit. ",
"Citrus fruits do not usually need cross-pollination. ",
"You seed vendor can help you with the selection.",
"\n\nWhat are the easiest fruits to plant\n\nIf you are new to gardening, you may feel a bit nervous about which fruits are easiest to grow. ",
"Here are a few examples of fruits that even a novice gardener will be able to raise.",
"\n\nTomatoes\n\nStrawberries\n\nBlueberries\n\nFigs\n\nBlackberries\n\nRaspberries\n\nCurrents\n\nThese fruits are considered soft-fruits and they are easier to grow in small places that fruits that grow on trees. ",
"They grow full and quickly in a smaller area. ",
"Of course, if you have room for a few apple trees, they too are easy to grow, and there are many varieties.",
"\n\nIt is okay to learn as you grow. ",
"These plants are hearty, and not easily destroyed. ",
"You can trust them to grow even if you were not 100% in the know when you planted them. ",
"You will get better with time. ",
"For a beginner, this list is almost fail-proof. ",
"So get started on your garden today. ",
"The sooner you get the seeds in the ground, the better."
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"In The Land of SolsticeCairn Rodrigues\n\nI am a former professional chef who found that keyboards offer fewer cuts and burns, so turned to writing. ",
"A lifelong nerd, I have affection for marzipan and a potentially unhealthy Twitter addiction. ",
"I reside near my hometown of Sacramento, California in a poorly decorated house.",
"\nThe land of Solstice is a world created for my fantasy book series and I want everyone to visit. ",
"Here you can find a few creations from my imagination, just for fun."
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[
"Main menu\n\nMonthly Archives: August 2008\n\nWhy do we value an original piece of art over an imitation? ",
"These days, with improvements in reproduction techniques and technology, the reproduction may be as good as (or even better than) the original. ",
"I know, I own a fine art printing studio, and it is true that not only can the reproduction look every bit as good as the original but it may also be more archival. ",
"I have had nationally renowned artists in my studio comparing the reproduction to their original and worrying that no one will be able to tell the difference. ",
"Now, this is not always true and there are definitely ways in which an original painting technique might not reproduce well but it is possible to do so in many cases. ",
"And most of us would not place as much value on that reproduction as on the original. ",
"Why?",
"\n\nSome believe the value of an art piece comes only from the visual experience we have of it, how it makes us feel upon seeing it, etc. ",
"In that case, a “near-perfect” reproduction would be of comparable value because it would give us that same experience. ",
"Or consider a painting that is a forgery but is good enough to fool even the experts – the actual visual experience of the forgery is the same as if it were authentic. ",
"Once we discover it is a forgery, the painting itself has not changed – only our knowledge of it and it’s relationship to the world has changed.",
"\n\nSo it must be true that the value of a work of art is more than just how it looks and what our visual experience of it is. ",
"It is partly that, but also its value is based on our knowledge of its relationship to the world. ",
"We value it because it is the original, it was created by a specific artist at a specific time, perhaps in response to a particular artistic tradition, etc. ",
"It isn’t simply a parasitic forgery of someone else’s work. ",
"It isn’t a mechanically produced copy of the original. ",
"There is a context in which we see the work which goes above and beyond simply what it looks like.",
"\n\nWhen I look at a work of art about which I know absolutely nothing, I am basically left only with my own visual experience of it. ",
"The more I know about the work the greater the potential for me to place a higher value on it.",
"\n\n“In mathematics the complicated things are reduced to simple things. ",
"So it is in painting.”",
"\n\n– Thomas Eakins\n\nI found this quote as I was contemplating simplicity and immediately thought of our friend, Miki. ",
"She is that rare union of mathematical and artistic passion in the same person. ",
"So this post is dedicated to her…\n\nAs I work on these abstract monoprints, I am constantly trying to decide what needs to be included and when I’m done. ",
"There is a lot of ability to layer and to remove with this technique, so I can keep going on a piece – often until I’ve made it way too complicated. ",
"My favorite pieces are those that have some strong patterns or shapes floating in an interesting field of color and texture. ",
"I often reach a stage where I like what I’ve done, but something seems to be missing. ",
"This may that “crisis” point in a painting that Danu has talked about, the point of departure for many pieces, where they either head in the direction of “success” or the direction of permanent storage, or worse.",
"\n\nSimple doesn’t necessarily mean fewer elements in the painting. ",
"I think that each piece has a natural order that it can handle – some pieces may have more going on in them, but for each there is some point at which it is not longer “simple”, where the fundamental nature of the piece has been exceeded in some way. ",
"I know intuitively when that has happened, usually fairly soon after I’ve reached that stage (it’s a disappointing realization!). ",
"I don’t think this is a rational process, but one more of feeling, based on the inner motivations, inspirations, intentions and reactions the artist has toward the piece.",
"\n\nIn mathematics, reduction of complexity to a simple and elegant proof is described as “beautiful”. ",
"So it is in painting…\n\nWhat is inspiration?",
"\nHow do we find it?",
"\nHow does it differ from impulse?",
"\nIs it necessary to be inspired to make good art?",
"\nIs it something that we can create or do we have to wait for it?",
"\n\nArtists want to feel inspired. ",
"We don’t always feel we are. ",
"Maybe most of the time we feel we aren’t. ",
"We look for the telltale signs – we’re excited about something, we feel the need to create, our attention is focused, there is a “quickening of all man’s faculties” (Puccini).",
"\n\nMany of the great artists I’ve read about second the sentiment Matisse expresses above – you have to keep going, keep working, even when you do not feel inspired. ",
"Somehow that process invites inspiration, or at least allows it to occur. ",
"I find that the more I expose myself to art, whether by doing it or seeing it, the more the opportunity for inspiration occurs. ",
"Sometimes I feel overwhelmed, humbled or intimidated by the excellence of others, but eventually those contracted emotions subside and I can step into the creative stream whose shore I’ve been standing on.",
"\n\nInspiration can be initiated from something outside of us, or from inside. ",
"My favorite work has been done when I felt inspired – I can’t think of much I like that was done when I was in the inspirational doldrums. ",
"Sometimes what I create when inspired doesn’t satisfy me either. ",
"I usually don’t doubt the inspiration but rather my ability to process it properly. ",
"This is a frustrating feeling, as it feels like an opportunity lost.",
"\n\nSometimes in retrospect I realize I wasn’t really inspired but rather was acting on impulse. ",
"Some new idea intrigued me and I went with it, but these impulses usually die out quickly. ",
"It’s clear that it wasn’t true inspiration, it didn’t have “legs” and my poor results weren’t due to lack of technique or execution.",
"\n\nI think true inspiration is a particularly individual event. ",
"It’s one which is a result of our efforts and some good luck and, when it occurs, is a current that we should ride for as long as we can. ",
"It’s one of the ways in which we can truly feel alive. ",
"The chance to feel inspired may be one of the main reasons we seek to create art.",
"\n\nI’ve begun reading a new book, “Color Codes” by Charles A. Riley II. ",
"The subtitle is “Modern Theories of Color in Philosophy, Painting and Architecture, Literature, Music, and Psychology” – whew! ",
"Quite a range of topics to cover. ",
"So I’m sure this will generate a few postings in the near future…\n\nOne thing that has struck me already is the importance color has had in intellectual thought over time. ",
"For example, it turns out that many important philosophers spent a lot of time investigating color. ",
"I believe this is due to the fact that color is such a common phenomenon (everyone knows what red is … or do they?) ",
"so it provides a rich opportunity to explore a wide range of issues related to how we experience and understand the world around us.",
"\n\nMany books have been written on the subject of color – there was Kant’s Critique of Aesthetic Judgement (1790), Goethe’s Theory of Colors (1801-1810), Hegel’s Aesthetics, Schopenhauer’s Theoria colorum physiologica, and Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Color (1950). ",
"That’s a lot of brain power aimed at understanding color (and other items related to aesthetics). ",
"In particular, I am impressed that Wittgenstein spent his last days working on the issue of color – he gave it that much priority.",
"\n\nJust to start the ball rolling, here is an interesting question to contemplate – one which as artists we face on a daily basis. ",
"Wittgenstein talks about the difficulty of matching or comparing colors since they are so dependent on their surroundings. ",
"He asks you to consider a painting cut up into small pieces, so small that each one is essentially a single color. ",
"Like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle it is only when they are put together that they become the sky, or the vase or the figure. ",
"So, he asks, do the individual pieces show us the real colors of the parts of the picture? ",
"They do make up, by definition, the color elements in the painting, but we only see the real colors in the context of the entire painting.",
"\n\nAt a practical level, as painters we all understand that colors take on different qualities in the context of other colors. ",
"We use that knowledge intentionally as we paint. ",
"But it certainly makes the effective management of color more complex. ",
"Take the number of colors we might create and then multiply exponentially to account for the subtle differences created by surrounding colors – it’s a dizzying palette!",
"\n\nI have a feeling that color is a somewhat slippery thing. ",
"Maybe that’s why we artists are so fascinated by it!",
"\n\n“I like the idea of blank spaces and that they get filled. ",
"I also like blank spaces that are allowed to be. ",
"Some kind of creative tension arises from the nothingness.”",
"\n\n– Sandra Geller\n\nIn my figurative work I like to use black empty space as a counterpoint for the human form. ",
"Some have remarked that they don’t care for the large negative spaces, but I like the way these figures seem to emerge, chiseled from the dark. ",
"If the figure is in repose, as in this case, a feeling of stillness results for me. ",
"If the figure is in movement, the contrast of the light and color against the black exaggerates the dynamics of the motion. ",
"These are the two extremes my photographic work attempts to convey – stillness or dynamic motion. ",
"The in-between is of less interest to me. ",
"Black is the perfect partner for each.",
"\n\n“All paintings are abstract. ",
"Some abstract paintings also have pictorial representation or narrative content, but in essence they are first and foremost abstract because we have only paint.”",
"\n\n– Robert Bissett\n\nI think we do sometimes lose sight of all the ways in which art does not really reflect reality. ",
"Sometimes a work of art seems so realistic, you want to reach our and touch it. ",
"But in reality, it isn’t realistic – by it’s very nature it is at least one step removed, almost always several steps removed, from reality.",
"\n\nBeing an artist requires us to make decisions about how our work will differ from the world around us. ",
"First, we choose what piece of reality we’re going to represent. ",
"We decide what to include, what to leave out, what colors, shapes and textures to use, etc. ",
"This “editing” process is the first and perhaps the most important step we take to define the individual piece we’re creating.",
"\n\nAs a photographer I’ve always been amused by people who believe photography literally captures and recreates the world around us. ",
"As soon as you point the camera at something, you’ve made a choice as to what to include and exclude. ",
"There are all sorts of further ways in which “reality” is altered when taking a photograph – exposure and aperture settings, what kind of film you’re using (does anyone use film anymore?) ",
"each of which makes the scene look very different, what time of day you take the shot, etc. ",
"And when making a print of the photograph, there are artistic decisions about what paper to use, how large to print it, and many changes you can make to the image in the printing process that further affect the final piece of art. ",
"Think of black and white photography – is the world black and white? ",
"Yet, we routinely accept these photographs as representing reality.",
"\n\nWe create our art, at least in painting and photography, in two dimensions only, unlike the 3 dimensional world around us. ",
"The pigments we use, no matter how good they are, cannot recreate every color that exists in the world. ",
"Our perceptual system can distinguish tonalities, hues and qualities of light that simply cannot be reproduced using any art form.",
"\n\nSo by definition, all art is abstract. ",
"The content of the work may be representational or not, but the act of making art is, in essence, an act of abstraction. ",
"Maybe this is why it is so seductive a practice. ",
"We are recreating the world in a new way – can you imagine a more empowering act?",
"\n\nI’ll admit it, I’m the impatient type. ",
"I am always trying to figure out how to get more done in less time and have a really hard time “doing nothing”. ",
"Vacations are a problem…\n\nWhen I create art, even if I am learning something new and should have little expectation of competence, I am disappointed if I end up with work that gets tossed. ",
"I feel like I’m wasting my precious time.",
"\n\nBut this “wasted time” is the breeding ground of creativity. ",
"All that effort, even if it seems to produce nothing, is providing fuel for the engine of the mind and soul. ",
"This engine is always churning away and periodically produces something creative. ",
"But without the fuel of our efforts all along the way, there would be no creative product.",
"\n\nEinstein is, of course, being facetious – the time isn’t being wasted. ",
"If we could just remind ourselves of this at the end of an artistic effort that has not met our expectations. ",
"Or if we could just alter those expectations…"
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[
"Previous Next\n\nRam had never set foot in Pazim’s, though he knew men who practically lived there. ",
"It didn’t surprise him that they had a secret back door; a brothel would have no shortage of customers who’d like to leave discreetly. ",
"Just like the Red Flute.",
"\n\nThey came out in a damp cellar that stank of mold. ",
"It was dark, but Darun led them confidently up a creaky flight of stairs to a curtained doorway. ",
"The common room on the other side was likewise a large step down in quality from the one they’d left, but a good deal busier; blackbands could do some business on white day, but the sailors this place catered to were stuck idle until the following morning. ",
"None of the twenty-odd men and women crowded into the little room showed the slightest surprise at their appearance; the barkeeper nodded pleasantly at Darun. ",
"Thankfully, she’d changed out of the saffron nightie into something only mildly conspicuous—a sheer, low-cut, dark green gown with gold tasseled trim.",
"\n\n“Do you own anything that doesn’t make you look like you work here?” ",
"he muttered, as every head in the room turned to watch her pass. ",
"Not that he minded exactly, but she was awfully memorable, and there was a chance some of these men would remember him too.",
"\n\n“Oh, please,” she scoffed, not looking at all offended or troubling to keep her voice down. “",
"You think I’d ever dress in the rags those girls are wearing? ",
"They’re all bonded. ",
"This dress cost me three gold. ",
"These bums couldn’t afford me.”",
"\n\n“Right.” ",
"He just knew nobody back home would wear anything like he’d ever seen on her. ",
"Even here, respectable women went for something a bit more loose, drab, and concealing. ",
"Not to mention a veil.",
"\n\n“It’s never been my job to not get looked at, Ram,” she said, pausing at the door that led onto the street. “",
"I always did the sales. ",
"Important men don’t want to do business with frumpy old maids.“",
"\n\n“Hold it,” he said, grabbing her by the arm before she could open the door. “",
"Don’t go out there.”",
"\n\n“Why not?”",
"\n\n“I don’t know, but … ngh.” ",
"He clapped a hand to his forehead, shut his eyes to concentrate. “",
"It feels wrong. ",
"There’s—I think there are flamekeepers out there. ",
"Two of them.”",
"\n\n“Okay,” she said. “",
"Let’s see them, then.” ",
"She peeled his hand off and shoved him five paces back into the shadows, then opened the door and poked her head out. ",
"She made a show of looking back and forth, then shouted “Anybody knock?” ",
"She got no reply, and slammed the door with a theatrical scowl.",
"\n\n“I’ll be damned,” she said. “",
"You’re right—or almost right, anyway. ",
"A flamekeeper and a handmaiden, just hanging out on the corner. ",
"The perfect spot to catch anyone headed for the docks.”",
"\n\n“A handmaiden?” ",
"Lookout duty was flamekeepers’ work, or militia’s; the Lugal had no authority over handmaidens. ",
"Was she there to burn Ram if he showed up? ",
"Possibly. ",
"But if the haranuu inside swords didn’t want to hurt him, would handmaidens’? ",
"Probably not. ",
"But then, would his sword—Kamenrag’s—want to hurt them either? ",
"They were brother spirits, after all, from the same pyre. ",
"In fact, that could explain some things; he thought he might have some idea what had happened at the bloom …\n\n“Ram?” ",
"Darun was studying his face. “",
"You want to maybe clue us in on what’s going on here?”",
"\n\n“Not here and now, no. ",
"Does this place have a back door, besides the way we came in?”",
"\n\n“Did you really just ask me that question, Rammash?”",
"\n\nThey were en route to South Gate two minutes later. ",
"Between Darun’s flouncing in that dress, Bal stomping around with his dead-eyed stare and two heavy packs, and Ram carrying a suspiciously oblong object under his arm, they had to be the most conspicuous group on the streets. ",
"Fortunately, there wasn’t much competition for that title at present, and they were all familiar with the less popular routes.",
"\n\nSouth Gate was likewise subdued; Darun led them into a series of out-of-the-way shops, where she cajoled, threatened, or begged a succession of “loans” and “favors” out of their (mainly male) owners. ",
"Darun did most of the negotiations alone, in secluded back rooms where Ram couldn’t overhear, but somehow they left South Gate three hours later with three silver tanbirs and a third pack stuffed full of food and supplies.",
"\n\nAn hour after that, they were ensconced in a room significantly better than the one he’d spent his first night in, but still far below the Red Flute’s standards. ",
"It was only the one room for the three of them, with faded paint on the walls, but decent-sized and fully furnished, with a proper locking wood door … and one narrow bed against the wall.",
"\n\nHe was given no time to wonder who would get it. ",
"They had no sooner set foot inside and closed the door than Darun said, “All right, Ram. ",
"We’re alone. ",
"I’ve been good, we’re set up to go to your hearth in the morning if we need to. ",
"Here’s the part where you tell me why.” ",
"She sat down on the bed, crossed her legs, clasped her hands on her knee, and looked up at him with a smile.",
"\n\nRam took a chair, and thought. ",
"One the one hand, he’d known since the day he met her that Darun was a liar and a thief. ",
"On the other, she hadn’t hurt him yet, he couldn’t think of a false explanation she’d find more credible than the real one, and she had to know that she was as disposable as Ram; turning him in would only turn her into another loose end to be tied up, one way or another.",
"\n\nSo he said, slowly. “",
"I think I’m indwelt.”",
"\n\n“Mm-hmm. ",
"And how’d that happen?”",
"\n\nIt took him half an hour to explain it all, counting all the questions, repetitions, and clarifications. ",
"She never expressed the slightest bit of surprise, disbelief—or sympathy. ",
"He got the impression she was only trying to get his story straight, without bothering for the moment over whether it was true or false. ",
"When they finally finished, she sighed, and flopped back on the bed.",
"\n\n“Well,” she said, staring up at the ceiling, “I don’t think you’re clever enough to make all that up, and I’m sure you’re a lousy actor anyway. ",
"Guess you’re telling the truth. ",
"Or think you are.”",
"\n\n“Thank you so much.”",
"\n\n“But you’ve got some big holes there. ",
"Who cares if you’re indwelt, anyway? ",
"Why would they bother? ",
"Indwelt boys are useless.”",
"\n\n“Yeah.” ",
"Every bloom, three separate acolytes independently inspected every single handmaiden candidate, to keep deranged or desperate mothers from trying to sneak or bribe boys in. ",
"There were persistent stories of male infants being castrated in an attempt to pass them off. ",
"But everyone knew that boys couldn’t be handmaidens.",
"\n\nOr could they? ",
"He concentrated on a spot two feet above Darun on the bed, willing it to light up and scare her. ",
"Nothing happened. “",
"Something’s changed since the bloom, though, I know that. ",
"Here, Bal.” ",
"He unwrapped Kamenrag’s sword, and held it out to him hilt-first. “",
"Try and hit me with this.”",
"\n\nThe giant reached out cautiously, tapped the handle with one finger. “",
"It’s fine,” he said confidently, knowing it was true. “",
"If you have my permission, it won’t hurt you.”",
"\n\nBal grunted, grasped the sword by sheath and hilt, and drew and cut with one motion. ",
"The blow should have cut Ram in half, but the sword abruptly jerked in mid-swing, knocking a chip out of the table instead. “",
"See?”",
"\n\n“I still don’t get why you’re even carrying that thing around. ",
"Anything else?”",
"\n\n“You saw me sense the flamekeepers outside Pazim’s. ",
"And, uh—“ he shut his eyes tight, spun in circles for a few seconds, and pointed, “I’m pretty sure the pyre-light’s that way.”",
"\n\n“Yeah, that’s not really that hard to find. ",
"It’s like a mile tall, you know.”",
"\n\n“But I’m pointing the right way, aren’t I?” ",
"he said, opening his eyes to check. ",
"He was. ",
"It shone brightly through the window.",
"\n\n“Sure, it’s a neat trick,” she said. “",
"But who cares? ",
"I don’t think the Lugal wants to kill you because you can’t be stabbed with special swords. ",
"There are plenty of the normal kind around, and I bet they still work. ",
"If you want, we can get Bal to check.”",
"\n\nLooking mildly interested, Bal reached down for one of the packs. “",
"No, I’m good,” Ram said. ",
"Bal shrugged, then stood back up. ",
"There was another chair available for him, but he’d paid it no notice.",
"\n\n“Then is there anything else you can do? ",
"Because it looks like you really are just a waste of a haranu. ",
"A handmaiden would be way more useful. ",
"I’d rather have a dulsphere, even.”",
"\n\nRam thought it over. “",
"The white sun doesn’t really bother me anymore?” ",
"he tried.",
"\n\n“And? ",
"Same for handmaidens, I think. ",
"Didn’t your buddy in the Temple tell you anything about what you were supposed to do with this?”",
"\n\n“Go somewhere far away; he didn’t tell me any more than that. ",
"I think that was in case I blabbed. ",
"But he meant for you to help me, until Ushna—“\n\n“Screwed you over, yeah. ",
"And us too. ",
"Between us losing countenance here, and the stink over Lashantu, we’ve pretty much thrown fifty blooms of Damadzu reputation right in the seep. ",
"Can’t do business anywhere.”",
"\n\n“Sorry.”",
"\n\n“Eh, whatever. ",
"I guess we’ll have to go find the brat after all, and see what she can do with all this.”",
"\n\n“The who?”",
"\n\n“Imbri. ",
"She’s a brat. ",
"But she understands this stuff way better than I do. ",
"She might know what you’re good for.”",
"\n\n“What, did you guys have a fight? ",
"Where is she, anyway?”",
"\n\n“It’s not really a fight. ",
"We’re just trying different strategies, is all. ",
"I was here to try and get our countenance back, with Bal for muscle if I needed it. ",
"She and Shazru are off at Pilupura trying to see if they can find us another market, last I heard. ",
"Probably they’re not having any luck, either.”",
"\n\n“And why would she know what to do with me?”",
"\n\n“She was always our expert on all that creepy magic crap. ",
"She can speak bazu. ",
"Comes with being half moonchild, you know?”",
"\n\nRam couldn’t see why a moonchild would know anything about pyre magic, but it was a better lead than anything else they had. “",
"Fine, we’ll all go see her, as long as we get my family first. ",
"Do you know anywhere we can hide them?”",
"\n\n“I think so. ",
"They’re artisans, right? ",
"They’ll probably have to do some work, but I know somebody.”",
"\n\n“Good.” ",
"Hopefully Father had learned how to do something useful one-handed; Ram wasn’t going to bring that up until they were all safely out of this pyre.",
"\n\nDarun didn’t say anything else, so he wandered over to the window. ",
"They were on the east end of the pyre, not far from the trough hall. ",
"Not a fashionable district, but far from a slum. ",
"About midway between the two gates; they probably wouldn’t think to look for him here in the next few hours. ",
"He couldn’t sense indwelt spirits at more than two hundred feet or so; hopefully the same was true of others. ",
"Possibly if anyone did spot him, they’d think he was only a dulsphere. ",
"There were a lot of dulspheres out there, and they couldn’t account for all of them. ",
"He was probably safe for the moment.",
"\n\nPossibly. ",
"Probably. ",
"Hopefully.",
"\n\nAfter a few minutes, Darun went to get them something to eat, and Bal sat down on the floor—still ignoring the chair—pulled several knives out of his pack, and set to work sharpening them. ",
"Ram couldn’t leave, or do anything else but sit there and listen to the shink, shink, over and over.",
"\n\nHe waited for what felt like hours, but Darun didn’t return; if she hadn’t left Bal behind, Ram would have worried that she’d run off on him. ",
"Eventually Bal ran out of blades to sharpen, lay down, and went to sleep on the floor. ",
"Seeing nothing better to do, Ram threw himself down on the bed to get rest while it was still available. ",
"But he couldn’t sleep; he kept listening for urgent footsteps on the stairs, or conspiratorial whispers of men lined up in the hall with knives, planning to bust down the door and rush them.",
"\n\nHe tried keeping the sword close to hand, but if anything that made him more anxious; if it came within two feet of his body, it would suggest all kinds of violent and unhelpful solutions to his current predicament, starting with killing the innkeepers to keep them from talking. ",
"At one point he caught himself arguing out loud with it, and threw it onto the floor before even Bal started thinking he was crazy. ",
"Unfortunately, he couldn’t think of anything more constructive for himself. ",
"He was at Darun’s mercy, or the God’s.",
"\n\nThe white sun had finally set, and the pyre-light outside was definitely dimming, when the door banged open. ",
"He lunged for the sword on the floor, but it was only Darun, carrying a heaping tray full of hot rice and roast lamb with vegetables. ",
"Probably the best meal this place offered. ",
"The sword advised killing her anyway, for scaring him; he set it down again quickly.",
"\n\n“Sorry I’m late,” Darun announced, kicking the door shut behind her and slapping the tray down on the table, “but I was on a roll. ",
"There’s a sweet spot, you know that? ",
"And we’re in it. ",
"Poor places, you got your professional cheats and hustlers, can’t get a trick past them. ",
"But the swank joints are full of the fancy-pants full-time gamblers, and they’ve got sharp eyes too. ",
"Right here? ",
"Full of people with money to spare, but not smart enough to keep it. ",
"I got eight silver. ",
"Eight silver for free!”",
"\n\n“Wait. ",
"You’ve been cheating at tiles this whole time? ",
"We’re supposed to be keeping a low profile here!”",
"\n\nDarun laughed. “",
"You think they were watching my hands? ",
"All I had to do was lean over the table a little, and I could have just taken the tanbirs out of their pockets without them noticing. ",
"Idiots. ",
"I only had to stop when I ran out of suckers to shear. ",
"I already ate, so help yourselves, okay?” ",
"She frowned at him, as if just noticing where he was. “",
"And get out of my bed, eating or not. ",
"I’m paying for this room.”",
"\n\n“If you’ve got eight silver, you could get a second room.“",
"\n\n“Could, but won’t. ",
"And I wasn’t planning to share, either. ",
"We’re not that close, you’re not that handsome, and the beer’s not that good here. ",
"Out. ",
"Now.”",
"\n\n“If you can make money this easily,” he grumbled as he hoisted himself off, “why do you need my help at all? ",
"Why are you even a blackband?”",
"\n\n“Word gets around quick, Ram. ",
"You can’t keep cleaning out the same places. ",
"I wouldn’t even do it here, but we’ll be leaving in the morning. ",
"Now stop whining and eat your free dinner, you ungrateful bum.”",
"\n\nPrevious Next"
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[
"In a tweet issued Sunday, liberal author CJ Werleman called for a military coup to keep Donald Trump out of the White House, the Federalist Papers Project reported.",
"\n\n“What’s the point of spending all this money on the military if the f**kers can’t organize a coup on January 20?” ",
"he asked his 37,000 Twitter followers.",
"\n\nWhat's the point of spending all this money on the military if the fuckers can't organize a coup on January 20? — ",
"CJ Werleman (@cjwerleman) November 20, 2016\n\nIt seems Werleman has issues with pretty much anyone to the right of Josef Stalin, judging from his tweets:\n\nIf you look out your front door and can see the ocean, you're probably a liberal. ",
"If you can see cows, you're probably a racist. — ",
"CJ Werleman (@cjwerleman) November 20, 2016\n\nThe Federalist Papers called him a “proven plagiarist” and added:\n\nWerleman is a columnist for MiddleEastEye, a news outlet that covers that part of the world. ",
"It’s headquartered in the U.K. and was launched by a senior executive with Qatar’s Al Jazeera network. ",
"Their staff has links to organizations sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood, the UAE National reports.",
"\n\nWerleman used to be a columnist for Alternet, another leftist site, but after multiple allegations of plagiarism, they have removed every single article he wrote for them.",
"\n\n“AlterNet has discovered, along with other publications, that we have published articles by CJ Werleman that include unattributed content from other journalists’ work and from other sources,” the site said. “",
"We regret that this has happened. ",
"We have removed Werleman’s articles from our archives.”",
"\n\nA post at RightWingNews noted:\n\nHis opinion pieces such as “Atheism’s white male problem: A movement needs a moral cause beyond glamorizing disbelief” have been published by the likes of Salon.com. ",
"I mean, who isn’t clamoring to feature a man who wrote a book by the title of God Hates You, Hate Him Back: Making Sense Of The Bible.",
"\n\nNow he wants the military to overthrow the government and keep Trump out of the White House.",
"\n\nNice guy…\n\nTrending: List of 269 Companies Supporting ANTIFA, Black Lives Matter\n\nIn February 2011, I first said that liberalism, at its core, is an ideology of rage and hate. ",
"Sadly, liberals like Werleman prove that assertion correct on just about any given day.",
"\n\nH/T Weasel Zippers\n\nRelated:\n\nIf you haven’t checked out and liked our Facebook page, please go here and do so.",
"\n\nAnd if you’re as concerned about Facebook censorship as we are, go here and order this new book:"
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"A Russian aircraft carrier who reportedly destroyed over 1,000 targets in Syria is set to head to Britain.",
"\n\nThe Russian armed forces’ chief of staff, Valery Gerasimov, said the country’s only aircraft carrier, the Admiral Kuznetsov, would be the first to return to Severomorsk on Russia's Arctic coast, near the border with Finland.",
"\n\nDonald Trump brands Russian hacking claims 'ridiculous'\n\nBut in doing so it will retrace its trip to the Syrian port of Tartous when it crossed in British waters back in October – escorted by the Royal Navy’s Type 45 destroyers HMS Duncan and Type 23 frigate HMS Richmond as it sailed down through the North Sea and crossed the English Channel.",
"\n\nThe 55,000-tonne vessel facilitated 420 sorties in two months of operation in Syria as Russian air strikes repeatedly bombarded rebel groups and Isis in Syria as Russian President Vladimir Putin propped up Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.",
"\n\nThe Russian intervention in September 2015 is believed to have turned the tide of the war as Assad looked close to being toppled — despite Nato dismissing it as “posturing” at the time.",
"\n\nGen Gerasimov said: “The successes of the Syrian armed forces in the liberation of Aleppo have created the necessary conditions for the peaceful settlement of the conflict. ",
"I'm confident that it will lay the basis for the political settlement of the conflict.”",
"\n\nAir strikes from the Admiral Kuznetsov on rebel targets marked the first time the carrier had been used in combat despite having been commissioned by the Soviet Union during the 1980s.",
"\n\nIt lost two aircraft after an Su-33 and MiG-29 fighter jet crashed landed due to problems with the carrier’s landing systems.",
"\n\nAleppo before the Syrian Civil War Show all 12 1 /12 Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War A man crosses a street in Aleppo, December 12, 2009 Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War A vendor sits inside an antique shop in al-Jdeideh neighbourhood, in the Old City of Aleppo, December 12, 2009 Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War A view shows part of Aleppo's historic citadel, overlooking Aleppo city, Syria Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War A view shows part of Aleppo's historic citadel, Syria Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Visitors walk inside Aleppo's Umayyad mosque, Syria Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War People walk inside the Khan al-Shounah market, in the Old City of Aleppo, Syria Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War A man walks past shops in al-Jdeideh neighbourhood, in the Old City of Aleppo, Syria Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War People walk along an alley in al-Jdeideh neighbourhood, in the Old City of Aleppo, Syria Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Visitors tour Aleppo's historic citadel, Syria December 11, 2009 Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War A general view shows the Old City of Aleppo as seen from Aleppo's historic citadel, Syria December 11, 2009 Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War People walk near Aleppo's Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower, Syria October 6, 2010 Reuters Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War Aleppo before the Syrian Civil War A man stands inside Aleppo's historic citadel, overlooking Aleppo city, Syria December 11, 2009 Reuters\n\nThe current ceasefire brokered by Russia and Turkey, which backs the Syrian opposition groups, has largely been upheld despite accusations of violations on both sides.",
"\n\nPeace negotiations are due to be held in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan later this month though several rebel groups have already withdrawn.",
"\n\nOther than the departure of the Admiral Kuznetsov it is currently unclear how far Russia’s demilitarisation of Syria will go."
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"Q:\n\nHow to convert get perticular field from PHP array to an array in Javascript?",
"\n\nAfter click on search button get the mobile number and hit database. ",
"if result not null then this fname,lname....all field open with fill form like update form but if result not get it will be open empty....\nFor that I am write one function on search button this button get mobile number and call one method which in my shipment controller create method using ajax.and in create i get a mobile number and as per result check condition..\n public function actionCreate()\n {\n if(isset($_POST['mobilenumber'])) {\n //$modelArray = Customers::find()->where(['cust_mobile' => $_POST['mobilenumber']])->one();\n$connection = \\Yii::$app->getDb();\n\n$command = $connection->createCommand(\n \"SELECT * \".",
"\n \"FROM customers AS C \".",
"\n \"WHERE C.cust_mobile= \" .$_POST['mobilenumber']\n // \"AND C.cust_mobile=\" .$_POST['mobilenumber2']\n ); \n$modelArray = $command->queryAll();\n\nif(count($modelArray) > 0) {\n\nprint_r(json_encode($modelArray));\n /*Here I wanna set data which is comming from response i.e in object($modelArray)\n on same form i.e is like a update form i.e here update logic i want to apply*/\n } else {\n /*Here new record is create if enter mobile number is not exist*/\n }\n\n } else {\n /*open form if mobile number not set*/\n }\n }\n\nForm of add Shipment(shipment/_form.php)\nAnd In shipment form create button this fname,laname,address all detail save into customer table with shipment id\n <script type=\"text/javascript\">\n function searchResult() {\n var mobilenumber = document.getElementById('customers-cust_mobile').value; \n $.ajax({\n\n type: \"POST\",\n data: {\n mobilenumber: mobilenumber,\n },\n dataType: \"json\",\n url: \"index.php?r=shipment/create\",\n success: function(data){\n $('#customers-cust_fname').val(data[0].cust_fname);\n $('#customers-cust_mname').val(data[0].cust_mname);\n $('#customers-cust_lname').val(data[0].cust_lname);\n $('#customers-cust_email').val(data[0].cust_email);\n $('#customers-cust_street').val(data[0].cust_street);\n $('#customers-cust_address').val(data[0].cust_address);\n\n }\n });\n}\n </script>\n <?",
"= $form->field($modelCustomersSender, 'cust_mobile')->textInput(['maxlength' => true]) ?",
">\n <?",
"= $form->field($modelCustomersSender, 'cust_fname')->textInput(['maxlength' => true]) ?",
">\n <?",
"= $form->field($modelCustomersSender, 'cust_mname')->textInput(['maxlength' => true]) ?",
">\n <?",
"= $form->field($modelCustomersSender, 'cust_lname')->textInput(['maxlength' => true]) ?",
">\n\nA:\n\nin your code there are a number of non-recommended practices. ",
"for example the fact to directly access the $ _POST instead of creating a suitable model and load the values with model-> load or the failure to use the rendering of views to make a ajax action for Update Your data .. in any case the discussion for every aspect would be too long so I give you the code available in the way that I think is closer to the way you write.",
"\nYou action create could be somethings like this \npublic function actionCreate()\n{\n if(isset($_POST['mobilenumber'])) {\n $modelArray = Customers::find()->where(['cust_mobile' => $_POST['mobilenumber']])->one();\n /*Here I got object in which whatever mobile number we enter \n in text box. ",
"as per mobile number i got result and I check a condition is, if result count grater than 0 then \n form open with fill text field else open with empty field */\n if(count($modelArray) > 0) {\n $\n /*Here I wanna set data which is comming from response i.e in object($modelArray)\n on same form i.e is like a update form i.e here update logic i want to apply*/\n $modelArray->attribute1 = $_POST['your_attribute1'];\n ......\n $newModel->attributeN = $_POST['your_attributeN'];\n $newModel->save() \n // redirect or render what you prefer \n return $this->redirect(['the_view_you_prefer']); \n\n } else {\n /*Here new record is create if enter mobile number is not exist*/\n $newModel = new Customers();\n $newModel->mobilenumber = $_POST['mobilenumber']\n $newModel->attribute1 = $_POST['your_attribute1'];\n ......\n $newModel->attributeN = $_POST['your_attributeN'];\n $newModel->save()\n return $this->redirect(['the_view_you_prefer']);\n }\n\n } else {\n/*open form if mobile number not set*/\n }\n}\n\nOtherwise if you only want render the value for ajax you can\n myArray['your_attribute1'] = $_POST['your_attribute1'];\n ....\n myArray['your_attributeN'] = $_POST['your_attributeN'];\n\n $arrayToAjax= json_encode($myArray);\n echo $arrayToAjax; \n\nThis should return the json formatted result for your ajax success function\nfor retrive the data in success function you can use jsonParse \n success: function(data){\n alert(data);//response display here\n\n var jsonData = JSON.parse(data);\n alert(jsonData[0].cust_fname);\n alert(jsonData[0].cust_lname);\n\n $('customers-cust_lname').val(data);//how to set value fot that text field from response\n // window.location.reload(true);\n }\n\n"
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[
"Saad al-Ateeq – who has previously called for God to “destroy” Christians, Jews, Alawites, and Shiites – speaking at the 2018 Dubai International Holy Quran Award.",
"\n\nThe Islamic month of Ramadan is a venerated time in the Gulf. ",
"Worshippers place a renewed emphasis on piety and community, while governments try to burnish their moral credentials by sponsoring major religious activities.",
"\n\nYet in so doing, America’s Gulf allies provided a platform this year to a wide range of hate preachers. ",
"By hosting such extremists – even if the preachers do not incite hatred at that specific event – these governments are complicating the war on terrorism and sending a message that flagrant hate speech is not an impediment to rewards from the state.",
"\n\nSuch conduct is particularly problematic when it comes from the Gulf, because many pious Muslims consider there to be a certain legitimacy that comes from speaking the language of the Quran in the regional home to Islam, its prophet, and its two holiest sites. ",
"As such, incitement in the Gulf can often have ripple effects beyond the region and should be discouraged more actively by Washington.",
"\n\nQatar\n\nQatar is by far the most problematic of America’s Gulf allies in this regard. ",
"Indeed, Qatar’s Emir literally embraced the noted hate preacher Yusuf al-Qaradawi this Ramadan for at least the second year in a row, hugging and kissing Qaradawi on state TV according to footage posted online. ",
"The Emir did not seem bothered by the fact that Qaradawi has glorified al-Qaeda terrorists in Iraq and advocated genocide against the Jewish people, according to the Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI).",
"\n\nBoth of the preachers who continue to deliver regular Friday sermons at Qatar’s state-controlled Grand Mosque have given sermons there this past year that demonized the Jewish people and told their fellow Muslims that Jews or Christians are their natural enemies, according to sermon transcripts on the Grand Mosque’s website. ",
"Despite this, each man was awarded his own series of Ramadan specials this year on Qatari state-owned TV.",
"\n\nThis Ramadan, Qatar’s government also demonstrated support for at least five other hate preachers through its Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs, using its Twitter account to promote their lectures at prominent locations, including Qatar’s Grand Mosque, the mosque in its Katara cultural village, and the country’s Education City Mosque. ",
"The U.S. has a particular interest in what happens at the latter site because it serves the educational institutions on the Qatar Foundation’s Education City campus, including satellite campuses for six U.S. universities.",
"\n\nThese preachers included Thabit al-Qahtani, who through his Twitter account has called upon God to “destroy the Jews” and ruled that “if the West says: ‘we are not the enemies of Islam,’ either they are lying or we are not for true Islam”; Mowafi Azab, who has declared (on a Qatari government website for fatwas called IslamWeb) that “the Jews” use pornographic movies to “destroy the world and control it”; and Ahmed al–Farjabi, who has issued rulings on that same website calling the Jewish people “our enemy” and suggesting that America is one of “the homelands of corruption and abomination and the countries of the infidels.”",
"\n\nThe preachers also included the Mauritanian Mohammed al-Dadow – who, according to his website, has called the Jewish people “the enemies… of humanity in general” and claimed the Islamic world is under attack from “the cross worshippers,” “malicious Zionists,” and treasonous Shi’ite “rejectionists” – and Shaqer al-Shahwani, who claims on Twitter that “the Jews” are “behind every immorality and vice” in the world.",
"\n\nThe latter two preachers also have had ties to terrorists, according to news reports.",
"\n\nSeveral days before his government-sponsored speech in Qatar, Dadow shared a stage in Mauritania with a top Hamas leader and reportedly encouraged donations according to a local news site. ",
"According to Britain’s The Telegraph, Shahwani used to be a “full-time ‘representative in Qatar’ collecting donations” for a Kuwaiti fundraiser who was sanctioned soon afterward by the U.S. and U.N. for funding al-Qaeda. ",
"Shahwani himself was sanctioned in 2017 by Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain on terrorism charges.",
"\n\nDubai\n\nLike Qatar, the U.A.E. emirate of Dubai also promoted preachers this Ramadan who have an obvious record of hate speech. ",
"This is at odds with the policies of Abu Dhabi and the U.A.E. federal government, which generally promote religious tolerance.",
"\n\nThe Dubai International Holy Quran Award is organized by a committee led by the Ruler of Dubai’s adviser, according to the festival’s website. ",
"Fliers for the event that were posted by the program’s Twitter account carried the name and logo of the Government of Dubai, as did the event’s table for guest speakers.",
"\n\nYet, three well-known hate preachers were permitted to speak at the event this year: Saad al-Ateeq, Omar Abdulkafi, and Saleh al-Moghamsy.",
"\n\nAteeq has previously called in his public sermons for God to “destroy… the Jews,” as well as the Christians, Shiites and Alawites, a heterodox Muslim sect located primarily in Syria. ",
"Ateeq has also called for God to “save al-Aqsa from the claws of the Jews.”",
"\n\nAccording to the New York Times, Omar Abdulkafi has instructed Muslims not to walk on the same side of the street as Christians. ",
"And MEMRI notes that Abdulkafi has also described 9/11 as a “comedy film” and called the Charlie Hebdo attacks its “sequel,” in which he falsely claimed no Muslims took part.",
"\n\nThe Dubai festival also hosted Saleh al-Moghamsy, a Saudi preacher who has claimed that God created women as a mere “ornament” to men and “only gathered Jews in the land of Palestine to destroy them.” ",
"Moghamsy has also declared that Osama bin Laden died “with more sanctity and honor” than any non-Muslim, according to MEMRI.",
"\n\nSaudi Arabia\n\nSaudi Arabia is making some important reforms, including in religious affairs. ",
"It recently replaced its hardline Minister of Islamic Affairs with a relative moderate. ",
"Similarly, the Saudi-based Muslim World League now has a more tolerant secretary general, who has prioritized interfaith dialogue.",
"\n\nHowever, Saudi Arabia still promoted some notable extremists this Ramadan.",
"\n\nFor example, Saudi state television hosted several hour-long programs this Ramadan featuring Saad al-Ateeq, the preacher who has called for God to “destroy” the Christians, Shi’ites, Alawites, and Jews.",
"\n\nAlso featured on state television: Saleh al-Fawzan, who remains a member of the kingdom’s highest government religious body and was visited this April by the Saudi heir apparent according to al-Arabiya. ",
"The Economist has previously reported that Fawzan claimed that the Islamic State – a Sunni terrorist group – is actually a creation of Jews, Christians, and Shiites. ",
"He has even gone so far according to Human Rights Watch as to demonize Shi’ite Muslims by calling them “the brothers of Satan.”",
"\n\nSaudi Arabia also gave the honor of delivering this year’s Eid al-Fitr sermon at the Grand Mosque in Mecca to Saleh bin Humaid, who like Fawzan holds a seat on the kingdom’s highest religious body. ",
"Bin Humaid has previously dehumanized gay people as “lower than beasts” and claimed it is in Jews’ “nature” to “plot against the peoples of the world.”",
"\n\nKuwait\n\nThe Gulf nation of Kuwait promoted a problematic preacher named Nayef al-Ajmi this Ramadan by featuring him on an hour-long program on state television, according to footage and posts on social media.",
"\n\nAjmi previously served as Kuwait’s Minister of Justice and Islamic Affairs but resigned after the U.S. condemned his fundraising for Syrian jihadists and pointed out that his image had been featured on fundraising posters for a prominent al-Qaeda financier. ",
"Ajmi has also engaged in egregious anti-Semitism, dehumanizing the Jewish people as “scum,” according to MEMRI.",
"\n\nHe still appears to be listed on the faculty of Kuwait’s flagship public university, according to the website for the university’s College of Sharia and Islamic Studies.",
"\n\nConclusion\n\nAmerica’s Gulf allies should know better. ",
"More importantly, they need to be pressed by Washington and the international community to do better, too.",
"\n\nStrengthening religious extremists is bad for America and undermines the fight against terrorism, making it easier for terrorists to fundraise and recruit. ",
"But it is ultimately dangerous for the Gulf states as well, making it harder for them to build safe, tolerant, and open societies.",
"\n\nDavid Andrew Weinberg is the Anti-Defamation League’s Washington Director for International Affairs.",
"\n\nAre you a dedicated reader of FDD's Long War Journal? ",
"Has our research benefitted you or your team over the years? ",
"Support our independent reporting and analysis today by considering a one-time or monthly donation. ",
"Thanks for reading! ",
"You can make a tax-deductible donation here."
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"Q:\n\nbuffering during authentication\n\nIn this book enter link description here on building web applications with Go, it demonstrates how to create custom authentication. ",
"Part of the registration function uses this code\nmd5Password := md5.New()\nio.",
"WriteString(md5Password, password)\nbuffer := bytes.",
"NewBuffer(nil)\nfmt.",
"Fprintf(buffer, \"%x\", md5Password.",
"Sum(nil))\nnewPass := buffer.",
"String()\n\nwhich is basically repeated in the login function\nmd5Password := md5.New()\nio.",
"WriteString(md5Password, password)\nbuffer := bytes.",
"NewBuffer(nil)\nfmt.",
"Fprintf(buffer, \"%x\", md5Password.",
"Sum(nil))\nnewPass := buffer.",
"String()\n\nWhat is happening with the buffering in the last 4 lines of the code? ",
"Why is it important and how does buffering achieve it?",
"\n\nA:\n\nI'm not sure what's the point of that, however that can be replaced by :\nmd5Password := md5.New()\nio.",
"WriteString(md5Password, password)\nnewPass := fmt.",
"Sprintf(\"%x\", md5Password.",
"Sum(nil))\n\nThe original book might be outdated, but there's absolutely no need for that extra bytes.",
"Buffer step.",
"\n\n"
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"Description: Nadia is new in town and she knocked on Joran's door to introduce herself. ",
"He answered with his dick hanging out of his boxers after just waking up! ",
"She could not keep her eyes off of it, and when he tried to show her around the house all she wanted to see was his big black cock in her pussy!"
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"North–South Port Link\n\nNorth–South Port Link, or Jalan Kem and Jalan Pelabuhan Utara-Barat, Federal Route 180, is an expressway in Klang Valley, Malaysia. ",
"It connects Northport Highway (Federal Route 103) in Port Klang to Teluk Gedong near Pandamaran. ",
"The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 180 starts at Port Klang.",
"\n\nFeatures\n\nAt most sections, the Federal Route 180 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.\n\nPort Klang flyover\nThe Port Klang flyover above Jalan Kem was supposed to make driving between Westport and Northport faster and more convenient, but it has instead become a danger to motorists. ",
"The two-kilometre flyover has been stripped of its metal barriers at the side. ",
"Should an accident occur, chances are the vehicles involved would fall onto the road below. ",
"And there is a high probability of an accident happening, especially at night, as most of the street lights on the flyover are not working. ",
"Motorists have expressed concern over the danger posed by the missing barriers and the non-functioning lights as many lorries used the flyover. ",
"There is also no emergency lane on the flyover and in the event of a breakdown, an accident could easily happen, especially at night. ",
"The Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) was responsible for maintaining the flyover and the Majlis Perbandaran Klang (Klang Municipal Council) (MPKlg) had written to them asking for repair works to be carried out. ",
"But the department replied that there was not enough funds to carry out repairs on the flyover.",
"\n\nRailway crossing bridge \nConstruction of a bridge to replace the level crossing and extend the Port Klang flyover started in 2013 and was completed in 2015.",
"\n\nList of interchanges\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Highways in Malaysia\nCategory:Malaysian Federal Roads"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThis invention is the process of reacting an N-substituted methylamine with molecular oxygen in a homogeneous system containing a soluble, i.e., dissolved, metal halide catalyst to produce an N-substituted formamide. ",
"The starting amine compound can be secondary or tertiary and can be a monoamine or diamine, and the diamine can be mixed, that is, contain a secondary and tertiary amine group in the molecule.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of Prior Art\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,483,210 to Rosenblatt and Davis discloses the oxidation of the methyl group of a tertiary N-methyl-amine to a formyl group by the use of oxygen at atmospheric pressure with the amine in liquid phase in the presence of a heterogeneous (insoluble) catalyst of the platinum metal group."
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"Q:\n\nInternal vs. External Storage for a new Macbook\n\nI want to get a new MacBook Pro, and am confused by the storage options. ",
"The Apple website offers 2 different options for storage:\n\nPreinstalled internal flash storage (256, 512, or 1 TB)\nThunderbolt enabled external storage\n\nI assume that the preinstalled flash storage is better, but it comes at a stiff premium ($450). ",
"Is there still reason to favor it over the other options?",
"\nSpecifically, can I use the external storage like the internal storage easily, or will I run into bugs, errors, and other difficulties? ",
"I will be using music and pictures from the external drive on programs (iTunes, iPhoto, importing, editing, and exporting.) ",
"Will I be able to do that with the external storage, or should I go with the internal storage option?",
"\nI am looking for the simplest solution, not the most elegant code ; )\n\nA:\n\nIt all comes down to your convenience.",
"\nThe MacBook Pro (MBP) uses a proprietary interface for their SSD; PCIe 2.0 x4. ",
" This is why they are so expensive as you have noticed.",
"\nUpgrading the SSD in the MBP to a larger SSD, whether you get it at time of purchase or you get it later on, is going to be an expensive proposition and the only reason that you do this is because you want as many of your files with you at all times without having to connect a portable drive. ",
" That's the convenience factor.",
"\nHowever, if not having all your files readily available on your MBP and toting around an external drive is not a problem, then going with a smaller SSD and an external drive is definitely a good choice.",
"\nAs for what you want to do, there is no problem with keeping your files like photos, movies, music, etc. ",
"on an external drive. ",
" As for performance, you probably won't notice much of a performance hit depending on exactly what you are doing.",
"\nOne caveat... You will need at least 2 external drives.",
"\nWhy?",
"\nYou are going to back up your stuff, right? ",
" If you are going to be toting around another drive, there is a greater possibility of data loss; physical damage, stolen, or just leaving it on a table somewhere in a coffee shop. ",
" You are going to want this backed up. ",
" A USB 3.0 drive with sufficient space should be more than adequate to do a Time Machine backup during the night (where performance isn't going to hamper anything).",
"\nTo know how big of a backup drive to get, just make sure it is larger than the total of your internal SSD and external drive. ",
" If you have a 128GB SSD and a 1TB external, get at least 1.5TB. ",
" If you are closer to 2TB of internal and external combined, get a 4TB. ",
" If more than that, you probably want to look at some pro level solutions.",
"\nUltimately, the choice is up to you whether you want the convenient method of having all storage internal to the MBP or you don't mind having to plug in an external drive.",
"\n\n"
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"Good teachers always reward their students. ",
"Feel free to steal\nthis for a job well-done! ",
"If you link back to http://members.tripod.com/kittywompuss/\nthen others can learn how to make plaques, too. ",
"~numerous nose kisses~"
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"The present invention relates generally to systems for sharing knowledge among individuals. ",
"More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for rapid knowledge transfer among workers. ",
"One application is a system for transferring knowledge in the context of outsourcing job functions of workers.",
"\nOutsourcing a job function or other responsibility generally involves assigning the responsibility of one or more employees of a client organization to one or more consultants of an outsourcing agency. ",
"After a transition period during which job specific knowledge is conveyed from expert employees of the client organization to one or more consultant apprentices of the outsourcing agency, the consultants assume full time responsibility for fulfillment of the outsourced responsibility.",
"\nIn general, there are three kinds of outsourcing. ",
"A first kind is business process outsourcing, in which an entire business or departmental function of the client is assigned to the outsourcing agency. ",
"An example is processing of claims such as insurance claims. ",
"A second kind of outsourcing is applications management, in which all or part of an automated function of the client, such as a billing system, is transferred to the outsourcing agency. ",
"A third kind is customer service relation management, in which consultants of the outsourcing agency handle interactions with customers of the client. ",
"Ideally, the outsourcing is completely transparent to the customers, who are not aware they are interacting with consultants of the outsourcing agency.",
"\nA primary reason for outsourcing is cost savings for the client organization. ",
"This is achieved through consolidation, process transformation and job migration. ",
"By consolidating a job function for many clients in a group of outsourcing consultants, the outsourcing agency achieves economies of scale unavailable to individual clients. ",
"By transforming a business process through new technologies, standardization and other proprietary skills, an outsourcing agency can make the process more efficient and less expensive. ",
"Finally, the outsourcing agency may migrate some or all of the job functions to offshore locations such as India, the Philippines, China, etc., ",
"where labor is less expensive. ",
"Through such means, the outsourcing agency can reduce the overall cost of operating a business function and pass on some of the cost savings to the client.",
"\nThe outsourcing process between the client organization and the outsourcing agency is referred to as an outsourcing engagement. ",
"From the perspective of the outsourcing agency, an outsourcing engagement has several phases. ",
"An initial process is business development, in which the outsourcing agency markets its capabilities to potential clients and develops an outsourcing agreement. ",
"A second process is transition planning, during which the client and the outsourcing agency establish the cost of making the transition. ",
"Costs include the labor costs, such as severance, hiring and relocating, and cost of tools necessary to the engagement, such as hardware and software. ",
"A third process is knowledge transfer, during with the consultant apprentices of the outsourcing agency develop the expertise of the expert employees of the client organization. ",
"A fourth process is job transition, during which the consultant apprentice takes over from the expert employee as the actual individual doing the work. ",
"Subsequently the outsourcing engagement is in steady state, with the consultants assuming full time responsibility for fulfillment of the outsourced responsibility.",
"\nThe present invention deals primarily with the third phase of the outsourcing engagement—knowledge transfer between expert employees of the client and the apprentice employees of the outsourcing agency who will eventually take over the outsourced job function. ",
"The knowledge transfer phase has heretofore required extensive personal interaction between an employee expert and an assigned consultant apprentice. ",
"A process of job shadowing has been used, in which the apprentice learns the necessary knowledge directly from the expert by watching and listening and gradually performing individual job tasks under expert supervision. ",
"On a task-by-task basis, the expert certifies the apprentice as being competent to perform the task.",
"\nThis level of personal interaction has proved to be very costly. ",
"The apprentices must travel to the client site, often over great distances at great expense. ",
"The apprentices must be temporarily relocated to the client site so that they can learn first hand from the experts. ",
"A typical engagement transition can extend over several months, and may involve dozens or hundreds of individuals who must be housed and fed. ",
"Since many outsourcing engagements are to offshore outsourcing agencies, apprentices need visas to travel to the client site, a need that increases administrative costs as well as opportunity costs created by visa delays. ",
"If some apprentices do not travel to the client site, real time interaction with experts from a remote location may be difficult because of the time differences between the client and outsourcing agency sites.",
"\nThe outsourcing process for an enterprise of any size or complexity further involves transfer of job-related knowledge and experience from a very large number of experts to as many or more apprentices. ",
"Each expert, in turn, may perform a large number of tasks which need to be identified and classified and learned by the associated apprentice(s). ",
"Moreover, many experts may interact with an application, such as a software package or a tool or other equipment. ",
"The job-related tasks for the application must be identified, classified and taught to the apprentices. ",
"An automated process suitable for accomplishing these goals would require many man-hours to program for each engagement. ",
"Such programming requires suitably-skilled programmers able to turn process inputs and goals into operational software code for an engagement. ",
"This programming adds to the cost and time required for an outsourcing operation.",
"\nSince the outsourcing process is motivated by cost savings, these added costs reduce the feasibility of outsourcing. ",
"Accordingly, there is a need for an improved system and method for rapid knowledge transfer among workers, particularly in the outsourcing context."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a noise isolation sheet provided to cover a panel, e.g., a door inner panel that is installed inside an automobile door.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nAs illustrated in FIG. ",
"3, according to a known method of insulating noise in the interior of a door 60, a felt 2 or urethane is attached to the backside of an interior door trim 1 which is provided to the inner side of a door inner panel, or an article made from urethane is attached to the inner side of the door inner panel.",
"\nFor example, the examined utility model application publication No. ",
"H5-23376 discloses a door trim which is provided with a pad material made of urethane foam and the like. ",
"The published patent application No. ",
"H10-119159 discloses a noise isolation cover made of urethane foam.",
"\nHowever, according to the above-described publications, the noise insulating effect is not satisfactory, because the felt 2, urethane, pad material and isolation cover are all made independently and are installed only partially to the side of the door trim 1 or the inner side of the door inner panel.",
"\nFurther, the noise insulating members according to these publications are only partially installed, which causes the installation operation to be troublesome.",
"\nConcerning the above-mentioned problem, the assignee of the present invention previously provided a structure, as shown in FIGS. ",
"4-6, wherein an isolation sheet 20 is provided between a door inner panel 11 and a door trim 12 and wherein the top end of the sheet 20 is secured to an inner weather strip 15 just like a curtain hanging from the upper part to the lower part of the door interior (See Japanese patent application No. ",
"2002-57777).",
"\nIn this structure, the inner weather strip 15 is composed of an installation base 16, seal lip portions 17 and 18, which are provided such that seal lip portion 17 is above seal lip portion 18, for elastically making contacts, from the inner side, with a door glass 70 which slides in the upward and downward directions, and a support portion 19 which extends downwardly from the installation base 16 for supporting the seal lip portions 17 and 18. ",
"A plurality of lip portions 16a and position adjustment protrusions 16b are provided on the upper surface of the installation base 16. ",
"The installation base 16 is inserted into a concave portion 13 formed on the upper portion of the door trim 12, while each of the position adjustment protrusions 16b makes contact with a corresponding step portion 13a on an interior of the concave portion 13 to position the installation base properly. ",
"The door trim 12 is fixed to a door inner panel 11 with clips 50.",
"\nAccording to this structure, two spaces X and Y are created between the door inner panel 11 and door trim 12 by the isolation sheet 20, so that the noise insulating effect improves compared to the conventional noise insulation mechanism, in which a felt, urethane, pad material, noise isolation cover and the like are used. ",
"Further, the noise isolation sheet 20 is provided by merely hanging the sheet 20 from the upper part to the lower part of the door interior, so that an installation operation is easy.",
"\nHowever, according to the prior art comprising the noise isolation sheet 20, water may invade from the outside of a car. ",
"Further, it is desired to produce a noise isolation sheet having better noise insulating and waterproofing functions.",
"\nTherefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a noise isolation sheet which substantially prevents of water from invading from the outside of a car, and to improve a noise insulating property by restraining the outside noise from invading into the interior of a car as well as the interior noise from leaking outside of the car, in comparison with the prior art."
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"Fungal Endophthalmitis Associated With DSAEK and Thermal Sclerostomy.",
"\nAn 85-year-old man with remote thermal sclerostomy and Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in the right eye presented urgently for pain and blurred vision in that eye. ",
"Examination revealed bleb purulence and vitreous cellular aggregates concerning for endophthalmitis. ",
"Microscopy of a vitreous sample revealed yeast and pseudohyphae. ",
"He developed corneal infiltrates consistent with fungal infection. ",
"Therapy included topical, intravitreal, and systemic antifungals voriconazole and amphotericin. ",
"Fungal pathogens have very rarely been reported to cause bleb-associated endophthalmitis and should be considered in addition to bacterial pathogens. ",
"Vitreous aspiration should be performed in all cases of bleb-related endophthalmitis and include fungal studies. [",
"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. ",
"2016;47:691-693.]."
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"Myrtle Creek (South Umpqua River tributary)\n\nMyrtle Creek is a short tributary of the South Umpqua River in Douglas County in the U.S. state of Oregon. ",
"Its main stem, formed by the confluence of two forks just south of the city of Myrtle Creek, is only about long. ",
"Its only named tributaries are the two forks, North Myrtle Creek and South Myrtle Creek, each of which is much longer than the main stem.",
"\n\nThe Myrtle Creek watershed contains one of the largest blocks of land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management in western Oregon. ",
"The unbroken forest and its stream network provide habitat for species such as coho salmon and the northern spotted owl as well as clean drinking water for humans. ",
"Recreation in the watershed includes hiking, mushroom gathering, camping, horseback riding, and a wide variety of other outdoor activities.",
"\n\nIn 1990, the City of Myrtle Creek acquired timbers from the former Horse Creek Bridge in Lane County and used them to build a covered bridge over Myrtle Creek. ",
"The bridge connects a parking area to the city's Mill Site Park.",
"\n\nNorth fork\nNorth Myrtle Creek begins in the Cascade Range at on the slopes of Buck Peak, and it flows generally southwest. ",
"The named tributaries of North Myrtle Creek from source to mouth are Buck Fork followed by Lee, Slide, Frozen, Big Lick, Little Lick, and Bilger creeks.",
"\n\nChina Ditch\nGold had been discovered in Douglas County as early as the 1860s. ",
"In 1891, China Ditch, a artificial waterway dug with the help of hundreds of Chinese workers, began diverting water from Little River in the North Umpqua River basin to North Myrtle Creek to make hydraulic dredging with large machines possible near the headwaters during all seasons . ",
"By 1894, the project had failed to produce enough gold to meet expenses and closed down.",
"\n\nThe Bureau of Land Management oversees an segment of the ditch that has been preserved. ",
"A loop formed by existing county roads—supplemented by a trail—allows visitors to see remnants of the ditch by automobile. ",
"The self-guided loop includes a series of signs detailing the history of the ditch.",
"\n\nSouth fork\nSouth Myrtle Creek begins at near Deadman Mountain in the Umpqua National Forest of the Cascade Range, and it flows generally west-southwest. ",
"The named tributaries of South Myrtle Creek from source to mouth are Curtin, Johnson, Lally, Weaver, Letitia, Long Wiley, Short Wiley, and Louis creeks, followed by Ben Branch, School Hollow, and Cedar Hollow.",
"\n\nNeal Lane Bridge, a covered bridge, carries Neal Lane over the creek near the city of Myrtle Creek. ",
"The span is the only covered bridge in Oregon with a kingpost truss design.",
"\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Oregon\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Rivers of Oregon\nCategory:Rivers of Douglas County, Oregon"
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"Quick Cash: Set Up Your House\n\nProperty owners are looking into ways they can get home buyers quickly. ",
"You will not meet your financial obligations when you delay selling your home. ",
"You should always keep in mind that you must roll out a massive marketing campaign. ",
"You will find out that you will need the help of a professional to set up your home to look good. ",
"It is advisable to take advantage of advertising the property at a price lower than the market price to lure customers. ",
"Read through the article to get some insights on the way you can improve the appearance of the house to impress a willing buyer quickly.",
"\n\nMost of the buyers at http://www.webuyhousesfastbirmingham.com/ will request to know where you keep you excesses in the house. ",
"It will cost you less money to renovate your storage unit. ",
"You will decongest the rooms in the house by removing the furniture that makes the rooms appear small. ",
"You should consider having a room where the client can keep the extra stuff when creating space in other places. ",
"The Homeowners have the chance of changing the appearance of the storage unit to match with the house theme.",
"\n\nThe property owners should hire a person with the right skills of taking pictures. ",
"You are going to attract the attention of the buyers when you have good photos. ",
"Professional photographer will identify the features that most buyers look for when buying a home. ",
"The images will be used on the promotional materials when marketing and advertising. ",
"You should get a images of the house that will give a lasting impression to the clients. ",
"For more details about real estate, visit http://realestate.money.cnn.com/.\n\nA real estate agent is an essential person that you need in the process of selling your house. ",
"You will get the assistance from a realtors as they have a lot of experience selling similar houses. ",
"You must have a person who shows professionalism. ",
"With the advancement of technology, make sure the agent you hire has a high commanding on the online community. ",
"You will get a marketing schedule from a realtor.",
"\n\nIndividuals consider changing the appearance of the living room. ",
"You should not hang your images on the walls. ",
"You should make the customer to start feeling ownership of the house. ",
"The Buyers want to have a clear picture of their future family playing in the backyard. ",
"The services of a person with experience in interior d?cor are necessary.",
"\n\nYou should make sure you use a reasonable amount of cash to repair the broken parts in the house. ",
"You will need to attend to the roofing structure and ensure the plumbing system is operating normally. ",
"It is important to hire an expert to advise you on the amount of cash to invest in repairing your house. ",
"Make sure the upgrades are the things your buyer will see first. ",
"It is important to consult the professionals to advise you on the best season to advertise your property. ",
"Get to know about pricing of resources, sell your house for cash today!"
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"Q:\n\nHow to display a Dialog from a Service?",
"\n\nI have read really a lot of posts about this topic, however nothing works for me (or doesn't have the effect I wish). ",
"\nI have a an application, that after logging in starts a background Service (implementation of the Service class). ",
"This service syncs itself with a Server and if a new order comes, it creates a notification. ",
"\nSo far, everything works great, I have the notification and the Toast message. ",
"However, I would like to have a dialog, that notifies the user about the new order. ",
"\nAs I understood, you can start an activity from within the service, which displays the dialog. ",
"This works, but the activity starts on top of the current activity stack and displays the dialog. ",
"I have an activity with no view attached and it correctly displays the dialog, however, on a black background. ",
"\nWhat I want is to display the dialog on the current activity, causing the actual background(the running activity) to fade and display the dialog. ",
"\nIs this somehow possible? ",
"\n\nA:\n\nWe can show dialog from service only if it is a system alert dialog. ",
"So, set TYPE_SYSTEM_ALERT window layout parameter to Dialog as follows:\ndialog.getWindow().setType(WindowManager.",
"LayoutParams.",
"TYPE_SYSTEM_ALERT);\n\nBut, it needs SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission. ",
"So, don't forget to add this permissin in Manifest file.",
"\n<uses-permission android:name=\"android.permission.",
"SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW\"/>\n\nEdit:\nBetter option to show dialog is to start activity as one of the below ways.",
"\n\nStart Activity with Dialog Theme (android:theme=\"@android:style/Theme.",
"Dialog\") -(or)\nStart Translucent Activity and show Dialog in it.",
"\n\nNote: You should add Intent.",
"FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK to intent\n\nA:\n\nI highly, highly, HIGHLY recommend that you DON'T do this (it goes against Android design and UI guidelines). ",
"Notifications are the preferred way to accomplish what you are doing (which it sounds as if you have already accomplished).",
"\nThat being said, if you must do it, I would recommend just using a Dialog themed activity. ",
"That way you don't have to start up a separate dialog. ",
"Please see http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/themes.html#ApplyATheme for how to do this. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nyou can start by learning on how to create an activity that looks like a dialog (no title bar, transparent background, \"floating\" effect, etc.) ",
"\nand no, you can't just start a dialog without an activty\n\n"
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"This invention relates to an apparatus for reproducing magnetically recorded tapes encased in cartridges, and has particular reference to a reproducing apparatus which is compactly built to suit the installation on automobiles and the like.",
"\nHeretofore, magnetic tape reproducing devices employing two-reel type cartridges have been designed to mount the cartridge with its longitudinal end directed to the front of the device. ",
"Such prior-art devices are therefore disadvantageous in that they will take up relatively large space lengthwise of the instrument panel of the automobile which is per se imposed with space limitations. ",
"Many advanced reproducing devices have been proposed in which the control knobs and pushbuttons are located above or under the cartridge inlet port so as to manage the installation of the device within the limited space of the panel. ",
"However, such attempts are not entirely satisfactory because the height of the panel is so much increased, and the ultimate objective of making the reproducing device as compact as compatible with the entire space requirements of the automobile is not achieved."
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"Symbel\n\nSymbel (OE) and sumbl (ON) are Germanic terms for \"feast, banquet\".",
"\n\nAccounts of the symbel are preserved in the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf (lines 489-675 and 1491–1500), Dream of the Rood (line 141) and Judith (line 15), Old Saxon Heliand (line 3339), and the Old Norse Lokasenna (stanza 8) as well as other Eddic and Saga texts, such as in the Heimskringla account of the funeral ale held by King Sweyn, or in the Fagrskinna.",
"\n\nPaul C. Bauschatz in 1976 suggested that the term reflects a pagan ritual which had a \"great religious significance in the culture of the early Germanic people\". ",
"Bauschatz' lead is followed only sporadically in modern scholarship, but his interpretation has inspired such solemn drinking-rituals in Germanic neopaganism, especially in the United States.",
"\n\nEtymology\nThe prevalent view today is that Old English symbel, Old Saxon symbal, sumbal (Old High German *sumbal) and Old Norse sumbl, all of which translate roughly as \"feast, banquet, (social) gathering\", continue a Common Germanic *sumlan \"banquet\", which would correspond to a PIE \"joint meal\" or \"congregation\" (literally, symposium or assembly).",
"\n\nA number of earlier scholars have argued for a borrowing from Latin symbola, Against this derivation (in the case of OE symbel), P.A. Erades argues that these cognates go back to Common Germanic *sumil or *sumal \"gathering\" (in the last case, with ablaut in the suffix). ",
"He explains the Germanic stem *sum- as ultimately deriving from Proto-Indo-European *, the zero-grade of ablaut of * \"one, together\". ",
"This is the same element which developed into copulative a in Ancient Greek.",
"\n\nPaul Bauschatz appears to accept sum, sam \"together\", but proposes that the word represents a compound with alu \"ale\" as its second element (rather than a suffix). ",
"This would render the meaning \"gathering or coming together of ale\".",
"\n\nThe Old English noun is usually translated as \"feast\", and forms various compounds such as symbel-wyn \"joy at feasting\", symbel-dæg \"feast day\", symbel-niht \"feast-night\", symbel-hūs \"feast-house, guest-room\", symbel-tīd \"feast time\", symbel-werig \"weary of feasting\" etc.",
"\nThere is also a derived verb, symblian or symblan, meaning \"to feast, caraouse, enjoy one's self\".",
"\nNot to be confused is the unrelated homophone symbel, symble meaning \"always, ever\".",
"\n\nAnglo-Saxon symbel\n\nIn Old English poetry, especially Beowulf, feasts could be instrumental occasions to bind the community, secure the loyalty of warriors and to bolster their determination to perform heroic deeds.",
"\n In Beowulf, Unferth the thyle (cf.: ",
"ON þulr) appears to act as a royal officiant at the feast which King Hrothgar organised for the Geatish newcomers, Beowulf and his companions. ",
"He challenged and questioned Beowulf, not eschewing taunts and mockery (flyting). ",
"Since no one intervenes during the incident, such behaviour appears to have been expected of him.",
"\n In Beowulf, a warrior's boast (gielp, gylp) or his oath (beot) is often spoken at a feast.",
"\n Another role commonly attested for during a feast was that of the scop (cf.: ",
"ON skald), who recited genealogies, folklore and metrical poetry.",
"\n The alcoholic drink was served by women or alekeepers (ealu bora \"ale bearer\"), the first round usually poured by the lady of the house.",
"\n\nBauschatz' theory\nPaul C. Bauschatz in 1976 suggested that the term reflects a pagan ritual which had a \"great religious significance in the culture of the early Germanic people\".",
"\n\nThe ritual according to Bauschatz was always conducted indoors, usually in a chieftain's mead hall. ",
"Symbel involved a formulaic ritual which was more solemn and serious than mere drinking or celebration. ",
"The primary elements of symbel are drinking ale or mead from a drinking horn, speech making (which often included formulaic boasting and oaths), and gift giving. ",
"Eating and feasting were specifically excluded from symbel, and no alcohol was set aside for the gods or other deities in the form of a sacrifice.",
"\n\nBauschatz' lead is followed only sporadically in modern scholarship.",
"\n\nSimilar concepts in Scandinavia\n\nBragafull\n\nThe bragarfull \"promise-cup\" or bragafull \"best cup\" or \"chieftain's cup\" (compare Bragi) was in Norse culture a particular drinking from a cup or drinking horn on ceremonial occasions, often involving the swearing of oaths when the cup or horn was drunk by a chieftain or passed around and drunk by those assembled. ",
"The names are sometimes anglicized as bragarful and bragaful respectively.",
"\n\nThat the name appears in two forms with two meanings makes it difficult to determine the literal meaning. ",
"The word bragr 'best, foremost' is a source for its first element. ",
"The form bragafull (but not bragarfull) can also be interpreted as 'Bragi's cup', referring to the Bragi, god of poetry, though no special connection to Bragi appears in any of the sources.",
"\n\nSnorri Sturluson in his Heimskringla, in the Saga of Hákon the Good, describes the custom of the bragarfull at feasts:\nThe fire was in the middle of the floor of the temple, and over it hung the kettles, and the full goblets were handed across the fire; and he who made the feast, and was a godi ['chief'], blessed the full goblets, and all the meat of the sacrifice. ",
"And first Odin's goblet was emptied for victory and power to his king; thereafter, Njörd's and Freyja's goblets for peace and a good season. ",
"Then it was the custom of many to empty the bragafull; and then the guests emptied a goblet to the memory of departed friends, called the minni ['remembrance'].",
"\nIn Ynglinga saga section of the same work, Snorri relates:\nIt was the custom at that time that he who gave an heirship-feast after kings or jarls, and entered upon the heritage, should sit upon the footstool in front of the high\nseat, until the full bowl, which was called the bragafull, was brought in. ",
"Then he should stand up, take the bragafull, make solemn vows to be afterwards fulfilled, and thereupon empty the beaker. ",
"Then he should ascend the high seat which his father had occupied; and thus he came to the full heritage after his father. ",
"Now it was done so on this occasion. ",
"When the full bragafull came in, King Ingjald stood up, grasped a large bull's horn, and made a solemn vow to enlarge his dominions by one half, towards all the four corners of the world, or die; and thereupon pointed with the horn to the four quarters.",
"\nThe Fagrskinna (a 13th-century history of the Kings of Norway), has a similar account in respect to Svein Forkbeard, mentioning first ceremonial drinkings dedicated to the greatest of one's kindred, then to Thor or others of the gods. ",
"Then the bragarfull was poured out and when the giver of the feast had drunk this, he was to make a vow, to be also sworn by those present with him, and only then to sit himself on throne of the deceased.",
"\n\nA prose passage inserted in the Poetic Edda poem Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar relates:\nHedin was coming home alone from the forest one Yule-eve, and found a troll-woman; she rode on a wolf, and had snakes in place of a bridle. ",
"She asked Hedin for his company. \"",
"Nay,\" said he. ",
"She said, \"Thou shalt pay for this at the bragarfull.\" ",
"That evening the great vows were taken; the sacred boar was brought in, the men laid their hands thereon, and took their vows at the bragarfull. ",
"Hedin vowed that he would have Sváva, Eylimi's daughter, the beloved of his brother Helgi; then such great grief seized him that he went forth on wild paths southward over the land, and found Helgi, his brother.",
"\n\nHervarar saga ok Heiðreks relates that Hjörvard, the son of Arngrim, promised at his bragarfull to wed Ingeborg the princess of Sweden, and the legends of Ragnar Lodbrok relate that the Geatish jarl Herraud promised his daughter to anyone who could liberate her from a dragon or talk to her in its presence.",
"\n\nMinni\nThe term minni \"remembrance, memory\" was used for ritual drinking dedicated to the remembrance of the gods. ",
"Terms used in this context, both in the Eddaic poems and in the sagas, include minnis-öl \"memory-ale\", minnis-horn \"memory-horn\", minnis-full \"memory-cup\", minni-sveig \"memory-draught\".",
"\nThe term minnisveig is used by the annotator of the Sigrdrífumál before the valkyrie's invocation of the gods. ",
"Olafssaga has minniöl signôð âsom \"they dedicated memory-ale to the æsir\". \"",
"Memory-cups\" dedicated to individual gods are also named Oðins full, Niarðar full, Freys full etc.",
"\nThe custom was continued uninterrupted by Christianization, and minni was now drunk to Christ, Mary and the saints (Krists minni, Michaêls minni, etc.)",
"\n\nBut the minni given to gods or saints was only the most prominent instance of this custom, placed at the beginning of the ritual drinking. ",
"Later on, drinkers would also give minni to their departed friends.",
"\nThe term minni is the exact cognate of the Middle High German minne. ",
"The German word had the same meaning of \"remembrance of absent or departed loved ones\", but acquired the meaning of \"romantic longing for an unattainable woman of higher status\" in courtly culture, giving rise to the genre of Minnesang, and the personification of \"remembrance\" as Frau Minne.",
"\n\nNeopaganism\n\nInspired by Bauschatz' theory from the 1970s, the sumbel has become a central ritual of Germanic neopaganism in the United States. ",
"In this version, sumbel is a drinking-ritual in which a drinking horn full of mead or ale is passed around and a series of toasts are made, usually to gods, ancestors, and/or heroes of the religion. ",
"The toasts vary by group, and some groups make a distinction between a \"regular\" sumbel and a \"high\" sumbel, which have different levels of formality, and different rules during toasting. ",
"Participants may also make boasts of their own deeds, or oaths or promises of future actions. ",
"Words spoken during the sumbel are considered carefully and any oaths made are considered sacrosanct, becoming part of the destiny of those assembled.",
"\n\nThe name sumbel (or symbel) is mainly derived from Anglo-Saxon sources. ",
"For this reason, the ritual is not known by this name among Icelandic Nordic pagans, who nevertheless practice a similar ritual as part of their blot.",
"\n\nIn Theodism or Anglo-Saxon neopaganism in particular, the symbel has a particularly high importance, considered \"perhaps the highest rite\" or \"amongst the most holy rites\" celebrated. ",
"Symbel consists of rounds of ritual drinking and toasting, and invariably takes place within an enclosed space of some kind. ",
"It is usually inaugurated by three formal rounds, as determined by the host; often led by toasts in honor of the Gods, then ancestors and/or heroes, and then a general or personal boast. ",
"Other boasts may take place as necessary. ",
"Symbel is always formally closed once the formal boasts are completed, in order that the symbel might maintain its dignity and not degenerate into \"mere partying\". ",
"The two types of boast are the ȝielp (pronounced 'yelp') and the beot (pronounced 'bayawt', but as one syllable). ",
"The former is a boast of one's own worthiness, such as one's accomplishments, ancestry, etc. ",
"The latter is a boast of an action one plans to undertake. ",
"In order to protect the luck of the hall, such boasts are subject to challenge by the thyle, whose job it is to make sure that unlucky boasts do not contaminate the luck of all present.",
"\n\nNotes\n\nSee also\nAlu (runic)\nBlót\nDrinking horn\nKvasir\nMead of poetry\nTamada\nToast (honor)\n\nReferences\nBauschatz, Paul C. The Well and the Tree: World and Time in Early Germanic Culture. ",
"Amhurst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1983. .",
"\nBauschatz, Paul C. \"The Germanic Ritual Feast.\" ",
"In Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics, ed. ",
"John Weinstock. ",
"The Nordic Languages and Modern Linguistics 3. ",
"Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978. ",
"289-95.",
"\nBjork, Robert E. \"Speech as Gift in Beowulf.\" ",
"Speculum (1994).",
"\nConquergood, Dwight, \"Boasting in Anglo-Saxon England, Performance and the Heroic Ethos.\" ",
"Literature and Performance I (April 1991).",
"\nEnright, M.J., Lady with a Mead Cup: Ritual, Prophecy, and Lordship in the European Warband. ",
"Dublin, 1976\nErades, P.A. \"A Romance Congener of OE symbel.\" ",
"English Studies 48 (1967): 25-7.",
"\n \nNelson, Marie. \"",
"Beowulf's Boast Words.\" ",
"Neophilologus 89.2 (April 2005): 299-310.",
"\n \nOrel, Vladimir E. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. ",
"Leiden, 2003.",
"\nPollington, Steven. ",
"The Mead-Hall: The Feasting Tradition in Anglo-Saxon England. ",
"Anglo-Saxon Books. ",
"Norfolk, 2003. .",
"\n\nExternal links\n Anglo-Saxon Symbel\n The Sumbel Rite\n Symbel\n\nCategory:Anglo-Saxon paganism\nCategory:Germanic paganism\nCategory:Germanic culture\nCategory:Germanic neopaganism\nCategory:Medieval literature\nCategory:Sagas\nCategory:European court festivities"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention is directed to a method for the operation of a magnetic resonance apparatus, of the type wherein a positional change of a region of an examination subject to be imaged relative to an imaging volume of the apparatus is acquired with orbital navigator echos.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nMagnetic resonance technology is a known technique for acquiring images of the inside of the body of a subject to be examined. ",
"In a magnetic resonance apparatus, rapidly switched gradient fields are superimposed on a static basic magnetic field. ",
"For triggering magnetic resonance signals, radio-frequency signals are emitted into the examination subject, the magnetic resonance signals that are triggered are being detected, and image data sets and magnetic resonance images being produced on the basis thereof. ",
"The magnetic resonance signals are detected by a radio-frequency system, are demodulated in phase-sensitive fashion and converted into complex quantities by sampling and analog-to-digital conversion. ",
"These complex quantities are stored as data points in a k-space dataset from which an appertaining image dataset, and thus a magnetic resonance image, can be reconstructed with a multi-dimensional Fourier transformation.",
"\nFunctional imaging in medicine refers to all methods that utilize a repeated scanning of a structure of organs and tissues in order to image temporally changing processes such as physiological functions or pathological events. ",
"In the narrower sense, in magnetic resonance technology functional imaging refers to measuring methods that make it possible to identify and image sensory stimuli and/or areolae in the nervous system stimulated by a motor, sensory or cognitive task, particularly the cerebral areolae of a patient.",
"\nThe BOLD effect (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) is the basis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. ",
"The BOLD effect is based on different magnetic properties of oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. ",
"An intensified neural activity in the brain is assumed to be locally connected with an increased delivery of oxygenated blood, which causes a corresponding intensity boost at a corresponding location in a magnetic resonance image generated with a gradient echo sequence.",
"\nIn functional magnetic resonance imaging, for example, three-dimensional image datasets of the brain are registered every two through four seconds, for example with an echo planar method. ",
"After many image datasets have been registered at various points in time, the image datasets can be subtracted from one another, for example for forming images referred to as activation images, i.e. they can be compared to one another in view of signal differences for the identification of active brain areas. ",
"Even the slightest positional change of the brain during the overall exposure time span of the functional magnetic resonance imaging leads to undesirable signal differences that mask the brain activation that is being sought.",
"\nIn one embodiment of a functional magnetic resonance imaging, image datasets of a region to be imaged are generated with an identical location coding in a time sequence. ",
"A retrospective motion correction of the image datasets is implemented following thereupon. ",
"Differences between the image datasets that are a result of a positional change of the imaged region with respect to the apparatus during the time sequence thus can be identified and corrected. ",
"To that end, a global difference between two image datasets is minimized, with a positional change between the two image datasets, that can be described by motion parameters, being linearized by a Taylor development of the first order, with the assumption of a uniform body motion. ",
"The minimization ensues iteratively by the motion parameters being repeatedly estimated with the linearization and applied to one of the two image datasets with interpolations. ",
"Such methods are known as Gauss-Newton method in the literature. ",
"For a more detailed description, the book by R. S. J. Frackowiak et al., ",
"Human Brain Function, Academic press, 1996, particularly Chapter 3, pages 43 through 58 is referenced as an example.",
"\nIn another embodiment of a functional magnetic resonance imaging, a prospective motion correction is implemented during the execution of the functional magnetic resonance imaging. ",
"To that end, possible positional changes, i.e. rotations and translation of the region to be imaged, are acquired from image dataset to image dataset by, for example, orbital navigator echos and a location coding is correspondingly adapted during the execution.",
"\nAn orbital navigator echo is a magnetic resonance signal that is characterized by a circular k-space path and that is generated by a specific navigator sequence. ",
"A navigator echo is registered just like a magnetic resonance signal employed for image generation and is correspondingly stored in a navigator echo dataset as complex quantities for data points of k-space that form the circular k-space path. ",
"A positional change between the points in time can be determined on the basis of orbital navigator echos that are generated at different points in time. ",
"To that end, for example, the navigator sequence is implemented before each generation of an image dataset, a navigator echo is registered, and an appertaining navigator echo dataset is compared to a reference navigator echo dataset for acquiring positional changes.",
"\nAs is known, a relationship between the image space and k-space exists via a multi-dimensional Fourier transformation. ",
"According to the shift theorem of the Fourier transformation, a translation of the region to be imaged in the image space is expressed as a modified phase of complex quantities of data points of k-space. ",
"A rotation of the imaged region in the image space effects the same rotation of appertaining data points in k-space. ",
"In order to decouple (distinguish) a rotation from a translation in k-space, only amounts of the complex quantities are considered for rotations. ",
"A rotation of the imaged region relative to a reference point in time thus can be identified by a comparison of amount values of the navigator echo dataset to those of the reference navigator echo dataset. ",
"The phase values are compared for a translation.",
"\nFor acquiring arbitrary positional changes in three-dimensional space, a respective orbital navigator echo is generated in three planes that are orthogonal to one another. ",
"Given positional changes with rotations up to xc2x18xc2x0 and translation up to xc2x18 mm, an imprecision of up to approximately xc2x11.5xc2x0 and xc2x11.5 mm is to be expected for an arbitrary positional change in this contest. ",
"Such imprecision can be improved by a repetition of the orbital navigator echos for specifically directed positional changes. ",
"After a comparison of a first navigator echo dataset to the reference navigator echo dataset corresponding to an identified positional change, a location coding is adapted for this purpose, and a second navigator echo dataset is registered with the adapted location coding. ",
"This dataset in turn is compared to the reference navigator echo dataset, which again leads to the adaptation of the location coding when a positional change is found. ",
"Particularly given positional change with a rotational component, however, no improved precision can be achieved in view of the rotational component. ",
"The above-discussed use of the orbital navigator echos is explained in greater detail, for example, in the article by H. A. Ward et al., ",
"xe2x80x9cProspective Multiaxial Motion Correction for fMRIxe2x80x9d, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 43 (2000), pages 459 through 469.",
"\nAn object of the invention is to provide an improved method of the type initially described which allows positional changes to be acquired with, among other things, a high precision.",
"\nThis object is achieved in accordance with the invention in a method for the operation of a magnetic resonance apparatus, which allows a positional change of a region of an examination subject to be imaged relative to an imaging volume of the apparatus to be acquired with orbital navigator echos, wherein at least one reference dataset with data points is generated, with the data points in k-space at least on a partial surface of a spherical surface, being arranged to occupy the partial surface in surface-covering fashion, and wherein the partial surface extends at least around a great circle of the spherical surface corresponding to a maximally expected angular range of the positional change; and wherein for acquiring the positional change, a dataset of at least one of the navigator echos is compared to the reference dataset.",
"\nCompared to the above-described method known, wherein only data points are arranged on the spherical surface on three circular paths that are orthogonal relative to one another, the surface-covering occupation of the partial surface with data points achieves clearly improved precision in the acquisition of positional changes. ",
"This is particularly true of a portion of a positional change that is to be attributed to a rotation of the region to be imaged.",
"\nIn an embodiment, the partial surface is equal to the spherical surface. ",
"As a result, nearly arbitrary rotations in the broad range from greater than 0xc2x0 through less than 180xc2x0 can be acquired with high precision.",
"\nIn another embodiment, a dataset of a combination of two orbital navigator echos, whose circular k-space paths define two planes that are orthogonal relative to one another, is compared to the reference dataset for acquiring the positional change. ",
"Compared to the known method, wherein a combination of three orbital navigator echos that are orthogonal to one another is required, an arbitrary three-dimensional positional change thus can already be acquired with high precision with the combination of only two orbital navigator echos. ",
"In applications wherein successive combinations of the aforementioned type are multiply generated for acquiring arbitrary three-dimensional positional changes, a shortening of a pickup duration is achieved compared to the known method. ",
"Although the pick-up duration for the reference dataset is lengthened compared to the known method, this is more than compensated by the shortened pickup duration for the combinations of orbital navigator echos with a specific number of combinations."
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[
"The video will start in 8 Cancel\n\nNews, views and top stories in your inbox. ",
"Don't miss our must-read newsletter Sign up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nA 'Piano Man' trying to win back his girlfriend with a round-the-clock public performance has officially stopped playing amid claims he was punched in the head.",
"\n\n\"Creepy\" Luke Howard went viral after he set up the instrument in on College Green, in Bristol, and refused to leave.",
"\n\nHe sparked a furious backlash on social media after users slammed his actions as \"abusive\" and \"akin to stalking\".",
"\n\nLuke continued to play over the weekend but has now stopped, the Bristol Post reports.",
"\n\nHe claims he was punched in the head at around 4am today - but added the reason he packed up was because he realised he had \"spectacularly failed\" in his original aim.",
"\n\nSpeaking to the i , the 34-year-old musician rejected suggestions it was a PR stunt and issued an apology to those offended by his plan.",
"\n\n\"I stopped playing yesterday because I realised that what I had wanted to do had spectacularly failed,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"The social media reaction turned it very quickly into something that would cause the one person I didn’t want to hurt embarrassment and pain.",
"\n\n\"That was the last thing in the world I had wanted to happen, so I left.”",
"\n\n(Image: bristolpost.co.uk/)\n\nLuke's story went viral within a matter of hours after it was highlighted by founder of Bristol Women’s Literary Festival Sian Norris.",
"\n\nPulling no punches, Sian tweeted at the time: “Men, women are allowed to leave you. ",
"You are not entitled to a girlfriend.",
"\n\n“Media, stop romanticising controlling, stalker behaviour.”",
"\n\nThis was echoed by other Twitter users, with some referring to Luke’s four-month relationship as nothing more than a “long fling” while others called him a “brat”.",
"\n\n(Image: Bristol Post WS)\n\nThe story was even referenced by Bristol comic Mark Watson during his show at the Wardrobe Theatre on Saturday evening.",
"\n\n\"He said it was one of those things that divides public opinion, but it really is a bit ‘eurgh!’ ",
"isn’t it?,\" ",
"once audience member said.",
"\n\n\"I said it was like a toddler holding its breath 'til it gets what it wants.\""
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"Tomwool Lake\n\nTomwool Lake is a small lake in geographic Lee Township in the Unorganized West Part of Timiskaming District, in northeastern Ontario, Canada. ",
"The lake is in the James Bay drainage basin and is on Tomwool Creek. ",
"The nearest community is Bourkes, to the northeast.",
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"\n\nReferences\n\nOther map sources:\n\nCategory:Lakes of Timiskaming District"
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"Donald Trump does not have the \"competence\" to be commander in chief, writes Daniel Akerson. ",
"| AP Photo Former GM chief bucks Trump, endorses Clinton for 'leadership'\n\nAnother lifelong Republican is revved up for Hillary Clinton.",
"\n\nFormer General Motors chairman and chief executive Daniel Akerson has instilled in his Catholic beliefs in his children, as well as in \"God and country,\" and the Navy veteran has always voted for Republicans for president.",
"\n\n\n\"Not this year,\" Akerson wrote in a Washington Post op-ed published Wednesday evening. \"",
"The compelling rationale behind this decision: leadership. ",
"A good leader must demonstrate such qualities as competence, integrity, empathy, character and temperament. ",
"Hillary Clinton has these essential qualities. ",
"Donald Trump does not.\"",
"\n\nTrump does not have the \"competence\" to be commander in chief, wrote Akerson, who led the auto company from 2010 to 2014 before serving as vice chairman and special adviser to the board of directors at the Carlyle Group from 2014 to 2016. ",
"Trump previously called out General Motors as a company moving its production to Mexico in June but later removed it from a statement.",
"\n\n\"His knowledge of economic policy and foreign affairs is rudimentary, at best; his views are misguided,\" Akerson said. \"",
"His threat to impose prohibitive tariffs on trade would repeat mistakes that contributed to the Great Depression. ",
"His words and actions have rattled our European and Asian allies at a time when Russia and China are resurgent. ",
"He has demonstrated neither the capacity nor the inclination to learn from experts in global economics.\"",
"\n\nAkerson went on to criticize Trump for failing to do what he did as the leader of GM, namely spending \"countless hours analyzing global trends, listening to experts, learning from others and making informed, reasoned decisions.\"",
"\n\n\"While running a successful hotel business is honorable and hard work, there is no comparison to running a sophisticated global operation such as the U.S. government,\" he wrote. \"",
"Trump is simply not up to a job of this complexity.\"",
"\n\nRecalling the Navy saying he once learned and made his life motto—\"Ship, shipmate, self\"—Akerson explained that the \"civilian equivalent\" is “country, fellow citizen, self.”",
"\n\n\"As individuals and as a nation, we must aspire to serve the greater good. ",
"We must exhibit the empathy that places the greater good of the nation and its people above individual self-interest,\" Akerson said. \"",
"Unfortunately, Trump has appealed to the lowest common denominators in our society: prejudice, xenophobia and intolerance. ",
"He has mocked people with disabilities, tarred ethnic minorities, demeaned women and insulted religious leaders, including the pope.\"",
"\n\nAkerson also took issue with Trump's \"schoolyard name-calling\" and distortions of the truth.",
"\n\n\"I simply do not believe that Trump could stand tall like John F. Kennedy did during the Cuban Missile Crisis, demonstrate the strength of Ronald Reagan in bringing about the end of the Cold War or articulate the vision of George H.W. Bush to support a unified Germany when the wall came down,\" Akerson said, writing that on the other hand, \"Clinton has been tested. ",
"She has demonstrated balance, calm and an even temperament.\"",
"\n\nClinton, he said, \"has an unparalleled knowledge of foreign and economic policy; she has run complex organizations such as the State Department.\"",
"\n\nWhile acknowledging that \"[l]ike other leaders, including myself, she has made mistakes,\" Akerson said he believes she has learned from them and is \"ready to be commander in chief on Day One.\"",
"\n\n\"Many of my fellow chief executives will question my decision to speak out,\" he concluded. \"",
"My choice is grounded in the Midwest values that I learned from my parents and grandparents. ",
"I hope and believe that one day my grandchildren will be proud that I stood up to speak out about what is right for our country. ",
"Ultimately, our greatest duty to our country is to put our future, and our children’s future, above partisan politics.\""
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"Discreteness-induced transition in catalytic reaction networks.",
"\nDrastic change in dynamics and statistics in a chemical reaction system, induced by smallness in the molecule number, is reported. ",
"Through stochastic simulations for random catalytic reaction networks, transition to a state is observed with the decrease in the total molecule number N , characterized by (i) large fluctuations in chemical concentrations as a result of intermittent switching over several states with extinction of some molecule species and (ii) strong deviation of time averaged distribution of chemical concentrations from that expected in the continuum limit, i.e., N-->infinity. ",
"The origin of transition is explained by the deficiency of the molecule leading to termination of some reactions. ",
"The critical number of molecules for the transition is obtained as a function of the number of molecule species M and that of reaction paths K, while total reaction rates, scaled properly, are shown to follow a universal form as a function of NK/M."
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"My adventures in learning to machine knit and whatever comes to mind\n\n2010 Fiber For-’em Event in Louisiana\n\nby Justina on July 20, 2010\n\nHosted by Cajun Lagniappe Fibers, September 24th, 25th, and 26th at Camp Pearl Louisiana, we invite you to come and join us to spend a couple of days with other fiber artists (old and new). ",
"Take Classes, shop with the vendors, and enjoy talking with like minded people. ",
"Have fun, share project ideas, learn new crafts, and take time to enjoy the fiber arts. ",
"It is being held at Camp Pearl, Louisiana just off Hwy 190 not far from the Reeves Community in Southwest Louisiana. ",
"To view pictures and information on the Camp, Classes, Teachers, registration pages and contacts you may go to the website at http://www.runningmoonfarm.com/CajunLagniappe/2010/FirstFiberArtsFor-’emEvent2010.html. ",
"If you have questions you may call Rhonda Selser at 337-328-8461 ( email at tselser@camtel.net ); Charlene Quinilty at 337-831-3219 (email at Quinilty@hughes.net ); Beth Syron at 337-774-2977, (email at esyron@hotmail.com ); or Margrett Stretton at 337-328-7320 (email at lstretton@camtel.net )."
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"\n140 P.3d 593 (2006)\n157 Wash.2d 529\nSTATE of Washington, Respondent,\nv.\nGeorge Richard CROMWELL and Jennifer Shirley Reynolds-Cromwell, Petitioners.",
"\nNo. ",
"77356-4.",
"\nSupreme Court of Washington, En Banc.",
"\nArgued March 23, 2006.",
"\nDecided August 10, 2006.",
"\nKathryn A. Russell Selk, Russell Selk Law Office, David Bruce Koch, Nielson Broman & Koch PLLC, Seattle, for Petitioner/Appellant.",
"\nCarla Barbieri Carlstrom, King County Prosecutor's Office, Seattle, for Appellee/Respondent.",
"\nBRIDGE, J.\n¶ 1 George Cromwell and Jennifer Reynolds-Cromwell each seek reversal of a conviction under former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) (2002). ",
"They argue they were improperly convicted under that statute because it did not expressly impose punishment for possession, manufacture, or delivery of methamphetamine salts, isomers, or salts of isomers, but simply imposed punishment for those activities in reference to \"methamphetamine.\" ",
"Thus, they contend that former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) does not apply to the salt form of methamphetamine, only its base form. ",
"We disagree and hold that the plain language of former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) encompasses all forms of methamphetamine. ",
"We affirm the Court of Appeals.",
"\n\nI\n\nFacts and Procedural History\n¶ 2 The Cromwells were arrested following a series of drug transactions with an informant of the Kent Police Department, in *594 which they sold him methamphetamine. ",
"Jennifer Reynolds-Cromwell was charged with four counts of delivery of methamphetamine and one count of possession with intent to deliver methamphetamine. ",
"George Cromwell was charged as an accomplice to three counts of delivery of methamphetamine and one count of possession of methamphetamine with intent to deliver. ",
"State v. Cromwell, 127 Wash.App. ",
"746, 748, 112 P.3d 1273 (2005). ",
"Both were charged under former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii).",
"\n¶ 3 At trial, the State's forensic expert, Dr. Suzuki, testified that the substances delivered to the informant and recovered from the Cromwell residence all contained methamphetamine and were in a salt form, most likely methamphetamine hydrochloride. ",
"Cromwell, 127 Wash.App. ",
"at 748, 112 P.3d 1273. ",
"Following his testimony, the Cromwells moved to dismiss, asserting \"that they had been charged with crimes involving methamphetamine, but the proof was limited to salts of methamphetamine, a substance they argued was treated differently in the relevant statutes.\" ",
"Id. at 749, 112 P.3d 1273. ",
"The Cromwells maintained that \"methamphetamine\" as it is used in former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) means only pure methamphetamine, or base methamphetamine, which is an oily liquid. ",
"The trial court denied the motion. ",
"In reference to the methamphetamine charges, Reynolds-Cromwell was found guilty as charged, and Cromwell was found guilty of two counts of delivery and the lesser included crime of simple possession, rather than possession with intent to deliver.",
"\n¶ 4 The Cromwells appealed, arguing their motion to dismiss should have been granted. ",
"Division One of the Court of Appeals affirmed their convictions, reasoning that to interpret the statute as contended by the Cromwells would reach a \"strained result.\" ",
"Cromwell, 127 Wash.App. ",
"at 751, 112 P.3d 1273. ",
"The record indicated that the base form of methamphetamine has no other purpose than to produce methamphetamine in a form for sale and is rarely recovered in drug transactions. ",
"The Court of Appeals thus concluded that the legislature obviously intended to encompass methamphetamine in all its forms by its use of the word \"methamphetamine\" in the statute. ",
"The Court of Appeals conceded that its conclusion conflicts with a decision from Division Two, State v. Morris, 123 Wash.App. ",
"467, 98 P.3d 513 (2004), which holds that the word \"methamphetamine\" as used in former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) does not include methamphetamine salts. ",
"The Cromwells appealed to this court, and we granted review on the conflict issue only.",
"\n\nII\n\nAnalysis\n¶ 5 The former RCW at issue here, RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii), is part of Washington's Uniform Controlled Substances Act. ",
"Under the act, methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II drug. ",
"RCW 69.50.206(d). ",
"Former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) imposes a maximum punishment of 10 years for possession, manufacture, or delivery of \"methamphetamine.\" ",
"In contrast, former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(iii), a catch-all provision, states that manufacture, delivery, or possession of \"any other controlled substance classified in [Schedule II]\" is punishable by not more than five years in prison.",
"\n¶ 6 While RCW 69.50.206(d), the statute classifying methamphetamine as a Schedule II substance, makes specific reference to the salts, isomer, and salts of the isomers of methamphetamine, former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) used the term \"methamphetamine\" without further elaboration. ",
"Therefore, the Cromwells argue that they were improperly charged under former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) because they possessed the salt form of methamphetamine and that statute does not expressly include salt methamphetamine. ",
"They assert that they should have been charged under the catch-all provision contained in former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(iii), which imposes a five year maximum for all other Schedule II substances. ",
"Thus, they contend their charging document was insufficient and warrants reversal of their respective convictions.",
"\n¶ 7 The Cromwells support their argument with a line of cases from Division Two, cases that conflict with Division One's decision in this case. ",
"In State v. Halsten, Division Two *595 considered whether former RCW 69.50.440 (1997), a statute that criminalized possession of the methamphetamine ingredient pseudoephedrine, applied to a suspected methamphetamine manufacturer who possessed cold tablets containing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. ",
"108 Wash.App. ",
"759, 33 P.3d 751 (2001). ",
"The Halsten court held that the statute at issue there did not encompass pseudoephedrine hydrochloride because the legislature did not specifically include the hydrochloride salt form of pseudoephedrine. ",
"Id. at 764, 33 P.3d 751. ",
"In Morris, Division Two adopted the reasoning in Halsten and applied it to the statute at issue here. ",
"123 Wash.App. ",
"at 474, 98 P.3d 513. ",
"Morris held that methamphetamine as it is used in former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) refers only to base methamphetamine (the liquid) and does not include methamphetamine hydrochloride (the salt). ",
"Id.\n¶ 8 Rules of statutory interpretation require courts to give effect to the legislature's intent and purpose. ",
"State v. J.P., 149 Wash.2d 444, 450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003). ",
"In doing so, we look first to the plain meaning of a statute. ",
"See id. \"When a statute is plain and unambiguous, its meaning must be derived from wording of the statute itself.\" ",
"Cromwell, 127 Wash.App. ",
"at 750, 112 P.3d 1273 (citing State v. Keller, 143 Wash.2d 267, 276, 19 P.3d 1030 (2001)). ",
"We may also look to the dictionary to determine the meaning of nontechnical terms. ",
"State v. McDougal, 120 Wash.2d 334, 350, 841 P.2d 1232 (1992).",
"\n¶ 9 As the State's forensic expert repeatedly stressed, there is no difference between base methamphetamine and the salt form, other than their physical properties which amounts to the difference between ice and water. ",
"Report of Proceedings (vol.5) at 46-49. ",
"The base and salt forms of methamphetamine are simply two forms of the same substance. ",
"Id. at 48-49, 841 P.2d 1232. ",
"Thus, \"methamphetamine\" is plainly synonymous with both the base and salt forms.",
"\n¶ 10 The Cromwells argue that the legislature means what it says, and we \"`cannot add words . . . ",
"when the legislature has chosen not to include that language.'\" ",
"Suppl. ",
"Br. ",
"of Pet'r Cromwell at 7 (quoting State v. Delgado, 148 Wash.2d 723, 727, 63 P.3d 792 (2003)). ",
"We are puzzled by this admonition because it is precisely what the Cromwells ask this court to do that is, to add the word \"base\" rather than \"salt\" to the definition of methamphetamine where the legislature has expressly stated neither. ",
"Nothing in the plain language of the statute at issue prompts us to read the word \"methamphetamine\" to exclusively mean base or salt methamphetamine. ",
"Because the legislature did not expressly refer to the salt or base forms of methamphetamine in the statute, Cromwell's logic would compel us to find that methamphetamine as it is used in the statute has no meaning at all. ",
"We cannot construe a statute so that it is meaningless. ",
"See J.P., 149 Wash.2d at 450, 69 P.3d 318.[1]\n¶ 11 The dictionary definition of methamphetamine supports the conclusion that \"methamphetamine\" means more than just its base form. ",
"The dictionary definition refers to the \"crystalline hydrochloride\" form of methamphetamine, which is a salt form of the substance. ",
"WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1422 (2002). ",
"And as the Court of Appeals suggested, the conclusion that \"methamphetamine\" plainly includes the salt form of the drug is supported by the legislature's use of \"kilogram\" as a unit of measurement in corresponding statutes, rather than \"liquid ounce,\" which might be exclusively applied to a liquid. ",
"Cromwell, 127 Wash.App. ",
"at 752, 112 P.3d 1273.[2]\n*596 ¶ 12 In sum, base and salt methamphetamine are the same chemical substance.[3] Moreover, the salt form is encompassed by the dictionary definition of methamphetamine. ",
"And, given the frequency with which the salt form is recovered by law enforcement, it is reasonable to infer that the commonly understood definition of \"methamphetamine\" includes its salt form. ",
"Thus, we hold that when the legislature used the word \"methamphetamine\" in former RCW 69.50.501(a)(1)(ii), that word included all forms of the substance.",
"\n¶ 13 The plain meaning of methamphetamine also sufficiently resolves the conflict between the divisions regarding former RCW 60.50.401(a)(1)(ii) in favor of Division One. ",
"Cromwell is distinguishable from Halsten, on which Morris, the case in conflict with Cromwell, relied. ",
"In Halsten, the defendant was charged under former RCW 69.50.440 with possession of pseudoephedrine with intent to manufacture. ",
"In actuality, he possessed cold pills, which contain pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, from which pseudoephedrine can be extracted, which can then be used to manufacture methamphetamine. ",
"At best, then, the defendant in Halsten possessed a precursor to an ingredient of methamphetamine manufacture, which was not itself a controlled substance under the charging statute there.",
"\n¶ 14 In contrast, the Cromwells, like the defendant in Morris, were charged under former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) with possession of the controlled substance methamphetamine and were found guilty of possessing a substance identified as methamphetamine. ",
"Halsten is thus distinguishable by its facts. ",
"To the extent that it conflicts with this opinion, however, Morris is disapproved.",
"\n\nIII\n\nConclusion\n¶ 15 Base methamphetamine and its salt form are the same chemical substance. ",
"Converting the liquid base into solid methamphetamine salt is merely a functional refinement. ",
"On its face, methamphetamine as referenced in former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) plainly means all forms of the substance. ",
"The Court of Appeals is affirmed.",
"\nConcurring: ALEXANDER, C.J., C. JOHNSON, MADSEN, CHAMBERS, OWENS, FAIRHURST, J.M. JOHNSON, JJ.",
"\nSANDERS, J. (dissenting).",
"\n¶ 16 The majority bases its decision on the State's forensic expert who \"repeatedly stressed, there is no difference between base methamphetamine and the salt form, other than their physical propertieswhich amounts to the difference between ice and water.\" ",
"Majority at 595 (citing Report of Proceedings (RP) (Vol.5) at 46-49). ",
"I doubt the majority would be so indifferent to the distinction between ice and water were it poised to dive into a frozen lake.",
"\n¶ 17 The statute at issue prohibits the manufacture, delivery, or possession of methamphetaminenot the salts of methamphetamineand does not state the salts of methamphetamine are the same as methamphetamine. *",
"597 Moreover a separate statute, not charged here, expressly criminalizes delivering salts of methamphetamine. ",
"Although the expert testified salt and liquid methamphetamine were different forms of the same substance, \"[t]he issue is not whether a chemist might consider the two drugs to be essentially same. ",
"Rather, the issue is what is meant by the statutory term[s].\" ",
"State v. Halsten, 108 Wash.App. ",
"759, 763, 33 P.3d 751 (2001).",
"\n¶ 18 The former statute provides:\n(a) Except as authorized by this chapter, it is unlawful for any person to manufacture, deliver, or possess with intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance.",
"\n(1) Any person who violates this section with respect to:\n. . .",
"\n(ii) amphetamine or methamphetamine, is guilty of a crime and upon conviction may be imprisoned for not more than ten years, or (A) fined not more than twenty-five thousand dollars if the crime involved is less than two kilograms of the drug, or both such imprisonment and fine; or (B) if the crime involved two or more kilograms of the drug, then fined not more than one hundred thousand dollars for the first two kilograms . . . .",
"\n(iii) any other controlled substance classified in Schedule I, II, or III, is guilty of a crime and upon conviction may be imprisoned for not more than five years . . . .",
"\n. . . .",
"\nFormer RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii), (iii) (2002) (emphasis added).",
"\n¶ 19 Schedule II provides:\n(d) Stimulants. ",
"Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system:\n(1) Amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its optical isomers;\n(2) Methamphetamine, its salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers;\n\n. . . .",
"\nRCW 69.50.206(d)(1), (2) (emphasis added).",
"\n¶ 20 By so defining delivery crimes, the legislature made a distinction between a person who delivers \"methamphetamine,\" subject to a maximum sentence of 10 years, and one who delivers a Schedule II controlled substance, who is subject to a maximum sentence of 5 years. ",
"This distinction makes the difference between a 5 and 10 year maximum sentence.",
"\n¶ 21 Former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) as written was unambiguous and rational. ",
"Drafting a statute is a legislative not a judicial function. ",
"State v. Jackson, 137 Wash.2d 712, 725, 976 P.2d 1229 (1999). ",
"The court's role is to interpret the law as it is, or in this case, as it was writtennot as it could or even should have been written. ",
"Id.\n¶ 22 Attempting to engraft into the statute \"salts,\" the majority states that the defendants in this case were asking the court to add onto the statute the word \"base.\" ",
"Majority at 595. ",
"However, the majority's analysis ignores the canons of statutory construction and the reasoning based on Morris[1] and Halsten, and inevitably departs from \"a long history of restraint\" in compensating for perceived legislative omissions. ",
"State v. Taylor, 97 Wash.2d 724, 728, 649 P.2d 633 (1982).",
"\n\nI. The Statutes Plainly Differentiate Between Methamphetamine and \"Salts\" of Methamphetamine\n¶ 23 Issues of statutory construction are reviewed de novo to ascertain and carry out the legislature's intent. ",
"New Castle Invs. ",
"v. City of LaCenter, 98 Wash.App. ",
"224, 228, 989 P.2d 569 (1999); State v. Van Woerden, 93 Wash.App. ",
"110, 116, 967 P.2d 14 (1998). ",
"Intent is determined by looking at the language of the statute. ",
"Van Woerden, 93 Wash.App. ",
"at 116, 967 P.2d 14. ",
"If the language is plain, then it requires no construction. ",
"State v. Wilson, 125 Wash.2d 212, 217, 883 P.2d 320 (1994) (\"Plain language does not require construction.\"). ",
"We have held that \"[c]ourts should assume the Legislature means exactly what it says\"even if the court disagrees with the result or finds the result distressing. *",
"598 State v. Keller, 143 Wash.2d 267, 276, 19 P.3d 1030 (2001). ",
"See also State v. J.P., 149 Wash.2d 444, 450, 69 P.3d 318 (2003); State v. Groom, 133 Wash.2d 679, 689, 947 P.2d 240 (1997) (\"[H]owever much members of this court may think that a statute should be rewritten, it is imperative that we not rewrite statutes to express what we think the law should be . . . . ",
"even if the results appear unduly harsh.\" (",
"citations omitted)). ",
"Finally, this court has made it clear that courts \"cannot add words or clauses to an unambiguous statute when the legislature has chosen not to include that language.\" ",
"State v. Delgado, 148 Wash.2d 723, 727, 63 P.3d 792 (2003).",
"\n¶ 24 When defining drug delivery crimes, the legislature distinguished \"methamphetamine\" from other substances, which included methamphetamine's \"salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers.\" ",
"Compare RCW 69.50.206(a) with RCW 69.50.206(d)(2).",
"\n¶ 25 Exclusion of language from one statute when included in others indicates an intent to do so. ",
"See, e.g., Delgado, 148 Wash.2d at 729, 63 P.3d 792; City of Seattle v. Parker, 2 Wash.App. ",
"331, 335, 467 P.2d 858 (1970) (\"Expressio unis est exclusio alterius. ",
"The expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.\"). ",
"By applying this canon, the plain language must mean only manufacture, delivery, or possession of the base form of methamphetamine, and not its salts, isomers, or salts of its isomers, is prohibited under the former statute.",
"\n¶ 26 Thus reasoned the Court of Appeals Division Two in Morris, 123 Wash.App. ",
"467, 98 P.3d 513, where the Court of Appeals held the plain language of former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) was \"unambiguous\" and included only the liquid form of methamphetaminebut not its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers, which are governed instead by former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(iii).",
"\n¶ 27 The court held since the legislature had specified methamphetamine's \"salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers\" in Schedule II[2] but not in former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii), the language of former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) was \"unambiguous\" and \"covers only methamphetamine in its pure form, its base.\" ",
"Morris, 123 Wash.App. ",
"at 474-75, 98 P.3d 513. ",
"The court then noted even if the statute were ambiguous the result would be the same with application of the rule of lenity. ",
"Id. at 474 n. 6, 98 P.3d 513.",
"\n¶ 28 Morris followed Halsten, 108 Wash. App. ",
"759, 33 P.3d 751, which in turn relied on Jackson, 137 Wash.2d 712, 976 P.2d 1229, which held the legislature's inclusion of certain language in statutes and the failure to include it in others compelled the conclusion that the Legislature made a deliberate choice, and it was not proper for the court to \"read into\" the statute that which is not there based upon the court's opinion of what would be sound policy. ",
"Id. at 724, 976 P.2d 1229.",
"\n¶ 29 In Halsten the court determined pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was not pseudoephedrinethe possession of which was prohibited. ",
"Halsten concluded the legislature's reference to \"salts\" in one part of the code but not in another was clear and plain, and meant salts were not included in the latter. ",
"Halsten, 108 Wash.App. ",
"at 763, 33 P.3d 751. ",
"Division Two held the differing statutory language \"demonstrate[s] that when the legislature intended a section to cover a drug and its salts, it was capable of saying so.\" ",
"Id.\n¶ 30 The Halsten court also rejected the prosecution's attempt to have the court effectively add reference to salts into the statute based upon the theory that the Legislature probably meant to cover salts as well because \"[t]he drafting of a statute is a legislative, not a judicial function,\" id. at 764, 33 P.3d 751, and warned: \"[T]he court must resist the temptation to rewrite an unambiguous statute to suit its notions of what is good public policy.\" ",
"Id.\n¶ 31 Similarly in Jackson this court applied the same fundamental principles to hold the legislature's inclusion of certain language in some statutes while failing to include it in others compelled the conclusion the legislature made a deliberate choice. ",
"Jackson, 137 Wash.2d at 724, 976 P.2d 1229. ",
"We made it clear that it was not a proper judicial function to \"read into\" a statute that which the *599 legislature did not include. ",
"Id. Moreover, we concluded even if the statute had been ambiguous, it would be \"required under the rule of lenity to adopt the interpretation most favorable to the defendant.\" ",
"Id. at 729, 976 P.2d 1229. ",
"Applying Jackson we should likewise conclude salts, isomers, and salts of its isomers were not included in subsection (ii) of former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1).",
"\n¶ 32 The majority refuses to follow Morris and Halsten and instead engages in second-guessing what the legislature meant to say, concluding based on the expert's testimony the base and salt forms of methamphetamine are the same chemical substance, and \"given the frequency with which the salt form is recovered by law enforcement, it is reasonable to infer that the commonly understood definition of `methamphetamine' includes its salt form.\" ",
"Majority at 596 (emphasis added). ",
"I disagree. ",
"It is neither reasonable nor proper for this court to infer that the unqualified use of \"methamphetamine\" under former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) includes all forms of the substance.",
"\n\nII. ",
"Courts Have Recognized Different Sentences for Different Forms\n¶ 33 Other states impose different punishments for possession of different forms of the same substance. ",
"See, e.g., United States v. Stevens, 19 F.3d 93, 96 (2d Cir.1994). ",
"In Stevens the defendant challenged the sentencing guidelines on equal protection grounds because they treated crack and powder cocaine differently, although each had the same chemical properties. ",
"The Second Circuit analyzed the sentencing scheme to determine whether it was rationally related to a government purpose, Stevens, 19 F.3d at 96, and quoted United States v. Haynes, 985 F.2d 65, 70 (2d Cir.1993):\n\"A downward departure may not be predicated on the fact that penalties for cocaine crack are more severe than those involving cocaine. ",
"A departure on such basis is not permitted because the enhanced penalties for crack reflect a rational and specific congressional aim of deterring drug transactions involving crack. ",
"The purpose is obvious crack cocaine is the most addictive and destructive form of cocaine, and because it is also cheaper it is more widely available and has had therefore a corresponding increase in usage.\"",
"\nStevens, 19 F.3d at 97 (quoting Haynes, 985 F.2d at 70). ",
"The court found the United States Congress had a rational reason to differentiate between the two forms of the same substance:\nThis passage makes plain our view that Congress had a valid reason for mandating harsher penalties for crack as opposed to powder cocaine: the greater accessibility and addictiveness of crack. ",
"See also United States v. Buckner, 894 F.2d 975, 978-79 & n. 9 (8th Cir.1990) (detailing congressional hearings in which legislators and drug abuse experts commented on the perils of crack versus powder cocaine).",
"\nId. It buttressed its decision by pointing out that other circuits have upheld different punishments for different forms of the same drug:\n[W]e join six other circuits that have similarly held that the Guidelines' 100 to 1 ratio of powder cocaine to crack cocaine has a rational basis and does not violate equal protection principles. ",
"See United States v. Reece, 994 F.2d 277, 278-79 (6th Cir.1993) (per curiam); United States v. Williams, 982 F.2d 1209, 1213 (8th Cir. ",
"1992); United States v. Frazier, 981 F.2d 92, 95 (3d Cir.1992), cert. ",
"denied, [507 U.S. 1010,] 113 S.Ct. ",
"1661, 123 L.Ed.2d 279 (1993); United States v. Galloway, 951 F.2d 64, 65-66 (5th Cir.1992) (per curiam); United States v. Turner, 928 F.2d 956, 959-60 (10th Cir.), ",
"cert. ",
"denied, [502 U.S. 881,] 112 S.Ct. ",
"230, 116 L.Ed.2d 187 (1991); and United States v. Lawrence, 951 F.2d 751, 754-55 (7th Cir.1991). ",
"Although not directly referring to the 100 to 1 ratio challenged by Seagers, four other circuits have also rejected equal protection challenges to the enhanced penalty structure for crack offenses. ",
"See United States v. King, 972 F.2d 1259, 1260 (11th Cir.1992) (per curiam); United States v. Harding, 971 F.2d 410, 412-14 (9th Cir.1992), cert. ",
"denied, [506 U.S. 1070,] 113 S.Ct. ",
"1025, 122 L.Ed.2d 170 (1993); United States v. Thomas, 900 F.2d 37, 39-40 (4th Cir.1990); and United States v. Cyrus, 281 U.S.App. *",
"600 D.C. 440, 890 F.2d 1245, 1248 (D.C.Cir. ",
"1989). ",
"But see United States v. Willis, 967 F.2d 1220, 1226-27 (8th Cir.1992) (Heaney, J., concurring) (criticizing 100 to 1 ratio); [State v.] Russell, 477 N.W.2d [886,] 888 [Minn. 1991] (invalidating Minnesota's differential penalty scheme for crack and powder cocaine under equal protection clause of Minnesota Constitution).",
"\nId.\n¶ 34 Contrary to the majority's position that the salt and base forms of methamphetamine are essentially the same, other courts have distinguished between these forms. ",
"For example, in United States v. Cook, 891 F.Supp. ",
"572, 573 (D.Kan.1995), the court was asked to determine by expert testimony the chemical nature of two different types of methamphetamine isomers. ",
"The court held:\nBoth [isomers] are methamphetamines, but they stay molecularly different. ",
"They have all the same properties, except [one isomer] bends polarized light to the right and [the other isomer] bends polarized light to the left. ",
"These properties cause major differences in the effects produced by the substances. [",
"One isomer] is a bronchial dilator, [the other isomer] is a central nervous system stimulant. ",
"Thus, the pharmacological differences in the two methamphetamines are significant.",
"\nId. The two different methamphetamine isomersL and D methamphetamine isomers and their different effects, were also recognized in United States v. Sieruc, 1996 WL 383305, at *1, 1996 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 9495, at *3-4 (E.D.Pa.1996). ",
"That court held:\nL-methamphetamine \"produces little or no physiological effect when ingested\" while D-methamphetamine \"produces the physiological effect desired by its users.\" ",
"The Bogusz court noted that because of this difference, the Sentencing Guidelines treat L-methamphetamine much less severely than D-methamphetamine. ",
"Specifically, the reference to L-methamphetamine appears only in the Guidelines' Drug Equivalency Tables in the Commentary to section 2D1.1. ",
"In contrast, the Drug Quantity Tables, under section 2D1.1(c), refer only to \"methamphetamine\" and \"methamphetamine (actual)\". ",
"As a result, the Bogusz court concluded that the \"references to methamphetamine and methamphetamine (actual) in the Drug Quantity Tables of section 2D1.1(c) refer solely to quantities of D-methamphetamine.\" ",
"The Court stated that the government has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence the exact isomeric composition of the methamphetamine (D or L) involved.",
"\nSieruc, 1996 WL 383305, *1, 1996 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 9495, *3-4 (citations omitted) (quoting United States v. Bogusz, 43 F.3d 82, 89 (3d Cir.1994)). ",
"We likewise should not conclude this is a distinction without a difference.",
"\n\nIII. ",
"Under the Majority's Reasoning the Statute is Ambiguous\n¶ 35 Given former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(iii), read in conjunction with RCW 69.50.206(d)(2), explicitly includes \"salts\" of methamphetamine while former RCW 69.50.401(a)(1)(ii) does notif the latter is arguably susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, it is ambiguous. ",
"First among the canons of criminal statutory construction is the rule of lenity, which commands we strictly construe ambiguous statutes in favor of the defendant and against the State. ",
"See State v. Jacobs, 154 Wash.2d 596, 603, 115 P.3d 281 (2005); United States v. Enmons, 410 U.S. 396, 411, 93 S.Ct. ",
"1007, 35 L.Ed.2d 379 (1973) (criminal statutes \"must be strictly construed, and any ambiguity must be resolved in favor of lenity\").",
"\n¶ 36 Construing the statute in Cromwell's favor the prosecution would be required to provide evidence that the substance delivered was \"methamphetamine.\" ",
"However, Dr. Suzuki testified unequivocally that the substances in this case were not methamphetamine but rather salts of methamphetamine. ",
"RP (vol.5) at 46, 50-52.",
"\n¶ 37 Because \"salts of methamphetamine\" and \"methamphetamine\" are not treated by the legislature in the same way, under the plain language of the statutes and the rule of lenity (if the language isn't so plain), the prosecution did notand could notprove by sufficient evidence the charged crime. *",
"601 Therefore the conviction should be reversed and the case dismissed.",
"\n¶ 38 I dissent.",
"\nNOTES\n[1] In Delgado, the State asked us to construe an unambiguous statute so that it included a comparability clause. ",
"Delgado, 148 Wash.2d at 727-28, 63 P.3d 792. ",
"But nothing in the statute at issue in Delgado \"directly included a comparability clause, nor [indirectly] incorporated [a relevant definition that would encompass a comparability clause].\" ",
"Id. at 728-29, 63 P.3d 792. ",
"Thus, the language the State sought to insert was entirely lacking from the statute. ",
"Here, \"methamphetamine\" itself necessarily includes its salt form and base form. ",
"In affirming the Cromwells' convictions, we are not asked to read into the statute language we believe was omitted. ",
"Rather, we merely read the plain meaning of methamphetamine in RCW 60.50.401(a)(1)(ii), which encompasses all forms of methamphetamine, including its salt form.",
"\n[2] The Cromwells cite two federal cases that use \"kilogram\" in reference to the liquid form of the drug. ",
"Suppl. ",
"Br. ",
"of Pet'r Reynolds-Cromwell at 8. ",
"But one case they cite uses kilogram in reference to both liquid and refined methamphetamine, and thus does nothing to refute the conclusion that \"methamphetamine\" means all forms of the substance. ",
"See United States v. Valensia, 299 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir.2002).",
"\n[3] The dissent points to case law from federal courts that distinguishes between different types of methamphetamine. ",
"Dissent at 600. ",
"But in those cases the distinction at issue concerned whether a quantity of recovered methamphetamine was comprised more predominately of an \"L isomer\" versus a \"D isomer,\" not whether that quantity of isomer-carrying methamphetamine was in base or salt form. ",
"United States v. Cook, 891 F.Supp. ",
"572, 573-74 (D.Kan.1995); United States v. Sieruc, 1996 WL 383305, *3, 1996 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 9495, at *2 (E.D.Pa.1996); United States v. Bogusz, 43 F.3d 82, 88-89 (3d Cir.1994). ",
"Here we have a question about form, not composition. ",
"As the dissent acknowledges, methamphetamine composed primarily of the innocuous \"L isomer\" does not produce the same intense chemical reaction in the user as that of the \"D isomer,\" and it therefore may be reasonable to distinguish between them for sentencing purposes. ",
"Dissent at 600 (citing Sieruc, 1996 WL 383305, at *1, 1996 U.S. Dist. ",
"LEXIS 9495, at *3-4 and Bogusz, 43 F.3d at 89). ",
"In contrast, no evidence here suggests that a different chemical reaction is achieved by use of the salt form over base or vice versa.",
"\n[1] State v. Morris, 123 Wash.App. ",
"467, 98 P.3d 513 (2004).",
"\n[2] RCW 69.50.206(d)(2).",
"\n"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'In this paper, we construct a family of non-weight modules over the super-Virasoro algebras. ",
"Those modules when regarded as modules of the Ramond algebra and further restricted as modules over the Cartan subalgebra $\\hh$ are free of rank $1$, while when regarded as modules of the Neveu-Schwarz algebra and further restricted as modules over the Cartan subalgebra $\\mathfrak{H}$ are free of rank $2$. We obtain a sufficient and necessary condition for such modules to be simple. ",
"Moreover, we determine the isomorphism classes of these modules. ",
"Finally, we show that these modules constitute a complete classification of free $U(\\hh)$-modules of rank $1$ over the super-Virasoro algebra of Ramond type, and also constitute a complete classification of free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $2$ over the super-Virasoro algebra of Neveu-Schwarz type.'",
"\naddress:\n- '*Hengyun Yang: Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China*'\n- '*Yufeng Yao: Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China*'\n- '*Limeng Xia: Institute of Applied System Analysis, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu Zhenjiang, 212013, China*'\nauthor:\n- Hengyun Yang\n- Yufeng Yao\n- 'Limeng Xia$^*$'\ntitle: 'A family of non-weight modules over the super-Virasoro algebras '\n---\n\n[^1] [^2]\n\n-.3cm : [17B10, 17B65, 17B66, 17B68]{}\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe Virasoro algebra, as a universal central extension of the Witt algebra, is an important infinite dimensional Lie algebra. ",
"It has a basis $\\{L_{n},C \\mid n \\in \\Z\\}$ subject to the following relations $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&[L_{m}, L_{n}]=(m-n)L_{m+n}+\\delta_{m+n}\\frac{m^3-m}{12}C,\\\\\n &&[L_m,C]=0, \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ m,n\\in\\Z.\\end{aligned}$$ The super-Virasoro algebras, namely, the Neveu-Schwarz algebra and the Ramond algebra, are the $N=1$ super-symmetry extensins of the Virasoro algebra (see [@NS] and [@RP]). ",
"The Virasoro algebra and super-Virasoro algebras are important algebras in both mathematics and physics. ",
"They are closely related to the conformal field theory and the string theory.",
"\n\nIn the study of representation theory of Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras, one of the most important problems is to classify simple modules. ",
"The simple weight modules of the Virasoro algebra and super-Virasoro algebras have been studied extensively. ",
"In 1992, Mathieu [@M] (also see [@KS; @Su1]) classified all simple Harish-Chandra modules over the Virasoro algebra, i.e., simple weight modules with finite-dimensional weight spaces. ",
"Su [@Su] settled similar problems over the super-Virasoro algebras. ",
"While the study of simple non-weight modules is much more difficult.",
"\n\nFree $U(\\hh)$-modules constitute an important class of non-weight modules (in general, we use $U(\\hh)$ to denote the universal enveloping algebra of the Cartan subalgebra $\\hh$). ",
"They were first introduced by Nilsson [@N1] for the complex matrices algebra $\\mathfrak{sl}_{n+1}$ in 2015. ",
"For a finite dimensional simple Lie algebra, Nilsson [@N2] showed that free $U(\\hh)$-modules can exist only when it is of type $A$ or $C$, and further classified the free $U(\\hh)$-modules of rank $1$. Motivated by [@N1], Tan and Zhao [@TZ] proved that any free $U(\\hh)$-module of rank 1 over the Witt algebra is isomorphism to $\\Omega (\\lambda,\\alpha)$ for some $\\lambda\\in\\C^*, \\alpha\\in\\C$. With aid of the method of [@N1] and the results of [@TZ], such simple modules for some infinite dimensional Lie algebras related to the Virasoro algebra, such as the Heisenberg-Virasoro algebra [@CG], the algebra $\\Vir(a,b)$ [@HCS], the Schrodinger-Virasoro algebra [@WZ] and the Block algebra [@CY; @LG], have been studied. ",
"Moreover, in [@MP], a family of free $U(\\hh)$-modules of arbitrary rank were constructed over $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$. The free $U(\\hh)$-modules of infinite rank over the Virasoro algebra were studied in [@CG1].",
"\n\nIn [@LPX1], Whittaker modules over the super-Virasoro algebras are introduced, and necessary and sufficient conditions for irreducibility of these modules are given. ",
"The authors further studied the simple restricted modules over the super-Virasoro algebra of Neveu-Schwarz type in [@LPX2]. ",
"Recently, free $U(\\hh)$-modules over the basic Lie superalgebras have been studied in [@CZ]. ",
"It was shown that $\\mathfrak{osp}(1|2n)$ is the only basic Lie superalgebra that admits such modules.",
"\n\nFor convenience, we let $\\hh$ and $\\mathfrak{H}$ denote the Cartan subalgebras of $\\SVir[0]$ and $\\SVir[\\frac12]$, respectively. ",
"In this paper, we mainly concern on the non-weight representations over the super-Virasoro algebra $\\SVir[\\epsilon]$ ($\\epsilon=0\\,\n\\mbox{or} \\, \\frac{1}{2}$). ",
"More precisely, we will classify the free $U(\\hh)$-modules of rank $1$ over $\\SVir[0]$ and the free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $2$ over $\\SVir[\\frac12]$. This paper is organized as follows. ",
"In section 2, we mainly recall some basic definitions and construct a family of non-weight modules over the super-Virasoro algebras of Ramond type $\\SVir[0]$ and Neveu-Schwarz type $\\SVir[\\frac{1}{2}]$. We further determine the simplicity and isomorphism classes of these modules. ",
"Section 3 is devoted to classifying the free $U(\\hh)$-modules of rank $1$ over the Ramond algebra $\\SVir[0]$. Those modules can also be regarded as free $U(\\C{L_0})$-modules of rank $2$. In Section 4, we classify the free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $2$ over the Neveu-Schwarz algebra $\\SVir[\\frac12]$. We show that the category of free $U(\\hh)$-modules of rank $1$ over the super-Virasoro algebra of Ramond type is equivalent to the category of free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $2$ over the super-Virasoro algebra of Neveu-Schwarz type.",
"\n\nA family of non-weight modules over the super-Virasoro algebras\n===============================================================\n\nThroughout the paper, we denote by $\\C,\\C^*,\\Z, \\Z_+$ and $\\N$ the sets of all complex numbers, nonzero complex numbers, integers, non-negative integers and positive integers, respectively. ",
"We always assume that the base field is the complex number field $\\C$. All vector superspaces (resp. ",
"superalgebras, supermodules) $V=V_{\\bar 0}\\oplus V_{\\bar 1}$ are defined over $\\C$, and sometimes simply called spaces (resp. ",
"algebras, modules). ",
"We call elements in $V_{\\bar 0}$ and $V_{\\bar 1}$ odd and even, respectively. ",
"Both odd and even elements are referred to homogeneous ones. ",
"Throughout this paper, a module $M$ of a superalgebra $A$ always means a supermodule, i.e., $A_{\\bar{i}}\\cdot M_{\\bar{j}}\\subseteq M_{\\bar{i}+\\bar{j}}$ for all $\\bar{i}, \\bar{j}\\in\\Z_2$. For an automorphism $\\sigma$ of a superalgebra $A$ and an $A$-module $M$, we have a twist $A$-module with the same underling space as $M$ and the twist module structure defined as $a\\circ v=\\sigma(a)\\cdot v$ for $a\\in A, v\\in M$. This twist module is usually denoted by $M^{\\sigma}$. There is a parity change functor $\\Pi$ from the category of $A$-modules to itself. ",
"That is, for any module $M=M_{\\bar{0}}\\oplus M_{\\bar{1}}$, we have a new module $\\Pi(M)$ with the same underlining space with the parity exchanged, i.e., $(\\Pi(M))_{\\bar{0}}=M_{\\bar{1}}$ and $(\\Pi(M))_{\\bar{1}}=M_{\\bar{0}}$.\n\nThe following notion of the super-Virasoro algebra is a natural super generalization of the Virasoro algebra, which was first discovered by Neveu-Schwarz and Ramond, respectively (see [@NS] and [@RP]). ",
"\\[def of super-Vir\\] [ *Let $\\epsilon =0\\, \\mbox{or} \\, \\frac{1}{2}$. *The super-Virasoro algebra $\\SVir[\\epsilon]$ (without center)*, is an infinite dimensional Lie superalgebra whose even part is spanned by $\\{L_{n} \\mid n \\in \\Z\\}$ and odd part is spanned by $\\{G_{r} \\mid r \\in \\epsilon +\\Z \\}$ subject to the following relations $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&[L_{m}, L_{n}]=(m-n)L_{m+n},\\\\\n &&[L_m,G_r]=(\\frac{1}{2}m-r)G_{m+r},\\\\\n &&[G_r,G_s]=2L_{r+s}, \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ m,n\\in\\Z, r,s\\in \\epsilon+\\Z.\\end{aligned}$$ $\\SVir[0]:=\\R$ is called *the Ramond algebra* and $\\SVir[\\frac12]:=\\NS$ is called *the Neveu-Schwarz algebra*.* ]{}",
"\n\n- The even part $\\SVir[\\epsilon]_{\\bar 0}$ of the super-Virasoro algebra $\\SVir[\\epsilon]$ is isomorphic to the centerless Virasoro algebra, i.e., the Witt algebra $\\W$.\n\n- For $\\lambda\\in\\mathbb{C}^*$, let $\\sigma_{\\lambda}:\\SVir[\\epsilon]\\longrightarrow\\SVir[\\epsilon]$ be a linear transformation with $\\sigma_{\\lambda}(L_m)=\\lambda^m L_m$ and $\\sigma_{\\lambda}(G_r)=\\lambda^rG_r$, where $m\\in\\mathbb{Z}, r\\in\\epsilon+\\Z$. Then $\\sigma_{\\lambda}$ is an automorphism of $\\SVir[\\epsilon]$.\n\nThe Ramond algebra $\\mathcal{R}$ has a $2$-dimensional canonical Cartan subalgebra $\\hh =\\C L_0\\oplus\\C G_0$. While the Neveu-Schwarz algebra $\\NS$ has a $1$-dimensional canonical Cartan subalgebra $\\mathfrak{H} =\\C L_0$.\n\nDenote by $\\C[x]$ the polynomial algebra over $\\C$ in indeterminate $x$. For $\\lambda\\in\\C^*, \\alpha\\in\\C$, we define the action of $\\W$ on $\\Omega (\\lambda,\\alpha):=\\C[x] $ as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Virasoro-module}\nL_m f(x)=\\lambda^m(x+m\\alpha)f(x+m), \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ m\\in\\Z, f(x)\\in\\C[x].\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor later use, we need the following results on $\\Omega (\\lambda,\\alpha)$.\n\n\\[Witt-module\\](cf. [",
"@LZ1 §4.3], [@TZ Theorem 8, Theorem 11]) Keep notations as above, then the following statements on $\\Omega (\\lambda,\\alpha)$ hold.",
"\n\n- $ \\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is a $\\W$-module.",
"\n\n- $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is simple if and only if $\\lambda,\\alpha\\in\\C^*$. Moreover, $x\\Omega(\\lambda,0)$ is the unique nonzero proper submodule of $\\Omega(\\lambda,0)$ with codimension $1$.\n\n- Any $\\W$-module that is free of rank $1$ when restricted to $U(\\C L_0)$ is isomorphic to some $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ for $\\lambda\\in\\C^*, \\alpha\\in\\C$.\n\nLet $V =\\C [x^2]\\oplus x\\C [x^2]$. Then $ V$ is a $\\Z_2$-graded vector space with $V_{\\bar{0}}=\\C [x^2]$ and $V_{\\bar{1}}=x\\C[x^2]$. The following result gives a precise construction of an $\\R$-module structure on $V$.\n\n\\[prop1\\] For $\\lambda\\in\\C^*,\\alpha\\in\\C, f(x^2)\\in \\C [x^2]$ and $xf(x^2)\\in x\\C [x^2]$, we define the action of $\\R$ on $V$ as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&L_m f(x^2)=\\lambda^m(x^2+m\\alpha)f(x^2+m),\\label{module1}\\\\\n &&L_m xf(x^2)=\\lambda^m x (x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac {m}{2})f(x^2+m), \\label{module2}\\\\\n &&G_m f(x^2)=\\lambda^m x f(x^2+m) ,\\label{module3}\\\\\n &&G_m xf(x^2)=\\lambda^m (x^2+2m\\alpha)f(x^2+m) , \\label{module4}\n \\end{aligned}$$ where $m\\in\\Z$. Then $V$ is an $\\R$-module under the action of (\\[module1\\])-(\\[module4\\]), which is denoted by $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$.\n\nIt follows from Lemma \\[Witt-module\\] (1) that $$\\label{check1}\n[L_m, L_n] f(x^2)=L_mL_nf(x^2)-L_nL_mf(x^2), \\,\\,\\forall\\,m,n\\in\\Z.$$ According to (\\[module2\\]), we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nL_m L_n xf(x^2)\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^nL_m x(x^2+n\\alpha+\\frac {n}{2})f(x^2+n)\\nonumber\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}x(x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac {m}{2})(x^2+n\\alpha+\\frac {n}{2}+m)f(x^2+m+n),\\end{aligned}$$ which implies that $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&L_mL_nxf(x^2)-L_nL_mxf(x^2)\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}x\\big((x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac {m}{2})(x^2+n\\alpha+\\frac {n}{2}+m)\\\\\n&&-(x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac {m}{2}+n)(x^2+n\\alpha+\\frac {n}{2})\\big)f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}(m-n)x\\big(x^2+(m+n)\\alpha+\\frac {m+n}{2}\\big)f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(m-n)L_{m+n} xf(x^2),\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_m,L_n] xf(x^2).\\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, it follows from (\\[module1\\])-(\\[module3\\]) that $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&L_mG_nf(x^2)-G_nL_mf(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^nL_m xf(x^2+n)-\\lambda^mG_n (x^2+m\\alpha)f(x^2+m)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}x(x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac {m}{2})f(x^2+m+n)-\\lambda^{m+n}x(x^2+m\\alpha+n)f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{m}{2}-n)G_{m+n} f(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_m,G_n] f(x^2).\\end{aligned}$$ From (\\[module1\\]), (\\[module2\\]) and (\\[module4\\]), we obtain that $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&L_mG_nxf(x^2)-G_nL_mxf(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^nL_m (x^2+2n\\alpha)f(x^2+n)-\\lambda^mG_n x(x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac{m}{2})f(x^2+m)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}\\big((x^2+m\\alpha)(x^2+m+2n\\alpha)-(x^2+2n\\alpha)(x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac{m}{2}+n)\\big)f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}(\\frac{m}{2}-n)\\big(x^2+2(m+n)\\alpha\\big) f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{m}{2}-n)G_{m+n} xf(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_m,G_n] xf(x^2).\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, it follows from (\\[module1\\]), (\\[module3\\]) and (\\[module4\\]) that $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&G_mG_nf(x^2)+G_nG_mf(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}(x^2+2m\\alpha)f(x^2+m+n)+\\lambda^{m+n}(x^2+2n\\alpha)f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2\\lambda^{m+n}(x^2+(m+n)\\alpha) f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2L_{m+n} f(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[G_m,G_n] f(x^2).\\end{aligned}$$ By (\\[module2\\]), (\\[module3\\]) and (\\[module4\\]), we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&G_mG_nxf(x^2)+G_nG_mxf(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+n}x(x^2+2n\\alpha+m)f(x^2+m+n)+\\lambda^{m+n}x(x^2+2m\\alpha+n)f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2\\lambda^{m+n}(x^2+(m+n)\\alpha) f(x^2+m+n)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2L_{m+n} xf(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[G_m,G_n] xf(x^2).\\end{aligned}$$ This completes the proof.",
"\n\nLet $\\lambda\\in\\C^*, \\alpha\\in\\mathbb{C}$, then $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)=\\Omega_{\\R}(1,\\alpha)^{\\sigma_{\\lambda}}$.\n\nIn the following, we exploit the module structure of $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ and provide a sufficient and necessary condition for simplicity of $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$.\n\n\\[thm-1\\] Let $\\R$ be the Ramond agebra, $\\lambda\\in\\C^*$ and $\\alpha\\in\\C$. Let $$\\Xi:=x^2(\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,0)_{\\bar{0}})\\oplus \\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,0)_{\\bar{1}}.$$ Then the following statements hold.",
"\n\n- $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is simple if and only if $\\alpha\\neq 0$.\n\n- $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,0)$ has a unique proper submodule $\\Xi$, and $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,0)/\\Xi$ is a $1$-dimensional trivial $\\R$-module.",
"\n\n- $\\Xi\\cong\\Pi(\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\frac12))$, so that $\\Xi$ is an irreducible $\\R$-module.",
"\n\nLet $M=M_{\\bar 0}\\oplus M_{\\bar 1}$ be a nonzero submodule of $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$. It follows from (\\[module4\\]) that $M_{\\bar 0}\\neq 0$. Moreover, if $M_{\\bar\n0}=\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar 0}$, we then obtain that $M_{\\bar\n1}=\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar 1}$ by (\\[module3\\]). ",
"Consequently, $M=\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$. This implies that $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is a simple $\\R$-module provided that $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar 0}$ is a simple $\\R_{\\bar\n0}$-module.",
"\n\nCase (i): $\\alpha=0$.\n\nIn this case, it is readily shown that $\\Xi$ is a proper submodule. ",
"Furthermore, suppose $M=M_{\\bar 0}\\oplus M_{\\bar 1}$ is an arbitrary nonzero proper submodule of $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$, then $M_{\\bar 0}=x^2\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar 0}$ by Lemma \\[Witt-module\\] (2). ",
"Furthermore, it follows from (\\[module3\\]) that $M_{\\bar 1}=\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar 1}$. Consequently, $M=\\Xi$, and $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,0)/\\Xi$ is a $1$-dimensional trivial $\\R$-module.",
"\n\nCase (ii): $\\alpha\\neq 0$.\n\nIn this case, since $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar 0}$ is a simple $\\R_{\\bar 0}$-module by Lemma \\[Witt-module\\] (2), it follows that $\\Omega(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is a simple $\\R$-module.",
"\n\nFor the part (3), we define a linear map $\\varphi$ from $\\Xi $ to $\\Pi(\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\frac12))$ such that $$\\varphi(x^2f(x^2))=xf(x^2), \\ \\ \\ \\ \\varphi(xf(x^2))=f(x^2)$$ for $f(x^2)\\in\\C[x^2]$. From (\\[module1\\]) with $\\alpha=0$ and (\\[module2\\]) with $\\alpha=\\frac12$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\varphi(L_m x^2f(x^2))\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^m\\varphi(x^2(x^2+m)f(x^2+m))\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^mx(x^2+m)f(x^2+m)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_m xf(x^2)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_m\\varphi(x^2f(x^2)).\\end{aligned}$$ Similar arguments yield that $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\varphi(G_m x^2f(x^2))=G_m\\varphi(x^2f(x^2)),\\\\\n &&\\varphi(L_m xf(x^2))=L_m\\varphi(xf(x^2)),\\\\\n &&\\varphi(G_m xf(x^2))=G_m\\varphi(xf(x^2)).\\end{aligned}$$ Thus $\\varphi$ is an $\\R$-module isomorphism, and $\\Xi$ is irreducible.",
"\n\nWe complete the proof.",
"\n\n\\[thm-2\\] Let $\\lambda,\\mu\\in\\C^*, \\alpha,\\beta\\in\\C$. Then $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)\\cong\\Omega_{\\R}(\\mu,\\beta)$ as $\\R$-modules if and only if $\\lambda=\\mu$ and $\\alpha=\\beta$.\n\nThe sufficiency is obvious. ",
"Suppose $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)\\cong\\Omega_{\\R}(\\mu,\\beta)$ as $\\R$-modules. ",
"Then $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar 0}\\cong\\Omega_{\\R}(\\mu,\\beta)_{\\bar 0}$ as $\\R_{\\bar 0}$-module. ",
"It follows that $\\lambda=\\mu$ and $\\alpha=\\beta$.\n\nLet $\\V =\\C [x]\\oplus \\C [y]$. Then $\\V$ is a $\\Z_2$-graded vector space with $\\V_{\\bar{0}}=\\C [x]$ and $\\V_{\\bar{1}}=\\C [y]$. The following result gives a precise construction of an $\\NS$-module structure on $\\V$.\n\n\\[prop2\\] For $\\lambda\\in\\C^*,\\alpha\\in\\C, f(x)\\in \\C [x]$ and $g(y)\\in \\C [y]$, we define the action of $\\NS$ on $\\V$ as follows $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&L_m f(x)=\\lambda^m(x+m\\alpha)f(x+m),\\label{ns-module1}\\\\\n &&L_m g(y)=\\lambda^m(y+m(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))g(y+m),\\label{ns-module2}\\\\\n &&G_r f(x)=\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}f(y+r) ,\\label{ns-module3}\\\\\n &&G_r g(y)=\\lambda^{r+\\frac{1}{2}}(x+2r\\alpha)g(x+r) ,\\label{ns-module4}\n \\end{aligned}$$ where $m\\in\\Z, r\\in\\frac{1}{2}+\\Z$. Then $\\V$ is an $\\NS$-module under the action of (\\[ns-module1\\])-(\\[ns-module4\\]), which is denoted by $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$.\n\nIt follows from Lemma \\[Witt-module\\] (1) that $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&[L_m, L_n] f(x)=L_mL_nf(x)-L_nL_mf(x),\\label{check-ns1}\\\\\n&&[L_m, L_n]\ng(y)=L_mL_ng(y)-L_nL_mg(y),\n\\,\\,\\forall\\,m,n\\in\\Z.\\label{check-ns2}\\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, due to (\\[ns-module1\\]), (\\[ns-module2\\]) and (\\[ns-module3\\]), we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&L_mG_rf(x)-G_rL_mf(x)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+r-\\frac{1}{2}}(y+m(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))f(y+m+r)-\\lambda^{m+r-\\frac{1}{2}}(y+r+m\\alpha)f(y+m+r)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{m}{2}-r)\\lambda^{m+r-\\frac{1}{2}}f(y+m+r)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{m}{2}-r)G_{m+r} f(x)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_m,G_r] f(x).\\end{aligned}$$ Similarly, Using (\\[ns-module1\\]), (\\[ns-module2\\]) and (\\[ns-module4\\]), we know that $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&L_mG_rg(y)-G_rL_mg(y)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{m+r+\\frac{1}{2}}(x+m\\alpha)(x+m+2r\\alpha)g(x+m+r)\\\\\n &&-\\lambda^{m+r+\\frac{1}{2}}(x+2r\\alpha)(x+r+m(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))g(x+m+r)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{m}{2}-r)\\lambda^{m+r+\\frac{1}{2}}(x+2(m+r)\\alpha)g(x+m+r)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{m}{2}-r)G_{m+r} g(y)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_m,G_r] g(y).\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, from (\\[ns-module1\\]), (\\[ns-module3\\]) and (\\[ns-module4\\]), we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&G_rG_sf(x)+G_sG_rf(x)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{r+s}(x+2r\\alpha)f(x+r+s)+\\lambda^{r+s}(x+2s\\alpha)f(x+r+s)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2\\lambda^{r+s}(x+(r+s)\\alpha)f(x+r+s)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2L_{r+s} f(x)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[G_r,G_s] f(x).\\end{aligned}$$ Similarly, by (\\[ns-module2\\]), (\\[ns-module3\\]) and (\\[ns-module4\\]), we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&G_rG_sg(y)+G_sG_rg(y)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{r+s}(y+r+2s\\alpha)g(y+r+s)+\\lambda^{r+s}(y+s+2r\\alpha)g(y+r+s)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2\\lambda^{r+s}(y+(r+s)(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))g(y+r+s)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&2L_{r+s} g(y)\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[G_r,G_s] g(y).\\end{aligned}$$ Now we proved that $\\V$ is an $\\NS$-module.",
"\n\nLet $\\lambda\\in\\C^*, \\alpha\\in\\mathbb{C}$, then $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)=\\Omega_{\\NS}(1,\\alpha)^{\\sigma_{\\lambda}}$.\n\nLet $\\sigma:\\NS \\rightarrow\\R$ be a linear map defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\nL_m \\!\\!\\!&\\mapsto\\!\\!\\!&\\frac{1}{2} L_{2m},\\nonumber\\\\\nG_{r}\\!\\!\\!&\\mapsto\\!\\!\\!&\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} G_{2r}\\end{aligned}$$ for $m\\in\\Z, r\\in\\frac12+\\Z$. It is straightforward to verify that $\\sigma$ is an injective Lie superalgebra homomorphism. ",
"Then $\\NS$ can be regarded as a subalgebra of $\\R$. In particular, $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is an $\\NS$-module.",
"\n\n\\[Connection of modules over R and NS\\] $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is a simple $\\NS$-module if and only if it is a simple $\\R$-module.",
"\n\nIt is sufficient to prove that $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is a simple $\\NS$-module whenever $\\alpha\\not=0$. Indeed, since $\\sigma(L_m)f(x^2)=\\frac12\\lambda^{2m}(x^2+2m\\alpha)f(x^2+2m)$ for all $m\\in\\Z$, it follows that $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)_{\\bar0}$ is a simple $\\sigma(\\W)$-module. ",
"Moreover, since $$\\sigma(G_{r})xf(x^2)=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}\\lambda^{2r}(x^2+2r\\alpha)f(x^2+2r)$$ and $$\\sigma(G_{r})f(x^2)=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}\\lambda^{2r}xf(x^2+2r),$$ for all $r\\in\\frac12+\\Z$, it further yields that $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is a simple $\\NS$-module.",
"\n\nThe following result gives an intimate connection between the two classes of modules constructed in Proposition \\[prop1\\] and Proposition \\[prop2\\].",
"\n\n\\[an iso\\] Let $\\lambda\\in\\C^*,\\alpha\\in\\C$. Then as $\\NS$-modules, $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)\\cong\\Omega_{\\R}(\\sqrt{\\lambda},\\alpha)$.\n\nLet $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Phi:\\,\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)& \\longrightarrow &\\Omega_{\\R}(\\sqrt{\\lambda},\\alpha)\\\\\nf(x)&\\longmapsto& f(\\frac{1}{2}x^2)\\\\\ng(y)&\\longmapsto& \\frac{\\sqrt{\\lambda}}{\\sqrt{2}}x\ng(\\frac{1}{2}x^2)\\end{aligned}$$ be the linear map from $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ to $\\Omega_{\\R}(\\sqrt{\\lambda},\\alpha)$. It is obvious that $\\Phi$ is bijective. ",
"In the following, we will show that it is an $\\NS$-module isomorphism.",
"\n\nFor any $m\\in\\mathbb{Z}, r\\in\\frac{1}{2}+\\mathbb{Z}, f(x)\\in\\C[x],\ng(y)\\in\\C[y]$, on the one hand, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\Phi(L_mf(x))=\\Phi(\\lambda^m(x+m\\alpha)f(x+m))=\\lambda^m(\\frac{1}{2}x^2+m\\alpha)f(\\frac{1}{2}x^2+m),\\\\\n&&\\Phi(L_mg(y))=\\Phi(\\lambda^m(y+m(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))g(y+m))=\n\\lambda^m\\frac{\\sqrt{\\lambda}}{\\sqrt{2}}x(\\frac{1}{2}x^2+m(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))g(\\frac{1}{2}x^2+m),\\\\\n&&\\Phi(G_rf(x))=\\Phi(\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}f(y+r))=\\frac{\\lambda^{r}}{\\sqrt{2}}xf(\\frac{1}{2}x^2+r),\\\\\n&&\\Phi(G_rg(y))=\\Phi(\\lambda^{r+\\frac{1}{2}}(x+2r\\alpha)g(x+r))=\\lambda^{r+\\frac{1}{2}}(\\frac{1}{2}x^2+2r\\alpha)g(\\frac{1}{2}x^2+r).\\end{aligned}$$ While on the other hand, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\sigma(L_m)\\Phi(f(x))=\\frac{1}{2}L_{2m}f(\\frac{1}{2}x^2)=\\frac{1}{2}(\\sqrt{\\lambda})^{2m}(x^2+2m\\alpha)f(\\frac{1}{2}(x^2+2m)),\\\\\n&&\\sigma(L_m)\\Phi(g(y))=\\frac{1}{2}L_{2m}\\frac{\\sqrt{r}}{\\sqrt{2}}xf(\\frac{1}{2}x^2)=\n\\frac{\\lambda^{m+\\frac{1}{2}}}{2\\sqrt{2}}x(x^2+2m\\alpha+m)g(\\frac{1}{2}(x^2+2m)),\\\\\n&&\\sigma(G_r)\\Phi(f(x))=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}G_{2r}f(\\frac{1}{2}x^2)=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}\\lambda^rxf(\\frac{1}{2}(x^2+2r)),\\\\\n&&\\sigma(G_r)\\Phi(g(y))=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}G_{2r}\\frac{\\sqrt{\\lambda}}{\\sqrt{2}}xg(\\frac{1}{2}x^2)\n=\\frac{\\lambda^{r+\\frac{1}{2}}}{2}(x^2+4r\\alpha)g(\\frac{1}{2}(x^2+2r)).\\end{aligned}$$ Hence, we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\Phi(L_mf(x))=\\sigma(L_m)\\Phi(f(x)),\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\Phi(L_mg(y))=\\sigma(L_m)\\Phi(g(y)),\\\\\n&&\\Phi(G_rf(x))=\\sigma(G_r)\\Phi(f(x)),\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\Phi(G_rg(y))=\\sigma(G_r)\\Phi(g(y)).\\end{aligned}$$ This implies that $\\Phi$ is an $\\NS$-module isomorphism, as desired.",
"\n\nAs a direct consequence of Proposition \\[an iso\\], Proposition \\[Connection of modules over R and NS\\] and Theorem \\[thm-1\\], we have\n\nLet $\\NS$ be the Neveu-Schwarz agebra, $\\lambda\\in\\C^*$ and $\\alpha\\in\\C$. Then $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ is simple if and only if $\\alpha\\neq 0$.\n\nAs a paralleling result to Theorem \\[thm-1\\], we have the following proposition describing the $\\NS$-module structure of $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)$ for $\\lambda\\in\\C^*$.\n\nLet $\\lambda\\in\\C^*$ and $\\Gamma=x(\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)_{\\bar{0}})\\oplus \\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)_{\\bar 1}$. Then the following statements hold.",
"\n\n- $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)$ has a unique proper submodule $\\Gamma$, and $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)/\\Gamma$ is a $1$-dimensional trivial $\\NS$-module.",
"\n\n- $\\Gamma\\cong\\Pi(\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\frac{1}{2}))$, so that $\\Gamma$ is an irreducible $\\NS$-module.",
"\n\n\\(1) It is readily shown that $\\Gamma$ is an $\\NS$-submodule of $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)$ by (\\[ns-module1\\])-(\\[ns-module4\\]). ",
"Now suppose $M=M_{\\bar{0}}\\oplus M_{\\bar{1}}$ is an arbitrary nonzero submodule of $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)$. It follows from (\\[ns-module4\\]) that $M_{\\bar 0}\\neq 0$. Moreover, $M_{\\bar 0}\\neq \\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)_{\\bar{0}}$ by (\\[ns-module3\\]), since $M$ is a proper submodule. ",
"Hence, $M_{\\bar{0}}=x(\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)_{\\bar{0}})$ by Lemma \\[Witt-module\\] (2). ",
"Then it follows from (\\[ns-module3\\]) that $M_{\\bar 1}=\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)_{\\bar 1}$. Consequently, $M=\\Gamma$, and $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,0)/\\Gamma$ is a $1$-dimensional trivial $\\NS$-module.",
"\n\n\\(2) Let $\\psi$ be a linear map from $\\Gamma$ to $\\Pi(\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\frac{1}{2}))$ with $\\psi(xf(x))=\\frac1{\\sqrt{2\\lambda}}f(y)$ and $\\psi(f(y))=\\frac{\\sqrt{\\lambda}}{\\sqrt{2}}f(x)$. Then it follows from a direct computation that $\\psi$ is an $\\NS$-module isomorphism. ",
"Hence, $\\Gamma\\cong\\Pi(\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\frac{1}{2}))$, and $\\Gamma$ is an irreducible $\\NS$-module.",
"\n\nSimilar arguments as in the proof of Theorem \\[thm-2\\] yield the following paralleling result for the super-Virasoro algebra of Neveu-Schwarz type.",
"\n\nLet $\\lambda,\\mu\\in\\C^*, \\alpha,\\beta\\in\\C$. Then $\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)\\cong\\Omega_{\\NS}(\\mu,\\beta)$ as $\\NS$-modules if and only if $\\lambda=\\mu$ and $\\alpha=\\beta$.\n\nClassification of free $U(\\mathfrak{h})$-modules of rank $1$ over $\\R$\n======================================================================\n\nLet $M=M_{\\bar 0}\\oplus M_{\\bar 1}$ be an $\\R$-module such that it is free of rank $1$ as a $U(\\mathfrak{h})$-module, where $\\hh=\\C L_0\\oplus\\C G_0$ is the canonical Cartan subalgebra of $\\R$. According to the algebra structure of $\\R$ in Definition \\[def of super-Vir\\], we know that $L_0G_0=G_0L_0$ and $G_0^2=L_0$. Thus $U(\\hh)=\\C [L_0]\\oplus G_0\\C [L_0]$. Take a homogeneous basis element ${\\bf1}\\in M$, without loss of generality, up to a parity, we may assume ${\\bf 1}\\in M_{\\bar 0}$, and $$M=U(\\hh){\\bf1}=\\C [L_0]{\\bf1}\\oplus G_0\\C [L_0]{\\bf1}$$ with $M_{\\bar 0}=\\C[L_0]{\\bf1}$ and $M_{\\bar 1}=G_0\\C [L_0]{\\bf1}$.\n\nHence, we suppose that $L_0{\\bf1}=x^2{\\bf1}$ and $G_0{\\bf1}=x{\\bf1}$. In the following we identify $M$ with $\\C[x^2]{\\bf1}\\oplus x\\C[x^2]{\\bf1}$ such that $M_{\\bar 0}=\\C[x^2]{\\bf1}$ and $M_{\\bar 1}= x\\C[x^2]{\\bf1}$.\n\nThe free $U(\\mathfrak{h})$-module M of rank $1$ can be regarded as a free $\\C[L_0]$-module of rank $2$.\n\nSince the even part $\\R_{\\bar 0}$ of $\\R$ is isomorphic to the Witt algebra $\\W$, we can naturally regard $M_{\\bar 0}$ as a $\\W$-module which is free of rank $1$ as a $\\C[L_0]$-module. ",
"By Lemma \\[Witt-module\\], for any $m\\in\\Z, f(x^2)\\in\\C[x^2]$, there exits $\\lambda\\in\\C^*$, $\\alpha\\in\\C$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Lmf2}\nL_m f(x^2){\\bf1}=\\lambda^m(x^2+m\\alpha)f(x^2+m){\\bf1}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe further need the following two preliminary results for later use.",
"\n\n\\[lemma-GLm\\]For $m\\in\\Z$, $f(x^2)\\in\\C[x^2]$, we have\n\n- $G_mxf(x^2){\\bf1}=f(x^2+m)G_m x{\\bf1}$.\n\n- $G_mf(x^2){\\bf1}=f(x^2+m)G_m {\\bf1}$.\n\nWe only prove part (1). ",
"Similar arguments yield part (2). ",
"According to the defining relations of $\\R$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\nG_mL_0 x{\\bf1}=(L_0+m) G_m x{\\bf1}.\\end{aligned}$$ Then by induction on $n$, we obtain that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{LG1}\nG_mL_0^n x{\\bf1}=(L_0+m)^n G_m x{\\bf1}, \\,\\,\\forall\\, \\ n\\in\\Z_+.\\end{aligned}$$ Consequently, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{LG2}\nG_m xf(x^2){\\bf1}= G_mf(L_0) x{\\bf1}=f(L_0+m)G_m x{\\bf1}=f(x^2+m)G_m x{\\bf1}, \\,\\,\\forall\\, m\\in\\Z.\\end{aligned}$$\n\n\\[lemma-Gm\\]For $m\\in\\Z$, we have $G_m {\\bf1}=\\lambda^m x{\\bf1}$.\n\nSuppose $G_m {\\bf1}=xg_m(x^2){\\bf1}\\in x\\C [x^2]{\\bf1}$ for $m\\in\\Z$. Obviously it holds for $m=0$ since $G_0{\\bf1}=x{\\bf1}$. We first show that $G_m{\\bf1}=\\lambda^m x{\\bf1}$ holds for $m\\in\\N$ by induction on $m$. Taking $m=0$ in part (1) of Lemma \\[lemma-GLm\\], we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{LG3}\nG_0G_1 {\\bf1}=G_0 xg_1(x^2){\\bf1}=x^2g_1(x^2){\\bf1}.\\end{aligned}$$ Then it follows from (\\[Lmf2\\]), (\\[LG3\\]) and $[G_0,G_1]=2L_1$ that $$\\label{GG1}\nG_1 x{\\bf1}=G_1G_0 {\\bf1}=2L_1 {\\bf1}-G_0G_1 {\\bf1}=(2\\lambda(x^2+\\alpha)- x^2g_1(x^2)){\\bf1}.$$ Taking $m=1$ in part (1) of Lemma \\[lemma-GLm\\] and using (\\[GG1\\]), we deduce that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{G1x}\nG_1 xg_1(x^2){\\bf1}= g_1(x^2+1)G_1 x{\\bf1}= g_1(x^2+1)(2\\lambda(x^2+\\alpha)- x^2g_1(x^2)){\\bf1}.\\end{aligned}$$ Having in mind that $2G_1G_1{\\bf1}=[G_1,G_1]{\\bf1}=2L_2{\\bf1}$ and applying (\\[Lmf2\\]), it follows that $$G_1 xg_1(x^2){\\bf1}=G_1^2{\\bf1}=L_2{\\bf1}=\\lambda^2(x^2+2\\alpha){\\bf1},$$ which together with (\\[G1x\\]) yields that $$\\label{an eq}\ng_1(x^2+1)(2\\lambda(x^2+\\alpha)- x^2g_1(x^2))=\\lambda^2(x^2+2\\alpha).$$ By comparing the degrees of both polynomials in (\\[an eq\\]), we obtain $g_1(x^2)=\\lambda$. Thus $$G_1 {\\bf1}=\\lambda x{\\bf1}.$$ Using this result and the relation $[L_1,G_0]{\\bf1}=\\frac12 G_1{\\bf1}$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{L1x}\nL_1 x{\\bf1}=L_1G_0 {\\bf1}=G_0L_1 {\\bf1}+\\frac12 G_1 {\\bf1}=\\lambda G_0(x^2+\\alpha){\\bf1}+\\frac12 \\lambda x{\\bf1}=\\lambda(x^3+(\\frac12+\\alpha)x){\\bf1}.\\end{aligned}$$ Assume that $G_m{\\bf1}=\\lambda^m x{\\bf1}$ holds for $m=k\\geq 1$. Then $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{L1Gn}\n (\\frac12-k)G_{k+1} {\\bf1}\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_1G_k {\\bf1}-G_kL_1{\\bf1}\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^kL_1 x{\\bf1}-\\lambda G_k (x^2+\\alpha){\\bf1}\\nonumber\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{k+1}(x^3+(\\frac12+\\alpha)x){\\bf1}-\\lambda (x^2+k+\\alpha)G_k {\\bf1}\\nonumber\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{k+1}(x^3+(\\frac12+\\alpha)x-x(x^2+k+\\alpha)){\\bf1}\\\\\n \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac12-k)\\lambda^{k+1}x{\\bf1},\\end{aligned}$$ which implies that $G_m{\\bf1}=\\lambda^m x{\\bf1}$ holds for all $m\\in\\N$. Similar arguments yield that $G_m{\\bf1}=\\lambda^m x{\\bf1}$ holds for $m<0,m\\in\\Z$.\n\nWe are now in the position to present the main result of this section, which gives a complete classification of free $U(\\hh)$-modules of rank $1$ over the Ramond algebra.",
"\n\n\\[thm-3\\] Let $\\R$ be the super-Virasoro algebra of Ramond type. ",
"Let $M$ be an $\\R$-module such that the restriction of $M$ as a $U(\\hh)$-module is free of rank $1$. Then up to a parity, $M\\cong\n\\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ for some $\\lambda\\in\\C^*$ and $\\alpha\\in\\C$ with the $\\R$-module structure defined as in (\\[module1\\])-(\\[module4\\]).",
"\n\nFor any $f(x^2)\\in\\mathbb{C}[x^2]$, by Lemma \\[lemma-GLm\\] (2) and Lemma \\[lemma-Gm\\], we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Gmf2}\nG_m f(x^2){\\bf1} =f(x^2+m)G_m {\\bf1}=\\lambda^mxf(x^2+m){\\bf1}.\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Lmxf2}\nL_m x f(x^2){\\bf1} \\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_m G_0 f(x^2){\\bf1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&G_0L_m f(x^2){\\bf1}+\\frac{m}{2}G_m f(x^2){\\bf1}\\nonumber\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^mG_0 ((x^2+m\\alpha)f(x^2+m)){\\bf1}+\\frac{m}{2}\\lambda^m xf(x^2+m){\\bf1} \\nonumber\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^m x\n(x^2+m\\alpha+\\frac{m}{2})f(x^2+m){\\bf1}.\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Assume that $G_m x{\\bf1}=h_m(x^2){\\bf1}\\in\\C[x^2]{\\bf1}$. Since $G_mG_m x{\\bf1}=L_{2m}x{\\bf1}$, we have $$G_m h_m(x^2){\\bf1}=\\lambda^mxh_m(x^2+m){\\bf1}=\\lambda^{2m}x(x^2+2m\\alpha+m){\\bf1},$$ which implies that $h_m(x^2+m)=\\lambda^{m}(x^2+2m\\alpha+m)$. Hence we have $$G_m x{\\bf1}=\\lambda^{m}(x^2+2m\\alpha){\\bf1}.$$ Then it follows from Lemma \\[lemma-GLm\\] (1) that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{Gmxf2}\nG_m xf(x^2){\\bf1}=\\lambda^m (x^2+2m\\alpha) f(x^2+m){\\bf1}.\\end{aligned}$$ Consequently, (\\[Lmf2\\]), (\\[Gmf2\\]), (\\[Lmxf2\\]) and (\\[Gmxf2\\]) imply that $M\\cong \\Omega_{\\R}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ as $\\R$-modules.",
"\n\nClassification of free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $2$ over $\\NS$\n=======================================================================\n\nRecall that the Neveu-Schwarz algebra $\\NS$ has a $1$-dimensional Cartan subalgebra $\\mathfrak{H}=\\C L_0$, which lies in the even part. ",
"Thus $U(\\mathfrak{H})=\\C[L_0]$. Since the Lie superalgebra $\\NS$ is generated by odd elements $G_{\\frac{1}{2}+r}$, $r\\in\\mathbb{Z}$, $\\NS$ does not have non-trivial modules which are pure even or pure odd. ",
"Consequently, free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $1$ do not exist.",
"\n\nIn the remaining of this section, we will classify the free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $2$ over the Neveu-Schwarz algebra $\\NS$.\n\nLet $M=M_{\\bar 0}\\oplus M_{\\bar 1}$ be an $\\NS$-module such that it is free of rank $2$ as a $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-module with two homogeneous basis elements $v$ and $w$. If the parities of $v$ and $w$ are the same, then $G_{\\pm\\frac{1}{2}}v=G_{\\pm\\frac{1}{2}}w=0$. Hence, $$L_{\\pm1}v=G_{\\pm\\frac{1}{2}}^2v=G_{\\pm\\frac{1}{2}}^2w=0,\\quad L_0v=\\frac12[L_1,L_{-1}]v=0,\\quad L_0w=\\frac12[L_1,L_{-1}]w=0,$$ a contradiction. ",
"Consequently, $v$ and $w$ have different parities. ",
"Set $v={\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\in M_{\\bar 0}$ and $w={\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\in M_{\\bar 1}$. Then as a vector space, $M_{\\bar 0}=\\C[x]{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}$ and $M_{\\bar 1}=\\C[y]{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}$.\n\nSince the even part of $\\NS$ is isomorphic to the Witt algebra $\\W$, we can naturally regard both $M_{\\bar 0}$ and $M_{\\bar 1}$ as $\\W$-modules which are free of rank $1$ as $\\C[L_0]$-modules. ",
"By Lemma \\[Witt-module\\], there exit $\\lambda,\\mu\\in\\C^*$, $\\alpha,\\beta\\in\\C$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{NS-Lm-1}\nL_m h(x){\\bf1}_{\\bar 0}=\\lambda^m(x+m\\alpha)h(x+m){\\bf1}_{\\bar 0}\\end{aligned}$$ for all $h(x)\\in\\C[x], m\\in\\Z$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{NS-Lm-2}\nL_m h(y){\\bf1}_{\\bar 1}=\\mu^m(y+m\\beta)h(y+m){\\bf1}_{\\bar 1}\\end{aligned}$$ for all $h(y)\\in\\C[y], m\\in\\Z$. We further need the following two preliminary results for later use.",
"\n\n\\[key lem1 for NS\\] Keep notations as above. ",
"Then $\\mu=\\lambda$ and there exists $c\\in\\C^*$ such that one of the following two cases occurs.",
"\n\n- $\\beta=\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}$, $G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=c{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}$ and $G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=\\frac{1}{c}\\lambda(x+\\alpha){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}$.\n\n- $\\beta=\\alpha-\\frac{1}{2}$, $G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=\\frac{1}{c}\\lambda(y+\\alpha-\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}$ and $G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=c{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}$.\n\nAssume $G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=f(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1},\nG_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=g(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}$. From $[G_{\\frac12},G_{\\frac12}]{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=2L_1{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}$ and $[L_0,G_{\\frac12}]{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=-\\frac12G_{\\frac12}{\\bf\n1}_{\\bar 1}$, we have $$\\label{NS-eq-1}\nG_{\\frac{1}{2}}^2{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=G_{\\frac{1}{2}}f(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=G_{\\frac{1}{2}}f(L_0){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=f(L_0+\\frac{1}{2})G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=f(x+\\frac{1}{2})g(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0},$$ and $$\\label{NS-eq-2}\n G_{\\frac{1}{2}}^2{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=L_1{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=\\lambda(x+\\alpha){\\bf 1}_{\\bar\n 0},$$ which imply $f(x+\\frac{1}{2})g(x)=\\lambda(x+\\alpha)$. Hence, $f(x)=c, g(x)=\\frac{1}{c}\\lambda(x+\\alpha)$, or $f(x)=\\frac{1}{c}\\lambda(x+\\alpha-\\frac{1}{2}), g(x)=c$ for some $c\\in\\C^*$.\n\nSimilarly, from $$\\label{eq-1}\nG_{\\frac{1}{2}}^2{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=G_{\\frac{1}{2}}g(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=G_{\\frac{1}{2}}g(L_0){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=g(L_0+\\frac{1}{2})G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=g(y+\\frac{1}{2})f(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1},$$ and $$\\label{eq-2}\nG_{\\frac{1}{2}}^2{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=L_1{\\bf 1}_{\\bar\n1}=\\mu(y+\\beta){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1},$$ we know that $g(y+\\frac{1}{2})f(y)=\\mu(y+\\beta)$.\n\n\\(i) If $f(x)=c, g(x)=\\frac{1}{c}\\lambda(x+\\alpha)$, then $g(y+\\frac{1}{2})f(y)=\\lambda(y+\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2})$. This implies that $\\mu=\\lambda$, and $\\beta=\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}$.\n\n\\(ii) If $f(x)=\\frac{1}{c}\\lambda(x+\\alpha-\\frac{1}{2})$, $g(x)=c$, then $g(y+\\frac{1}{2})f(y)=\\lambda(y+\\alpha-\\frac{1}{2})$. This implies that $\\mu=\\lambda$, and $\\beta=\\alpha-\\frac{1}{2}$.\n\nWe complete the proof.",
"\n\nDue to Lemma \\[key lem1 for NS\\], up to a parity, we can assume $\\beta=\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}$, $G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}={\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}$ and $G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=\\lambda(x+\\alpha){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}$ without loss of generality.",
"\n\n\\[key lem2 for NS\\] For any $r\\in\\frac{1}{2}+\\Z$, $h(x)\\in\\C[x], h(y)\\in\\C[y]$ we have\n\n- $G_rh(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar\n 0}=\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}h(y+r){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}$.\n\n- $G_rh(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar\n 1}=\\lambda^{r+\\frac{1}{2}}(x+2r\\alpha)h(x+r){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}$.\n\nWe first show that part (1) and part (2) hold for $r=\\frac{1}{2}$. Using $G_{\\frac12}L_0=(L_0+\\frac12)G_{\\frac12}$ and Lemma \\[key lem1 for NS\\], we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{NS-G0-1/2}\n&& G_{\\frac{1}{2}}h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}=G_{\\frac{1}{2}}h(L_0){\\bf\n1}_{\\bar 0}=h(L_0+\\frac{1}{2})G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar\n0}=h(y+\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}, \\\\\n&& G_{\\frac{1}{2}}h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}=G_{\\frac{1}{2}}h(L_0){\\bf\n1}_{\\bar 1}=h(L_0+\\frac{1}{2})G_{\\frac{1}{2}}{\\bf 1}_{\\bar\n1}=\\lambda(x+\\alpha)h(x+\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar\n0}.\\label{NS-G1-1/2}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNow for any $r\\in\\frac{1}{2}+\\Z$ and $r\\neq\\frac{3}{2}$, by (\\[NS-Lm-1\\]), (\\[NS-Lm-2\\]), Lemma \\[key lem1 for NS\\], (\\[NS-G0-1/2\\]) and (\\[NS-G1-1/2\\]), we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&(\\frac{1}{2}r-\\frac{3}{4})G_rh(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}, G_{\\frac{1}{2}}]h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}G_{\\frac{1}{2}}h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}-G_{\\frac{1}{2}}L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}h(y+\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}-G_{\\frac{1}{2}}\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}(x+(r-\\frac{1}{2})\\alpha)h(x+r-\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}(y+(r-\\frac{1}{2})(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))h(y+r){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}-\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}(y+\\frac{1}{2}+(r-\\frac{1}{2})\\alpha)h(y+r){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{1}{2}r-\\frac{3}{4})\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}h(y+r){\\bf\n1}_{\\bar 1}\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&(\\frac{1}{2}r-\\frac{3}{4})G_rh(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}, G_{\\frac{1}{2}}]h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}G_{\\frac{1}{2}}h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}-G_{\\frac{1}{2}}L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_{r-\\frac{1}{2}}\\lambda(x+\\alpha)h(x+\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}-G_{\\frac{1}{2}}\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}(y+(r-\\frac{1}{2})(\\alpha+\\frac{1P}{2}))h(y+r-\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}(x+(r-\\frac{1}{2})\\alpha)\\lambda(x+r-\\frac{1}{2}+\\alpha)h(x+r){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n&&-\\lambda(x+\\alpha)\\lambda^{r-\\frac{1}{2}}(x+\\frac{1}{2}+(r-\\frac{1}{2})(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))h(x+r){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&(\\frac{1}{2}r-\\frac{3}{4})\\lambda^{r+\\frac{1}{2}}(x+2r\\alpha)h(x+r){\\bf\n1}_{\\bar 0}.\\end{aligned}$$ Hence, part (1) and part (2) hold for any $r\\in\\frac{1}{2}+\\Z$ and $r\\neq\\frac{3}{2}$.\n\nFurthermore, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{3}{2}G_{\\frac{3}{2}}h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_{2}, G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}]h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_{2}G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}-G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}L_{2}h(x){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_{2}\\lambda^{-1}h(y-\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}-G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}\\lambda^{2}(x+2\\alpha)h(x+2){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda(y+2(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))h(y+\\frac{3}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}-\\lambda(y-\\frac{1}{2}+2\\alpha)h(y+\\frac{3}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\frac{3}{2}\\lambda h(y+\\frac{3}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\end{aligned}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{3}{2}G_{\\frac{3}{2}}h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&[L_{2}, G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}]h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_2G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}-G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}L_{2}h(y){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&L_{2}(x-\\alpha)h(x-\\frac{1}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}-G_{-\\frac{1}{2}}\\lambda^{2}(y+2(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))h(y+2){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 1}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\lambda^{2}(x+2\\alpha)(x+2-\\alpha)h(x+\\frac{3}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}-\\lambda^2(x-\\alpha)(x-\\frac{1}{2}+2(\\alpha+\\frac{1}{2}))h(x+\\frac{3}{2}){\\bf 1}_{\\bar 0}\\\\\n\\!\\!\\!&=\\!\\!\\!&\\frac{3}{2}\\lambda^2(x+3\\alpha)h(x+\\frac{3}{2}){\\bf\n1}_{\\bar 0}.\\end{aligned}$$ Hence, part (1) and part (2) also hold for $r=\\frac{3}{2}$. We complete the proof of Lemma \\[key lem2 for NS\\].",
"\n\nWe are now in the position to present the following main result of this section, the proof of which follows from (\\[NS-Lm-1\\]), (\\[NS-Lm-2\\]), Lemma \\[key lem1 for NS\\] and Lemma \\[key lem2 for NS\\]. ",
"It gives a complete classification of free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-module of rank $2$ over the super-Virasoro algebra of Neveu-Schwarz type.",
"\n\n\\[thm-NS\\] \\[thm\\] Let $\\NS$ be the Neveu-Schwarz algebra. ",
"Let $M$ be an $\\NS$-module such that the restriction of $M$ as a $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-module is free of rank $2$. Then up to a parity, $M\\cong \\Omega_{\\NS}(\\lambda,\\alpha)$ for some $\\lambda\\in\\C^*$ and $\\alpha\\in\\C$ with the $\\NS$-module structure defined as in (\\[ns-module1\\])-(\\[ns-module4\\]).",
"\n\nAs a direct consequence of Proposition \\[Connection of modules over R and NS\\], Theorem \\[thm-3\\] and Theorem \\[thm-NS\\], we have\n\nThe category of free $U(\\hh)$-modules of rank $1$ over the Ramond algebra $\\R$ is equivalent to the category of free $U(\\mathfrak{H})$-modules of rank $2$ over the Neveu-Schwarz algebra $\\NS$.\n\n[9999]{}\n\n=8ex\n\nH. Chen, X. Guo, Non-weight Modules over the Heisenberg-Virasoro and $W(2, 2)$ algebras, J. Algebra Appl. ",
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"4, Springer, New York, 1985.",
"\n\nX. Liu, X. Guo, $U(\\hh)$-free modules over the Block algebra $ U({\\mathcal B}(q))$, arXiv:1801.03232v1.",
"\n\nD. Liu, Y. Pei, L. Xia, Whittaker modules for the super-Virasoro algebras, J. Algebra Appl. (",
"to appear), arXiv:1810.12577.",
"\n\nD. Liu, Y. Pei, L. Xia, Simple restricted modules for Neveu-Schwarz algebra, arXiv:1812.03435v1.",
"\n\nR. Lu, K. Zhao, Irreducible Virasoro modules from irreducible Weyl modules, J. Algebra 414 (2014), 271-287.",
"\n\nF. Martin, C. Prieto, Construction of simple non-weight ${\\mathfrak sl}(2)$-modules of arbitrary rank, J. Algebra 472 (2017) 172-194.",
"\n\nJ. Nilsson, Simple ${\\mathfrak sl}_{n+1}$-module structures on $U(\\hh)$, J. Algebra 424 (2015) 294-329.",
"\n\nJ. Nilsson, $U(\\hh)$-free modules and coherent families, J. Pure Appl. ",
"Algebra 220(4) (2016) 1475-1488.",
"\n\nA. Neveu, J. H. Schwarz, Factorizable dual model of pions, Nucl. ",
"Phys. ",
"B 31 (1971) 86-112.",
"\n\nP. Ramond, Dual theory of free fermions, Phys. ",
"Rev. D 3 (1971) 2451-2418.",
"\n\nO. Mathieu, Classification of Harish-Chandra modules over the Virasoro Lie algebra, Invent. ",
"Math. ",
"107 (1992) 225-234.",
"\n\nY. Su, A classification of indecomposable $sl_2(\\C)$-modules and a conjecture of Kac on irreducible modules over the Virasoro algebra, J. Algebra 161 (1993) 33-46.",
"\n\nY. Su, Classification of Harish-Chandra modules over the super-Virasoro algebras, Comm. ",
"Algebra 23 (1995) 3653-3675.",
"\n\nH. Tan, K. Zhao, $W_n^+$ and $W_n$-module structures on $U(\\hh_n)$, J. Algebra 424 (2015) 357-375.",
"\n\nY. Wang, H. Zhang, A class of non-weight modules over the Schrödinger-Virasoro algebras, arXiv:1809.05236.",
"\n\n[^1]: $^*$The correspongding author\n\n[^2]: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. ",
"11771279, 11771142, 11871249,11801363, 11671138 and 11571008), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu (Grant No. ",
"BK20171294) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No. ",
"16ZR1415000).",
"\n"
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"Chronic gastric electrical stimulation leads to weight loss via modulating multiple tissue neuropeptide Y, orexin, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and oxytocin in obese rats.",
"\nGastric electrical stimulation (GES) has great potential for the treatment of obesity. ",
"We investigated the impact of chronic GES on the alteration of adipose tissue and the regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin (OX), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and oxytocin (OXT), and their receptors in several tissues. ",
"Most of the experiments included three groups of diet-induced obesity rats: (1) sham-GES (SGES); (2) GL-6mA (GES with 6 mA, 4 ms, 40 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off at lesser curvature); and (3) SGES-PF (SGES rats receiving pair feeding to match the consumption of GL-6mA rats). ",
"Chronic GES was applied for 2 h every day for 4 weeks. ",
"During treatment with GES, food intake and body weight were monitored weekly. ",
"The alteration of epididymal fat weight, gastric emptying, and expression of peptides and their receptors in several tissues were determined. ",
"GL-6mA was more potent than SGES-PF in decreasing body weight gain, epididymal fat tissue weight, adipocyte size and gastric emptying. ",
"Chronic GES significantly altered NPY, OX, α-MSH and OXT and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach. ",
"Chronic GES effectively leads to weight loss by reducing food intake, fat tissue weight and gastric emptying. ",
"NPY, α-MSH, orexin and OXT, and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach appear to be involved in the anti-obesity effects of chronic GES."
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"Bishunpur block\n\nBishunpur block, one of the eleven administrative community development block of Gumla district, Jharkhand state, India, has a population (1991 census) of 41,700. ",
"The block comprises sixty-eight villages.",
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"1. ",
"The Field of the Invention\nThe invention generally relates to integrated VCSEL and photodiode combinations. ",
"More specifically, the invention relates to methods and apparatuses for reducing the effects of spontaneous emissions from a VCSEL on an integrated photodiode.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nLasers have become useful devices with applications ranging from simple laser pointers that output a laser beam for directing attention, to high-speed modulated lasers useful for transmitting high-speed digital data over long distances, to sensors for determining speed, distance, material compositions and the like. ",
"Several different types of lasers exist and find usefulness in applications at the present time.",
"\nOne type of commonly used laser is known as a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). ",
"A VCSEL is formed in part by forming a first mirror from Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) semiconductor layers on a semiconductor wafer substrate. ",
"The DBR layers alternate high and low refractive indices to create the mirror effect. ",
"This method creates a mirror that reflects over 99% of on-axis emissions.",
"\nAn active layer is then formed on the first mirror. ",
"The active layer includes a number of quantum wells for stimulating the emission of laser energy. ",
"The active layer includes a pn semiconductor junction. ",
"It is in the active layer that electrons switching from the conduction band to the valance band produce photons. ",
"Below a threshold current for a given VCSEL, light is emitted spontaneously. ",
"When a laser is biased by a current above the given threshold, laser emissions are more prevalent, although spontaneous emissions continue to be a portion of the active layer output. ",
"Spontaneous emissions tend to be at a number of different wavelengths and tend to radiate isotropically (equally in all directions) from the active layer. ",
"Laser emissions tend to be in a very narrow wavelength band centered around a frequency for which the VCSEL was designed and tend to radiate axially in the direction of the vertical axis of the VCSEL. ",
"Notably while the VCSEL and vertical axis are used herein and connote a particular orientation, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the vertical axis can be positioned in a horizontal axis, or any other orientation. ",
"Vertical, as used herein, simply refers to the axis along which epitaxial layers (as described in more detail below) are formed.",
"\nA second mirror is formed on the active layer using more DBR semiconductor layers. ",
"Thus the VCSEL laser cavity is defined by top and bottom mirrors which cause a laser beam to be emitted from the surface of the laser. ",
"The second mirror has a reflectivity of over 98-99.5% for on axis emissions.",
"\nAs alluded to above, a VCSEL is typically forward biased by a current. ",
"Forward biasing involves connecting a higher potential (voltage) source at the anode (near the p type material of the pn junction) while a lower potential source is connected at the cathode (near the p type material of the pn junction) of the VCSEL. ",
"Currents through the VCSEL above a threshold current cause laser emissions from the active layer.",
"\nIn some simple applications, the lasers may be operated open loop. ",
"I.e., the lasers do not require feedback, or can operate satisfactorily without feedback. ",
"For example, in most laser pointer applications, the output power of the laser beam may be controlled without reference to the actual output power. ",
"In other applications, it may be very important to precisely gauge the amount of actual output power emitted by the laser while it is operating. ",
"For example, in communications applications it may be useful to know the actual output power of the laser such that the output power of a laser may be adjusted to comply with various standards or other requirements. ",
"Additionally, in sensor applications, it is useful to gauge the effects of conditions external to the VCSEL by monitoring the VCSEL output power.",
"\nMany applications use a laser in combination with a laser power monitoring photodiode or other photosensitive device. ",
"A photodiode has current characteristics that change as light impinges the diode. ",
"The photodiode either has no bias or is implemented in a reverse bias configuration such that the cathode is connected to a higher potential while the anode is connected to a low voltage or ground. ",
"In a photodiode in the reverse biased or unbiased configuration, current is generated within the photodiode as light impinges the photodiode.",
"\nAn appropriately placed photodiode may be used as one element in the feedback circuit for controlling the laser. ",
"Photodiodes are typically fabricated of the same or similar semiconductor materials as VCSEL diodes. ",
"Recent technology therefore, has focused on implementing a photodiode and VCSEL diode monolithically together on the same substrate. ",
"Exemplary fabrications include epitaxially forming a photodiode on a substrate followed by forming a VCSEL on top of the photodiode. ",
"Other fabrications include forming a VCSEL on one side of a wafer substrate and the photodiode on the other side of the wafer substrate. ",
"Still other fabrications include forming a VCSEL on a substrate followed by forming a photodiode on top of the VCSEL. ",
"Additionally, the photodiode may be placed within a mirror that is part of the VCSEL.",
"\nOne challenge that arises when a VCSEL and photodiode are formed together monolithically on a substrate relates to photons caused by spontaneous emissions being received by the photodiode. ",
"A VCSEL has photon emissions caused by spontaneous emissions and laser emissions. ",
"As described above, spontaneous emissions are typically undesirable emissions that are emitted from the active layer of the VCSEL. ",
"Spontaneous emissions may be at a variety of wavelengths. ",
"Laser emissions are typically emitted axially along the vertical axis from the active layer of the VCSEL at the wavelength for which the VCSEL was designed.",
"\nPhotons emitted due to spontaneous emission often couple to photodiodes formed monolithically with a VCSEL better than photons caused by laser emissions. ",
"Illustratively, an axially directed photon, such as laser emission typically predominately include, will likely be reflected by a bottom DBR mirror before reaching a photodiode formed under the bottom DBR mirror. ",
"As previously stated herein, on axis emissions are reflected with more than 99% efficiency. ",
"On the other hand, photons caused by spontaneous emission that are off axis and directed toward the photodiode, will more easily pass through the bottom DBR mirror to the photodiode. ",
"Additionally, spontaneously emitted photons that are directed away from the bottom mirror and the photodiode will likely be, at least partially, reflected towards the photodiode.",
"\nTotal internal reflection occurs when a light beam encounters an interface of two materials with different refractive indices at an angle at or above a critical angle. ",
"Total internal reflection will occur in a VCSEL at the VCSEL/air interface at the top of the VCSEL. ",
"At this interface, the critical angle is about 15°, which results in a large percentage of the light being totally internally reflected. ",
"An interface with different refractive indices also exists at the interface between the active layer and the bottom mirror. ",
"The critical angle at this interface is 60-70°, which results in a large percentage of light traveling towards the bottom mirror being passed through the bottom mirror to the photodiode. ",
"Therefore, a large amount of the spontaneous emissions will be directed at one time or another towards the photodiode. ",
"Further, the majority of photons directed towards the edges of a VCSEL will be totally internally reflected such that they are likely to impinge the photodiode.",
"\nThe photons caused by spontaneous emission, in one worst case scenario, can completely swamp the signal caused by laser emissions. ",
"The photons caused by spontaneous emission cause difficulties in determining the correct amount of laser energy emitted by laser emission from a VCSEL.",
"\nIt would therefore be useful to minimize the amount of spontaneously emitted photons reaching a photodiode integrated with a VCSEL."
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"# pebble_arcade\n\n\n\nThis is a simple example for making a game.",
"\n"
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"2015 British Academy Television Awards\n\nThe 61st British Academy Television Awards nominations were announced on 8 April 2015.",
"\n\nWinners and nominees\n\nWinners are listed first and emboldened.",
"\n\nProgrammes with multiple nominations\n\nMost major wins\n\nSee also\n British Academy Television Awards\n BAFTA Scotland\n BAFTA Cymru\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site at BAFTA.org\n\nBritish Academy Television Awards\nBritish Academy Television Awards, 2015\nCategory:Annual television programs\nCategory:British Academy Television Awards\nBritish Academy Television Awards"
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[
"There’s more to Quentin Holmes than meets the eye.",
"\n\nStanding 6-foot-3 and 175 pounds, the Cleveland Indians liked the recently turned 18-year old enough to make him their first selection at pick 64 this past June in the 2017 MLB draft.",
"\n\nHailing from East Elmhurst in Queens, New York, Holmes was graded as the fastest player in the draft by the experts, but that wasn’t the only reason the Indians liked him.",
"\n\nJust like last year’s top Tribe pick Will Benson, Holmes has strong character, an incredible work ethic, and the Indians brass are big fans of his leadership ability.",
"\n\nHolmes began his professional career exactly one month ago today, and while it’s been a bit of a learning process (slashing .185/.217/.338), he’s already showing flashes of his potential, hitting his first home run in just his fourth game and providing excellent defense in the outfield.",
"\n\nThe former 18U Team USA member spoke with Let’s Go Tribe about adjusting to pro ball, getting help from Jackie Bradley Jr, and learning harmonica in this exclusive interview.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger (Let’s Go Tribe): Can you tell me the story behind “Bro 1” and “Bro 2”?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: My brother and I were on vacation with my parents in Atlantic City and we saw those shirts on the boardwalk and it just felt like something we had to do because everyone used to say we were twins. ",
"Even though we were four years apart, people said we looked like twins so it just made sense that we wore those Bro 1 and Bro 2 shirts, kinda like Thing 1 and Thing 2 from Doctor Seuss. (",
"laughs)\n\nBrian Hemminger: Did your brother ever hold it against you that you sprouted up so quick and were basically the same size despite the four year age gap?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: No, not really. ",
"Once he finished high school he started doing his own thing down in North Carolina A&T. He started doing community outreach stuff and teaching the younger generation out there about the right way to live. ",
"He works with underprivileged kids in North Carolina near his school so he’s busy doing that and it gives him the same amount of joy that I get from playing baseball. ",
"He wasn’t too upset about me being his size so quick since he had more important things to focus on.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Speaking of that, character seems to be a really important thing that the Indians have focused on lately with their top draft picks. ",
"I don’t know if you’ve had a chance to talk with Will Benson yet but he’s about as classy as it gets and that appears to be a big factor in who they take at the top of the draft. ",
"Can you talk about your influences for character and work ethic?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: It was definitely a lot on my parents. ",
"Growing up, my brother and I wanted to play baseball so bad and it was either “do your homework or don’t play baseball.” ",
"We didn’t have much of an option not to behave because every time we didn’t behave at home or in school, they’d take something away like, “You’re not going to practice today” or “you’re not going to the game next week” or taking away phones, this and that. ",
"It really helped us focus on doing what we had to do.",
"\n\nAlso, going to a private catholic school at McClancy definitely helped me too just because all the brothers at Sacred Heart that were there and the teachers, they definitely led me down the right path, helping teach me the rights and wrongs of society.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: And from everything I’ve heard, that helped turn you into a great leader. ",
"You were voted captain of your baseball team when you were just a sophomore which is a pretty high honor. ",
"What goes into being a good leader? ",
"What are some qualities you learned along the way?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: I think definitely confidence. ",
"I have to have confidence in myself. ",
"To be able to lead a team, I have to have confidence in my team to motivate them to do well and I have to know what my coach wants to do and I have to relay his message to the team in the right way and to be able to talk to my peers and interact with them on the same level while somehow having authority over them. ",
"I’m not telling them what to do, more telling them the way coach wants to do things.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Now has that translated at all to Arizona or is it a bit more difficult dealing with all the players from Latin America?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: It’s not too difficult, it’s just I’m trying to more figure out what I need to do first before I can be leading guys around. ",
"I’m trying to show guys how to stay healthy, doing stretches and workouts in the gym. ",
"I’m trying to lead them in those things and trying to show them how I do things in New York and whatnot. ",
"The Latin American guys, they’re not too bad. ",
"Most of them have been learning English pretty well and I’m learning Spanish with them so it hasn’t been too difficult.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Have you learned any favorite Spanish phrases yet?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: We say “boocan la” a lot when someone hits a bomb, we say that. ",
"I’d have to hear them say other things because they have so many great things they say. ",
"We’re still learning.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: I saw you had some pretty nifty secret handshakes with your teammates back in New York. ",
"Have you tried getting that going with the guys in Arizona yet?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: No, not yet. ",
"I’ve been trying to figure out some and we tried them one time and then forget about it right after. ",
"I tried with my roommate Tyler Freeman to get some down but it just hasn’t been working out.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: When you’re not working out or practicing or playing baseball and you need to recharge the batteries, what do you like to do?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: If I’m not sleeping, I’m sitting there meditating or listening to some Simran, some Waheguru or I’ll take a dark shower, turn all the lights off and just shower with some calm music on. ",
"The last few weeks I’ve also been learning how to play the harmonica, so that’s something different too.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Harmonica, really? ",
"Maybe you guys can start up an old blues band.",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: (laughs) Taylor Murphy is out here on rehab and he actually said he wants to start a band with him being the singer and I told him I’ve got my harmonica so I’m all in.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Most guys, I’d ask them what Netflix show they’re watching but that doesn’t seem like your style.",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: Not really. ",
"My laptop’s old and slow and it’s not really something I enjoy for long stretches. ",
"I used to watch Prison Break a lot but I watched all of those already so I can’t watch that. ",
"I did just start watching Last Chance U so I can get into that a bit more.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: I heard you had a good relationship with Boston Red Sox outfielder Jackie Bradley Jr. How did that start?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: My trainer back in New York, Youman Wilder in Harlem, he used to work out with Jackie before he went to college and he kept in touch with him and Jackie and I got in touch and it’s just been good ever since. ",
"He’s helped me out a lot through this process since he’s obviously been there before and has achieved success.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Now something I read about that I thought was really cool was you like to follow along with the umpire’s pitch count and you’ll even ring guys up when they strike out from out in center field. ",
"Are you still doing that in Arizona?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: Yes, definitely. ",
"I definitely still do that. ",
"It keeps me in the game so I always know the count and it’s something interesting to do. ",
"I don’t make noises when I do it and most of the time the pitchers don’t see it but if someone notices, they’ll laugh about it. ",
"Back in high school, there one pitcher who would always turn around and point to me when I did it so it switches up every once in a while.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: The Cleveland Indians have had some pretty iconic center fielders over the past 30 years. ",
"It started with Kenny Lofton in the 90s, then Grady Sizemore in the 2000s and most recently Bradley Zimmer has been doing a great job. ",
"Are there any center fielders that you really looked up to or patterned your game after?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: Definitely Ken Griffey Jr., Jackie Bradley of course and Adam Jones. ",
"My swing used to be exactly like Adam Jones’ three years ago. ",
"Mike Trout, the intensity, the swagger they bring. ",
"They know they play the game the right way so I would always watch videos of them and try to play like them and even walk around like them.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: What’s the adjustment been like turning pro? ",
"You were in New York before, going to school, playing maybe two games a week and now things are ramping up considerably in the dry heat of Arizona.",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: It hasn’t been as much of a shock as one would think. ",
"It’s been pretty comfortable with the way the Indians have made me feel. ",
"They prepared me for it and I feel like coming out of high school I was prepared for it as well. ",
"The heat is not that bad. ",
"I think I’ve gotten used to it but every once in a while I’ll come outside and it’s like 120 and I’m not used to it. ",
"It gets to 104 or 99 and I’m like, “Okay, it’s cool out today.” ",
"The atmosphere of the games, everything goes fast and everyone’s bigger and stronger and it’s definitely different than high school baseball but I think I was well prepared for it.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Everybody is raving about your speed, saying you were the fastest player in the 2017 draft, but you can’t just rely on being fast out there. ",
"Have you had to make adjustments with stealing bases? ",
"Maybe having to pay more attention to the pitcher, finding the perfect time to get a good jump rather than simply being super fast?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: Yes, definitely. ",
"There are new things that the coaches are helping me look at. ",
"What’s their first move to the plate? ",
"What’s their first move to first base? ",
"How long are their hold times? ",
"Some guys move differently and pitch differently, maybe moving their back arm before lifting their front leg, so the regular person will see them lifting their front leg but maybe I’ll see them lifting their arm before the leg so that could be an extra 0.3 seconds I get on my steal.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: What’s been the most difficult adjustment so far to the pro game?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: I’d say it’s having to hit consistently. ",
"Having to come out every game and hit the same pitching consistently. ",
"Everybody throws hard and most guys know what they want to do with the ball so having that consistency in my swing is something I have to work on really big.",
"\n\nBrian Hemminger: Do you have any goals or anything you’d like to accomplish the rest of the year?",
"\n\nQuentin Holmes: Not really, I just want to be more consistent with what I’m doing. ",
"I want to keep playing hard and bring my team a couple more wins as much as I can.",
"\n\nQuentin would like to thank Youman Wilder of the Harlem Baseball Hitting Academy, his high school coach Nick Melito at McClancy and his parents, his brother and the big man above. ",
"You can follow him on Twitter @jonezz_quentin."
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[
"Hydrothermal-electrochemical deposition of calcium phosphates on various metals.",
"\nCalcium phosphates were formed on five kinds of substrate metals using a hydrothermal-electrochemical method in an autoclave with two electrodes. ",
"The electrolyte dissolving NaCl, K2HPO4, CaCl2.2H2O, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and hydrochloric acid was maintained at 100 degrees C, 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C. The counter electrode, the anode, was platinum plate, 20 x 20 x 0.5 mm, and the working electrodes as cathode were pure titanium, pure zinc, pure nickel, pure iron, and stainless steel plates. ",
"A constant direct current at 12.5 mA/cm2 was loaded for 1 hr. ",
"Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] only deposited at three temperatures on pure titanium plate. ",
"On pure zinc plate, both parascholzite [CaZn2(PO4)2.2H2O] and hydroxyapatite were formed at 150 degrees C and both parascholzite and ZnO were formed at 200 degrees C. Both hydroxyapatite and beta-TCP [beta-Ca3(PO4)2] were formed on pure nickel, pure iron, and stainless steel plates at 200 degrees C. It seems that the incorporation of the metal ions released from the electrode decreased the Ca/P ratio of the deposit due to the formation of other compounds except hydroxyapatite."
] | {
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[
"Video game publisher Electronic Arts announced on Thursday the launch of Origin for Mac, a new built-for-platform version of EA's video game download service that will bring some of the company's biggest titles to Apple desktops and laptops.",
"\n\nThe arrival of Origin on the Mac means that Apple computer users will now have an all-in-one access point for titles such as The Sims 3, Dragon Age 2, Batman: Arkham City, and LEGO Harry Potter.",
"\n\n\"Origin is going to allow us,\" says EA Origin Vice President of Production Mike Blank, \"to get games into the hands of our consumers as quickly as we can, to enable our gamers to connect with their friends and to enjoy their gaming experience as quickly and directly as possible.\"",
"\n\nThe new Mac-centric service, which has been in public alpha since January, will give users a persistent user account, allowing them to download cross-platform games on multiple machines, with purchases and in-game progress saved to their accounts.",
"\n\n\"Part of the goal of Origin is to provide real value to our gamers,\" Blank said. \"",
"With key titles from The Sims franchise and its expansion packs, if you download it once, you can download it again across both platforms.\"",
"\n\nOrigin for Mac will join similar versions for both PC and iOS, which between them have about 40 million active accounts. ",
"Blank told AppleInsider that Origin on iOS makes up a considerable portion of that figure.",
"\n\n\"Around 40 percent, maybe, about 17 million users have entered into Origin for the first time on iOS,\" he explained. \"",
"Wherever they're entering from, though, they're creating an Origin ID that will work across platforms.\"",
"\n\nAsked about the reasoning behind bringing Origin to the Mac a platform historically seen as a second class citizen when it comes to gaming Blank said the Mac's gradually increasing market share, as well as a vocal community of Mac gamers, drove the decision.",
"\n\n\"We're seeing increased activity from our Mac gamers,\" he said. \"",
"In the past, we've brought games slower to market for Mac than for PC partly because the audience hasn't been at the same level. ",
"The growth of iOS and Mac devices, though, means we're starting to see gamers demand to play their games on devices that are becoming more prominent. ",
"I think, across the board, developers have focused on the PC platform, but I think you're going to start seeing some changes there. [",
"Origin] is the first step in a strategy you're going to start seeing coming out of EA.\"",
"\n\nOrigin for Mac is available to download at EA's website. ",
"It requires a Mac with an Intel Core 2 Duo processor running OS X 10.6.8 or higher."
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"![](",
"indmedgaz71232-0009){#sp1 .88}\n\n![](",
"indmedgaz71232-0010){#sp2 .89}\n\n![](",
"indmedgaz71232-0011){#sp3 .90}\n"
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[
"Things are going well here. ",
" I have been pretty busy losing lots of money at \nwork. ",
" \nBrian and Hector are going to Europe at the end of the month, but I can't go \nbecause of work. ",
" It doesn't bother me that much though. ",
" I will probably \ntry to take a trip over there in May. On top of that I am thinking about a \ncruise this summer some time.",
"\nBrian and I are actually moving this weekend to a new apartment within the \nPark at Midtown. ",
" Brian recently got his bike stolen from the balcony, so we \nare going to move to an interior apartment. ",
" Of course, I wouldn't expect you \nto relate to any of this because you have never seen my apartment. ",
" Oh well, \nI guess you have your priorities. ",
" \n\nOther than that, not a whole lot going on. ",
" How are things with you and the \nfam?",
"\n\ne\n\n\n\n\nDanielle Samson <DanielleS@JonesGranger.com> on 03/15/2000 05:24:32 AM\nTo: Eric Bass/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: \nSubject: Hi there!",
"\n\n\n\nHey Ner,\nJust wanted to write you a quick note and say hi. ",
" I hope everything is\ngoing o.k. ",
" I haven't heard from you in a while. ",
" How's the fam? ",
" Any trips\nplanned for you yet? ",
" Have you found out anymore about the Europe trip? ",
" How\nis work going? ",
" And the apartment? ",
" Are you still getting along with Brian?",
"\nHope all is going well.",
"\n\n-Dee"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
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"The opinions expressed by columnists are their own and do not necessarily represent the views of Townhall.com.",
"\n\nLast week, 117 \"members of the Republican national security community\" signed an open letter condemning Donald Trump. ",
"It made me think the bellicose billionaire, the front-runner for the Republican presidential nomination, is not quite as bad as I thought.",
"\n\n\"His vision of American influence and power in the world is wildly inconsistent and unmoored in principle,\" the letter complains. \"",
"He swings from isolationism to military adventurism within the space of one sentence.\"",
"\n\nAlthough there is some truth to that critique, an inconsistent skepticism of foreign intervention is better than none at all. ",
"That is why I have trouble agreeing with Eliot Cohen, the neoconservative foreign policy expert who organized the letter, when he says \"Hillary is the lesser evil, by a large margin.\"",
"\n\nIt is not surprising that Cohen, who always seems to be agitating for another war in the Middle East, would strongly prefer Hillary Clinton, the presumptive Democratic nominee. ",
"Her signature achievement as secretary of state was a disastrous intervention in Libya that, like the U.S. invasion of Iraq, empowered terrorists by replacing a nasty dictatorship with chaos.",
"\n\nIn 2014, Clinton finally conceded that she made a mistake by supporting the Iraq war, which killed as many as 189,000 people and may ultimately cost as much as $6 trillion. ",
"That long-delayed admission suggests Clinton might see the light about Libya sometime around 2022, by which point she could be halfway through her second term as president -- plenty of time for new mistakes, starting with Syria.",
"\n\nTrump, by contrast, was an early opponent of the Iraq war, although not quite as early as he sometimes claims. \"",
"In 2003, 2004, I was totally against going into Iraq,\" he said during the Republican presidential debate on December 15. \"",
"I called it very strongly.\"",
"\n\nThe truth is that Trump expressed tentative support for the Iraq war six months before the invasion and did not publicly change his mind until four months afterward. ",
"Still, he beat Clinton by a decade, and it seems significant that he condemns the war as often and as strongly as he does.",
"\n\n\"George Bush made a mistake,\" Trump said during the February 13 GOP debate. \"",
"We should have never been in Iraq. ",
"We have destabilized the Middle East ... They lied. ",
"They said there were weapons of mass destruction. ",
"There were none.\"",
"\n\nTrump applies a similar critique to the ouster of Libyan dictator Muammar al-Qaddafi (which he also initially supported) and the proposed toppling of Syrian dictator Bashir al-Assad. \"",
"Assad is a bad guy, but we have no idea who the so-called rebels [are],\" he said during the November 10 GOP debate. \"",
"They may be far worse than Assad. ",
"Look at Libya. ",
"Look at Iraq.\"",
"\n\nThe beginning of wisdom in foreign policy is learning from mistakes, something that Clinton, who is supposedly much more sophisticated about such matters than Trump, has proven constitutionally incapable of doing. ",
"Unlike Clinton, Trump intermittently seems to recognize the limits of American power and the impossibility of doing just one thing in a world full of complexity and unintended consequences.",
"\n\nBut only intermittently. ",
"The same candidate who cautions against getting involved in civil wars thousands of miles away, who says \"we can't continue to be the policeman of the world,\" and who rightly wonders why the U.S. continues to defend wealthy European and Asian countries that are perfectly capable of defending themselves also talks about the supposed need to make the military \"bigger, better, stronger than ever before.\"",
"\n\nI'm not sure what Trump wants to do with this bigger, better, and stronger military, although it may have something to do with his promise to \"get rid of ISIS,\" a campaign he says will include waterboarding and torture methods \"a hell of a lot worse\" as well as the murder of terrorists' families. ",
"Also troubling: Trump's tendency to view trade as warfare and immigration as an invasion.",
"\n\nIt really says something that Clinton has shown herself to be a worse warmonger than this guy."
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[
"Predictors of time to first cannulation for arteriovenous fistula in pediatric hemodialysis patients: Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study.",
"\nPermanent vascular access (PVA) is preferred for long-term hemodialysis. ",
"Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) have the best patency and the lowest complication rates compared to arteriovenous grafts (AVG) and tunneled cuffed catheters (TCC). ",
"However, AVF need time to mature. ",
"This study aimed to investigate predictors of time to first cannulation for AVF in pediatric hemodialysis patients. ",
"Data on first AVF and AVG of patients at 20 pediatric dialysis centers were collected retrospectively, including demographics, clinical information, dialysis markers, and surgical data. ",
"Statistical modeling was used to investigate predictors of outcome. ",
"First PVA was created in 117 children: 103 (88%) AVF and 14 (12%) AVG. ",
"Mean age at AVF creation was 15.0 ± 3.3 years. ",
"AVF successfully matured in 89 children (86.4%), and mean time to first cannulation was 3.6 ± 2.5 months. ",
"In a multivariable regression model, study center, age, duration of non-permanent vascular access (NPVA), and Kt/V at AVF creation predicted time to first cannulation, with study center as the strongest predictor (p < 0.01). ",
"Time to first cannulation decreased with increasing age (p = 0.03) and with increasing Kt/V (p = 0.01), and increased with duration of NPVA (p = 0.03). ",
"Secondary failure occurred in 10 AVF (11.8%). ",
"Time to first cannulation did not predict secondary failure (p = 0.29), but longer time to first cannulation tended towards longer secondary patency (p = 0.06). ",
"Study center is the strongest predictor of time to first cannulation for AVF and deserves further investigation. ",
"Time to first cannulation is significantly shorter in older children, with more efficient dialysis treatments, and increases with longer NPVA duration."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"page\n\nVisit a Retirement Home\n\nTake some time out of your day and enjoy the beautiful summer rays with a stranger. ",
"Go to a retirement home and introduce yourself to one of the residents. ",
"Unfortunately most of the elderly, that live in retirement homes, are not always remembered. ",
"Take the time to enjoy the summer season with an elderly resident by taking a walk, playing a game, bird watch - anything that will help both of you appreciate summer."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"Sperm nucleomalacia in men with inflammatory bowel disease.",
"\nThe extent and nature of seminal anomalies in colitic and ileitic patients were investigated using cytological, cytochemical, and electron microscopical methods. ",
"In addition to basic seminal variables, the gross and fine structure of spermatozoa were analyzed and the recorded data correlated with actual clinical conditions and therapeutic regimen of patients. ",
"Spermiograms revealed that the effect on the testicular function varied among patients, ranging from a subtle embarrassment of late spermiogenesis to a suppression of spermatogenesis as reflected in severe oligozoospermia. ",
"In several instances, excurrent ducts and accessory sex glands also were involved. ",
"The nuclear syndrome was an invariably observed phenomenon and consisted of increased pleomorphy, excessive vacuolation, postnuclear blebbing, malcondensation, and spontaneous decondensation of chromatin. ",
"The nuclear pleomorphy, malcondensation, and decondensation, apparently interrelated, constitute the characteristic condition, referred to as nucleomalacia. ",
"Other sperm defects seemed to be mere amplifications of deficiencies common in human semen. ",
"The correlation between the extent of intestinal lesions or severity of symptoms and the ratio of nuclear aberrations, demonstrated with acid-fast technique, was striking. ",
"No such relationship was found regarding the sulfasalazine treatment."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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"A strain device imposing dynamic and uniform equi-biaxial strain to cultured cells.",
"\nThe objective of this study is to design a new apparatus to allow the control of the magnitude and frequency of dynamic stretch applied uniformly to cells cultured on a silicon elastic membrane. ",
"The apparatus is designed to produce equi-biaxial dynamic stretches with area changes ranging from 0% to 55% and frequencies ranging from 0 to 2 Hz. ",
"Homogeneous finite strain analysis using triangles of markers was performed to compute the symmetric two-dimensional Lagrangian strain tensor on the membrane. ",
"Measurements of strain in both static and dynamic conditions showed that the shear component of the strain tensor (Erc) was near zero, and that there was no significant difference between radial (Err) and circumferential (Ecc) components, indicating the attainment of equi-biaxial strain. ",
"Bovine aortic endothelial cells were transiently transfected with a chimeric construct in which the luciferase reporter is driven by TPA-responsive elements (TRE). ",
"The transfected cells cultured on the membrane were stretched. ",
"The luciferase activity increased significantly only when the cells were stretched by 15% or more in area. ",
"Cells in different locations of the membrane showed similar induction of luciferase activities, confirming that strain is uniform and equi-biaxial across the membrane."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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0.006920415224913495,
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[
"Q:\n\nMiller-Rabin primality test for $2^{32}+1$\n\nHow can I prove that $2^{32}+1$ is composite number using Miller-Rabin primality test?",
"\n\nI can't find a solution which verify the hypothesis of theorem.",
"\n\nA:\n\nLet $n=2^{32}+1,\\, a=3$.\nYou can show that $a=3$ is a witness for compositeness of $n$, i.e. $n$ is not a strong pseudo prime to base 3. ",
"\nHere is the calculation: Decompose $n-1$ as $n-1=d\\times 2^s = 1\\times 2^{32}$,\ni.e. $d=1,\\,s=32$. Then you have $a^d\\not \\equiv 1 \\pmod {n}$, now verify that $x_r \\equiv a^{2^r d}\\not \\equiv -1 \\pmod {n}$ for $0\\le r \\le s-1.$ Note that $x_{r+1}\\equiv x_r^2 \\pmod {n}$.\nIn the table I have listed $r$ and $x_r \\pmod {n}$\n r x_r mod n\n 1 9\n 2 81\n 3 6561\n 4 43046721\n 5 3793201458\n 6 1461798105\n 7 852385491\n 8 547249794\n 9 1194573931\n 10 2171923848\n 11 3995994998\n 12 2840704206\n 13 1980848889\n 14 2331116839\n 15 2121054614\n 16 2259349256\n 17 1861782498\n 18 1513400831\n 19 2897320357\n 20 367100590\n 21 2192730157\n 22 2050943431\n 23 2206192234\n 24 2861695674\n 25 2995335231\n 26 3422723814\n 27 3416557920\n 28 3938027619\n 29 2357699199\n 30 1676826986\n 31 10324303\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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0,
0.006993006993006993,
0.010752688172043012
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[
"Response to \"Covalent Bonding and Charge Shift Bonds: Comment on 'The Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds in Ammonium Compounds Are Charge Shift Bonds'\".",
"\nA response to the comment by Gernot Frenking, outlining common ground, as well as differences, with regard to a recent paper on charge-shift bonding in quaternary ammonium cations."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.007194244604316547,
0.0055248618784530384
] | 0.00636 | 5 |
[
". ",
"Does 5 divide -1*30*(m - -6)?",
"\nTrue\nLet d = 3 + -28. ",
"Let w = -21 - d. Suppose -6*a + 3*a = -9, -21 = -g + w*a. ",
"Does 5 divide g?",
"\nFalse\nLet l be (-7)/(-3) - 36/(-54). ",
"Suppose r - 202 = y, -2*y = -l*r + 6*r - 596. ",
"Does 25 divide (r/(-6))/((-4)/6)?",
"\nTrue\nLet x = 4927 - 11. ",
"Is 12 a factor of x?",
"\nFalse\nLet p(j) = 22*j + 45. ",
"Let w = -382 - -388. ",
"Is p(w) a multiple of 7?",
"\nFalse\nLet z(i) = -12*i + 56. ",
"Let l be z(4). ",
"Is 1289/l + (-23)/184 a multiple of 13?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -4*q - 23 - 77 = 0. ",
"Let u(o) = -o**3 - 25*o**2 - 23*o - 119. ",
"Is 12 a factor of u(q)?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -3*o = -3*m - 10500, -18*m + 12 = -15*m. ",
"Does 16 divide o?",
"\nTrue\nLet w be 10/(-4)*(-24)/30. ",
"Suppose -3*h + 5*y = -448, -h - 147 = -w*h + 4*y. ",
"Suppose 6*l - h - 275 = 0. ",
"Is l a multiple of 20?",
"\nFalse\nLet g be (177737 - 2/(-2)) + -61 + 59. ",
"Is 30 a factor of (-1)/2 + (g/(-16))/(-13)?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 9 = 6*f - 3*f - 2*z, 3*z + 6 = 2*f. ",
"Is ((-1)/f)/((-2)/3150) a multiple of 25?",
"\nTrue\nLet b = 12291 + -7806. ",
"Is b a multiple of 17?",
"\nFalse\nLet q(m) = 3962*m + 3569. ",
"Is q(7) a multiple of 30?",
"\nFalse\nLet n(l) = 48*l + 1423. ",
"Is n(13) a multiple of 19?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -605 = r + u, 5*r - u = 3*u - 3034. ",
"Does 5 divide r/(-4)*4*10/60?",
"\nFalse\nLet h(w) be the second derivative of -w**7/2520 + w**6/45 - 7*w**5/40 - w**4/3 - 19*w. ",
"Let l(r) be the third derivative of h(r). ",
"Does 13 divide l(6)?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 4*i = 2*v + 20, 62*i - 10 = 60*i. ",
"Suppose -2*g = 5*b - 417, -5*g + 2*b = -v*b - 1115. ",
"Does 29 divide g?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = -a - a - 48. ",
"Suppose -18*j + 19*j = -t - 3, -3*t = -3*j - 21. ",
"Let n = j - a. Does 2 divide n?",
"\nFalse\nLet b(h) = -h**2 - h + 6. ",
"Let p be b(0). ",
"Let o(g) = -3*g + 8*g + 2*g**3 - 5*g - 8 - 9*g**2 - 3*g. ",
"Does 11 divide o(p)?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = f + 4*q - 136, 2*f = 3*q + 178 + 160. ",
"Is 27 a factor of f?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 7 = t - 15. ",
"Suppose 16 = b - t. Suppose -2*j + b = -2. ",
"Is 8 a factor of j?",
"\nFalse\nLet t = -27 - 312. ",
"Let q = 442 + t. Does 4 divide q?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -5*y + 538 = -2*t, -3*y - 5*t = -2*t - 327. ",
"Let o = -76 + y. Suppose 0 = -o*c + 28*c + 248. ",
"Is 17 a factor of c?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -3*o + 3*r + 15 = 0, -2*r = 4*o + 3*r + 7. ",
"Suppose -2*a + 2 = o*y, 0 = -6*a + 4*a + 2*y + 14. ",
"Suppose -642 = -a*l - 142. ",
"Is 25 a factor of l?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -5*u = -n - 25, -3*u + 2*n = -u - 18. ",
"Suppose u*x + 364 = 588. ",
"Is x a multiple of 4?",
"\nTrue\nLet p(s) = -9137*s**2 - 8 + 28 + 7*s + 9140*s**2. ",
"Is 24 a factor of p(-13)?",
"\nFalse\nLet w = 398 + -377. ",
"Suppose w*i - 1896 = 9*i. ",
"Is 23 a factor of i?",
"\nFalse\nLet b be 18/(-30) + 72/20. ",
"Suppose 4*s - 3*s - 147 = -h, b*s = -2*h + 446. ",
"Does 8 divide s?",
"\nTrue\nLet r(d) = -d**3 - 35*d**2 + 36*d - 4. ",
"Let c be r(-36). ",
"Is c - -63 - (1 - 2) a multiple of 20?",
"\nTrue\nLet r = -71 - -104. ",
"Let y = r + -33. ",
"Suppose y = 5*o - 4*w + 20 - 376, 4*o - 280 = 2*w. ",
"Is 27 a factor of o?",
"\nFalse\nDoes 19 divide (15/10)/(3/2166)?",
"\nTrue\nLet o = -158 + 5953. ",
"Is o a multiple of 19?",
"\nTrue\nLet w = 545 - 450. ",
"Suppose 5*j - 138 = 3*j. ",
"Let g = w - j. Does 8 divide g?",
"\nFalse\nLet o be 10/(((-2)/(-389))/((-4)/(-4))). ",
"Is (-1)/(((-20)/o)/4) a multiple of 24?",
"\nFalse\nLet o = 1615 - -1787. ",
"Does 18 divide o?",
"\nTrue\nLet l(h) = -451*h - 1566. ",
"Does 9 divide l(-9)?",
"\nTrue\nLet z(d) = -16*d - 18. ",
"Let y be z(-12). ",
"Is (93 - y)*5*(-4)/6 a multiple of 13?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -1404939 - 129096 = -31*d. ",
"Does 8 divide d?",
"\nFalse\nLet n be 34/(-4)*(-58)/29. ",
"Let c(i) = 19*i - 192. ",
"Is 59 a factor of c(n)?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 4*u - z - 55048 = 0, -5*u - 15963 = -3*z - 84766. ",
"Does 198 divide u?",
"\nFalse\nIs (5 - -373)/(-14)*(-1 + 44)*-1 a multiple of 3?",
"\nTrue\nDoes 21 divide 49049/154*(49 - 1)?",
"\nTrue\nLet z be (1*4)/(6/18*-6). ",
"Is 17442/12 + z*4/16 a multiple of 89?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 331*s = 311*s + 73440. ",
"Is s a multiple of 26?",
"\nFalse\nLet t(s) = -s**3 - 10*s**2 - 8*s + 17. ",
"Let d be t(-9). ",
"Let z be (54/d)/(1/(-20)). ",
"Is 14 a factor of (-1)/9 + (-5685)/z?",
"\nTrue\nLet f = 338 + -332. ",
"Let v(x) = -3*x**2 + 11. ",
"Let l be v(5). ",
"Does 5 divide 6/(-1)*l/f?",
"\nFalse\nLet s(t) = -t**3 - 48*t**2 - 123*t + 328. ",
"Is 44 a factor of s(-49)?",
"\nTrue\nLet q(a) = -a**3 - 22*a**2 + 24*a + 30. ",
"Let y be q(-23). ",
"Suppose -y*x + 3*x = -2420. ",
"Is x a multiple of 55?",
"\nTrue\nLet h be ((-4)/(-2))/(2/(-5)). ",
"Let f(m) be the first derivative of -m**3/3 - 4*m**2 - 5*m + 1. ",
"Is 10 a factor of f(h)?",
"\nTrue\nLet q = 6564 + 4006. ",
"Is q a multiple of 14?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 537 - 1635 = 9*p. ",
"Is 4 a factor of 44/(-1 + 2)*(-183)/p?",
"\nFalse\nLet o(j) be the third derivative of -j**6/120 - 11*j**5/60 + 3*j**4/8 + j**3/6 + 30*j**2 + 1. ",
"Is o(-12) a multiple of 3?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -47806*g = -47816*g + 2240. ",
"Is 2 a factor of g?",
"\nTrue\nLet t = -3 - -11. ",
"Let c(h) = -2*h - 162*h**2 + 7 + 163*h**2 - 4*h + 3. ",
"Does 11 divide c(t)?",
"\nFalse\nLet o(n) = n**3 + 16*n**2 + 16*n + 17. ",
"Let l be o(-15). ",
"Suppose -3*a + 5*r + 3150 = 1244, 0 = 5*a - l*r - 3183. ",
"Does 7 divide a?",
"\nTrue\nLet l(w) = -3*w**3 + 56*w**2 - 22*w - 6. ",
"Let c(y) = y**3 - 19*y**2 + 7*y + 2. ",
"Let r(j) = 8*c(j) + 3*l(j). ",
"Is r(14) a multiple of 50?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 0 = 4*p - q - 5, p + 6*q + 4 = q. Let a be (8 - p)*(-18)/(-42). ",
"Suppose a*m - v = 115 + 58, -3*m + 161 = -4*v. ",
"Is 30 a factor of m?",
"\nFalse\nLet d(y) = y**3 - 12*y**2 + 18*y - 22. ",
"Let h be d(10). ",
"Does 9 divide (2 - h/(-15)) + (-3014)/(-55)?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -5*d + 24 = d. Suppose d*t - 5*r + 719 = 0, 2*t - 355 = 4*t - r. Is 8 a factor of (-1)/2*(-12 + t)?",
"\nFalse\nLet r be (-1 + 19)/(-3) + 4. ",
"Let m be 32 - ((-3 - r) + -3). ",
"Suppose m*g = 31*g + 55. ",
"Is g a multiple of 11?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -5*h = 4*g - 1222, 2*h = 5*g - 0*h - 1577. ",
"Does 14 divide g?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 3*h = -5*t + 62 - 11, -4*t - h = -38. ",
"Suppose 2420 = -7*d + t*d. ",
"Does 77 divide d?",
"\nFalse\nLet q(m) = -m**3 + 9*m**2 + 7*m + 14. ",
"Let i be q(10). ",
"Let d(x) = 3*x - 26. ",
"Let l(v) = 2*v - 27. ",
"Let k(g) = -3*d(g) + 2*l(g). ",
"Is 13 a factor of k(i)?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 56*v - 2*d = 61*v - 1341, 4*v - 1092 = -4*d. ",
"Does 16 divide v?",
"\nFalse\nLet g(c) = -2*c**2 + 16*c + 17. ",
"Let y be g(-9). ",
"Let t = -169 - y. Is t a multiple of 24?",
"\nTrue\nLet d be (1 + (-8)/6)/(2/(-18)). ",
"Suppose d*n = a - 59, n + 60 = 5*a - 165. ",
"Let q = -20 + a. Does 10 divide q?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -2*p + 60 = -5*p. ",
"Let s be (-3 - 36/(-20))/((-6)/p). ",
"Does 16 divide (-640)/30*(1 + s)?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 1122*y + 2512133 = 1295*y. ",
"Is 19 a factor of y?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = 6*a - 7*a + 5*s + 8132, -3*a - s = -24428. ",
"Is a a multiple of 36?",
"\nFalse\nLet q = -4609 + 9732. ",
"Is q a multiple of 3?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -23*k - 16*k = -16*k - 7636. ",
"Is k a multiple of 83?",
"\nTrue\nLet f(i) = 77496*i**3 - 3*i**2 + 14*i - 10. ",
"Does 43 divide f(1)?",
"\nFalse\nLet v be (1 - 2)*(2 - -3) - -41. ",
"Is (5 + -2)/(135/v)*5 a multiple of 3?",
"\nFalse\nLet z = -247 + 268. ",
"Is 7 a factor of (-1407)/(-6)*24/z?",
"\nFalse\nLet v(d) = -d**2 + 13*d - 15. ",
"Let n be v(10). ",
"Suppose 0 = -105*x + 108*x + n. Is (-1)/x - 2*(-778)/20 a multiple of 6?",
"\nTrue\nLet a(r) = 2*r**2 + 5*r - 3. ",
"Let d be a(3). ",
"Suppose d*v + 72 = 27*v. ",
"Is 3 a factor of (v/16)/(2/(-44))?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 3*q - 5 = -u, 3*q = 2*q - 4*u + 20. ",
"Suppose q = 4*v + 4*n - 16, -v + 2*n = v - 24. ",
"Is 8 a factor of v?",
"\nTrue\nLet g(f) = 97*f - 481. ",
"Let u be g(5). ",
"Suppose 7388 = 4*z + u*o, 7*o - 11*o = -3*z + 5576. ",
"Is 45 a factor of z?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 2*g + 2*l = 21978, -4*g + 850*l = 845*l - 43920. ",
"Is g a multiple of 65?",
"\nTrue\nIs 9878/4 - 895/358 - 10 a multiple of 13?",
"\nTrue\nLet n = 153 - 149. ",
"Suppose -4*u = -2*z + 320, -z - 513 = -n*z - 5*u. ",
"Is z a multiple of 7?",
"\nFalse\nLet i = -9279 - -13031. ",
"Is i a multiple of 60?",
"\nFalse\nLet z = -12515 - -22379. ",
"Does 274 divide z?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 2*g + 3*j - 19000 = 0, -3*g - 85*j + 28424 = -90*j. ",
"Does 16 divide g?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -32716 = -4*u - 4*a, -6*a + 9 = -3*a. ",
"Is 40 a factor of (8/(-14))/((-4)/u*8)?",
"\nFalse\nLet m(b) = -49*b - 69. ",
"Let w(p) = 146*p + 207. ",
"Let k(a) = 11*m(a) + 4*w(a). ",
"Is 12 a factor of k(11)?",
"\nTrue\nLet a(k) be the first derivative of 71*k**3/3 - k**2 - k + 151. ",
"Let t(v) = v**3 - 4*v**2 + v - 3. ",
"Let y be t(4). ",
"Is 9 a factor of a(y)?",
"\nFalse\nIs 328 a factor of -6 + -21 + 9 + 45282?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 4*v - 24 = 16. ",
"Let n be 1876/v - 6/10. ",
"Suppose 6*m - n = -7. ",
"Is 23 a factor of m?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 4*c - 4*u - 7497 - 42923 = 0, -2*c - 3*u + 25185 = 0. ",
"Is 42 a factor of c?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 7*y - 5*c - 12615 = 0, -4*c + 6924 = 5*y - 2117. ",
"Is 7 a factor of y?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 22*k - 81631 = 428923. ",
"Is k a multiple of 23?",
"\nTrue\nLet i be 38/4*3*(44 + -40). ",
"Suppose 0 = 3*r - i - 84. ",
"Is 6 a factor of r?",
"\nTrue\nLe"
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"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
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[
"Q:\n\ncompile C++ header-only templates to a shared library\n\nI'm working on a code base of template classes. ",
"It's header-only (no .cpp files). ",
"I would like to hide implementation and provide a shared library plus a couple of headers containing only declaration. ",
"Unfortunately sounds like doesn't make a sense. ",
"Since there is no compiled code, so what will be in such a shared lib? ",
"Trying to remove definitions from headers after compiling, causes undefined references. ",
"Is there a way to force compiler to ship objects in dll or shared library without having to explicitly instantiate template classes?",
"\n\nA:\n\nNo, there isn't and wont be a way to do that for the foreseeable future. ",
"The only way to provide template C++ code is as header files only. ",
"Modules might change that, but that is unlikely to happen before your library is finished.",
"\nSomething you can try is to split into implementation and explicitly instantiate all possible use cases. ",
"Then the library you ship wont work with any other types then the instantiated ones and would significantly reduce the benefit templates bring. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nTemplate implementations need to be known at compile time. ",
"That's why you can't separate implementation from declaration. ",
"So if you want to have the advantages of templates, there is no way around passing your header(s).",
"\n\n"
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"depression\n\nWith a lack of regular sunshine and fresh vegetables, winter in Canada can seem like a recipe for bad moods on some days. ",
"So, in the middle of the season, here are a few tips to help stay on the level and improve your mindset\n\nWith a lack of regular sunshine and fresh vegetables, winter in Canada can seem like a recipe for bad moods on some days. ",
"So, in the middle of the season, here are a few tips to help stay on the level and improve your mindset\n\nMy son is now a depressed adult whose illness has prevented him from completing high school and moving forward with his life. ",
"Every day, he talks about killing himself, and I am at a loss as to where to turn for help.",
"\n\nIn his riveting tale of how psychiatrists have classified human suffering over the centuries, Gary Greenberg recounts that, in 1850, a physician called Samuel Cartwright reported a new disease that medicalized slaves escaping captivity\n\nIn his riveting tale of how psychiatrists have classified human suffering over the centuries, Gary Greenberg recounts that, in 1850, a physician called Samuel Cartwright reported a new disease that medicalized slaves escaping captivity\n\nA series of studies has found that people who feel socially excluded tend to make riskier financial decisions than their popular peers. ",
"The effects are so marked that scientists say serious financial choices should be delayed a time of upheaval"
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"Iowa’s high school graduation rate reached a record high of 91.3 percent, according to data from the Iowa Department of Education on Tuesday.",
"\n\nThe state’s four-year graduation rate overall has maintained a positive trend since 2011.",
"\n\nThe Iowa City Community School District has hovered near the state’s average during those years — it’s now at 93.6 percent. ",
"The Cedar Rapids Community School District, at 83.9 for 2016, trails about 7 points the state average.",
"\n\nMolly Duffy / The Gazette\n\nIn other Eastern Iowa public school districts — College Community, Linn-Mar, Marion Independent, Mount Vernon and Solon — the graduation rate for the class of 2016 also topped the state average.",
"\n\nIowa has one of the best high school graduation rates in the country, according to the federal National Center for Education Statistics. ",
"It and Nebraska are the only states to have a graduation rates that top 90 percent.",
"\n\nAccording to data from the 2013-14 school year, the most recent available, the national adjusted class graduation rate is 82 percent.",
"\n\nMolly Duffy / The Gazette\n\nDropout rate increases\n\nIowa’s dropout rate also has gone up, according to state data. ",
"The dropout rate counts students in grades 9 through 12 — which is why it simultaneously can increase with the state’s graduation rate, which counts only one class of students.",
"\n\nDuring the 2015-16 school year, 2.8 percent of high-schoolers — about 4,150 students — dropped out.",
"\n\nARTICLE CONTINUES BELOW ADVERTISEMENT\n\nIn the Corridor, the Mount Vernon, Solon, College Community, Iowa City, Linn-Mar, Marion Independent and Clear Creek Amana school districts all have lower dropout rates.",
"\n\nThe Cedar Rapids district has a rate of 3.8 percent.",
"\n\nNationwide, 6.5 percent of students drop out of high school, according to 2014 data from the National Center for Education Statistics.",
"\n\nAnd Iowa public schools’ dropout rate still is trending down, data show. ",
"About 3.4 percent of students dropped out in the 2010-11 school year, and the rate fell every year until 2014-15, when it hit 2.5 percent.",
"\n\nl Comments: (319) 398-8330; molly.duffy@thegazette.com"
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[
"Using Rasch Analysis to Validate the Motor Activity Log and the Lower Functioning Motor Activity Log in Patients With Stroke.",
"\nThe Motor Activity Log (MAL) and Lower-Functioning MAL (LF-MAL) are used to assess the amount of use of the more impaired arm and the quality of movement during activities in real-life situations for patients with stroke. ",
"This study used Rasch analysis to examine the psychometric properties of the MAL and LF-MAL in patients with stroke. ",
"This is a methodological study. ",
"The MAL and LF-MAL include 2 scales: the amount of use (AOU) and the quality of movement (QOM). ",
"Rasch analysis was used to examine the unidimensionality, item difficulty hierarchy, targeting, reliability, and differential item functioning (DIF) of the MAL and LF-MAL. ",
"A total of 403 patients with mild or moderate stroke completed the MAL, and 134 patients with moderate/severe stroke finished the LF-MAL. ",
"Evidence of disordered thresholds and poor model fit were found both in the MAL and LF-MAL. ",
"After the rating categories were collapsed and misfit items were deleted, all items of the revised MAL and LF-MAL exhibited ordering and constituted unidimensional constructs. ",
"The person-item map showed that these assessments were difficult for our participants. ",
"The person reliability coefficients of these assessments ranged from .79 to .87. ",
"No items in the revised MAL and LF-MAL exhibited bias related to patients' characteristics. ",
"One limitation is the recruited patients, who have relatively high-functioning ability in the LF-MAL. ",
"The revised MAL and LF-MAL are unidimensional scales and have good reliability. ",
"The categories function well, and responses to all items in these assessments are not biased by patients' characteristics. ",
"However, the revised MAL and LF-MAL both showed floor effect. ",
"Further study might add easy items for assessing the performance of activity in real-life situations for patients with stroke."
] | {
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[
"Robert Henry Fowler\n\nRobert Henry Fowler (28 June 1857 – 11 May 1957) was an Irish soldier and first-class cricketer of English descent. ",
" He died seven weeks before what would have been his 100th birthday, making him the longest-lived person to have played international cricket for Ireland. ",
" He is also one of the longest-lived first-class cricketers of all time, having survived for nearly 81 years after he played his first – and only – first-class match.",
"\n\nFowler was born at Mellifont, Collon, County Louth, Ireland, the eldest son of Robert Fowler (1824–1897). ",
"His grandfather, another Robert Fowler (1797–1863), was a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace in County Meath. ",
" His great-grandfather, another Robert Fowler, was Bishop of Ossory and then Bishop of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin from 1817 until his death in 1841, and his great-great-grandfather, yet another Robert Fowler, was an Anglican clergyman who settled in Ireland in the 1760s and was Archbishop of Dublin from 1779 until his death in 1801.",
"\n\nFowler played cricket for Cheltenham College in 1874 and 1875, gaining some success as a right-handed opening batsman. ",
" He went up to St John's College, Cambridge, in 1875 and played one first-class cricket match for Cambridge University in 1876, batting twice at number 9 against the Marylebone Cricket Club and scoring 3 and 1. ",
" Also in the Cambridge team were later Test cricketers A. P. Lucas and Alfred Lyttelton (and his brother Edward Lyttelton).",
"\n\nHe attended RMC Sandhurst and joined the British Army in 1878, being promoted to captain in the King's Shropshire Light Infantry in 1886.",
"\n\nFowler played cricket for the MCC in 1885. ",
" He played in two matches for Ireland in 1888, one against Scotland and one against I Zingari, and then for I Zingari against Ireland in 1889 and 1890.",
"\n\nHis son, Robert St Leger Fowler, was captain of Eton College in the match against Harrow in 1910, commonly referred to as Fowler's match due his outstanding all round performance; he is regarded as the best Irish cricketer not to have represented Ireland itself.",
"\n\nFowler died at Rahinstown, Enfield, County Meath, Ireland.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nProfile at Cricinfo\nProfile at CricketArchive\nMatches and detailed statistics for Robert Fowler from CricketArchive\nProfile of Robert St Leger Fowler\nWisden obituary, 1958\n\nCategory:1857 births\nCategory:1957 deaths\nCategory:People educated at Cheltenham College\nCategory:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge\nCategory:Irish cricketers\nCategory:Cambridge University cricketers\nCategory:King's Shropshire Light Infantry officers\nCategory:Irish people of English descent\nCategory:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst\nCategory:Sportspeople from County Louth"
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"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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[
"Yesterday we ran a little experiment on TheBeijinger’s classified ads section.",
"\n\nWe created a fake e-mail address, a fake name, a fake tefl and a fake backstory.",
"\n\nMeet “Uvlovig Innvandrer”\n\nWe then e-mailed every teaching position available on theBeijinger’s 1st two pages of “employment available”.",
"\n\n(we also called every phone number listed with similar results. ",
"but we can’t ethically release those phone calls)\n\nOur e-mail spelled it out very clear – we wanted to teach English without a bachelors degree. ",
"THIS IS ‘ILLEGAL’.",
"\n\nWe even attached a blatantly photoshopped TEFL certificate.",
"\n\nThe e-mail replies poured in. ",
"8/9 were ready to hire us!!",
"\n\n1.",
"\n\n2.",
"\n\n3.",
"\n\n4.",
"\n\n5.",
"\n\n6.",
"\n\n7.",
"\n\n8. ",
"One recruiter offered to help us find an ‘internship’.",
"\n\nWe called them and they said the ‘internship visa’ was ‘just for the visa’ and they could help us find a ‘normal teaching job’.",
"\n\n9. ",
"Only a single recruiter said they couldn’t help us:\n\nEven recruiters define a NORMAL TEACHING JOB as a ‘fake’ internship visa and ‘illegal’ work!!",
"\n\nChina’s working visa policy is completely out of touch with the ‘market’ reality for teaching.",
"\n\nNo surprise that a hefty black market exists.",
"\n\nChina, STOP treating law-abiding people like criminals simply because they don’t meet arbritary bureaucratic requirements. ",
"Employers ought to be able to enter into contracts with any would-be employees they please.",
"\n\n“Legal” teachers and “legal” employees: we need to WORK TOGETHER and push for sensible visa policy reform.",
"\n\nread more:\n\nWe Teach “Illegally” For You, China\n\nMOST Teachers in China are ILLEGAL\n\nAnother “ILLEGAL Teacher” Gets FUCKED\n\nif Police RAID your School..\n\nStanding up for Expat Rights benefits everyone\n\nSCAM: 30% of foreign Teacher’s Z visas ILLEGAL\n\nsupport #ExpatRights, share this!!!"
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"// { dg-require-namedlocale \"ja_JP.eucJP\" }\n// { dg-require-namedlocale \"de_DE.ISO8859-15\" }\n// { dg-require-namedlocale \"en_HK.ISO8859-1\" }\n\n// 2001-08-15 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>\n\n// Copyright (C) 2001-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\n//\n// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. ",
" This library is free\n// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the\n// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the\n// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)\n// any later version.",
"\n\n// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the\n// GNU General Public License for more details.",
"\n\n// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along\n// with this library; see the file COPYING3. ",
" If not see\n// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.",
"\n\n// 22.2.4.1.1 collate members\n\n#include <testsuite_hooks.h>\n\n#define main discard_main_1\n#include \"1.cc\"\n#undef main \n\n#define main discard_main_2\n#include \"2.cc\"\n#undef main \n\n#define main discard_main_3\n#include \"3.cc\"\n#undef main \n\n#define main discard_main_4\n#include \"4.cc\"\n#undef main \n\n#define main discard_main_5\n#include \"5.cc\"\n#undef main \n\n#define main discard_main_6\n#include \"6.cc\"\n#undef main \n\n#define main discard_main_7\n#include \"7.cc\"\n#undef main \n\n#define main discard_main_8\n#include \"8.cc\"\n#undef main \n\nint main()\n{\n using namespace __gnu_test;\n func_callback two;\n two.push_back(&test01);\n two.push_back(&test02);\n two.push_back(&test03);\n two.push_back(&test04);\n two.push_back(&test05);\n two.push_back(&test06);\n two.push_back(&test07);\n two.push_back(&test08);\n run_tests_wrapped_locale(\"ja_JP.eucJP\", two);\n return 0;\n}\n"
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"Animals Used in Research\n\nDespite growing recognition of the inadequacies of animal models and growing acceptance of alternative methods, animals continue to be used in research, testing and teaching in the United States every year. ",
"And most alarming, published studies on animal experimentation suggest that labs are using more and more animals, due to the increasing use of mice, primarily those that have been genetically engineered. ",
"Because mice, as well as rats, birds and fish, are not covered by the Animal Welfare Act, the actual number of animals used in research is, at best, an informed guess. ",
"A study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics (February 2015) found that from 1997 to 2012, the total number of animals used in research in laboratory settings increased by 73%, but due to inadequacies in record keeping on the use of animals in experimentation, the number may be even higher.",
"\n\nData collected and reported by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), however, suggests that the number of animals used in research has been decreasing. ",
"In 2017, they reported that a total of 792,168 animals were used for scientific purposes. ",
"As just noted, mice, rats, birds and fish, who are estimated to comprise more than 95% of all animals used in research, were not included. ",
"Although lack of transparency on animal use in this country prevents us from understanding the full scope of the use of animals in experimentation, it is important to note that 2015 marked the lowest number of Animal Welfare Act-covered animals used in research since the USDA began collecting such statistics in 1973."
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"Imatinib mesylate induces hypophosphatemia in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in late chronic phase, and this effect is associated with response.",
"\nImatinib is the drug of first choice for most patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). ",
"Although it is generally well tolerated, a number of hematological and nonhematological side-effects have been described. ",
"We report here that imatinib induces hypophosphatemia in a high proportion of our series of CML patients previously treated with interferon alpha, and that this previously unreported side effect is associated with response."
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"Dogs are known as mans best friend and they are notoriously famous for their extreme loyalty and loving, caring nature. ",
"However did you know that you can actually learn some beauty tips from your canine companion?",
"\n\nBelow we will share the top beauty tips that we can all learn from our dogs:\n\nDiet Is Important\n\nDoggy Lesson:\n\nA nutritious, balanced diet is essential to keeping your dog healthy and maintaining their shiny furry coat. ",
"An unhealthy diet can make a dog ill and can lead to a variety of skin and hair (fur) problems. ",
"Dogs have their own special food that is made uniquely just for them that contains all the right vitamins and nutrients that they require in order to stay healthy.",
"\n\nBeauty Lesson:\n\nEven though we would never think to feed our dogs all the bad food that we put into our mouths on a daily basis a lot of us still continue to eat unhealthy. ",
"Put basically the food we eat provide the building blocks that are needed to maintain a healthy body. ",
"If we eat too much sugary and junk food our skin certainly suffers resulting in an varying skin problems and conditions. ",
"We are not trying to take all the fun out of your eating here, sure its fine to have a little treat from time to time but on the whole try to eat a well balanced diet.",
"\n\nGet Lots Of Beauty Sleep\n\nDoggy Lesson:\n\nIt’s true what they say; it’s a dogs life alright!! ",
"Dogs spend a lot of their time recovering from their busy days running after frisbys, chasing those pesky lights on the floor or barking at that intruder dog in the mirror that looks awfully familiar. ",
"We can often find our lovable pets sprawled out across the floor catching up on some much needed R&R charging up their little batteries for round 2.",
"\n\nBeauty Lesson:\n\nWhether its work, household chores or a hardcore social lifestyle we can sometimes neglect our beauty sleep. ",
"Sleep is a vital component in staying fit, healthily and looking your best. ",
"When you are in the land of nod your body is busy at work repairing and recharging itself – without the recommended 7-8 hours of daily sleep your skin can suffer by losing its usual healthy glow and your eyes will show signs of tiredness via dark under eye circles.",
"\n\nWork Hard, Play Harder\n\nDoggy Lesson:\n\nDuring the day while their owners are away at work a dog is hard at work watching over the house. ",
"His job is to bark at any passing postmen, scare away any wandering neighbourhood cats that dare step foot on its owners property or considerately hide socks and other soft items for safe keeping under the table – you know just in case someone breaks in. ",
"However once their owner comes home and their watch is over a dog is ready to release the stresses of the day and play. ",
"Dogs are very playful and love to let go and just have a good time!",
"\n\nBeauty Lesson:\n\nFinding time out to enjoy yourself and relieve the stresses of the day are vital in order to look your best. ",
"A build up of stress can cause a breakout of acne which I am sure you will all agree is not a pretty look. ",
"No matter how busy you are you can always find an hour or two just to take some time out and have fun…\n\nWash Daily\n\nDoggy Lesson:\n\nCats are not the only animal species that are known to have good hygiene. ",
"Dogs are very clean animals too and will ‘wash’ themselves throughout the day. ",
"There are some breeds of dog for example the Vizsla and the Chihuahua who have impeccable grooming habits\n\nBeauty Lesson:\n\nIt is essential to make sure to wash everyday. ",
"Keeping your skin clean of oils and bacteria from dirt, dust, sweat and even dead skin cells is important. ",
"However it is not recommended to wash too often or use products on a regular basis as over use can irritate your skin causing inflammation and redness.",
"\n\nLeashes Are Your Enemy\n\nDoggy Lesson:\n\nDogs LOVE to go on walks and there is nothing better then a walk without a leash. ",
"Dogs love to explore the unknown and are never hesitant at checking out what is over that next hill.",
"\n\nBeauty Lesson:\n\nWe are talking metaphorically with this one. ",
"When it comes to clothing or cosmetics for women a lot of people like to play it safe and stick to what they know – hey if something works why try fixing it, right? ",
"Although there is some true in that statement it’s always good to be a little adventurous and try new things. ",
"Go out and buy that funky looking top you saw in Topshop or put on that green eye shadow that you have always wanted to but have never had the confidence to try and pull off, who knows you might love it.",
"\n\nBe Yourself\n\nDoggy Lesson:\n\nThis one is more of an inner beauty lesson. ",
"No matter what shape, size or colour a dog is, they will always be happy and have their little tails wagging no matter the weather. ",
"While some dogs are big and muscular, others are smaller and more athletic. ",
"Every dog is unique and just perfect they way they are…yes even you pink unicorn dog.",
"\n\nBeauty Lesson:\n\nI know it sounds cliche but you are who you are and there is no point in faking it. ",
"The key to truly rocking at life is to be comfortable in your own skin. ",
"Never be afraid to just be yourself, find out who you are and embrace it. ",
"At the end of the day your ‘bark’ is your own, love it and learn to use it.",
"\n\nIf you enjoyed reading this maybe your other doggy loving friends will too. ",
"Please share using the buttons found at the top right of the page."
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"As one of the original members of the development team and having helped create the studio that brought you Star Wars™: The Old Republic™, I’m privileged to have been on this incredible journey that culminated in launching the game. ",
"Now that we are through launch I felt this was a great opportunity to talk about how we balance our efforts when it comes to fixing bugs and developing new content.",
"\n\nThe good news is that we have a large team dedicated to the game, which gives us the flexibility to both fix bugs and develop new content. ",
"I want to make it very clear here that the live game service comes first though, and fixing bugs is our team’s first priority. ",
"Everything else is secondary.",
"\n\nLet me start by explaining how we go about determining when to fix an issue in the live game, whether it is a bug or an exploit. ",
"Let’s begin with exploits – those cases when we determine that a bug in the code can give an unfair advantage to a player. (",
"Remember, not all bugs are exploits!)",
"\n\nIf an exploit is discovered that threatens players’ experience in the game or the in-game economy, we will usually try to create an Emergency Patch to fix that exploit. ",
"Before we declare something an emergency though, we have to validate the issue with our internal Quality Assurance, or QA team. ",
"They gather data working with our Customer Service, analytics, and development teams to determine the extent of the exploit and the steps needed to reproduce it. ",
"Once we have the steps, we work on a plan to fix the issue. ",
"Depending how long the issue will take to fix and how risky it is, we will decide if we need to temporarily disable the cause of the exploit in the game.",
"\n\nGenerally speaking, we can fix these types of issues pretty quickly once they are detected in the game. ",
"Our turn-around time is really good in this area and we’ve dealt with some recent exploits quite quickly. ",
"That’s because we have a dedicated Live Support team that handles these issues, made up of on-call engineers, designers, artists, and producers, who are available around the clock. ",
"Our extensive in-game metric tools are also always monitoring the game and generating reports – meaning that if anyone is exploiting, we are going to find out about it. ",
"Our main goal is to ensure you have a fun, balanced and fair gameplay experience in The Old Republic. ",
"We won’t stop looking for exploits and taking steps to correct them to maintain a fair game.",
"\n\nFixing bugs in a game as massive as The Old Republic is a little trickier! ",
"The PC is a very complicated platform to develop for and getting the game to work flawlessly on every PC ever made is unlikely, but we want to fix as many bugs that affect players as we can.",
"\n\nNot every bug is created equal. ",
"Some bugs – even ones that might look simple – take a long time to deal with and some might not be able to be reproduced (as they may be random occurrences under special circumstances). ",
"With that in mind, we use a triage process to prioritize our bug lists. ",
"This helps us determine which bugs we fix first based on the bug’s severity (which is how many people it affects). ",
"We estimate the severity of bugs by looking at volume of tickets sent to our Customer Service team, Forum posts, and using our telemetry data from the game, amongst other things.",
"\n\nThe first thing the development team does every day is triage incoming bugs. ",
"Team leaders from different groups within BioWare Austin meet to review the incoming bugs, which are pulled from our bug tracking software (managed by the QA team). ",
"QA gathers these bugs from several sources (player reports, internal QA, Customer Service tickets, and Community). ",
"Before any bug is tracked, we need to verify whether it is a real, reproducible bug by trying to reproduce it ourselves. ",
"Sometimes that cannot be done either because we don’t have enough information on the bug (so give us plenty of detail in bug reports, please!) ",
"or because there are special circumstances that cause this bug to occur which are not found through normal play patterns. ",
"If that is the case we reach out to the community or contact the player to help us reproduce. ",
"We have done this many times with great success. ",
"Thanks to all of you who have helped us track down these types of bugs.",
"\n\nLet’s get back to our triage process. ",
"Every day we review incoming bugs as well as existing bugs to determine the order in which we fix these bugs. ",
"The highest priority bugs are what we call ‘blocker bugs’. ",
"These are any type of bugs that block a player’s progression through the game, and they’re important enough that they may be fixed via an emergency patch. ",
"Whether a bug is fixed in an emergency patch or not depends on the complexity of the bug (which dictates how risky it is to implement) and whether or not there is a workaround available to allow a player to progress. ",
"If there is a workaround available, we will usually wait to push that bug into the next publish and ensure players know about the workaround. ",
"This allows any players affected to continue to progress, while giving us time to ensure the correct fix won’t unduly affect the rest of the game.",
"\n\nThe balancing act of fixing bugs while ensuring we maintain a stable game is always tricky. ",
"We have to make sure that when we publish a fix to the live game it doesn’t alter the game code in a way that can make things worse. ",
"This is a normal part of complex software development, but it means we have to assess the risk on what we publish to the live game very carefully. ",
"The more bugs we fix with each publish, the higher the risk of breaking things, as we’ve changed more game code. ",
"That is why we try to limit the number of bugs and types of bugs we address with each patch. ",
"If we can fix a lot of low risk bugs we will push more out. ",
"Our most important goal is remove as many annoying bugs as fast as we can; currently we aim to push out patches which help fix bugs weekly but that can change depending on the severity of the bugs.",
"\n\nPlease remember, if we don’t respond publicly to a bug that does not mean we are not going to fix it. ",
"We want to make sure we provide a good playing experience to our players. ",
"That is why we have a large team of people working every day to bug fix and remove exploits from the game.",
"\n\nIn terms of developing new content I wanted to let everyone know that we are committed to publishing new features and content on a regular basis. ",
"It is important to make sure the game is always changing. ",
"We have several strike teams working on future game additions. ",
"We have a huge list of features and content we want to put into the game and we are constantly adding to it based on feedback we get from the community and from playing the game ourselves. ",
"Every single one of us on the development team plays the game, and we see the same issues you do and where we need to expand.",
"\n\nOur most important goal is to make sure you continue to have fun playing our game and we will do everything in our power to make you feel that you are getting your money’s worth every month. ",
"Thank you very much for playing!",
"\n\nRich Vogel Executive Producer\n\nDiscuss this article\n\n"
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"Gap junctions in the glandular epithelium of normal human endometrium.",
"\nFreeze-fracture replicas were used to study gap junctions in the glandular epithelium of the human endometrium. ",
"The junctions were found to be small both in number and size during the early and mid-proliferative phases of the cycle. ",
"In the late proliferative phase and later in the cycle, their number and size were significantly increased (p less than 0.05). ",
"In the late secretory phase, the gap junctions again showed a significant reduction both in number and size (p less than 0.05) in comparison with the mid-secretory phase. ",
"These findings suggest that the formation and growth of gap junctions might be induced by estrogens, and that they might play a role in the differentiation of the endometrial cells as well as in the coordination of their secretory function."
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"We're authors who want our love stories mixed with science fiction, fantasy and horror, or who want their speculative fiction to feature a little love.",
"\nVisit the now-static site at www.specromonline.com for an archive of articles, interviews and reviews. ",
"Fresh content here!",
"\n\nIn fact, almost all the reviewers varied the roller coaster, dark suspense theme. ",
"Since my ultimate goal is to marry the romance and horror genres, this makes me think I might be on the right creative road. ",
"You can read more about that in my Liquid Silver Books Author Topic.",
"\n\nFor me writing a book is like climbing a mountain. ",
"I start out with lots of momentum. ",
"I generally know how the first few chapters go and I can carry the momentum into about chapter five or six. ",
"Then the way gets steeper and the momentum dies. ",
"I slog to get to the top of the mountain and have to be very careful going down the other side, until I'm about halfway down. ",
"Then I roll easily into the finish. ",
"I love writing endings!"
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"Lizzo has confirmed herself to perform at Glastonbury 2019. ",
"Watch our full video interview with the star above.",
"\n\nSpeaking to NME on the red carpet of the BRIT Awards 2019, the singer and rapper was celebrating her whirlwind 12 months off the back of the huge success of single ‘Juice’ and upcoming album ‘Cuz I Love You’. “",
"I knew that my juice was an international banger, but now the world knows it,” she joked.",
"\n\nAsked about her plans for 2019, Lizzo told NME: “I just have a shit tonne of shows and festivals. ",
"I’m coming back to London and Manchester. ",
"I’m doing Lovebox Festival and Glastonbury but I don’t think that’s announced so, whatever – you just got the scoop, bitch.”",
"\n\nShe continued: “I’m going to be everywhere. ",
"The tour has sold out already so bring it on.”",
"\n\nAnd how would she describe the experience of seeing Lizzo live?",
"\n\n“It’s church with a twerk, that’s what I say.”",
"\n\nAmong the 2019 Glastonbury rumours, Liam Gallagher is strongly tipped to be making a Pyramid Stage appearance. ",
"So far, Kylie Minogue has been confirmed to take the Sunday legends slot, Janelle Monae has been revealed to headline the West Holts Stage, and Stormzy is the only Pyramid Stage headliner to be announced so far.",
"\n\nThe Cure and The Killers are currently the bookies’ favourites as the other two main headliners, with Interpol, Stereophonics, Lana Del Rey, and Childish Gambino among the others rumoured to perform.",
"\n\nLizzo releases upcoming third album ‘Cuz I Love You’ on April 19.",
"\n\nCheck back at NME for the latest news, interviews and more from the BRITs 2019."
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"Introduction {#sec0005}\n============\n\nRespiratory viral infection is a major source of morbidity and mortality in childhood. ",
"Just over one-third of preschool-aged children develop lower respiratory infections during their first year of life. ",
"Between 1% of 2% of these patients require admission to hospital.[@bib0005], [@bib0010]\n\nThe etiological agent is not always identified in these patients. ",
"Children with respiratory infections are generally treated as outpatients and the etiology of their disease is not investigated. ",
"If they are hospitalized, the commonly employed evaluation techniques are often not sufficiently sensitive.[@bib0015]\n\nExperience and understanding of the role of viral coinfections in respiratory infections has grown in recent years, thanks to the introduction of molecular techniques.[@bib0020], [@bib0025], [@bib0030] At present, the clinical data available on coinfection, in terms of both the number of viruses involved and the severity of the condition, are variable and even, at times, contradictory. ",
"These discrepancies may be due to factors that affect the various etiological agents, such as geographical region and methods of detection employed.",
"\n\nThe aim of this study was to analyze the viral etiology of respiratory infections and the real clinical implications of coinfection, and its possible relationship to clinical severity in a population of hospitalized patients in a general hospital located in Barcelona with a secondary-level pediatric department. ",
"Etiology was determined using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and low density microarrays.",
"\n\nPatients, Materials and Methods {#sec0010}\n===============================\n\nPatients {#sec0015}\n--------\n\nPediatric patients, aged between 7 days and 15 years, hospitalized for respiratory infections were included in a prospective study conducted from February 1, 2009 until December 31, 2010 in the Pediatric Department of Hospital de Mar, Barcelona. ",
"The basic inclusion criterion was an initial diagnosis of (a) respiratory tract infection (rhinopharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis or pneumonia), with clinical signs suggesting viral infection; (b) influenza-like syndrome; (c) suspected pertussis; or (d) pneumonia with clinical signs suggesting bacterial infection or empyema, poor progress during admission and suspected viral coinfection.",
"\n\nPersonal and epidemiological data were collected together with the reason for admission and clinical progress, duration of hospitalization, oxygen requirements in cases with O~2~ saturations ≤92%, and need for admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) for mechanical ventilation were recorded.",
"\n\nCases were stratified by age groups (younger than 12 months, between 1 and 3 years, between 3 and 5 years and older than 5 years), and probable diagnosis at time of admission, days of hospitalization (pooled as less than 4 days, between 5 and 10 days and longer than 10 days), need for oxygen therapy, need for transfer to PICU for mechanical ventilation, number of viruses detected and presence of bacterial coinfection were recorded.",
"\n\nSamples for Virological Study {#sec0020}\n-----------------------------\n\nNasopharygeal aspirate was collected from all patients during the first 12 h of admission. ",
"In patients with clinical suspicion of bacterial pneumonia, a nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen was also obtained at any time when poor progress was suspected to be due to viral or bacterial coinfection and not to a poor response to treatment or virulence of the primary etiological agent. ",
"Laboratory tests were performed on the same day that the specimen was obtained, except at weekends. ",
"Samples were stored at 2--8 °C until analysis.",
"\n\nExtraction of Nucleic Acids {#sec0025}\n---------------------------\n\nNucleic acid (RNA/DNA) extraction was performed using MagnaPure LC, Roche Diagnostics.",
"\n\nAmplification and Detection {#sec0030}\n---------------------------\n\nThe CLART^®^ *PneumoVi* kit from Laboratorios Genómica, Madrid, Spain was used. ",
"This method can detect and characterize the 19 most common types and subtypes of human viruses causing respiratory infections, including: adenovirus; bocavirus; coronavirus; enterovirus (echovirus); influenza virus A (human H3N2, human H1N1, B, C and H1N1/2009 subtypes); metapneumovirus (A and B subtypes); parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3 and 4 (A and B subtypes); rhinovirus; respiratory syncytial virus type A (RSV-A); respiratory syncytial virus type B (RSV-B).",
"\n\nViruses were detected using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique after reverse transcription of viral RNA (RT-PCR) for amplification of a specific 120--330 base-pair fragment of the viral genome. ",
"The amplified product was visualized using the low-density microarray-based technological platform, CLART^®^ (Clinical Array Technology).",
"\n\nEach amplification tube had an internal control to monitor amplification.",
"\n\nIn 2009, detection of the influenza A virus H1N1/2009 was not included in the system, but was added in 2010. ",
"Until this time, identification was performed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) that detected the M2 and HA1 genes, using the kit marketed by Roche.",
"\n\nStatistical Analysis {#sec0035}\n--------------------\n\nData were stored in an Excel-supported database and the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. ",
"First, a univariate descriptive analysis was performed. ",
"Qualitative data were presented by the frequency distribution of percentages in each category. ",
"In the analytical statistics phase, the number of viruses detected was analyzed to determine any relationship with days of hospitalization, age and need for oxygen therapy. ",
"The association between these factors was investigated using hypothesis testing methods, and proportions were compared using the Pearson\\'s Chi-squared test. ",
"Results with *P*-value \\<.05 were considered significant.",
"\n\nResults {#sec0040}\n=======\n\nSamples from 463 pediatric patients admitted to the Pediatrics Department of the Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, for community-acquired respiratory infections were analyzed. ",
"Results were positive in 385 (83.15%) samples. ",
"Age distribution was as follows: younger than 12 months, 173 (44.94%), from 12 months to 3 years, 143 (37.14%), from 3 to 5 years, 53 (13.77%) and older than 5 years, 16 (4.15%); 44.94% of the cases were under the age of 12. ",
"None of the patients had risk factors for respiratory diseases. ",
"Clinical diagnoses of the positive patients were as follows: 100 cases of bronchiolitis, 92 pneumonia, 81 bronchitis, 80 upper respiratory tract infection, 25 influenza-like syndromes, six pertussis and one newborn with risk of infection ([Table 1](#tbl0005){ref-type=\"table\"} ).Table 1Relationship Between Number of Viruses Detected and Diagnoses.",
"DiagnosisNumber of viruses detectedTotal1 virus2 viruses≥3 virusesBronchiolitis50419100Pneumonia29362792Bronchitis24322581URTI32232580Flu-like syndrome581225Pertussis5106Neonatal risk of infection1001Total14714098385[^1]\n\nViruses detected are shown in [Fig. ",
"1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"} . ",
"The five most common viruses in both study periods were RSV-B (139 cases), rhinovirus (114), RSV-A (111), influenza virus serotype A H1N1/2009 (93) and bocavirus (77). ",
"The percentages of codetections in each period were: (a) in 2009, 69.79% of infections were caused by more than 1 viral agent (134 of 192 infections detected); (b) in 2010, the proportion was 53.88% (104 of 193 infections detected). ",
"The most common coinfections were rhinovirus+RSV-B in 10 cases and RSV-A+RSV-B in 5.Fig. ",
"1Viruses isolated in 2009 and 2010 in 385 children hospitalized in the Pediatric Department of the Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, for community-acquired respiratory tract infections.",
"\n\nCoinfection was found in 61.81% of samples from positive patients. ",
"Of these, two viruses were found in 36.36%, three viruses in 16.10% and four or more viruses in 9.35%.",
"\n\nWe found a shorter hospital stay in patients with a greater number of viruses (*P*\\<.001), as reflected in [Table 2](#tbl0010){ref-type=\"table\"} ; the association was linear.",
"Table 2Correlation Between Hospital Stay and Detection of Respiratory Viruses.",
"Hospital stay (days)Number of viruses detectedTotal cases by hospital stay (%)1 virus2 viruses≥3 viruses1--4677677220 (57.1)5--10675310130 (33.8)\\>1013111135 (9.1)Total cases with number of viruses detected (%)147 (38.2)140 (36.4)98 (25.5)385 (100)[^2]\n\nThe 103 patients who required oxygen therapy (basal saturations≤92%) are described in [Table 3](#tbl0015){ref-type=\"table\"} . ",
"When these data were correlated, it was revealed that the younger the patient, the more frequent the need for oxygen therapy, a trend that was statistically significant (*P*\\<.001), and the greater the number of viruses detected the less need for oxygen therapy (*P*\\<.001).Table 3Correlation Between Age and Number of Viruses Detected in Patients Requiring Oxygen Therapy.",
"AgeNumber of viruses detectedTotal1 virus2 viruses≥3 virusesNo. (%)",
"\\<12 m42221074 (71.84)1--3y137323 (22.33)\\>3--5y1315 (4.85)\\>5y1001 (0.98)Total n (%)57 (55.34)32 (31.07)14 (13.59)103[^3][^4]\n\nAdmission to the PICU for mechanical ventilation was required in nine cases. ",
"Age, clinical presentation, viruses detected and diagnosis are shown in [Table 4](#tbl0020){ref-type=\"table\"} . ",
"The predominant etiological agent in these patients was RSV. ",
"No statistically significant differences were found when viral coinfection was correlated with the need for mechanical ventilation in the PICU (*P*=.69).Table 4Characteristics of Patients Admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.",
"AgeSexDiagnosisType of infection21 daysMaleBronchiolitis/pneumoniaRSV-A+enterovirus+adenovirus+suspected bacterial coinfection25 daysMaleBronchiolitis/atelectasisRSV-B1 monthFemaleBronchiolitisRSV-A2 monthsFemaleBronchiolitisRSV-B3 monthsFemaleBronchiolitisRSV-A+influenza B+adenovirus3 monthsMaleBronchiolitisAdenovirus9 monthsMaleBronchitisRhinovirus+bocavirus20 monthsFemaleEmpyemaRSV-B+influenza B\\\n*S. pneumoniae*4 yearsMaleEmpyemaRSV-A+H1N1-2009\\\n*S. pneumoniae*\n\nA clinical suspicion of bacterial coinfection based on the patients' clinical picture and acute phase reactant values was determined in 37 cases (8.50%). ",
"However, this was confirmed in only two cases, in which *Streptococcus pneumoniae* was confirmed in a positive blood culture or PCR. ",
"One virus was detected in 20 cases and two viruses in 14 cases. ",
"Hospital stay for 27 patients was between 1 and 4 days and between 5 and 10 days for 10 patients. ",
"In the eight cases with a diagnosis of atypical pneumonia on serology, viral coinfection with a single virus was detected in 5.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#sec0045}\n==========\n\nThe first finding of significance is the high rate of positive results in the population without risk factors (83.15% of samples studied) and the high rate of coinfection (61.81%), particularly in the first year of the study (69.79%). ",
"In the literature, coinfection rates range from 8% to 76%, depending on the series.[@bib0035], [@bib0040], [@bib0045], [@bib0050], [@bib0055], [@bib0060], [@bib0065], [@bib0070], [@bib0075], [@bib0080] With regard to the severity of our cases, it is important to note that a greater number of viruses is not synonymous with greater severity. ",
"According to our results, the number of viruses detected is in inverse proportion to the need for oxygen therapy and days of hospital admission; this relationship was statistically significantly (*P*\\<.001). ",
"However, of the nine cases admitted to the PICU, more presented coinfection, but this was not statistically significant.",
"\n\nSome studies have reported no clinical differences between patients with respiratory infections caused by a single agent and those caused by multiple viruses detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children.[@bib0040], [@bib0055], [@bib0065], [@bib0085], [@bib0090], [@bib0095], [@bib0100], [@bib0105], [@bib0110], [@bib0115] Of interest is the study performed by Camargo[@bib0110] in Sao Paulo during the H1N1 influenza epidemic of 2009, in which 21.9% of cases had coinfection not associated with greater morbidity or mortality. ",
"In contrast, other studies show that coinfection is a risk factor for poor progress.[@bib0070], [@bib0115], [@bib0120], [@bib0125], [@bib0130], [@bib0135], [@bib0140] One of the most important of these was performed in Vienna by Aberle et al.",
",[@bib0070] between 2000 and 2004. ",
"They reported that airway obstruction was more severe when RSV contributed to the coinfection, and mean hospital stay lengthened if rhinovirus was involved. ",
"In another study, Grensill et al.[@bib0130] showed that when the coinfection consisted of RSV and metapneumovirus, progress was poorer. ",
"Furthermore, Richard et al.",
",[@bib0140] who studied the relationship of coinfection with need for PICU admission, concluded that the presence of two or more viruses increased the likelihood of PICU admission 2.7-fold. ",
"However, in another study conducted in patients admitted to the PICU, Ghani et al.[@bib0145] found that only bacterial confection was associated with a longer hospital stay, with no increase in mortality.",
"\n\nWe should also remember that the detection of more than one virus may be due to the presence of viral fragments persisting for up to 5--6 weeks after onset of symptoms,[@bib0070] which may not have any real role in the pathogenicity of the clinical process.[@bib0150] Relationships may be established with the help of epidemiological techniques, but the use of quantitative techniques would be much more useful for interpreting the contradictions produced by attributing greater or lesser severity to coinfections.",
"\n\nOne important limitation of this study of the role of coinfection in upper respiratory tract infections is the small number of cases evaluated, compared to the high number seen in normal pediatric practice. ",
"The vast majority of cases do not need hospitalization, and this limits our knowledge of the real situation and prevents us from extrapolating our data to the general population. ",
"One final issue that remains unclear is the long-term effect that these coinfections may have on the respiratory system and the development of chronic lung disease.",
"\n\nConclusions {#sec0050}\n===========\n\nAlthough an inverse relationship was found between the number of viruses detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate, the need for oxygen therapy and hospital stay, the results of our study differ widely from the data published by other groups. ",
"More epidemiological studies and improved quantitative detection techniques are needed to define the role of viral coinfections in respiratory disease and how they correlate with clinical severity.",
"\n\nConflict of Interests {#sec0055}\n=====================\n\nThe authors state that they have no conflict of interests.",
"\n\nPlease cite this article as: Martínez-Roig A, Salvadó M, Caballero-Rabasco MA, Sánchez-Buenavida A, López-Segura N, Bonet-Alcaina M. Coinfección vírica en las infecciones respiratorias infantiles. ",
"Arch Bronconeumol. ",
"2015;51:5--9.",
"\n\n[^1]: URTI: upper respiratory tract infection.",
"\n\n[^2]: *P*\\<.001.",
"\n\n[^3]: m: months; y: years.",
"\n\n[^4]: *P*\\<.001.",
"\n"
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"20-year-old Shawn Smith charged with murder after he allegedly tossed his 4-year-old brother from a Brooklyn building. ",
"Cops say he admitted throwing him off roof. ",
"Relatives say he suffers from schizophrenia. ",
"When asked if he meant to hurt his brother he responded “not really.” ",
"pic.twitter.com/HQImk63xa1 — CeFaan Kim (@CeFaanKim) September 29, 2018\n\nMIDWOOD, Brooklyn (WABC) -- A man is in police custody after allegedly tossing his 4-year-old brother from a Brooklyn apartment building, killing the child.",
"Police responded to a 911 call around 3:30 a.m. Saturday on the 2400 block of Nostrand Avenue in Midwood and found the 4-year-old boy unconscious and unresponsive in the courtyard of a building.",
"The child, identified as Shimron Smith, was pronounced dead at the scene, police said.",
"Officials said 20-year-old Shawn Smith, the victim's brother, has been charged with murder. ",
"Police say he admitted to throwing the boy off of the roof.",
"The victim and suspect's cousin told Eyewitness News that Shawn Smith suffers from mental illness and was previously hospitalized and treated for schizophrenia.",
"An investigation remains ongoing.----------"
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"1. ",
"Every time need to check when run the Pod inststll/update\n\n\n* MCSwipeTableViewCell => MCSwipeTableViewCell.m have local hot fix TODO::make a folk and let pod read from my repo\n\n\n\n \n* need clean and refactor the code, split common to muitple framework\n\n\n\n!!!",
"right now the share composer and normal conposer are same code but in two seperate files. ",
"everytime change each one should also change the other one.",
"\n\n\n\nThe Html edtor change to use framework then the code can't load the html file and js files\nwhen people touch those make sure in clude those resources in to main app copy bundle\n\n\n\n2. ",
"We use xUnique (ver 4.1.4) in order to prevent merge conflicts in ProtonMail.xcodeproj file. ",
"Each shared scheme has post-build action, and builds will fail on machenes with no xUnique installed. ",
"Please read Installation section: https://github.com/truebit/xUnique\n\n"
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"The abuses of a certain knowledge.",
"\nIn the psychiatric institution, the sex act is a matter of controversy, all the more so when elderly patients with dementia are concerned. ",
"Yet, a question imposes itself: thinking beyond the biomedical model, the current governing paradigm for explaining senile dementia, what effects does the repression of the sex act have on the symptoms of the demented patient? ",
"The psychoanalytic exploration of the institutional situation described here suggests that the sexual demands of the patient suffering from dementia would not be meaningless, but would constitute a defensive modality against the return of a former threat of castration. ",
"Their repression, by means of practices that impede the libido in its search of an object, would reinforce the process of dementia by encouraging a regression toward earlier stages of development. ",
"More generally, the authors argue that unconscious dynamic processes might play a major role in the development of senile dementia. ",
"They show that psychoanalysis constitutes an essential method for the understanding of dementia and challenges the predominance of the biomedical model and its therapeutic arsenal in this context."
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"Q:\n\nWhy does truffleruby need C extensions?",
"\n\nCurrent status of truffleruby says:\n\nTruffleRuby is progressing fast but is currently probably not ready for you to try running your full Ruby application on. ",
"Support for critical C extensions such as OpenSSL and Nokogiri is missing.",
"\n\nWhy does truffleruby need C extensions? ",
"It's built on GraalVM which is built on top of the JVM, it is in fact a fork of JRuby:\n\nTruffleRuby is a fork of JRuby, combining it with code from the Rubinius project, and also containing code from the standard implementation of Ruby, MRI.",
"\n\nCan't they use JRuby world gems instead of depending on their C variants?",
"\nEDIT link to the issue on github\n\nA:\n\nRunning C extensions is hard because the C extension API is just the entire internals of MRI exposed as a header file. ",
"You aren't programming against a clean API - you're programming against all the implementation details and internal design decisions of MRI.",
"\nJRuby's Java extensions have exactly the same problem! ",
"The JRuby Java extension API is just the entire internals of JRuby, and you aren't programming against an API, instead you're programming against all the implementations details and design decisions of JRuby.",
"\nWe plan to eventually tackle both problems in the same way - which is to add another level of abstraction over the C or Java code using an interpreter which we can intercept and redirect when required, so that it believes it is running against MRI or JRuby internals, but really we redirect these to our internals.",
"\nWe think C extensions are more important, so we're tackling those first. ",
"We haven't really started on Java extensions yet, but we have started the underlying interpreter for Java that we'll use.",
"\nThis video explains all\nhttps://youtu.be/YLtjkP9bD_U?t=1562\n\nA:\n\nYou have already gotten a good answer by the project lead himself, but I want to offer a different point of view:\n\nWhy does truffleruby need C extensions?",
"\n\nIt doesn't need them. ",
"But they do exist and there is code out there which uses them, and it would sure be nice to be able to run that code.",
"\n\n"
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[
"Émile Haug\n\nGustave Émile Haug (19 June 1861 - 28 August 1927) was a French geologist and paleontologist known for his contribution to the geosyncline theory.",
"\n\nCareer\n\nÉmile Haug was born on 19 June 1861.",
"\nIn 1884 he received his doctorate in natural sciences from the University of Strasbourg with a dissertation on the ammonite genus Harpoceras, titled \"Beiträge zu einer monographie der Ammonitengattung Harpoceras\". ",
"In 1897 he became maître de conférences at the Sorbonne in Paris, where in 1904 he was named a full professor of geology.",
"\nIn 1902 he was appointed president of the Société géologique de France, and from 1917 to 1927, was a member of the Académie des sciences.",
"\n\nThe third part of Philippe Thomas's Essai d'une description géologique de la Tunisie, which was to have described the Tertiary formations, was completed and published by his friend, Professor Léon Pervinquière (1873–1913), holder of the Chair of Geology at the Faculty of Science in Paris.",
"\nÉmile Haug published the Essai d'une description géologique de la Tunisie after Pervinquiere had also died, and presented it to the Geological Society of France in session on 6 April 1914.",
"\nHaug died in Niederbronn on 28 August 1927, aged 66.",
"\n\nPublications\n\nHaug's major work, \"Traité de géologie\", was published in two volumes (1907–11; Vol. ",
"I. \"Les phénomènes géologiques\", Vol. ",
"II. \"",
"Les périodes géologiques\"), with volume II being issued in three parts. ",
"He was also the author of:\n \"Les géosynclinaux et les aires Continentales\", (1900). ",
"\n \"Les nappes de chariage de la Basse-Provence\", (two volumes; 1925, 1930).",
"\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n\nCategory:1861 births\nCategory:1927 deaths\nCategory:French geologists\nCategory:University of Strasbourg alumni\nCategory:University of Paris faculty\nCategory:Members of the French Academy of Sciences\nCategory:People from Bas-Rhin\nCategory:Presidents of Société géologique de France"
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[
"Q:\n\nPyQt WebEngineView interferes with MainMenu\n\nI'm trying to create an application that contains a web browser within it, but when I add the web browser my menu bar visually disappears but functionally remains in place. ",
"The following are two images, one showing the \"self.centralWidget(self.web_widget)\" commented out, and the other allows that line to run. ",
"If you run the example code, you will also see that while visually the entire web page appears as if the menu bar wasn't present, you have to click slightly below each entry field and button in order to activate it, behaving as if the menu bar was in fact present.",
"\nWeb Widget Commented Out\n\nWeb Widget Active\n\nExample Code\nimport os\nimport sys\nfrom PyQt5.QtWidgets import *\nfrom PyQt5.QtCore import *\nfrom PyQt5.QtWebEngineWidgets import *\n\nclass WebPage(QWebEngineView):\n def __init__(self, parent=None):\n QWebEngineView.__init__(self)\n self.current_url = ''\n self.load(QUrl(\"https://facebook.com\"))\n self.loadFinished.connect(self._on_load_finished)\n\n def _on_load_finished(self):\n print(\"Url Loaded\")\n\nclass MainWindow(QMainWindow):\n def __init__(self, parent=None):\n # Initialize the Main Window\n super(MainWindow, self).__init__(parent)\n self.create_menu()\n self.add_web_widet()\n self.show()\n\n def create_menu(self):\n ''' Creates the Main Menu '''\n self.main_menu = self.menuBar()\n self.main_menu_actions = {}\n\n self.file_menu = self.main_menu.addMenu(\"Example File Menu\")\n self.file_menu.addAction(QAction(\"Testing Testing\", self))\n\n def add_web_widet(self):\n self.web_widget = WebPage(self)\n self.setCentralWidget(self.web_widget)\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n app = QApplication(sys.argv)\n main_window = MainWindow()\n main_window.showMaximized()\n sys.exit(app.exec_()) # only need one app, one running event loop\n\nDevelopment Environment\nWindows 10, PyQt5, pyqt5-5.9\nEDIT\nThe problem doesn't seem to be directly related to the menu bar. ",
"Even removing the menu bar the issue still occurs. ",
"That said, changing from showMaximized() to showFullScreen() does seem to solve the problem.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI no longer believe this is an issue with PyQt5 specifically but rather a problem with the graphics driver. ",
"Specifically, if you look at Atlassian's HipChat application it has a similar problem which is documented here:\nhttps://jira.atlassian.com/browse/HCPUB-3177\nSome individuals were able to solve the problem by running the application from the command prompt with the addendum \"--disable-gpu\" but that didn't work for my python application. ",
"On the other hand, rolling back the Intel(R) HD Graphics Driver did solve my problem. ",
"Version 21.20.16.4627 is the one that seems to be causing problems.",
"\n\n"
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