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[ " [DO NOT PUBLISH]\n\n\n IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n\n FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED\n ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS\n ELEVENTH CIRCUIT\n February 20, 2008\n No. ", "07-12731 THOMAS K. KAHN\n Non-Argument Calendar CLERK\n ________________________\n\n D. C. Docket No. ", "07-20027-CR-JEM\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n\n Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\n\n versus\n\n\nVIBERT ANTHONY LOWES,\na.k.a. ", "Vebert Anthony Lowes,\n\n Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\n ________________________\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Southern District of Florida\n _________________________\n\n (February 20, 2008)\n\nBefore WILSON, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.", "\n\nPER CURIAM:\n\f Vibert Anthony Lowes appeals his 15-month sentence for one count of false\n\nuse of a passport, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1543, and one count of impersonating\n\na U.S. citizen, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 911. ", "Lowes argues that his sentence was\n\ngreater than necessary to comply with the purposes of sentencing set forth in 18\n\nU.S.C. § 3553(a). ", "He contends that, based on the pattern and timing of his prior\n\nconvictions for shoplifting and marijuana possession, which occurred between five\n\nand ten years before the instant offense, a criminal history category of IV grossly\n\noverstated the seriousness of his criminal history and warranted a downward\n\ndeparture under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3. ", "For the reasons set forth more fully below, we\n\naffirm Lowes’s sentence.", "\n\n On December 18, 2006, Lowes, a citizen of Guyana, entered the United\n\nStates at Miami International Airport. ", "Lowes presented U.S. Customs and Border\n\nPatrol officials with a U.S. passport and declared that he was a U.S. citizen. ", "It was\n\nlater discovered that the passport Lowes had presented belonged to another person\n\nand had been altered from its original state to include his picture and biographical\n\ninformation. ", "Lowes subsequently admitted that he was a citizen of Guyana and\n\nfurther admitted that the passport he presented was altered and did not belong to\n\nhim. ", "A federal grand jury subsequently indicted Lowes for one count of false use\n\nof a passport, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1543, and one count of impersonating a\n\n\n\n 2\n\fU.S. citizen, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 911. ", "Lowes pled guilty to the charges in\n\nthe indictment without the benefit of a written plea agreement. ", "The district court\n\nultimately sentenced Lowes to concurrent terms of 15 months’ imprisonment and 2\n\nyears’ supervised release as to each count.", "\n\n As an initial matter, as to Lowes’s argument that the facts and circumstances\n\nsurrounding his previous convictions warranted a downward departure pursuant to\n\nU.S.S.G. § 4A1.3, we have held that “[a] district court’s refusal to depart\n\ndownward from the sentencing guideline range is not reviewable on appeal, unless\n\nthe district court denied the departure because it erroneously believed that it had no\n\nauthority to depart downward.” ", "United States v. Liss, 265 F.3d 1220, 1231 (11th\n\nCir. ", "2001). ", "Here, there is no indication that the district court erroneously believed\n\nthat it lacked the authority to depart downward. ", "Accordingly, we decline to\n\naddress this issue.", "\n\n We review the final sentence imposed by the district court for\n\nreasonableness. ", "United States v. Winingear, 422 F.3d 1241, 1244 (11th Cir. ", "2005).", "\n\nUnreasonableness may be procedural, when the court’s procedure does not follow\n\nBooker’s1 requirements, or substantive. ", "See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. ___,\n\n128 S.Ct. ", "586, 597, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007); United States v. Hunt, 459 F.3d 1180,\n\n\n\n 1\n United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. ", "738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005).", "\n\n 3\n\f1182 n.3 (11th Cir. ", "2006). ", "The Supreme Court has explained that a sentence may\n\nbe procedurally unreasonable if the district court improperly calculates the\n\nguideline imprisonment range, treats the Guidelines as mandatory, fails to consider\n\nthe appropriate statutory factors, bases the sentence on clearly erroneous facts, or\n\nfails to adequately explain its reasoning. ", "Gall, 552 U.S. at ___, 128 S.Ct. ", "at 597.", "\n\nThe Court also has explained that the substantive reasonableness of a sentence is\n\nreviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard. ", "Id. It has suggested that review\n\nfor substantive reasonableness under this standard involves inquiring whether the\n\nfactors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) support the sentence in question. ", "Id. at ___, 128\n\nS.Ct. ", "at 600.", "\n\n Pursuant to § 3553(a), the sentencing court shall impose a sentence\n\n“sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to comply with the purposes of\n\nsentencing listed in § 3553(a)(2), namely reflecting the seriousness of the offense,\n\npromoting respect for the law, providing just punishment for the offense, deterring\n\ncriminal conduct, protecting the public from future criminal conduct by the\n\ndefendant, and providing the defendant with needed educational or vocational\n\ntraining or medical care. ", "See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). ", "The statute also instructs the\n\nsentencing court to consider certain factors, including the nature and circumstances\n\nof the offense, the history and characteristics of the defendant, the guideline\n\n\n\n 4\n\fimprisonment range, and the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities.", "\n\nSee 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (4), and (6).", "\n\n The Supreme Court has held that, in reviewing sentences for reasonableness\n\nunder 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), a federal appellate court may apply a presumption of\n\nreasonableness to a district court sentence imposed within the guideline range.", "\n\nRita v. United States, 551 U.S. ___, ___, 127 S.Ct. ", "2456, 2462, 168 L.Ed.2d 203\n\n(2007). ", "We, however, have held that a sentence within the guidelines range is\n\nneither per se reasonable, nor entitled to a presumption of reasonableness. ", "See\n\nHunt, 459 F.3d at 1185. ", "The burden of establishing that the sentence is\n\nunreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors lies with the party\n\nchallenging the sentence. ", "United States v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th Cir.", "\n\n2005).", "\n\n With regard to the procedural reasonableness of Lowes’s sentence, the\n\ndistrict court did not err in its sentencing procedure. ", "The record indicates that\n\nLowes did not dispute either the factual findings or the probation officer’s\n\ncalculations, as stated in the PSI. ", "Moreover, Lowes did not explicitly move for a\n\ndownward departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3. ", "Accordingly, the record\n\nreflects that the district court properly calculated the advisory guideline range as 15\n\nto 21 months’ imprisonment, based on an offense level of 10 and a criminal history\n\n\n\n 5\n\fcategory of IV. ", "The record further demonstrates that the district court expressly\n\nstated that it considered the sentencing factors set forth in § 3553(a), along with the\n\nparties’ arguments, and sufficiently explained its reasons for imposing the\n\nsentence.", "\n\n Lowes also has not established that his sentence is substantively\n\nunreasonable. ", "See Gall, 552 U.S. at ___, 128 S.Ct. ", "at 597; Hunt, 459 F.3d at 1182\n\nn.3. ", "Lowes’s sentence of 15 months’ imprisonment is at the low-end of the\n\nadvisory guideline range. ", "Moreover, the record indicates that the district court\n\nconsidered Lowes’s criminal history and the need to promote respect for the law in\n\ndetermining that a Guidelines sentence was appropriate. ", "Therefore, the district\n\ncourt did not abuse its discretion because the § 3553(a) factors supported the\n\ndistrict court’s sentence, which was not greater than necessary to achieve the goals\n\nof sentencing set forth in § 3553(a)(2). ", "See Gall, 552 U.S. at ___, 128 S.Ct. ", "at 597,\n\n601-02.", "\n\n In light of the foregoing, Lowes’s sentence is\n\n AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n\n 6\n\f" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0.006369426751592357, 0.005050505050505051, 0.004901960784313725, 0.009900990099009901, 0.015772870662460567, 0.004347826086956522, 0, 0.0058309037900874635, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002242152466367713, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002898550724637681, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003038	5
[ "Q:\n\nHow to switch from terminal back to editor in vim?", "\n\nI am new to vim, and I learn that you can interact with the terminal two ways while in vim. ", "The first is to type: ! . ", " The second is :term, when you have a terminal side by side with your source code. ", " As soon as I press :term, my cursor is in the terminal. ", " How do I switch back to the my source code and vice versa? ", "The answer over here does not really help. ", " I tried the key combinations C-W, and then :bn but it only exits terminal, then back to terminal again.", "\n(How do I run a terminal inside of Vim?)", "\n\nA:\n\nAs :help :terminal says, you can always exit to normal mode using <Ctrl-\\><Ctrl-N> (:help CTRL-\\_CTRL-N). ", "Use i to return to terminal interaction.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.002033	5
[ "Electrochemistry of N-n-undecyl-N'-(sodium-p-aminobenzenesulfonate) thiourea and its interaction with bovine serum albumin.", "\nIn pH 5.5 phosphate buffer solution, N-n-undecyl-N'-(sodium-p-aminobenzenesulfonate) thiourea (UPT) produced a pair of redox peaks on the bare glassy carbon electrode. ", "At the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) modified electrode, the electrochemical behavior of UPT enhanced greatly. ", "In the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA), the peak currents of UPT decreased linearly due to the formation of a super-molecular complex. ", "This method was successfully applied to the determination of BSA in a bovine serum sample." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.008547008547008548, 0.007042253521126761, 0.011111111111111112 ]	0.006524	5
[ "Warhead 7.1 Wireless Headset Announced by Mad Catz\n\nIt has been reported some time ago that Mad Catz won the exclusive rights to produce Xbox 360 wireless headphones. ", "Now it appears that the company is ready to unveil its new Mad Catz Warhead 7.1 wireless headset, according to a report by IGN.", "\n\nWith the new device, gamers do not need to be tethered to their controllers for voice chat or plugged into a wall to be charged. ", "The device will get everything it needs from a base station connected to the console.", "\n\nString USB and optical cables directly from the console to the device, and gamers will get enough 5.8GHz bandwidth, which will deliver virtual Dolby surround sound to four pairs of headphones at once. ", "Users will also get Xbox LIVE audio chat thanks to some native support from Microsoft.", "\n\nGamers will also find an on-screen battery readout, and once the device runs out of power, a second swappable battery pack is waiting in the base station’s charger.", "\n\nAccording to unofficial information from IGN it is expected that the Warhead 7.1 wireless headset will retail at an amount just under $300, when it is released this holiday in the United States." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.005988023952095809, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.023255813953488372, 0.006024096385542169, 0.00510204081632653 ]	0.007262	5
[ "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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\nnmX6gNkZ\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.0030864197530864196 ]	0.003086	5
[ "The Long Winter\n\nThe Long Winter may refer to:\nThe Long Winter (novel), a Laura Ingalls Wilder novel\nThe Long Winters, an American indie rock band\nThe World in Winter alternate title The Long Winter, a novel by John Christopher\nThe Long Winter (1992 film), a 1992 Spanish film\nThe Long Winter (1999 film) or Quand je serai parti... vous vivrez encore, a 1999 Quebec historical drama film\nThe Long Winter, an event in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth fiction, as published in 1955 in The Lord of the Rings" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.011928429423459244 ]	0.011928	5
[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nMarkov models of nucleotide substitution have now become widely used in phylogenetic analysis (Yang [@CR59]; Felsenstein [@CR14]). ", "Markov models are defined by a substitution matrix that describes the pattern of changes that occur in a sequence as it evolves along a phylogenetic tree. ", "If the pattern of nucleotide substitution is independent of time (i.e., it is the same along the whole tree), the process is said to be time homogeneous. ", "In a homogeneous process, as time approaches infinity, the distribution of nucleotide frequencies in a sequence approaches a stationary or equilibrium distribution (usually denoted π). ", "Most Markov evolutionary models assume that forward and backward evolution along a tree branch are indistinguishable at equilibrium. ", "This reversibility property is simply a restriction that facilitates the mathematical treatment of the models (Yang [@CR56]). ", "One of the important properties of a reversible process at equilibrium is the so called 'pulley effect' (Felsenstein [@CR13]) that prevents identification of the root of a stationary tree because the direction of evolution in such trees is not defined. ", "Most models currently used in phylogenetic analysis assume homogeneity, stationarity, and reversibility.", "\n\nThe nucleotide frequencies of sequences belonging to distantly related species are generally quite different, a clear indicator that the homogeneity and stationarity assumptions are being violated (Yang and Roberts [@CR61]). ", "For trees including distantly related organisms, different models might be needed to describe the patterns of nucleotide substitution in different parts of the tree, and sometimes, even one model per branch might be needed to achieve a realistic representation of the evolutionary process (Yang and Roberts [@CR61]). ", "Such nonhomogeneous trees involve a large number of parameters that cannot be reliably estimated by maximum likelihood (ML) or that might become mathematically intractable. ", "For this reason, despite their importance, relatively little work has been done on the use of nonhomogeneous models in phylogenetics (see for example Barry and Hartigan [@CR3]; Boussau et al. [", "@CR5]; Gu and Li [@CR23]; Blanquart and Lartillot [@CR4]; Yang and Roberts [@CR61]; Galtier et al. [", "@CR16]; Galtier and Gouy [@CR15]; Lockhart et al. [", "@CR32]). ", "An interesting possibility that might lead to easily tractable nonhomogeneous models concerns the analysis of patterns of nucleotide substitution for viruses that have experienced well established host transfer events. ", "If the intracellular environment of the new host is substantially different, this could lead to a shift in the substitution pattern of the virus in the new host (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The nucleotide frequencies of the viral genome would then drift toward new equilibrium values. ", "Trees accommodating viral sequences isolated from different hosts could then be analyzed by assuming just one set of evolutionary parameters for each host clade. ", "If one of the hosts serves as a natural reservoir, viral evolution within this host would be stationary. ", "The process would be nonstationary in the new hosts. ", "Branches linking different host clades would contain host shift nodes, and the positions of these nodes could be determined by maximum likelihood.", "Fig.", " 1The hypothetical evolution of a virus after a cross species jump (host shift). ", "Evolution along the new host branches is non-stationary. ", "The inset figure shows a computer simulation of the frequency of an arbitrary nucleotide i along evolutionary time (d) after a host shift. ", "The equilibrium frequency in the reservoir host is π~i~\\* and in the new host is π~i~\n\nIf the G + C content of human, avian, and swine influenza virus sequences are plotted against the isolation year, a conspicuous pattern of G + C composition decay is seen in the mammalian viruses (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), indicating that different substitution patterns characterize the evolution of the viral segments in mammalian and avian hosts (Rabadan et al. [", "@CR37]). ", "The evolution of influenza viruses is therefore better represented by a nonhomogeneous Markov model where different substitution patterns would describe the evolution process in various parts of the virus phylogenetic tree. ", "This raises the intriguing possibility that this change in substitution pattern might allow us to identify and study the point along the phylogenetic tree where host shifts have occurred.", "Fig.", " 2Genome G + C content versus isolation year for influenza viruses. ", "Black dots A/H1N1 waterfowl. ", "Red dots A/H1N1 human. ", "The empty dots are human viruses that reappeared after 1977, the isolation time for these viruses has been corrected for the period of evolutionary stasis (see text). ", "Blue dots A/H1N1 classical swine. ", "Gray dots A/H5N1 human. ", "These are avian-like sequences that have not spread within the human population, and thus retain the avian nucleotide content. ", "Green dots Influenza B. These viruses mainly infect humans, and they may have evolved from an avian reservoir at an unknown remote date (Gammelin et al. [", "@CR17]). (", "Color figure online)\n\nInfluenza A is a negative-strand RNA virus with a segmented genome that causes annual epidemics of disease in humans and domestic animals. ", "The natural reservoir of the influenza A virus is waterfowl, in which the virus replicates and spreads causing little or no disease (Webster et al. [", "@CR54]). ", "The eight negative-strand RNA segments that comprise the virus genome encode 11 proteins. ", "Two of these, the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are surface glycoproteins that interact with the host's immune system. ", "Influenza viruses are classified according to the antigenic properties of the HA and NA proteins. ", "A total of 16 HA and 9 NA serotypes have been identified in wild waterfowl, whereas only three HA (H1, H2, and H3) and only two NA (N1 and N2) subtypes are known to have been involved in epidemic disease in humans.", "\n\nAvian viruses usually do not infect humans as these viruses are not adapted to the human host. ", "Periodically, however, human viruses might acquire gene segments from an avian source, perhaps through an intermediary host, resulting in global pandemics in immunologically naive human populations. ", "Two of the three 20th century flu pandemics were caused by this process. ", "The 1957--1958 (H2N2, Asian flu) and 1968--1969 (H3N2, Hong Kong flu) pandemics that caused substantial mortality in the human population, were the result of reassortant viruses that had acquired novel segments coding for HA or HA and NA, and a polymerase gene (PB1) from an avian-like source (reviewed in Hay et al. [", "@CR26]). ", "Whether the 1918--1919 pandemic (H1N1, 'Spanish' flu) was caused by a reassortant virus like the 1957 and 1968 viruses, or was the result of transfer of a whole virus from an avian reservoir has been hotly debated (Gorman et al. [", "@CR19]; Gibbs and Gibbs [@CR18]; Gammelin et al. [", "@CR17]; Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR51]; Reid et al. [", "@CR40]; Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR50]; Gorman et al. [", "@CR20]; Antonovics et al. [", "@CR2]). ", "During each of these pandemics the preceding virus subtype became extinct and was replaced by the new reassortant. ", "In 1977, the H1N1 virus subtype which had become extinct in 1957 reappeared in the human population, infecting mainly young people (\\<25 years) who had not been exposed to the H1N1 subtype circulating previously. ", "Since then, both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses have co-circulated with influenza B in humans. ", "A stable lineage of H1N1 influenza in North American pigs (classical swine) was noticed after the 1918 pandemic. ", "It is though that this classical swine lineage originated from the human 'Spanish' virus (Taubenberger [@CR49]).", "\n\nThe 1918--1919 'Spanish' flu has been the most devastating epidemic disease in recorded human history. ", "It killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide (Johnson and Mueller [@CR28]), many more than the number of deaths caused by the First World War. ", "Given the constant threat of new zoonotic pandemics, much research has tried to understand the origin of the 1918 pandemic. ", "The strongest evidence for an avian origin for the Spanish flu came from analysis of the genome sequence of the 1918 virus, obtained from lung tissue from a victim buried in the Alaskan permafrost (Taubenberger [@CR49]; Reid et al. [", "@CR40]; Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR50]). ", "Analysis of the consensus amino acid sequence of polymerase genes from avian viruses showed very little differences when compared to those from the 1918 virus (Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR50]), while subsequent lineages of classical swine and human viruses had accumulated a substantial number of amino acid substitutions. ", "This intuitively suggested that the introduction of the H1N1 virus into humans occurred in a relatively 'short' period (up to several years; Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR51]) before the pandemic. ", "A similar lack of adaptive evolution was also observed in other proteins of the 1918 virus (Reid et al. [", "@CR40]) providing evidence for a single host shift event. ", "Interestingly, on the nucleotide level, the 1918 virus was closer to other mammalian virus sequences than known avian virus consensus sequences, suggesting an early divergence between the current avian and 1918 virus lineages. ", "This observation led Taubenberger et al. ([", "@CR50]) to suggest that the donor of the 1918 virus was in evolutionary isolation from other known avian flu viruses. ", "A number of authors have questioned this interpretation (Gibbs and Gibbs [@CR18]; Antonovics et al. [", "@CR2]). ", "One issue is the reliance of Taubenberger et al. ([", "@CR50]) on simplistic evolutionary models, and their focus on changes at the protein level, making the analysis susceptible to statistical noise and possible systematic biases. ", "A rigorous phylogenetic study including the genome sequence of the 1918 virus, where the host shift event is clearly identified along the phylogenetic tree, and where modern molecular dating techniques are applied, has not yet been carried out.", "\n\nAs suggested by Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, influenza is well suited for study as a nonhomogeneous evolutionary process. ", "Here we explore the possibility of using such a nonhomogeneous model to study the evolution of H1N1 viruses in birds, pigs, and humans. ", "We address the question of the origin of the 1918 virus and time of the putative host shift event that led to the introduction of this virus from an avian into a mammalian host. ", "These results suggest that the segments that formed the 1918 virus were transmitted to a mammalian host some time within the interval 1882--1913, followed by subsequent divergence between the human and classical swine lineages around 1913--1915. ", "The virus was likely introduced into the human population between 1913 and 1918. ", "This suggests a minimum of 5 years evolution in mammals prior to 1918, and that the classical swine lineage did not originate from the pandemic virus of 1918.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nData and Tree Estimation {#Sec3}\n------------------------\n\nWe analyzed 40 full genome sequences of H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from avian (15), human (15), and swine (10) hosts. ", "The eight RNA segment sequences from each genome were concatenated into a super gene and aligned (Muscle v3.6; Edgar [@CR12]). ", "The alignment, 13,140 sites, was edited manually. ", "The tree topology was estimated by ML (HKY85 + dΓ~5~, PhyML v2.4.4; Guindon and Gascuel [@CR24]), and the reliability of the tree topology was tested by bootstrapping 1,000 times. ", "The virus strains analyzed and the consensus tree are shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Currently, all full genome sequences of H1N1 waterfowl viruses available in GenBank have been isolated from North American birds. ", "We repeated some of the analyses with waterfowl viruses from other parts of the world. ", "The estimated evolutionary parameters (such as the equilibrium nucleotide frequencies) appear independent of the geographical origin. ", "Thus, the results should not be affected if the virus from which the 1918 pandemic originated was of Eurasian, rather than American, origin.", "Fig.", " 3Consensus tree for 1,000 bootstrap replicates. ", "Support values for the mammalian virus clades are shown. ", "The avian viruses are mostly from waterfowl except for a pigeon isolate. ", "Estimating the tree under a Bayesian framework (MrBayes v3.1; Huelsenbeck et al. [", "@CR27]) leads to essentially the same results. ", "The tree is shown rooted for illustrative purposes only. ", "The black dot indicates the position of the most recent common ancestor of the human clade (MRCAH)\n\nNonhomogeneous Models of Influenza Evolution {#Sec4}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nWe used the Hasegawa et al. ([", "@CR25]) Markov model of nucleotide substitution (HKY85) to describe the local nucleotide substitution pattern along the branches of the avian and mammalian influenza virus tree. ", "The evolutionary parameters (π = {π~i~} and transition/transversion rate parameter κ) and the branch lengths (d~i~) for a given tree topology were estimated by ML (Yang [@CR59]). ", "The HKY85 model offers a good compromise between accuracy, computational speed, and relatively low variance when compared to more general models of nucleotide substitution (Yang [@CR56]).", "\n\nUsing different sets of π values to describe the evolution along different branches of the tree implies time heterogeneity in the substitution pattern. ", "In this work, we considered three models of evolution in the human--swine--avian tree (Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The first model (M~1~) assumed homogeneity and stationarity, with one set of equilibrium nucleotide frequencies describing the substitution process in all branches of the tree. ", "The second model (M~2~) assumed that equilibrium nucleotide frequencies are different in mammalian and avian hosts. ", "The third model (M~3~), assumed different sets of equilibrium nucleotide frequencies for avian, human, and swine hosts, with the initial avian to mammal host shift occurring either to swine (M~3s~) or to humans (M~3h~). ", "In models M~2~ and M~3~, evolution along the avian clade is stationary. ", "Models M~1~, M~2~, and M~3~ are nested, so their log-likelihoods can be compared with the likelihood ratio test (LRT) to select the best model. ", "The three models described above assumed a single avian to mammal host shift event. ", "A variation of the M~2~ model was also tested that assumes that influenza was transmitted independently from birds to humans and from birds to swine following the divergence of these two lineages (M~2.2j~, Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This model is not nested with any of the other models so the LRT cannot be used to assess its adequacy; the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) can be used instead (Akaike [@CR1]). ", "All the models were tested on the data above using a nonhomogeneous implementation of the HKY85 model (PAML v3.15; Yang [@CR58]; Yang and Roberts [@CR61]) that considers rate variation among sites as a discrete gamma distribution (Yang [@CR57]). ", "A single gamma shape parameter (α) was assumed for the whole tree. ", "Consideration of rate variation is fundamental since nucleotide frequencies decay at different rates at different sites, and averaging over them would lead to underestimation of the branch linking the mammalian clade with the host shift event.", "Fig.", " 4Non-homogeneous models of influenza evolution. ", "All model trees are unrooted. ", "The real root is assumed to lie somewhere along the avian branches, however, its position is irrelevant since stationary evolution of the virus in the avian host is being assumed. ", "Model M~1~ is homogeneous and the host shift event (HSE) cannot be determined. ", "In models M~2~ and M~3~ the HSE is assigned avian equilibrium frequencies. ", "Different shadings indicate that different rate matrices (equilibrium nucleotide frequencies) are used to describe evolution along the corresponding branches. ", "With current data it is not possible to distinguish whether the HSE was avian to human, or avian to swine, so model M~3~ is in reality two models according to whether the branch linking the human--swine split (HSS) and the HSE is assigned human (M~3h~) or swine (M~3s~) equilibrium frequencies. ", "Model M~2.2J~ assumes two independent host shifts bird to mammal (see text)\n\nMolecular Dating {#Sec5}\n----------------\n\nThe tree fitted under the best nonhomogeneous model has branch lengths in substitutions per site. ", "We time calibrated the tree using a fully relaxed clock model under a penalized likelihood scheme (r8s v1.71; Sanderson [@CR43]; Langley and Fitch [@CR31]). ", "Nonhomogeneous model fitting and time calibration was repeated for each of the 1,000 bootstrapped trees and their corresponding alignments. ", "Isolation dates for most of the sequences analyzed are available to within 1 year. ", "To correct for this level of uncertainty, the ages of the viruses in the bootstrap analysis were drawn from a random uniform distribution for the corresponding interval, i.e., if a virus is reported as isolated in 1957, its bootstrap distribution of age was sampled from the uniform distribution with boundaries \\[1957.0--1958.0). ", "Hence the uncertainties in tree topology, branch lengths, and virus isolation times were carried through the analyses. ", "The earliest human isolate is dated November 1918. ", "The bootstrap confidence intervals for the evolutionary parameters and the node ages were calculated as described elsewhere (Venables and Ripley [@CR53], p 136). ", "Data manipulation and basic statistics were carried out with the R environment for statistical computing ([www.r-project.org](http://www.r-project.org)). ", "As an additional analysis, the third codon sites from the alignment (4,256 sites) were extracted, tree topology estimated, best nonhomogeneous model fitted, and the tree time calibrated. ", "The results were essentially identical to the whole alignment case, albeit with wider confidence intervals.", "\n\nResults {#Sec6}\n=======\n\nML Estimation of Branch Lengths and Evolutionary Parameters Under Models M~1~, M~2~, and M~3~ {#Sec7}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe used the consensus tree topology estimated above to fit by ML the three M models (M~1~, M~2~, and M~3~) and assess the suitability of the different hypotheses concerning the homogeneity of the evolution of influenza viruses. ", "Assuming nonhomogeneous evolution of the virus gene segments significantly improves the model fit when compared to a fully homogeneous model (LRT, M~1~ vs. M~2~, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\chi_{4}^{2} = 163.14 $$\\end{document}$, P ≪ 0.001, Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Allowing for different substitution patterns in humans and swine does not significantly improve the model fit (LRT, M~2~ vs. M~3h~ ≈ M~3s~, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\chi_{3}^{2} \\approx 3.5 $$\\end{document}$, P ≤ 0.31, Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "This indicates that the shift in substitution patterns is a property of the evolution of the virus in mammalian hosts. ", "The branch lengths for models M~1~ and M~2~ are highly correlated, but the homogeneous model slightly overestimates long branches (d~M2~ = 0.96d~M1~, r \\> 0.999). ", "Model M~2.2j~, which assumes two independent bird to mammal host shifts, has a lower likelihood than M~2~ (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "These two models are not nested, so the LRT cannot be used. ", "The Akaike information criterion supports M~2~ as the best model overall (AIC, Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Our results, while not definitive, support a single jump from birds to mammals, a conclusion consistent with the more frequently observed inter-mammalian host shifts than shifts between avian and mammal species.", "Table 1Likelihoods and model comparisonModellnℓnpP-valueAICM~1~−83,75182--167,668M~2~−83,670860.001167,514M~3~−83,668890.31167,516M~2.2j~−83,67287--167,520np Number of estimated parametersModels M~3h~ and M~3s~ have essentially the same likelihood. ", "The bold values highlight the statistically best model\n\nTable [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the ML estimates of the evolutionary parameters for model M~2~ and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the bootstrap analysis. ", "It is clear that the relative rates of G → A and C → U transition substitutions are accelerated in mammalian $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\left( {\\hat{q}_{\\text{GA}} = 4.99,\\,\\hat{q}_{\\text{CU}} = 3.16} \\right) $$\\end{document}$ when compared to avian $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\left( {\\hat{q}_{\\text{GA}} = 4.11,\\,\\hat{q}_{\\text{CU}} = 2.94} \\right) $$\\end{document}$ viruses. ", "This shift in G → A and C → U transition rates is responsible for the G + C composition decay observed in mammalian viruses (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Reasons for this shift in substitution rates are not clear. ", "A few hypotheses of how this substitution pattern might have come about in human compared to avian hosts have been discussed (Greenbaum et al. [", "@CR21]; Rabadan et al. [", "@CR37]). ", "It seems experimental work is needed to address this issue. ", "The ML method is, however, blind to the causes of the substitution shift and simply identifies the most likely location of the host shift. ", "Here we are content with using this substitution pattern shift to time the ancestor of human and swine H1N1 viruses rather than with the causes of the substitution pattern itself.", "Table 2ML estimates of evolutionary parameters for the HKY85 M~2~ modelHostParValue (95% CI)All$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\kappa } $$\\end{document}$12.5 (11.8, 13.8)$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\alpha } $$\\end{document}$0.226 (0.216, 0.237)Avian$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~U~0.235 (0.228, 0.242)$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~C~0.207 (0.200, 0.213)$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~A~0.329 (0.322, 0.337)$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~G~0.229 (0.222, 0.236)Mammalian$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~U~0.253 (0.239, 0.267)$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~C~0.178 (0.167, 0.188)$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~A~0.399 (0.385, 0.415)$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{\\pi } $$\\end{document}$~G~0.170 (0.159, 0.179)Note: the substitution rate from nucleotide i to j, q~ij~, can be calculated from this table as q~ij~ = cκπ~j~ for transitions and q~ij~ = cπ~j~ for transversions, where c is a proportionality constant (for details see chap 1 in Yang [@CR59])\n\nStability of the Host Shift Node {#Sec8}\n--------------------------------\n\nAn important property of nonhomogeneous, nonstationary models is their theoretical ability to identify the position where changes in the substitution pattern have occurred. ", "The drift in base frequencies towards different equilibrium values along the tree branches should give, in theory, enough information to the maximum likelihood method to be able to identify the position of those nodes. ", "In our case, it should allow the identification of the location where the host shift occurred. ", "Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the likelihood surface for the branch projecting from the host shift towards the mammalian clade (d~ma~) versus the branch projecting from the host shift towards the waterfowl clade (d~wf~). ", "The likelihood surface appears highly correlated along the d~ma~ + d~wf~ line, as are the estimated branch lengths from the bootstrap analysis (Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The bootstrapping exercise is essentially equivalent to sampling trees from the likelihood surface (a parametric bootstrap gives essentially the same results). ", "For comparison, Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} also shows the likelihood surface for the two branches projecting forward from the human--swine split (d~hu~ and d~sw~). ", "The estimation of these branches is far more accurate, and their estimates are uncorrelated (Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The correlation in the likelihood surface seen in Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} translates into wide confidence intervals for the lengths of the branches projecting from the host shift (e.g., $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{d}_{\\text{ma}} = 0.0341 $$\\end{document}$, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.0626). ", "It is interesting to note that the sum of these branches, can be estimated much more reliably ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}$$ \\hat{d}_{\\text{ma}} + \\hat{d}_{\\text{wf}} = 0.159 $$\\end{document}$, 95% CI: 0.147, 0.175). ", "The correlation observed between d~ma~ and d~wf~ is directly related to the pulley effect that precludes the identification of the root in a reversible, stationary tree (Felsenstein [@CR13]).Fig.", " 5Stability of the maximum likelihood estimates of branch lengths for model M~2~. The plot shows the log-likelihood profiles (top) and bootstrap sample estimates (bottom) for selected pairwise branch comparisons. ", "The inset tree, is the tree optimized under the HKY85 M~2~ model, showing the waterfowl (Wf), human (Hu), and swine (Sw) clades, the host shift event (HSE) and the human--swine split (HSS). ", "The two branches protruding from host shift event are d~wf~ and d~ma~, and the two branches protruding forward from the human--swine split are d~sw~ and d~hu~\n\nTree Calibration and the Origin of the 1918 Pandemic Virus {#Sec9}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe HKY85 M~2~ tree optimized by ML has branch lengths in substitutions per site, as substitution rate and real time are confounded factors that cannot be estimated independently without additional information (Yang [@CR56]). ", "To estimate the date of the host shift event we calibrated the tree using Langley and Fitch's (LF) molecular clock model (Langley and Fitch [@CR31]) and timed the nodes along the human--swine portion of the HKY85 M~2~ optimized tree. ", "We used an implementation that uses a negative binomial correction to account for rate heterogeneity among sites and that considers local variations in the clock rate (r8s; Sanderson [@CR42], [@CR43]). ", "Substitution rates for each branch (a fully relaxed clock) and the ages of internal nodes were then estimated by penalized likelihood under the corrected LF model. ", "This procedure was repeated for each one of the 1,000 bootstrap trees, as to assess the variability of substitution rates and age estimates under variable branch lengths and tree topologies.", "\n\nBefore fitting the LF model to date the host shift event, two oddities concerning the data analyzed need to be addressed (Fig. [", "6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "First, human viruses isolated between 1933 and 57 have been passaged an undefined number of times in the laboratory before sequence determination, thus accumulating a substantial amount of nucleotide substitutions (Bush et al. [", "@CR7]). ", "Including these lab-adapted virus sequences in the estimation of the tree topology above is, however, not expected to lead to any errors since only the corresponding tips in the tree are expected to be elongated. ", "These sequences provide valuable information for estimation of the evolutionary parameters and help reduce the variance of estimated internal branch lengths. ", "However, including these sequences in the tree calibration would certainly lead to overestimation of the substitution rate, so the eight human viruses isolated between 1933 and 57 were not considered for the LF analysis. ", "The 1918 Brevig Mission virus sequence was obtained directly from tissue of an Inuit woman buried in the Alaskan permafrost (Taubenberger [@CR49]), and has no passage history, so it was included. ", "The other oddity in the data is that the H1N1 viruses that reappeared in the human population in 1977 were very similar to the extinct strains circulating around 1950 (Nakajima et al. [", "@CR34]). ", "The reasons for this evolutionary stasis are not clear (Kilbourne [@CR30]), prompting the speculation that these were the product of a lab accident, perhaps involving the release of a frozen strain (Palese [@CR36]). ", "We estimated the phylogenetic age of the modern H1N1 viruses by maximizing the likelihood of the LF model assuming variable intervals of evolutionary stasis. ", "A time gap of 24.6 years is the most likely, indicating that the 1977 strain originated around 1953 (95% CI: 1948--1956) in agreement with previous studies (Nakajima et al. [", "@CR34]; Raymond et al. [", "@CR39]). ", "The average branch substitution rate per site per year in human and classical swine viruses is 2.44 × 10^−3 ^year^−1^ (95% CI: 2.29 × 10^−3^, 2.58 × 10^−3^).", "\n\nThe human and swine lineages are estimated to have diverged between March 1913 and October 1915 (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The divergence time of this node seems reliable as the likelihood surface is well developed (Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The most recent common ancestor of human viruses (MRCAH, Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) dates back to between February 1917 and April 1918 (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The host shift is estimated to have happened around 1882--1912. ", "This assumes that the virus evolved at the average mammalian rate just after the host shift. ", "However, accelerations of up to 50% in rate have been observed in swine viruses from recent avian origin (Ludwig et al. [", "@CR33]). ", "Assuming such increased substitution rate throughout the genome, would place the host shift around 1893--1913. ", "Because the estimates of the length of the two branches projecting from the host shift are correlated (Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), a large CI for the host shift date cannot be avoided (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 3Estimated dates for the host shift, human--swine split, and MRCAHNodeDate (95% CI)Host shift1901.1 (1882.8, 1912.2)Host shift^a^1905.8 (1893.2, 1913.0)Human--swine split1914.6 (1913.2, 1915.8)MRCAH1917.8 (1917.2, 1918.3)^a^Assuming an accelerated substitution rate, 1.5 times faster the average rateFig.", " 6Branch length versus year of isolation for human and swine H1N1 viruses. ", "The total branch length from each tip to the human--swine split is plotted against the isolation year. ", "Red dots human, blue dots classical swine. ", "The empty dots show the corrected ages for the human viruses that reappeared in 1977. ", "The regression slope is the approximated substitution rate. ", "Some of the human viruses isolated between 1933 and 1957 deviate from the regression line due to extensive lab passing. ", "The effect is negligible for the early swine viruses (1931--1957). (", "Color figure online)\n\nReliability of the LF Local Clock Model Calibration {#Sec10}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nTo test the reliability of the LF local clock calibration, we set the isolation date of the 1918 sequence as an unknown parameter and re-estimated it. ", "We repeated this procedure for every sequence (except for the early, lab-adapted human isolates, 1933--57). ", "We recovered the isolation date to within −1.30--1.52 years for all sequences (mean error = 0.013 years, SD = 0.64 years). ", "The pandemic virus, dating from November 1918, was dated as June 1918, a 5 month error. ", "Because the tip ages are highly correlated with the ages of the corresponding subtending nodes, and the variances of the estimated tip ages are larger than the variance of the corresponding node ages, it seems that the LF relaxed clock gives a robust calibration of the tree. ", "We also re-analyzed the third codon sites from the whole alignment. ", "Using only these sites we were able to retrieve the tree topology, the evolutionary parameters under model M~2~, and all the node ages.", "\n\nA limitation of the LF model is that it assumes the substitution process is Poissonian (or negative binomial when rate variation is considered). ", "This is true under simple nucleotide substitution models such as Jukes and Cantor; however, for more complicated models like HKY85 the process is not Poissonian (Yang [@CR59]), although the deviations do not seem important. ", "Also, the use of the ML branch lengths as proxy for the observed number of substitutions in the LF calibration, instead of re-estimating the branch lengths under a clock model and a full substitution matrix implies a loss of information from the data. ", "We used an implementation of the TipDate model (PAML; Yang [@CR58]; Rambaut [@CR38]) to re-estimate the ages of all internal nodes under the HKY85 model, which should address the concerns about the LF model above. ", "The current TipDate implementation assumes stationarity, however, this does not seem to generate any noticeable discrepancies as the estimated ages for the internal nodes are nearly identical for both methods (r \\> 0.999).", "\n\nThere is a subtle but important point to the penalized likelihood and bootstrap approach used here. ", "Although the bootstrap correctly accounts for uncertainties in branch length estimates, it does not take into account variations in the relaxed clock rates and divergence times, even if the branch lengths were perfectly known (Thorne and Kishino [@CR52]). ", "The result is that the uncertainties in divergence times are underestimated. ", "Applying a Bayesian MCMC approach with an independent log-normal relaxed clock (Drummond and Rambaut [@CR10]; Drummond et al. [", "@CR11]), we find a divergence time for human and swine viruses between 1911.7--1916.1 and 1916.3--1918.1 for the MRCAH. ", "This approach assumes homogeneity and stationarity so it cannot be used to date the host shift. ", "Furthermore, the independence assumption is likely to overestimate the uncertainty in date estimates as it overlooks the different substitution rates in the human and swine lineages (Ludwig et al. [", "@CR33]).", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec11}\n==========\n\nRabadan et al. ([", "@CR37]) noticed the differences in nucleotide composition between avian and human influenza viruses. ", "Here we show that these differences extend to classical swine viruses and that they can be modeled as a nonhomogeneous process along the waterfowl--mammalian phylogenetic tree. ", "Analysis of the posterior site rates from the discrete gamma distribution (Yang and Kumar [@CR60]), show that the mostly synonymous third codon sites evolve over 5 times faster than first and second sites. ", "Most of the G + C decay signal comes from these third sites. ", "Moreover, when the whole analysis was repeated using third sites alone, essentially all results were reproduced. ", "This would suggest that the G + C decay is the consequence of a selectively neutral process (although see Greenbaum et al. [", "@CR21]). ", "Rabadan et al. ([", "@CR37]) used the increase in U frequency observed in two human strains (1918 and 1933) to calculate the earliest date for the introduction of the polymerase genes into a mammalian virus, estimating this at roughly 1910. ", "This point estimate falls within our estimated CI for the host shift; however, we disagree with the conclusion of those authors that this is the earliest possible date for the host shift, as they neither considered the variance of their estimate, nor the effect of rate variation among sites.", "\n\nOur analysis was performed on the concatenated set of gene segments. ", "Is this approach justified? ", "The estimated topology for the concatenated set of eight RNA segments for the mammalian part of the tree is fully resolved (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, this is not the case when the topology is estimated for each gene segment separately. ", "Analysis of the individual segments show similar results, with four of the segments (PA, HA, NP, NA) supporting this topology. ", "The segments encoding the PB2 and PB1 proteins place the 1918 sequence at the bottom of the swine virus lineage with high, but inconclusive, bootstrap support (52 and 77%). ", "The segment encoding the M and NS genes, the smallest of the eight segments, do not hold enough phylogenetic information to resolve the position of the 1918 sequence relative to the human--swine split node. ", "The uncertainty in the position of the 1918 sequence for these segments is most likely an artifact of the long branches linking this sequence with the rest of the tree. ", "The 1918 sequence itself is confidently placed at the bottom of the human branch when the full concatenated set is considered (100% bootstrap support). ", "If we take the gene trees literally, the only possibility is that there were two different strains circulating in 1918 that reassorted to form the 1918 pandemic virus. ", "This reassortant would have been replaced later by a non-reassortant some time before the earliest post-1918 human isolates of the 1930s. ", "While this is an intriguing possibility, in the absence of more convincing statistical support we agree with Worobey's ([@CR55]) view that the 1918 sequence is much more reasonably placed on the human lineage. ", "There does, however, seem to be reassortment occurring on the avian part of the tree, but the topology and timing of this part of the tree is not used in the analysis, and such reassortment does not affect the estimation of evolutionary parameters. ", "Analysis of the individual genes gives similar values for the evolutionary parameters for all eight gene segments, as well as the concatenated gene set, especially in nucleotide frequencies, indicating that our values are robust to errors in tree topology in the avian part of the tree (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"})\n\nThere still exists, however, the possibility that the segments that formed the 1918 virus were the product of sequential reassortment events involving avian-like viruses in a mammalian host before the split of the human and swine lineages. ", "For example, a mammalian virus might have reassorted with an avian virus to produce a hybrid reassortant (such as in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics; Kawaoka et al. [", "@CR29]), this hybrid might in turn have reassorted again one or more times losing the original segments and resulting in an avian-like virus with different segments introduced at different times and showing different levels of nucleotide composition decay. ", "We performed a similar analysis on each of the eight H1N1 RNA segments, and obtained individual host transfer dates for each segment varying from 1840 to 1912. ", "In particular, the HA and NP segments seem to have been introduced earlier (pre-1890) than the polymerase genes (post-1900). ", "We intentionally avoid given specific ages to the individual segments, as the branches projecting from the host shift node are highly correlated (Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}), making the estimation of the individual host transfer dates highly uncertain. ", "Concatenating the segments reduces the variance of date estimates, at the expense of assuming a single host shift event. ", "The pulley effect that precludes the identification of the root in a stationary tree is a pervasive effect that is still present, and hampers the identification of the substitution pattern shift node along a nonhomogeneous tree. ", "With the current data and analysis it is not possible to distinguish between a single host shift event or a successive series of host transfer/reassortment events. ", "Disentangling the ages of the individual gene segments that formed the 1918 virus is difficult and will require further analysis.", "Fig.", " 7Bootstrap distribution of the branches projecting from the host shift node (d~ma~ and d~wf~) for the HA gene. ", "Both branch parameters are highly correlated, making the estimation of the age of the HA gene in mammals unreliable\n\nEven before the genome sequence of the 1918 virus became available, several authors had already suggested that the ancestor of the 1918 virus was of avian origin (Gorman et al. [", "@CR19], [@CR20]; Gammelin et al. [", "@CR17]). ", "Gammelin et al. ([", "@CR17]) cautiously suggested an origin for the mammalian virus around 1837. ", "Because they used the divergence between mammalian and avian viruses as the reference point in the NP phylogenetic tree to propose their date, this should be regarded as the earliest possible date. ", "Gorman et al. ([", "@CR20]) also used a phylogenetic tree based on the NP segment. ", "They noticed that the NP proteins from early human and classical swine viruses (\\~1930s) were very similar to those from avian viruses, and argued (similarly to Reid et al. [", "@CR40]; Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR50]) that the host shift event must have been coincident roughly with the divergence of these lineages, an event that they calculated as occurring around 1912--1913 (close to our estimate of the date of the human--swine split) or 1918 (after considering the possibility of an accelerated substitution rate between 1918 and the 1930s). ", "The accelerated substitution rate was suggested to explain how the host shift event could have occurred in 1918, allowing the simultaneous epidemics of swine and humans to be caused by a single event. ", "With the availability of the 1918 sequence, the phylogenetic tree becomes much more resolved and this possibility is eliminated. ", "Both of these studies implicitly assumed that the host shift happened at internal bifurcating nodes in the tree. ", "Here we show that this is not necessarily so, as the host shift is more likely to have occurred before the divergence of the human and swine lineages.", "\n\nPrevious work (Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR50]; Gorman et al. [", "@CR20]; Gammelin et al. [", "@CR17]) has highlighted the difficulty in piecing together evolutionary scenarios based solely on phylogenetic trees. ", "Ideally we would want an internal clock that starts to tick when the host shift event occurs. ", "Previous researchers have used the amino acid substitutions that distinguish mammalian and avian influenza (Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR50]; Gorman et al. [", "@CR20]). ", "There are numerous reasons to suspect the validity of such calculations, as amino acid substitutions are relatively few in number and subject to idiosyncratic timing caused both by substitutions that might influence the probabilities of host shifts and by the evolutionary pressure to accept these substitutions in the new host. ", "In contrast, we have analyzed the changes that occur in nucleotide frequency, representing host-specific substitution rates rather than adaptive changes. ", "For instance, when only the mostly synonymous, third codon sites from the concatenated alignment were used, we were still able to retrieve the tree topology, the evolutionary parameters, and all the node timings, including the host shift.", "\n\nBecause most nucleotide changes seem to be selectively neutral, and since they occur at numerous locations along the entire sequence, we were not only able to make a reasonable estimate of host shift event, but we were also able to use sophisticated nonstationary evolutionary models and perform the type of rigorous statistical analysis that has been lacking in previous work. ", "Our results are hence more likely to be robust to the different effects that occur with different locations under different degrees of selective pressure at the amino acid level in varying size populations. ", "The nonhomogeneous method we propose here should have wider applications beyond influenza.", "\n\nIt has been suggested that the H1N1 classical swine lineage of influenza originated from a human source during the 1918--1919 outbreak (Taubenberger [@CR49]). ", "Our results, however, strongly indicate that this lineage split from the human one about 4 years before the pandemic. ", "There are at least three possible hypotheses concerning the origin of the human and classical swine lineages of influenza: (a) an avian virus infected an unknown mammal, where it evolved for several years before infecting humans. ", "It then infected swine around 1918 (Taubenberger et al. [", "@CR51]); (b) an avian virus infected a human population where it evolved for several years before diverging into the classical swine and human lineages around 1914. ", "Sometime after this date, the virus was introduced into the swine population; (c) an avian virus was transmitted to a swine population (Ludwig et al. [", "@CR33]) where it evolved for several years, and sometime after 1913, but before early 1918, it crossed into humans leading to the 1918 pandemic. ", "The problem with the first hypothesis is that the molecular data strongly supports a human--swine split between 1913 and 1916, inconsistent with the idea that classical swine originated from the 1918 human epidemic. ", "The problem with the second hypothesis is that avian viruses are less well adapted to the human than the swine host. ", "Avian hemagglutinin (including avian H1) bind preferentially to SAα-2,3Gal type avian receptors (Rogers and Paulson [@CR41]), whereas human-adapted viruses (H1N1, H3N2, H2N2) bind preferentially SAα-2,6Gal type receptors expressed in the upper respiratory tract in humans. ", "Thus, avian viruses (such as H5N1) that have infected humans directly, have not spread in the human population (Subbarao and Katz [@CR48]). ", "On the other hand, pigs express both SAα-2,6Gal and SAα-2,3Gal receptors and can readily be infected with avian and mammalian influenza viruses. ", "This characteristic of the swine host led to the proposal of swine as mixing vessels for the reassortment of avian and mammalian influenza viruses (e.g. Scholtissek et al. [", "@CR45]). ", "Avian H1N1 viruses that became established in pigs in Europe (Brown et al. [", "@CR6]) have subsequently caused occasional infections in humans (Gregory et al. [", "@CR22]). ", "More significantly, the emerging 2009 H1N1 pandemic is due to a reassortant virus which acquired its eight genes from different swine virus lineages, some of which originated from avian and human hosts (Dawood et al. [", "@CR8]). ", "There is still the problem of explaining the nearly simultaneous epidemics in swine and humans in 1918, given that the classical swine and human lineages had diverged years earlier. ", "One possible explanation is that the swine epidemic was not noted until a similar epidemic appeared in humans in 1918. ", "Alternatively, it is possible that the outbreaks of disease observed in swine during 1918 (Taubenberger [@CR49]) were not due to a virus of the classical swine lineage but were caused by the human pandemic virus. ", "This scenario is supported by the observation of human H1N1 viruses occasionally infecting swine (e.g., Neumeier et al. [", "@CR35]), and by the recent infection of pigs in Canada by the 2009 H1N1 virus from a human source.", "\n\nIt is apparent that avian H1N1 viruses have become established in swine, while no instances of avian H1N1 viruses becoming established directly in humans have been observed. ", "Considering this, we suggest an avian virus infected a swine host around 1883--1913, where it evolved for some time before acquiring the capacity to infect and spread in humans. ", "This virus then entered the human population sometime after 1913 but before early-1918, when it initiated the pandemic. ", "It is unlikely that the H1N1 virus was widespread in the human population before 1918. ", "Seroarchaeological studies suggest that an H3 subtype was circulating worldwide at the time (Dowdle [@CR9]). ", "What happened to the virus during 1913--1918 is not clear; analysis of archaeoviral samples predating 1918 might shed some light on this issue. ", "We might never get a definite answer to what happened during the years preceding 1918, but the possibility of potentially hazardous viruses smoldering in an isolated host population (whether human or swine), stresses the importance of extensive worldwide surveillance of influenza.", "\n\nWhile the current article was in review, Smith et al. ", "also concluded that the common ancestor of the classical swine and human H1N1 lineages was likely a few years before the pandemic of 1918 (Smith et al. [", "@CR46]), inconsistent with the Classical Swine lineage originating from the human 1918 outbreak and consistent with the identification of swine as a possible intermediate host.", "\n\nWhile this manuscript was in preparation, the emergent pandemic H1N1 2009 virus was identified (Dawood et al. [", "@CR8]). ", "This is the first example, with the possible exception of 1918, that a virus of swine origin has become established in the human population to cause a pandemic. ", "Certain parallels are apparent between the 1918 and 2009 pandemics, especially the possible role of swine as an intermediate host. ", "The role of swine as a mixing vessel of different lineages, an important feature of the 2009 Swine-origin virus (Smith et al. [", "@CR47]), is less clear with the 'Spanish flu' pandemic; while we find limited evidence that the 1918 human pandemic was the result of a human/swine reassortment, Scholtissek ([@CR44]) and Smith et al. ([", "@CR46]) both argue that this might have occurred for some of the segments. ", "The possibility that the 2009 pandemic virus might increase in pathogenicity emphasizes the importance of understanding how the 1918 virus emerged and the basis of its extreme pathogenicity.", "\n\nThanks to John McCauley, Ziheng Yang and Rod Daniels for helpful comments. ", "Thanks to Seena Shah for programming advice. ", "This work was supported by the Medical Research Council, UK, and the European Union FP6 FLUPOL project number 044263.", "\n\nOpen Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0, 0, 0.015037593984962405, 0.015873015873015872, 0.007905138339920948, 0, 0.013215859030837005, 0.00946372239747634, 0.005780346820809248, 0.015544041450777202, 0.1, 0.0784313725490196, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.005780346820809248, 0.1111111111111111, 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012903225806451613, 0.1, 0.006211180124223602, 0.006711409395973154, 0.1111111111111111, 0.011111111111111112, 0.007575757575757576, 0.01020408163265306, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.1111111111111111, 0.004347826086956522, 0.1, 0.034482758620689655, 0.09523809523809523, 0.06896551724137931, 0.08695652173913043, 0.037037037037037035, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.020134228187919462, 0, 0.008583690987124463, 0.06896551724137931, 0.1111111111111111, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.007246376811594203, 0.006172839506172839, 0.034482758620689655, 0.009523809523809525, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.00847457627118644, 0.0297029702970297, 0.125, 0.0196078431372549, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015748031496062992, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.004329004329004329, 0.011235955056179775, 0.015873015873015872, 0.0106951871657754, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.004545454545454545, 0.027777777777777776, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.028455284552845527, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.02666666666666667, 0, 0.010169491525423728, 0, 0.01910828025477707, 0, 0, 0.0030211480362537764, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0.011061946902654867, 0.00819672131147541, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.006944444444444444, 0.016666666666666666, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.0037735849056603774, 0.013100436681222707, 0.0012610340479192938, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0.08333333333333333, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.0008605851979345956, 0, 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.002369668246445498, 0.010050251256281407, 0.004608294930875576, 0.01020408163265306, 0.007677543186180422, 0.01282051282051282, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0.08333333333333333, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.03278688524590164, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.002325581395348837, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.003968253968253968, 0.028037383177570093, 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0.00390625, 0, 0.015748031496062992, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0.125, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.058823529411764705, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.003424657534246575, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0.015748031496062992, 0, 0.004830917874396135, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.003436426116838488, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0.0038910505836575876, 0.00625, 0.016, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0.003389830508474576, 0.08823529411764706, 0.1111111111111111, 0.05555555555555555, 0.013157894736842105, 0.005050505050505051, 0.0625, 0.031746031746031744, 0.011494252873563218, 0.06896551724137931, 0.0029585798816568047, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.08695652173913043, 0.08, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.08695652173913043, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.02142857142857143, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0.008264462809917356, 0.01020408163265306, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.006535947712418301, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0.014778325123152709, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.03896103896103896, 0.022222222222222223, 0.017094017094017096, 0.003861003861003861, 0 ]	0.018887	5
[ "Q:\n\nPassing arguments in BottomNavigationView with navigation Component\n\nI'm currently writing an app with the new (to me) navigation component. ", "I've got the basics down with a single navigation graph to navigate around my app, I've got a fragment with a BottomNavigationView in which has 3 seperate fragments, I've managed to update this to use the navigation component (as far as my problem) using the menu with ids that match the navigation items. ", "My fragments which all previously used newInstance methods to pass a bundle to the onCreate are obviously now not used but I still need to pass a bundle to my fragments.", "\nI haven't been able to find any examples of this being done, as the fragments are implicitly created.", "\nMy code is structured as ClientFragment which is the host fragment for the navigation drawer etc which is;\nclass ClientFragment : Fragment() {\n\n private val viewModel: ClientViewModel by viewModel()\n\n override fun onCreateView(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?,", "\n savedInstanceState: Bundle?): ", "View? {", "\n return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_client, container, false)\n }\n\n override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {", "\n super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)\n\n viewModel.client = arguments?.getParcelable(ARG_CLIENT)!!", "\n\n toolbar_client.title = viewModel.client.name\n toolbar_client.setNavigationOnClickListener { Navigation.findNavController(view).navigateUp() }\n }\n}\n\nThis class previously held on onclick listener to my fragments, with a newInstance method which tool viewModel.client.", "\nMy fragments in the nav_graph are all similar. ", "The first fragment;\nclass ClientDetailsFragment : Fragment() {\n\n private val viewModel: ClientViewModel by viewModel()\n\n override fun onCreateView(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?,", "\n savedInstanceState: Bundle?): ", "View? {", "\n return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_client_details, container, false)\n }\n\n override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {", "\n super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)\n\n // viewModel.client = arguments?.getParcelable(ARG_CLIENT)!!", "\n\n initClientDetails()\n }\n\n private fun initClientDetails() {\n// text_client_details_name.text = viewModel.client.name\n// text_client_details_account_number.text = viewModel.client.accountNumber\n// text_client_details_mobile_number.text = viewModel.client.mobileNumber\n// text_client_details_landline_number.text = viewModel.client.landlineNumber\n// text_client_details_email.text = viewModel.client.email\n// text_client_details_address.text = \"NOT YET IMPLEMENTED\"\n//\n// text_client_description_body.text = viewModel.client.description\n// text_client_system_details_body.text = viewModel.client.systemDetails\n }\n}\n\nThe app crashes on the commented out line;\n// viewModel.client = arguments?.getParcelable(ARG_CLIENT)!! ", "\n\nMy navigation graph and menu are;\nnav graph;\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<navigation xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:app=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto\"\n xmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\n android:id=\"@+id/client_nav_graph\"\n app:startDestination=\"@id/clientDetailsFragment\">\n\n <fragment\n android:id=\"@+id/clientCustomersFragment\"\n android:name=\"com.management.engineering.alarm.alarmengineermanagement.features.client.", "ClientCustomersFragment\"\n android:label=\"ClientCustomersFragment\"\n tools:layout=\"@layout/fragment_client_customers\" />\n\n <fragment\n android:id=\"@+id/clientDetailsFragment\"\n android:name=\"com.management.engineering.alarm.alarmengineermanagement.features.client.", "ClientDetailsFragment\"\n android:label=\"ClientDetailsFragment\"\n tools:layout=\"@layout/fragment_client_details\"/>\n\n <fragment\n android:id=\"@+id/clientJobHistoryFragment\"\n android:name=\"com.management.engineering.alarm.alarmengineermanagement.features.client.", "ClientJobHistoryFragment\"\n android:label=\"ClientJobHistoryFragment\"\n tools:layout=\"@layout/fragment_client_job_history\" />\n\n</navigation>\n\nmenu;\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<menu xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\">\n <item\n android:id=\"@+id/clientDetailsFragment\"\n android:icon=\"@drawable/ic_launcher_foreground\"\n android:title=\"Details\"/>\n <item\n android:id=\"@+id/clientJobHistoryFragment\"\n android:icon=\"@drawable/ic_launcher_foreground\"\n android:title=\"Job History\"/>\n <item\n android:id=\"@+id/clientCustomersFragment\"\n android:icon=\"@drawable/ic_launcher_foreground\"\n android:title=\"Customers\"/>\n</menu>\n\nI have found that you can add arguments to the navigation graph, but have found nothing about where to put them for this specific scenario, I'm also aware of being able to manual add bundles when navigating using .navigate.", "\nIs there a way for me to set in my ClientFragment the arguments for each of these fragments to be\nviewModel.client\n\nUpdate:\nMy argument issue was solved by using a view model that's shared between all of the fragments in the BottomNavigationView (I realised this as I was typing the issue out to my friend) and the navigation itself I added this to the ClientFragment;\nbottom_nav_client.setupWithNavController(\n Navigation.findNavController(\n view.findViewById<View>(R.id.fl_client_nav_container)\n )\n )\n\nand my xml for fragment_client;\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.", "ConstraintLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n xmlns:app=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:orientation=\"vertical\">\n\n <androidx.appcompat.widget.", "Toolbar\n android:id=\"@+id/toolbar_client\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:background=\"@color/colorPrimary\"\n app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf=\"parent\"\n app:navigationIcon=\"?attr/NavigationBackIconLight\"\n app:titleTextColor=\"@color/white\" />\n\n <fragment\n android:id=\"@+id/fl_client_nav_container\"\n android:name=\"androidx.navigation.fragment.", "NavHostFragment\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"0dp\"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf=\"@id/bottom_nav_client\"\n app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf=\"@id/toolbar_client\"\n app:navGraph=\"@navigation/client_nav_graph\" />\n\n <com.google.android.material.bottomnavigation.", "BottomNavigationView\n android:id=\"@+id/bottom_nav_client\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"56dp\"\n android:background=\"?android:attr/windowBackground\"\n app:itemBackground=\"@color/colorPrimary\"\n app:itemIconTint=\"@drawable/bottom_nav_color\"\n app:itemTextColor=\"@color/white\"\n app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf=\"parent\"\n app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf=\"parent\"\n app:menu=\"@menu/client_menu\" />\n\n</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.", "ConstraintLayout>\n\nThis is combined with the same navigation graph and menu as shown above.", "\n\nA:\n\nThis codelabs exactly what you want to do :\nhttps://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/android-navigation/index.html?index=..%2F..index#0\nDocs : https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/navigation/\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.0032679738562091504, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.013856812933025405, 0.010309278350515464, 0.010452961672473868, 0.006211180124223602, 0.02857142857142857, 0.010596026490066225, 0.0017152658662092624, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.012681159420289856, 0.009280742459396751, 0.011945392491467578, 0, 0.008771929824561403 ]	0.005999	5
[ "Q:\n\nWas my edit removing noise and a link wrong?", "\n\nThe following suggested edit by myself:\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/review/suggested-edits/12934797\nIn my opinion removed the noise at the end of the answer and removed a link to a personal git. ", "It was initially rejected by a reviewer before the OP.", "\nThe reason I am asking is because a reviewer rejected my edit initially, not why the OP did.", "\nWas I right in my edit?", "\nNote: having looked again I could have made a couple of grammar improvements but not much more.", "\n\nA:\n\nI assume your edit was rejected because you removed the link, which is also mentioned by Servy. ", "The link doesn't really add value but most reviewers in that queue don't take the time to review that thoroughly.", "\nThe answer could do without the noise so you spotted that correctly. ", "On the other hand there wasn't an awful lot of content, except the code blob, to improve. ", "\nMaybe if you elaborated in the comment that the link was only a copy of the content and doesn't have any added background value to the post, careful reviewers might have spotted that and approved in that case. ", "That a link points to a personal git by itself is not a reason to be removed.", "\nThe rejection of the OP, however, was binding in this case for the definitive rejection of your attempt to improve their post.", "\nA gray area indeed, as noted by Will\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0.018518518518518517, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0 ]	0.00372	5
[ "Uncategorized\n\nParents and children will now be able to scoot the school run together after an adult scooting initiative has been launched in Whitehill & Bordon. ", "East Hampshire District Council (EHDC) is working closely with Hampshire County Council to encourage more adults to scoot around the\n\nResidents of Whitehill & Bordon and Lindford can keep warm this winter with the latest energy-saving improvements thanks to an interest-free loan from East Hampshire District Council. ", "The council has government funds ready for those looking to install home energy\n\nThe Whitehill & Bordon Community Trust (WBCT) is to take the lead in the delivery of the Safe Places scheme in Whitehill & Bordon with support from East Hampshire District Council’s (EHDC) Healthy New Town programme. ", "In October 2017, the\n\nMore than £3m worth of walkways and cycle routes are on their way to Whitehill & Bordon after East Hampshire District Council secured funding for the project. ", "The money, from the Enterprise M3 Local Enterprise Partnership, will be used to\n\nFollowing on from the success of the community pop-up garden at Savile Crescent in Whitehill & Bordon, the project is now moving on to its second stage as East Hampshire District Council (EHDC) looks to create a legacy for the" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.006172839506172839, 0.009433962264150943, 0.010067114093959731, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.009771986970684038 ]	0.008194	5
[ "Q:\n\nIs T(n)= T(n-1) + n always n(n+1)/2 or O(n^2)\n\nI watched a video where they prove T(n)= T(n-1) + n is O(n^2)\nI have the following expressions which are:\nT(1) = 4 \nT(N) = T(N – 1) + N + 3, N > 1 \n\nMy question is, is the expression above solved the same way, even though there is a +3 after N.\nThe question is a bit messed up, but i hope you get the point. ", "If there are questions i will try to explain better.", "\nIn a word is T(N) = T(N – 1) + N + 3 = O(n^2)\n\nA:\n\nT(n) = T(n-1) + n-1 + 4 => given equation by adding 1 and subtracting 1\nT(n) = T(n-1) + n-1 + T(1) ...(1)\nNow, T(1) = constant.", "\nTherefore, from eq(1),\nT(n) = T(n-1) + (n-1) ...(2)\nEq(2) reduces to T(n) = T(n-k) + nk - k(k+1)/2 ...(3)\nUpon substituting (n-k)=1 or k=(n-1) in eq(3),\nwe get, \nT(n) = T(1) + n(n-1) - (n-1)(n)/2\nT(n) = n(n-1)/2 => O(n^2)\nPS: If we won't neglect T(1) in eq(1), final equation we get is T(n) = n(n-1)/2 + T(1) + 4k => T(n) = n(n-1)/2 + 4 + 4(n-1) which still gives O(n^2) as final answer.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0025252525252525255, 0 ]	0.000505	5
[ "Country & Western music often conjures the image of a singing cowboy crooning about his ten-gallon broken heart. ", "That heart was likely broken by the siren of C&W, Shania Twain, who charged the staid and conservative state of Nashville Nation into one hot and heavy stampede of sexiness. ", "She was born Eilleen Regina Edwards, and her mother remarried a full-blooded Ojibwa native from Ontario »More..." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.017857142857142856 ]	0.009784	5
[ "Security Corner\n\nI just registered for this and I wanted to pass it along to all of my readers. ", "If you want to know what’s going on, these guys typically do a pretty good job of giving you the information you need and want.", "\n\nMalware like Zeus, Stuxnet, Fake AV and Koobface made headlines in 2010, and cybercriminals continue to focus on using the web to deliver malware. ", "Although their tactics are constantly changing and evolving, their motivation to steal your data and money is not.", "\n\nJoin Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at Sophos, for a live Webcast to learn about the latest security threats and trends in malware. ", "Armed with the latest threat data, Graham will discuss the tactics the bad guys are using to infect your systems and steal your data.", "\n\nBy submitting you agree to receive email from TechTarget and its partners. ", "If you reside outside of the United States, you consent to having your personal data transferred to and processed in the United States.", "\nPrivacy\n\nProcessing your reply...\n\nThere was an error processing your information. ", "Please try again later.", "\n\nBy submitting you agree to receive email from TechTarget and its partners. ", "If you reside outside of the United States, you consent to having your personal data transferred to and processed in the United States.", "\nPrivacy\n\nProcessing your reply...\n\nAbout This Blog\n\nKen \"The Geek\" Harthun takes the mystery out of computer security. ", "You’ll find valuable advice, tips, and news on how to keep your PCs, network, and data safe from attack by crackers and cybercriminals." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0.013422818791946308, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.007518796992481203, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0 ]	0.004432	5
[ "---\nabstract: '[We establish some remarkable properties of the cohomology rings of the Hilbert scheme ${ X^{[n]}}$ of $n$ points on a projective surface $X$, from which one sees to what extent these cohomology rings are (in)dependent of $X$ and $n$.]{}'\nauthor:\n- 'Wei-Ping Li[^1], Zhenbo Qin[^2], and Weiqiang Wang[^3]'\ntitle: Stability of the cohomology rings of Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces\n---\n\namssym.def amssym.tex\n\n\\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[section\\]\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nLehn [@Leh] and more recently the authors [@LQW1] have developed (vertex) algebraic calculus to study the cup products in the Hilbert schemes ${ X^{[n]}}$ of $n$ points on a projective surface $X$. This approach was built on the earlier beautiful formula of Göttsche [@Got] on the Betti numbers of ${ X^{[n]}}$ and an important construction of Heisenberg algebra of Nakajima [@Na1; @Na2] and Grojnowski [@Gro]. ", "In [@LQW1], we obtained a set of ring generators for the rational cohomology ring $H^({ X^{[n]}})$, which has not been accessible in general by classical algebro-geometric methods (see however [@Mar]). ", "Using this set of generators, an algorithm, first pointed out by Lehn [@Leh] in a restricted case, can be given to compute the cup product of any two cohomology classes in $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ for an [arbitrary]{} projective surface $X$. This algebraic approach has been surprisingly effective in establishing new purely geometric results, as indicated in the further developments of Lehn-Sorger and the authors [@LS1; @LQW2; @LS2] on the cohomology rings $H^({ X^{[n]}})$. We refer to [@Wa] for a detailed overview and further references on closely related topics.", "\n\nIn this paper, we establish some remarkable properties of the cohomology rings of the Hilbert scheme ${ X^{[n]}}$ of $n$-points on a projective surface $X$, from which one sees to what extent these cohomology rings are (in)dependent of $X$ and $n$. As a consequence, we are able to introduce a ring $\\frak H_X$ which encodes all the cohomology ring structures of $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ for all $n$, and further determine its structure. ", "To achieve these, we will extensively use and sharpen the techniques developed in the earlier works of Lehn and of the authors. ", "Needless to say, the Heisenberg operators of Nakajima and Grojnowski are part of our basic vocabulary used in this paper.", "\n\nWe first obtain a quantitative description of the cup product of the ring generators given in [@LQW1], which indicate to what extent the cup product of cohomology classes of ${ X^{[n]}}$ is (in)dependent of the canonical class $K_X$ and Euler class $e_X$ of $X$ (see Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\]). ", "As a corollary (which has been implicit in the earlier work [@Leh; @LQW1]), we see clearly that if there exists a ring isomorphism from $H^(X)$ to $H^(Y)$ for two projective surfaces $X$ and $Y$ which sends the canonical class $K_X$ to $K_Y$, then the cohomology rings of the Hilbert schemes ${ X^{[n]}}$ and $Y^{[n]}$ are isomorphic for any $n$. In addition, we obtain the general structure of intersection numbers on ${ X^{[n]}}$ in terms of intersection numbers on $X$. This general structure bears some similarities with the general structure of the Donaldson invariants from Donaldson theory (compare with [@EGL]).", "\n\nUsing Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\], we work out the cup products of two cohomology classes which are monomials of Heisenberg generators, and observe that the cup products are independent of $n$ in an appropriate sense (see Theorem \\[cup\\_product\\]). ", "Roughly speaking, Theorem \\[cup\\_product\\] says that the cup product of certain cohomology classes in $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ with $n$ being large can be read off from the cup product of cohomology classes in $H^(X^{[m]})$ with $m$ being small. ", "In other words, the cup product on $X^{[m]}$ partially determines the cup product on ${ X^{[n]}}$ when $n > m$. This stability result enables us to construct a super-commutative associative ring ${\\frak H}_X$, called the [Hilbert ring]{} associated to $X$, which captures [all]{} the information about the cohomology ring of the Hilbert scheme ${ X^{[n]}}$ for each $n$. We further prove that $\\frak H_X$ is isomorphic to a super-symmetric algebra with a simple set of generators which essentially comes from the set of ring generators for the cohomology rings $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ found in [@LQW2].", "\n\nIn a sequel, we shall develop a counterpart of our results in terms of the orbifold cohomology rings [@CR] of the symmetric products, and clarify the connections with our present work. ", "In another direction, it is natural to expect that results similar to those in the present paper hold as well for the quantum cohomology rings of the Hilbert schemes of points on projective surfaces.", "\n\nThe layout of the paper is as follows. ", "In Sect.", " \\[sec\\_general\\], we collect some known results and definitions. ", "In Sect.", " \\[sec\\_pushforward\\], we establish a series of technical lemmas related to Heisenberg generators and pushforwards. ", "In Sect.", " \\[sec\\_chern\\], we work out the cup product of certain Chern characters in the cohomology ring of the Hilbert scheme, and derive some consequences. ", "In Sect.", " \\[sec\\_stability\\], we establish the stability of the cohomology ring of ${ X^{[n]}}$. In Sect.", " \\[sec\\_hilbert\\], we introduce the Hilbert ring and determine its structure.", "\n\n[Conventions:]{} All cohomology groups are in $\\Bbb Q$-coefficients. ", "For a continuous map $p: Y_1 \\to Y_2$ between two smooth compact manifolds and for $\\alpha_1 \\in H^(Y_1)$, we define $p_(\\alpha_1)$ to be ${\\rm PD}^{-1}p_{}({\\rm PD}(\\alpha_1))$ where ${\\rm PD}$ stands for the Poincaré duality.", "\n\n[Acknowledgments:]{} The authors thank the referee for valuable comments, and Jun Li and Gang Tian for stimulating discussions. ", "After communicating the paper to Lehn and Sorger, we were informed that they have also independently anticipated some of the results in the paper.", "\n\nGeneralities {#sec_general}\n============\n\nLet $X$ be a smooth projective surface over ${ \\Bbb C }$, and ${ X^{[n]}}$ be the Hilbert scheme of $n$-points in $X$. An element in the Hilbert scheme ${ X^{[n]}}$ is represented by a length-$n$ $0$-dimensional closed subscheme of $X$. It is well-known that ${ X^{[n]}}$ is smooth. ", "Let ${\\cal Z}_n=\\{(\\xi, x) \\subset { X^{[n]}}\\times X \\, \| \\, x\\in {{\\rm Supp}}{(\\xi)}\\}$, and $X^n$ be the $n$-th Cartesian product.", "\n\n\\[H\\]\n\n1. ", " Let $\\Bbb H = \\oplus_{n, i \\ge 0} \\Bbb H^{n,i}$ denote the double graded vector space with $\\Bbb H^{n,i} \\stackrel{\\rm\n def}{=} H^i({ X^{[n]}})$, and $\\Bbb H_n \\stackrel{\\rm def}{=} H^({ X^{[n]}})\n \\stackrel{\\rm def}{=} \\oplus_{i=0}^{4n} H^i({ X^{[n]}})$. The element $1$ in $H^0(X^{[0]}) = \\Bbb Q$ is called the [vacuum vector]{} and denoted by $\|0\\rangle$;\n\n2. ", " $\\frak f \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ is [homogeneous of bidegree]{} $(\\ell, m)$ if $\\frak f(\\Bbb H^{n,i}) \\subset \\Bbb H^{n+\\ell,i+m}$;\n\n3. ", " For $\\frak f$ and $\\frak g \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ of bidegrees $(\\ell, m)$ and $(\\ell_1,\n m_1)$ respectively, define the [Lie superalgebra bracket]{} $[\\frak f, \\frak g]$ by putting $[\\frak f, \\frak g]\n = \\frak f \\frak g - (-1)^{m m_1} \\frak g \\frak f$.\n\nA non-degenerate super-symmetric bilinear form $(, )$ on $\\Bbb H$ is induced from the standard one on $\\Bbb H_n=H^({ X^{[n]}})$ defined by $\\displaystyle{(\\alpha,\\beta) =\\int_{{ X^{[n]}}} \\alpha\\beta}$ for $\\alpha, \\beta\\in H^({ X^{[n]}})$. For $\\frak f \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ of bidegree $(\\ell, m)$, we can define its [adjoint]{} $\\frak f^\\dagger \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ by $(\\frak f(\\alpha), \\beta) = (-1)^{m \\cdot \|\\alpha\|} \\cdot\n(\\alpha, \\frak f^\\dagger(\\beta))$ where $\|\\alpha\| = s$ if $\\alpha \\in H^s({ X^{[n]}})$. Note that the bidegree of $\\frak f^\\dagger$ is $(-\\ell, m - 4 \\ell)$. Also, for $\\frak g \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ of bidegree $(\\ell_1, m_1)$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{adjoint1}\n(\\frak f \\frak g)^\\dagger = (-1)^{m m_1} \\cdot \\frak g^\\dagger\n\\frak f^\\dagger \\qquad {\\rm and} \\qquad [\\frak f, \\frak g]^\\dagger\n= -[\\frak f^\\dagger, \\frak g^\\dagger].\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe recall that the Heisenberg operators $\\frak a_n(\\alpha) \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ with $n \\in { \\Bbb Z }$ and $\\alpha \\in H^(X)$ were defined in [@Na1; @Gro; @Na2]. ", "These operators satisfy the property $\\frak a_n(\\alpha) = (-1)^n \\cdot \\frak a_{-n}(\\alpha)^\\dagger$. In the next two sets of definitions, we collect various operators from [@Leh; @LQW1; @LQW2]. ", "We have adopted here the usual convention in the theory of vertex algebras on the signs of indices. ", "For example, our indices for the Heisenberg and Virasoro generators coincide with those used in the paper [@LS2], but differ exactly by a sign from the notations adopted in [@Leh; @LQW1].", "\n\n\\[operators\\]\n\n1. ", " The [normally ordered product]{} $:\\frak a_{m_1}\\frak a_{m_2}:$ is defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\n :\\frak a_{m_1}\\frak a_{m_2}:\n & = &\n \\left\\{\n \\everymath{\\displaystyle}\n \\begin{array}{ll}\n \\frak a_{m_1}\\frak a_{m_2}, &m_1 \\le m_2 \\\\\n \\frak a_{m_2}\\frak a_{m_1}, &m_1 \\ge m_2.", "\n \\end{array}\n \\right.\\end{aligned}$$ For $n \\in { \\Bbb Z }$, define $\\frak L_n: H^(X) \\to {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ by $\\frak L_n = -{1 \\over 2} \\cdot \\sum\\limits_{m \\in { \\Bbb Z }}\n :\\frak a_m \\frak a_{n-m}: \\tau_{2}$. Here for $k \\ge 1$, $\\tau_{k}: H^(X) \\to H^(X^k)$ is the map induced by the diagonal embedding $\\tau_k: X \\to X^k$, and $\\frak a_{m_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{m_k}(\\tau_{k}(\\alpha)) =\n \\sum_j \\frak a_{m_1}(\\alpha_{j,1}) \\cdots \\frak\n a_{m_k}(\\alpha_{j,k})$ when $\\tau_{k}\\alpha = \\sum_j \\alpha_{j,1} \\otimes \\cdots \\otimes\n \\alpha_{j, k}$ via the Künneth decomposition of $H^(X^k)$;\n\n2. ", " Define the linear operator $\\frak d \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ by $\\frak d = \\oplus_{n} c_1(p_{1}{\\cal O}_{{\\cal Z}_n})$, where $p_1$ is the projection of ${ X^{[n]}}\\times X$ to ${ X^{[n]}}$, and the first Chern class $c_1(p_{1}{\\cal\n O}_{{\\cal Z}_n})$ of $p_{1}{\\cal O}_{{\\cal Z}_n}$ acts on $\\Bbb H_n = H^({ X^{[n]}})$ by the cup product.", "\n\n3. ", " For a linear operator $\\frak f \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$, define its [derivative]{} $\\frak f'$ by $\\frak f' = [\\frak d, \\frak f]$. The higher derivative $\\frak f^{(k)}$ of $\\frak f$ is defined inductively by $\\frak f^{(k)} = [\\frak d, \\frak f^{(k-1)}]$.\n\n\\[GB\\]\n\n1. ", " Fix $i, n \\ge 0$ and $\\alpha \\in H^(X)$. Let $G_i(\\alpha, n)$ denote the $H^{\|\\alpha\|+2i}({ X^{[n]}})$-component of $p_{1}({\\rm ch}({\\cal\n O}_{{\\cal Z}_n}) \\cdot p_2^{\\rm td}(X) \\cdot p_2^\\alpha) \\in\n \\Bbb H_n$, where $p_1$ and $p_2$ are the two projections of ${ X^{[n]}}\\times X$. Let $B_i(\\alpha, n) = 0$ when $i \\ge n$, and $B_i(\\alpha, n) = {1/(n-i-1)!} ", "\\cdot \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)^{n-i-1}\n \\frak a_{-(i+1)}(\\alpha)\|0\\rangle$ when $i < n$.\n\n2. ", " For $i \\ge 0$ and $\\alpha \\in H^(X)$, the [Chern character operator]{} $\\frak G_i(\\alpha) \\in {{\\rm End}}({\\Bbb H})$ is defined to be the operator which acts on the component $\\Bbb H_n$ by the cup product by $G_i(\\alpha, n)$. The operator $\\frak B_i(\\alpha) \\in {{\\rm End}}({\\Bbb H})$ is defined to be the operator which acts on the component $\\Bbb H_n$ by the cup product by $B_i(\\alpha, n)$.\n\n\\[commutator\\] Let $K_X$ be the canonical divisor of the smooth projective surface $X$. Let $k \\ge 0, n,m \\in { \\Bbb Z }$ and $\\alpha, \\beta \\in\nH^(X)$. Then,\n\n1. ", " $\\displaystyle{[\\frak a_n(\\alpha), \\frak a_m(\\beta)]\n = -n \\cdot \\delta_{n+m} \\cdot \\int_X(\\alpha \\beta) \\cdot {\\rm Id}_{\\Bbb H}}$ where ${\\rm Id}_{\\Bbb H}$ stands for the identity map of $\\Bbb H$, and $\\delta_{n+m}$ is $1$ when $n+m=0$ and $0$ when $n+m \\ne 0$;\n\n2. ", " $[\\frak L_n(\\alpha), \\frak a_m(\\beta)] = -m \\cdot \\frak\n a_{n+m}(\\alpha \\beta)$;\n\n3. ", " $\\displaystyle{\\frak a_n'(\\alpha)\n = n \\cdot \\frak L_n(\\alpha) -\n {n(\|n\|-1)/2} \\cdot \\frak a_n(K_X \\alpha)}$;\n\n4. ", " $\\displaystyle{[\\frak G_k(\\alpha),\n \\frak a_{-1}(\\beta)] = {1/k!}", "\n \\cdot \\frak a_{-1}^{(k)}(\\alpha \\beta)}$;\n\n5. ", " $\\displaystyle{[\\ldots [\\frak G_k(\\alpha),\n \\frak a_{n_1}(\\alpha_1)],\n \\ldots], \\frak a_{n_{k+1}}(\\alpha_{k+1})] =\n -\\prod_{\\ell = 1}^{k+1} n_\\ell \\cdot \\frak a_{n_1 + \\ldots\n +n_{k+1}}(\\alpha \\alpha_1 \\cdots \\alpha_{k+1})}$\n\n for all $n_1, \\ldots , n_{k+1} \\in { \\Bbb Z }$ with $\\sum_{\\ell =1}^{k+1}\n n_\\ell \\ne 0$ and all $\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_{k+1} \\in H^(X)$.\n\nTheorem \\[commutator\\] (i) was proved in [@Na2]. ", "The next two formulas in Theorem \\[commutator\\] were obtained in [@Leh]. ", "Theorem \\[commutator\\] (iv) and (v) were from [@LQW1]. ", "Also, as observed in [@Na1; @Gro], $\\Bbb H$ is an irreducible representation of the Heisenberg algebra generated by the $\\frak a_i(\\alpha)$’s with the vacuum vector $\|0\\rangle \\in H^0(X^{[0]})$ being the highest weight vector. ", "Our next Theorem was proved in [@LQW1; @LQW2].", "\n\n\\[basis\\] For $n \\ge 1$, the cohomology ring $\\Bbb H_n = H^({ X^{[n]}})$ is generated by the cohomology classes $G_i(\\alpha, n)$ (respectively, the cohomology classes $B_i(\\alpha, n)$) where $0 \\le i < n$ and $\\alpha$ runs over a fixed linear basis of $H^(X)$.\n\nPushforwards and multi-commutators {#sec_pushforward}\n==================================\n\nIn this section, we establish several technical lemmas concerning the pushforward maps $\\tau_{k}$ and multiple commutators. ", "These lemmas will be used throughout the paper. ", "We shall also introduce the concept of [a universal linear combination]{}.", "\n\nOur first lemma about the pushforward maps $\\tau_{k}$ is elementary but plays an essential role in the entire paper. ", "We remark that in this lemma and hereafter, $\\tau_{k}(\\alpha)$ is understood to be $\\displaystyle{\\int_X \\alpha}$ when $k = 0$ and $\\alpha \\in H^(X)$.\n\n\\[pushforward\\] Let $k , u \\ge 1$ and $\\alpha, \\beta \\in H^(X)$. Assume that $\\tau_{k}(\\alpha) = \\sum_{i} \\alpha_{i, 1} \\otimes \\ldots \\otimes\n\\alpha_{i, k}$ under the K\" unneth decomposition of $H^(X^k)$. Then for $0 \\le j \\le k$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\tau_{k}(\\alpha\\beta)\n &=& \\sum_{i} (-1)^{\|\\beta\| \\cdot\n \\sum_{\\ell=j+1}^{k}\|\\alpha_{i, \\ell}\|} \\cdot\n \\left (\\otimes_{s=1}^{j-1} \\alpha_{i, s} \\right )\n \\otimes (\\alpha_{i, j}\\beta)\n \\otimes \\left ( \\otimes_{t=j+1}^{k} \\alpha_{i, t} \\right )\n \\\\\n \\tau_{(k-1)}(\\alpha \\beta)\n &=& \\sum_i (-1)^{\|\\beta\| \\sum_{\\ell=j+1}^k \|\\alpha_{i,\\ell}\|}\n \\int_X \\alpha_{i,j}\\beta \\cdot\n \\otimes_{1 \\le s \\le k, s \\ne j} \\alpha_{i, s}\n \\\\\n \\tau_{(k+u-1)}(\\alpha)\n &=& \\sum_{i} \\left (\\otimes_{s=1}^{j-1} \\alpha_{i, s} \\right )\n \\otimes (\\tau_{u}\\alpha_{i, j}) \\otimes\n \\left ( \\otimes_{t=j+1}^{k} \\alpha_{i, t} \\right ).\\end{aligned}$$\n\n[Proof]{} The basic idea is to use the projection formula. ", "We have $$\\begin{aligned}\n & &\\sum_{i} (-1)^{\|\\beta\| \\cdot\n \\sum_{\\ell=j+1}^{k}\|\\alpha_{i, \\ell}\|} \\cdot\n \\left (\\otimes_{s=1}^{j-1} \\alpha_{i, s} \\right )\n \\otimes (\\alpha_{i, j}\\beta)\n \\otimes \\left ( \\otimes_{t=j+1}^{k} \\alpha_{i, t} \\right ) \\\\\n &=&\\left (\\sum_{i}^{} \\alpha_{i, 1} \\otimes \\ldots\n \\otimes \\alpha_{i, k} \\right ) \\cdot p_j^(\\beta)\n = \\tau_{k}(\\alpha) \\cdot p_j^(\\beta) \\\\\n &=&\\tau_{k}\\left (\\alpha \\cdot (p_j \\circ \\tau_k)^(\\beta)\\right )\n = \\tau_{k}(\\alpha \\beta)\\end{aligned}$$ where $p_j$ is the projection of $X^k$ to the $j$th factor. ", "This proves the first formula. ", "The proofs of the second formula and the third formula are similar.", "\n\n\\[tau\\_k\\_tau\\_[k-1]{}\\] Let $k, s \\ge 1$, $n_1, \\ldots, n_k, m_1, \\ldots, m_s \\in { \\Bbb Z }$, and $\\alpha, \\beta \\in H^(X)$. Then,\n\n1. ", " $[\\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_{k}} (\\tau_{k}\\alpha),\n \\frak a_{m_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{m_{s}}(\\tau_{s}\\beta)]$ is equal to\n\n $$-\\sum_{t=1}^k \\sum_{j=1}^s n_t \\delta_{n_t+m_j} \\cdot\n \\left ( \\prod_{\\ell=1}^{j-1} \\frak a_{m_\\ell}\n \\prod_{1 \\le u \\le k, u \\ne t} \\frak a_{n_u} \\prod_{\\ell=j+1}^{s} \\frak\n a_{m_\\ell} \\right )(\\tau_{(k+s-2)}(\\alpha\\beta));$$\n\n2. ", " the derivative $(\\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak\n a_{n_k}(\\tau_{k}\\alpha))'$ is equal to $$\\begin{aligned}\n & &-\\sum_{j=1}^k {n_j \\over 2} \\cdot \\sum_{m_1 + m_2 = n_j}\n \\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_{j-1}} :\\frak a_{m_1}\\frak a_{m_2}:\n \\frak a_{n_{j+1}} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_k}(\\tau_{(k+1)}\\alpha) \\\\\n & &- \\sum_{j=1}^k {n_j(\|n_j\|-1) \\over 2} \\cdot\n \\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_k}(\\tau_{k}(K_X\\alpha)).\\end{aligned}$$\n\n[Proof]{} Follows from Theorem \\[commutator\\] (i) and (iii), and Lemma \\[pushforward\\].", "\n\n\\[universal\\] Let $X$ be a projective surface, $s \\ge 1$, and $\\alpha_1,\n\\ldots, \\alpha_s \\in H^(X)$. Let $k_1, \\ldots, k_s \\ge 0$, and $n_{i,j} \\in { \\Bbb Z }$ with $1 \\le i \\le s$ and $1 \\le j \\le k_i$. Then, a [universal linear combination]{} of $\\frak a_{n_{i, 1}} \\cdots\n\\frak a_{n_{i, k_i}}(\\tau_{k_i}(\\alpha_i))$, $1 \\le i \\le s$ is a linear combination of the form $\\displaystyle{\\sum_{i=1}^s\nf_i(k_i,n_{i, 1}, \\ldots, n_{i, k_i}) \\frak a_{n_{i, 1}} \\cdots\n\\frak a_{n_{i, k_i}}(\\tau_{k_i}(\\alpha_i))}$ where the coefficients $f_i(k_i,n_{i, 1}, \\ldots, n_{i, k_i})$ are independent of $X, \\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s$. A [universal linear combination]{} of $\\frak a_{n_{i, 1}} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_{i,\nk_i}} (\\tau_{k_i}(\\alpha_i))\|0\\rangle$, $1 \\le i \\le s$ is defined in a similar way.", "\n\n\\[derivative\\] Let $k, s \\ge 0$, $n, m_1, \\ldots, m_s \\in { \\Bbb Z }$, and $\\alpha,\n\\beta_1, \\ldots, \\beta_s \\in H^(X)$. Then,\n\n1. ", " $\\frak a_n^{(k)}(\\alpha)$ is a universal linear combination of $\\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_{k-r+1}}\n (\\tau_{(k-r+1)}(K_X^r \\alpha))$ where $0 \\le r \\le 2$ and $n_1+\\ldots+n_{k-r+1} = n$;\n\n2. ", " $[\\cdots [\\frak a_n^{(k)}(\\alpha), \\frak\n a_{m_{1}}(\\beta_1)], \\cdots], \\frak a_{m_{s}}(\\beta_s)]$ is a universal linear combination of $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_{k-s-r+1}}\n (\\tau_{(k-s-r+1)}(K_X^r \\alpha\\beta_1 \\cdots \\beta_{s}))\\end{aligned}$$ where $0 \\le r \\le 2$ and $n_1+\\ldots+n_{k-s-r+1} = n + m_1+\\ldots +m_{s}$.\n\n[Proof]{} Since $K_X^3 = 0$, (i) follows from repeatedly applying Lemma \\[tau\\_k\\_tau\\_[k-1]{}\\] (ii). ", "Now (ii) follows from (i) and repeatedly applying Lemma \\[tau\\_k\\_tau\\_[k-1]{}\\] (i).", "\n\n\\[switch\\] Let $e_X$ denote the Euler class of $X$. Fix $k \\ge 2$, $n_1, \\ldots, n_k \\in { \\Bbb Z }$, and $\\alpha \\in H^(X)$. Let $j$ satisfy $1 \\le j < k$. Then, $\\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots\n\\frak a_{n_k}(\\tau_{k}\\alpha)$ is equal to $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left ( \\prod_{1 \\le s < j} \\frak a_{n_s} \\cdot \\frak\na_{n_{j+1}} \\frak a_{n_{j}} \\cdot \\prod_{j+1 < s \\le k} \\frak\na_{n_s} \\right ) (\\tau_{k}\\alpha) - n_j \\delta_{n_j+n_{j+1}}\n\\prod_{1 \\le s \\le k \\atop s \\ne j, j+1} \\frak\na_{n_s}(\\tau_{(k-2)}(e_X\\alpha)).\\end{aligned}$$\n\n[Proof]{} Note that $\\sum_t \\beta_{t, 1}\\beta_{t, 2} = e_X \\beta$ if $\\tau_{2}(\\beta) = \\sum_t \\beta_{t, 1} \\otimes \\beta_{t, 2}$. Now our result follows from Theorem \\[commutator\\] (i) and the second and third formulas in Lemma \\[pushforward\\].", "\n\n\\[f\\_[12]{}\\] Let $n \\ge 1$, $\\alpha \\in H^(X)$, and $\\frak f \\in\n{{\\rm End}}({\\Bbb H})$ with $\\frak f'=0$. Then, $$\\begin{aligned}\n[\\frak f, \\frak a_{-(n+1)}(\\alpha)] =-{1 \\over n} \\cdot \\{ [[\\frak\nf, \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)]', \\frak a_{-n}(\\alpha)] + [\\frak\na_{-1}'(1_X), [\\frak f, \\frak a_{-n}(\\alpha)]]\\}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\n[Proof]{} Appeared implicitly in [@Leh], and follows from Theorem \\[commutator\\] (ii), (iii).", "\n\nProducts of Chern characters {#sec_chern}\n============================\n\nIn this section, we prove that the products of Chern characters $G_k(\\alpha, n)$ can be written as some universal finite linear combination of monomials of Heisenberg generators (see Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\] below). ", "As an application, we obtain the general structure of intersection numbers on the Hilbert scheme ${ X^{[n]}}$. We remark that Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\] will also be used substantially in later sections.", "\n\nThe following lemma is a variation of the Lemma 5.26 in [@LQW1].", "\n\n\\[nonsense1\\] Fix $k \\ge 0$ and $b \\ge 1$. Let $\\frak g \\in {{\\rm End}}(\\Bbb H)$ be of bidegree $(\\tilde s, s)$ satisfying $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{nonsense1.1}\n[[\\cdots [\\frak g, \\frak a_{n_1}(\\alpha_1)], \\cdots], \\frak\na_{n_{k+1}}(\\alpha_{k+1})] =0\\end{aligned}$$ for any $n_1, \\ldots, n_{k+1} < 0$ and $\\alpha_{1}, \\ldots,\n\\alpha_{k+1} \\in H^(X)$. Let $A = \\frak a_{m_1}(\\beta_{1}) \\cdots\n\\frak a_{m_b}(\\beta_{b})\|0\\rangle$ where $m_1, \\ldots, m_b < 0$ and $\\beta_{1}, \\ldots, \\beta_b \\in H^(X)$. Then, $\\frak g(A)$ is equal to $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\sum_{i=0}^{k} \\sum_{\\sigma_i}\n (-1)^{s \\sum\\limits_{\\ell \\in \\sigma_i^0} \|\\beta_\\ell\|\n + \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^i \\sum\\limits_{\\ell \\in \\sigma_i^0, \\ell > \\sigma_i(j)}\n \|\\beta_{\\sigma_i(j)}\|\|\\beta_\\ell\|} \\cdot \\\\\n&&\\cdot \\prod_{\\ell \\in \\sigma_i^0} \\frak a_{m_\\ell}(\\beta_{\\ell})\n [[\\cdots [\\frak g, \\frak a_{m_{\\sigma_i(1)}}(\\beta_{\\sigma_i(1)})],\n \\cdots], \\frak a_{m_{\\sigma_i(i)}}(\\beta_{\\sigma_i(i)})] \|0\\rangle\\end{aligned}$$ where for each fixed $i$, $\\sigma_i$ runs over all the maps $\\{\\, 1, \\ldots, i \\,\\} \\to \\{\\, 1, \\ldots, b\\,\\}$ satisfying $\\sigma_i(1) < \\cdots < \\sigma_i(i)$, and $\\sigma_i^0 = \\{ \\ell \\, \| \\, 1 \\le \\ell \\le b, \\ell \\ne\n\\sigma_i(1), \\ldots, \\sigma_i(i) \\}$.\n\n\\[G\\_k\\] Let $s \\ge 1$, and $\\alpha, \\beta \\in H^(X)$. Then, $[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_s}(\\tau_{s}\\beta)]$ is a universal linear combination of expressions $\\frak a_{m_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{m_{k+s-r}}\n(\\tau_{(k+s-r)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta))$ where $0 \\le r \\le 2$ and $m_1+\\ldots+m_{k+s-r} = n_1+\\ldots+n_{s}$.\n\n[Proof]{} First of all, let $s = 1$. Note that $\\frak a_{0}(\\beta) = 0$. Since $\\frak G_k(\\alpha)^\\dagger = \\frak G_k(\\alpha)$ and $\\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta)^\\dagger = (-1)^{n_1} \\frak a_{-n_1}(\\beta)$, we see from (\\[adjoint1\\]) that $[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta)]^\\dagger =\n-[\\frak G_k(\\alpha)^\\dagger, \\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta)^\\dagger]$ $= (-1)^{1+n_1}[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{-n_1}(\\beta)]$. Since $(\\frak a_{m_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{m_{k+s-r}}\n(\\tau_{(k+s-r)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta)))^\\dagger$ is equal to $$\\begin{aligned}\n(-1)^{m_1+ \\ldots + m_{k+s-r}} \\cdot\n\\frak a_{-m_{k+s-r}} \\cdots \\frak a_{-m_1}\n(\\tau_{(k+s-r)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta)),\\end{aligned}$$ we need only to prove the statement for $[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak\na_{n_1}(\\beta)]$ with $n_1 \\le -1$. When $n_1 = -1$, $[\\frak\nG_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta)] =1/k! ", "\\cdot \\frak\na_{-1}^{(k)}(\\alpha\\beta)$. So the statement for $s=1$ and $n_1 =\n-1$ follows from Lemma \\[derivative\\] (i). ", "When $n_1 \\le -2$, we see from Lemma \\[f\\_[12]{}\\] that $$\\begin{aligned}\n & &[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta)] \\\\\n &=&{1 \\over n_1+1} \\cdot \\{ [[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)]',\n \\frak a_{n_1+1}(\\beta)] + [\\frak a_{-1}'(1_X),\n [\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1+1}(\\beta)]]\\} \\\\\n &=&{1 \\over n_1+1} \\cdot \\left \\{ \\right .", "\n [[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)]',\n \\frak a_{n_1+1}(\\beta)] \\\\\n & &\\quad + [\\frak a_{-1}(1_X),\n [\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1+1}(\\beta)]]' -\n [\\frak a_{-1}(1_X), [\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1+1}(\\beta)]']\n \\left . ", "\\right \\}.\\end{aligned}$$ So the statement for $s = 1$ and $n_1 \\le -2$ follows from induction and Lemma \\[tau\\_k\\_tau\\_[k-1]{}\\].", "\n\nNext, let $s \\ge 2$. Let $\\tau_{s}(\\beta) = \\sum_{i}\n\\beta_{i, 1} \\otimes \\ldots \\otimes \\beta_{i, s} \\in H^(X^s)$. Then, we have $[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_s}\n (\\tau_{s}\\beta)]\n=\\sum_{i} [\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta_{i, 1}) \\cdots\n \\frak a_{n_s}(\\beta_{i, s})]$. By symmetry, it suffices to show that $\\sum_{i} [\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta_{i, 1})] \\frak\na_{n_2}(\\beta_{i, 2}) \\cdots \\frak a_{n_s}(\\beta_{i, s})$ is a universal linear combination of the forms $\\frak a_{m_1} \\cdots \\frak\na_{m_{k+s-r}}(\\tau_{(k+s-r)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta))$ where $0 \\le r \\le 2$ and $m_1+\\ldots+m_{k+s-r} =\nn_1+\\ldots+n_{s}$. To prove this, we apply what we have already proved in the preceding paragraph to $[\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak\na_{n_1}(\\beta_{i, 1})]$. So $[\\frak G_k(\\alpha),\n\\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta_{i, 1})]$ equals $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sum_{0 \\le r \\le 2 \\atop m_1+\\ldots+m_{k-r+1} = n_1} f_r(k, n_1,\nm_1, \\ldots, m_{k-r+1}) \\frak a_{m_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{m_{k-r+1}}\n(\\tau_{(k-r+1)}(K_X^r \\alpha\\beta_{i, 1}))\\end{aligned}$$ where $f_r(k, n_1, m_1, \\ldots, m_{k-r+1})$ stands for universal rational numbers independent of $X$, $\\alpha$, and $\\beta_{i, 1}$. In particular, these universal numbers are independent of $i$. So $$\\begin{aligned}\n & &\\sum_{i} [\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak a_{n_1}(\\beta_{i, 1})]\n \\frak a_{n_2}(\\beta_{i, 2}) \\cdots \\frak a_{n_s}(\\beta_{i, s}) \\\\\n &=&\\sum_{0 \\le r \\le 2 \\atop m_1+\\ldots+m_{k-r+1} = n_1}\n f_r(k, n_1, m_1, \\ldots, m_{k-r+1}) \\cdot \\\\\n & &\\cdot \\sum_{i} \\left ( \\frak a_{m_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{m_{k-r+1}}\n (\\tau_{(k-r+1)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta_{i, 1})) \\right )\n \\frak a_{n_2}(\\beta_{i, 2}) \\cdots \\frak a_{n_s}(\\beta_{i, s}).\\end{aligned}$$ By the first formula in Lemma \\[pushforward\\], $\\sum_i (K_X^r\\alpha\\beta_{i, 1}) \\otimes \\beta_{i, 2} \\otimes\n\\cdots \\otimes \\beta_{i, s} = \\tau_{s}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta).$ So by the third formula in Lemma \\[pushforward\\], $\\sum_i \\tau_{(k-r+1)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta_{i, 1}) \\otimes \\beta_{i, 2}\n\\otimes \\cdots \\otimes \\beta_{i, s} = \\tau_{(k+s-r)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta)$. It follows that $\\sum_{i} [\\frak G_k(\\alpha), \\frak\na_{n_1}(\\beta_{i, 1})] \\frak a_{n_2}(\\beta_{i, 2}) \\cdots \\frak\na_{n_s}(\\beta_{i, s})$ equals $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sum_{0 \\le r \\le 2 \\atop m_1+\\ldots+m_{k-r+1} = n_1} f_r(k, n_1,\nm_1, \\ldots, m_{k-r+1}) \\left ( \\prod_{\\ell=1}^{k-r+1} \\frak\na_{m_\\ell} \\prod_{t=2}^{s} \\frak a_{n_t} \\right\n)(\\tau_{(k+s-r)}(K_X^r\\alpha\\beta))\\end{aligned}$$ where $f_r(k, n_1, m_1, \\ldots, m_{k-r+1})$ are independent of $X$, $\\alpha$, and $\\beta$.\n\n\\[a\\_[k,j]{}\\]\n\n1. ", " Let $s \\ge 1$, and $\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s\n \\in H^(X)$ be homogeneous. ", "For a partition $\\pi =\\{ \\pi_1, \\ldots, \\pi_j \\}$ of the set $\\{1, \\ldots, s \\}$, we fix the orders of the elements listed in each subset $\\pi_i$ ($1 \\le i \\le j$) once and for all, and define $\\ell(\\pi) = j$, $\\alpha_{\\pi_i} ={\\prod_{m \\in \\pi_i} \\alpha_m}$, and ${\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi)$ by $\\prod_{i=1}^j \\alpha_{\\pi_i} = {\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi) \\cdot\n \\prod_{i=1}^s \\alpha_i.$\n\n2. ", " We denote ${\\bf 1}_{-n} = 1/n! ", "\\cdot\n \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)^n$ when $n \\ge 0$, and ${\\bf 1}_{-n}\n = 0$ when $n < 0$.\n\nThe geometric meaning of ${\\bf 1}_{-n}$ is that ${\\bf 1}_{-n}\|0\\rangle = 1_{X^{[n]}}$ (the fundamental class of $X^{[n]}$). ", "Also, the choice of the orders for the elements listed in each $\\pi_i$, $1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\pi)$ will affect ${\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi)$, but will not affect the expression (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]) in our next Theorem where an empty product $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i} G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ stands for $1_{X^{[n]}} = {\\bf 1}_{-n}\|0\\rangle$ by convention.", "\n\n\\[product\\_of\\_G\\] Let $n \\ge 1, s \\ge 0$, $k_1, \\ldots, k_s \\ge 0$, and $\\alpha_1,\n\\ldots, \\alpha_s \\in H^(X)$ be homogeneous. ", "Then, $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is a finite linear combination of expressions: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{product_of_G1}\n\\qquad {\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi) \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-\\left\n(n-\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\pi)}\n \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} \\right )} \\left (\n\\prod_{i = 1}^{\\ell(\\pi)} \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak\na_{-n_{i, j}} \\right ) (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i\n\\alpha_{\\pi_i})) \\right ) \|0\\rangle\\end{aligned}$$ whose coefficients are independent of $X$, $\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s$, and the integer $n$. Here $\\pi$ runs over all partitions of $\\{1, \\ldots, s\n\\}$, $\\epsilon_i \\in \\{1_X, K_X, K_X^2, e_X\\}$, $r_i = \|\\epsilon_i\|/2 \\le m_i \\le 2+ \\sum_{j \\in \\pi_i} k_j,$ $0 < n_{i, 1} \\le \\ldots \\le n_{i, m_i-r_i}$, $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i}\nn_{i, j} \\le \\sum\\limits_{j \\in \\pi_i} (k_j+1)$ for each $i$, and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{product_of_G1.1}\n\\sum_{i = 1}^{\\ell(\\pi)} \\left ( m_i - 2 + \\sum_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i}\nn_{i, j} \\right ) = \\sum_{i=1}^s k_i.\\end{aligned}$$\n\n[Proof]{} Use induction on $s$. When $s=0$, the statement is trivial by our convention. ", "Next, let $s \\ge 1$. By induction, $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=2}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is a linear combination of expressions: $$\\begin{aligned}\n& &{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\sigma) \\cdot\n {\\bf 1}_{-(n-\\tilde n)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{i = 1}^{\\ell(\\sigma)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\sigma_i}))\n \\right ) \|0\\rangle \\\\\n&=&{{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\sigma) \\over (n-\\tilde n)!} ", "\\cdot\n \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)^{n-\\tilde n} \\left ( \\prod_{i = 1}^{\\ell(\\sigma)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\sigma_i}))\n \\right ) \|0\\rangle\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\sigma$ runs over all partitions of $\\{2, \\ldots, s\n\\}$, $\\epsilon_i \\in \\{1_X, K_X, K_X^2, e_X\\}$, $r_i = \|\\epsilon_i\|/2 \\le m_i \\le 2+\\sum_{j \\in \\sigma_i} k_j,$ $0 < n_{i, 1} \\le \\ldots \\le n_{i, m_i-r_i}$, $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} \\le \\sum\\limits_{j \\in\n\\sigma_i} (k_j+1)$, and $\\tilde n = \\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\sigma)}\n\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j}$. Moreover, the coefficients in the linear combination are independent of $X, \\alpha_2, \\ldots,\n\\alpha_s$ and $n$. Now apply $\\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1)$ to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=2}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$, and move $\\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1)$ to the right by using Lemma \\[nonsense1\\]. ", "Note that $\|\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i\n\\alpha_{\\sigma_i})\| \\equiv \|\\alpha_{\\sigma_i}\| \\pmod 2$. By Theorem \\[commutator\\] (v), $[\\ldots [\\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1),\n\\frak a_{\\ell_1}(\\beta_1)], \\ldots], \\frak\na_{\\ell_{k_1+2}}(\\beta_{k_1+2})]=0$ when $\\ell_1, \\ldots, \\ell_{k_1+2} < 0$. Since $\\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1)\|0\\rangle = 0$ and $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)\n= \\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1) \\left (\n\\prod_{i=2}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n) \\right ),}$ we see from Lemma \\[nonsense1\\] that $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is a universal linear combination of expressions: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{product_of_G2}\n &&\\quad {{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\sigma) \\over (n-\\tilde n)!}", "\n {n-\\tilde n \\choose t}\n \\cdot (-1)^{\|\\alpha_1\|\\sum\\limits_{1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\sigma), i \\not\\in U}\n \|\\alpha_{\\sigma_i}\|+\n \\sum\\limits_{v=1}^u \\sum\\limits_{w > i_v, w \\not \\in U}\n \|\\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_v}}\|\|\\alpha_{\\sigma_w}\|} \\cdot \\\\\n &&\\cdot \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)^{n-\\tilde n -t}\n \\left ( \\prod_{1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\sigma) \\atop i \\not\\in U}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\sigma_i}))\n \\right ) \\cdot \\nonumber \\\\\n &&\\cdot \\left [\\cdots [\\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1),\n \\underbrace{\\frak a_{-1}(1_X)],\n \\cdots], \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)]}_{t ~\\rm{times}},\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_{i_1}-r_{i_1}} \\frak a_{-n_{{i_1}, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_{i_1}-r_{i_1})}(\\epsilon_{i_1} \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_1}}))],\n \\right . ", "\\nonumber \\\\\n &&\\left . ", "\\quad\\quad\\quad \\cdots ],\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_{i_u}-r_{i_u}} \\frak a_{-n_{{i_u}, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_{i_u}-r_{i_u})}(\\epsilon_{i_u} \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_u}}))\n \\right ] \|0\\rangle \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $0 \\le t \\le (k_1+1), u \\ge 0$, $(t+u) \\ge 1$, $U = \\{i_1,\n\\ldots, i_u\\} \\subset \\{1, \\ldots, \\ell(\\sigma) \\}$ with $i_1 < \\ldots < i_u$. Let $\\pi$ be the partition of $\\{1,\n\\ldots, s\\}$ consisting of all the $\\sigma_i$ with $1 \\le i \\le\n\\ell(\\sigma)$ and $i \\not\\in U$, and $\\displaystyle{\\{ 1 \\} \\coprod\n\\left ( \\coprod_{i \\in U} \\sigma_i \\right )}$. ", "Then, $\\alpha_{\\pi_{\\ell(\\pi)}}\n=\\alpha_1 \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_1}} \\cdots \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_u}}$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{product_of_G3}\n{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi) ={\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\sigma) \\cdot\n(-1)^{\|\\alpha_1\|\\sum\\limits_{1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\sigma), i \\not\\in U}\n\|\\alpha_{\\sigma_i}\|+ \\sum\\limits_{v=1}^u \\sum\\limits_{w > i_v, w\n\\not \\in U} \|\\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_v}}\|\|\\alpha_{\\sigma_w}\|}.\\end{aligned}$$ In view of (\\[product\\_of\\_G2\\]) and (\\[product\\_of\\_G3\\]), $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is a linear combination of $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{product_of_G4}\n &&\\quad {\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi)\n \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\tilde n -t)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{1 \\le i < \\ell(\\pi)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i}))\n \\right ) \\cdot \\\\\n &&\\cdot \\left [\\cdots [\\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1),\n \\underbrace{\\frak a_{-1}(1_X)],\n \\cdots], \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)]}_{t ~\\rm{times}},\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_{i_1}-r_{i_1}} \\frak a_{-n_{{i_1}, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_{i_1}-r_{i_1})}(\\epsilon_{i_1} \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_1}}))],\n \\right . ", "\\nonumber \\\\\n &&\\left . ", "\\quad\\quad\\quad \\cdots ],\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_{i_u}-r_{i_u}} \\frak a_{-n_{{i_u}, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_{i_u}-r_{i_u})}(\\epsilon_{i_u} \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_u}}))\n \\right ] \|0\\rangle. ", " \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ with all the coefficients being independent of $X, \\alpha_1,\n\\ldots, \\alpha_s$ and $n$. Also notice that in the expression (\\[product\\_of\\_G4\\]), the only factor depending on $n$ is ${\\bf\n1}_{-(n - \\tilde n -t)}$.\n\nLet $t = 0$. Then, $u \\ge 1$. By Lemma \\[G\\_k\\], Lemma \\[tau\\_k\\_tau\\_[k-1]{}\\] (i) and Lemma \\[switch\\], each expression (\\[product\\_of\\_G4\\]) is a universal linear combination of expressions of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n& &{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi)\n \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\tilde n)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{1 \\le i < \\ell(\\pi)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i}))\n \\right ) \\cdot \\\\\n& &\\quad \\cdot \\frak a_{-n_{1}} \\cdots \\frak a_{-n_{m-r}}\n (\\tau_{(m-r)}(\\epsilon \\alpha_1 \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_1}}\n \\cdots \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_u}}))\|0\\rangle \\\\\n&=&{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi)\n \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\tilde n)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{1 \\le i < \\ell(\\pi)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i}))\n \\right ) \\cdot \\\\\n& &\\quad \\cdot \\frak a_{-n_{1}} \\cdots \\frak a_{-n_{m-r}}\n (\\tau_{(m-r)}(\\epsilon \\alpha_{\\pi_{\\ell(\\pi)}}))\|0\\rangle\\end{aligned}$$ which is of the form (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]). ", "Here $\\epsilon = {\\tilde \\epsilon}\\epsilon_{i_1} \\cdots \\epsilon_{i_u}$ with ${\\tilde \\epsilon} \\in \\{1_X, K_X, K_X^2, e_X\\}$, $r = \|{\\tilde \\epsilon}\|/2 + \\sum_{j=1}^u r_{i_j},$ $m = k_1 + \\sum_{j=1}^u m_{i_j} - 2(u-1)$, $0 < n_1 \\le \\ldots \\le n_{m-r}$, and $$\\begin{aligned}\n& &n_1 + \\ldots + n_{m-r} = \\sum_{i \\in U}\n \\sum_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} \\le\n \\sum_{i \\in U} \\sum_{j \\in \\sigma_i} (k_j+1) \\\\\n&<&(k_1+1) + \\sum_{i \\in U} \\sum_{j \\in \\sigma_i} (k_j+1)\n = \\sum_{j \\in \\pi_{\\ell(\\pi)}} (k_j+1).\\end{aligned}$$ Note that either $\\epsilon = 0$ or $\\epsilon \\in \\{1_X, K_X, K_X^2, e_X\\}$. When $\\epsilon \\in \\{1_X, K_X, K_X^2, e_X\\}$, we have $r = \|\\epsilon\|/2 \\le m$. Since $m_{i_v} \\le 2+\\sum_{j \\in \\sigma_{i_v}} k_j$ for $1 \\le v \\le u$, we obtain $$m = k_1 + m_{i_1} + \\ldots + m_{i_u} -2(u-1)\n\\le 2+\\sum_{j \\in \\pi_{\\ell(\\pi)}} k_j.$$\n\nNext, assume that $t \\ge 1$. Then by Theorem \\[commutator\\] (iv), we have $$[\\cdots [\\frak G_{k_1}(\\alpha_1),\n\\underbrace{\\frak a_{-1}(1_X)], \\cdots], \\frak a_{-1}(1_X)]}_{t\n~\\rm{times}} = {1 \\over k_1!} ", "\\cdot [\\cdots [\\frak\na_{-1}^{(k_1)}(\\alpha_1), \\underbrace{\\frak a_{-1}(1_X)], \\cdots],\n\\frak a_{-1}(1_X)]}_{(t-1) ~\\rm{times}}$$ which by Lemma \\[derivative\\] (ii), is a universal linear combination of expressions of the form $\\frak a_{n_1} \\cdots \\frak a_{n_{k_1-t+2-{\\tilde r}}}\n(\\tau_{(k_1-t+2-{\\tilde r})}(K_X^{\\tilde r} \\alpha_1))$ where $0 \\le {\\tilde r} \\le 2$ and $n_1+\\ldots+n_{k_1-t+2-{\\tilde r}} = -t$. So by Lemma \\[tau\\_k\\_tau\\_[k-1]{}\\] (i) and Lemma \\[switch\\], (\\[product\\_of\\_G4\\]) is a universal linear combination of $$\\begin{aligned}\n& &{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi)\n \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\tilde n -t)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{1 \\le i < \\ell(\\pi)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i}))\n \\right ) \\cdot \\\\\n& &\\quad \\cdot \\frak a_{-n_{1}} \\cdots \\frak a_{-n_{m-r}}\n (\\tau_{(m-r)}(\\epsilon \\alpha_1 \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_1}}\n \\cdots \\alpha_{\\sigma_{i_u}}))\|0\\rangle \\\\\n&=&{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi)\n \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\tilde n -t)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{1 \\le i < \\ell(\\pi)}\n \\left ( \\prod_{j = 1}^{m_i-r_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}} \\right )\n (\\tau_{(m_i-r_i)}(\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i}))\n \\right ) \\cdot \\\\\n& &\\quad \\cdot \\frak a_{-n_{1}} \\cdots \\frak a_{-n_{m-r}}\n (\\tau_{(m-r)}(\\epsilon \\alpha_{\\pi_{\\ell(\\pi)}}))\|0\\rangle\\end{aligned}$$ which again is of the form (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]). ", "Here $m = (k_1-t+2)\n+ m_{i_1} + \\ldots + m_{i_u}-2u < 2+ \\sum_{j \\in\n\\pi_{\\ell(\\pi)}} k_j$, $\\epsilon \\in \\{1_X, K_X, K_X^2, e_X\\}$, $r\n=\|\\epsilon\|/2 \\le m$, $0 < n_1 \\le \\ldots \\le n_{m-r}$, and $n_1 +\n\\ldots + n_{m-r} = t+\\sum_{i \\in U} \\sum_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j}\n\\le \\sum_{j \\in \\pi_{\\ell(\\pi)}} (k_j+1)$ since $t \\le (k_1+1)$.\n\nFinally, the cohomology degree of $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is equal to $\\sum_{i=1}^s (2k_i+\|\\alpha_i\|)$. Comparing this with the cohomology degree of (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]), we obtain (\\[product\\_of\\_G1.1\\]).", "\n\n\\[structure\\] Let $X$ and $Y$ be two complex projective surfaces. ", "Assume that there exists a ring isomorphism $\\Phi: H^(X) \\to H^(Y)$ with $\\Phi(K_X) = K_Y$. Then for every $n \\ge 1$, the two cohomology rings $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ and $H^(Y^{[n]})$ are isomorphic.", "\n\n[Proof]{} Note that $\\Phi(e_X) = e_Y$. Since the Chern characters $G_k(\\alpha, n)$ generate the cohomology ring $H^({ X^{[n]}})$, our result follows from Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\].", "\n\nNext, we apply Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\] to study intersection numbers in the Hilbert scheme ${ X^{[n]}}$. For this purpose, we establish the notation $\\displaystyle{\\langle w \\rangle = \\int_Y w}$ where $w \\in H^(Y)$ and $Y$ stands for a smooth projective variety.", "\n\n\\[intersection\\_number\\] Let $n, s \\ge 1$, $k_1, \\ldots, k_s \\ge 0$, and let $\\alpha_1,\n\\ldots, \\alpha_s \\in H^(X)$ be homogeneous cohomology classes. ", "Assume $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s (2k_i + \|\\alpha_i\|) = 4n$. Then, $\\displaystyle{\\left \\langle \\prod_{i=1}^s\nG_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n) \\right \\rangle}$ is a finite linear combination of $\\displaystyle{\\,\\, {\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi) \\cdot \\prod_{i = 1}^{\\ell(\\pi)}\n\\langle \\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i} \\rangle}$ where $\\pi$ runs over all partitions of $\\{1, \\ldots, s\n\\}$, $\\epsilon_i \\in \\{1_X, K_X, K_X^2, e_X\\}$. Moreover, all the coefficients in this linear combination are independent of $X$, $\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s$ and $n$.\n\n[Proof]{} Note that the positive generator of $H^{4n}({ X^{[n]}}) \\cong \\Bbb Q$ is $\\frak a_{-1}([x])^n \|0\\rangle$ where $[x] \\in H^4(X)$ stands for the cohomology class corresponding to a point $x \\in X$. So by Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\], an expression (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]) nontrivially contributing to $\\displaystyle{\\left \\langle \\prod_{i=1}^s\nG_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n) \\right \\rangle}$ must satisfy: i) $n_{i, j} = 1$ for all $1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\pi)$ and $1 \\le j \\le m_i - r_i$; ii) $\\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i} = \\langle \\epsilon_i \\alpha_{\\pi_i}\n\\rangle \\cdot [x]$ for all $1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\pi)$; and iii) $n-\\sum_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\pi)} (m_i-r_i) =0$. Since $\\tau_{k}([x]) =\n\\underbrace{[x] \\otimes \\cdots \\otimes [x]}_{k \\, {\\rm times}}$ for all $k \\ge 0$, our conclusion follows immediately from (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]).", "\n\nThe stability {#sec_stability}\n=============\n\nIn this section, we establish a remarkable stability for the cohomology rings of the Hilbert schemes of $n$-points on projective surfaces as $n$ varies.", "\n\nWe need two lemmas which sharpen the Lemma 3.20 and Lemma 3.5 in [@LQW2]. ", "In the first lemma, we determine the [leading]{} monomial of Heisenberg generators in $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$. In the second lemma, we express $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-\\left (n - \\sum_{i=1}^s n_i \\right )}\n\\left ( \\prod\\limits_{i=1}^{s} \\frak a_{-n_{i}}(\\alpha_{i})\n\\right ) \|0\\rangle}$ as a universal finite linear combination of cup products of the form $\\displaystyle{\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^t\nG_{m_j}(\\beta_j, n)}$.\n\n\\[leading-term\\] Let notations be the same as in Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\].", "\n\n1. ", " An expression of the form (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]) satisfying $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\pi)} \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i}\n n_{i, j} = \\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s (k_i+1)$ is equal to $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n - n_0)}\n \\prod\\limits_{i=1}^{s} \\frak a_{-(k_{i}+1)}(\\alpha_{i}) \\cdot\n \|0\\rangle}$, where $n_0 \\stackrel{\\rm def}{=} \\sum_{i=1}^s (k_i+1)$.\n\n2. ", " The coefficient of $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n - n_0)}\n \\prod\\limits_{i=1}^{s} \\frak a_{-(k_{i}+1)}(\\alpha_{i}) \\cdot {\|0\\rangle}}$ in $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s {(-1)^{k_i} \\over (k_i+1)!}}.$\n\n[Proof]{} (i) We may let $s \\ge 1$. Since $\\displaystyle{\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\pi)}\n\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} = \\sum_{i=1}^s (k_i+1)}$, we see from Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\] that $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} = \\sum\\limits_{j \\in \\pi_i}\n(k_j+1)$ for every $i$. By (\\[product\\_of\\_G1.1\\]), we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{leading_term1}\n\\sum_{i = 1}^{\\ell(\\pi)} (m_i - 2 + \|\\pi_i\|) = 0\\end{aligned}$$ where $\|\\pi_i\|$ stands for the number of elements in the subset $\\pi_i$. Note that for every $i$ with $1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\pi)$, we have $(m_i-r_i) \\ge 1$ since $\\displaystyle{\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} =\n\\sum\\limits_{j \\in \\pi_i} (k_j+1) \\ge 1.}$ So for every $i$, $m_i \\ge 1$, and $r_i = 0$ if $m_i = 1$. By (\\[leading\\_term1\\]), $m_i = \|\\pi_i\|=1$ for $1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\pi)$. Thus for $1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\pi)$, we have $r_i = 0$, $\\epsilon_i = 1_X$, and $n_{i, 1} = (k_j+1)$ if $\\pi_i = \\{ j \\}$.\n\nNow let $\\pi_i = \\{ t_i \\}$ for $1 \\le i \\le \\ell(\\pi) = s$. Then the expression (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]) is $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\rm sign}(\\alpha, \\pi) \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-(n-n_0)} \\left (\n \\prod_{i = 1}^{s} \\frak a_{-(k_{t_i}+1)}(\\alpha_{t_i})\n \\right ) \|0\\rangle\n={\\bf 1}_{-(n - n_0)} \\left ( \\prod\\limits_{i=1}^{s}\n \\frak a_{-(k_{i}+1)}(\\alpha_{i}) \\right ) \|0\\rangle.\\end{aligned}$$\n\n\\(ii) The idea is to use induction on $s$ and track the proof of Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\] more carefully. ", "When $s = 0$, the statement is trivial. ", "Next, let $s \\ge 1$ and ${\\tilde n}_0 = \\sum\\limits_{j=2}^s\n(k_j+1)$. Assume that the coefficient of ${\\bf 1}_{-(n - {\\tilde n}_0)} \\left ( \\prod\\limits_{i=2}^{s}\n\\frak a_{-n_{i}}(\\alpha_{i}) \\right ) \|0\\rangle$ in the cup product $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=2}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is equal to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=2}^s {(-1)^{k_i} \\over (k_i+1)!}}$. Tracking the proof of Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\] and applying Theorem \\[commutator\\] (v), we conclude that the coefficient of $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n - n_0)} \\left ( \\prod\\limits_{i=1}^{s}\n\\frak a_{-(k_{i}+1)}(\\alpha_{i})\\right ) \|0\\rangle}$ in $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is equal to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s {(-1)^{k_i} \\over (k_i+1)!}}$.\n\n\\[combination\\_of\\_G\\] Fix $n, s \\ge 1$, $n_1, \\ldots, n_s \\ge 1$, and $\\alpha_1,\n\\ldots, \\alpha_s\\in H^(X)$. Put $n_0 = \\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s n_i$. Then, $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n - n_0)} \\left (\n\\prod\\limits_{i=1}^{s} \\frak a_{-n_{i}}(\\alpha_{i}) \\right )\n\|0\\rangle}$ is a finite linear combination of $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{combination_of_G1}\n\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^t G_{m_j}(\\beta_j, n)\\end{aligned}$$ whose coefficients are independent of $X,\n\\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s$ and $n$. Here $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^t (m_j+1) \\le n_0$, and $\\beta_1, \\ldots,\n\\beta_t$ depend only on $e_X, K_X, \\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s$ and $\\tau_{i}$ with $1 \\le i \\le n_0$.\n\n[Proof]{} We use induction on $n_0$. When $n_0 = 1$, $s=n_1 = 1$. By the Lemma 3.20 (i) in [@LQW2], ${\\bf 1}_{-(n - 1)} \\frak\na_{-1}(\\alpha_{1})\|0\\rangle = G_0(\\alpha_1, n)$. So the lemma holds for $n_0 = 1$.\n\nNext, let $n_0 > 1$. Let $k_i = n_i -1$. Then, $k_i \\ge 0$ for every $i$. By Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\], $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s G_{k_i}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ is a finite linear combination of expressions of the form (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]) such that the coefficients in this linear combination are independent of $X, \\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s$ and $n$. Note that $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\pi)}\n\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} \\le\n\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\pi)} \\sum\\limits_{j \\in \\pi_i} (k_j+1)\n= \\sum_{i=1}^s (k_i +1) = n_0$. By induction, those expressions (\\[product\\_of\\_G1\\]) with $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^{\\ell(\\pi)}\n\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{m_i-r_i} n_{i, j} < n_0$ are linear combinations of the form (\\[combination\\_of\\_G1\\]) where $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^t (m_j+1) \\le (n_0-1)$, and $\\beta_1, \\ldots,\n\\beta_t$ depend only on $e_X, K_X, \\alpha_1, \\ldots, \\alpha_s,\n\\tau_{i}$ with $1 \\le i \\le (n_0-1)$. Moreover, the coefficients in these linear combinations are independent of $X, \\alpha_1,\n\\ldots, \\alpha_s$ and $n$. Now our lemma follows from Lemma \\[leading-term\\].", "\n\n\\[leading-term-in-combination\\_of\\_G\\] [By Lemma \\[combination\\_of\\_G\\], an expression (\\[combination\\_of\\_G1\\]) in $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n - n_0)} \\left ( \\prod\\limits_{i=1}^{s}\n\\frak a_{-n_{i}}(\\alpha_{i}) \\right )\|0\\rangle}$ satisfies $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^t (m_j+1) \\le n_0$. In fact, we see from the proof of Lemma \\[combination\\_of\\_G\\] that an expression (\\[combination\\_of\\_G1\\]) satisfies the upper bound $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^t (m_j+1) = n_0$ if and only if it is equal to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s\nG_{n_i-1}(\\alpha_i, n)}$ whose coefficient is $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s ((-1)^{n_i-1} n_i!)}$ in view of Lemma \\[leading-term\\] (ii).]{}", "\n\nNext, we prove a lemma which says that the Chern character $G_k(\\alpha, n)$ can be expressed as a universal finite linear combination of cup products $\\displaystyle{\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^t B_{m_j}(\\beta_j, n)}$ (see Definition \\[GB\\] (i)). ", "In other words, our next lemma essentially reverses the process in Lemma \\[combination\\_of\\_G\\]. ", "This lemma will be used later in the proof of Theorem \\[th\\_structure\\].", "\n\n\\[combination\\_of\\_B\\] The Chern character $G_k(\\alpha, n)$ is a finite linear combination of products $\\displaystyle{\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^t B_{m_j}(\\beta_j, n)}$ whose coefficients are independent of $X$, $\\alpha$ and $n$. Here $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^t m_j \\le k$, and $\\beta_1, \\ldots, \\beta_t$ depend only on $e_X$, $K_X$ and $\\alpha$. In addition, $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^t m_j = k$ if and only if the product $\\displaystyle{\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^t\nB_{m_j}(\\beta_j, n)}$ equals $B_k(\\alpha, n)$ whose coefficient is $(-1)^k/(k+1)!$.\n\n[Proof]{} Use induction on $k$. When $k=0$, we have $G_0(\\alpha, n) =\nB_0(\\alpha, n)$ by the Lemma 3.20 (i) in [@LQW2]. ", "Next, we assume that the lemma is true for $0,\n\\ldots, k-1$ for some fixed $k \\ge 1$. We shall prove that the lemma holds for $k$ as well. ", "We apply Lemma \\[combination\\_of\\_G\\] and Remark \\[leading-term-in-combination\\_of\\_G\\] to $B_k(\\alpha, n) = {\\bf 1}_{-(n-k-1)} \\frak a_{-(k+1)}(\\alpha)\|0\\rangle.$ We see that $\\displaystyle{G_k(\\alpha, n) - {(-1)^k \\over (k+1)!} ", "\\cdot\nB_k(\\alpha, n)}$ is a finite linear combination of $\\displaystyle{\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^u G_{n_j}(\\gamma_j, n)}$ where $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^u (n_j+1) < (k+1)$, and $\\gamma_1,\n\\ldots, \\gamma_u$ depend only on $e_X, K_X$ and $\\alpha$. Moreover, the coefficients in this linear combination are independent of $X, \\alpha$ and $n$. Note that $n_j < k$ for all $1\n\\le j \\le u$. So by induction hypothesis, the lemma holds for $k$.\n\n\\[newproof\\] [Lemma \\[combination\\_of\\_G\\] and Lemma \\[combination\\_of\\_B\\] provide a new proof to Theorem \\[basis\\] which was originally proved in [@LQW1; @LQW2]. ]{}", "\n\nOur stability result below indicates that the cup product on the Hilbert scheme ${ X^{[n]}}$ are independent of $n$ in an appropriate sense. ", "Furthermore, we find an explicit form of the leading term in the cup product. ", "This result enables us to construct a ring and determine its structure in the next section.", "\n\n\\[cup\\_product\\] Let $s \\ge 1$ and $k_i \\ge 1$ for $1 \\le i \\le s$. Fix $n_{i, j}\n\\ge 1$ and $\\alpha_{i, j} \\in H^(X)$ for $1 \\le j \\le k_i$, and fix $n$ with $n \\ge \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i, j}$ for all $1 \\le i\n\\le s$. Then the cup product $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{cup_product1}\n\\prod_{i=1}^s \\left ( {\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\sum_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i, j})}\n\\left (\\prod_{j=1}^{k_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}}(\\alpha_{i, j}) \\right\n) \|0\\rangle \\right )\\end{aligned}$$ in $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ is equal to a finite linear combination of monomials of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{cup_product2}\n {\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\sum_{p=1}^N m_{p})}\n\\left ( \\prod_{p=1}^N \\frak a_{-m_{p}}({{\\gamma}}_{p}) \\right ) \|0\\rangle\\end{aligned}$$ whose coefficients are independent of $X,\n\\alpha_{i,j}$ and $n$. Here $\\sum\\limits_{p=1}^N m_{p} \\le\n\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{k_i}\nn_{i,j}$, and ${{\\gamma}}_1, \\ldots, {{\\gamma}}_N$ depend only on $e_X, K_X,\n\\alpha_{i,j}$, $1\\le i \\le s, 1\\le j\\le k_i$. In addition, the expression (\\[cup\\_product2\\]) satisfies the upper bound $\\sum\\limits_{p=1}^N m_{p} = \\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s\n\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i,j}$ if and only if it is equal to $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n -\\sum_{i=1}^s \\sum_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i,j})}\n\\left ( \\prod_{i=1}^s\\prod_{j=1}^{k_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i,\nj}}(\\alpha_{i, j}) \\right ) \|0\\rangle}$ whose coefficient is $1$.\n\n[Proof]{} Put $N_{i} = \\sum_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i, j}$ for $1 \\le i \\le s$. For each $i$, we see from Lemma \\[combination\\_of\\_G\\] that $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\sum_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i, j})}\n\\left (\\prod_{j=1}^{k_i}\n\\frak a_{-n_{i, j}}(\\alpha_{i, j}) \\right ) \|0\\rangle}$ is a finite linear combination of products $\\displaystyle{\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^{t_i} G_{m_{i,j}}(\\beta_{i,j}, n)}$ where $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{t_i} (m_{i,j}+1) \\le N_{i}$, and $\\beta_{i,1}, \\ldots, \\beta_{i,t_i}$ depend only on $e_X, K_X,$ $\n\\alpha_{i,1}, \\ldots, \\alpha_{i,k_i}$ and $\\tau_{j}$ with $1 \\le j \\le N_{i}$. Moreover, the coefficients in the linear combinations are independent of $X,\n\\alpha_{i,1}, \\ldots, \\alpha_{i,k_i}$ and $n$. By Remark \\[leading-term-in-combination\\_of\\_G\\], the product satisfies the upper bound $\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{t_i} (m_{i,j}+1) = N_{i}$ if and only if it is equal to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{j=1}^{k_i}\nG_{n_{i,j}-1}(\\alpha_{i,j}, n)}$. Furthermore, the coefficient of $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{j=1}^{k_i} G_{n_{i,j}-1}(\\alpha_{i,j}, n)}$ in $\\displaystyle{{\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\sum_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i, j})} \\left\n( \\prod_{j=1}^{k_i} \\frak a_{-n_{i, j}}(\\alpha_{i, j}) \\right )\n\|0\\rangle}$ is equal to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{j=1}^{k_i}((-1)^{n_{i,j}-1} n_{i,j}!)}$.\n\nSo (\\[cup\\_product1\\]) is a universal finite linear combination of products $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s \\prod\\limits_{j=1}^{t_i}\nG_{m_{i,j}}(\\beta_{i,j}, n)}$ where $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{t_i} (m_{i,j}+1) \\le\n\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s N_{i} =\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s\n\\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i,j}$. Also, $\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{t_i} (m_{i,j}+1)\n=\\sum\\limits_{i=1}^s \\sum\\limits_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i,j}$ if and only if the product $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s\n\\prod\\limits_{j=1}^{t_i} G_{m_{i,j}}(\\beta_{i,j}, n)}$ is equal to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s\n\\prod_{j=1}^{k_i} G_{n_{i,j}-1}(\\alpha_{i,j}, n)}$. The coefficient of $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s \\prod_{j=1}^{k_i}\nG_{n_{i,j}-1}(\\alpha_{i,j}, n)}$ in (\\[cup\\_product1\\]) is equal to $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{i=1}^s \\prod_{j=1}^{k_i}((-1)^{n_{i,j}-1}\nn_{i,j}!)}$.\n\nIt follows from Theorem \\[product\\_of\\_G\\] that (\\[cup\\_product1\\]) is a universal linear combination of expressions (\\[cup\\_product2\\]). ", "The statement for the expression (\\[cup\\_product2\\]) reaching the upper bound $\\sum_{p=1}^N m_{p}\n= \\sum_{i=1}^s \\sum_{j=1}^{k_i} n_{i,j}$ follows from Lemma \\[leading-term\\].", "\n\nThe Hilbert ring {#sec_hilbert}\n================\n\nUsing the stability result proved in the previous section, we shall introduce and determine [the Hilbert ring]{} ${\\frak H}_X$ associated to a projective surface $X$.\n\nGiven a finite set $S$ which is a disjoint union of subsets $S_0$ and $S_1$, we denote by ${\\mathcal P}(S)$ the set of partition-valued functions $\\rho =(\\rho(c))_{c \\in S}$ on $S$ such that for every $c \\in S_1$, the partition $\\rho(c)$ is required to be [strict]{} in the sense that $\\rho(c) =(1^{m_1(c)} 2^{m_2(c)}\n\\ldots )$ with $m_r(c) = 0$ or $1$ for all $r \\ge 1$.\n\nNow let us take a linear basis $S= S_0 \\cup S_1$ of $H^(X)$ such that $1_X \\in S_0$, $S_0 \\subset H^{\\rm even}(X)$ and $S_1 \\subset\nH^{\\rm odd}(X)$. If we write $\\rho =(\\rho (c))_{c \\in S}$ and $\\rho(c) =(r^{m_r(c)})_{r \\ge 1} =(1^{m_1(c)} 2^{m_2(c)} \\ldots)$, then we put $\\displaystyle{\\ell(\\rho) = \\sum_{c \\in S} \\ell(\\rho (c))\n = \\sum_{c\\in S, r\\geq 1} m_r(c)}$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Vert \\rho \\Vert = \\sum_{c \\in S} \|\\rho (c)\|\n =\\sum_{c\\in S, r\\geq 1} r \\cdot m_r(c), \\quad\n{\\mathcal P}_n(S) = \\{\\rho \\in{\\mathcal P} (S)\\;\|\\;\\; \\Vert \\rho\n\\Vert =n\\}.\\end{aligned}$$ Given $\\rho=(\\rho(c))_{c\\in S}=(r^{m_r(c)})_{c\\in S,r \\ge 1} \\in\n{\\mathcal P}(S)$ and $n \\ge 0$, we define $$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\frak a}_{- \\rho(c)}(c)\n &=& \\prod_{r \\ge 1}\n {\\frak a}_{-r}(c)^{m_r(c)} = {\\frak a}_{-1}(c)^{m_1(c)}\n {\\frak a}_{-2}(c)^{m_2(c)} \\cdots \\\\\n {\\frak a}_{\\rho}(n)\n &=& {\\bf 1}_{-(n-\\Vert \\rho \\Vert)}\n \\prod_{c\\in S}{\\frak a}_{-{\\rho}(c)}(c) \\cdot {\|0\\rangle}\\in H^({ X^{[n]}})\\end{aligned}$$ where we fix the order of the elements $c \\in S_1$ appearing in $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{c \\in S}}$ once and for all. ", "Note from Definition \\[a\\_[k,j]{}\\] (ii) that ${\\frak a}_{\\rho}(n)=0$ for $0 \\le n < \\Vert \\rho \\Vert$.\n\nAs $\\rho$ runs over all partition-valued functions on $S$ with $\\Vert \\rho \\Vert \\le n$, the corresponding ${\\frak a}_{\\rho}(n)$ linearly span $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ as a corollary to the theorem of Nakajima and Grojnowski [@Na2]. ", "By Theorem \\[cup\\_product\\] (for $s=2$), we have the cup product $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq_structure}\n{\\frak a}_{\\rho}(n) \\cdot {\\frak a}_{\\sigma}(n) =\n\\sum_{\\nu}d_{\\rho\\sigma}^\\nu {\\frak a}_{\\nu}(n)\\end{aligned}$$ in $H^({ X^{[n]}})$, where $\\Vert \\nu \\Vert \\le\n\\Vert \\rho \\Vert +\\Vert \\sigma \\Vert$ and the structure coefficients $d_{\\rho\\sigma}^\\nu$ are independent of $n$. Even though the cohomology classes ${\\frak a}_{\\nu}(n)$ with $\\Vert \\nu \\Vert \\le n$ in $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ are not linearly independent in general, we have the following.", "\n\n\\[lem\\_unique\\] The structure constants $d_{\\rho\\sigma}^\\nu$ in the formula (\\[eq\\_structure\\]) are uniquely determined by the requirement that they are independent of $n$.\n\n[Proof]{} Assume that there exist a finite subset $I \\subset {\\mathcal P}(S)$ and some constants $c^\\nu \\in \\Bbb Q$ independent of $n$ such that for all $n \\ge 0$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq_indep}\n\\sum_{\\nu \\in I}c^\\nu {\\frak a}_{\\nu}(n)=0.\\end{aligned}$$ As an immediate consequence of the theorem of Nakajima and Grojnowski [@Na2], the Heisenberg monomials $\\prod_{c\\in S}\\frak a_{-\\rho(c)}(c) \\cdot {\|0\\rangle}$, where $\\rho =(\\rho(c))_c \\in {\\cal P}_n(S)$, are linearly independent in the cohomology ring $H^({ X^{[n]}})$. Therefore, by the definition of $\\frak a_{\\nu}(n)$, we may assume in (\\[eq\\_indep\\]) that any two distinct $\\nu$ and $\\tilde \\nu$ in $I$ satisfy $\\tilde \\nu(c) =\\nu(c)$ for $c \\neq 1_X$, $\\nu(1_X)\n=(1^{m_1}2^{m_2} \\cdots)$ and $\\tilde \\nu(1_X) =(1^{m_1+\\Vert \\tilde \\nu \\vert-\\Vert \\nu \\Vert}\n2^{m_2}\\cdots)$ (here we assume for definiteness that $n \\ge \\Vert \\tilde \\nu\\Vert > \\Vert \\nu\\Vert$). ", "In this case, we have ${\\frak a}_{\\nu}(n)= {(n-\\Vert \\tilde \\nu\\Vert)!/\n(n-\\Vert\\nu\\Vert)!} ", "\\cdot {\\frak a}_{\\tilde \\nu}(n)$. Letting $n \\to \\infty$, we see from (\\[eq\\_indep\\]) that $c^{\\tilde \\nu}=0$ for the $\\tilde \\nu \\in I$ with the largest size $\\Vert \\tilde \\nu\\Vert$. So all the constants $c^\\nu$ are zero.", "\n\nNow we are ready to introduce the Hilbert ring.", "\n\nThe [Hilbert ring]{} associated to a projective surface $X$, denoted by ${\\frak H}_X$, is defined to be the ring with a linear basis formed by the symbols ${\\frak a}_\\rho$, $\\rho \\in {\\mathcal\nP}(S)$ and with the multiplication defined by ${\\frak a}_{\\rho} \\cdot {\\frak a}_{\\sigma} =\n\\sum_{\\nu} d_{\\rho\\sigma}^\\nu {\\frak a}_{\\nu}$ where the structure constants $d_{\\rho\\sigma}^\\nu$ are from the relations (\\[eq\\_structure\\]).", "\n\nNote that the Hilbert ring does not depend on the choice of a linear basis $S$ of $H^(X)$ containing $1_X$ since the operator ${\\frak a}_n(\\alpha)$ depends on the cohomology class $\\alpha \\in H^(X)$ linearly. ", "It follows from the super-commutativity and associativity of the cohomology ring $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ that the Hilbert ring ${\\frak H}_X$ itself is also super-commutative and associative. ", "The ring ${\\frak H}_X$ captures all the information of the cohomology rings of ${ X^{[n]}}$ for all $n$, as we easily recover the relations (\\[eq\\_structure\\]) from the ring ${\\frak H}_X$. We summarize these observations into the following.", "\n\n[(Stability)]{} \\[th\\_stab\\] For a given projective surface $X$, the cohomology rings $H^({ X^{[n]}})$, $n\\ge 1$ give rise to a Hilbert ring ${\\frak H}_X$ which completely encodes the cohomology ring structure of $H^({ X^{[n]}})$ for each $n$.\n\nWe further have the following result on the structure of the Hilbert ring ${\\frak H}_X$. For convenience, in the case when $\\ell(\\rho)=1$, that is, when the partition $\\rho(c)$ is a one-part partition $(r)$ for some element $c\\in S$ and is empty for all the other elements in $S$, we will simply write ${\\frak a}_{\\rho} ={\\frak a}_{r,c}$ and ${\\frak a}_{\\rho}(n) ={\\frak a}_{r,c}(n)$.\n\n\\[th\\_structure\\] The Hilbert ring $\\frak H_X$ is isomorphic to the tensor product $P \\otimes E$, where $P$ is the polynomial algebra generated by $\\frak a_{r,c},\\;c\\in S_0, r \\ge 1$ and $E$ is the exterior algebra generated by ${\\frak a}_{r,c},\\;c\\in S_1, r \\ge 1$.\n\n[Proof]{} Note that ${\\frak a}_{r,c}(n)= {\\bf 1}_{-(n-r)}\n\\frak a_{-r}(c){\|0\\rangle}= B_{r-1}(c, n)$. By Lemmas \\[combination\\_of\\_G\\] and \\[combination\\_of\\_B\\], the ring ${\\frak H}_X$ is generated by the elements ${\\frak a}_{r,c},$ where $c\\in S =S_0 \\cup S_1$ and $r \\ge 1$.\n\nBy the super-commutativity of $\\frak H_X$, we have ${\\frak\na}_{r,c}^2 =0$ for $c\\in S_1$ and $r \\ge 1$. It remains to show that as $\\rho =(r^{m_r(c)})_{s \\in S, r \\ge 1}$ runs over ${\\mathcal P}(S)$, the monomials $\\displaystyle{\\prod_{c\\in S, r\\ge 1}{\\frak a}_{r, c}^{m_r(c)}}$ are linearly independent in ${\\frak H}_X$. Assume $\\displaystyle{\\sum_{i \\in I} d_i \\prod_{c\\in S, r\\ge 1}\n{\\frak a}_{r, c}^{m^i_r(c)} =0}$ where $d_i \\in \\Bbb Q$ and $\\rho_i=(r^{m^i_r(c)})_{c \\in S, r \\ge\n1}$ runs over a finite set $I$ of distinct elements in ${\\mathcal\nP}(S)$. By the definition of the structure constants in ${\\frak H}_X$ and ${\\bf 1}_{-(n-r)}\n\\frak a_{-r}(c){\|0\\rangle}= {\\frak a}_{r,c}(n)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq_class}\n \\quad \\sum_{i \\in I} d_i \\cdot \\prod_{c\\in S, r\\ge 1}\n \\left ( {\\bf 1}_{-(n-r)}\n \\frak a_{-r}(c){\|0\\rangle}\\right )^{m^i_r(c)}\n=\\sum_{i \\in I} d_i \\cdot \\prod_{c\\in S, r\\ge 1}\n \\frak a_{r, c}(n)^{m^i_r(c)}\n=0.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nTake an integer $n$ large enough such that $n \\ge n_i \\stackrel{\\rm def}{=} \\sum_{r,c}r m^i_{r}(c)$ for all $i \\in I$. By Theorem \\[cup\\_product\\], Eq.", " (\\[eq\\_class\\]) can be rewritten as $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq_stab3}\n\\sum_{i \\in I} d_i \\left ( {\\bf 1}_{-(n-n_i)} \\prod_{c \\in S,\nr\\ge 1} (\\frak a_{-r}(c))^{m^i_r(c)} \\cdot {\|0\\rangle}+ w_i \\right ) = 0\\end{aligned}$$ where each $w_i$ is a finite linear combination of ${\\bf 1}_{-(n - \\sum_{p=1}^N m_{p})}\n\\prod_{p=1}^N \\frak a_{-m_{p}}({{\\gamma}}_{p}) \\cdot \|0\\rangle$ with $\\sum_{p=1}^N m_{p} < n_i$ and ${{\\gamma}}_p \\in S$ for every $p$. Recall that ${\\bf 1}_{-k} =1/{k!} ", "\\cdot {\\frak a}_{-1}(1_X)^k$, $k\n\\ge 0$. If we multiply (\\[eq\\_stab3\\]) by $n!$, and locate in the resulting summation those terms whose coefficients contain the largest power of $n$, then we see that $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq_class1}\n\\sum_i d_i \\cdot {\\bf 1}_{-(n - n_i)} \\prod_{c \\in S, r\\ge 1}\n(\\frak a_{-r}(c))^{m^i_r(c)} \\cdot {\|0\\rangle}=0\\end{aligned}$$ where $i$ satisfies $n_i = {\\rm max}\\{ n_j\| j \\in I \\}$. Since all the integers $n_i$ in (\\[eq\\_class1\\]) are equal, the Heisenberg monomials in (\\[eq\\_class1\\]) are linearly independent as a corollary to the theorem of Nakajima and Grojnowski [@Na2]. ", "Thus all the coefficients $d_i$ in (\\[eq\\_class1\\]) are zero. ", "By repeating the above argument, we obtain that $d_i = 0$ for all $i \\in I$.\n\n[ABCD]{}\n\nW. Chen, Y. Ruan, [A new cohomology theory for orbifold]{}, Preprint.", "\n\nG. Ellingsrud, L. G\" ottsche, M. Lehn, [On the cobordism class of the Hilbert schemes of a surface]{}, J. Algebraic Geom. [", "10]{} (2001) 81-100.", "\n\nL. Göttsche, [The Betti numbers of the Hilbert scheme of points on a smooth projective surface]{}, Math. ", "Ann. [", "286]{} (1990) 193–207.", "\n\nI. Grojnowski, [Instantons and affine algebras I: the Hilbert scheme and vertex operators]{}, Math. ", "Res. ", "Lett. [", "3]{} (1996) 275–291.", "\n\nM. Lehn, [Chern classes of tautological sheaves on Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces]{}, Invent. ", "Math. [", "136]{} (1999) 157–207.", "\n\nM. Lehn, C. Sorger, [Symmetric groups and the cup product on the cohomology of Hilbert schemes]{}, Duke Math. ", "J. [110]{} (2001) 345-357.", "\n\nM. Lehn, C. Sorger, [The cup product of the Hilbert scheme for $K3$ surfaces]{}, Preprint, math.", "AG/0012166.", "\n\nW.-P. Li, Z. Qin and W. Wang, [Vertex algebras and the cohomology ring structure of Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces]{}, Math. ", "Ann. (", "to appear).", "\n\nW.-P. Li, Z. Qin and W. Wang, [Generators for the cohomology ring of Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces]{}, Intern. ", "Math. ", "Res. ", "Notices [20]{} (2001) 1057-1074.", "\n\nE. Markman, [Generators of the cohomology ring of moduli spaces of sheaves on symplectic surfaces]{}, Preprint, math.", "AG/0009109.", "\n\nH. Nakajima, [Heisenberg algebra and Hilbert schemes of points on projective surfaces]{}, Ann. ", "Math. [", "145]{} (1997) 379–388.", "\n\nH. Nakajima, [Lectures on Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces]{}, Univ. ", "Lect. ", "Ser. [", "18]{}, Amer. ", "Math. ", "Soc. (", "1999).", "\n\nW. Wang, [Algebraic structures behind Hilbert schemes and wreath products*]{}, Contemp. ", "Math. (", "to appear), math.", "QA/0011103.", "\n\nDepartment of Mathematics, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, mawpli@uxmail.ust.hk;\\\nDepartment of Mathematics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA, zq@math.missouri.edu;\\\nDepartment of Mathematics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, ww9c@virginia.edu.", "\n\n[^1]: Partially supported by the grant HKUST6170/99P.\n\n[^2]: Partially supported by an NSF grant and an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship.", "\n\n[^3]: Partially supported by an NSF grant.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }	[ 0.016563146997929608, 0.009852216748768473, 0.010619469026548672, 0.0023094688221709007, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.013422818791946308, 0.01288244766505636, 0.008, 0.004166666666666667, 0.005, 0.0053475935828877, 0.005025125628140704, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013422818791946308, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0.014925373134328358, 0.00684931506849315, 0.01529051987767584, 0.015037593984962405, 0, 0.010723860589812333, 0.02857142857142857, 0.0149812734082397, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.0213903743315508, 0, 0.012307692307692308, 0.0144, 0.008645533141210375, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0.005405405405405406, 0.02247191011235955, 0.0017761989342806395, 0.0036900369003690036, 0.011235955056179775, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0.0136986301369863, 0.01818181818181818, 0.01762114537444934, 0.043478260869565216, 0.006237006237006237, 0, 0, 0, 0.006118881118881119, 0.004901960784313725, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.00922509225092251, 0.016270337922403004, 0.014925373134328358, 0.009950248756218905, 0.01079913606911447, 0.011764705882352941, 0.014248704663212436, 0.01201923076923077, 0.010273972602739725, 0.009852216748768473, 0.030303030303030304, 0.008710078805474907, 0.008264462809917356, 0.008695652173913044, 0.012145748987854251, 0.007692307692307693, 0.01653846153846154, 0, 0.002577319587628866, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0.008122743682310469, 0, 0.011098779134295227, 0.005689900426742532, 0.006273525721455458, 0, 0.003430531732418525, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0.010878010878010878, 0.009433962264150943, 0.01079913606911447, 0.012302284710017574, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0.010869565217391304, 0.011194029850746268, 0, 0.008968609865470852, 0.005, 0.039473684210526314, 0.0038314176245210726, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.0029691211401425177, 0, 0.004514672686230248, 0.006144393241167435, 0.008368200836820083, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.0030959752321981426, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.006734006734006734, 0.013986013986013986, 0, 0, 0.0064013359309769, 0.02857142857142857, 0.005834305717619603, 0.015105740181268883, 0, 0.0072007200720072, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.006993006993006993, 0.004694835680751174, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.006237006237006237, 0.008116883116883116, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.03875968992248062, 0, 0.01834862385321101, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.02, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0.04065040650406504, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020202020202020204, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0.013745704467353952, 0.014084507042253521, 0.022727272727272728, 0 ]	0.008574	5
[ "Board of Directors\n\nGeena Young, Treasurer, Board of Directors\n\nMs. Young is the Principal and CEO of Centric Business Solutions, LLC, located in Prince George's County, Maryland. ", "Centric provides bookkeeping, accounting, business and CFO consulting services to small to mid-sized businesses in the private and public sectors. ", "Centric's primary goal is to bring best practices and innovation, typically only available to large corporations, to its smaller clients in order to allow them to grow.", "\n\nMs. Young has experienced a distinguished 20-year career in public and private industry working in various senior and executive level finance positions. ", "In these positions, she gained considerable experience as an expert in analyzing operations and implementing effective systems, strategies and processes to improve organizational performance.", "\n\nAdditionally, Ms. Young is the Founder and Executive Director of REACH-DMV, a non-profit, 501(c)(3) organization that works to empower individuals and families experiencing domestic and relationship violence. ", "She is a member of numerous professional organizations and is a life-time member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.\n\nAnn Brogioli, MSW, Secretary, Board of Directors\n\nMs. Brogioli has been the school social worker and homeless liaison at Charles Hart Middle School in Southeast Washington, D.C., since 1999. ", "Ms. Brogioli has enjoyed an extraordinary career at Hart (where the entire student body qualifies for free lunch), by helping countless youth navigate the dangerous streets of D.C., and overcome obstacles to success. ", "She has been a forceful leader in efforts to combat violence in her community, particularly gun violence. ", "The Washington Post and syndicated columnist Courtland Milloy have celebrated Ms. Brogioli's tireless dedication to her students and her efforts to combat gun violence in news articles and opinion pieces, respectively. ", "In 2012, the Catholic University of America awarded her its annual Alumni Award in recognition of her service to youth in the District. ", "The DC Public Education Fund has repeatedly recognized Ms. Brogiloi as one of its \"Highly Effective Educators.\" ", "In 2009, she received the Mayor's Change Agent Award, and in 2006, Covenant House-Washington, D.C. honored her for her outstanding service to youth. ", "Ms. Brogiloi received her B.A. from Catholic University in 1989, and her M.S.W. from the University of Maryland at Baltimore in 1993.", "\n\nHenri C. Burris, Sr., ", "Member, Board of Directors\n\nMr. Burris is the President and CEO of Bodyguard PLUS, a national security and private investigation company based in Catonsville, MD. ", "The company provides professional security services for local, state and federal agencies, as well as for corporate executives, foreign dignitaries, celebrities and professional athletes. ", "Mr. Burris retired from the Baltimore City, Maryland, Police Department after 23 years of service as a detective, where he worked in numerous positions including as a member of the Warrant Apprehension Task Force, a part of the U.S. Secret Service Task Force for credit and fraud investigations, in gang and narcotics investigations, and as a certified training instructor. ", "Mr. Burris is particularly dedicated to protecting vulnerable populations, including children at risk and victims of domestic violence. ", "He is also a longtime advocate and practitioner of community policing, and strives to build relationships and a culture of understanding between law enforcement and residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods, where crime is prevalent. ", "Mr. Burris is an active member of the Police Benevolent Society. ", "Mr. Burris also serves as Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors for Sentinel Assisted Living Systems, an assisted living community for special needs populations and the elderly, and is Vice President for Logistics and Safety for the Fashion Umbrella Foundation, a Baltimore-based cultural arts organization that uses fashion and the arts as a teaching tool for young entrepreneurs.", "\n\nSharlene Sawyer, Member, Board of Directors\n\nSharlene holds a Masters of Science in the twin disciplines of Organizational Development and Knowledge Management from George Mason University. ", "The discipline of Knowledge Management is a relatively new one that encompasses the process of capturing, developing, sharing and effectively using organizational knowledge to achieve organizational objectives. ", "Sharlene applies the principles of OD and KM in her current position as a Consultant to Fairfax County’s Department of Family Services. ", "There, Sharlene has contributed to the Department’s overall strategic planning processes, by helping to design programs to enhance employee diversity, professional development, and help senior management better capture and retain detailed knowledge of employees prior to their leaving the Department. ", "At the same time, Sharlene is a Site Director at the School-age Child Care program for Fairfax, Virginia, overseeing a staff of five teachers and 80 school-aged children daily. ", "Sharlene has developed a program with a strong learning environment while managing and coaching teachers to best meet the needs of participating children. ", "Sharlene’s understanding of and sensitivity to the complex needs of children and families can be traced to her work as a Pre-Adoption Caseworker for the child welfare system in the Bronx, New York where she worked as part of a team overseeing permanency planning for children in the foster care system. ", "Among other tasks, Sharlene was responsible for enabling children’s productive interactions with their foster and birth families as well as community agencies.", "\n\nJoseph Barbato, Member, Board of Directors\n\nJoseph Barbato has been a consultant to major nonprofit institutions since 1978. ", "As president of Barbato Associates, he works with public relations, publications, and fundraising directors to prepare brochures, annual reports, newsletters, and other printed materials. ", "He is a specialist in creating case statements and other high-end publications for major gifts campaigns. ", "His clients have included MIT, WETA, Environmental Defense, NYU, Brookings Institution, Oxford University (U.K.), the Hole in the Wall Gang Camps, George Washington University, the Smithsonian Institution, and The Nature Conservancy.", "\n\nBarbato is also an author and journalist. ", "He has been a columnist and contributing editor at Publishers Weekly and has written for The New York Times, Smithsonian, and other publications. ", "His books, two of which have been featured on “The Today Show,” include the literary anthologies “Heart of the Land” (Pantheon) and “Off the Beaten Path” (Farrar, Straus & Giroux) as well as “You Are What You Drink: The Authoritative Report on What Alcohol Does to Your Body, Mind, and Longevity” (Villard). ", "His other books are “Writing for a Good Cause” (Simon & Schuster) and “How to Write Knockout Proposals” (Emerson & Church).", "\n\nHe edits the literary blog Red Weather Review.", "\n\nBarbato has held positions as a writer, editor, and communications director at New York University; a staff writer for Shell Oil Company; a public information director at the City University of New York; and an editorial director at The Nature Conservancy.", "\n\nKatie Montbriand, Member, Board of Directors\n\nKatie Montbriand lives in D.C., and is currently Director and Chief of Staff to a Senior Vice President at Capital One Financial Corporation where she uses her business skills to set strategic direction and to improve the Capital One culture.", "\n\nPrior to that, Katie was Manager and then Senior Manager in the US Card line of business, where she helped drive change to make subprime lending simpler and more fair for customers. ", "She graduated from the University of Minnesota's Carlson School of Management with a triple major in Finance, Marketing and Entrepreneurial Studies, and holds an MBA from the ESADE Business School in Barcelona.", "\n\nKatie is a strategic thinker and will bring that to the planning process for EWOM. ", "She is extremely enthusiastic about playing an important role in improving the lives of homeless children throughout D.C." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.03333333333333333, 0.006802721088435374, 0.005952380952380952, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.014218009478672985, 0.012944983818770227, 0.009216589861751152, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.007352941176470588, 0.017857142857142856, 0.006711409395973154, 0.022556390977443608, 0, 0.018404907975460124, 0, 0.0106951871657754, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.03076923076923077, 0.010443864229765013, 0.026041666666666668, 0.004739336492890996, 0.007352941176470588, 0.009966777408637873, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.0234375, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0.030042918454935622, 0.022727272727272728, 0.02054794520547945, 0.012987012987012988, 0.024390243902439025, 0.020833333333333332, 0.01937984496124031, 0.010309278350515464, 0.010869565217391304, 0.01904761904761905, 0.023529411764705882, 0 ]	0.011961	5
[ "\nAre we getting enough sulfur in our diet? (", "2007) - PaulHoule\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2198910/\n======\njinpa_zangpo\nFor every plus there is a minus:\n\nA review of methionine dependency and the role of methionine restriction in\ncancer growth control and life-span extension\n\n[http://www.cancertreatmentreviews.com/article/S0305-7372(12)...](http://www.cancertreatmentreviews.com/article/S0305-7372\$12\$00005-9/abstract)\n\nMethionine is an essential amino acid with many key roles in mammalian\nmetabolism such as protein synthesis, methylation of DNA and polyamine\nsynthesis. ", "Restriction of methionine may be an important strategy in cancer\ngrowth control particularly in cancers that exhibit dependence on methionine\nfor survival and proliferation. ", "Methionine dependence in cancer may be due to\none or a combination of deletions, polymorphisms or alterations in expression\nof genes in the methionine de novo and salvage pathways. ", "Cancer cells with\nthese defects are unable to regenerate methionine via these pathways. ", "Defects\nin the metabolism of folate may also contribute to the methionine dependence\nphenotype in cancer. ", "Selective killing of methionine dependent cancer cells in\nco-culture with normal cells has been demonstrated using culture media\ndeficient in methionine. ", "Several animal studies utilizing a methionine\nrestricted diet have reported inhibition of cancer growth and extension of a\nhealthy life-span. ", "In humans, vegan diets, which can be low in methionine, may\nprove to be a useful nutritional strategy in cancer growth control. ", "The\ndevelopment of methioninase which depletes circulating levels of methionine\nmay be another useful strategy in limiting cancer growth. ", "The application of\nnutritional methionine restriction and methioninase in combination with\nchemotherapeutic regimens is the current focus of clinical studies.", "\n\n~~~\nscythe\nDetails, details, details.", "\n\n[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Epner/publicatio...](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Epner/publication/11049822_Nutrient_Intake_and_Nutritional_Indexes_in_Adults_With_Metastatic_Cancer_on_a_Phase_I_Clinical_Trial_of_Dietary_Methionine_Restriction/links/53f1f55b0cf272810e4c7a1a.pdf)\n\n> Alternatively, weight loss experienced by patients in the trial may have\n> been independ \\- ent of energy intake but, rather, attributable to\n> “obligatory” muscle catabolism related to methionine restriction per se. ", "A\n> recent study designed to quantify dietary methionine re \\- quirements in\n> normal subjects sheds light on this issue (22). ", "In that study, stable\n> isotope methods were used to measure obligatory methionine oxidation in\n> normal subjects on a diet completely devoid of sulfur amino acids\n> (methionine and cysteine) for 5 days. ", "Although somewhat controversial (23),\n> obligatory oxidation rates are considered by many to repre \\- sent the\n> minimum requirement for amino acids, that is, the amount that is oxidized\n> despite maximal body conservation. ", "The obligatory oxidative loss of\n> methionine was 13 mg/kg/ day in that study (22). ", "Patients in our trial, who\n> were re \\- stricted to 2 mg methionine/kg/day, therefore, consumed 11\n> mg/kg/day less than the minimum requirement. ", "However, they consumed adequate\n> amounts of cysteine, which is pres \\- ent in Hominex-2. ", "They therefore may\n> have had obligatory methionine oxidation rates < 13 mg/kg/day. ", "The fact that\n> all patients reversibly lost weight, despite what would normally be\n> considered adequate energy and protein intake, may actu \\- ally be\n> encouraging, since it confirms that patients adhered to the diet. ", "The basic\n> premise of this strategy is that dietary methionine restriction will have a\n> greater deleterious effect on tumors than on normal host tissues.", "\n\nUnless you _actually have cancer_ , obligate muscle catabolism secondary to\nmethionine restriction is a high price to pay.", "\n\n------\nfencepost\nInteresting, also interesting that this is a 9 year old article.", "\n\nI'm surprised that the elderly are noted as not getting enough sulfur, because\nI believe eggs are a good source and (barring incidents like the avian disease\noutbreak last year) are a generally inexpensive source of protein as well.", "\n\n~~~\ne40\nMy experience is that older people fear eggs because of the bad campaign\nagainst them in the 80s (70s?).", "\n\n~~~\njandrese\nCan't eat eggs, they have _cholesterol_!", "\n\nIt is somewhat depressing how much of the stuff we have done \"for health\nreasons\" ends up being less healthy than the original.", "\n\n~~~\nnibs\nCholesterol is good but the antinutrients in egg whites are not ideal. ", "Egg\nyolks are extremely good for you though.", "\n\n~~~\nnoir_lord\nWhat is an 'antinutrient'?.", "\n\nGoogling antinutrient with egg whites seems to bring up relatively few highly\nspurious 'paleo' type sites.", "\n\n~~~\nmrob\nRaw eggs contain the anti-nutrient avidin, a protein that binds to biotin,\nmaking it unavailable as vitamin. ", "If you eat large quantities of raw egg you\ncould theoretically become biotin deficient. ", "Cooking destroys the avidin.", "\n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidin)\n\nAdditionally, the protein in raw eggs is poorly absorbed, which could be\nbecause of other unidentified anti-nutrients. ", "Again, cooking solves the\nproblem:\n\n[http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/10/1716.full](http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/10/1716.full)\n\n~~~\nrobotmlg\nGood thing no one eats raw eggs then\n\n~~~\nmrob\nPeople certainly do eat raw eggs. ", "In the UK, the vast majority of eggs are\nfrom vaccinated chickens (\"Lion Mark\") and are considered safe to eat raw. ", "Raw\negg yolks taste much better than cooked egg yolks IMO. ", "And there is an old\nidea of eating raw eggs as a protein supplement for athletes, eg. ", "Sylvester\nStallone does it in Rocky. ", "This is now discredited but eggs are cheap and\neasily available so people probably still do it.", "\n\n~~~\nkyledrake\nThey're hard to find because most grocery stores don't stock them, but you can\nactually buy pasteurized eggs at some places in the states too. ", "They\npasteurize by putting the eggs in hot water for a few minutes, so it's a\nsimple process that you could actually do at home (but getting it right is\ntricky).", "\n\nI have a prairie oyster for breakfast sometimes: one unbeaten raw egg, a few\ndashes of worcestershire sauce, a little Tabasco, salt and pepper, and then\nyou kindof eat it like it's a raw oyster. ", "It's an acquired taste.", "\n\n~~~\nhuxley\nIn Western Canada, prairie oysters are cooked bull testicles, so another\nacquired taste (one I never acquired)\n\n------\nmarze\nAdditional interesting thoughts on sulfer and health in this Weston Price\nFoundation article:\n\n[http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/abcs-of-\nnutrition/...](http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/abcs-of-\nnutrition/sulfur-deficiency/)\n\n~~~\nSwellJoe\nWeston A Price foundation is not a reliable or useful source of health\ninformation. ", "It is more of a religion, or cult, based on a bunch of anecdotes\nfrom Price's travels and dental practice. ", "They never let science get in the\nway of a good story from their founder.", "\n\nAs with other religions, they get some things right, but I think I'll take my\nnutritional guidance from the best science I can find on the topic, rather\nthan a 19th century dentist.", "\n\n~~~\nbrational\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_authority)\n\n------\nmagic_beans\nAren't brassicas (cauliflower, bok choy, kale, etc) contain sulfur?", "\n\nAre they not a good source of sulfur? ", "I'm confused as to why this article\nproclaims proteins to be the only dietary source of sulfur.", "\n\n~~~\nbrational\nYep they are. ", "Onions and garlic family vegetables too. ", "Eggs/fish/meat simply\nhave much higher concentrations.", "\n\n------\ndylanops\nInteresting too look at how diets vary across generations / this generation\nseems to eat foods with a lot less sulfur and sodiums I wonder does that\naffect health on a greater scale.", "\n\n------\nandy_ppp\nInteresting. ", "A quick look suggest MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) might be the\neasiest way to absorb this.", "\n\n~~~\nuberstuber\nOne-off unscientific anecdote: A weightlifting coach advised me to take MSM\nfor improved recovery. ", "I tried it for a few months and never noticed a\ndifference, but I was eating plenty of eggs during that time.", "\n\n------\nelmojenkins\nI know someone who was given a sulfur supplement/treatment in the ER. ", "The\ndoctors did not know if the low sulfer level is what caused her issue or not,\nbut noted that it was odd.", "\n\n------\ngraycat\nLet's see: Some rotten eggs smell like hydrogen sulfide. ", "So, it figures that\nif eat some eggs, will get enough sulfur? ", "Likely!", "\n\n------\npaul_milovanov\nI wouldn't worry about this too much. ", "There'll be lots of time for sulfur\nlater where we're all going.", "\n\n------\nPepeGomez\nI just skimmed the article, but the figures seem to prove we are getting\nenough. ", "Why did you post it?", "\n\n------\nsbierwagen\n(2007)\n\n------\nmadengr\nI thought sulfur was put in prison food to quell the libido. ", "Maybe a wise\ntale.", "\n\n~~~\nkonsumer\nI thought it was potassium chloride (salt Peter)\n\n~~~\nCamperBob2\nSaltpeter is potassium nitrate. ", "It's a diuretic, not sure why it would have\nany particular effect on libido.", "\n\n~~~\ntacon\n[http://www.snopes.com/military/saltpeter.asp](http://www.snopes.com/military/saltpeter.asp)\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }	[ 0, 0.009124087591240875, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037735849056603774, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0.010438413361169102, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0.014018691588785047, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.018867924528301886 ]	0.001873	5
[ "heavy\n\nheavy\n\nHeavy\n\nheavy\n\nrain\n\nNEW DELHI: The national disaster management authority (NDMA) on Friday predictedto veryrains at some places in 22 states across the country and advised people take precautionary measures to avoid casualties.", "The NDMA also warned about the possibility of strong winds with the speed of 25-35 kmph gusting to 45 kmph, hitting over interior Odisha Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand till Saturday.to veryrains are likely to occur at isolated places in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Sub-Himalayan West Bengal , Sikkim, Jharkhand, western Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Himachal, eastern Rajasthan, Konkan, Goa, Vidarbha and Telangana, the NDMA said, quoting a bulletin from the India Meteorological Department.", "The authority advised people to stock first aid kits, torch, bottled drinking water, non-perishable food items and not to allow children to play near water bodies in flood-prone areas.", "The NDMA also suggested that domestic animals should not be put on leash and people should stay away from sewerage lines, drains and culverts.", "Over 1,400 people, including 488 in Kerala, have lost their lives due to rains, floods and landslides in 10 states so far in the monsoon season, according to the Home Ministry.", "As many as 254 people have died in Uttar Pradesh, 210 in West Bengal, 170 in Karnataka, 139 in Maharashtra, 52 in Gujarat , 50 in Assam, 37 in Uttarakhand, 29 in Odisha and 11 in Nagaland.", "Forty-three people have been missing -- 15 in Kerala, 14 in Uttar Pradesh, five in West Bengal, six in Uttarakhand and three in Karnataka -- while 386 have been injured in-related incidents in 10 states.", "Rains and floods have hit 30 districts in Odisha, 26 districts in Maharashtra, 25 in Assam, 23 each in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, 14 in Kerala, 13 in Uttarakhand, 11 each in Karnataka and Nagaland and 10 in Gujarat." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.01384083044982699, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.005681818181818182, 0.005319148936170213, 0.0049261083743842365, 0.0045662100456621 ]	0.005172	5
[ "Gusto and Homebase Integration\n\nHomebase integrates with Gusto to allow seamless export of Timesheets to run payroll. ", "Automatically push labor hours tracked through Homebase Timesheets to your Gusto account with the click of a button. ", "This integration works with any version of Homebase(Basic, Essentials, Plus, Enterprise)!", "\n\nClick here for the printable PDF version of the Gusto + Homebase integration article!", "\n\nAdvanced labor cost management features and reports within Homebase, giving you greater insights into your business from the web or your mobile phone.", "\n\nYour Gusto employees can be imported into Homebase.", "\n\nWhat data syncs?", "\n\nTime Cards:\n\nRegular hours, Overtime, Double overtime, and PTO hours are able to be exported from Homebase to Gusto for payroll. ", "Break penalties and wage rates will not be recognized by Gusto.", "\n\nEmployees:\n\nEmployees should be added to Gusto first and then imported into Homebase.", "\n\n1.) ", "Add employees in Gusto\n\n2.) ", "Log in to Homebase\n\n3.) ", "Click Team tab on the left\n\n4.) “", "Add Employee” at the top right\n\n5.) ", "IMPORT FROM GUSTO.", "\n\nIn the event that your employee list already exists in Homebase, having the correct employee information is critical to avoiding duplication. ", "When the “Import from Gusto” option is chosen in Homebase Team page, we filter your Gusto employees from your existing Homebase employees to avoid creating duplicate users. ", "Homebase attempts to recognize the employee with the following credentials in order: payroll id, email, name. ", "You can edit employee information in Homebase by visiting the Homebase Team page.", "\n\nHomebase does not import inactive employees from Gusto.", "\n\nYou can edit employee information in Homebase by visiting the Homebase Team page.", "\n\nEmployees newly synced to Homebase with emails will automatically get an invitation to join Homebase.", "\n\n…\n\nHow to connect your accounts:\n\n1.) ", "Log in to Homebase at app.joinhomebase.com\n\n2.) ", "In the navigation bar, select Settings.", "\n\n3.) ", "At the left, select Payroll Providers\n\n4.) ", "Under the payroll providers subheading, select Gusto.", "\n\n5.) ", "You will be redirected to your Gusto account to finish set-up.", "\n\n…\n\nHow to export Homebase Timesheets to Gusto Payroll:\n\n1.) ", "Sign in to your Homebase account at app.joinhomebase.com\n\n2.) ", "On the navigation bar, select TIMESHEETS\n\n3.) ", "Set the date range in the upper left to the desired beginning and ending dates for the information you would like to see\n\n4.) ", "Select APPLY.", "\n\nWhen you export a time period on Homebase shorter than or overlapping your selected payroll period in Gusto, your entire payroll period will be exported as Gusto requires the entire payroll period.", "\n\n5.) ", "On the right side, select the blue EXPORT button\n\n6.) ", "When given the option where to export your Timesheets, select Gusto.", "\n\n7.) ", "Your Timesheets will now appear within your Gusto account in the “Run Payroll” tab in the left-hand navigation of your Gusto account here:\n\nHomebase makes managing hourly work easier for over 100,000 local businesses. ", "With free employee scheduling, time tracking, team communication, and hiring, managers and employees can spend less time on paperwork and more time on growing their business." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.022988505747126436, 0, 0, 0, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017341040462427744, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.016129032258064516, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013761467889908258, 0 ]	0.004789	5
[ "\n806 F.Supp.2d 1240 (2011)\nDanielle R. FUSCO, Plaintiff,\nv.\nVICTORIA'S SECRET STORES, LLC, d/b/a Victoria's Secret, Defendant.", "\nCase No. ", "6:11-cv-989-ORL-22DAB.", "\nUnited States District Court, M.D. Florida, Orlando Division.", "\nAugust 19, 2011.", "\n1241 Travis R. Hollifield, Winter Park, FL, for Plaintiff.", "\nAndrew C. Smith, Adam J. Rocco, Vorys, Sater, Seymour & Pease, LLP, Columbus, OH, Morey Raiskin, Lowndes, Drosdick, Doster, Kantor & Reed, PA, Orlando, FL, for Defendant.", "\n\nORDER\nANNE C. CONWAY, District Judge.", "\nThis cause comes before the Court for consideration of the parties' Joint Stipulation for Severance and Remand of Count III (Doc. ", "No. ", "11), filed on July 5, 2011. ", "The Court will also consider Plaintiff Danielle R. Fusco's Motion to Remand Counts I, II, IV, V, and VI (Doc. ", "No. ", "15), filed on July 14, 2011. ", "Defendant Victoria's Secret Stores, LLC (\"VSS\") filed a response in opposition (Doc. ", "No. ", "16) on July 28, 2011. ", "Based on the following analysis, the Court will grant the parties' joint motion for severance and remand of Count III and will grant Fusco's motion to remand the remaining counts.", "\n\nI. BACKGROUND\nIn her complaint, Fusco states that she began working for VSS in or around October 2008. (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "2 ¶ 8.) ", "Fusco received a 90-day review in January 2009 stating that she \"exceeded expectations\" or \"met expectations.\" (", "Id. at 9.) ", "She alleges that on several occasions in early April 2009, she suffered \"hostile work environment sexual harassment\" as a result of a co-worker's unwelcomed language and conduct. (", "Id. at 10.) ", "She states that when she complained to her supervisors, they blamed her for the incident and treated it nonchalantly. (", "Id. at 13-14.) ", "The managers gave the co-worker a \"write-up\" on April 20, 2009, but also gave Fusco a \"write-up\" on that same day. (", "Id. at 15-16.) ", "Fusco states that after that incident, VSS \"subjected Plaintiff to unwarranted heightened scrutiny and criticism of her work and further retaliated against her by ordering her to complete work at home without being paid for it.\" (", "Id. at 17.) ", "Fusco states that VSS hired a less qualified person for a store manager position, even though Fusco had applied for it. (", "Id. at 22.) ", "On October 6, 2009, Fusco was sprayed in the face and mouth by a person who stole a customer's purse; however, she states that she tried to contact human resources but was never able to speak to anyone regarding the incident. (", "Id. at 24-26.) ", "Fusco states that her store manager instructed her to fax a report of the incident and the nature of her injury to the district manager, which Fusco did on October 7, 2009. (", "Id. at 27.) ", "On October 9, 2009, Fusco was terminated. (", "Id. at 28.)", "\nPlaintiff alleges six counts in her complaint: Sexual Harassment in violation of the Florida Civil Rights Act (\"FCRA\") (Count I); FCRA Retaliation for objecting to sexual harassment (Count II); Worker's Compensation Retaliation (Count III); Unpaid Wages (Count IV); Failure to Pay Minimum Wage (Count V); and Retaliation for objecting to unpaid wages (Count VI).", "\n\nII. ", "ANALYSIS\n\nA. JOINT STIPULATION TO SEVER AND REMAND COUNT III\nThe parties conferred telephonically and \"agreed to stipulate to a severance and remand of Plaintiff's Count III Worker's Compensation Retaliation claim to Orange County Circuit Court.\" (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "11 ¶ 8.) \"", "A civil action in any State court arising under the workmen's compensation laws of such State may not be removed to any district court of the United States.\" ", "28 U.S.C. § 1445(c). ", "Thus, Count III will be remanded.", "\n\n\n1242 B. FUSCO'S MOTION TO REMAND ALL REMAINING COUNTS\nFusco asserts that all of her remaining claims should be remanded. ", "She contends that the Court cannot exercise diversity jurisdiction because the amount in controversy requirement has not been satisfied. ", "In its notice of removal, VSS asserts that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.00 based on Fusco's requests for back pay, front pay, compensatory damages, and punitive damages. ", "VSS contends that Fusco's back pay amounts to $54,995.00 per year, based on her straight pay rate of $26.44 an hour, from the date she was terminated on October 9, 2009. (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "1 ¶ 7.) ", "VSS also asserts that her other requested damages would increase this amount and that it \"is thus apparent from the face of the Complaint that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.00.\" (", "Id. at 7.)", "\nFusco asserts that in her complaint, the damages she requests are non-specific or indeterminate. (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "15 p. 6.) ", "She states that the only claims that contain specificity regarding monetary amounts are Count IV, where she alleged that \"she was not compensated for an indeterminate amount of hours she worked off the clock at a straight time pay rate of $26.44 per hour,\" and Counts V and VI, where she alleged that \"the State of Florida was entitled to a statutory penalty of $1,000.00 for each violation proven.\" (", "Id. at 7.) ", "Fusco states that she \"did not assign a specific numerical monetary value to any of the various types of relief sought in the counts presented.\" (", "Id.) Fusco asserts that VSS has failed to carry its burden to prove that the amount in controversy requirement has been met because it states that her back pay should be calculated at $54,995.00 and does not account for \"any actual or potential setoff or mitigation between the date of Plaintiff's termination and the date of the filing of the Notice of Removal.\" (", "Id. at 7-8.) ", "Fusco states that VSS assumes that she has not earned wages or sought work since her termination. (", "Id. at 8.) ", "Fusco contends that the \"balance of VSS's argument is simply that when aggregating the type of relief sought by the Plaintiff, `it is apparent from the face of the Complaint that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.'\" (", "Id.) (citing Doc. ", "No. ", "1 ¶ 7). ", "Fusco asserts that VSS's argument is insufficient for two reasons. ", "First, the argument is insufficient because VSS attempts to incorporate \"court costs and interest\" into the relief sought by Fusco, but the value of such relief cannot be included in the calculation for jurisdictional purposes. (", "Id.) The argument is also insufficient, according to Fusco, because \"there is no valuereal or imaginedassigned by VSS to each type or category of relief sought except for the aforementioned backpay calculation and the $1,000.00 per violation penalty that is assessable if Plaintiff prevails on her Florida Constitutional law claims\" and because \"VSS assigns no numerical value whatsoever\" to any of the other types of relief sought. (", "Id. at 8-9.)", "\nFusco submits an affidavit and W-2 forms that set forth her mitigation amount in detail. ", "In the affidavit, she states that when she was terminated from VSS on October 9, 2009, she was earning $26.44 per hour. (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "15-1 ¶¶ 4-5.) ", "Fusco was unemployed until November 18, 2009, when she was hired by Luxottica Retail North America (\"Luxottica\") at a rate of $17.00 per hour. (", "Id. at 6.) ", "She is still employed by Luxottica. (", "Id. at 7.) ", "She was given a pay raise to $17.45 per hour on June 6, 2010; $17.54 per hour on June 27, 2010; and $18.07 per hour on April 3, 2011. (", "Id.) Fusco earned $3,877.70 from Luxottica in 2009; $43,849.91 in 2010; and $19,451.49 from January 1, 2011, to June 1243 25, 2011.[1] (Id. at 11.) ", "The total amount earned from Luxottica is $67,179.10 for this time period of 83 weeks. (", "Id.) She contends that these amounts should be subtracted from her back pay.", "\nInstead of the amount proposed by VSS of $54,995.00 per year, Fusco asserts that her back pay claim is only worth $29,368.59 as of June 25, 2011, which was ten days after VSS filed its notice of removal. (", "Id. at 16.) ", "To arrive at this figure, she first calculated her lost back pay as $6,345.00 during her period of unemployment from October 9, 2009, to November 18, 2009, using her hourly rate at VSS of $26.44 per hour and multiplying it by forty hours a week for six weeks. (", "Id. at 12.) ", "She states that she was also entitled to a bonus of $2,421.29 from VSS that she did not receive, bringing her lost back pay and lost bonus total to $8,766.89. (", "Id. at 13.) ", "Fusco then multiplied her VSS hourly rate by the 83 weeks she has worked at Luxottica, which equals $87,780.80, adding it to her lost back pay and bonus to get $96.547.69. (", "Id. at 14-15.) ", "Finally, Fusco subtracted her total earnings from Luxottica of $67,179.10 from the $96,547.69 amount she would have earned had she still been at VSS, which results in a total potential back pay amount of $29,368.59. (", "Id. at 16.) ", "She states that she does not have sales data from VSS to calculate her lost bonuses for the time period after her termination. (", "Id. at 17.)", "\nRegarding her other requested forms of relief, Fusco states in her affidavit that she does \"not possess sufficient information at this time to provide a reasonable estimate of my other claimed economic and non-economic damages including unpaid wages for off-the-clock and all other forms of claimed damages.\" (", "Id. at 18.)", "\nVSS, as the removing party, bears the burden of proving that federal jurisdiction exists. ", "Williams v. Best Buy Co., Inc., 269 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir. ", "2001). \"", "Where, as here, the plaintiff has not pled a specific amount of damages, the removing defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional requirement.\" ", "Id. Removal statutes are to be strictly construed against removal. ", "Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 108, 61 S.Ct. ", "868, 85 L.Ed. ", "1214 (1941).", "\nIn VSS's response in opposition, VSS first argues that Fusco's back pay calculation is inaccurate. (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "16. ", "p. 3.) ", "VSS asserts that under the FCRA, back pay is calculated to the date of judgment, not to the filing of the notice of removal. (", "Id.) VSS does not specify the amount of this additional back pay. ", "As explained below, the Court agrees that back pay is calculated differently than Fusco calculated it; however, it is calculated to the date of trial, not the date of judgment. ", "VSS also argues that the Court should not consider mitigation when calculating back pay for amount in controversy purposes. (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "16 p. 4.) ", "VSS states that some courts do not allow mitigation and cites two unpublished district cases in support of this argument. ", "This argument is unpersuasive because most courts consider mitigation when calculating back pay if the plaintiff submits affidavits or other evidence specifying the amount of mitigation. ", "See, e.g., Destel, 2004 WL 746293, at 4 (remanding the case because the \"potential value\" of the \"compensatory and punitive damage claims, combined with the value of Plaintiff's other claims for relief,\" did not meet the amount in controversy requirement after calculating the plaintiff's back pay award based on evidence the plaintiff submitted 1244 regarding mitigation; the defendant did \"not offer any kind of concrete appraisal of the value of Plaintiff's claims for compensatory or punitive damages\").", "\nCaselaw in this Circuit is not extremely clear regarding how back pay is calculated for purposes of establishing the amount in controversy requirement. ", "Some courts calculate back pay for this purpose to the date of trial. ", "See, e.g., Destel v. McRoberts Protective Agency, Inc., No. ", "03-62067-Civ, 2004 WL 746293, at 4 n. 3 (S.D.Fla. ", "Feb. 17, 2004); Deel v. Metromedia Rest. ", "Servs., ", "Inc., No. ", "3:05CV120/MCR, 2006 WL 481667, at 4 (N.D.Fla. ", "Feb. 27, 2006) (citations omitted). ", "Other courts have found that back pay should be calculated to the date of removal based on the Eleventh Circuit's opinion in Lowery v. Alabama Power Co., 483 F.3d 1184 (11th Cir.2007). ", "See Snead v. AAR Mfg., ", "Inc., No. ", "8:09-cv-1733-T-30EAJ, 2009 WL 3242013, at 3 (M.D.Fla. ", "Oct. 6, 2009) (finding that calculating back pay for amount in controversy purposes through the date of trial would be speculative; the court also stated that the cases that supported the defendant's argument that damages could be calculated through trial were decided pre-Lowery, which \"drastically changed the analysis of removal\"); but see Pretka v. Kolter City Plaza II, Inc., 608 F.3d 744, 747 (11th Cir.2010) (clarifying that its holding in Lowery only applied to cases removed pursuant to the second paragraph of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b), and stating that when Lowery refers to cases removed pursuant to the first paragraph 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a), those statements are dicta). ", "It appears that back pay for purposes of the amount in controversy requirement should be calculated to the date of trial.", "\nNevertheless, even after adding back pay to the amount as stated by Fusco, it does not reach the jurisdictional amount. ", "The Court calculates additional back pay and mitigation from the time the complaint was filed on April 25, 2011, to June 22, 2012, an estimated trial date approximately 12 months after the case was removed to this Court. ", "The Court subtracts the time that Fusco has already accounted for in her affidavituntil June 25, 2011. ", "This results in a time period of 52 weeks. ", "Assuming Fusco is still working for Luxottica until that time, the Court takes her current hourly rate$18.07and multiplies it by 40 hours a week for 52 weeks. ", "This calculation predicts her pay at Luxottica for this time period to total $37,585.60. ", "The Court subtracts this mitigation amount from the additional back pay if she had been employed at VSS instead52 × 40 × $26.44, which equals $54,995.20. ", "Subtracting $37,585.60 from $54,995.20 results in $17,409.60 of additional back pay.", "\nAdding this to Fusco's proposed amount of back pay of $29,368.59, the total is a potential back pay award of $ 46,778.19. ", "Even adding the amount of front pay VSS proposes$17,409.60the amount is $64,187.79still under $75,000.00. ", "VSS also argues that Fusco has alleged $7,000.00 in minimum wage penalties, but, even assuming that these penalties are part of the amount in controversy although they would be paid to the state, this brings the grand total to $71,187.89.[2]\n1245 Finally, VSS does not offer specific amounts regarding the other forms of relief. ", "VSS asserts that the statutory maximum of $100,000.00 for punitive damages under the FCRA should be added; however, some courts have determined that the full amount should not be added simply because the plaintiff did not specify an amount. ", "See Brown v. Am. ", "Express Co., Inc., No. ", "09-61758-CIV, 2010 WL 527756, at 6 (S.D.Fla. ", "Feb. 10, 2010). \"", "`[I]f the prayer for punitive damages satisfies the amount in controversy, nearly every [FCRA] case is immediately removable.'\" ", "Id. at 7 (quoting Desmond v. HSBC Servs., ", "Inc., No. ", "8:09-cv-1272-T-23TBM, 2009 WL 2436582, at 2 (M.D.Fla. ", "Aug. 6, 2009)). ", "VSS does not offer even an estimate of the potential amount of punitive damages that might be awarded. ", "Resolving all uncertainties in favor of remand, the Court finds that VSS has not proven the amount in controversy by a preponderance of the evidence.", "\n\nIII. ", "CONCLUSION\nAs explained above, Fusco has submitted an affidavit and W-2 forms specifying the amount of mitigation. ", "Courts may consider evidence submitted after the notice of removal is filed if relevant to establish facts that existed at the time of removal. ", "See Brown v. Cunningham Lindsey U.S., Inc., No. ", "305CV141J32HTS, 2005 WL 1126670, at *3 (M.D.Fla. ", "May 11, 2005) (citing Sierminski v. Transouth Fin. ", "Corp., 216 F.3d 945, 949 (11th Cir.2000)). ", "The Court finds that Fusco's affidavit is sufficiently detailed so as to establish doubt regarding whether the amount in controversy is satisfied. ", "Uncertainties are resolved in favor of remand. ", "Burns. ", "v. Windsor Ins. ", "Co., 31 F.3d 1092, 1095 (11th Cir.1994). ", "The Court finds that VSS has not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in controversy is satisfied. ", "Thus, the Court will remand Fusco's remaining claims.", "\nBased on the foregoing, it is ORDERED as follows:\n1. ", "The parties' Joint Stipulation for Severance and Remand of Count III (Doc. ", "No. ", "11), filed on July 5, 2011, is GRANTED.", "\n2. ", "Plaintiff Danielle R. Fusco's Motion to Remand Counts I, II, IV, V, and VI (Doc. ", "No. ", "15), filed on July 14, 2011, is GRANTED.", "\n3. ", "This case shall be REMANDED to the Circuit Court of the Ninth Circuit in and for Orange County, Florida. ", "The clerk shall mail a certified copy of the order of remand to the Ninth Circuit.", "\n4. ", "The Clerk is directed to CLOSE this case.", "\nDONE and ORDERED\nNOTES\n[1] Fusco's 2009 and 2010 W-2 forms confirm these amounts. (", "Doc. ", "No. ", "15-1 pp. ", "7, 9.)", "\n[2] Fusco is correct when she asserts that court costs and interest cannot be incorporated into the amount in controversy calculation. ", "28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). ", "Further, when a \"statutory cause of action entitles a party to recover reasonable attorney fees, the amount in controversy includes consideration of those fees.\" ", "Cohen v. Office Depot, Inc., 204 F.3d 1069, 1079 (11th Cir.2000). ", "However, under the FCRA, attorney's fees are awarded as part of the costs. ", "Fla. Stat. § ", "760.11(5). ", "As stated above, costs cannot be considered when determining the amount in controversy.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0.05, 0.04093567251461988, 0.02564102564102564, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0, 0.05454545454545454, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0.0111731843575419, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013774104683195593, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.00546448087431694, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0, 0, 0.005235602094240838, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0024937655860349127, 0, 0, 0.005479452054794521, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.004366812227074236, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0.009216589861751152, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.031746031746031744, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0.019801980198019802, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.008, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005893909626719057, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0425531914893617, 0, 0.010810810810810811, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.00904977375565611, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.018633540372670808, 0.011235955056179775, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0.058823529411764705, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0, 0, 0.046511627906976744, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0.03773584905660377, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.04938271604938271, 0, 0.025, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.006776	5
[ "Park Nohae\n\nPark Nohae (; born 1957) is South Korean poet, photographer and activist. ", "His original name was Park Gi-pyeong ().", "\n\nBiography\nPark Nohae was born in 1957 in Hampyeong, South Jeolla Province, a southern province of South Korea, and grew up in a farming town, Beolgyo, Goheung. ", "Both his father, a ‘Pansori’ singer, who had participated in Korea’s independence and progressive movements, and his mother who was a devout Catholic, greatly influenced him from his childhood. ", "Later, his brother became a priest and headed The Catholic Priests’ Association for Justice that took a leading role in the democratization of Korea, and his younger sister became a nun. ", "At the age of seven when his father suddenly passed away, his fate began to get on a wild journey, as his family became poor, and the family members had to be separated from each other. ", "Such misfortune and solitude at his early age made him get immersed in reading and writing.", "\n\nPark left hometown and moved to Seoul, the capital city of Korea. ", "He worked during daytime and attended the night classes at Seollin Commercial High School. ", "He began to build up a labor activist’s career while working in the fields of construction, textiles, chemicals, metals, and logistics. ", "At that time, Korea was going through a dark period under the military dictatorship; night curfews were in place; freedom of the press, presidential elections, and labor’s primary rights were severely violated.", "\n\n1980s, \"the icon of Revolutionary\" in South Korea \nThe 1980s, when the labor movement was at its most active in South Korea, was also the most active period for the creation of labor poetry. ", "The poetry of this time, represented mainly by Park Nohae and Baek Mu-san. ", "He then took the pseudonym Park Nohae(‘No’ means ‘labor,’ ‘Hae’ means ‘liberation’) and published his first collection of poems, Dawn of Labor, in 1984, under that name. ", "Korea was at that time under the military dictatorship of Chun Doo-hwan, with strict censorship. ", "Despite official bans, this collection sold nearly a million copies and created intense interest. ", "The unknown poet became an intensely symbolic figure of resistance. ", "The government authorities tried in vain to identify and arrest him.", "\n\n1990s, Demanded the death sentence, Sentenced to life imprisonment \nFor many years he was active underground, helping establish the Socialist Labour League of South Korea in 1989. ", "After spending seven years of his life hiding from the police, he was finally arrested in 1991. ", "After twenty-four days of investigation, coupled with cruel, illegal torture, at his trial the state prosecutors even demanded the death sentence for him as an enemy of the state. ", "He was finally sentenced to life imprisonment. ", "While he was in prison, a second poetry collection was published, True Beginning(1993) as well as a collection of essays, Only a Person is Hope(1997). ", "He was finally freed in 1998 after being amnestied by President Kim Dae-Jung. ", "Withdrawing from his previous role, he helped establish a nonprofit social organization “Nanum Munhwa”(Culture of Sharing) with Koreans concerned with the great challenges confronting global humanity.", "\n\n2000s, Global Peace Sharing as a photographer as well as an activist \nIn 2003, at the United States’ invasion of Iraq, he went to protect helpless civilians and promote peace. ", "At that time, he undertook peace activities in Bagdad and in other Middle Eastern countries for 75 days. ", "In 2006 he was in Lebanon on a similar peace-making mission and publicly opposed the dispatch of Korean combat troops to the Middle East. ", "From the start he combined poetry-writing and photography, as he went to many countries that were suffering from wars and poverty, such as Palestine, Kurdistan, Pakistan, Aceh (Indonesia), Burma, India, Ethiopia, Sudan, Peru and Bolivia. ", "In 2010 he held his first exhibition of photos “Ra Wilderness,” and since then he has continued to hold exhibitions to draw public attention to global issues of poverty, human values, and warfare. ", "In 2010 he finally published a large new collection of poems, So You Must Not Disappear, on themes such as resistance, spirituality, education, living, revolution and love. ", "Since then, living in a remote rural community far from Seoul, he continues, with the members of “Culture of Sharing,” to hold photo exhibitions in a dedicated gallery, the Ra Cafe and Gallery, in Seoul, also occasionally publishing photo albums, such as “Like Them, I am There,” and “Another Way.”", "\n\n2016-2017 Candlelight Revolution \nWhen the citizens of Korea began to hold candlelight demonstrations in protest at the corruption of the Korean government under Park Geun-hae, he and the members of “Culture of Sharing” participated actively, then in 2017 published a large album book Candlelight Revolution for first anniversary of the Candlelight Revolution. ", "He continues to be active and to write, while efforts are now underway to make his work and writings available internationally in translation.", "\n\nWorks\n\nCollections of Poems \n The Dawn of Labor (Hangul: 노동의 새벽) (First edition: Pulbit, 1984 / 30th anniversary Revised edition: Slow Walk, 2014) - His first book, sold nearly a million copies despite being banned\nTrue Beginning (Hangul: 참된 시작) (First edition: Changbi Publishers, 1993 / Revised edition: Slow Walk, 2016) - Prison writing, sold over a hundred thousand copies\nSo You Must Not Disappear (Hangul: 그러니 그대 사라지지 말아라) (Slow Walk, 2010)\n\nEssay \n Only a Person is Hope (Hangul: 사람만이 희망이다) (First edition: Hainaim, 1997 / Revised edition: Slow Walk, 2015) - Prison writing\nAceh’s Weeping for Too Long (Hangul: 아체는 너무 오래 울고 있다) (Slow Walk, 2005) - Reportage\nIt Seems Like Nobody Exists Here (Hangul: 여기에는 아무도 없는 것만 같아요) (Slow Walk, 2007) - Reportage\nAnother Way (Hangul: 다른 길) (Slow Walk, 2014) - Photographic essay\n\nPhotobook \nRa Wilderness (Hangul: 라 광야) (Slow Walk, 2010)\nLike Them, I am There (Hangul: 나 거기에 그들처럼) (Slow Walk, 2010) - Hardcover\nAnother Way (Hangul: 다른 길) (Slow Walk, 2014) - Hardcover\n\nSupervised and Special Contribution \n Candlelight Revolution (Hangul: 촛불혁명) (Slow Walk, 2017)\n\nExhibitions\n\nRa Wilderness\n(Hangul: 라 광야) (Gallery M, Seoul, Korea, 2010) - His first photo exhibition\n\nLike Them, I am There\n(Hangul: 나 거기에 그들처럼) (Sejong Center for the Performing Arts, Seoul, Korea, 2010)\n\nAnother Way\n(Hangul: 다른 길) (Sejong Center for the Performing Arts, Seoul, Korea, 2014) - Photo exhibition on Asia (Pakistan, Laos, Burma, Indonesia, Tibet, India)\n\nRa Cafe Gallery Permanent Exhibitions (since 2012~) \n Photo Exhibition on Pakistan, “A Village Where Clouds Dwell” (April 16 - July 31, 2012)\n Photo Exhibition on Burma, “Singing Lake” (August 3 - October 31, 2012)\n Photo Exhibition on Tibet, “Bloom and Fall with Nothing Left” (November 2, 2012 - February 27, 2013)\n Photo Exhibition on Q’ero in the Andes, “Q’erotica” (March 1 - July 10, 2013)\n Photo Exhibition on Sudan “On the Shores of the Nile” (July 12 - November 13, 2013)\n Photo Exhibition on the Middle East “Ra wilderness” (November 15, 2013 - March 1, 2014) (Encore)\n Photo Exhibition on Ethiopia “Blooming Footsteps” (March 3 - July 23, 2014)\n Photo Exhibition on Latin America “Titicaca” (July 25 - November 19, 2014)\n Photo Exhibition on Peru “Gracias a la vida” (November 21, 2014 - March 18, 2015)\n Photo Exhibition on Aljazeera, titled “Like them beneath the Sun” (March 20, 2015 – July 15, 2015)\n Photo Exhibition on India “Dire Dire” (July 17, 2015 – January 13, 2016)\n Photo Exhibition on Kashmir, “Kashmir's Spring” (January 15-June 29, 2016)\n Photo Exhibition on Indonesia, “The Caldera's Wind” (July 1, 2016,- December 28)\n Photo Exhibition on Kurds \"Kurdistan” (December 30, 2016, -June 28, 2017)\n Photo Exhibition on Laos \"Morning of Laos” (June 30, 2017 – February 28, 2018)\n Photo Exhibition on Palestine, “Dream of the Olive Tree” (March 2, 2018-October 31)\n Photo Exhibition titled “Goodbye, and...” (November 2, 2018 – February 10, 2019)\nPhoto Exhibition titled “One Day”(Hangul: 하루) (Jun 22, 2019-Jan 10, 2020)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Nanum Munhwa (Culture of Sharing) - a nonprofit social organization established by Park Nohae\nFacebook page <Park Nohae’s Walking Reading>\nInstagram <Park Nohae's Walking Reading> - Everyday poem with photo\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1957 births\nCategory:South Korean male poets\nCategory:20th-century South Korean poets\nCategory:21st-century South Korean poets\nCategory:20th-century male writers\nCategory:21st-century male writers\nCategory:20th-century photographers\nCategory:21st-century photographers\nCategory:Korean photographers\nCategory:Street photographers" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0.02666666666666667, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003355704697986577, 0.0027548209366391185, 0, 0.006070640176600441 ]	0.00358	5
[ "Sadly the hot water tank in my 1975 argosy is cracked and must be changed...\nThe rest of the model no.", "G6A2 still functions, the pilot and the burner seam to work just fine... Im a bit confused on what to do, should i change just the tank and how easy is that?? ", "or should I buy and all new unit?", "\n\nBTW. ", "when i light up the unit the was no water in it, the previous owner had bypass the water from the cracked tank... the flame after a while just went out... hope i did not break anything \"Newbie\".", "\n\nI have a '74 Argosy and would recommend a new \"basic\" unit.", "\nThe most difficult part will be the gas line. ", "The newer models are not in the same place. ", "But close.", "\nThe Atwood 6 gallon model is the replacement for the old Bowen.", "\n\n__________________Knowledge: \"A gift to be shared. ", "A treasure to receive.\"", "\n\nYou may need a tubing bender and flaring tool for the gas line. ", "It's been 4 years since I replaced mine. ", "As I recall I replaced the gas line from the water heater to the gas shut off valve below the trailer.", "\nAlso wrenches to fit the gas line fittings. ", "Always use 2 wrenches when loosening or tightening gas line fittings.", "\nThe existing cover will work.", "\nI installed wooden blocks between the inner and outer skins around the opening in order to get a firm attachment of the new heater.", "\nCaulk will be needed to seal around the edges. ", "I used a product called LEXELL. ", "It works great and is still pliable after 4 years.", "\nDo not remove the styrofoam from the water heater. ", "It should be installed with this in place. ", "It serves as insulation to prevent heat loss.", "\nThis would be a convenient time to install a bypass valve system for winterizing.", "\n\n__________________Knowledge: \"A gift to be shared. ", "A treasure to receive.\"", "\n\nYou are welcome.", "\nI worked in Baie-d'Urfe in the early 90's. ", "spent almost a year there.", "\nI am somewhat familiar with the area.", "\nMy wife is Canadian. ", "Met her in Vancouver over 20 years ago.", "\nIt's probably more than you wanted to know.", "\nIf you have more questions. ", "Help is here.", "\n\n__________________\n\n__________________Knowledge: \"A gift to be shared. ", "A treasure to receive.\"" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001487	5
[ "John Ferneley\n\nJohn E. Ferneley (18 May 1782 Thrussington, Leicestershire – 1860 Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire), was an English painter who specialised in portraying sporting horses and hunting scenes. ", "Although his rendition of horses was stylised, he is regarded as one of the great British equine artists, second perhaps only to George Stubbs.", "\n\nEarly life and education\nAt first apprenticed until 1801 to his father, who was a master wheelwright, he was encouraged to take up painting by John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland. ", "Accordingly, he moved to London and studied under the sporting artist Benjamin Marshall. ", "While training with Marshall he joined the Royal Academy School.", "\n\nCareer\nHis work was exhibited between 1806 and 1853 at the Royal Academy. ", "He traveled extensively in Ireland from 1806 to 1809, but returned to England to marry, and started working from Melton Mowbray. ", "Here he built his studio and later a house, Elgin Lodge, on the Scalford Rd. ", "Melton Mowbray was fast becoming a watering hole for the sporting fraternity and the place where modern fox-hunting developed in the late eighteenth century. ", "Hugo Meynell, a wealthy local bred his hounds to keep up with the horses and riders in their pursuit over hedges and ditches. ", "At this time riders began wearing the scarlet jackets which were to become traditional.", "\n\nFerneley's paintings depicted hunting when it was extremely fashionable. ", "Good horses sold quite readily for 200 guineas and most riders had at least ten in their stables. ", "His work became much sought after, his patrons including many Royals and personalities such as Beau Brummel and the Count d'Orsay. ", "Ferneley routinely was commissioned to paint the famous Quorn, Belvoir, and Cottesmore hunts. ", "The members all contributed to the painter's fee and then drew lots to determine the winner. ", "Ferneley specialised in painting \"scurries\", panoramic paintings showing a sequence of events. ", "He befriended Sir Francis Grant and helped him with the painting of horses while Grant in return helped with figure painting. ", "In this way they collaborated on a number of paintings. ", "Ferneley's signature was done very delicately with a pin head in the wet paint and often hidden on a fence, stable door or in an unexpected corner of the painting. ", "His signature is easily differentiated from that of his son, John Jr, who normally signed heavily in black.", "\n\nBetween 1810 and 1812 he visited Ireland twice more, carrying out a great number of commissioned paintings for wealthy Irish patrons. ", "He fathered six children with his first wife (who died in 1836) - three of whom also became painters.", "\n\nFerneley kept a set of account books dating between 1807 and 1860; the detailed notes providing useful material for later historians.", "\n\nJohn Ferneley College in Melton Mowbray, is named after him.", "\n\nDeath\nFerneley died in 1860 in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.", "\n\nGallery\n\nBibliography\nThe Melton Mowbray of John Ferneley by Major Guy Paget\nThe Account Books of John Ferneley by Major Guy Paget\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1782 births\nCategory:1860 deaths\nCategory:19th-century English painters\nCategory:English male painters\nCategory:People from the Borough of Charnwood\nCategory:Sports artists\nCategory:People from Melton Mowbray" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.024630541871921183, 0.006993006993006993, 0.011111111111111112, 0.011235955056179775, 0.03125, 0.013157894736842105, 0.007751937984496124, 0.012987012987012988, 0.006329113924050633, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0, 0, 0.015267175572519083, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0.0158311345646438 ]	0.007931	5
[ "The immunophenotype of Reed-Sternberg cells. ", "A study of 50 cases of Hodgkin's disease using fixed frozen tissues.", "\nThe authors analyzed 50 cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) with a panel of antibodies which detect B-cell and T-cell specific markers and activation antigens using a sensitive immunocytochemical technique and paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate (PLP) fixed-frozen tissues. ", "In 60% of cases either T-cell or B-cell specific antigens were detected on Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. ", "Most T-cell cases were of nodular sclerosing (NS) and mixed cellularity (MC) type (65% and 30%, respectively) and most B-cell cases were either of NS or lymphocyte predominant (LP) type (55% and 45%, respectively). ", "Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) was usually negative on RS cells in NS, but was present in approximately 50% of the cases of MC and LP types. ", "Almost all cases were positive for the CD30 antigen (Ki-1). ", "Most cases were also positive for CD15 (LeuM1) with the exception of the LP type. ", "Activation antigens (Ia, CD25, T9) were expressed in a high proportion of cases regardless of subtype. ", "The results suggest that most cases of HD are histogenetically derived from activated T-cells or B-cells." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0.022222222222222223, 0.014705882352941176, 0.007434944237918215, 0.00980392156862745, 0.004651162790697674, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0 ]	0.009229	5
[ "// Higher order functions\n\n// A higher order function is any function that does at least one of the following\n// 1. ", "Accepts a function as an argument\n// 2. ", "Returns a new function\n\n// Receives a function as an argument\nconst withCount = fn => {\n let count = 0\n\n // Returns a new function\n return (...args) => {\n console.log(`Call count: ${++count}`)\n return fn(...args)\n }\n}\n\nconst add = (x, y) => x + y\n\nconst countedAdd = withCount(add)\n\nconsole.log(countedAdd(1, 2))\nconsole.log(countedAdd(2, 2))\nconsole.log(countedAdd(3, 2))\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0, 0.010443864229765013 ]	0.003481	5
[ "package com.googlecode.totallylazy.numbers;\n\nimport com.googlecode.totallylazy.predicates.", "LessThanOrEqualTo;\nimport com.googlecode.totallylazy.predicates.", "LogicalPredicate;\n\npublic class LessThanOrEqualToPredicate extends LogicalPredicate<Number> implements LessThanOrEqualTo<Number> {\n private final Number value;\n\n public LessThanOrEqualToPredicate(Number value) {\n this.value = value;\n }\n\n public boolean matches(Number other) {\n return Numbers.lessThanOrEqualTo(other, value);\n }\n\n public Number value() {\n return value;\n }\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0, 0.002398081534772182 ]	0.000799	5
[ "Manipulo-spatial processing of ideographic characters in left-handers: observation in fMRI.", "\nIt has been suggested that left-handers have a cerebral ambilaterality for language representation. ", "Specifically, the use of the right hand for writing may have a specific effect on the cerebral organization in left-handers. ", "In an investigation of the relationship between motor and visual language procedures, functional magnetic resonance imaging at three tesla was conducted during stroke counting of kanji (Japanese ideographic characters) in six left-handers who usually write with their right hand. ", "Two types of stimulus presentation, phonography-displayed and kanji-displayed, were employed to examine the different neural pathways used for processing kanji. ", "Each stimulus presentation involved two motor conditions: one allowed finger movements for tracing the characters, while the other disallowed finger movements. ", "The tasks induced activation in the primary motor area, the premotor area, the supplementary motor area, and the anterior cingulate gyrus as well as the parietal and occipital lobes (Brodmann's area 7/39/19). ", "The activated areas in both the movement-allowed and movement-disallowed conditions were almost identical except for the primary motor area. ", "These results clearly contrasted with those of a previous study of right-handers which showed that right-handed volunteers demonstrated decreased activation in the premotor area and the dorsal pathway during the movement-allowed condition. ", "This discrepancy may be attributable to a difference in cerebral organization for language processing. ", "Specifically, in left-handers, the visuospatial procedure for kanji and the motor procedure for tracing the kanji may be ambilaterally distributed in both hemispheres, whereas in right-handers these procedures may be predominantly lateralized in the left hemisphere." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000435	5
[ "Sound Bath: The Ultimate Relaxation\n\nIn Ann's Sound Bath we are guided for a brief meditation where we will lay down and do breathing exercises in order to get in a more relaxed and receptive state of mind. ", "Then we get cozy, and for 60 minutes listen to and feel the sounds of crystal singing bowls, chimes, tuning forks, and other various instruments.", "\n\nSunday, January 20th 5:00pm-6:15pm$30 to attend ILY-st Members get 25% off applied directly at checkout" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.004830917874396135, 0, 0.009523809523809525 ]	0.004785	5
[ "Liana K\n\nLiana K may refer to:\n\nPeople\nLiana Kanelli, Greek actress, TV and radio host, journalist and politician\nLiana Kerzner, Canadian YouTuber\nLiana K. Ramirez, actress and dancer" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.0273224043715847 ]	0.027322	5
[ "Q:\n\nApache Mina SSHD 1.0 Server exits immediately\n\nI am using Apache Mina sshd-core-1.0.0 to start an SFTP daemon. ", "The program however exits after the sshd.start(). ", "There are no errors. ", "However if I use sshd-core-0.0.14, the server starts just fine and I can initiate an SFTP session. ", "Am I missing something with 1.0.0?", "\nCode snippet with 1.0.0 (does not work)\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {\n SshServer sshd = SshServer.setUpDefaultServer();\n sshd.setPort(2222);\n sshd.setKeyPairProvider(new SimpleGeneratorHostKeyProvider(new File (\"hostkey.ser\"))) \n sshd.setPasswordAuthenticator(new AuthenticatorImpl());\n sshd.start();\n}\n\nCode snippet with 0.0.14 (works)\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {\n SshServer sshd = SshServer.setUpDefaultServer();\n sshd.setPort(2222);\n sshd.setKeyPairProvider(new SimpleGeneratorHostKeyProvider(\"hostkey.ser\")); \n sshd.setPasswordAuthenticator(new AuthenticatorImpl());\n sshd.start();\n}\n\nThe following is output when 1.0.0 runs. ", "The code starts fine but terminates after the sshd.start() statement.", "\n2015-12-16 19:57:38,510 DEBUG SFTPServer.main(SFTPServer.java:26) message\n2015-12-16 19:57:38,767 INFO org.apache.sshd.common.util.", "SecurityUtils$BouncyCastleRegistration.call(SecurityUtils.java:145) Trying to register BouncyCastle as a JCE provider\n2015-12-16 19:57:39,076 INFO org.apache.sshd.common.util.", "SecurityUtils$BouncyCastleRegistration.call(SecurityUtils.java:149) Registration succeeded\n2015-12-16 19:57:39,105 DEBUG org.apache.sshd.common.io.nio2.Nio2Acceptor.bind(Nio2Acceptor.java:57) Binding Nio2Acceptor to address 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2222\n2015-12-16 19:57:39,114 INFO SFTPServer.main(SFTPServer.java:32) Started\n\nA:\n\nThe SshServer.", "Start only starts listening on the incoming port. ", "It does not block. ", "So the main is terminated immediately afterwards. ", "This should not be any different in 0.0.14, though I cannot try.", "\nYou have to wait in the main explicitly to keep the server running.", "\nSee how SshServer.main is implemented (both in 0.0.14 and 1.0.0):\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n\n ...\n\n SshServer sshd = SshServer.setUpDefaultServer();\n\n ...\n\n sshd.start();\n\n Thread.sleep(Long.", "MAX_VALUE);\n}\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005517241379310344, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.017142857142857144, 0.005934718100890208, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008368200836820083, 0 ]	0.00262	5
[ "NPR's Fake News: Antis’ Pseudo-Science Strives to Undermine Hunting\n\nIn their never-ending quest to end hunting, animal rights extremists use many tactics. ", "One such tactic on the rise is the issuing of pseudo-scientific reports and “studies” that put hunting in a negative light. ", "As with so much of the anti-hunting movement in this country, the animal rightists are greatly aided by a mainstream media that takes these “studies” at face value.", "\n\nThe trend is potentially quite damaging, especially since once a media outlet reports on the newest animal rights “study,” others follow suit. ", "Rarely do the reporters examine the possible motives of the authors or question the “science” used to generate data. ", "In the process, wildlife management and hunting are portrayed as harmful to the general public and wildlife.", "\n\nFor example, National Public Radio (NPR) recently promoted a new “study” arguing that wildlife professionals and wildlife agencies in the United States and Canada frequently do not use science and scientific objectives when making decisions concerning hunting in favor of bowing to hunters’ wishes.", "\n\nWhen given a quick read, the study even can appear objective, complete with statistics and scientific jargon. ", "As NPR reported:\n\n“Researchers, looking at hunting management policies across 62 U.S. and Canadian states, provinces and territories, found that a majority of those policies lacked ‘four fundamental hallmarks of science relevant to natural resource management’—measurable objectives, evidence, transparency and independent review. ", "The researchers looked at 667 hunt management systems for 27 species and found that 60 percent of them had fewer than half of the criteria.”", "\n\nWhat did NPR’s reporting omit? ", "The “study’s” head researcher was Kyle Artelle, a biologist with the Canada-based Raincoast Conservation Foundation. ", "Artelle and his group were staunch opponents of British Columbia’s grizzly bear hunt and worked alongside the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) to shut down the season last fall. ", "In the NPR coverage, Artelle specifically says he opposed the B.C. grizzly hunt because there was little to no science behind it.", "\n\nNPR let that whopper of a misstatement slide. ", "Yet, as NRAHLF.org reported, it was science that was completely left out of the B.C. provincial government’s decision to end the hunt. ", "In fact, scientific data showed that B.C. had a healthy grizzly population estimated at 15,000 bears. ", "In any one year, hunters only harvested approximately 250 bears—or 1.6-percent of the population. ", "Science showed the bear hunt was utterly sustainable, but emotion and pseudo-science killed it.", "\n\nTo its credit, NPR did contact Ron Regan, the executive director of the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, which represents state wildlife agencies in North America. ", "Reagan noted that those involved in the “study” were woefully misinformed. “", "Their characterization of science being less than ideally applied in making management decisions is just not true,” Regan said.", "\n\nBut NPR dropped the ball after that, not really explaining how wildlife science is in fact the guiding principle behind wildlife management decisions, including hunting. ", "Unfortunately, NPR’s own report based on misinformation was widely disseminated across other media outlets and social media.", "\n\nIn the United States, HSUS also used a “report” to try and ban mountain lion hunting in Arizona. ", "HSUS piggybacked “Report Reveals the Five Deadliest States for Mountain Lions” onto the pseudo “scandal” concerning the death of Cecil the Lion. ", "The report itself was part of HSUS’ campaign to ban mountain lion hunting and trapping in Arizona through a November 2018 ballot initiative. ", "As reported by this website and the NRA Institute for Legislative Action, efforts were suspended on Apr. 4 when HSUS announced it was falling far short of gathering the 150, 642 signatures required by July 5, leaving the state free to base wildlife management decisions on science rather than on a political agenda—for now.", "\n\nAlso addressing the issue was Brian Lynn, Vice President of Communications for the pro-hunting Sportsmen’s Alliance. “", "You’ll notice they use emotional language in the report and the press release announcing it,” he said. “", "But then notice the population data and harvest data. ", "They're showing 10-year harvest data to 1-year population data. ", "On a quick blush, it looks like hunters are killing more lions than there even are!”", "\n\nHe continued, “… you have to stop and think and do the math to realize what’s really going on here. ", "Unfortunately, much of the public and far too many reporters aren't that diligent.”", "\n\nAnd then there are the extremists at People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). ", "PETA disseminates “fact sheet” after “fact sheet,” condemning meat-eating, zoos and farming, among other activities. ", "Only problem is, its facts are wrong. ", "Its fact sheet “Why Sport Hunting Is Cruel and Unnecessary,” for example, actually references and distorts data from state game and fish agencies and the National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF) to “prove” its case that hunting is both unnecessary and dangerous to hunters.", "\n\nIn truth, as the trade association for the shooting sports industry, NSSF’s data actually spotlights that hunting steadily has become safer. ", "Similarly, the game agency data that the anti-hunters cited also would highlight the positives of hunting—if the information hadn’t been cherry-picked to suggest a different picture.", "\n\nNow it would take a book-length dissertation to untangle this “report’s” misinformation and lies. ", "Suffice it to say, for the reporter striving to support the anti-hunting narrative, PETA “fact sheets,” HSUS reports and the above-cited NPR coverage of a “study” make for a gold mine of fake news.", "\n\nThis is one reason the NRA Hunters’ Leadership Forum (HLF) and NRAHLF.org exists: to help the collective hunting community take control of the narrative and tell the truth about hunters and hunting. ", "This is how we hunters will counter the inaccurate and emotional messaging being circulated by animal rights extremists. ", "NPR’s coverage of this latest “study” is a harsh reminder that we have much work to do." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0.0030211480362537764, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.017094017094017096, 0.015957446808510637, 0.015503875968992248, 0.020833333333333332, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0.017045454545454544, 0.013157894736842105, 0.007874015748031496, 0.005813953488372093, 0.008064516129032258, 0.020202020202020204, 0.006896551724137931, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.006191950464396285, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0.007272727272727273, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.011494252873563218 ]	0.006065	5
[ "Pan-STARRS image of Kilonova SSS17a / AT2017gfo taken 16 hours and 55 minutes after the gravity wave GW170817 from the merger of two neutron stars in the outskirts of the galaxy NGC4993.", "\n\nOn the left is an image of the region from the Pan-STARRS1 Survey from images accumulated between 2010 and 2014. ", "The center panel is an image of the region taken by Pan-STARRS 16 hours 55 minutes after the gravity wave GW170817. ", "A new object is seen as marked by the cross hairs. ", "Using a computer, the first image is subtracted from the second, leaving the difference between the two images shown in the third panel. ", "The difference of these images clearly shows the presence of Kilonova SSS17a. ", "The color image is a false color combination of images taken in i,z, and y bands. ", "The intensity has been adjusted to bring out detail.", "\n\nImage credit/copyright: Pan-STARRS Team High-resolution TIFF with labels / High-resolution TIFF without labels / High-resolution JPG with labels / High-resolution JPG without labels\n\nUH astronomers and their international collaborators announced the discovery and study of the first binary neutron star merger detected in gravitational waves in articles published today in Science, Nature, and the Astrophysical Journal. ", "Two neutron stars - the leftover remnants of massive stars that used up all of their fuel - were orbiting each other in a death spiral, emitting gravitational waves until they finally collided and merged. ", "The cataclysmic coalescence ejected a few percent of the neutron stars' material into space at about one-quarter the speed of light.", "\n\nThis rare neutron-rich material produced new and highly radioactive atomic nuclei, which rapidly decayed in an eerie glow called a kilonova. ", "The study of this event shows that at least some of the elements heavier than iron were originally created in binary neutron star mergers like this one.", "\n\n\"We are made of star stuff.\" ", "Carl Sagan famously said. ", "This reflected astronomers' understanding that much of the material in our bodies and in the Earth, originated in stars. ", "For decades, it was thought that some of the elements heavier than iron - such as silver - came from the dying explosions of massive stars. ", "Now, UH astronomers together with their international collaborators have seen for the first time a different way that such elements are created and dispersed in the universe.", "\n\nThe amazing sequence of events began August 17 at 02:41 HST with alerts from the Nobel Prize-winning Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor aboard NASA's Fermi Observatory. ", "The two LIGO detectors in Hanford, Washington and Livingston, Louisiana, together with the Virgo detector in Pisa, Italy, spotted a burst of gravitational waves they named GW170817. ", "This burst came from the last few minutes of the two neutron stars' lives, as they circled each other, getting ever closer until they finally collided. ", "Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time, where space itself expands and contracts in a strange undulation; in a merger like this they increase in frequency like running your fingers up the keyboard of a piano.", "\n\nNext, Fermi witnessed a burst of high-energy gamma rays from the same direction as GW170817, a mere 1.7 seconds after the crescendo of gravity waves. ", "However the LIGO/Virgo detector could only provide a rough estimate of the position of the source in the sky. ", "Actually finding the precise location of GW170817 and studying this extraordinary event would require an armada of telescopes and astronomers from around the world.", "\n\nDr. Benjamin Shappee, who just joined the faculty of the Institute for Astronomy, is a member of the One-Meter-Two-Hemisphere (1M2H) discovery team that leapt into action. ", "This small team, a collaboration between Carnegie Observatories and UC Santa Cruz, swiftly used the Carnegie Institute's Swope and Magellan telescopes to image galaxies that might have been the host of the neutron star merger. ", "Less than 11 hours after the LIGO/Virgo alert, the 1M2H team found a new bright object, Swope Supernova Survey 17a (SSS17a) in the galaxy NGC4993.", "\n\n\"It is amazing that with the multitude of teams searching for this source, our small team of mostly young astronomers was the first to image, discover and report it,â said Dr. Shappee. ", "Based on the coordinates provided by Ben and his team, astronomers and observatories worldwide quickly followed up to confirm and study SSS17a.", "\n\nPan-STARRS, the University of Hawaii's sky survey facility, being further west than Chile, had to wait for nightfall in Hawaii to scan the region. ", "But this delay turned out to be an important advantage. ", "When first observed, it was unclear if SSS17a was the true visible counterpart to the gravity wave source - it could have been an unrelated supernova. ", "Pan-STARRS observed SSS17a six hours after the 1M2H discovery, when it was no longer visible from Chile. ", "Pan-STARRS, which has previously surveyed most of the sky and is renowned for its precise calibration, was able to use its \"before\" images along with the new data to quickly and precisely measure that SSS17a had significantly faded in the few hours since its discovery.", "\n\n\"A new astronomical object fading this fast is unheard of, and the Pan-STARRS Team alerted the worldwide community to the unique nature of SSS17a,\" said Ken Chambers, Director of the Pan-STARRS Observatory, \"This was the signature of a kilonova.\" ", "These observations were critical for both studying the physics of a kilonova and allowing astronomers around the world to be confident that SSS17a was the true counterpart to GW170817. ", "Now the teams knew this was the right object to focus their precious resources upon as it faded from view.", "\n\nEvery kind of telescope in the world and in orbit changed course to observe SSS17a (later given the IAU designation of AT2017gfo), including the NASA Fermi (gamma-rays), Chandra (x-rays), and Swift (Ultraviolet and X-ray) Observatories; the Hubble Space Telescope; and radio telescopes such as the NRAO Jansky Very Large Array, along with many others in a massive international effort unprecedented in the history of astronomy.", "\n\nThe picture that emerged over the following two weeks was that the initially bluish object changed into a redder and strangely colorful object the likes of which has never been seen before. ", "The final piece of the puzzle came from spectra taken by the UH astronomers and their international collaborators on a variety of telescopes. ", "The neutron-rich material ejected from the merger is a fertile environment for the kind of nuclear reactions that build larger and larger nuclei from smaller ones - and some of these were seen. \"", "We see fingerprints of key elements that are heavier than iron,\" said Chambers. ", "The result is a fundamental change in our understanding of the origin of at least some of the heavier elements, many of which are common on Earth and are even in our bodies. \"", "It is exciting to play a part in a story that will make it into the textbooks,\" said Shappee.", "\n\nArtist's conception of a neutron star merger\n\nImage credit: Illustration by Robin Dienel courtesy of the Carnegie Institution for Science High-resolution TIFF\n\na> The Pan-STARRS1 Observatory on Halealakala, Maui, opens at sunset to begin a night of mapping the sky.", "\n\nCredit: Photo by Rob Ratkowski High-resolution TIFF\n\n\n\nRelated Press Releases and Information\n\nThe PanSTARRS project website http://panstarrs.ifa.hawaii.edu\n\nThe PanSTARRS data access portal http://panstarrs.stsci.edu\n\nAstrophysical Journal Letters paper \"Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger,\" Abbott et al. ", "2017\n\nNature paper \"A kilonova as the electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave source,\" Smartt et al. ", "2017\n\nScience paper \"Early spectra of the gravitational wave source GW170817: Evolution of a neutron star merger,\" Shappee et al. ", "2017\n\nScience paper \"Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the optical counterpart to a gravitational wave source,\" Coulter et al. ", "2017\n\nScience paper \"Electromagnetic evidence that SSS17a is the result of a binary neutron star merger,\" Kilpatrick et al. ", "2017\n\nScience paper \"Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis,\" Drout et al. ", "2017\n\nNational Science Foundation News Release\n\nLIGO GW170817 News Page\n\nCarnegie Observatories Press Release\n\nEuropean Southern Observatory (ESO) Press Release\n\nFounded in 1967, the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa conducts research into galaxies, cosmology, stars, planets, and the sun. ", "Its faculty and staff are also involved in astronomy education, deep space missions, and in the development and management of the observatories on HaleakalÄ and Maunakea. ", "The Institute operates facilities on the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nBenjamin Shappee was partially supported by NASA during this work through Hubble Fellowships awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS 5-26555. ", "The 1M2H is a collaboration between Carnegie Observatories and the University of California Santa Cruz. ", "The Pan-STARRS1 observations were supported in part by the NASA Grant No. ", "NNX14AM74G issued through the SSO Near Earth Object Observations Program, and the Queen's University Belfast. ", "The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys were made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. ", "NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. ", "AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), and the Los Alamos National Laboratory.", "The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys are archived at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and can be accessed through MAST, the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes. ", "Additional support for the Pan-STARRS1 public science archive is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.", "\n\nThis work was also supported in part by the European Southern Observatory and we acknowledge ESO program 199.D-0143 and 099.D-0376. ", "We acknowledge the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1) for support of GROND observations." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009456264775413711, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.013215859030837005, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.013215859030837005, 0.0273972602739726, 0.010582010582010581, 0.013986013986013986, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.009523809523809525, 0.007434944237918215, 0.004016064257028112, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.00749063670411985, 0.01791044776119403, 0.008849557522123894, 0.007692307692307693, 0.022727272727272728, 0.016129032258064516, 0.007352941176470588, 0.00946372239747634, 0.005813953488372093, 0.02666666666666667, 0.024390243902439025, 0.019230769230769232, 0.013513513513513514, 0.00909090909090909, 0.019746121297602257, 0.02857142857142857, 0.035398230088495575, 0.006134969325153374, 0.017391304347826087, 0.007462686567164179, 0.017699115044247787 ]	0.008562	5
[ "Tests and diagnosis\n\nDoctors diagnose personality disorders based on a thorough interview about your symptoms as well as your personal and medical history. ", "Often people with schizotypal personality disorder seek help because of other symptoms such as anxiety, depression or angry outbursts or for treatment of substance abuse. ", "A physical exam will help rule out other medical conditions, and a mental health provider will likely be consulted for further evaluation.", "\n\nTo be diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder, a person must meet the symptom criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). ", "This manual, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is used by mental health providers to diagnose mental illnesses and by insurance companies to reimburse for treatment.", "\n\nFor a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, at least five of the following criteria must be met:\n\nIncorrect interpretations of events, such as a feeling that something which is actually harmless or inoffensive has a direct personal meaning\n\nLegal Conditions and Terms\n\nReprint Permissions\n\nA single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. \"", "Mayo,\" \"Mayo Clinic,\" \"MayoClinic.org,\" \"Mayo Clinic Healthy Living,\" and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0.005494505494505495, 0.002570694087403599, 0.02247191011235955 ]	0.005193	5
[ "Why Christians should be the healthiest people on the planet (and why we aren’t)\n\nChristian health.", "\n\nSometimes that feels like an oxymoron to me.", "\n\nChristians, for many reasons, don’t prioritize health. ", "And I think that’s a big problem.", "\n\nIt’s not only a problem for our health and happiness, but for the ways these two things impact those around us. ", "Our lifestyles speak. ", "In a way, your health and how you live say something about the God you serve.", "\n\n“I have come that they may have life, and have it to the full.” (", "John 10:10)\n\nJesus is talking about this life. ", "So wouldn’t you expect to see Christians living lives that look radically different, spiritually and emotionally and physically?", "\n\nAnd yet.", "\n\nChristian health today\n\nThis is obviously a generalization, as each of us is different. ", "But Christian health seems to be declining right along with the rest of the world. ", "There’s plenty of anxiety, allergies, and autoimmune diseases to go around.", "\n\nFor example, think of Christian potlucks. ", "They are notoriously un-nutritious. ", "Frog-eyed salad, anyone?", "\n\nThe (aggravating) answer I get from lots of Christians I have this conversation with goes something like this: “Well, you gotta remember that we’re all going to die anyway.”", "\n\nReally? ", "So health should be completely ignored?", "\n\n“Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die.” (", "1 Corinthians 15:32)\n\nIn this verse, Paul was berating the people who act as if this life is all there is. ", "But as Christians, we can “over-spiritualize” this life to the point where we think it’s actually spiritual to NOT care about our bodies or health. ", "We know this life isn’t all there is, but we use that as a free pass to live selfishly.", "\n\nMy husband knew a lady who said she wanted to let God decide when she lived or died. ", "So she ate crap food, and never wore a seatbelt.", "\n\nWow. ", "What sort of respect does that show the Author of life?", "\n\nGod has given you a body and a brain, so that you can use them to glorify him. ", "Let’s take a step back and look at why health should matter to Christians.", "\n\nThis website contains affiliate links- meaning that if you follow a link to something I recommend, I might receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. ", "I only recommend products I love! ", "More info here.", "\n\nAll verses are in the NIV translation unless stated otherwise.", "\n\nWhy health matters\n\nAs Christians, there are a few things we should already understand.", "\n\nThere’s no reincarnation (Hebrews 9:27). ", "This one human life is all we get.", "\n\nOur purpose in this life is to glorify and enjoy God, reconciling others to him (2 Corinthians 5:18).", "\n\nIn light of these two facts, shouldn’t we be doing all we can to make sure we’re capable of doing things for God’s glory and to build the Kingdom of God while we can?", "\n\nThis life is our one chance to do that. ", "In eternity our faith will be sight, and no one will need to be converted. ", "We won’t need any more faith. ", "How are we supposed to serve God to the fullest if we’re sick all the time, or terribly out of shape, or our cognitive ability is declining prematurely? (", "These fates are all completely preventable, by the way)\n\nAnd more than that, how are we supposed to help lead others to God and encourage them to serve Him and the Kingdom if people are kept busy caring for us in our failing health? ", "My opinion is that it’s a lot easier to walk in faith if you can, you know, actually walk….", "\n\nToo many Christians only talk about health and diet as if they’re dangerous potential idols that can pull you away from God.", "\n\nI’ve heard many pastors say that a perfect diet won’t make you more godly or make God love you more, and yes, that’s true! ", "But generally, focusing too much on health is NOT our problem. ", "Instead, we over-spiritualize godly living to the point where we ignore physical facts and forget we’re aren’t just a soul- we have a body too, and one worth caring for!", "\n\nBody, soul, and mind. ", "We’re one. ", "We need to care for each and every aspect if we’re going to live life holistically, to the fullest. ", "Our spiritual health and our physical health are linked. ", "This is why it’s not just important to be spiritually healthy- if you’re missing out on physical health in your lifestyle and choices, you’re missing a lot.", "\n\nWe live in a post-curse world\n\nJust to clear something up, we do live in a fallen world.", "\n\nI know that.", "\n\nDiseases are unavoidable to a certain extent, and our bodies are falling apart (2 Corinthians 4:16). ", "But, as that verse also says, “we do not lose heart”. ", "We don’t give up. ", "Things aren’t perfect, and none of us are promised perfect health, in fact, we’re promised problems (John 16:33). ", "but that doesn’t mean we aren’t responsible for our health.", "\n\nI think this fallen world means we have even more of a responsibility for how we’re living.", "\n\nLiving in a world that’s falling apart makes it obvious where our hope and value lies, and it brings even more glory to a perfect God. ", "He stands out.", "\n\nAnd if we’re following him, we should too.", "\n\nWe have a temple\n\nBack in the Old Testament, the Israelites had a glorious temple where they could worship and pray and honor God. ", "When Israel was taken by Babylon, the temple was destroyed.", "\n\nIt took years for the Israelites to return to their homeland, and then it took them a while to rebuild the temple as God commanded- see the book of Haggai. (", "It’s a short book- you can read the whole thing in 5 minutes)\n\nAnd many more years later, Jesus came and really shook things up. ", "He started referring to the temple as himself (John 2:19) and finally bridged the gap between man and God. ", "He made a way for the Holy Spirit to live in us, not just in a special building for one group of people.", "\n\nWE are that glorious temple now.", "\n\n“Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? ", "You are not your own; you were bought at a price. ", "Therefore honor God with your bodies.” (", "1 Corinthians 6:19-20)\n\n“Is it a time for you yourselves to be living in your paneled houses, while this house remains a ruin?” (", "Haggai 1:4)\n\nIf the Israelites were commanded to rebuild the temple, I believe we have that same mandate.", "\n\nIf you’re falling apart because of symptoms, a dysfunctional gut, an autoimmune disease, or a chronic illness, you don’t just have to sit there while your body, your temple, falls apart around you.", "\n\nYou need to actually treat your body like the temple it is!", "\n\nIf you’re a believer, you’re a home to the Holy Spirit, and that incredible fact demands a response- beyond that, Christian health also comes with a blessing.", "\n\nWhat are we doing to our temples?", "\n\nBy pursuing health -a strong, functional temple for the Spirit inside us- we can better serve God and honor his holy dwelling place.", "\n\nDo you understand that? ", "That your body is holy?", "\n\nIf we follow the Author of Life, the God who commands us not to murder, then why do we eat processed foods, breathe in toxins, lead sedentary lives, and do other things that are killing us?", "\n\nI think one of the biggest reasons is that we’ve been tricked.", "\n\nSatan “comes only to steal and kill and destroy” (John 10:10). ", "Look at what we’ve done to the world we’ve been given. ", "We pollute our air, water, and food, and transform foods that were once good into a toxic, processed mess. ", "We are slaves to our stressed, busy lives, devalue self-care, and think it’s more godly that way.", "\n\nI think these are one of the many symptoms of the lies Satan has been feeding us from the beginning- the lies that tell us that our way of doing things is better than God’s way.", "\n\nSo what is God’s way?", "\n\nHealthy living in the Bible\n\nGod knows about health and the human body. ", "He made both.", "\n\n“I am the Lord, who heals you.” (", "Exodus 15:26)\n\nIn the Old Testament, God taught the Israelites what to eat, how to quarantine themselves, fast, store food, and clean up after themselves.", "\n\nThese were all ideas far ahead of their time.", "\n\nIn Exodus 30, God told Moses to make an oil out of myrrh, cinnamon, calamus, and cassia. ", "This oil was to be used for anointing the altar and other sacred areas. ", "This oil was aromatic, but it was more than a perfume- it would have been a powerful antimicrobial to help sanitize the areas that had blood on them from sacrifices!", "\n\nIn sanitary practices, God also commanded the Israelites to go outside of the camp to relieve themselves, and to bury the waste. (", "Deuteronomy 23:12-13) Doing so reduced the risk of diseases such as E. coli, dysentery, and cholera.", "\n\nThese laws were prescribed around 3,500 years ago, and yet, up until World War I, more soldiers died from improper treatment of human waste than from the war.", "\n\nGod knows about health.", "\n\nShouldn’t we listen to him instead of the fad health ideas and trends of the past 50 years? ", "Christians, of all people, should be going to God for ideas on how to treat health and how to live in a way that honors him and benefits our bodies, our temples.", "\n\nWhy Christian health should be the best in the world\n\nIf we follow Jehovah-Rapha -the God who heals, then how should our lives reflect that?", "\n\nChristians should be the healthiest people on the planet.", "\n\nIn studies done on Blue Zones -places where we can find the people who actually live the longest, healthiest lives on this planet- researchers found a few key facts.", "\n\nThese people live in strong communities, put family first, eat local foods (mostly plants), stay active, lead simple lives, and have a purpose. (", "source)\n\nDoesn’t that sound like how Christians should be living?", "\n\nWhy we aren’t healthy\n\nLike I stated above, we’ve been lied to. ", "We’ve acted out of fear, and we’ve gone along with the crowd, trusting in people while forgetting God.", "\n\nFor example, the average divorce rate among Christians is exactly the same as the rest of the population. ", "Divorce affects health in huge ways- for more information and studies on that, you can check out my article on how divorce affects health.", "\n\nWe’ve separated theology from the rest of our lives.", "\n\nOur health, amongst other things, has been the cost.", "\n\nWe Christians say that we trust God and look only to him for fulfillment, and then we go home to a bowl (or two) of ice cream when we’re feeling crummy.", "\n\nNow, ice cream and every other processed food have been carefully tested and engineered to be as addicting as possible, but that doesn’t mean we’re doing the right thing in eating as much ice cream as we want.", "\n\nAn attractive idol is still an idol.", "\n\nOr we can idolize our doctors, who put themselves in a place that only God should stand when they tell us we only have 6 months to live. ", "Only God is omniscient, but we don’t act like that’s true.", "\n\n“Fear of man will prove to be a snare, but whoever trusts the Lord is kept safe” (Proverbs 29:25)\n\nI think it’s time for all of this to start changing! ", "Let me tell you a little about how I believe we should live as Christians, and how Christian health should look different from everyone else.", "\n\nHealth lifestyle tips for Christians\n\n“Go up into the mountains and bring down timber and build my house, so that I may take pleasure in it and be honored” (Haggai 1:8)\n\nIf you call yourself a Christian, I think there are some practical ways that you should live in regards to health and wellness. ", "Following the God we say we serve should inform every bit of how we live our lives! ", "And here’s the thing- living a truly Christian (“Christ-like”) life has countless indirect health benefits. ", "Read on for a few of them!", "\n\nThese points aren’t directly from scripture, but I believe we can extrapolate them from what God has told us to do. ", "To me, these tips seem like basic elements of faith living itself out in action. ", "I also believe that applying these principles will transform your health!", "\n\nHere are my tips on how to live healthfully as a Christian:\n\nWe shouldn’t be ignorant\n\n“The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, butfools despise wisdom and instruction.” (", "Proverbs 1:7)\n\nThe first step is to become informed, knowledgeable people. ", "God has given us wonderful brains, along with a world full of healing plants (more on that later) and functional healing solutions, so shouldn’t we learn about them?", "\n\nDo research. ", "Learn about new things. ", "Follow your intuition and ask God for the information you’re missing if you’re struggling with health issues. ", "Don’t blindly follow people (including me). ", "Search information out for yourself and keep an open mind. ", "And don’t over-spiritualize your life to the point where you’re ignoring research and physical health!", "\n\nPrayer needs to be a priority\n\nThere have been numerous unbiased studies showing the effects prayer can have, on the person praying and on the person being prayed over- even when they don’t know they’re being prayed for. ", "Science can’t explain it, but they can verify it- prayer is huge in healing! (", "source)\n\nWe should be praying for ourselves, friends, and family more often. ", "Then we need to have faith that God has answered us in bringing healing, spiritual or physical. ", "We should pray because God tells us to (1 Thessalonians 5:17) and because it can transform us and those around us.", "\n\nPhysically, praying before a meal also aids digestion. ", "Prayer helps put your body in a parasympathetic state, which is the state your body needs to be in so that it can digest food and absorb nutrients. ", "Prayer is an important habit for a healthy lifestyle. ", "Related: 10 healthy habits you need to start right now\n\nWe should stop worrying so much\n\nGoing along with the last point- if we’re praying more, we won’t be worrying as much (Philippians 4:6-7). ", "Worry shows that we’re trusting our own life more than God and his provision. ", "We’re commanded not to worry in many places in the Bible (such as Matthew 6:25) and I think that’s because God knows how much stress and worry break down our bodies.", "\n\nStress puts your body in a fight or flight mode. ", "Chronic stress is toxic, and it ruins your digestion, sleep, immune system, and other bodily functions. ", "You need peace and rest in order to function mentally and heal physically and emotionally.", "\n\nChoose rest over stress whenever possible. ", "Rest is important- honoring the Sabbath is still part of the ten commandments, and God knows it’s for our good.", "\n\nWe need to sleep\n\nNext, since sleep is vital for health, we should prioritize sleep to honor God and serve him the best we can. ", "Now I’m not talking about being lazy and sleeping in til 10 every day, but we should be getting the sleep we need.", "\n\nToday so many people in the US make a god out of busyness, but overworking is incredibly harmful. ", "Don’t do that to yourself. ", "Stress is toxic, but rest and sleep are rejuvenating and healing. ", "Detox and reparation happen when we’re asleep.", "\n\n“In peace I will lie down and sleep, for you alone, Lord, make me dwell in safety.” (", "Psalm 4:8)\n\nIf you aren’t able to fall asleep, try opening your Bible. ", "God might want to talk to you. ", "And if it’s a regular occurance that you can’t sleep well or don’t feel rested, check out my post on how to sleep better, all-naturally!", "\n\nCommunity should be prioritized more\n\nJust like in Blue Zones, if we want healthy lives, we need to be in community. ", "Having a strong group of friends to support and encourage you is vital if you want to live a long and healthy life!", "\n\nWe need to “carry each other’s burdens” (Galatians 6:2) and have a group we can go to for prayer, support, and just to share life together. ", "Obviously, that should be our church, but so many times we don’t act like family. ", "We just meet together. ", "Focus on knowing each other, and being known, for a healthy life- physically, spiritually, and emotionally.", "\n\nOur diets NEED to change\n\nSigh. ", "This is a big one. ", "God gave humans amazing, perfect food to eat in the Garden of Eden, and we’ve gone so far downhill from there because of sin. ", "We eat processed foods and animal products that are killing us. ", "Are these foods serving us, or are we serving them?", "\n\nWe need to look out for idols. ", "Are you “worshiping” an idol of sugar or fake food when you go to the fridge, looking for comfort or fulfillment? ", "One book I enjoy about this topic is Love to Eat, Hate to Eat: Breaking the Bondage of Destructive Eating Habits. ", "You can get it cheap on Amazon!", "\n\nI’m not really going to recommend a particular diet- we’re all created differently, so what your body works optimally with might not be the same fuel I work best on. ", "I do know that sugar and processed foods are deadly, though. ", "Your diet also impacts your mood, sleep, cancer risk, chronic illness, fertility, autoimmune diseases, and more.", "\n\nJunk food ruins our health and shortens our lives- or at the very least, cuts short the amount of time we can serve God faithfully, with functional minds and bodies.", "\n\n“So whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God.” (", "1 Corinthians 10:31)\n\nHonor God by eating real, whole foods instead\n\nGet in tune with your body and what makes you feel best, and stick with real, good, nutrient-dense food. ", "Let food be your medicine as God intended! (", "Ezekiel 47:12)\n\nGod didn’t give us meat to eat until after the flood (Genesis 9:3) and after that point, life expectancy plummeted. ", "I’m not saying those are necessarily cause-and-effect, but just look at far we’ve come since our food in the Garden of Eden.", "\n\nResearch it for yourself, but I believe that the closer we can get to the foods eaten in the Garden of Eden (as in whole, natural fruits and veggies, produced without chemicals or GMOs) the healthier and happier we’ll be.", "\n\nWhat you eat is like the food brought into God’s temples- God cares about it, and your choices matter. ", "Honor God through your food choices.", "\n\nHonor God by fueling your body with foods that will nourish and support it. ", "Choose whole foods instead of eating things that will tear your body down, make you feel terrible, and wreck your gut (and from there, destroy your immune system -since 70% of your immune system is in your gut- and cause all sorts of diseases and chronic conditions).", "\n\nJust ask yourself- did God make this, or did man make this? ", "With this perspective, you can start seeing how all foods fall into one of these two categories. ", "Which is better: natural, whole, organic fruits and veggies, or processed foods, antibiotic-laden meat from mistreated animals, and artificial flavors?", "\n\nWe need to cut down on toxins\n\nAs stewards of our bodies, and Christians following the ten commandments (which includes “Do Not Murder”), we really need to stop mindlessly exposing ourselves to so many deadly toxins. ", "We all have exposure to some toxins, but our bodies have limits.", "\n\nIncreasing your toxic body burden can result in a myriad of harmful diseases and chronic illness, including cancer! ", "I have a whole guide on reducing toxins for better health- you can view it here.", "\n\nGet out in nature\n\n“The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands.” (", "Psalm 19:1) Creation is one way that we can know the Creator better. ", "Go out there and see his works!", "\n\nExperiencing nature by going for a walk or just getting some sunshine is like a natural antidepressant. ", "We aren’t created to stay inside all day! ", "Going outside can help you feel inspired and more energetic.", "Related: Natural remedies for more energy You can also experience the many benefits of grounding– for more on what that is, go to this post on the life-changing health benefits of grounding.", "\n\nI could go on and on about the health benefits of being in nature- you escape EMFs, soak in Vitamin D from sunshine, get away from stale indoor air, and clear your mind! ", "Nature is peaceful and we all need more time outdoors- especially if you want to connect with the One who made it all!", "\n\nStay open-minded to the healing methods God has given us\n\nI think that as Christians, we can tend to write off methods of healing that seem to belong to other belief systems. ", "This includes Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, and medical marijuana. ", "Because certain groups are associated with certain methods, we just throw the methods themselves out the window.", "\n\nThis is ridiculous! ", "Yoga and meditation are not inherently sinful. ", "Smudge sticks are not just for witches. ", "It has to do with your heart -which, yes, you need to guard- (Proverbs 4:23) but not at the cost of your healing.", "\n\n“For everything God created is good, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving, because it is consecrated by the word of God and prayer.” (", "1 Timothy 4:4-5) -This verse includes herbs, organic foods, essential oils, and, yes, medical marijuana. ", "Don’t fear the methods. ", "Instead, be on the lookout for people who use good, God-given methods and twist them for their own use and profit.", "\n\nPractical application? ", "Buy a sage smudge stick -they really work to cleanse the air in your home!", "\n\nBuy a yoga mat (this one’s non-toxic) and look up some flows on Youtube.", "\n\nBe open to “woo woo” things like human design– which is a synthesis of eastern and western astrology, the Judaic Kabbalah, the Hindu Chakra system, the Chinese I’Ching, and quantum physics. ", "You might find that tools like human design are incredibly transformative!", "\n\nGod has given us so many natural methods for healing and living well that go way beyond just going to church or the doctor. ", "Keep an eye out for chances to learn about those methods!", "\n\nPractice gratitude\n\n“Give thanks in all circumstances; for this is God’s will for you in Christ Jesus.” (", "1 Thessalonians 5:18) Guess what- God’s will is for our good!", "\n\nGratitude changes your mind and your life from the inside out. ", "Being thankful has been scientifically proven to be linked to lower depression, greater self-esteem, better physical health, and better sleep. (", "source)\n\nMaking gratitude a regular part of your life -whether through journaling, meditative practice, or prayer- will radically change your attitude and your health!", "\n\nLive hopefully\n\nAlong with gratitude, hope is another thing that seems purely mental, but it is actually something that can affect your physical health in huge ways.", "\n\nI believe hope is one of the best medicines we have.", "\n\nPeople who lose hope also lose their health. ", "Inversely, hope is a major part of every recovery and healing miracle. “", "And this hope will not lead to disappointment.” (", "Romans 5:5, NLT) Your mindset plays a huge role in how your body behaves and heals itself. ", "Positive thinking / energy / vibes aren’t some wishy-washy ideals. ", "They really do change you from the inside out!", "\n\nChristians have the best reasons to have hope too. ", "We have a powerful God who loves us, and a perfect eternity to look forward to!", "\n\nIf we all really committed to living in these ways, then as a community, we would look radically different from unbelievers. ", "We’d live longer, happier, healthier, more vibrant lives. ", "Our health could be a way that we become a light to the nations (Matthew 5:14).", "\n\nDoes it make sense to you why Christians really should be the healthiest people on the planet? ", "Our faith should manifest itself in how we treat and nourish our bodies, just like every other gift we’re given.", "\n\nHow we steward our bodies speaks towards what sort of God we serve. ", "What diety are your life choices pointing towards?", "\n\nIf you’d like to learn more, I’d encourage you to start with my Guide on Reducing Toxins. ", "It’s full of simple steps to help remove harmful chemicals from your house, so that you can start pursuing a healthy, abundant life!", "\n\n“I pray that you may enjoy good health and that all may go well with you, even as your soul is getting along well.” (", "3 John 1:2) This is my prayer for all of you. ", "I hope that we all can discover more and more about living long, healthy, thriving lives!", "\n\nWhat changes do you want to make in your life to glorify God by living healthier? ", "Comment your intentions below!" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033333333333333335, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001359	5
[ " FILED\n United States Court of Appeals\n Tenth Circuit\n\n December 5, 2012\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker\n Clerk of Court\n TENTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n FABIAN TINNER,\n\n Plaintiff-Appellant,\n\n v.\n\n THOMAS E. FOSTER, Chief Judge of\n the District Court of Johnson County; No. ", "12-3201\n DEAN GARLAND, Hearing Officer (D.C. No. ", "2:11-CV-02695-EFM-JPO)\n Child Support Enforcement Division; (D. Kan.)\n KELLY RYAN, Johnson County\n District Court Judge; MELANIE\n BUSSE, District Court Hearing\n Officer; AMY MITCHELL; JOE\n DEWOSKIN,\n\n Defendants-Appellees.", "\n\n\n ORDER AND JUDGMENT \n\n\nBefore KELLY, TYMKOVICH, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\n Fabian Tinner says the judges, hearing officers, and attorneys involved in\n\nhis state court divorce and child custody dispute conspired against him. ", "He says\n\n\n \n After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has\ndetermined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the\ndetermination of this appeal. ", "See Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. ", "R.\n34.1(G). ", "The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. ", "This\norder and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of\nthe case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. ", "It may be cited, however, for its\npersuasive value consistent with Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. ", "R. 32.1.", "\n\ftheir conduct violated the federal Constitution, the Kansas Constitution, and\n\nvarious statutes, too. ", "For its part, the district court carefully considered these\n\ncomplaints before dismissing them as barred by judicial immunity and for failure\n\nto state a claim. ", "Now on appeal, Mr. Tinner asks us to reverse.", "\n\n But there’s a problem. ", "This isn’t the first time Mr. Tinner has sought to\n\nappeal the dismissal of his complaint. ", "The district court dismissed the complaint\n\nin April 2012. ", "In May, Mr. Tinner filed a notice of appeal seeking reversal of the\n\ndistrict court’s ruling but then failed to do anything to pursue the matter. ", "That\n\nleft this court no choice but to dismiss the appeal for lack of prosecution. ", "See\n\n10th Cir. ", "R. 42.1. ", "Now, Mr. Tinner returns to us by means of a second notice of\n\nappeal, this one filed in July 2012, once again seeking to overturn the district\n\ncourt’s April dismissal of his complaint. ", "This novel tactic is not contemplated by\n\nthe federal rules. ", "Not only might Mr. Tinner’s latest gambit invite serious claim\n\npreclusion problems, it comes much too late: we simply have no jurisdiction to\n\nentertain an appeal filed (as here) more than 30 days after the challenged district\n\ncourt judgment. ", "See Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P. 4(a)(1); Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205\n\n(2007).", "\n\n Still, there is one wrinkle. ", "The district court’s April dismissal of the\n\ncomplaint didn’t dissuade Mr. Tinner. ", "He continued filing many motions with\n\nthat court even after the court entered judgment against him. ", "So his July 2012\n\nnotice of appeal might be timely with respect to the district court’s disposition of\n\n -2-\n\fat least one of these post-judgment motions (one the court dismissed on July 10).", "\n\nBut even reviewing Mr. Tinner’s notice of appeal with the solicitude owed pro se\n\nlitigants, it’s plain he doesn’t seek to attack the July 10 ruling but the April\n\ndismissal of his complaint. ", "In his notice of appeal, he makes no mention of the\n\nJuly 10 ruling but limits himself to attacking once again the dismissal of his\n\ncomplaint. ", "Given that, we have no authority to consider the only ruling that\n\npossibly could have been pursued in this appeal. ", "See Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P. 3(c)(1)(B);\n\nSines v. Wilner, 609 F.3d 1070, 1074-75 (10th Cir. ", "2010).", "\n\n Mr. Tinner’s motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis is denied and\n\nthis appeal is dismissed.", "\n\n ENTERED FOR THE COURT\n\n\n\n Neil M. Gorsuch\n Circuit Judge\n\n\n\n\n -3-\n\f" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0.008708272859216255, 0.01639344262295082, 0.02, 0.018518518518518517, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0.004081632653061225, 0.1111111111111111, 0.125, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.004329004329004329 ]	0.025278	5
[ "Bad Girls: The Musical\n\nBad Girls: The Musical is a musical with a book by Maureen Chadwick and Ann McManus and music and lyrics by Kath Gotts. ", " It is based on the popular ITV1 prison drama series, Bad Girls, also by Chadwick and McManus.", "\n\nProductions\nThe original production was developed and directed by Maggie Norris. ", " It had a tryout at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds in June 2006. ", " The West End production began previews at the Garrick Theatre on 16 August 2007 and officially opened on 12 September 2007; however, it closed two months later with the final performance staged on November 17, 2007. ", "The rights to produce the musical are now available through Josef Weinberger Ltd. An Original Cast Recording CD of the musical is now available and a DVD recording of the London production was released in February 2009. ", "It is also available to view on demand through Vimeo.com and Amazon. ", "\nNicole Faraday, who portrayed the role of Shell Dockley in both productions won the prestigious TMA Award for Best Supporting role in a Musical in 2006 and was a nominee again for the role of Shell at the Whatsonstage.com Awards 2007/8.", "\n\nSynopsis\nAct 1\nNew inmate Rachel Hicks arrives in prison terrified – not helped by the brusque manner of jaded Senior Officer Sylvia \"BodyBag\" Hollamby. ", "The new Wing Governor Helen Stewart tries to be a more re-assuring presence as she takes Rachel through to G-Wing. ", " We meet the women of Larkhall in \"I SHOULDN’T BE HERE\" and Rachel is introduced to life inside. ", "Principal Officer Jim Fenner – who believes he's been unfairly passed over for the position of Wing Governor – is dismayed to see Helen making yet another appearance on the wing. ", "He and Sylvia both wish she would stay in her office and stop meddling with the way they like to run things.", "\n\nFenner is quick to take Rachel under his wing. ", " He's got her a cell on her own – nice and private. ", "Rachel is upset about having her baby taken away, but Fenner reassures her that he could help sort things out for her on the outside. ", "He can see Rachel is special and he's going to be keeping a very special eye on her...\n\nShell Dockley and her sidekick Denny Blood are quick to pay a neighbourly visit to Rachel as well. ", "Shell just wants to give Rachel the lowdown on how things work in prison. ", "And if she's not carrying any drugs, then obviously she'll be buying, won't she? ", "Shell's in charge – and wherever Rachel goes she'll always be watching over her like a \"GUARDIAN ANGEL\".", "\n\nRachel rushes to tell Fenner about Shell bullying her, but he ticks her off for blabbing about their “special relationship”. ", "Helen observes Fenner talking to Rachel and is suspicious. ", "She tells Fenner and Sylvia that she wants to put lifer Nikki Wade onto the Enhanced regime as encouragement to win her appeal which has just been granted. ", "Fenner and Sylvia think it's outrageous to be giving any sort of privileges to a known trouble-maker like Wade. ", "Fenner even suggests that Helen may be getting a bit too personally involved. ", "Helen puts her foot down. ", "It's time to stop living in the past and carry out her orders.", "\n\nFenner looks on the bright side. ", "If Helen insists on sticking her neck out for Nikki Wade then it won't take much to really land her in it. ", "If Wade kicks off, which won't be hard for them to arrange, then Helen will be in a right mess. ", "They congratulate themselves on their Prison Officer skills in \"JAILCRAFT\", during which we see Fenner in the male staff toilets tipping off the Number One Governing Governor about Helen's lack of judgement and inexperience dealing with the inmates.", "\n\nNikki is told to pack up her bags as she is moving cells. ", "Shell - who's been set up by Sylvia to overhear this - is outraged. ", "How come Nikki's getting special treatment? ", "As predicted, she can't resist laying into Nikki and starting a fight and when the officers come running to intervene it's Nikki who gets the blame. ", "Fenner sends her down to the segregation block. ", "Nikki is used to a feeling of injustice. ", "She remembers what brought her to prison in the first place – the night when she stabbed an off-duty police officer who was trying to rape her then girlfriend, and her whole life was changed in \"ONE MOMENT\".", "\n\nHelen is determined not to be thwarted and goes to speak to Nikki in the seg block. ", "She tells her that she's over-ruling Fenner and putting her on Enhanced. ", "She wants Nikki to fight for her freedom, not just for herself but for all the other women. ", "Nikki is taken aback by Helen's determined faith in her, but goes along with it.", "\n\nHelen has some bad news for the two Julies – prostitutes who've styled themselves alike and taken the same name. ", "There's a problem with the arrangements Julie Saunders has made for her son David over the school holidays and he's had to be taken into care. ", "Julie is devastated. ", "Why do they have to punish the kids? ", "It's not their fault. ", "Julie Johnston is unsurprised - life is always going wrong for them and nothing ever changes when you’re living a \"LIFE OF GRIME\".", "\n\nBack on the wing there's a new arrival - Yvonne Atkins - and Shell's Top Dog position is under threat. ", "Denny tries her usual routine of fronting up to the \"new girl\", but is quickly cut down to size. ", "Yvonne – because of her gangland husband's scary reputation – has managed to avoid the indignities of a proper search. ", "After intimidating Sylvia, she reveals a coat lining stuffed with booze and fags and everyone's invited to have a drink and a good time. ", "She spots little Rachel looking lost on her own, and tells her that everyone is invited to join the party, which is strictly \"A LIST\".", "\n\nAfter the party, everyone's a bit giddy – even Nikki. ", "When Helen comes to see how she's settling into her new enhanced cell, Nikki risks flirting with her and telling her how gorgeous she is. ", "Helen is flustered and quickly leaves. ", "When Justin asks her to go for a drink, she's grateful of the diversion. ", "Fenner and Sylvia look on with amusement, confident that she won't be lasting much longer in the job.", "\n\nSylvia leaves Fenner to hand over to the night shift and Fenner starts his nightly prowl of the landings, helping himself to what he thinks of as the perks of the job, when you have \"THE KEY\". ", "He lets himself into Shell's cell. ", "Meanwhile, Helen and Justin are relaxing off duty, Helen confident that with Nikki Wade going for her appeal Fenner will finally be shown who's boss. ", "After his usual quickie with Shell, Jim pays a visit to Rachel. ", "She's scared but grateful to see him. ", "He re-assures her that she'll be safe now he's here. ", "But Rachel didn’t realise that this was how she was going to have to say “thank you, Sir”. ", "Fenner forces his way into her cell.", "\n\nThe next morning at unlock there is no sign of Rachel. ", "She appears to have barricaded herself into her cell. ", "When there's no answer, Fenner and Justin have to break down the door. ", "They discover that Rachel has hanged herself. ", "Everyone is shocked. ", "Fenner manages to ensure that he alone goes into the cell to cut the body down and check for a suicide note. ", "There is growing anger amongst the other women, especially when they hear the callous way in which Syliva refers to the incident on her walkie-talkie. ", "They erupt into protest in \"THAT’S THE WAY IT IS\". ", "Helen arrives on the wing and tries to take control of the situation by appealing to speak to Nikki on behalf of the women. ", "But the request backfires, with Helen and Nikki forced to their opposite sides of the bars. ", "Tempers are rising and Fenner deliberately stokes the situation. ", "By the time the Governing Governor arrives on the scene, the situation tips into an all-out riot.", "\n\nAct 2\nThe women have been on lock down for several days following the riot. ", "Alone in her cell Crystal Gordon listens to the women's shouts of protest and voices their grief the way she knows best, in a gospel song – \"FREEDOM ROAD\".", "\n\nIn the POs' office, Sylvia is anxiously waiting to hear the latest news from Fenner. ", "Justin's appalled by both of them and still standing up for Helen. ", "Fenner enters - smug and self-satisfied. ", "The Number One has as good as told him that the Wing Governor job's his – just as soon as Stewart can be sent packing. ", "He imagines how life is going to be once he's in charge and \"THE FUTURE IS BRIGHT\" again, with his chorus line of fantasy glamour prison officers celebrating the new regime.", "\n\nBack to reality and the Number One informs Helen that after a suicide and a riot her only option is to resign. ", "But Helen is determined not to go quietly. ", "She's going to take her case to tribunal and do anything she can to stop Fenner getting her job.", "\n\nThe women are finally let out for meal time on the wing. ", "Accusations are flying but Fenner silences them all. ", "From now on, it's back to basics. ", "The Julies make a stand and announce they are going on strike until Fenner is sacked. ", "Unperturbed, Fenner gives their servery jobs to Shell and Denny and cancels the Julies' visiting rights. ", "Shell and Denny are delighted with their new power. ", "The women wait to take their lead from Yvonne, who announces she’d rather be dead than fed by Shell. ", "No, they're all going on strike – hunger strike! ", "Justin is dismayed and asks Nikki to try to stop this, but she's not interested in playing Head Prefect.", "\n\nHelen has arranged for Julie S to have the number of the foster home where her son is staying so that she can call him. ", "She doesn’t know what to say – he thinks his mum is a top international travel agent! ", "Julie J insists that lying's best – just tell him she's abroad. ", "But when Julie S speaks to her son David, she finds that he already knows the truth. ", " She tries to explain things to him - \"SORRY\".", "\n\nFenner meets up with the Number One in the male staff toilets. ", " There's bad news - Helen is refusing to fall on her sword. ", "The Number One is clear that a head needs to roll and whatever happens it's not going to be his. ", "So if Fenner wants to save his neck, other influences will have to be brought to bear. ", "Fenner's cursing his luck as Sylvia bursts in, eager for good news. ", "But it's going to take one more cock-up to clinch Helen's downfall – such as a load of Class A drugs turning up on the wing...?", "\n\nNikki is called to see Helen in her office. ", "Both women are in confrontational mood. ", "Nikki assumes that Helen is settling for a cushy desk job elsewhere and Helen is still angry at Nikki for kicking off a riot. ", "But when Helen breaks down, Nikki reminds her that they’re on the same side against Fenner and moves to comfort her. ", "Justin bursts in and there's an awkward stand off between the three of them. ", "When he reveals that he's popping round to Helen's flat later on to help work on her tribunal case, Nikki sarcastically suggests that she’ll come too. ", "When Helen is at home and Nikki back in her cell they both struggle with their feelings for each other - \"EVERY NIGHT\".", "\n\nJustin arrives at Helen's flat to find her in despondent mood. ", "He tries to rally her by telling her how much he looks up to her. ", "When he boldly moves in for a kiss, Helen's aghast. ", "He realises that he's overstepped the mark but she reassures him that the problem lies with her, not with him. ", "When he pushes for an explanation she confesses that it's Nikki who's got under her skin.", "\n\nNext morning the hunger strike is taking its toll. ", "Yvonne decides to work on the weakest link and try to win Denny over to their side. ", "She reaches out as a mother to a daughter – and though Denny resists, it's clear there's a chink in her armour beginning to show. ", "But hunger isn't the only deprivation they're suffering. ", "As Yvonne watches the handsome young hunk Justin, she confesses to the Julies that it's all she can’t think of most nights. ", "Here they are in prison \"ALL BANGED UP\" without the bang!", "\n\nJustin takes Nikki to one side. ", "Though it's galling to say so, he hints at Helen's feelings for her and says that if she wants to find out for sure then they have to try to save her job. ", "Fenner and Sylvia will be trying every trick in the book to get rid of Helen now. ", "Sure enough Sylvia enters and announces there's been a tip-off that a large stash of drugs is hidden on the wing. ", " She heads straight for the servery where Shell and Denny are working and pulls out the sugar jar. ", "Lo and behold it's stuffed full of cocaine. ", "Shell is the obvious culprit and Sylvia tells Justin to send her down the block while Sylvia reports to Fenner. ", "Shell protests that she's been set up. ", "Got it in one, agrees Nikki, but it's Fenner who's done the dirty on her. ", "Justin declares that he's not taking his orders from Bodybag and all the women are amazed. ", "It's obvious to everyone else that Fenner is behind this and it's time for Shell to wise up. ", "If Fenner's out to get her, then she needs to get him first. ", "Shell is persuaded to join their plan to bring him down and be their secret weapon – \"THE BADDEST AND THE BEST\". ", "Yvonne calls Charlie and requests a state of the art wireless minicam – he immediately obliges and sends one over the wall.", "\n\nShell waits for Fenner down the block, with the hidden camera trained on the bed and linked through to the main security system. ", "Justin tells her that he’ll be flicking the switch to over-ride in time to catch Fenner in flagrante as the Number One looks on. ", "Shell's stoked up and ready for action. ", "But when Fenner appears indifferent to her she realises that she's got to work fast to seduce him into her honey trap, and there's nothing like a bit of country and western FIRST LADY to do the trick. ", " Finally, with Jim down to his underpants, handcuffed to the bed and with Shell astride him, the camera reveals all to the Number One. ", " Alarms are sounded, police are called and suddenly the electrics go on the blink. ", "Shell can't resist taking the plan one step further than was intended, and sets fire to the cell, leaving Jim begging for mercy. ", "Once again, she asserts that if you’re going to be bad, you might as well be \"THE BADDEST AND THE BEST\" (REPRISE).", "\n\nNext day the Number One announces that Fenner will be brought to justice, once he's out of hospital. ", "He hands over to the good governance of Helen and the women are delighted. ", "But they’ve got another reason to celebrate today as well. ", "It's Denny's 21st birthday and Yvonne has arranged for a firework display. ", "The women are given permission to go outside and watch for few minutes. ", "Helen calls Nikki back. ", "She's sure that Nikki's appeal will be plain-sailing now Fenner's not around to sabotage things. ", "At last Helen is able to show her true feelings for Nikki and they share a kiss. ", "But Helen holds back – she'll wait for Nikki when she's free, which won't be long now. ", "Finally Nikki can see a future and affirms that \"THIS IS MY LIFE\".", "\n\nOut in the prison yard all the women are sharing the joy of the fireworks and daring to be hopeful about their own lives as well. ", "They're not giving up on their hopes and dreams. ", "Suddenly they are overwhelmed by the sound of a helicopter above them. ", "It seems that Yvonne's fireworks were more than just a birthday gift. ", "A ladder descends as Yvonne announces that her cab's arrived. ", "She climbs on and offers a ride to Denny. ", "She's off to do her time in Spain and taking Denny with her. ", "Denny is finally going \"home\".", "\n\nCharacters\nThe characters in the musical are the same as those in Series 1 of the television show, including Helen Stewart, Nikki Wade, Shell Dockley, Denny Blood, Crystal Gordon, the two Julies and Yvonne Atkins. ", " The musical's characters also include Noreen Biggs, who did not appear in the TV series until Series 4 and Justin Mattison, who was created for the musical. ", "Justin is effectively the musical's version of Dominic McAllister, who appeared in Series 1 and Series 2, having much in common with this character: he is a young prison officer who is shown to care about the women's welfare; he questions Jim Fenner's methods; the two Julies and Yvonne Atkins are attracted to him and flirt with him; he has a crush on Helen Stewart; and he indicates to Nikki Wade that Helen is interested in her.", "\n\nCasts\n\nOriginal Leeds Production (2006)\nNoreen Biggs - Tricia Deighton\nShell Dockley - Nicole Faraday\nJim Fenner - Hal Fowler\nRachel Hicks - Elaine Glover\nCrystal Gordon - Dawn Hope\nSylvia 'Bodybag' Hollamby - Rachel Izen\nJulie Saunders - Julie Jupp\nJustin Mattison - Neil McDermott\nYvonne Atkins - Ellen O'Grady\nJulie Johnston - Louise Plowright\nDenny Blood - Amanda Posener\nHelen Stewart - Laura Rogers\nNikki Wade - Hannah Waddingham\nThe Number One - Michael N Harbour\n\nWest End Production (2007)\nNoreen Biggs - Maria Charles\nShell Dockley - Nicole Faraday\nJim Fenner - David Burt\nRachel Hicks - Emily Aston\nCrystal Gordon - Camilla Beeput\nSylvia 'Bodybag' Hollamby - Helen Fraser\nJulie Saunders - Julie Jupp\nJustin Mattison - Chris Grierson\nYvonne Atkins - Sally Dexter\nJulie Johnston - Rebecca Wheatley\nDenny Blood - Amanda Posener\nHelen Stewart - Laura Rogers\nNikki Wade - Caroline Head\nThe Number One - Michael N Harbour\n\nFour former cast members of Bad Girls feature in the West End musical, with Helen Fraser as Sylvia \"Bodybag\" Hollamby and Maria Charles as Noreen Biggs reprising their original roles from the television series. ", " Nicole Faraday, who plays Shell Dockley in the musical, played Snowball Merriman in Series 4 and 5 of Bad Girls and Laura Rogers, who plays the part of Wing Governor Helen Stewart played the role of drug addict inmate, Sheena Williams in Series 7.", "\n\nSong list\n\n Act I\n I Shouldn't Be Here - Shell, Crystal, Denny, Julie S, Julie J, Nikki, Jim, Sylvia, Helen and Prisoners.", "\n Guardian Angel - Shell & Denny\n Jailcraft - Jim, Sylvia & Number One\n One Moment - Nikki\n Life of Grime - Julie J, Julie S and Prisoners\n A-List - Yvonne & Prisoners\n The Key - Jim, Shell & Rachel\n That's the Way It Is - Helen, Sylvia, Yvonne, Shell, Nikki, Julie J, Julie S, Number One, Jim, Prisoners & Officers\n\n Act II\n Freedom Road - Crystal\n The Future Is Bright - Jim, Sylvia & Officers\n Sorry - Julie S\n Every Night - Nikki & Helen\n All Banged Up - Yvonne, Julie J, Julie S & Justin\n The Baddest & the Best - Nikki, Denny, Justin, Yvonne, Julie J, Julie S, Shell, Crystal & Prisoners\n First Lady - Shell & Jim\n Baddest & the Best (Reprise) - Shell\n This Is My Life - Nikki, Helen & Prisoners\n\nThis is the final song list for the production at the Garrick Theatre which differs slightly to the try out at the West Yorkshire Playhouse. ", " For example, the song \"P-P-P-Please\" that featured in the Leeds run was cut from the West End Production.", "\n\nDVD release\nBad Girls: The Musical was released on Region 4 DVD in Australia on 12 January 2009. ", "It was later released in the United Kingdom on Region 2 DVD on 9 February 2009.", "\nThe DVD is now available to view on demand through Vimeo.com and also through Amazon (in the US, Germany, Japan and the UK).", "\n\nSee also\n Bad Girls\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n Bad Girls The Musical West End Production\n\n Josef Weinberger Ltd / Amateur Performing Rights\n\nCategory:West End musicals\nCategory:2006 musicals\nMusical\nCategory:British musicals\nCategory:LGBT-related musicals" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.020833333333333332, 0.02127659574468085, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0.028985507246376812, 0.016877637130801686, 0.012903225806451613, 0.02608695652173913, 0.010309278350515464, 0.0111731843575419, 0.009259259259259259, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0.0213903743315508, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0.015748031496062992, 0.01694915254237288, 0.019230769230769232, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.022727272727272728, 0.013422818791946308, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0.025, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.007462686567164179, 0.017857142857142856, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.009900990099009901, 0.005128205128205128, 0.02857142857142857, 0.013333333333333334, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0.028169014084507043, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0.008, 0.010869565217391304, 0.015384615384615385, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.022988505747126436, 0.029850746268656716, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.01904761904761905, 0.038461538461538464, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.028846153846153848, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.015625, 0.023529411764705882, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.007874015748031496, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.02564102564102564, 0.012987012987012988, 0.006622516556291391, 0.008403361344537815, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.017543859649122806, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0.008771929824561403, 0.020202020202020204, 0, 0.044642857142857144, 0.02564102564102564, 0.013513513513513514, 0.02197802197802198, 0.021505376344086023, 0.01639344262295082, 0.008849557522123894, 0.016260162601626018, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.025, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0.012345679012345678, 0.022988505747126436, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.016129032258064516, 0.023809523809523808, 0.01639344262295082, 0.03333333333333333, 0.032407407407407406, 0.012658227848101266, 0.018561484918793503, 0.02716914986853637, 0.020161290322580645, 0.04032258064516129, 0.017772511848341232, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0.016, 0.00392156862745098 ]	0.011185	5
[ "Q:\n\nShow legend that matplotlib dynamically created\n\nMy df has 4 columns: x, y, z, and grouping. ", "I have created a 3D plot, with the assigned color of each point being decided by what grouping it belongs to in that row. ", "For reference, a \"grouping\" can be any number from 1 to 6. ", "The code is shown below:\nfig = plt.figure()\nax = Axes3D(fig)\nax.scatter3D(df.x, df.y, df.z, c=df.grouping)\nplt.show()\n\nI would like to show a legend on the plot that shows which color belongs to which grouping. ", "Previously, I was using Seaborn for a 2D plot and the legend was automatically plotted. ", "How can I add this feature with matplotlib?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf the values to be colormapped are numeric, the solution can be as simple as:\nimport numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nfrom mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D\n\na = np.random.rand(3,40)\nc = np.random.randint(1,7, size=a.shape[1])\n\nfig = plt.figure()\nax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=\"3d\")\nsc = ax.scatter3D(a, c=c)\nplt.legend(sc.legend_elements())\nplt.show()\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.004739336492890996, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.010471204188481676 ]	0.006591	5
[ "Q:\n\nPHP logic \"and\" \"&&\" for WordPress site restriction\n\nI have two different user roles on my Website: Employer and Candidate. ", "Every one had a type of profile but the profile from Candidate should see only employers and nobody else.", "\nSo I want a restriction in Wordpress like:\nEmployer CAN see Candidate\nCandidate CAN'T see other Candidate\nCandidate CAN see own Profile\nThis is controlled by a plugin but it seems to be broken BECAUSE:\nEmployer CAN see Candidate\nCandidate CAN see other Candidate\nCandidate CAN'T see own Profile\nIn the .php file from candidate profile is this code:\n<?", "php\n if (!", "$show_candidate_public_profile) {\n if ($candidate->get_public_account() \|\| get_current_user_id() == $candidate->get_author_id()) {\n $check = 1;\n } else {\n $check = 2;\n }\n } else {\n if (is_user_logged_in()) {\n if ($show_candidate_public_profile == 2 && get_current_user_id() == $candidate->get_author_id()) {\n if ($user->is_employer() && $candidate->get_public_account()) {\n $check = 3;\n } else {\n $check = 4;\n }\n } else {\n if ($candidate->get_public_account() \|\| get_current_user_id() == $candidate->get_author_id()) {\n $check = 1;\n } else {\n $check = 2;\n }\n }\n } else {\n $check = 0;\n }\n }\n\n \n\nand the code for results right after code from above:\n if (!", "$check) {\n ?", ">\n <div class=\"iwj-alert-box\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <span>\n <?", "php echo sprintf(__('You must be logged in to view this page. ", "<a href=\"%s\">Login here</a>', 'iwjob'), add_query_arg('redirect_to', $candidate->permalink(), $login_page_id)); ?", ">\n </span>\n </div>\n </div>\n <?", "php\n } else {\n if ($check == 2) {\n ?", ">\n <div class=\"iwj-alert-box\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <span>\n <?", "php echo esc_html__('This profile is not public now.', '", "iwjob'); ?", ">\n </span>\n </div>\n </div>\n <?", "php } elseif ($check == 4) {\n ?", ">\n <div class=\"iwj-alert-box\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <span>\n <?", "php echo esc_html__('This profile is not public or only employers can see.', '", "iwjob'); ?", ">\n </span>\n </div>\n </div>\n <?", "php } else {\n ?", ">\n <div class=\"iw-parallax\" data-iw-paraspeed=\"0.1\" style=\"background-image: url('<?php echo esc_url($cover_image_url); ?", ">');\"></div>\n <div class=\"iw-parallax-overlay\"></div>\n <div class=\"content-top\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"info-top\">\n <div class=\"candidate-logo\">\n\nThe check 3 is the only one check showing profile.", "\nI tried to change the \"&&\" \"\|\|\" \"==\" but i can't figure it out how this logic work.", "\nSo much php is too much for me. ", "I have asked the Plugin creator but I am always waiting 5 days to reply and I need it now.", "\nI would be very happy if someone would help me with this.", "\nThank you very much!", "\nMartin\n\nA:\n\nThis code should work according to the behavior you have described(of course it will depend on the good functionality of your plugin). ", "I had to take off some conditions since I don't know what they are and also you didn't provide further details, if you need them you have to add later, but this is quite simple and this code is much more readable.", "\nFirst portion:\n<?", "php\nif(!is_user_logged_in())\n $check=false; //if user is not logged in check is false\nelse\n{\n //check if user is employer or if is the profile owner\n if ($user->is_employer() \|\| get_current_user_id() == $candidate->get_author_id())\n $check = 1; //sets 1 if allowed\n else\n $check = 2; //sets 2 if denied \n}\n?", ">\n\nSecond portion:\nif (!", "$check) //is check false? ", "then show login message \n{\n?", ">\n <div class=\"iwj-alert-box\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <span>\n <?", "php echo sprintf(__('You must be logged in to view this page. ", "<a href=\"%s\">Login here</a>', 'iwjob'), add_query_arg('redirect_to', $candidate->permalink(), $login_page_id)); ?", ">\n </span>\n </div>\n </div>\n\n<?", "php\n} \nelse //check it's not false, so do more tests\n{\n if ($check == 2) //if equals 2 then shows access denied message \n {\n?", ">\n <div class=\"iwj-alert-box\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <span>\n <?", "php echo esc_html__('This profile is not public now or only employers can see.', '", "iwjob'); ?", ">\n </span>\n </div>\n </div>\n<?", "php \n }\n elseif($check == 1) //user is profile owner or is an employer, show everything\n {\n?", ">\n <div class=\"iw-parallax\" data-iw-paraspeed=\"0.1\" style=\"background-image: url('<?php echo esc_url($cover_image_url); ?", ">');\"></div>\n <div class=\"iw-parallax-overlay\"></div>\n <div class=\"content-top\">\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"info-top\">\n <div class=\"candidate-logo\"> \n \n\nIf you want more tests, like about profile being public or not, you really have to provide more information. ", "I hope it can help you.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.015625, 0.009523809523809525, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.0010626992561105207, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001748	5
[ "Image: Google/Lenovo\n\nGoogle has announced Lenovo's Phab 2 Pro, the first Android phone using its Project Tango augmented-reality tech.", "\n\nThe Phab 2 Pro arrives more than two years after Google unveiled a first prototype from its Advanced Technology and Projects (ATAP) team.", "\n\nTango's 3D sensors enable motion tracking, depth sensing, and the ability to measure areas. ", "The Tango phone, which Lenovo announced in June, launches with 35 apps that utilize these capabilities.", "\n\nThe 6.4-inch QHD display Phab 2 Pro features three rear cameras, including a 16-megapixel main shooter sandwiched between a fingerprint scanner below, and the paired depth sensor and motion-tracking fish-eye camera above.", "\n\nThe front-facing camera has an eight-megapixel sensor. ", "Inside, the device has 64GB storage, 4GB RAM, a Qualcomm Snapdragon 652 processor, a 4,050mAh battery, and runs on Android 6.0 Marshmallow. ", "Currently the phone is only available in grey, but Lenovo says it will deliver a gold version soon.", "\n\nTango apps can be installed via the Tango app or Google Play and there are more than 35 of them available today, Justin Quimby, senior Tango product manager says in a blogpost.", "\n\nWhile many are games, they do offer a glimpse at the potential for more immersive phone apps that don't require strapping on a headset.", "\n\nWhether consumers find value in AR phone apps remains to be seen, but the concept at least benefits by arriving in the wake of the Pokemon Go craze. ", "There are also utilities, such as Google's ruler-replacing Measure app, and educational apps, such as Dinosaurs Among Us.", "\n\nThe first set of Tango apps showcase the potential for marketers via a handful of brand-affiliated apps that offer an augmented-reality take on physical toys and experiences, such as a furniture visualizer from department store Lowes, the Crayola Color Blaster that lets you chase zombies in the real-world and blast them with paint, and the Hot Wheel's Track Builder from toy maker Mattel.", "\n\nOther early Tango apps include Autodesk's Homestyler Interior Design, Ghostly Mansions, Domino World, Slingshot Island, Raise, Solar Simulator, Dinosaurs Among Us, Woorld, Towers for Tango, Wild Race, Car Racing, and a 3D video filter app, Spectra.", "\n\nGoogle sees potential for the Tango design as a platform for all phones in future, and according to Quimby, the Phab 2 Pro will be joined by more Tango-enabled phones in early 2017.", "\n\n\"In the same way you wouldn't consider buying a phone today without a camera or GPS, Tango will be a ubiquitous capability to help your phone better understand space and the world around you. ", "There will be more Tango-enabled phones coming in the new year and we can't wait for you to explore, learn and play,\" Quimby said.", "\n\nRead more about Project Tango" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.022058823529411766, 0.014388489208633094, 0.010638297872340425, 0.019417475728155338, 0.008968609865470852, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.010101010101010102, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0.01020408163265306, 0.032, 0.01092896174863388, 0.010309278350515464, 0.007692307692307693, 0.03225806451612903 ]	0.012834	5
[ "Carrefour reported Tuesday it would intensify its food traceability program using blockchain technology that is currently in place only for some chickens.", "\n\nBlockchain is the digital ledger for transactions behind cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, but companies around the world are in the process of creating new applications which allow for the secure sharing of almost any kind of information.", "\n\nCarrefour originally turned to blockchain technology to trace the production of chickens in France's Auvergne region.", "\n\nConsumers have been able to use their smartphones to scan a code on the package and obtain information entered by farmers and producers on where and how the chickens were raised, what they were fed, and where the meat was processed.", "\n\nWatch video 02:35 Share What is a blockchain? ", "Send Facebook google+ Whatsapp Tumblr linkedin stumble Digg reddit Newsvine Permalink https://p.dw.com/p/2iqr9 What is a blockchain?", "\n\nWin-win situation\n\nCarrefour said it planned to expand the blockchain traceability program to eggs, cheese, milk, oranges, tomatoes, salmon and hamburgers by the end of the year.", "\n\n\"For consumers, it responds to the need for greater and greater transparency; for producers, it allows them to obtain more value from their production and know-how,\" the retailer said in a statement.", "\n\nIn January, Carrefour announced a major overhaul of its business, given increased competition from traditional rivals as well as online retailers such as Amazon.", "\n\nThe French firm had logged a 2017 net loss of €531 million ($649 million). ", "Its negative balance sheet reflected a number of exceptional items, including costs related to an old chain of stores in France.", "\n\nWatch video 03:45 Share Food Production - What is the role of consumers? ", "Send Facebook google+ Whatsapp Tumblr linkedin stumble Digg reddit Newsvine Permalink https://p.dw.com/p/1AL5h Food production and the role of consumers\n\nhg/cc (AFP, Reuters)" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0.012269938650306749, 0, 0, 0, 0.028735632183908046 ]	0.004903	5
[ "// download_test.h\n//\n// Test Rivendell file downloading\n//\n// (C) Copyright 2010-2020 Fred Gleason <fredg@paravelsystems.com>\n//\n// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as\n// published by the Free Software Foundation.", "\n//\n// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n// GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n//\n// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public\n// License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software\n// Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.", "\n//\n\n#ifndef DOWNLOAD_TEST_H\n#define DOWNLOAD_TEST_H\n\n#include <list>\n\n#include <qobject.h>\n\n#define DOWNLOAD_TEST_USAGE \"[options]\\n\\nTest the Rivendell download routines\\n\\nOptions are:\\n--username=<username>\\n\\n--password=<password>\\n\\n--source-url=<url>\\n\\n--destination-file=<filename>\\n\\n\"\n\nclass MainObject : public QObject\n{\n public:\n MainObject(QObject *parent=0);\n\n private:\n QString username;\n QString password;\n QString source_url;\n QString destination_filename;\n};\n\n\n#endif // DOWNLOAD_TEST_H\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.012345679012345678, 0.005025125628140704, 0.017241379310344827, 0.009900990099009901, 0 ]	0.008903	5
[ "Belgian National Badminton Championships\n\nThe Belgian National Badminton Championships is a tournament organized by the Belgian Badminton Federation to crown the best badminton players in Belgium. ", "They are held since the season 1948/1949. ", "In the initial years all five disciplines were not always played.", "\n\nThere is an international tournament in Belgium, the Belgian International, held since the season 1958/1959.", "\n\nPast winners\n\nNational Junior Champions\n\nReferences\nBelgium\n\nCategory:Badminton tournaments in Belgium\nCategory:National badminton championships\nCategory:Recurring sporting events established in 1948\nBadminton" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.004739336492890996 ]	0.004797	5
[ "Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. ", "We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers\n\nWikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. ", "Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.", "\n\nOkay, so the covers of Compendium 1 and 2 has both followed the\nsame trend: 5-6 of the main characters in the upper row, who then\nappear reflected zombified and in the lower row. ", "I just want to\nknow which characters everybody thinks are going to appear on the\ncover for Compendium 3.", "\n\nCharacters I'm sure will appear on the cover:\n\nRick: He's the main character, he has appeared on the\nlast two covers, and he is the leader of the army in the fight\nagainst Negan - which takes up at least 5/8 of the compendium.", "\nPlus, he might get a hook hand if he survives, and that would be\ncool to see.", "\n\nJesus: He is Rick's new right hand man, and the two\nprevious right hand men (Tyreese and Abraham) has both appeared on\na cover. ", "He is also the most important of the…" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.015873015873015872, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.009615384615384616, 0.0043859649122807015, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0 ]	0.005691	5
[ "A Florida prison inmate is suing after a switch between contractors removed prisoners’ access to millions of dollars’ worth of their own music. ", "As reported by The Florida Times-Union, William Demler filed a class-action suit against the Florida Department of Corrections (FDOC) — which he says falsely promised to let inmates buy music permanently through one digital media provider, then cut off their access to sign a more lucrative deal with another.", "\n\nDemler’s complaint involves Florida’s digital music player program, which let inmates buy a specially designed media player for $99 or $119, then buy individual songs or audiobooks for $1.70 apiece. ", "The complaint claims that prisons heavily advertised the program, run by contractor Access Corrections, with promises that inmates could keep songs forever. ", "Between 2011 and 2017, prisoners spent roughly $11.3 million to buy 6.7 million files in total, and Demler himself spent roughly $569 buying music, plus more money for the player itself.", "\n\nPrisoners could pay $25 to ship a burned CD to a family member\n\nBut in 2018, the FDOC switched to a new company called JPay, which didn’t honor the earlier purchases. ", "The agency required inmates to trade in their music players for new multimedia tablets, or to pay $25 and have the players shipped to someone outside prison. (", "They could also pay to ship a CD containing the music.)", "\n\nDemler’s complaint argues that the FDOC rolled out JPay’s tablet system — and required inmates to turn in their old media players — “to realize even higher profit margins.” ", "As a result, it’s “effectively stolen millions of dollars of digital music and books from the prisoners in its custody.” ", "The Times-Union notes that outside the music program, JPay has helped the FDOC make millions of dollars off commissions for money transfers, video calls, and other services, which are often provided at a massively inflated cost. ", "The FDOC didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.", "\n\nAccess and JPay have both been referred to as the aspiring “iTunes of the prison world,” offering MP3 files that replace older, physical media storage formats. ", "But as with similar services outside prison, these systems have muddied the meaning of “owning” songs — while serving a user base with little money and few other options for music.", "\n\nIn 2016, Michigan inmates filed a class-action antitrust lawsuit against another prison MP3 company, which was requiring them to buy a second media player if they wanted to listen to songs after leaving prison. ", "That suit was tossed in 2017. ", "This time, the complaint argues that the FDOC is effectively confiscating private property without due process, in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. ", "If it’s certified by a judge, Demler’s case could cover any Florida inmate who spent money on songs they can no longer play." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.005376344086021506, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.008064516129032258 ]	0.003134	5
[ "Fear and Desire is a 1953 American anti-war film directed, produced, and edited by Stanley Kubrick, and written by Howard Sackler. ", "With a production team of only fifteen people, the film was Kubrick's feature directorial debut. ", "Though the film is not about any specific war, it was produced and released during the height of the Korean War.", "\n\n\n\nAddeddate 2019-08-17 18:21:15 Identifier fearanddesire1953.webm.720p Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.4" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.022900763358778626, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644 ]	0.007844	5
[ "package main\n\nimport \"sync\"\n\ntype sema struct {\n\twg sync.", "WaitGroup\n\tch chan func()\n}\n\nfunc newSema(n int) sema {\n\ts := &sema{\n\t\tch: make(chan func(), n),\n\t}\n\tfor ; n > 0; n-- {\n\t\tgo s.handler()\n\t}\n\treturn s\n}\n\nfunc (s sema) handler() {\n\tfor fn := range s.ch {\n\t\tfn()\n\t\ts.wg.", "Done()\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (s sema) Run(fn func()) {\n\ts.wg.", "Add(1)\n\ts.ch <- fn\n}\n\nfunc (s sema) WaitAndClose() {\n\ts.wg.", "Wait()\n\tclose(s.ch)\n\ts.ch = nil\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.0091324200913242, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0 ]	0.00516	5
[ "Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes severe bone loss which may result in pathologic fractures and, consequently, increased morbidity and health care costs. ", "To date, the most effective strategies for preserving or restoring bone after SCI have utilized electrical stimulation (ES)-induced musculoskeletal loading. ", "One critical question is whether the beneficial effects of ES reflect a decrease in the elevated rate of bone resorption, increased formation of new bone, or both. ", "Answers to these questions are likely to guide the development of future strategies to minimize bone loss after SCI by identifying those components of bone metabolism that are not optimally stimulated by ES and might therefore be targets for additional types of intervention. ", "Our preliminary data indicate that one week of reloading of bone after SCI by ES reduced bone resorptive activity through the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity in a rat model of SCI. ", "Importantly, ES reversed SCI-induced upregulation of the expression in osteoblasts of the Wnt inhibitors (DKK1, sFRP2 and SOST) and increased expression in these cells of the Wnt-responsive gene osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inhibitor of the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts. ", "SCI related-bone loss may be worsened by reduced circulating levels of testosterone because this steroid hormone has anabolic actions on bone and its levels are commonly reduced after SCI. ", "Recently, we observed that nandrolone, an anabolic steroid, reduced bone loss after paralysis due to SCI. ", "Interestingly, nandrolone increased the expression of OPG, Runx2 and LRP5 in bone marrow-derived osteoblasts from SCI rats. ", "LRP5 is a Wnt co-receptor closely linked to the control of bone mass, and Runx2 is another Wnt-responsive gene, and is involved in osteoblast differentiation. ", "These findings suggest that one effect of nandrolone in unloaded bone is to stimulate Wnt signaling in osteoblasts and that Wnt signaling explains at least some of the protective effects of nandrolone on bone after SCI. ", "The central hypotheses suggested by our findings are: 1) ES effects on bone are due to a decrease in the elevated rate of bone resorption and increased formation of new bone; 2) anabolic steroids will provide additional or synergistic benefits to SCI-related bone loss when applied in conjunction with ES. ", "If this is the case, these findings would be readily translated to clinical cae, and would provide an innovative therapeutic strategy for the marked loss of bone following SCI. ", "As such, the following specific aims are proposed: Specific Aim 1. ", "To determine how ES alters the rates of bone formation and resorption and the properties of bone cells, and to characterize the effects of ES on bone mass. ", "We will determine how longer or higher intensity of ES (i.e., 3 months for one hour a day or 1 month for 3 hours a day) alters BMD and BMC, and both metabolic and histomorphometric measures of bone resorption and bone formation. ", "We will also test how longer periods or higher intensity of ES alter numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in cultures of bone marrow cells and examine changes in expression in these cells of genes for their differentiation and activity. ", "Specific Aim 2. ", "To determine whether a combination of ES and an androgen will reduce SCI- related bone loss to a greater extent than either ES or androgen alone. ", "Nandrolone will be administered with or without concurrent ES. ", "We will compare the effects on bone and bone cells of nandrolone combined with ES with the effects observed for ES or nandrolone alone. ", "The possible role for other cellular and molecular mechanisms by which SCI-related bone loss is reduced by ES alone or nandrolone alone or in combination will be studied using DNA microarry analysis. ", "PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects more than 40,000 veterans. ", "The dramatic loss of bone mass and structural integrity that follows SCI is a significant cause of spontaneous fractures and morbidity The weakened bones of persons with SCI may not support the body's weight during ambulation, thus limiting the potential benefit of neurorepair. ", "At present, there is no practical treatment tha is clinically available to delay or prevent bone loss after acute SCI, or to promote rebuilding of bone in individuals with chronic SCI. ", "Therefore, any intervention that preserves bone after acute SCI, or rebuilds bone in chronic SCI, would have a tremendous long-term potential to facilitate weight bearing when biological or engineering interventions which permit ambulation to become a reality, and thus to improve quality of life. ", "The current proposal will significantly enhance our knowledge as to how to improve bone health after SCI." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0.006578947368421052, 0.006369426751592357, 0.006097560975609756, 0.007246376811594203, 0.014563106796116505, 0.0176678445229682, 0.010582010582010581, 0.009433962264150943, 0.024193548387096774, 0.012578616352201259, 0.00909090909090909, 0.006535947712418301, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0.013100436681222707, 0.0041841004184100415, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.01, 0.011764705882352941, 0.007168458781362007, 0.010810810810810811, 0.006711409395973154, 0.009523809523809525 ]	0.008571	5
[ "A new equation combines information about a given exoplanet and the formation of life to describe the probability of life forming on an exoplanet over time. ", "Planets Kepler-36b and Kepler-36c are depicted in this artist's illustration.", "\n\nWhen life originates on a planet, whether Earth or a distant world, the newborn life-forms may have to overcome incredible odds to come into existence — and a new equation lays out exactly how overwhelming those odds may be.", "\n\nThe creators of the equation hope it can connect diverse areas of research that aim to answer long-standing questions about the origins of life, much like how the famous Drake equation pulled together research concerning communications from intelligent life.", "\n\n\"The idea of the equation, at some level, is to try to connect the unknown, presumably microscopic events that … give rise to the first thing that we would call a living system — to connect those microscopic components to the macroscopic fact of whether a planet has life starting on it,\" Caleb Scharf, an astrophysicist at Columbia University and lead author of the new work, told Space.com. [", "8 Newfound Alien Worlds Could Potentially Support Life]\n\nThe Drake equation, originally penned by astronomer Frank Drake in the 1960s, laid out a series of terms estimating how many intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations likely exist in the Milky Way. ", "The equation takes into account factors such as the rate of star formation in the galaxy, the fraction of planets where life emerges, and the fraction of that life that gains intelligence and the capability to broadcast its presence into space. ", "Over the years, the equation has acted as a road map for researchers searching for communications signals created by intelligent civilizations beyond Earth. ", "Scharf and his co-author Lee Cronin, a chemist at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, hope to provide a similar road map to researchers trying to work out how — and how often — life forms on a given planet.", "\n\n\"It came out of a moment in the field where we were trying to bring some cohesion to this study of origins of life,\" which is notorious for its disparate areas of focus, Scharf said. \"", "To my mind, what this equation is trying to do, or at least trying to prompt people to think about, is how you make that connection — how do you go from some story about how life may have originated on Earth to a quantitative assessment of the probability that that happened, and what that means for life elsewhere in the universe,\" he said.", "\n\nSeries of steps\n\nThe new equation breaks down the process of abiogenesis — the formation of life from nonliving components — into a series of simpler factors. ", "Those factors incorporate the planet's conditions, the ingredients needed to form life and the likelihood of those ingredients getting into the right configuration for life to emerge. ", "As with the Drake equation, each of the terms is straightforward to describe, but each hides additional complexity and room for new research.", "\n\nHere is the equation:\n\nThe average number of origin-of-life events for a given planet = (number of building blocks on planet) × 1/(average [mean] number of building blocks needed per \"organism\") × (availability of building blocks during time t) × (probability of assembly in a given time) × time. (", "Image credit: Caleb Scharf and Lee Cronin)\n\nOn the left, the equation considers the average (mean) expected number of origin-of-life events for a given planet. ", "To get there, it takes into account the number of potential \"building blocks\" for life on the planet, the average number of building blocks needed to create a living system, the availability of those building blocks during a given time and the probability of that assembly happening during that time.", "\n\nOn Earth, building blocks for life take the form of amino acids, lipids and certain essential metals. ", "Somewhere else, though, an entirely different set of ingredients could create enough complexity to form life — the equation doesn't assume any specific set is necessary.", "\n\n\"We're being kind of sneaky,\" Scharf said. \"", "I think it's one of the beautiful things about it: If you write the equation this way, you don't necessarily have to worry about all the fine, fine details, but what you do do is, you start to break open the factors that you might be able to put some numbers to.\"", "\n\nFor instance, if you know the size of a planet and its composition, you can begin to estimate how many potential building blocks for life there are on the planet. ", "To calculate whether those building blocks are actually available to form life, you'd have to know more about the conditions on the planet, such as its temperature, which could render some of the blocks unusable or inaccessible. ", "For example, these blocks could be unusable or inaccessible if they're always in gaseous form or if water is not readily available — although future research might show that life could emerge in more scenarios than scientists currently know about.", "\n\nIn that way, the equation \"links where people in exoplanetary science may actually begin to get some data, on the size of planets, the composition, and so on, to the piece that we still don't really understand but we know must have some kind of probability of happening\": how it is that life first begins, Scharf said.", "\n\nA trillion test tubes\n\nThe value P a , which is the probability that life will assemble out of those particular building blocks over a given time, is murkier — and much more interesting. ", "If the value of P a is very low, it's extremely unlikely that life will form even when the ingredients are there — potentially explaining why humans haven't yet happened to create life in the lab, even if scientists have used the right ingredients, Scharf said. ", "But a planet-wide \"lab\" would increase the odds that life-creating events will occur.", "\n\n\"We might have to wait 100 million years for it to fall into place just in a test tube,\" Scharf said. \"", "Whereas on a planet scale, you've got a trillion test tubes — probably even more than that. ", "It's conceivable that, using this equation, playing these games, is hinting at a possible explanation for why we haven't seen life miraculously appearing in our laboratories, that … there's some subtle thing that has to happen that really doesn't happen often.\"", "\n\nAnd if the scale is larger than planetary, Scharf said, that could further increase the likelihood of life forming. ", "Early Earth and Mars, for example, were cultivating their own, separate chemistries, but the early solar system was chaotic; impacts with other solar system bodies could have resulted in material exchanges between the two planets. ", "That would have led to even more \"test tubes\" — the chemical mixing could have allowed even more interactions to occur, potentially hitting the right combination, Scharf said.", "\n\nIf multiple planets exchange materials, it could lead to a sort of \"chemical amplification [that] could, in principle, be hugely important,\" he said. \"", "It could be all the difference between getting life to occur or not, especially when we're dealing with such tiny, tiny probabilities on the microscopic scale of something going right,\" he added.", "\n\nFactoring our ignorance\n\nScharf hopes that the new equation can bring together the different areas of research that relate to each of the equation's terms. ", "For instance, the equation provides an opportunity to combine detailed examinations of far-off exoplanets, chemical research about how different molecules in different physical states can interact to generate complexity, and investigations of the smallest possible units that can exhibit living traits. ", "Combining these areas of research, in turn, could help to link scientists' large-scale understanding of exoplanets to the microscopic chemical interactions, Scharf said.", "\n\n\"It's not an answer; it's a new tool for trying to think about the issues involved,\" Ed Turner, an astronomer at Princeton University, told Space.com. ", "Turner was not involved in the work, but the paper's definition of the left-hand probability — the expected number of origin-of-life events — draws heavily from his work to allow for incorporating scientists' uncertainty about the origins of life based on observations of life on Earth (and how much weight to give those observations).", "\n\n\"To really put numbers on those, to think very specifically about a lot of the factors in their equation, will require a lot more knowledge about exoplanets than we have now,\" Turner said. \"", "We may be decades off from being able to talk about things like the total mass of building blocks on a planet's surface and things like that.\"", "\n\nTurner pointed out that the same was true about the Drake equation: Scientists have been able to quantify only some of the terms recently, such as the number of potentially habitable planets. ", "Therefore, the equation could become more useful as the science progresses, he said. ", "In the meantime, it can act to \"divide our ignorance into different factors\" and focus research on those different components, Turner added. [", "The Father of SETI: Q&A with Astronomer Frank Drake]\n\nBut some of the factors — especially biological ones, such as the switch from nonliving to living organisms — may not be understood anytime soon, he said.", "\n\nPaul Davies, an astrobiologist at Arizona State University who was not involved in the study, also said that the term that incorporates the probability of nonlife becoming life will be among the hardest to define.", "\n\n\"We don't know the mechanism whereby nonlife turns into life, so we have no way of estimating the odds … It may be one in a trillion trillion (it's easy to imagine that), in which case, Earth life may be unique in the observable universe,\" Davies told Space.com in an email. \"", "But P a may be quite large. ", "We simply can't say.\"", "\n\n\"Setting that aside, I think the remaining terms are discussed in a very useful way as a conceptual framework for research,\" he added.", "\n\nTo get a grip on that probability, humanity would have to encounter another instance of life's emergence beyond our own for comparison. ", "Future observatories that can see exoplanets in more detail, like the James Webb Space Telescope, may be able to detect signatures from life in earlier forms than Drake might have thought we'd spot — life on the microscopic scale rather than life actively communicating with humanity. ", "That kind of data could help illustrate what other forms life can take.", "\n\nThe work also mentions the possibility of life arising multiple times using different building blocks — for instance, that some form of life that previously existed on Earth, or one that exists currently but is unknown to science, came into being separately from our brand of life with a totally different chemical vocabulary. ", "Davies said that a good step toward narrowing down the likelihood would be to investigate Earth's own organisms for evidence of this possibility.", "\n\n\"We just need one other sample of life (second genesis) and the field is transformed, because we would know P a can't be exceedingly small,\" Davies said. \"", "And that sample might be right here on Earth. ", "Frankly, almost nobody has looked.\"", "\n\nThe new work was detailed July 4 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.", "\n\nEmail Sarah Lewin at slewin@space.com or follow her @SarahExplains. ", "Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. ", "Original article on Space.com." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.0038461538461538464, 0.007575757575757576, 0.00390625, 0, 0, 0.009569377990430622, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003125, 0, 0.003816793893129771, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.0196078431372549, 0.0029850746268656717, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.004807692307692308, 0.004651162790697674, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0035087719298245615, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04285714285714286, 0.021739130434782608, 0.03333333333333333 ]	0.00497	5
[ "Qurghonteppa Oblast\n\nQurghonteppa Oblast (also known as Kurgan-Tyube Oblast) was an administrative subdivision in Tajikistan until 1992, when it was merged with Kulob Oblast to create Khatlon Province.", "\n\nHistory\nQurghonteppa district was first created in 1924 when Tajikistan was part of the Soviet Union. ", "In 1929 the district was dissolved. ", "In 1938 the district of Stalinobad was created and on 7 January 1944 Qurghonteppa Oblast was created. ", "The districts included in Qurghonteppa Oblast were Voroshilovobod District, Dangara District, Dahanakiik District, Kaghanovichobod District, Kirovobod District, Kuibeshev District, Qurghonteppa District, Mikoyanobod District, Molotovobod District, Oktyabr District, Jilikul District and Shahritus District. ", " On the 24 August 1947 the oblast was abolished. ", "\n\nIn April 1977 Qurghonteppa Oblast was reconstituted, only to be abolished and merged with Kulob Oblast in September 1988. ", "The new combined oblast was named Khatlon. ", "The Qurghonteppa oblast was later reconstituted and then finally abolished once again in 1992. ", "\n\nThe capital of Qurghonteppa Oblast was the city of Qurghonteppa (Kurgan-Tyube), which is now the capital of Khatlon Province. ", "The inhabitants of Qurghonteppa Oblast included migrant communities from elsewhere in Tajikistan, including Gharmis and Pamiris, that settled in the Vakhsh River valley. ", "Qurghonteppa Oblast saw a great deal of violence during the first year of the civil war in Tajikistan. ", "Many important figures in the Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan originated from Qurghonteppa Oblast, including Sayid Abdulloh Nuri.", "\n\nCategory:Central Asia\n\nCategory:Subdivisions of Tajikistan\nCategory:States and territories disestablished in 1992" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.009950248756218905, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.0078125, 0.01764705882352941, 0.009708737864077669, 0.021897810218978103, 0 ]	0.007724	5
[ "* * \n\nSome viewers of the video might be surprised to learn that inmates at Angola, once cleared by the prison doctor, can be forced to work under threat of punishment as severe as solitary confinement. ", "Legally, this labor may be totally uncompensated; more typically inmates are paid meagerly—as little as two cents per hour—for their full-time work in the fields, manufacturing warehouses, or kitchens. ", "How is this legal? ", "Didn’t the Thirteenth Amendment abolish all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude in this country?", "\n\nNot quite. ", "In the shining promise of freedom that was the Thirteenth Amendment, a sharp exception was carved out. ", "Section 1 of the Amendment provides: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” ", "Simply put: Incarcerated persons have no constitutional rights in this arena; they can be forced to work as punishment for their crimes.", "\n\nAngola’s farm operations and other similar prison industries have ancestral roots in the black chattel slavery of the South. ", "Specifically, the proliferation of prison labor camps grew during the Reconstruction era following the Civil War, a time when southern states established large prisons throughout the region that they quickly filled, primarily with black men. ", "Many of these prisons had very recently been slave plantations, Angola and Mississippi State Penitentiary (known as Parchman Farm) among them. ", "Other prisons began convict-leasing programs, where, for a leasing fee, the state would lease out the labor of incarcerated workers as hired work crews. ", "Convict leasing was cheaper than slavery, since farm owners and companies did not have to worry at all about the health of their workers.", "\n\nIn this new era of prison industry, the criminal “justice” system, the state determined the size of the worker pool. ", "Scores of recently freed slaves and their descendants now labored to generate revenue for the state under a Jim Crow regime.", "\n\n * *\n\nMore than a century later, our prison labor system has only grown. ", "We now incarcerate more than 2.2 million people, with the largest prison population in the world, and the second highest incarceration rate per capita. ", "Our prison populations remain racially skewed. ", "With few exceptions, inmates are required to work if cleared by medical professionals at the prison. ", "Punishments for refusing to do so include solitary confinement, loss of earned good time, and revocation of family visitation. ", "For this forced labor, prisoners earn pennies per hour, if anything at all.", "\n\nAngola is not the exception; it is the rule.", "\n\nOver the decades, prison labor has expanded in scope and reach. ", "Incarcerated workers, laboring within in-house operations or through convict-leasing partnerships with for-profit businesses, have been involved with mining, agriculture, and all manner of manufacturing from making military weapons to sewing garments for Victoria’s Secret. ", "Prison programs extend into the services sector; some incarcerated workers staff call centers." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004132231404958678, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.0036496350364963502, 0 ]	0.001447	5
[ "Ben and Bryon talk to writer Barry Gifford about Wild At Heart, Hotel Room, Lost Highway, David Lynch and more!", "\n\nBarry Gifford\n\nSailor & Lula: The Complete Novels\n\nhttp://a.co/bBS94EE\n\nThe Roy Stories\n\nhttp://a.co/iOGiFKW\n\nhttp://www.playinglynch.com\n\nMusic by Silencio\n\nVisit official Silencio website at Delsilencio.net\n\nBoth of their albums are available on iTunes, cdbaby, Amazon and more!", "\n\n“Sycamore Trees\" lyrics by David Lynch, music by Angelo Badalamenti\n\nTwitter: @TwinPeaksUnwrap\n\nFacebook: www.facebook.com/TwinPeaksUnwrapped\n\nEmail:TwinPeaksUnwrapped@gmail.com" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.04504504504504504, 0.02127659574468085, 0.027932960893854747 ]	0.031418	5
[ "Information sources used by high school students in the college degree choice.", "\nSearching for information is a necessary step for young people to decide what to study and prevent school drop-out. ", "The aim of this study is to identify the main sources of information used by students in choosing a university career and to assess the degree of usefulness of these sources. ", "A new measuring instrument to assess the use and usefulness of the information sources used in choosing university studies was developed. ", "2,005 high school students aged 17 to 24 (M = 17.56, SD = .77) participated in the study, representing 44.95 % of the total of school centers of the Principality of Asturias (Spain). ", "The new instrument has adequate psychometric properties and shows that the information from parents and web pages by universities are the most used and most useful information sources for pre-university students. ", "Obtaining this type of information is very important, as it encourages investing in those activities or resources that are important for pre-university students." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0 ]	0.000781	5
[ "QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934\n\nFor the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2012\n\nOR\n\no\n\nTRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934\n\nFor the transition period from to .", "\n\nCommission file number 1-34907\n\nSTAG INDUSTRIAL, INC.", "\n\n(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)\n\nMaryland\n\n27-3099608\n\n(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)\n\n(IRS Employer Identification No.)", "\n\n99 High Street, 28th Floor Boston, Massachusetts\n\n02110\n\n(Address of principal executive offices)\n\n(Zip Code)\n\n(617) 574-4777\n\n(Registrants telephone number, including area code)\n\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ", "Yes x No o\n\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ", "Yes x No o\n\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. ", "See the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ", "Check one:\n\nLarge accelerated filer o\n\nAccelerated filer o\n\nNon-accelerated filer x\n\nSmaller reporting company o\n\n(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)\n\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ", "Yes o No x\n\nIndicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuers classes of common and preferred shares as of the latest practicable date.", "\n\nSTAG Industrial, Inc. (the Company) is a Maryland corporation formed on July 21, 2010 that did not have any operating activity until the consummation of its initial public offering of common stock (the IPO) and the related formation transactions (the formation transactions) on April 20, 2011. ", "The Company is the majority owner of the STAG Industrial Operating Partnership, L.P. (the Operating Partnership), which was formed as a Delaware limited partnership on December 21, 2009. ", "STAG Industrial GP, LLC, which was formed as a Delaware limited liability company on December 21, 2009, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. ", "As of March 31, 2012, the Company owned 66.63% of the Operating Partnership. ", "The Company is engaged in the business of acquiring, owning, leasing and managing real estate, consisting primarily of industrial properties located throughout the United States. ", "As of March 31, 2012, the Company owned 110 properties in 28 states with approximately 18.3 million rentable square feet, consisting of 62 warehouse/distribution properties, 28 manufacturing properties and 20 flex/office properties. ", "The Companys properties were 94.2% leased to 95 tenants as of March 31, 2012. ", "As used herein, the Company refers to STAG Industrial, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries and partnerships except where context otherwise requires.", "\n\nThe Companys predecessor for accounting purposes is STAG Predecessor Group, which is not a legal entity, but a collection of the real estate entities that were owned by STAG Investments III, LLC (a Participant, as hereafter defined) prior to the IPO. ", "STAG Predecessor Group also was engaged in the business of owning, leasing and operating real estate consisting primarily of industrial properties located throughout the United States. ", "The financial information contained in this report that relates to the time periods on or prior to April 19, 2011 is STAG Predecessor Groups financial information; the financial information contained in this report for any time period on or after April 20, 2011 is the Companys financial information. ", "The Company did not exist before April 20, 2011 and as a result of our formation transactions, our Company is substantially different from STAG Predecessor Group.", "\n\nOn April 20, 2011, concurrent with the IPO, the members of limited liability companies affiliated with the Company (collectively, the Participants) that held direct or indirect interests in their real estate properties elected to take limited partnership units in the Operating Partnership (common units) in exchange for the contribution of their properties to the Company. ", "The formation transactions were designed to (i) continue the operations of the Companys predecessor business, (ii) enable the Company to raise the necessary capital to acquire certain other properties, repay mortgage debt relating thereto and pay other indebtedness, (iii) fund costs, capital expenditures and working capital, (iv) provide a vehicle for future acquisitions, (v) enable the Company to comply with requirements under the federal income tax laws and regulations relating to real estate investment trusts, and (vi) preserve tax advantages for certain Participants.", "\n\nThe operations of the Company are carried on primarily through the Operating Partnership. ", "The Company intends to elect the status of and qualify as a real estate investment trust (REIT) under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), commencing with the 2011 tax year. ", "The Company is fully integrated, self-administered, and self-managed.", "\n\n2. ", "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies\n\nInterim Financial Information\n\nThe accompanying interim financial statements have been presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and with the instructions to Form 10-Q of Regulation S-X for interim financial information. ", "Accordingly, these statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. ", "In the opinion of management, the accompanying interim financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring items, necessary for their fair presentation in conformity with GAAP. ", "Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. ", "The year-end consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. ", "The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the\n\nCompanys financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for its fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.", "\n\nBasis of Presentation\n\nThe Companys Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership and their subsidiaries. ", "The equity interests of other limited partners in the Operating Partnership are reflected as noncontrolling interest. ", "The Combined Financial Statements of STAG Predecessor Group include the accounts of STAG Predecessor Group and all entities in which STAG Predecessor Group had a controlling interest. ", "All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation or combination of entities. ", "The financial statements of the Company are presented on a consolidated basis, for all periods presented and comprise the consolidated historical financial statements of the transferred collection of real estate entities and holdings upon the IPO. ", "The combined financial information presented for periods on or prior to April 19, 2011 relate solely to the STAG Predecessor Group. ", "The financial statements for the periods after April 19, 2011 include the financial information of the Company, the Operating Partnership and their subsidiaries. ", "Where the Company is referenced in comparisons of financial results for any date prior to and including April 19, 2011, the financial information for such period relates solely to the STAG Predecessor Group, notwithstanding Company being the reference.", "\n\nThe following table provides supplemental disclosures related to the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands):\n\nSTAG Industrial, Inc. (Three Months endedMarch 31, 2012)\n\nSTAG Predecessor Group (Three months endedMarch 31, 2011)\n\nSupplemental cash flow information\n\nCash paid for interest\n\n$\n\n3,888\n\n$\n\n2,433\n\nSupplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities\n\nAdditions of land and building improvements included in accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities\n\n$\n\n285\n\n$\n\n7\n\nDividends declared but not paid\n\n$\n\n7,793\n\nN/A\n\nUse of Estimates\n\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. ", "Actual results could differ from those estimates.", "\n\nRestricted Cash\n\nRestricted cash may include security deposits and cash held in escrow for real estate taxes and capital improvements as required in various mortgage loan agreements. ", "At March 31, 2012, restricted cash included $1.6 million that was held with the Companys transfer agent for preferred stock dividends that were distributed subsequent to March 31, 2012.", "\n\nTenant Accounts Receivable, net\n\nTenant accounts receivable, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, includes both tenant accounts receivable, net and accrued rental income, net. ", "The Company provides an allowance for doubtful accounts against the portion of tenant accounts receivable that is estimated to be uncollectible. ", "As of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the Company had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively.", "\n\nThe Company accrues rental revenue earned, but not yet received, in accordance with GAAP. ", "As of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the Company had accrued rental revenue of $4.9 million and $4.5 million, respectively, which is reflected in tenant accounts receivable, net on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. ", "The Company maintains an allowance for estimated losses that may result from those revenues. ", "If a tenant fails to make contractual payments beyond any allowance, the\n\nCompany may recognize additional bad debt expense in future periods equal to the amount of unpaid rent and accrued rental revenue. ", "As of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the Company had an allowance on accrued rental revenue of $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively.", "\n\nAs of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the Company had a total of approximately $3.6 million of total lease security deposits available in existing letters of credit and $1.2 million of lease security deposits available in cash.", "\n\nDeferred Costs\n\nDeferred financing fees include costs incurred in obtaining mortgage notes payable that are capitalized. ", "The deferred financing fees are amortized to interest expense over the life of the respective loans. ", "Any unamortized amounts upon early repayment of mortgage notes payable are written off in the period of repayment. ", "During the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011, amortization of deferred financing fees included in interest expense was $0.3 million and $29 thousand, respectively. ", "Fully amortized deferred charges are removed upon maturity of the underlying debt.", "\n\nFair Value of Financial Instruments\n\nFinancial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, tenant accounts receivable, interest rate swaps, accounts payable, other accrued expenses, mortgage notes payable and credit facility. ", "The fair values of the cash and cash equivalents, tenant accounts receivable, accounts payable and other accrued expenses approximate their carrying or contract values because of the short term maturity of these instruments. ", "See Note 5 for the fair values of the Companys debt. ", "See Note 6 for the fair values of the Companys interest rate swaps.", "\n\nRevenue Recognition\n\nBy the terms of their leases, certain tenants are obligated to pay directly the costs of their properties insurance, real estate taxes and certain other expenses and these costs, which costs are not reflected in the Companys Consolidated Financial Statements. ", "To the extent any tenant responsible for these costs under its respective lease defaults on its lease or it is deemed probable that the tenant will fail to pay for such costs, the Company would record a liability for such obligation. ", "The Company estimates that real estate taxes, which are the responsibility of these certain tenants, were approximately $1.5 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011, respectively, and this would have been the maximum liability of the Company had the tenants not met their contractual obligations. ", "The Company does not recognize recovery revenue related to leases where the tenant has assumed the cost for real estate taxes, insurance and certain other expenses.", "\n\nIncome Taxes\n\nPrior to the IPO, STAG Predecessor Group was comprised primarily of limited partnerships and limited liability companies. ", "Under applicable federal and state income tax rules, the allocated share of net income or loss from the limited partnerships and limited liability companies was reportable in the income tax returns of the respective partners and members.", "\n\nThe Company intends to elect to be taxed as a REIT under the Code commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2011. ", "To qualify as a REIT, the Company is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders and meet the various other requirements imposed by the Code relating to such matters as operating results, asset holdings, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership. ", "Provided the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company is generally not subject to corporate level income tax on the earnings distributed currently to its stockholders that it derives from its REIT qualifying activities. ", "If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and is unable to avail itself of certain savings provisions set forth in the Code, all of the Companys taxable income would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates, including any applicable alternative minimum tax.", "\n\nThe Company will not be required to make distributions with respect to income derived from the activities conducted through subsidiaries that the Company elects to treat as taxable REIT subsidiaries (TRS) for federal income tax purposes. ", "Certain activities that the Company undertakes must be conducted by a TRS, such as performing non-customary services for its tenants and holding assets that it cannot hold directly. ", "A TRS is subject to federal and state income taxes. ", "The Companys TRS did not have any activity during the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011.", "\n\nThe Company and certain of its subsidiaries are subject to certain state and local income, excise and franchise taxes. ", "At December 31, 2011, the Company accrued an estimate of taxes for the period April 20, 2011 to December 31, 2011 in the amount of\n\n$0.3 million. ", "The Company accrued an estimate of the 2012 taxes in the amount of $50 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2012. ", "There were no taxes recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2011.", "\n\nThe Company currently has no liabilities for uncertain tax positions.", "\n\n3. ", "Real Estate\n\nAs part of the formation transactions, STAG Investments IV, LLC and STAG GI Investments, LLC (which are certain of the Participants and, along with the members of the Management Company (defined below) are referred to as part of the STAG Contribution Group in this report) contributed 100% of their real estate entities and operations in exchange for 7,320,610 common units in the Operating Partnership valued at $13.00 per common unit. ", "The members of STAG Capital Partners, LLC and STAG Capital Partners III, LLC (referred to in the aggregate as the Management Company in this report), contributed 100% of those entities assets and liabilities in exchange for 38,621 common units in the Operating Partnership valued at $13.00 per common unit. ", "The contribution of interests in the STAG Contribution Group was accounted for as an acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting and recognized at the estimated fair value of acquired assets and assumed liabilities on the date of such contribution. ", "STAG Predecessor Group, which includes the entity that is considered the Companys accounting acquirer, is part of the Companys predecessor business and therefore the assets and liabilities of STAG Predecessor Group were accounted for at carryover basis.", "\n\nThe fair values assigned to identifiable intangible assets acquired were based on estimates and assumptions determined by the Companys management. ", "Using information available at the time the acquisition closed, the Company allocated the total consideration to tangible assets and liabilities, identified intangible assets and liabilities, and goodwill.", "\n\nAs of March 31, 2012, the Company had approximately $4.9 million of goodwill. ", "Goodwill of the Company represents amounts allocated to the assembled workforce from the acquired Management Company. ", "The Companys goodwill has an indeterminate life and is not amortized, but is tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. ", "No impairment charge was recognized for periods presented.", "\n\nThe following table summarizes the allocation of the consideration paid for the acquired assets and liabilities in connection with the acquisitions of manufacturing and distribution facilities at the date of acquisition (in thousands):\n\nVarious(1)\n\nWeighted Average Amortization Period (years) Lease Intangibles\n\nLand\n\n$\n\n3,893\n\nN/A\n\nBuildings and improvements\n\n24,646\n\nN/A\n\nTenant improvements\n\n1,059\n\nN/A\n\nAbove market rents\n\n1,090\n\n6.3\n\nBelow market rents\n\n(154\n\n)\n\n5.8\n\nIn place lease intangibles\n\n5,361\n\n6.2\n\nCustomer relationships\n\n2,195\n\n9.2\n\nTotal aggregate purchase price\n\n38,090\n\nNet assets acquired\n\n$\n\n38,090\n\n(1)Amounts in this column reflect the allocation of the consideration paid in connection with the acquisitions of properties in East Windsor, CT; South Bend, IN; Lansing, MI; Portland, ME; and Portland, TN, acquired on March 1, 2012, March 8, 2012, March 21, 2012, March 27, 2012, and March 30, 2012, respectively. ", "Each of these properties was considered individually insignificant and therefore is presented combined.", "\n\nThe Company has included the results of operations for each of these acquired properties in its Consolidated Statement of Operations from the date of acquisition. ", "For the three months ended March 31, 2012, the acquired entities contributed $0.1 million to total revenue and $0.3 million to net loss (including property acquisition costs of $0.2 million related to the acquisition of properties in East Windsor, CT; South Bend, IN; Lansing, MI; Portland, ME; and Portland, TN), respectively.", "\n\nThe accompanying unaudited pro forma information for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011 is presented as if the acquisitions of the properties had occurred at January 1, 2011. ", "This pro forma information does not purport to represent what the actual results of operations of the Company would have been had the above occurred, nor do they purport to predict the results of operations of future periods.", "\n\nOn December 22, 2011, the Company sold a flex/office property located in Amesbury, MA containing approximately 78,000 net rentable square feet. ", "The sales price was approximately $4.8 million and the Company received net proceeds of $4.5 million. ", "The results of operations for this property are reflected in income attributable to discontinued operations on the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Operations.", "\n\n4. ", "Deferred Leasing Intangibles\n\nDeferred leasing intangibles included in total assets consisted of the following (in thousands):\n\nMarch 31, 2012\n\nDecember 31, 2011\n\nIn-place leases\n\n$\n\n61,490\n\n$\n\n56,221\n\nLess: Accumulated amortization\n\n(16,774\n\n)\n\n(13,741\n\n)\n\nIn-place leases, net\n\n44,716\n\n42,480\n\nAbove market leases\n\n35,515\n\n34,425\n\nLess: Accumulated amortization\n\n(6,004\n\n)\n\n(4,722\n\n)\n\nAbove market leases, net\n\n29,511\n\n29,703\n\nTenant relationships\n\n37,568\n\n35,373\n\nLess: Accumulated amortization\n\n(6,126\n\n)\n\n(4,673\n\n)\n\nTenant relationships, net\n\n31,442\n\n30,700\n\nLeasing commissions\n\n14,418\n\n14,326\n\nLess: Accumulated amortization\n\n(4,447\n\n)\n\n(3,916\n\n)\n\nLeasing commissions, net\n\n9,971\n\n10,410\n\nTotal deferred leasing intangibles, net\n\n$\n\n115,640\n\n$\n\n113,293\n\nDeferred leasing intangibles included in total liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):\n\nMarch 31, 2012\n\nDecember 31, 2011\n\nBelow market leases\n\n$\n\n4,108\n\n$\n\n3,954\n\nLess: Accumulated amortization\n\n(2,138\n\n)\n\n(2,025\n\n)\n\nTotal deferred leasing intangibles, net\n\n$\n\n1,970\n\n$\n\n1,929\n\nAmortization expense related to in-place leases, lease commissions and tenant relationships of deferred leasing intangibles was $5.0 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011, respectively. ", "Rental income related to net amortization of above (below) market leases increased (decreased) by ($1.2) million and $4 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011, respectively.", "\n\nAmortization related to deferred leasing intangibles over the next five years is as follows (in thousands):\n\nPayments on mortgage notes are generally due in monthly installments of principal amortization and interest. ", "The following table sets forth a summary of the Companys outstanding indebtedness, including mortgage notes payable and borrowings under the Companys secured corporate revolving credit facility (the Credit Facility) as of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 follows (dollars in thousands):\n\nLoan\n\nInterest Rate(1)\n\nPrincipal outstanding as of March 31, 2012\n\nPrincipal outstanding as of December 31, 2011\n\nCurrent Maturity\n\nWells Fargo Master Loan\n\nLIBOR + 3.00%\n\n$\n\n132,689\n\n$\n\n134,066\n\nOct-31-2013\n\nCIGNA-1 Facility\n\n6.50%\n\n60,192\n\n60,369\n\nFeb-1-2018\n\nCIGNA-2 Facility\n\n5.75%\n\n61,487\n\n59,186\n\nFeb-1-2018\n\nCIGNA-3 Facility\n\n5.88%\n\n17,150\n\n17,150\n\nOct-1-2019\n\nBank of America, N.A.(2)\n\n7.05%\n\n8,230\n\n8,324\n\nAug-1-2027\n\nCredit Facility\n\nLIBOR + 2.50%\n\n40,000\n\n\n\nApr-20-2014\n\nUnion Fidelity Life Insurance Co.(3)\n\n5.81%\n\n7,146\n\n7,227\n\nApr-30-2017\n\nWebster Bank National Association(4)\n\n4.22%\n\n6,092\n\n6,128\n\nAug-4-2016\n\nSun Life Assurance Company of Canada (U.S.)(5)\n\n6.05%\n\n4,267\n\n4,329\n\nJun-1-2016\n\n$\n\n337,253\n\n$\n\n296,779\n\n(1)Current interest rate as of March 31, 2012. ", "At March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the one-month LIBOR rate was 0.241% and 0.295%, respectively.", "\n\n(2)Principal outstanding includes an unamortized fair market value premium of $44 thousand as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\n(3)This loan was assumed at the acquisition of the Berkeley, MO property and the principal outstanding includes an unamortized fair market value premium of $0.2 million as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\n(4)This loan was entered into at the acquisition of the Norton, MA property.", "\n\n(5)Principal outstanding includes an unamortized fair market value premium of $0.3 million as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\nThe Credit Facility was secured by, among other things, 20 properties at March 31, 2012. ", "The Company currently pays an unused commitment fee equal to 0.50% of the unused portion of the Credit Facility. ", "During the three months ended March 31, 2012, the Company incurred $0.1 million in unused fees, which is included in interest expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. ", "At March 31, 2012, there was an outstanding balance of $40.0 million on the Credit Facility. ", "The Credit Facility was utilized throughout the three months ended March 31, 2012 to fund the acquisitions of properties and general corporate purposes.", "\n\nThe Company was in compliance with all financial covenants as of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011.", "\n\nThe fair value of the Companys debt was determined by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings for loans with similar remaining maturities and similar loan-to-value ratios. ", "The fair value of the Companys debt is based on Level 3 inputs. ", "The three-tier value hierarchy is explained in Note 6. ", "The following table presents the aggregate carrying value of the Companys debt and the corresponding estimate of fair value as of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011 (in thousands):\n\nThe Companys use of derivative instruments is limited to the utilization of interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk exposures and not for speculative purposes. ", "The principal objective of such arrangements is to minimize the risks and/or costs associated with the Companys operating and financial structure, as well as to hedge specific transactions.", "\n\nSTAG Predecessor Group entered into an interest rate swap (Wells Fargo Master Loan Swap) with a notional amount of $141.0 million to hedge against interest rate risk on its variable rate loan with Wells Fargo Master Loan, which was part of the debt contributed to the Company. ", "The Wells Fargo Master Loan Swap was not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes and it expired on January 31, 2012. ", "There were no derivative instruments at March 31, 2012. ", "The fair value of the interest rate swap outstanding as of December 31, 2011 is as follows (in thousands):\n\nNotional Amount December 31, 2011\n\nFair Value December 31, 2011\n\nWells Fargo Master Loan Swap\n\n$\n\n141,000\n\n$\n\n(215\n\n)\n\nThe Company adopted the fair value measurement provisions for its interest rate swaps recorded at fair value. ", "The guidance establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. ", "These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. ", "The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. ", "This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. ", "The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. ", "The variable cash receipts are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. ", "As of December 31, 2011, the Company applied the provisions of this standard to the valuation of its interest rate swap, which was previously the only financial instrument measured at fair value on a recurring basis.", "\n\nThe Company recognized gains relating to the change in fair market value of the interest rate swaps of $0.2 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011, respectively.", "\n\nThe table below sets forth the Companys financial instruments that are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2011 (in thousands). ", "There were no financial instruments that are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis outstanding as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\nFair Market Measurements as of December 31, 2011 Using:\n\nDecember 31, 2011\n\nQuoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)\n\nSignificant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)\n\nUnobservable Inputs (Level 3)\n\nLiabilities:\n\nInterest Rate Swap\n\n$\n\n(215\n\n)\n\n\n\n$\n\n(215\n\n)\n\n\n\n7. ", "Stockholders Equity\n\nPreferred Stock\n\nPursuant to its charter, the Company is authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. ", "On November 2, 2011, the Company sold 2,760,000 shares (including 360,000 shares pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriters overallotment option) of 9.0% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share (the Series A Preferred\n\nStock) in an underwritten public offering, at a price to the public of $25.00 per share for net proceeds of $66.3 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and other direct offering costs of $2.7 million and indirect offering costs of $78 thousand. ", "Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the last day of March, June, September and December of each year. ", "The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the Companys common stock with respect to dividend rights and rights upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company.", "\n\nThe Series A Preferred Stock has no stated maturity date and is not subject to mandatory redemption or any sinking fund. ", "Generally, the Company is not permitted to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock prior to November 2, 2016, except in limited circumstances relating to the Companys ability to qualify as a REIT and in certain other circumstances related to a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary for the Series A Preferred Stock).", "\n\nOn March 6, 2012, the board of directors declared a record date of March 19, 2012 for holders of Series A Preferred Stock and confirmed the first quarter dividend of $0.5625 per share (equivalent to the fixed annual rate of $2.25 per share), and the Company accrued the first quarter dividend in the amount of $1.6 million, which was subsequently paid on April 2, 2012.", "\n\nCommon Stock\n\nOn April 20, 2011, the Company completed the IPO of its common stock. ", "The IPO resulted in the sale of 13,750,000 shares of the Companys common stock at a price of $13.00 per share. ", "The Company received net proceeds of $166.3 million, reflecting gross proceeds of $178.8 million, net of underwriting fees of $12.5 million. ", "On May 13, 2011, the underwriters of the Companys IPO exercised their option to purchase an additional 2,062,500 shares of common stock at $13.00 per share, generating an additional $26.8 million of gross proceeds and $24.9 million of net proceeds after the underwriters discount and offering costs. ", "The total gross proceeds to the Company from the IPO and the exercise of the overallotment option was approximately $205.6 million. ", "The Company incurred formation transaction costs and offering costs of $6.2 million, of which $3.7 million was expensed and the remaining $2.5 million was deducted from the gross proceeds of the IPO. ", "Total underwriters discounts, commissions and offering costs of $16.9 million are reflected as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Company.", "\n\nOn March 6, 2012, the board of directors declared the first quarter dividend of $0.26 per share (equivalent to an annualized rate of $1.04 per share) for all stockholders of record on March 30, 2012, and the Company accrued the first quarter dividend, which was subsequently paid on April 13, 2012.", "\n\nAll of the Companys independent directors elected to receive shares of common stock in lieu of cash for their fees for serving as members and/or chairmen of various committees during 2012. ", "The independent directors received total compensation of $52 thousand for their services for the three months ended March 31, 2012. ", "On April 13, 2012, based on the trailing 10 day average common stock price, the Company issued an aggregate of 3,776 shares of common stock. ", "The shares have a fair value of approximately $50 thousand based on the common stock closing price of $13.22 on April 13, 2012.", "\n\nRestricted Stock-Based Compensation\n\nConcurrently with the closing of the IPO, the Company made grants of shares of restricted common stock to certain employees of the Company. ", "These awards were made pursuant to the STAG Industrial, Inc. 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2011 Plan). ", "At such time, the Company granted to such employees a total of 80,809 shares of restricted stock that are subject to time-based vesting with a fair value of $1.0 million ($12.21 per share). ", "The awards are subject to time-based vesting and will vest, subject to the recipients continued employment, in five equal installments on each anniversary of the date of grant. ", "Holders of restricted stock have voting rights and rights to receive dividends. ", "Restricted stock may not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of and is subject to a risk of forfeiture prior to the expiration of the applicable vesting period. ", "The restricted stock fair value on the date of grant is amortized on a straight-line basis as stock-based compensation expense over the service period during which term the stock fully vests.", "\n\nOn January 3, 2012, the Company granted 87,025 shares of restricted stock that are subject to time-based vesting with a fair value of $1.0 million ($11.89 per share) to certain employees of the Company pursuant to the 2011 Plan.", "\n\nAs of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, none of the shares of restricted stock were vested. ", "The Company recognizes non-cash compensation expense ratably over the vesting period, and accordingly, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0 in non-cash compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011, respectively. ", "Unrecognized compensation expense for the remaining life of the awards was $1.8 million and $0.8 million as of March 31, 3012 and December 31, 2011, respectively. ", "As of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, there were no forfeitures of shares of restricted stock.", "\n\nNoncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership are interests in the Operating Partnership that are not owned by the Company. ", "Noncontrolling interests consisted of 7,590,000 common units (the noncontrolling common units) and 419,081 LTIP units, which in total represented approximately 33.37% of the ownership interests in the Operating Partnership at March 31, 2012. ", "The noncontrolling common units were issued at fair value at the time of the formation transactions for an issuance price of $13.00 per common unit. ", "Common units and shares of the Companys common stock have essentially the same economic characteristics in that common units and shares of the Companys common stock share equally in the total net income or loss distributions of the Operating Partnership. ", "Investors who own common units have the right to cause the Operating Partnership to redeem any or all of their common units for cash equal to the then-current market value of one share of the Companys common stock, or, at the Companys election, shares of common stock on a one-for-one basis. ", "All common units will receive the same quarterly distribution as the per share dividends on common stock.", "\n\nUpon a material equity transaction in the Operating Partnership which results in an accretion of the members capital account to the economic value equivalent of the common units, LTIP units can be converted to common units. ", "As of March 31, 2012, none of the vested LTIP units met the aforementioned criteria.", "\n\nThe Company periodically adjusts the carrying value of noncontrolling interest to reflect its share of the book value of the Operating Partnership. ", "Such adjustments are recorded to additional paid in capital as a reallocation of noncontrolling interest in the accompanying Consolidated Statement of Stockholders Equity.", "\n\nLTIP Units\n\nPursuant to the 2011 Plan, the Company may grant LTIP units in the Operating Partnership. ", "LTIP units, which the Company grants either as free-standing awards or together with other awards under the 2011 Plan, are valued by reference to the value of the Companys common stock, and are subject to such conditions and restrictions as the compensation committee of the Companys board of directors may determine, including continued employment or service, computation of financial metrics and achievement of pre-established performance goals and objectives. ", "Vested LTIP units can be converted to common units in the Operating Partnership on a one-for-one basis once a material equity transaction has occurred that results in the accretion of the members capital account to the economic equivalent of the common unit. ", "All LTIP units, whether vested or not, will receive the same quarterly per unit distributions as common units, which equal per share dividends on common stock.", "\n\nConcurrently with the closing of the IPO, pursuant to the 2011 Plan, the Company granted a total of 159,046 LTIP units to certain executive officers pursuant to the terms of their employment agreements and a total of 41,395 LTIP units to its independent directors. ", "These LTIP units vest quarterly over five years, with the first vesting date having commenced on June 30, 2011. ", "In addition, on January 3, 2012, the Company granted a total of 196,260 LTIP units to certain executive officers and 22,380 LTIP units to its non-employee, independent directors pursuant to the 2011 Plan. ", "As of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, there were zero forfeitures of LTIP units. ", "The total fair value of the LTIP units was approximately $4.8 million at the respective grants, which was determined by a lattice binomial option- pricing model based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a volatility factor of 55% and 50%, a risk-free interest rate of 2.10% and 3.40%, and terms of 10 years, respectively. ", "As of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, 51,020 and 30,066 LTIP units were vested, respectively. ", "The Company recognized $0.2 million and $0 in non-cash compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and March 31, 2011, respectively. ", "Unrecognized compensation expense was $4.2 million and $2.0 million at March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.", "\n\n9. ", "Earnings Per Share\n\nThe Company uses the two-class method of computing earnings per common share, which is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared (whether paid or unpaid) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. ", "Under the two-class method, earnings per common share are computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common stockholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.", "\n\nA participating security is defined by GAAP as an unvested stock-based payment award containing non-forfeitable rights to dividends and must be included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. ", "Non-vested restricted stock are considered participating securities as these share-based awards contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends irrespective of whether the awards ultimately vest or expire. ", "During the three months ended March 31, 2012, there were 167,834 unvested shares of restricted stock, that were considered participating securities, which were not dilutive.", "\n\nFor purposes of calculating basic and diluted earnings per share, awards under the Companys 2011 Outperformance Program (the OPP) that was approved by the compensation committee of the Companys board of directors on September 20, 2011 are considered contingently issuable shares. ", "Because the OPP awards require the Company to outperform absolute and relative return thresholds, unless such thresholds have been met by the end of the applicable reporting period, the Company excludes the awards from the basic and diluted earnings per share calculation. ", "For the three months ended March 31, 2012, the absolute and relative return thresholds were not met and, as a result, the OPP awards have been excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation.", "\n\nThe following tables set forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2012 (in thousands, except share data):\n\nThree monthsended March 31, 2012\n\nNumerator\n\nNet loss\n\n$\n\n(1,361\n\n)\n\nLess: preferred stock dividends\n\n1,553\n\nLess: noncontrolling interest\n\n(972\n\n)\n\nLoss attributable to the common stockholders\n\n$\n\n1,942\n\nDenominator\n\nWeighted average common shares outstandingbasic and diluted\n\n15,824,627\n\nLoss per common sharebasic and diluted\n\n$\n\n(0.12\n\n)\n\nEarnings per share are not presented for the three months ended March 31, 2011 as the IPO did not occur until April 20, 2011.", "\n\n10. ", "Commitments and Contingencies\n\nThe Company is subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. ", "These matters are generally covered by insurance subject to deductible requirements. ", "Management believes that the ultimate settlement of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on the Companys financial position, results of operations or cash flows.", "\n\n11. ", "Concentrations of Credit Risk\n\nConcentrations of credit risk arise when a number of tenants related to the Companys investments or rental operations are engaged in similar business activities, are located in the same geographic region, or have similar economic features that would cause their inability to meet contractual obligations, including those to the Company, to be similarly affected. ", "The Company regularly monitors its tenant base to assess potential concentrations of credit risk. ", "Management believes the current credit risk portfolio is reasonably well diversified and does not contain any unusual concentration of credit risk. ", "No tenant accounted for more than 10% of the base rents for the three months ended March 31, 2012 or March 31, 2011. ", "Recent developments in the general economy and the global credit markets have had a significant adverse effect on companies in numerous industries. ", "The Company has tenants concentrated in various industries that may be experiencing adverse effects from the current economic conditions and the Company could be adversely affected if such tenants go into default on their leases.", "\n\n12. ", "Subsequent Events\n\nGAAP requires an entity to disclose events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (subsequent events) as well as the date through which an entity has evaluated subsequent events. ", "There are two types of subsequent events. ", "The first type consists of events or transactions that provide additional evidence about conditions that existed at the date of the balance sheet, including the estimates inherent in the process of preparing financial statements (recognized subsequent events). ", "No significant recognized subsequent events were noted. ", "The second type consists of events that provide evidence about conditions that did not exist at the date of the balance sheet but arose subsequent to that date (non-recognized subsequent events).", "\n\nOn April 2, 2012, the Company paid the first quarter 2012 dividend on the Series A Preferred Stock of $0.5625 per share to all record holders of Series A Preferred Stock as of March 19, 2012 in the amount of $1.6 million.", "\n\nOn April 2, 2012, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with subsidiaries of Columbus Nova Real Estate Acquisition Group, Inc. (CRAG) to acquire six industrial properties representing approximately 750,000 square feet in total for an aggregate purchase price of $30 million, excluding closing costs. ", "Various conditions to closing for these properties have yet to be satisfied, so there are no assurances that the acquisitions will be consummated.", "\n\nOn April 5, 2012, the Company acquired an approximately 409,600 square foot 100% leased warehouse/distribution facility located in Spartanburg, South Carolina. ", "The purchase price of the acquisition was approximately $9.0 million, excluding closing costs, and was funded using cash on hand. ", "Management has not finalized the acquisition accounting.", "\n\nOn April 13, 2012, the Company paid the first quarter dividend of $0.26 per share to all record stockholders and common unit holders as of March 30, 2012 in the amount of $6.2 million.", "\n\nOn April 13, 2012, the Company issued an aggregate of 3,776 shares of common stock with a fair value of approximately $50 thousand, to the Companys independent directors in compensation for their services for the three months ended March 31, 2012.", "\n\nOn April 17, 2012, the Company acquired an approximately 703,500 square foot 100% leased warehouse/distribution facility located in Franklin, Indiana. ", "The purchase price of the acquisition was approximately $17.8 million, excluding closing costs, and was funded using cash on hand. ", "Management has not finalized the acquisition accounting.", "\n\nOn April 18, 2012, the Company entered into an agreement with CRAG for CRAG to source sale leaseback transactions for potential acquisition by the Company.", "\n\nOn April 20, 2012, the Company sold an approximately 150,000 square foot vacant building in Youngstown, Ohio to a third party for a total purchase price of $3.4 million. ", "Prior to the sale, on July 8, 2011, the Company received a termination fee from the then tenant of the Youngstown property in the amount of $2.0 million of which $1.8 million was recognized as termination income during the period April 20, 2011 to December 31, 2011.", "\n\nDuring the period April 1, 2012 to May 9, 2012, the Company incurred additional net borrowings of $26.3 million under the Credit Facility.", "\n\nItem 2.Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations\n\nYou should read the following discussion with the financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in Item 1 of this report and the audited financial statements as of December 31, 2011,and related notes thereto included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.\n\nAs used herein, Company, we, our and us, refer to STAG Industrial, Inc. and our consolidated subsidiaries and partnerships except where the context otherwise requires. ", "The combined financial information presented for periods on or prior to April 19, 2011 relate solely to the STAG Predecessor Group, our predecessor for accounting purposes. ", "The consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2012 include the financial information of the Company, STAG Industrial Operating Partnership, L.P. (the Operating Partnership) and our subsidiaries. ", "Where the Company is referenced in comparisons of financial results between the quarter ended March 31, 2012 and any quarter or period ended prior to April 20, 2011, the financial information for such quarter or period prior to April 20, 2011 relates solely to the STAG Predecessor Group, notwithstanding Company being the reference.", "\n\nForward-Looking Statements\n\nThis report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor from civil liability provided for such statements by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (set forth in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)). ", "You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as anticipates, believes, estimates, expects, intends, may, plans, projects, seeks, should, will, and variations of such words or similar expressions. ", "Our forward-looking statements reflect our current views about our plans, intentions, expectations, strategies and prospects, which are based on the information currently available to us and on assumptions we have made. ", "Although we believe that our plans, intentions, expectations, strategies and prospects as reflected in or suggested by our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that our plans, intentions, expectations, strategies or prospects will be attained or achieved and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. ", "Furthermore, actual results may differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements and may be affected by a variety of risks and factors including, without limitation:\n\n·the factors included in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2012, including those set forth under the headings Business, Risk Factors, and Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations;\n\n·the competitive environment in which we operate;\n\n·real estate risks, including fluctuations in real estate values and the general economic climate in local markets and competition for tenants in such markets;\n\n·decreased rental rates or increasing vacancy rates;\n\n·potential defaults on or non-renewal of leases by tenants;\n\n·potential bankruptcy or insolvency of tenants;\n\n·acquisition risks, including failure of such acquisitions to perform in accordance with projections;\n\n·potential changes in the law or governmental regulations that affect us and interpretations of those laws and regulations, including changes in real estate and zoning or real estate investment trust (REIT) tax laws, and potential increases in real property tax rates;\n\n·financing risks, including the risks that our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest and we may be unable to refinance our existing debt upon maturity or obtain new financing on attractive terms or at all;\n\n·lack of or insufficient amounts of insurance;\n\n·our ability to qualify and maintain our qualification as a REIT;\n\n·litigation, including costs associated with prosecuting or defending claims and any adverse outcomes; and\n\n·possible environmental liabilities, including costs, fines or penalties that may be incurred due to necessary remediation of contamination of properties presently owned or previously owned by us.", "\n\nAny forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made. ", "New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. ", "Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.", "\n\nOverview\n\nWe are a fully-integrated real estate company focused on the acquisition, ownership and management of single-tenant industrial properties throughout the United States.", "\n\nAs of March 31, 2012, we owned 110 properties in 28 states with approximately 18.3 million rentable square feet, consisting of 62 warehouse/distribution properties, 28 manufacturing properties and 20 flex/office properties, and our properties were 94.2% leased to 95 tenants, with no single tenant accounting for more than 4.1% of our total annualized rent and no single industry accounting for more than 11.1% of our total annualized rent.", "\n\nWe were formed as a Maryland corporation on July 21, 2010 and our Operating Partnership, of which we, through our wholly owned subsidiary, STAG Industrial GP, LLC, are the sole general partner, was formed as a Delaware limited partnership on December 21, 2009. ", "At March 31, 2012, we owned a 66.63% limited partnership interest in our Operating Partnership. ", "On April 20, 2011, we completed our initial public offering of 13,750,000 shares common stock and the related formation transactions. ", "On May 13, 2011, the underwriters of our initial public offering exercised their option to purchase an additional 2,062,500 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $13.00 per share. ", "On November 2, 2011, we sold 2,760,000 shares (including 360,000 shares pursuant to the full exercise of the underwriters overallotment option) of our 9.0% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the Series A Preferred Stock) in an underwritten public offering at a price to the public of $25.00 per share for gross proceeds of $69.0 million.", "\n\nWe intend to elect and qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code) for the year ended December 31, 2011, and generally will not be subject to U.S. federal taxes on our income to the extent we currently distribute our income to our stockholders and maintain our qualification as a REIT.", "\n\nFactors That May Influence Future Results of Operations\n\nOutlook\n\nThe lack of speculative development generally across the country and specifically in our markets may improve occupancy levels and rental rates in our owned portfolio. ", "In addition, our acquisition activity is expected to enhance our overall financial performance. ", "The continuation of low interest rates combined with the availability of attractively priced properties should allow us to deploy our capital on an attractive spread investing basis. ", "In general, the economic environment for our tenants appears to be improving due in particular to the increasing availability of financing accessible by mid-sized companies.", "\n\nWe receive income primarily from rental revenue from our properties. ", "The amount of rental revenue generated by the properties in our portfolio depends principally on our ability to maintain the occupancy rates of currently leased space and to lease currently available space. ", "As of March 31, 2012, our properties were approximately 94.2% leased. ", "The amount of rental revenue generated by us also depends on our ability to maintain or increase rental rates at our properties. ", "Future economic downturns or regional downturns affecting our submarkets that impair our ability to renew or re-lease space and the ability of our tenants to fulfill their lease commitments, as in the case of tenant bankruptcies, could adversely affect our ability to maintain or increase rental rates at our properties.", "\n\nCertain leases entered into by us contain tenant concessions. ", "Any such rental concessions are accounted for on a straight line basis over the term of the lease.", "\n\nScheduled Lease Expirations\n\nOur ability to re-lease space subject to expiring leases will impact our results of operations and is affected by economic and competitive conditions in our markets and by the desirability of our individual properties. ", "As of March 31, 2012, we had approximately 1.1 million rentable square feet of currently available space in our properties. ", "Of the 1.9 million square feet of leases that have expired or will expire in 2012, we have already renewed 1.3 million square feet of leases, resulting in a 68% tenant retention rate as of March 31, 2012. ", "We have renewed 100% of leases expiring during the first quarter of 2012.", "\n\nConditions in Our Markets\n\nThe properties in our portfolio are located in markets throughout the United States. ", "Positive or negative changes in economic or other conditions, adverse weather conditions and natural disasters in these markets may affect our overall performance.", "\n\nRental Expenses\n\nOur rental expenses generally consist of utilities, real estate taxes, management fees, insurance, site repair and maintenance costs. ", "For the majority of our tenants, our rental expenses are controlled, in part, by the triple net provisions in tenant leases. ", "In our triple net leases, the tenant is responsible for all aspects of and costs related to the property and its operation during the lease term, including utilities, taxes, insurance and maintenance costs. ", "However, we also have modified gross leases and gross leases in our property portfolio. ", "The terms of those leases vary and on some occasions we may absorb property related expenses of our tenants. ", "In our modified gross leases, we are responsible for some property related expenses during the lease term, but the cost of most of the expenses is passed through to the tenant for reimbursement to us. ", "In our gross leases, we are responsible for all aspects of and costs related to the property and its operation during the lease term. ", "Our overall performance will be impacted by the extent to which we are able to pass-through rental expenses to our tenants.", "\n\nHistorical Results of Operations of STAG Industrial, Inc. and STAG Predecessor Group\n\nComparison of three months ended March 31, 2012 to the three months ended March 31, 2011\n\nThe following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2011 (dollars in thousands). ", "Because we did not exist before April 20, 2011, and because, as a result of our formation transactions, our Company is substantially different from STAG Predecessor Group, we believe this comparison is not meaningful for an analysis of our operations:\n\nTotal revenue increased by $11.3 million, or 167%, to $18.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to $6.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2011. ", "For the three months ended March 31, 2011, we reported the results only of STAG Predecessor Group. ", "The increase was primarily attributable to additional revenue from properties contributed to us as part of the formation transactions as well as the acquisition of 20 properties since the formation transactions.", "\n\nExpenses\n\nTotal expenses increased by $11.4 million, or 284%, to $15.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2011. ", "For the three months ended March 31, 2011, we reported the results only of STAG Predecessor Group. ", "The increase was primarily attributable to additional expenses incurred in connection with the properties contributed to us as part of the formation transactions and the acquisition of 20 properties since the formation transactions, and $0.3 million of property acquisition costs related to the acquisition of five properties that closed during the three months ended March 31, 2012 as well as pending acquisitions. ", "General and administrative expenses increased $2.9 million due to the inclusion of salary and other compensation costs as well as office expenses following the formation transactions. ", "Additionally, depreciation and amortization increased $6.9 million as a result of the properties acquired in the formation transactions and 20 properties acquired since the formation transactions resulted in an increased asset base to depreciate.", "\n\nOther Income (Expense)\n\nTotal other income (expense) consists of interest income, interest expense and gain (loss) on interest rate swaps. ", "Interest expense includes interest paid and accrued during the period as well as adjustments related to amortization of financing costs and amortization of fair market value adjustments associated with the assumption of debt.", "\n\nTotal other expense increased $1.3 million, or 46%, to $4.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2011. ", "The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense of $0.9 million related to draws on our secured corporate revolving credit facility (the Credit Facility) and debt obtained in connection with the acquisition of properties acquired since the formation transactions. ", "The increase was also attributable to a decrease in the gain on interest rate swaps of $0.4 million.", "\n\nPreferred stock dividends\n\nOn November 2, 2011, we completed a preferred stock offering, which resulted in an income allocation to the preferred stockholders of $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. ", "There was no preferred stock outstanding at March 31, 2011, resulting in an increase of $1.6 million to the preferred stock dividends.", "\n\nNet loss attributable to noncontrolling interest\n\nFor the three months ended March 31,2012, as the majority owner of the operating partnership, we consolidated 66.64% of the operating partnerships operations based on our weighted average ownership percentage. ", "Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest is an allocation of loss to the limited partners of the Operating Partnership. ", "There was no noncontrolling interest at March 31, 2011, resulting in an increase of $1.0 million to loss from noncontrolling interest.", "\n\nCash Flows\n\nThe following table summarizes our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to STAG Predecessor Groups combined cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2011 (dollars in thousands):\n\nComparison of the three months ended March 31, 2012 to the three months ended March 31, 2011\n\nNet cash provided by operating activities. ", "Net cash provided by operating activities increased $5.9 million to $7.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2011. ", "The increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily attributable to the net changes in current assets and liabilities due in large part to the formation transactions. ", "Also, we had a net loss of $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to a net loss of $0.1 million for STAG Predecessor Group for the three months ended March 31, 2011.", "\n\nNet cash used in investing activities. ", "Net cash used in investing activities increased by $38.1 million to $38.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2011. ", "The change is primarily attributable to additions of property, specifically properties located in East Windsor, CT; South Bend, IN; Lansing, MI; Portland, ME; and Portland, TN, acquired on March 1, 2012, March 8, 2012, March 21, 2012, March 27, 2012, and March 30, 2012 respectively.", "\n\nNet cash provided by (used in) financing activities. ", "Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities increased $34.7 million to $32.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012 compared to $(2.0) million for the three months ended March 31, 2011. ", "The change is primarily attributable to the net proceeds from the Credit Facility and mortgage notes, offset by the repayment of mortgage notes payable with distributions.", "\n\nIn addition, we require funds for future dividends and distributions to be paid to our common and preferred stockholders and unit holders in our operating partnership. ", "On January 13, 2012, we paid the fourth quarter 2011 dividend of $0.26 per share to all record common stockholders and unit holders as of December 30, 2011. ", "On March 6, 2012, the board of directors declared, and we accrued, the first quarter 2012 dividend of $0.26 per share to all record common stockholders and unit holders as of March 30, 2012, which was subsequently paid on April 13, 2012.", "\n\nOn November 2, 2011, we sold 2,760,000 shares (including 360,000 shares pursuant to the underwriters exercise of their overallotment option) of the Series A Preferred Stock in an underwritten public offering at a price to the public of $25.00 per share for gross proceeds of $69.0 million. ", "After deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses, net proceeds amounted to approximately $66.3 million. ", "We pay cumulative dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock at a rate of 9.0% per annum of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share (equivalent to the fixed annual rate of $2.25 per share). ", "Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on or about the last day of March, June, September and December of each year, which commenced on December 30, 2011 at a pro-rated amount for the period November 2, 2011 to December 30, 2011. ", "The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to our common stock with respect to dividend rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up. ", "We used the net proceeds to repay our indebtedness under the Credit Facility, to fund acquisitions, and for general corporate purposes. ", "On March 6,\n\n2012, the board of directors confirmed, and we accrued, the first quarter dividend of $0.5625 per share to all record preferred stockholders as of March 19, 2012, which was subsequently paid on April 2, 2012.", "\n\nWe believe that our liquidity needs will be satisfied through cash flows generated by operations, financing activities and selective property sales. ", "Rental revenue, expense recoveries from tenants, and other income from operations are our principal sources of cash that we use to pay operating expenses, debt service, recurring capital expenditures and the minimum distributions required to maintain our REIT qualification. ", "We seek to increase cash flows from our properties by maintaining quality standards for our properties that promote high occupancy rates and permit increases in rental rates while reducing tenant turnover and controlling operating expenses. ", "We believe that our revenue, together with proceeds from property sales and debt financings, will continue to provide funds for our short-term liquidity needs.", "\n\nThe following table sets forth certain information with respect to the indebtedness outstanding as of March 31, 2012 (dollars in thousands):\n\nLoan\n\nPrincipal\n\nFixed/Floating\n\nRate\n\nMaturity\n\nWells Fargo Master Loan\n\n$\n\n132,689\n\nLIBOR + 3.00%(1)\n\n3.241\n\n%(1)\n\nOct-31-2013\n\nCIGNA-1 Facility(2)\n\n60,192\n\nFixed\n\n6.50\n\n%\n\nFeb-1-2018\n\nCIGNA-2 Facility(3)\n\n61,487\n\nFixed\n\n5.75\n\n%\n\nFeb-1-2018\n\nCIGNA-3 Facility(4)\n\n17,150\n\nFixed\n\n5.88\n\n%\n\nOct-1-2019\n\nBank of America, N.A.\n\n8,230\n\n(5)\n\nFixed\n\n7.05\n\n%(6)\n\nAug-1-2027\n\nCredit Facility\n\n40,000\n\nLIBOR + 2.50%\n\n2.741\n\n%\n\nApr-20-2014\n\nUnion Fidelity Life Insurance Co.\n\n7,146\n\n(7)\n\nFixed\n\n5.81\n\n%\n\nApr-30-2017\n\nWebster Bank National Association\n\n6,092\n\nFixed\n\n4.22\n\n%\n\nAug-4-2016\n\nSun Life Assurance Company of Canada (U.S.)\n\n4,267\n\n(8)\n\nFixed\n\n6.05\n\n%\n\nJun-1-2016\n\nTotal/Weighted Average\n\n$\n\n337,253\n\n4.55\n\n%\n\n(1)The interest rate had been swapped for a fixed rate of 2.165% plus a 3.00% spread for an effective fixed rate of 5.165% through January 31, 2012 at which date the swap expired and the interest reverted to the stated interest rate per the terms of the loan agreement, LIBOR plus a 3.00% spread or 3.241% at March 31, 2012.", "\n\n(2)Acquisition loan facility with Connecticut General Life Insurance Company (CIGNA) that was originally entered into in July 2010 (the CIGNA-1 facility) (which has no remaining borrowing capacity).", "\n\n(3)Acquisition loan facility with CIGNA that was originally entered into in October 2010 (the CIGNA-2 facility). ", "As of March 31, 2012, we had approximately $2.9 million of borrowing capacity under the CIGNA-2 facility.", "\n\n(4)Acquisition loan facility with CIGNA that was originally entered into in July 2011 (the CIGNA-3 facility). ", "As of March 31, 2012, we had approximately $47.9 million of borrowing capacity under the CIGNA-3 facility.", "\n\n(5)Principal outstanding includes an unamortized fair market value premium of $44 thousand as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\n(6)Interest rate increases to the greater of 9.05% or the treasury rate as of August 1, 2012 plus 2% beginning in August 2012 and continues through maturity, but is prepayable without penalty from May 1, 2012 through and including August 1, 2012.", "\n\n(7)Principal outstanding includes an unamortized fair market value premium of $0.2 million as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\n(8)Principal outstanding includes an unamortized fair market value premium of $0.3 million as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\nWe regularly pursue new financing opportunities to ensure an appropriate balance sheet position. ", "As a result of these dedicated efforts, we are comfortable with our ability to meet future debt maturities and development or property acquisition funding\n\nneeds. ", "We believe that our current balance sheet is in an adequate position at the date of this filing, despite the volatility in the credit markets.", "\n\nCertain of our loan agreements contain financial covenants, including loan-to-value requirements with respect to the collateral properties, a minimum debt service coverage ratio, a minimum debt yield requirement, and a minimum guarantor net worth and liquidity requirement. ", "We are currently in compliance with the financial covenants in our loan agreements.", "\n\nThe Wells Fargo Master Loan, CIGNA-1, CIGNA-2 and CIGNA-3 facilities contain provisions that cross-default the loans and cross-collateralize the properties secured by each of the loans. ", "In addition, each of the CIGNA-1, CIGNA-2 and CIGNA-3 facilities requires a 62.5% loan to value (including all acquisition costs) and a debt service coverage ratio of 1.5x, each measured at acquisition, but not as continuing covenants.", "\n\nMany commercial real estate lenders have stricter underwriting standards or have withdrawn from the lending marketplace. ", "These circumstances have impacted liquidity in the debt markets, making financing terms less attractive, and in certain cases have resulted in the unavailability of certain types of debt financing. ", "As a result, we expect debt financings may be more difficult to obtain and that borrowing costs on new and refinanced debt may be more expensive.", "\n\nCredit Facility\n\nOn April 20, 2011, we closed a loan agreement for our Credit Facility of up to $100.0 million with Bank of America, N.A. as administrative agent and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated as lead arranger. ", "The Credit Facility is secured, among other things, by mortgages granted by various indirect subsidiaries of our Operating Partnership. ", "Proceeds from the Credit Facility have been and will be used for property acquisitions, working capital requirements and other general corporate purposes. ", "We currently do not intend to use this facility to repay our existing debt obligations upon maturity. ", "The Credit Facility has a stated three-year term to maturity with an option to extend the maturity date for one additional year. ", "Additionally, the Credit Facility has an accordion feature that allows us to request an increase in the total commitments of up to $100.0 million to $200.0 million under certain circumstances. ", "On October 17, 2011, we closed on an amendment to the Credit Facility to improve pricing, increase the borrowing capacity and create additional flexibility in our covenants. ", "At March 31, 2012, the total available capacity under the credit facility was approximately $26.4 million. ", "The Credit Facility requires us to comply with loan-to-collateral-value ratios, debt service coverage ratios, recourse indebtedness thresholds and tangible net worth thresholds and limits, in the absence of default, our ability to pay dividends.", "\n\nContractual Obligations\n\nThe following table reflects our contractual obligations as of March 31, 2012, specifically our obligations under long-term debt agreements and ground lease agreements (dollars in thousands):\n\nPayments by Period\n\nContractual Obligations(1)(2)\n\nTotal\n\nRemaining 2012\n\n2013 - 2014\n\n2015 - 2016\n\nThereafter\n\nPrincipal payments(3)(4)\n\n$\n\n336,736\n\n$\n\n6,854\n\n$\n\n173,118\n\n$\n\n14,501\n\n$\n\n142,263\n\nInterest payments (4)(5)\n\n70,222\n\n11,489\n\n24,529\n\n18,800\n\n15,404\n\nOperating lease and ground leases(5)\n\n5,661\n\n120\n\n329\n\n334\n\n4,878\n\nTotal\n\n$\n\n412,619\n\n$\n\n18,463\n\n$\n\n197,976\n\n$\n\n33,635\n\n$\n\n162,545\n\n(1)From time-to-time in the normal course of our business, we enter into various contracts with third parties that may obligate us to make payments, such as maintenance agreements at our properties. ", "Such contracts, in the aggregate, do not represent material obligations, are typically short-term and cancellable within 90 days and are not included in the table above.", "\n\n(2)The terms of the Wells Fargo Master Loan also stipulate that a capital improvement escrow be funded monthly in an amount equal to the difference between the payments required under a 25-year amortizing loan and a 20-year amortizing loan. ", "The terms of the loan agreements for each of the CIGNA-1, CIGNA-2 and CIGNA-3 facilities also stipulate that general reserve escrows be funded monthly in an amount equal to eight basis points of the principal of the loans outstanding at the time. ", "The funding of these reserves is not included in the table above.", "\n\n(3)The $40.0 million outstanding on the Credit Facility is assumed to be paid in full at maturity in 2014 for the purposes of this table.", "\n\n(4)The interest rate as of March 31, 2012 was used to calculate the interest that will be paid on our variable rate debt.", "\n\n(5)Not included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.", "\n\nInterest Rate Risk\n\nASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, requires us to recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. ", "Derivatives that are not hedges must be adjusted to fair value and the changes in fair value must be reflected as income or expense. ", "If the derivative is a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of derivatives are either offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets, liabilities, or firm commitments through earnings or recognized in other comprehensive income, which is a component of stockholders equity. ", "The ineffective portion of a derivatives change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings. ", "The STAG Predecessor Group and the other entities that contributed to our formation did not designate the hedges at the time of inception and therefore, our existing investment in the interest rate swaps does not qualify as an effective hedge for accounting purposes, and as such, changes in the swaps fair market values were being recorded in earnings through the maturity of the last remaining interest rate swap on January 31, 2012.", "\n\nAs of December 31, 2011, we had approximately $134.1 million of mortgage debt subject to an interest rate swap with such interest rate swap liability having an approximate $0.2 million net fair value. ", "As this interest rate swap was entered into prior to our initial public offering and therefore prior to us reporting in conformity with GAAP, it was designated as non-hedge instruments. ", "This interest rate swap expired on January 31, 2012. ", "There were no outstanding interest rate swaps as of March 31, 2012.", "\n\nAs of March 31, 2012, we had $172.7 million of debt with interest at a variable rate. ", "To the extent interest rates increase, then so will the interest costs on our variable rate debt, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to pay principal and interest on our debt and our ability to make distributions to our security holders. ", "From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap agreements and other interest rate hedging contracts, including swaps, caps and floors. ", "In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amounts third-parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to change our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. ", "As discussed above, the interest rate swap that converts our only variable rate debt to a fixed interest rate expired on January 31, 2012, and as a result, we are now subject to debt bearing interest at a variable rate of LIBOR plus 300 basis points. ", "Additionally, at March 31, 2012, we have an outstanding balance on the Credit Facility, which is subject to a variable interest rate of LIBOR plus 250 basis points.", "\n\nInflation\n\nThe majority of our leases is either triple net or provide for tenant reimbursement for costs related to real estate taxes and operating expenses. ", "In addition, most of the leases provide for fixed rent increases. ", "We believe that inflationary increases may be at least partially offset by the contractual rent increases and tenant payment of taxes and expenses described above. ", "We do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our historical financial position or results of operations.", "\n\nNon-GAAP Financial Measures\n\nIn this report, we disclose and discuss Funds from Operations (FFO), which meets the definition of a non-GAAP financial measure set forth in Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. ", "As a result we are required to include in this report a statement of why management believes that presentation of this measure provides useful information to investors.", "\n\nFFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) as an indication of our performance, and we believe that to understand our performance further, FFO should be compared with our reported net income or net loss and considered in addition to cash flows in accordance with GAAP, as presented in our Consolidated Financial Statements.", "\n\nFunds From Operations\n\nWe calculate FFO in accordance with the standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT). ", "FFO represents net income (loss) (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (or losses) from sales of depreciable operating property, impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate, real estate related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and fair market value of debt adjustment) and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.", "\n\nManagement uses FFO as a supplemental performance measure because, in excluding real estate related depreciation and amortization and gains and losses from property dispositions, it provides a performance measure that, when compared year over year, captures trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs. ", "We also believe that, as a widely recognized measure of the performance of REITs, FFO will be used by investors as a basis to compare our operating performance with that of other REITs.", "\n\nHowever, because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effects and could materially impact our results from operations, the utility of FFO as a measure of our performance is limited. ", "Other equity REITs may not calculate FFO in accordance with the NAREIT definition as we do, and, accordingly, our FFO may not be comparable to such other REITs FFO. ", "FFO should not be used as a measure of our liquidity, and is not indicative of funds available for our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends.", "\n\nThe following table sets forth a reconciliation of our FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders for the period presented to net loss, the nearest GAAP equivalent (in thousands):\n\nThree Months Ended March 31, 2012\n\nNet loss\n\n$\n\n(1,361\n\n)\n\nDepreciation and amortization\n\n8,860\n\nFFO\n\n$\n\n7,499\n\nPreferred stock dividends\n\n(1,553\n\n)\n\nFFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders\n\n$\n\n5,946\n\nItem 3. ", "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk\n\nOur future income, cash flows and fair values relevant to financial instruments are dependent upon prevailing market interest rates. ", "Market risk refers to the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and interest rates. ", "The primary market risk we are exposed to is interest rate risk. ", "We have used derivative financial instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate risks related to our borrowings, primarily through interest rate swaps.", "\n\nAs of March 31, 2012, we had $40 million of borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and $132.7 million of borrowings outstanding on the Wells Fargo Master Loan bearing interest at a variable rate, which is not subject to an interest rate swap. ", "To the extent we undertake variable rate indebtedness, if interest rates increase, then so will the interest costs on our unhedged variable rate debt, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to pay principal and interest on our debt and our ability to make distributions to our security holders. ", "Further, rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures or significantly increase our future interest expense. ", "From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap agreements and other interest rate hedging contracts, including swaps, caps and floors. ", "While these agreements are intended to lessen the impact of rising interest rates on us, they also expose us to the risk that the other parties to the agreements will not perform, we could incur significant costs associated with the settlement of the agreements, the agreements will be unenforceable and the underlying transactions will fail to qualify as highly-effective cash flow hedges under guidance included in ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amounts third-parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to change our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. ", "If interest rates increased by 100 basis points and assuming we had outstanding balances of $40 million on the Credit Facility and $132.7 million on the Wells Fargo Master Loan (the outstanding amounts at March 31, 2012) for the entire first quarter of 2012, our interest expense would have increased by $0.4 million for the first quarter of 2012.", "\n\nItem 4. ", "Controls and Procedures\n\nAs required by SEC Rule 13a-15(b), we have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision of and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. ", "Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures for the periods covered by this report were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by our company in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.", "\n\nFrom time to time, we are a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. ", "We are not currently a party, as plaintiff or defendant, to any legal proceedings which, individually or in the aggregate, would be expected to have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations if determined adversely to our company.", "\n\nItem 1A. Risk Factors\n\nThere have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2012.", "\n\nItem 2. ", "Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds\n\nNone.", "\n\nItem 3. ", "Defaults Upon Senior Securities\n\nNone.", "\n\nItem 4. ", "Mine Safety Disclosures\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nItem 5. ", "Other Information\n\nNone.", "\n\nItem 6. ", "Exhibits\n\nExhibitNumber\n\nDescription of Document\n\n31.1 \n\nCertification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002\n\n31.2 \n\nCertification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002\n\nThe following materials from STAG Industrial, Inc.s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Stockholders Equity, (iv) the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) related notes to these consolidated and combined financial statements, tagged as blocks of text\n\nAs provided in Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, this information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.", "\n\nThe following materials from STAG Industrial, Inc.s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Stockholders Equity, (iv) the Consolidated and Combined Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) related notes to these consolidated and combined financial statements, tagged as blocks of text\n\nAs provided in Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, this information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.", "\n\nSite Links\n\nBased on public records. ", "Inadvertent errors are possible. ", "Getfilings.com does not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of any information on this site. ", "Use at your own risk.", "\nThis website is not associated with the SEC." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.011299435028248588, 0.007575757575757576, 0.00516795865633075, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033112582781456954, 0.010582010582010581, 0.01904761904761905, 0.025974025974025976, 0, 0.004291845493562232, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0.01171875, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0.007894736842105263, 0.0034602076124567475, 0.010869565217391304, 0.013215859030837005, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0.0125, 0.00847457627118644, 0.016304347826086956, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.012345679012345678, 0.00390625, 0.0021119324181626186, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.010869565217391304, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0.0029154518950437317, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.010101010101010102, 0.008583690987124463, 0.006711409395973154, 0.012396694214876033, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0.011061946902654867, 0.012903225806451613, 0.0038461538461538464, 0.00784313725490196, 0.006666666666666667, 0.004878048780487805, 0.0125, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0.002129925452609159, 0, 0.012121212121212121, 0.0061162079510703364, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.00684931506849315, 0.00980392156862745, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037209302325581397, 0, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.0111731843575419, 0.010752688172043012, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0.010676156583629894, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.002967359050445104, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004629629629629629, 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.003838771593090211, 0.006535947712418301, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.008955223880597015, 0.005390835579514825, 0.011627906976744186, 0.008928571428571428, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0.0033333333333333335, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.0111731843575419, 0.009345794392523364, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0, 0.00392156862745098, 0, 0, 0.022388059701492536, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.011673151750972763, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0.00881057268722467, 0.011904761904761904, 0.006666666666666667, 0.005813953488372093, 0.038461538461538464, 0.004301075268817204, 0.007692307692307693, 0.006289308176100629, 0.00749063670411985, 0.008928571428571428, 0.014634146341463415, 0.011494252873563218, 0.003125, 0.01, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0, 0, 0.0034965034965034965, 0.01098901098901099, 0.005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002531645569620253, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008733624454148471, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008968609865470852, 0.003115264797507788, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0, 0.004, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.005813953488372093, 0.007518796992481203, 0.014285714285714285, 0.0018214936247723133, 0.005714285714285714, 0.004524886877828055, 0.002967359050445104, 0.005221932114882507, 0, 0, 0, 0.0010282776349614395, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011406844106463879, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0032258064516129032, 0.002320185614849188, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0.0027548209366391185, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.007067137809187279, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0, 0, 0.0034129692832764505, 0, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005110732538330494, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0.014705882352941176, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0.004081632653061225, 0, 0, 0.00411522633744856, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022935779816513763, 0, 0.005376344086021506, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017467248908296942, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.01875, 0.004866180048661801, 0.003115264797507788, 0.005405405405405406, 0.00437636761487965, 0.024096385542168676, 0.006493506493506494, 0.004728132387706856, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0, 0, 0.00784313725490196, 0, 0, 0, 0.002902757619738752, 0.005763688760806916, 0, 0.002364066193853428, 0.0015822784810126582, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008088978766430738, 0.011034482758620689, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.022222222222222223 ]	0.003587	5
[ "Engine House No. ", "1 (Sandusky, Ohio)\n\nThe Engine House No. ", "1 in Sandusky, Ohio was built in 1915. ", " It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.", "\n\nIt is a two-and-a-half-story limestone building. ", " It has two square towers, at its northeast and southeast corners.", "\n\nIt is Greco-Egyptian-Functional in style.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Fire stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Erie County, Ohio\nCategory:Egyptian Revival architecture\nCategory:Fire stations completed in 1915" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.058823529411764705, 0.04878048780487805, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.00851063829787234 ]	0.019287	5
[ "Kenya–North Korea relations\n\nKenya–North Korea relations () are bilateral relations between Kenya and North Korea.", "\n\nHistory\n\nTies between Kenya and North Korea date back to 12 May 1975.", "\n\nViews on North Korea's nuclear program\nKenya's views on North Korea's nuclear programme goes on the lines of the resolution made by the Non-Aligned Movement, which states that North Korea has the right to develop nuclear energy resources but development of nuclear energy should be for peaceful means. ", "The resolution was agreed upon in September 2006 by all 118 members of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "\n\nMoses Wetangula, then Foreign Affairs minister completely expressed those views in the receiving ceremony of the North Korean ambassadorial credentials at State House. ", "That North Korea can use nuclear energy as long as whatever produced was used peacefully.", "\n\nWetangula expressed Kenya's openness in cooperating with North Korea in multiple fronts.", "\n\nAs for nuclear energy, Kenya which is looking to develop nuclear energy as a power source said that it was looking towards other countries for technology transfer. ", "When asked, Wetangula directly stated that Kenya had good relations with states with more developed programmes and that North Korea isn't the only nuclear state so there wasn't much of a point.", "\n\nIncidences\nIn the 1990s North Korean citizens including diplomats were known to have been involved in illegal smuggling of goods and counterfeit products in Kenya.", "\n\nIn April 2015, a Kenyan intending to travel to Pyeongchang in South Korea accidentally got on a flight to Pyeongyang in North Korea where he was detained for entering the country without the required documents.", "\n\nThe Kenyan, Daniel Sapit, was detained in North Korea for several hours but later on he was allowed to leave North Korea after admitting to violating laws and paying a US$500 fine for being in the country without a visa. ", "He eventually boarded the correct flight to Pyeongchang where he had been scheduled to attend a U.N. biodiversity conference.", "\n\nComparisons\nThe One World website which is a major global awareness, human rights and education movement highlights the fact that Kenya's President who was indicted by the ICC enters as Kenya's President and talks about how to deal with an indicted war criminal becoming a democratically-elected president. (", "Uhuru Kenyatta's case in the ICC was dropped in December 2014.) ", "The article also mentions a bit of North Korea's human rights violations and compares both countries.", "\n\nDiplomatic missions\nNorth Korea maintains an embassy in Kampala which also accredited to Kenya.", "\n\nEstablishment of a North Korean resident mission\nAccording to the Daily Nation, Kenya's leading newspaper, North Korean officials have visited Nairobi twice with intent of starting a mission in Nairobi. ", "The officials visited Nairobi in November 2014 and March 2015. ", "According to the paper, the UN pressured the Kenyan government to reject North Korea's application to establish a resident mission in Nairobi.", "\n\nKenya's Foreign Affairs Principal Secretary, Karanja Kibicho commented and said that North Korea never made the request to establish a Nairobi mission.", "\n\nSee also\n Kenya–South Korea relations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Trade\n\nCategory:Bilateral relations of North Korea\nNorth Korea" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0, 0.003289473684210526, 0.010416666666666666, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0.016, 0.0032258064516129032, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.013071895424836602, 0.005681818181818182 ]	0.004073	5
[ "Abuse of Power of Attorney\n\nGranting a power of attorney to someone else gives them considerable power over your finances and property. ", "If there is abuse of this power, the victim of this abuse will often need help from government authorities or the courts to recover money, property or other assets. ", "This webpage sheet advises victims, or those assisting a victim, about what can be done.", "\n\nDefinitions\n\nThere are a lot of specific terms used in this area:\n\nThe Donor is the person who authorizes someone else to act on their behalf under the authority of a power of attorney (they are also now called the ‘adult’).", "\n\nThe Attorney is the person who acts on the donor’s or adult’s behalf through the power of attorney\n\nA “Power of Attorney” (“POA”) is the legal document through which the donor grants the power to the attorney to ‘step into the donor’s shoes’ and act on their behalf in legal and financial matters. ", "This authority can be limited by the terms of the document. ", "The authority granted will come to an end if:\n\nthe donor revokes the authority;\n\nthe donor dies; or,\n\nthe donor loses decision-making capacity and cannot revoke the agent’s authority (to protect incapacitated donors who are no longer able to monitor their attorney and take action if abuse occurs – but not if the POA is ‘enduring’).", "\n\nAn “Enduring Power of Attorney” is a POA that remains legally valid even if the donor loses the legal capacity to revoke the agent’s authority. ", "This form of POA is a useful planning tool for those who want to plan for the possibility of incapacity. ", "This may avoid the appointment of a legal guardian not of the person’s choosing. ", "It is important that you choose someone you trust.", "\n\nIncapacity is a legal test of decision-making ability from concerns that most typically arise from: mental illness; developmental disability; acquired brain injury; or, diseases associated with aging such as Alzheimer’s and dementia.", "\n\nA “Springing Power of Attorney” is a special kind of enduring POA that does not become effective when the donor signs it, unlike regular or enduring POA’s. ", "Instead, it “springs” into effect at a later time or when a certain event specified in the POA occurs. ", "Often this event will be the determination of incapacity of the donor.", "\n\nThe Civil Justice System includes lawyers and courts that handle non-criminal cases.", "\n\nThe Criminal Justice System includes law enforcement professionals, prosecutors, and criminal courts.", "\n\nTypes of Powers of Attorney\n\nGeneral – effective at once, ends on incapability, revocation or death – less common\n\nLimited – like general, but for specific purpose(s) and/or limited periods of time – also less common\n\nEnduring – most common now – active now and continues into incapability until revocation or death\n\nSpringing – somewhat common – not active until incapability (or other ‘trigger’) and with capability trigger, ends if the donor regains capability or death\n\nNOTE: These categories are not mutually exclusive – an EPOA or Springing POA can be limited or have restrictions\n\nExmples of Abuse\n\nPOA abuse is the misuse by the attorney of the authority granted by the donor. ", "It means making a decision or taking an action that is not in the donor’s best interest. ", "An example would be when the attorney spends the donor’s money to benefit the attorney, rather than the donor, without permission. ", "It may also include forging the donor’s name on the POA or coercing someone to make a POA against their wishes.", "\n\nPOA’s, whether ‘general,’ ‘enduring’ or ‘springing,’ usually are not subject to oversight by a court or third party. ", "If the donor becomes incapacitated and can no longer monitor the attorney’s actions, this lack of oversight for a broadly written legal document makes it very easy for an attorney to abuse the authority they have been granted. ", "For this reason, a POA has sometimes been called a “license to steal.”", "\n\nThe Attorney’s Duty to the Donor\n\nJust like a trustee, or an agent of a movie star or professional athlete, the attorney under a POA has a legal duty to follow the direction of the person giving the authority, or to act as a fiduciary if the person can no longer direct them. ", "Generally, this means that the attorney is required to act in a trustworthy manner, and to make decisions that are in the donor’s best interest, or that are consistent with the decisions that the donor had made for themselves before losing decision-making capacity.", "\n\nWhile an attorney will not receive payment for this assistance and may not benefit from their authority, they are required by law to maintain accurate banking and bookkeeping records, and be able to account for all the money and property they handle. ", "Although their actions are not monitored, the Public Guardian and Trustee (“PG&T”) can demand an accounting if they receive a complaint of abuse of an incapacitated adult. ", "NOTE – Under BC law, the attorney is only accountable personally to the donor, and to the PG&T if a demand is made. ", "Even if the donor becomes incapacitated, the attorney is not required to account to other family members.", "\n\nRevoking a POA\n\nIf an attorney has already abused a POA, the abuse can be stopped by revoking the POA. ", "Note that this can only be done if the donor still has legal capacity. ", "See the Nidus website for information on POAs, including revoking a POA: www.nidus.ca\n\nRole of the Civil Justice System\n\nThe civil justice system’s general role is to prevent harm from occurring to individuals, and to compensate individuals when they are harmed. ", "When there is abuse of a power of attorney, some legal remedies in civil court are:\n\nAsking a civil court to order the attorney to provide an accounting of how the donor’s money has been spent;\n\nSuing the attorney in civil court to un-do transactions conducted by the attorney (rescission);\n\nSuing the attorney in civil court for misappropriating the donor’s money or assets (conversion); or,\n\nAsking the court to declare the donor to be incapacitated and appoint a committee (guardian) under the Patients Property Act to make decisions on behalf of the donor or a monitor to oversee the attorney’s actions on behalf of the donor. ", "The appointment of a committee, whether it is a family member or the PGT, cancels the POA.", "\n\nUnder the Power of Attorney Act, a concerned person may make a report to the PGT regarding any abuse or undue influence of an attorney. ", "The PGT may recommend that the person apply to court under section 36 of the Power of Attorney Act, and a Judge “may make any order that the court considers necessary….”", "\n\nRole of the Criminal Justice System\n\nThe criminal justice system’s general role is to stop crime, punish people who have committed crimes, and protect society from further crimes. ", "An attorney who violates the fiduciary duty owed to the donor may have committed one or more crimes. ", "The attorney may have violated provincial and federal laws, including laws prohibiting:\n\nCriminal exploitation\n\nEmbezzlement\n\nForgery\n\nFraud\n\nLarceny\n\nTheft/conversion\n\nThere are also specific provisions in the Criminal Code of Canada regarding abuses by trustees and attorneys under a POA. ", "Police can be asked to investigate alleged criminal conduct by an attorney. ", "Criminal justice professionals who are investigating or prosecuting POA abuse should take action to stop the attorney from spending or doing anything else with the donor’s remaining assets. ", "Asset freezes might be possible. ", "Additionally, prosecutors should ask criminal court judges to order the attorney to return stolen money, assets or other property to the donor – this is called restitution.", "\n\nRole of the Public Guardian and Trustee\n\nThe PGT is a provincial government agency. ", "Part 3, Division 2 of the Power of Attorney Act discusses reporting of abuse of a power of attorney, and remedies available. ", "According to section 34(2) any person may make a report to the PGT if they have reason to believe:\n\n(a) an adult is, or was at the time, incapable of making, changing or revoking an enduring power of attorney,\n\n(b) fraud, undue pressure or some other form of abuse or neglect is being or was used to induce an adult to make, change or revoke an enduring power of attorney, or\n\n(c) an attorney is\n\n(i) abusing or neglecting the person for whom the attorney is acting,\n\n(ii) incapable of acting as an attorney, or\n\n(iii) otherwise failing to comply with an enduring power of attorney or with the duties of an attorney.", "\n\nThe Assessment and Investigation Services (“AIS”) division of the PGT takes reports and reviews allegations of financial abuse of vulnerable adults in the community to determine if substitute decision-making authority is required. ", "Where an older adult is incapacitated and there is immediate risk to the older adult’s assets, the AIS division can investigate actions of a rogue attorney, demand an accounting, and can temporarily freeze bank accounts or prevent property transfers during an investigation. ", "When the PGT investigates, it operates under these principles:\n\nAll adults are presumed to be capable until the contrary is demonstrated;\n\nNo one should have a decision-maker appointed by the Court until other alternatives have been considered; and,\n\nEveryone is entitled to the least intrusive but most effective support." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0, 0.003003003003003003, 0.00684931506849315, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.0035971223021582736, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0, 0.0076045627376425855, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.014492753623188406, 0.011834319526627219, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0.003436426116838488, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.03488372093023256, 0, 0.0016233766233766235, 0.004291845493562232, 0.0036363636363636364, 0.006211180124223602 ]	0.005203	5
[ "Introduction\n============\n\nLong-chain iso-fatty acids occur in a broad range of organisms, and are especially abundant in bacteria where, through incorporation into phospholipids, they influence membrane fluidity \\[[@R1]\\]. ", "Emerging evidence has revealed unexpected roles for certain iso-fatty acids; for example iso-C~15~ and iso-C~17~ fatty acids have been shown to be essential in the development of the model eukaryote Caenorhabditis elegans \\[[@R2]\\]. ", "They are present as esters and amides in natural products including septacidin \\[[@R3]\\], teicoplanins \\[[@R4]\\], tunicaminyluracil-based antibiotics \\[[@R5]\\] (tunicamycins \\[[@R6]\\], corynetoxins \\[[@R7]\\], and streptovirudins \\[[@R8]\\]), the arylomycin glycopeptide antibiotics \\[[@R9]--[@R10]\\], maradolipids \\[[@R11]\\], plipastatin-type lipopeptides \\[[@R12]\\], Nod factors \\[[@R13]\\], glycosylglycerides \\[[@R14]--[@R15]\\], phosphoglycolipids \\[[@R16]\\], and various sphingolipids \\[[@R17]--[@R19]\\]. ", "The terminal isopropyl group of the iso-fatty acids arises from valine and leucine, which through transamination and decarboxylation reactions yield isobutyryl-CoA and isovaleryl-CoA \\[[@R20]\\]. ", "These starter units are elongated by fatty acid synthases to the final iso-fatty acids (even numbered for isobutyryl-CoA; odd-numbered for isovaleryl-CoA) through extension with malonyl-CoA \\[[@R21]--[@R22]\\]. ", "Long-chain iso-fatty acids are important analytical reference compounds owing to the presence of these materials in tobacco \\[[@R23]\\], wool wax \\[[@R24]\\], butter fat \\[[@R25]\\], human sebaceous secretions \\[[@R26]\\] (adult skin \\[[@R27]\\], meibum \\[[@R28]\\], cerumen \\[[@R29]\\], and newborn vernix caseosa \\[[@R30]--[@R31]\\]), and a wide variety of microbiological samples \\[[@R1]\\].", "\n\nPrevious syntheses of iso-fatty acids have typically utilized extended, multi-step sequences. ", "Two main approaches have been used: (1) two-component cross-couplings that include α-ketoester alkylation/decarboxylation \\[[@R32]--[@R33]\\], aldehyde--olefin photoaddition \\[[@R34]\\], acetylide alkylation (sp^3^--sp) \\[[@R35]--[@R36]\\], Wittig coupling \\[[@R3],[@R21],[@R37]--[@R39]\\], Kolbe electrosynthesis \\[[@R35],[@R40]--[@R42]\\], organocadmium (sp^2^--sp^3^) \\[[@R43]--[@R46]\\], organomagnesium (sp^2^--sp^3^) \\[[@R47]\\], or organocopper (sp^3^--sp^3^) \\[[@R48]--[@R49]\\] cross-couplings; or (2) bidirectional extension of a central thiophene C~4~-fragment \\[[@R50]\\]. ", "Two fundamentally different approaches worth special mention are the synthesis of the iso-C~14~ acid 3 by direct hydro-isopropylation of the terminal alkene of methyl undecylenate (available as a pyrolysis product of ricinoleic acid) using isopropyl chloroformate and ethyldichloroaluminium \\[[@R51]\\], and the synthesis of the iso-C~17~ acid 6 from methyl ustilate (15,16-dihydroxypalmitate) \\[[@R52]\\]. ", "Despite the interest in natural products containing iso-fatty acids, these compounds are not readily acquired in multigram quantities due to the complexity of the synthetic routes or limited availability of starting materials. ", "To overcome these problems, we report the scalable, gram-scale syntheses of eight common iso-C~12~--C~19~ acids 1--8 ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), from readily available starting materials. ", "To illustrate the opportunities that our approach provides, we demonstrate the elaboration of the C~17~-iso-fatty acid 6 and an intermediate, 22, to several terminal-branched natural products that have not previously been synthesized.", "\n\n![", "Structures of iso-fatty acids.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-09-1807-g002){#F1}\n\nResults and Discussion\n======================\n\nOur approach to the iso-C~12~--C~14~ fatty acids 1--3 commenced from methyl undec-10-enoate (methyl undecylenate) 9. ", "Reaction of 9 with methylmagnesium bromide afforded the tertiary alcohol 10 in 98% yield ([Scheme 1](#C1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Selective reduction of the tertiary alcohol of 10 was achieved by 'ionic hydrogenation' with triethylsilane and BF~3~·Et~2~O \\[[@R53]\\], affording 11. ", "Oxidative cleavage of 11 with KMnO~4~/Bu~4~NBr \\[[@R54]\\] afforded iso-C~12~ acid 1. ", "Alternatively, anti-Markovnikov hydration of 11, using I~2~/NaBH~4~ then hydrogen peroxide \\[[@R55]\\], afforded the alcohol 12, and oxidation of 12 with KMnO~4~/Bu~4~NBr afforded iso-C~13~ acid 2. ", "Alternatively, alcohol 12 could be intercepted and converted to the mesylate 13 using MsCl/Et~3~N \\[[@R56]\\] and thence the nitrile 14 (KCN in DMSO/THF). ", "Finally, hydrolysis of the nitrile 14 with NaOH in H~2~O/EtOH afforded iso-C~14~ acid 3.", "\n\n![", "Synthesis of iso-C~12~ 1, iso-C~13~ 2, and iso-C~14~ 3 fatty acids from methyl undecylenate (9). ", "Reagents and conditions: (a) MeMgBr, THF, 98%; (b) BF~3~·Et~2~O, Et~3~SiH, CH~2~Cl~2~, 99%; (c) KMnO~4~, Bu~4~NBr, AcOH, H~2~O, 88% for 1, 96% for 2; (d) i) I~2~, NaBH~4~, THF, ii) H~2~O~2~, 95%; (e) MsCl, Et~3~N, CH~2~Cl~2~, 98%; (f) KCN, DMSO, THF, 72%; (g) aq NaOH, EtOH, 96%.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-09-1807-g003){#C1}\n\nThe iso-C~15~--C~17~ fatty acids 4--6 were prepared from the readily available C~15~ lactone pentadecanolide (exaltolide, 15) \\[[@R57]\\], a natural product that is produced industrially for use as a musk-odored perfumery fixative. ", "Reaction of 15 with methylmagnesium bromide afforded the tertiary alcohol 16 in 98% yield ([Scheme 2](#C2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Selective reduction of the tertiary alcohol of 16 was achieved using triethylsilane/BF~3~·Et~2~O \\[[@R53]\\], yielding 17. ", "Finally, oxidation of 17 with KMnO~4~/Bu~4~NBr \\[[@R54]\\] afforded the iso-C~17~ acid 6. ", "The iso-C~15~ acid 4 and iso-C~16~ acid 5 were prepared by recursive dehomologation through intercepting the alcohol 17. ", "Preparation of the xanthate ester 18 (NaH, CS~2~, then MeI) \\[[@R58]\\] followed by Chugaev elimination afforded the terminal alkene 19. ", "Oxidative cleavage of 19 using KMnO~4~/Bu~4~NBr \\[[@R54]\\] afforded iso-C~16~ acid 5. ", "Reduction of 5 (BH~3~·Me~2~S) \\[[@R59]\\] afforded the alcohol 20 that when subjected to the same transformations as before, via the xanthate ester 21, delivered the terminal alkene 22. ", "Finally, oxidative cleavage (KMnO~4~/Bu~4~NBr) \\[[@R54]\\] of 22 afforded iso-C~15~ acid 4.", "\n\n![", "Synthesis of iso-C~15~ 4, iso-C~16~ 5, and iso-C~17~ 6 fatty acids from pentadecanolide (15). ", "Reagents and conditions: (a) MeMgBr, THF, 98%; (b) BF~3~·Et~2~O, Et~3~SiH, CH~2~Cl~2~, 96%; (c) KMnO~4~, Bu~4~NBr, AcOH, H~2~O, 95% for 6, 93% for 5; 86% for 4; (d) NaH, CS~2~ then MeI; (e) reflux, 89% for 19 over 2 steps from 17, 98% for 22 over 2 steps from 20; (f) BH~3~·SMe~2~, THF, 78%.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-09-1807-g004){#C2}\n\nThe iso-C~18~ 7 and iso-C~19~ 8 fatty acids were synthesized through similar approaches from the related C~16~ lactone hexadecanolide 23 \\[[@R60]\\] ([Scheme 3](#C3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Reaction of 23 with methylmagnesium bromide afforded 24; triethylsilane/BF~3~·Et~2~O \\[[@R53]\\] reduction gave 25; and KMnO~4~/Bu~4~NBr oxidation afforded iso-C~18~ acid 7 ([Scheme 3](#C3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The iso-C~19~ acid 8 was readily prepared by a three-step homologation through intercepting the alcohol 25. ", "Thus, mesylation of 25 (MsCl/Et~3~N \\[[@R56]\\]) afforded 26; substitution (KCN/DMSO) afforded the nitrile 27; and hydrolysis (NaOH in H~2~O/EtOH) of 27 afforded 8.", "\n\n![", "Synthesis of iso-C~18~ 7 and iso-C~19~ 8 fatty acids from hexadecanolide 23. ", "Reagents and conditions: (a) MeMgBr, THF, 97%; (b) BF~3~·Et~2~O, Et~3~SiH, CH~2~Cl~2~, 95%; (c) KMnO~4~, Bu~4~NBr, AcOH, H~2~O, 82%; (d) MsCl, Et~3~N, 96%; (e) KCN, DMSO, THF, 75%; (f) aq NaOH, EtOH, 86%.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-09-1807-g005){#C3}\n\nThe above routes enable the acquisition of (multi)gram quantities of the iso-C~12--19~ acids 1--8, and provide opportunities for their use as starting materials for the preparation of more complex fatty acids. ", "To illustrate their potential we undertook the synthesis of several representative natural products ([Scheme 4](#C4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "2,15-Dimethylpalmitic acid has been isolated from a microaerophilic subsurface microbial community \\[[@R61]\\], and is a component of human newborn vernix caseosa \\[[@R31]\\], although the absolute configuration of natural samples has not been determined. ", "Conversion of iso-C~17~ acid 6 to the N-acyloxazolidinone 28 was achieved using pivalyl chloride/LiCl \\[[@R62]\\] and (S)-4-benzyloxazolidinone. ", "Diastereoselective methylation \\[[@R63]\\] of the chelated Z-enolate, derived from deprotonation of 28, using NaHMDS, followed by addition of iodomethane, yielded 29 as a single diastereoisomer (as determined by ^1^H NMR) in 80% yield. ", "Cleavage of the chiral auxiliary using LiOH/H~2~O~2~ (which occurs without racemization at the α-position) \\[[@R64]\\] afforded (S)-2,15-dimethylpalmitic acid (30) in 98% yield. ", "2-Hydroxy-15-methylpalmitic acid has been identified from a range of sources \\[[@R1]\\] including the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca \\[[@R21],[@R65]\\], and the oral bacterium Veillonella parvula \\[[@R66]\\], although the absolute configuration has not been reported. ", "Diastereoselective hydroxylation \\[[@R67]\\] of the chelated Z-enolate derived from 28 using the Davis oxaziridine \\[[@R68]\\] afforded the 2-hydroxy compound 31 as a single diastereoisomer (as determined by ^1^H NMR) in 71% yield. ", "Esterification with MeOMgCl \\[[@R69]\\] (which has been shown not to cause epimerization at the α-position \\[[@R67]\\]) and saponification \\[[@R70]\\] afforded (S)-2-hydroxy-15-methylpalmitic acid (32). ", "The ketone 33 was isolated from Xanthomonas campestris pv. ", "vesicatoria 85-10 \\[[@R71]\\]. ", "A direct one step synthesis of 33 was achieved in 51% yield by Wacker oxidation using Pd/O~2~ \\[[@R72]\\] of the alkene 22, intercepted from the synthesis of the iso-C~15~ acid 4.", "\n\n![", "Synthesis of (A) 2-methyl- and 2-hydroxy-iso-fatty acids 30 and 32, and (B) the ketone 33. ", "Reagents and conditions: (a) Et~3~N, PivCl, LiCl, DMAP, (S)-4-benzyloxazolidinone, 71%; (b) NaHMDS, MeI, THF, 80%; (c) LiOH, H~2~O~2~, THF, H~2~O, 98%; (d) NaHMDS, Davis oxaziridine, THF, 71%; (e) i) iPrMgCl, MeOH, 76%, ii) NaOH, MeOH, 83%; (f) O~2~, PdCl~2~, DMA, H~2~O, 51%.](Beilstein_J_Org_Chem-09-1807-g006){#C4}\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nWe have accomplished a highly practical synthesis of the homologous iso-fatty acids 1--8. ", "The iso-C~12~ 1, iso-C~17~ 6 and iso-C~18~ 7 acids were prepared from commercially-available starting materials through three-step sequences and produced more than 1 g of each of the three iso-fatty acids in just 2 days each. ", "The remaining five fatty acids were each prepared on \\>1 g scale by homologation or dehomologation reactions, or through the elaboration of intermediates in the synthesis of 1. ", "Underscoring the practicability of this approach, the iso-fatty acids or appropriate intermediates were used for the preparation of three natural products, enantiopure acids 30 and 32, and the ketone 33. ", "The simplicity of our approach suggests that it will be of great utility in the preparation of iso-fatty acids for incorporation into more complex molecules.", "\n\nSupporting Information\n======================\n\n###### \n\nExperimental part.", "\n\n###### \n\nNMR spectra.", "\n\nThe authors thank the Australian Research Council for financial support.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0.004464285714285714, 0.00425531914893617, 0.03353057199211045, 0.010256410256410256, 0.01904761904761905, 0.025974025974025976, 0, 0.03298611111111111, 0.004842615012106538, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.010752688172043012, 0.009389671361502348, 0.024096385542168676, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.02268760907504363, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.010638297872340425, 0.004975124378109453, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0.010771992818671455, 0.008968609865470852, 0, 0.02185792349726776, 0, 0, 0.015053763440860216, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0.00641025641025641, 0.00816326530612245, 0.01092896174863388, 0.01818181818181818, 0.016666666666666666, 0.014563106796116505, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0 ]	0.008594	5
[ "The rail brakes or car retarders are essentially used in railroad sorting or classifying to slow down or brake the carriages or vehicles of incoming trains which are isolated and cut into individual or sections of several carriages or cars which are directed toward and are moved over and down the hump of a classification or marshalling yard.", "\nIn some well-known track braking apparatus of this type, the air operating cylinders are mounted so that their axes are horizontal with respect to ground level. ", "As a result, the dimensions of these previously known track brakes are generally very large, since the horizontal stroke of the pistons within the cylinders has to be taken into account in order to determine the space transversely occupied by the equipment.", "\nOn the other hand, it is also known to provide and equip tracks of sorting or class yards and the like with railway braking apparatus whose cylinders are arranged in one or a single line alongside the track rail. ", "In this case, the gripping or pinching action on the sides of the wheel is brought about by having the single line of cylinders simultaneously operate both of the frictional bars which are located on opposite sides of the running rail. ", "In this latter type of track brake, the operation of the braking bar which is located on the other side of the rail from pistons and cylinders, makes it necessary to arrange for disposition of the movable levers underneath the rail which is both expensive and cumbersome.", "\nThe subject invention eliminates the above-mentioned disadvantages and one object being in particular to provide track braking apparatus for railway vehicles which is not very expensive, takes up less space in the transverse direction and is very easy to assemble and disassemble while having a great rigidity and modular form.", "\nFor this purpose, the track braking apparatus is especially adapted for railroad vehicles and involves a car retarder which comprises at least one frictional braking beam situated parallel to a track running rail and supported on sleepers or crossties. ", "The braking or retarding apparatus includes at least one elastic actuator or power operator, such as, a compressed-fluid and/or spring assisted cylinder one end of which, namely, either chamber body or piston rod, is capable of pushing through the intermediary of a mechanical transmission member (directly in the case of tightening by the actuator or indirectly in the case of tightening by the wheel pressure) the frictional braking beam against at least one wheel of a vehicle moving over the track rail. ", "The apparatus is characterized in that the mechanical transmission member is a brake lever located in a median plane above the upper part of the sleepers at a small distance therefrom. ", "The fulcrum point line of rest of the lever is linked to a support which is disposed on at least two adjacent sleepers or crossties and which is at least transversely attached thereto. ", "In between the crossties, there is lodged or located the compressed fluid cylindrical operator or actuator whose other end, namely, the end opposite to that which is linked to the brake lever, is pivotally jointed to a reaction support or holder which is also fixed to at least the two adjacent sleepers or ties in such a manner so as to lodge or locate the cylindrical operator below the upper part of the lever and between the sleepers or ties. ", "Thus, the crossties absorb the longitudinal and transverse reactions that the wheels transmit to the frictional braking beams. ", "The axis of the brake cylinder and, in turn, the axis of expansion of the flexible operator or actuator is substantially perpendicular to the line or, respectively, to the plane which meets the fulcrum point or line of rest of the brake lever at the point, line or spot of connection of the cylinder or actuator with the brake lever. ", "This tends to reduce to a minimum the strain and stress applied to the friction beam and, in turn, the force that is transmitted by the brake cylinder to its reaction support and to the lever.", "\nThe reaction support for the cylinder or operator is disposed at the lower part between the two adjacent sleepers or crossties." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "---\nabstract: \|\n In this paper we have considered a Gaussian polymer chain of length $L$ as an intrinsic object enclosed on a surface embedded in the Euclidean space. ", "When the surfaces are the sphere $\\text{S}^{D-1}$ in $D$ dimensions and the cylinder, the cone and the curved torus in ${\\Bbb R}^3$, we have calculated analytically and numerically (using the diffusion equation and the path-integral approach) the probability distribution function $\\text{G}({\\bf\n R}\|{\\bf R}'; L)$ of the end-to-end vector ${\\bf R} - {\\bf R}'$ and the mean-square end-to-end distance ${\\left<}({\\bf R}-{\\bf R}')^2 {\\right>}$ of the polymer chain. ", "Our findings are: the curvature of the surfaces induces a [geometrical localization area]{}; at short scales ($L\\to 0$) the polymer is [locally flat]{} and the mean-square end-to-end distance is just the Gaussian value $L l$ ($l$ = Kuhn length), independent of the metric properties of the surface; at large scales ($L\\to\\infty$), ${{\\left<}({\\bf R}-{\\bf R}')^2 {\\right>}}$ tends to a constant value in the sphere case, it is linear in $L$ for the cylinder and reaches different constant values (as a function of the geometry of the surface) for the curved torus. ", "In the case of the cone, contraction of the chain is induced at all length scales by the presence of the vertex, as a function of the opening angle $2 \\alpha$ and the end position ${\\bf R}'$ of the chain. [", "Explicit crossover formulas are derived for $\\text{G}({\\bf\n R}\|{\\bf R}'; L)$ and ${\\left<}({\\bf R}-{\\bf R}')^2 {\\right>}$.]{}\naddress: \|\n Department of Physics & Astronomy, and Polymer Science & Engineering Department and Materials Research Science and Engineering Center,\\\n University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003\nauthor:\n- 'Radu P. Mondescu[@byline] and M. Muthukumar'\ntitle: BROWNIAN MOTION AND POLYMER STATISTICS ON CERTAIN CURVED MANIFOLDS\n---\n\n=5 true pt\n\nepsf\n\n[2]{}\n\nINTRODUCTION\n============\n\nStatistics and topological characteristics of polymers embedded in curved interfaces are of significance in biological problems related to the way polymers wrap around spherical and rodlike macromolecules and vesicles, and the role played by geometry and topology in the dynamics of a biomolecule captured on the membrane of a cell [@NEW]. ", "These types of issues arise in other area of physics as well: the quantum mechanics of free particles in curved and multiply connected spaces (e.g. see Ref.", " [@SCHUL]), the physics of vortex lines in Type II superconductors [@SUPERCOND] and the rotational Brownian motion.", "\n\nIn realistic situations, excluded-volume interaction between polymer segments and fluctuations of curved interfaces need to be accounted for. ", "Under these circumstances, only approximate analytical results can be generally obtained via perturbation analysis, variational techniques or renormalization group theory. ", "Before embarking on such an effort, it is necessary to solve the problem of a free polymer chain, characterized only by its connectivity, on a curved, fixed surface.", "\n\nIn the present paper we derive, using path-integral and spectral representation, the probability distribution of the end-to-end vector ${\\bf G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ and the size—expressed by the mean-square end-to-end distance ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2 {\\right>}$ in the ambient space—of an ideal (non-interacting) Gaussian polymer lying on a curved manifold.", "\n\nThe curved surfaces studied in this paper are the $\\text{S}^{D-1}$ [sphere]{} in $D$ dimensions (Fig.", " \\[figs:geometry\\]A, for $D = 3$); the [cylinder]{} (Fig.", " \\[figs:geometry\\]B), the circular [cone]{} (Fig.", " \\[figs:geometry\\]C) and the [torus]{} (Fig.", " \\[figs:geometry\\]D) in ${\\Bbb R}^3$. The geometrical parameters are shown in Fig.", " \\[figs:geometry\\]. ", "The polymer is an intrinsic $D\\!-\\!1$–dimensional object in the spherical surface, while it is 2–dimensional in the other surfaces.", "\n\nAlthough, due to the equivalence between the random-walk problem and the statistics of an ideal Gaussian chain [@EDOI], many results are already available from the theory of Brownian motion, the specific problems we address here have not been answered yet.", "\n\nIn our calculations we have used the path-integral representation [@EDOI; @FREED] of the probability distribution function $\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}';L)$ of a Gaussian polymer chain and the diffusion equation obeyed by this probability. ", "As mentioned, no excluded volume or other types of interactions are accounted for in this paper.", "\n\nFORMULATION\n===========\n\nLet us consider a $D$–dimensional Gaussian polymer chain with $N$ links of Kuhn-length $l$ and total length $L = N l$, with the first bead located at ${\\bf R}'$ and the last one at ${\\bf R}$. The end-to-end vector ${\\bf R}-{\\bf R}'$ is distributed according to the following probability distribution function, given as an explicit path integral[@FREED] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) & = & \\lim_{\\stackrel{\\scriptstyle\nN\\to\\infty}{\\stackrel{\\scriptstyle \\delta s\\to 0}{N\\delta s = L}}}\n\\left({D\\over 2\\pi l \\delta s}\\right)^{D N\\over 2}\\int_{{{\\bf r}}_0 = {\\bf\nR}'}^{{{\\bf r}}_N = {\\bf R}} \\prod_{j = 1}^{N-1} d^D{{\\bf r}}_j \\, \\nonumber\\\\ &\\times\n& \\exp \\left[- {D\\over 2 l \\delta s}\\sum_{j=1}^N ({{\\bf r}}_j - {{\\bf r}}_{j-1})^2\n\\right] ,\n\\label{path_int}\\end{aligned}$$ where $D$ is the intrinsic dimension of the polymer, $\\delta s$ is the change in the arc-length $s$ along the chain and ${{\\bf r}}_j$ is the position vector of the $j$-th bead of the polymer chain. ", "Note that the distance on the surface is calculated as $({{\\bf r}}_j - {{\\bf r}}_{j-1})^2 =\ng_{uv}(u_j - u_{j-1}) \\, (v_j - v_{j-1})$, where $u, v$ are the intrinsic coordinates and the metric tensor $g_{uv}$ is discretized in a symmetric form or using the midpoint rule (e.g. see Ref.). ", "In ${\\Bbb R}^D$, the expression (\\[path\\_int\\]) gives the Gaussian probability distribution: $$\\text{G}({\\bf R}\|{\\bf R}'; L) = \\left({D\\over 2\\pi L l}\\right)^{D\\over 2}\n\\exp \\left[- {D\\over 2 L l} ({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2 \\right],$$ The probability $\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ obeys the diffusion equation $$\\left({\\partial\\over \\partial L} - {l\\over 2 D}\\Delta \\right)\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) = 0 ,\n\\label{diff_eq}$$ subject to the initial condition $$\\lim_{L\\to 0} \\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) = \\delta ^{(D)}({\\bf R} - {\\bf\nR}') . ", "\n\\label{initial}$$ When the polymer lies in a curved manifold, one needs to employ the Laplace-Beltrami operator given by (e.g. see Ref.", " \\[\\]) $$\\Delta = {1\\over \\sqrt{g}} \\partial_i g^{ij} \\partial_j , \n\\label{LapBel}$$ where $g^{ij}$ is the inverse of the metric tensor $g_{ij}$ of the surface and $g = \\det (g_{ij})$. We remark that $g_{ij}$ is the induced metric from the ambient embedding space (${\\Bbb R}^D$ or ${\\Bbb R}^3$).", "\n\nOne can obtain the solution of Eq.", " (\\[diff\\_eq\\]) satisfying the initial condition (\\[initial\\]) by applying a Laplace transform with respect to $L$ that gives the Green’s function equation $$\\left( E - {l\\over 2 D} \\Delta \\right)\n\\widetilde{\\text{G}}({\\bf R}\| {\\bf R}'; E) = \\delta^{(D)}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}'),\n\\label{Green}$$ which can be solved by an eigenfunction expansion of $\\widetilde{\\text{G}}$ followed by an inverse Laplace transform that eventually yields the [heat kernel]{}: $$\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) = \\sum_{\\mu} \\phi_{\\mu}({\\bf R})\n\\phi_{\\mu}^{\\ast} ({\\bf R}') \\exp(- E_{\\mu} L).", "\n\\label{heat_kernel}$$ Here $\\phi_{\\mu}$ and $E_{\\mu}$ are obtained from the eigenvalue equation $$- {l\\over 2 D}\\Delta\\phi_{\\mu} ({\\bf R}) =\nE_{\\mu} \\phi_{\\mu} ({\\bf R}) ,\n\\label{eigen}$$ with $\\mu$ some generalized index. ", "In general, the probability distribution $\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ is not translational invariant. ", "The [mean-square end-to-end distance]{} can be calculated from $${\\left<}({\\mathbf R}- {\\mathbf R}')^2{\\right>}= {\\int\\! ", "d^{D}{\\bf R}\\,d^{D}{\\bf R}' \\,\n({\\mathbf R}-{\\mathbf R}')^2 \\, \\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)\\over \\int\\!", "\nd^D {\\mathbf R} \\, d^{D}{\\bf R}' \\, \\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)} .", "\n\\label{end_to_end}$$ It is to be noted that the calculated mean-square distance represents the distance between the ends of the polymer measured by an outside observer, located in the ambient space, which is different from the geodesic separation measured along the surface.", "\n\nCALCULATIONS AND RESULTS\n========================\n\nDue to the known equivalence [@EDOI; @WIEGEL] between the diffusion equation (\\[diff\\_eq\\]) and the Schrödinger equation for a free particle, we can readily obtain the polymer probability distribution $\\text{G}({\\bf R}, {\\bf\nR}'; L)$ for the sphere and the cylinder cases, from the corresponding probability amplitudes for a rigid rotor in $D\\/$ dimensions [@GROS] and for a $2$–$D\\/$ free particle moving on the surface of a cylinder, respectively.", "\n\nLet $a$ be the radius of the $D-1$ dimensional sphere centered at the origin of the coordinate system. ", "Then ${\\bf R}(s)$ is a vector of magnitude $a$ that measures the position of the bead at $s$ about the center of the sphere. ", "The intrinsic dimension of the polymer is $D-1$. In spherical coordinates the Laplace-Beltrami operator (\\[LapBel\\]) becomes [@KHANDEKAR §4.2.3] $$\\Delta = {1\\over a^2} {\\cal L}^2,$$ where ${\\cal L}^2$ is the $D$-dimensional Legendre operator, satisfying the eigenvalue equation $${\\cal L}^2 \\text{S}^{m}_J (\\Omega) = - J (J + D - 2) \\text{S}^{m}_J\n (\\Omega).", "\n\\label{hyper_eq}$$ The $\\text{S}_J^{m}$ functions are the hyperspherical harmonics orthonormal and complete on the unit $\\text{S}^{D-1}$ sphere [@MO]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int\\! ", " d\\Omega \\,\\text{S}_J^{m}(\\Omega) \\text{S}_{J'}^{m '}(\\Omega) & =\n& \\delta_{JJ'}\\delta_{m m'} \\\\ \\sum_{J = 0}^{\\infty}\\!\\sum_{m = 1}^M\n\\text{S}_J^{m}(\\Omega) \\text{S}_J^{m \\ast}(\\Omega ') & = & \\delta^{(D)}\n(\\Omega - \\Omega ')\\nonumber ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $ M = {(2 J + D - 2)\\, (J + D - 3)! ", "\\over J! (", "D - 2)!}$ and $\\Omega$ is the solid angle in $D$ dimensions. ", "Using Eq.", " (\\[hyper\\_eq\\]) and the eigenvalue expansion (\\[heat\\_kernel\\]), where $\\phi_{\\mu}\\to \\text{S}_J^{m}$ and $E_{\\mu}\\to J (J + D - 2)$, we readily find the probability distribution function of a polymer chain (or equivalently, of a random walk) that starts at ${\\bf R}'$ and ends at ${\\bf R}$ in $N = L/l$ steps, on the $\\text{S}^{D-1}$ sphere: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) & = & {1\\over a^{D-1}}\n\\sum_{J=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{m = 1 }^{M} \\text{S}_J^{m}(\\Omega) \\,\n\\text{S}_J^{m\\ast}(\\Omega ') \\label{heat_kernel_sphere}\\\\ \n& \\times & \\exp\\left[ - {L l \\over 2 a^2}{J(J + D -2)\\over D-1}\\right]\n\\nonumber .\\end{aligned}$$ The probability found above is normalized properly to one ($\\int\\! ", "d^D\n{\\bf R} \\, \\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ = 1). ", "In ${\\Bbb R}^3$ we recover the known [@ITZYK] rotational diffusion result: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) &=& {1\\over a^2}\n\\sum_{l=0}^{\\infty}\\sum_{m = -l }^{l} \\text{Y}_{lm}(\\Omega),\n\\text{Y}_{lm}^{\\ast}(\\Omega ') \\nonumber\\\\\n& \\times& \\exp\\left[ - {L l \\over 4 a^2} J(J + 1) \\right].", "\n\\label{heat_kernel_sphereR3}\\end{aligned}$$ Because $\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ is translationally invariant, the end-to-end distance can be calculated as a conditional expectation value by dropping the integration over ${\\bf R}'$ in Eq.", " (\\[end\\_to\\_end\\]). ", "To evaluate the remaining integral, we use the addition theorem for hyper-spherical harmonics [@MO] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\sum_{m = 1 }^{M} \\text{S}_J^{m}(\\Omega) \\,\n\\text{S}_J^{m\\ast}(\\Omega ') &=& {1\\over S_D} {(2 J + D - 2)\\over D -\n2}\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times& C_J^{(D - 2)/2}(\\cos\\Psi_{{\\bf R}{\\bf R}'}) , \\end{aligned}$$ where $S_D = {2 \\pi^{D/2}\\over \\Gamma (D/2)}$ and $C_J^{\\nu}$ are the Gegenbauer polynomials of argument $\\cos\\psi_{{\\bf R}{\\bf R}'}$. Writing ${({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2} = {2 a^2 [1 - \\cos\\Psi_{{\\bf R}{\\bf\nR}'}]}$ and inserting (\\[heat\\_kernel\\_sphere\\]) in (\\[end\\_to\\_end\\]), we get: $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\left<}({\\mathbf R}- {\\mathbf R}')^2{\\right>}&=& 2 a^2 \\left(1 - {1\\over S_D}\n\\sum_{J=0}^{\\infty}\\!\\int\\! ", "d\\Omega\\, {2 J + D -2\\over D - 2}\n\\right.\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times& \\cos\\Psi_{{\\bf R}{\\bf R}'} C_J^{(D - 2)/2}(\\cos\\Psi_{{\\bf R}{\\bf\nR}'})\\label{sphere_end}\\\\\n&\\times& \\left. ", "\\exp\\left[ - {L l\\over 2 a^2} {J (J + D - 2)\\over D -\n1}\\right]\\right) .\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Choosing ${\\bf R}'$ along one of the coordinate axes and applying the recurrence relation[@GR §8.933] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\cos\\theta \\, C_l^{\\nu}(\\cos\\theta) &=& {1\\over 2 (l + \\nu)}[(l + 1) \\, C_{l +\n1}^{\\nu} (\\cos\\theta) \\nonumber\\\\\n&+& (2\\nu + l - 1) \\, C_{l -1 }^{\\nu}(\\cos\\theta)] ,\\end{aligned}$$ we notice that the orthogonality of the Gegenbauer polynomials (with $C_0^{\\nu}\n(\\cos\\theta) = 1$) implies that all terms except $J = 1$ are zero. ", "From (\\[sphere\\_end\\]) we finally obtain the mean-square end-to-end vector for a polymer living on the surface of a $D-1$–dimensional sphere as: $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}&=& 2 a^2 \\left[1 - \\exp\\left(- {L l\\over 2\na^2}\\right)\\right] \\nonumber\\\\\n&\\simeq& \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ccc}\nL l \\; ; \\; L l \\ll a^2 .\\\\ \n2 a^2 ;\\; L l \\gg a^2 .", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right . ", "\n\\label{sphere_end_final}\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, a characteristic area $2 a^2$ called geometrical localization area emerges in the description of ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}$, due to the geometrical restriction of space.", "\n\nIn contrast to the problem of a stiff polymer chain without any confinement, where the chain expands due to chain stiffness, chain contracts here by geometrical confinement. ", "If the area of the confining sphere is small in comparison with $L l$, then the polymer wraps many times around the sphere so that ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}$ approaches the geometrical localization area. ", "On the other hand if $a^2 \\gg L l$, then the polymer does not sense the curvature of the sphere so that ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}= L l$. The mean-square end-to-end distance (\\[sphere\\_end\\_final\\]) normalized at $a^2$ is plotted in Fig.", " \\[figs:fig4\\] as a function of the dimensionless variable ${L\nl\\over a^2}$. It is also to be noted that ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}$ is independent of $D$.\n\nConsider a cylinder of radius $a$ and of infinite length, with the induced metric from ${\\Bbb R}^3$ (in cylindrical coordinates, with $Oz$ along the axis of the cylinder): $g_{\\phi\\phi} = a^2$; $g_{\\phi z} = 0$; $g_{zz} = 1$; $\\sqrt{g} = a$. The position vector ${\\bf R}(s)$ of any bead $s$ has the components $(a \\cos\\phi, a\\sin\\phi, z)$. The polymer dimension is $D = 2$.\n\nThe Green’s function equation in the Laplace space (\\[Green\\]) can be solved directly by expanding the $\\widetilde{\\text{G}}$ function in the complete set of orthogonal functions on the circle $e^{ i m(\\phi - \\phi ')}$ and Fourier transforming with respect to $z - z'$, which yields $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\widetilde{\\text{G}}({\\bf R} \|{\\bf R}'; E ) &=& {1\\over 2\\pi a} \\sum_{m =\n-\\infty}^{\\infty} \\! ", "\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} \\! {", "d k\\over 2 \\pi} \\,\n{1\\over E + {l m^2\\over 4 a^2} + {l k^2\\over 4}}\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times& e^{ i m (\\phi - \\phi ')} \\, e^{i k (z - z')} \\end{aligned}$$ After applying an inverse Laplace transform and evaluating the integral over $k$, the spectral expansion of $\\text{G}({\\bf R}\| {\\bf R}' ; L)$ is found to be $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) & = & {1\\over 2 \\pi a} \\, \\sqrt{1\\over \\pi L l}\n\\, e^{- {(z - z')^2\\over L l}} \\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times& \\sum_{m = -\\infty}^{\\infty} \\! ", "e^{i m (\\phi -\n\\phi ')} \\, e^{- {L l m^2\\over 4 a^2}}.", "\n\\label{green_cyl}\\end{aligned}$$ An equivalent form of the expression above can be obtained by using the relation $$\\exp(- \\lambda x^2) = {1\\over \\sqrt{2 \\pi}}\\, \\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty} \\! ", "d\\xi\n\\, e^{ - {1\\over 2} \\xi^2 + i \\sqrt{2 \\lambda} \\, \\xi \\, x} \\;\\;\\; (\\lambda >\n0) , \\label{Straton}$$ and the Poisson formula $$\\sum_{m = -\\infty}^{+\\infty} e^{2 i \\pi \\alpha m} = \\sum_{ n =\n-\\infty}^{+\\infty} \\delta (\\alpha - n), \\;\\;\\; (m,n \\in {\\Bbb Z}).", "\n\\label{Poisson}$$ Applying these transformations in Eq.", " (\\[green\\_cyl\\]), we arrive at the the [winding number]{} expansion $$\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) = {1\\over \\pi L l} \\, e^{- {(z - z')^2\\over L\nl}} \\sum_{n = -\\infty}^{\\infty} \\! ", "e^{- {a^2 (\\phi - \\phi ' + 2\\pi n)\n\\over L l}}, \n\\label{green_cyl_wind}$$ where $n$ (a topological term) is the [winding number]{} that counts how many times the chain winds around the cylinder. ", "A term in the sum represents now the probability that a given chain starting at ${\\bf R}$ and ending at ${\\bf\nR}'$ will wind around the cylinder $n$ times (in $L/l$ steps). ", "This expansion can be used to investigate the statistics of the winding number (e.g. the mean-square winding number ${\\left<}N^2{\\right>}$).", "\n\nTo calculate the mean-square end-to-end vector, we insert $({\\bf R} - {\\bf\nR}')^2 = (z - z')^2 + {2 a^2 [1 - \\cos(\\phi - \\phi ')]}$ and the distribution function (\\[green\\_cyl\\]) in (\\[end\\_to\\_end\\]). ", "Evaluating the integrals, we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}&=& {L l\\over 2} + 2 a^2 \\left[1 - e^{- {L l\\over\n4 a^2}}\\right] \\nonumber\\\\\n&\\simeq& \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ccc}\nL l \\,;\\; L l \\ll a^2 .\\\\ {L l\\over 2} ;\\; L l \\gg a^2 .", "\n\\end{array}\\right. ", "\n\\label{cyl_end_final}\\end{aligned}$$ As expected, the polymer remains almost Gaussian (a prefactor of $1/2$ instead of 1) along the $\\mathit{Oz}$ direction. ", "The influence of the geometry appears through the radius $a$, related to the mean curvature of the cylinder. ", "Once again, the polymer becomes [geometrically localized]{}. ", "The mean-square end-to-end distance (normalized at $a^2$) is represented in Fig.", " \\[figs:fig4\\] as a function of the dimensionless variable ${L l\\over a^2}$.\n\nNow let us consider the surface of cone with the vertex at the origin $O$, centered about the $Oz$ axis and with the opening angle $2 \\alpha$. In cylindrical coordinates, the position vector ${\\bf R}(s)$ of any point $s$ along the chain is ${\\bf R}(s) = (\\rho(s) \\cos\\phi(s), \\rho(s) \\sin\\phi(s),\n\\rho(s) \\cot\\alpha)$ and the induced metric is: $g_{\\rho\\rho} = 1 +\n\\cot^2\\alpha$; $g_{\\rho\\phi} = 0$; $g_{\\phi\\phi} = \\rho^2$; $\\sqrt{g} = \\rho\n\\sqrt{1 + \\cot^2\\alpha}$. As in the previous problem, the dimension of the polymer is $D = 2$.\n\nTo compute the probability distribution $\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ of the end-to-end vector we start with the Green’s function equation (\\[Green\\]) obeyed by the Laplace transform $\\widetilde{\\text{G}}$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& \\left( E -{l\\over 4 \\rho } \\sin^2\\alpha {\\partial\\over\n\\partial\\rho} \\rho \n{\\partial\\over \\partial\\rho} - {l\\over 4 \\rho^2} {\\partial^2\\over\n\\partial\\phi^2} \\right) \\widetilde{\\text{G}}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; E) \\nonumber\\\\\n& & = {\\sin\\alpha \\over \\rho} \\, \\delta (\\rho - \\rho ') \\, \\delta (\\phi -\n\\phi') \n\\label{diffusion_cone}\\end{aligned}$$ We solve this equation in a standard manner [@COURANT]. ", "First we eliminate the azimuthal dependence of $\\widetilde{\\text{G}}$ by inserting the expansion $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\widetilde{\\text{G}}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; E) &=& {1\\over 2\\pi} \\sum_{m =\n-\\infty}^{+\\infty} \\tilde{\\text{g}}_m (\\rho \| \\rho '; E) \\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times & \\exp[i m (\\phi - \\phi ')],\n\\label{Laplace_cone}\\end{aligned}$$ in (\\[diffusion\\_cone\\]), which gives $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\left[{1\\over x} \\, {\\partial\\over \\partial x} x {\\partial\\over\n\\partial x} - (1 + {\\nu^2 \\over x^2})\\right] \\tilde{\\text{g}}_{\\nu}\n(x \| x'; E) \\nonumber\\\\\n&& = - {4 \\over x l \\sin\\alpha } \\, \\delta (x - x') ,\\end{aligned}$$ where we introduced the new variable $x = k\\rho$, with $k^2 =\n{4 E \\over l \\sin^2 \\alpha}$ and $\\nu^2 = {m^2\\over \\sin^2\\alpha}$. The solutions of the homogeneous equation are the modified Bessel functions $\\text{I}_{\|\\nu\|}(x)$ and $\\text{K}_{\|\\nu\|}(x)$. Then, the regularity of $\\tilde{\\text{g}}_{\\nu} (x \| x'; E)$ at $x = 0$, $ x \n\\to\\infty $, the continuity at $ x = x'$ and the jump in the first derivative impose the solution $$\\tilde{\\text{g}}_{\\nu} (\\rho \| \\rho'; E) = {4\\over l \\sin\\alpha}\\,\n\\text{I}_{\|\\nu\|}(k \\rho_<) \\, \\text{K}_{\|\\nu\|}(k \\rho_>) .$$ Here $\\rho_<$ and $\\rho_>$ denote the smaller and the larger, respectively, between the variables $\\rho$ and $\\rho'$; we have also used the fact that the Wronskian W of the modified Bessel functions is ${\\text{W}[\\text{I}_{\\nu}, \\,\n\\text{K}_{\\nu}](x) = - {1\\over x}}$. Inserting the solution found back in Eq.", " (\\[Laplace\\_cone\\]) and performing the inverse Laplace transform using the formula [@MOTRANS §5.16.56] $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal L}^{-1} \\left\\{ \\text{K}_{\\nu}[(\\sqrt{a} + \\sqrt{b})\\sqrt{E}] \\,\n\\text{I}_{\\nu} [(\\sqrt{a} - \\sqrt{b})\\sqrt{E}]\\right\\} & & = \\\\\n{1\\over 2 L} \\, e^{- {a + b\\over 2 L}} \\, \\text{I}_{\\nu}({a - b\\over 2 L})\n\\;\\;\\; (\\Re a, \\Re b > 0) , \\nonumber \\end{aligned}$$ we arrive at the exact spectral expansion of $\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ for a polymer on a cone: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) & = & {1\\over \\pi L l \\sin\\alpha}\n\\sum_{m=-\\infty}^{+\\infty} \\text{I}_{\\left\|{m\\over \\sin\\alpha}\\right\|}\n(2 \\rho\\rho '/ (L l \\sin^2\\alpha)) \\nonumber\\\\ \n& \\times & \\exp\\left[- {\\rho^2 + \\rho '^2\\over L l\n\\sin^2\\alpha}\\right] \\, \\exp[i m (\\phi - \\phi')],\\end{aligned}$$ which is properly normalized to one ($\\int\\! ", "d{\\bf R} \\, \\text{G}({\\bf R} \|\n{\\bf R}'; L) = 1$). ", "For $\\alpha = {\\pi\\over 2}$ we recover the expression in polar coordinates of the propagator of a Gaussian polymer chain in the plane [@KHANDEKAR; @WIEGEL].", "\n\nAs the total partition sum gives the area of the cone, we calculate the end-to-end distance by fixing ${\\bf R}'$ and integrating only over ${\\bf R}$. Using cylindrical coordinates, with $({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2 =\n(\\rho^2 + \\rho'^2)/\\sin^2\\alpha + 2\\rho\\rho' [1 - \\cos(\\phi-\\phi')]$ and applying various formulae [@GR] involving definite integrals of Bessel functions, we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&{\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}= L l \\, \\left\\{ 1 + 2 \\, t^2 \\,\n\\csc^2\\alpha \\right. ", "\\nonumber\\\\\n&& - \\sqrt\\pi \\csc\\alpha \\,(1 - \\sin^2\\alpha)\\, _1\\text{F}_1\n(-1/2, 1; -t^2 \\csc^2\\alpha)\\nonumber\\\\\n& & - \\left. ", "2 \\,{\\Gamma (3/2 + 1/2 \\csc\\alpha)\\over \\Gamma(1 + \\csc\\alpha)} \\,\n(\\sin\\alpha)^{(1 - \\csc\\alpha)} \\, t^{(1 + \\csc\\alpha)}\n\\right. ", "\\label{cone_end_final}\\\\\n& &\\times \\left. _", "1\\text{F}_1 [(\\csc\\alpha - 1)/2, 1 + \\csc\\alpha ; - t^2 \\,\n\\csc^2\\alpha] \\right\\}, \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $t = \\rho'/ (L l)^{1/2}$ and $_1\\text{F}_1$ is the confluent hypergeometric function.", "\n\nRather surprisingly, the mean-square distance depends on the position of the chain through the parameter $t$. To interpret this finding, we calculate the limiting values of ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}$ for $t\\to\\infty$ (polymer far on the conical surface or $\\alpha\\to 0$), $t\\to 0$ (polymer with one end attached to the cone vertex) and $\\alpha = {\\pi\\over 2}$ (polymer on a $2$–$D$ plane surface). ", "One finds that $${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}= L l \\;\\;\\text{for}\\;\\; \\{t = 0;\\, t\n\\to\\infty;\\,\\alpha = {\\pi\\over 2}\\},$$ which is just the Gaussian result in all cases. ", "Physically, when the polymer chain is either fixed at the origin ($t = 0$) or far away from it ($t\\to\\infty$), there are no other preferred points on the cone and ${\\left<}({\\bf\nR} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}$ has the planar value (we should also remark that a cone is geometrically flat). ", "In the crossover region, the singular character of the cone vertex becomes dominant and induces the [contraction]{} of the chain (possibly by winding about the origin). ", "This behavior is illustrated in Fig.", " \\[figs:cone\\] and Fig.", " \\[figs:cone2\\], where the mean-square distance ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}$ normalized at $L l$ is plotted as a function of the $t$ parameter and the angle $\\alpha$.\n\nConsider a torus embedded in ${\\Bbb R}^3$, with the circular cross-section of radius $a$. The axial circle containing the centers of the circular sections has the radius $b > a$ (see Fig.", " \\[figs:geometry\\]). ", "The torus is centered about the $Oz$ axis and symmetric with respect to the $xOy$ plane. ", "We introduce the toroidal coordinates $\\{\\eta, \\theta,\\phi\\}$, [@TOR §2.13] where $\\phi$ is the usual azimuthal angle—in cylindrical coordinates—about $Oz$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&x = {c \\sinh\\eta \\cos\\phi\\over \\cosh\\eta - \\cos\\theta} ;\\;\\; \ny = {c \\sinh\\eta \\sin\\phi\\over \\cosh\\eta - \\cos\\theta} ;\\nonumber\\\\\n&& z = {c \\sin\\theta \\over \\cosh\\eta - \\cos\\theta} ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $0 \\le \\eta < \\infty$, $0 \\le \\theta < 2 \\pi$ and $0 \\le \\phi < 2\n\\pi$. The surface of the torus corresponds to a fixed value $\\eta_0$ of the coordinate $\\eta$. Then we have the following geometrical relations: $$b = c \\coth\\eta_0 ; \\;\\; a = {c \\over \\sinh\\eta_0}; \\;\\; c^2 = b^2 - a^2 .$$\n\nThe induced metric tensor is $g_{\\theta\\theta} = {c^2 \\over (\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta)^2}$; $g_{\\phi\\phi} = {c^2 \\sinh^2\\eta_0 \\over (\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta)^2}$; $g_{\\theta\\phi} = g_{\\phi\\theta} = 0$; $\\sqrt{g} = {c^2\n\\sinh\\eta_0 \\over (\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta)^2}$. We recall that the length interval on the surface is $ds^2 = g_{\\theta\\theta} \\, d\\theta^2 +\ng_{\\phi\\phi} \\, d\\phi^2$ and the volume element is $d^2{{\\bf r}}= \\sqrt{g} \\,\nd\\theta\\,d\\phi$.\n\nThe calculation of the propagator of a Gaussian chain on a torus in ${\\Bbb\nR}^3$ (which is equivalent to solving the problem of a free quantum particle moving on the same surface) cannot be done in closed form, as involves finding the eigenvalues of a Hill-type equation. ", "Still, using the path-integral formalism and making certain “sloppy” approximations, we were able to derive an approximate form of $\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L)$ that behaves physically correct when computing moments of the distribution of ${\\bf R} -\n{\\bf R}'$, which are the experimentally relevant quantities we are interested in. ", "This approach will be justified [a posteriori]{} by showing that one recovers the usual flat surface case and the expected asymptotic regimes obtained for spheres and cylinders.", "\n\nWe start be recalling the path-representation (\\[path\\_int\\]) written in a compact form as $$\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; L) = \\int_{{{\\bf r}}_0 = {\\bf R}'}^{{{\\bf r}}_N = {\\bf R}}\n{\\cal D}[{{\\bf r}}] \\, \\exp\\left( - \\sum_{j=1}^N \\text{S}_j \\right) ,\n\\label{path_int_torus}$$ where the integration measure is given explicitly by $${\\cal D}[{{\\bf r}}] = \\lim_{\\stackrel{\\scriptstyle\nN\\to\\infty}{\\stackrel{\\scriptstyle \\delta s_j\\to 0}{\\sum_j\\!\\delta s_j = L}}}\n\\prod_{j = 1}^N \\! {", "1\\over \\pi l \\delta s_j} \\, \\prod_{j = 1}^{N-1}\\!d^2{{\\bf r}}_j\n\\label{meas_torus}$$ and $\\text{S}_j$ is the [short-length]{} polymer action $$\\text{S}_j = {({{\\bf r}}_j - {{\\bf r}}_{j-1})^2 \\over l \\delta s_j} .", "\n\\label{action_torus}$$ In the previous expressions, $\\delta s_j = s_j - s_{j - 1}$ (with $j =\n\\overline{1,N}$, $s_0 = 0$, $s_N = L$) and ${{\\bf r}}_j$ is the position vector about the origin of the $j$-th element of the discretized chain.", "\n\nIn order to evaluate the path-integral, due to the mentioned equivalence between the statistical mechanics of polymers and quantum mechanics, we will apply the method used to calculate the propagator of a free particle moving on a circle and in the presence of a ring-shaped defect [@KLEINERT; @WIEGEL; @RAMOS].", "\n\nWe start with the action element $\\text{S}_j$. Using the length interval on the torus, we write $\\text{S}_j$ in a symmetrized form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{S}_j &=& {c^2 \\over l} {1 \\over \\delta s_j (\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta_j)(\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta_{j - 1})}\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times & [(\\Delta\\theta_j)^2 + \\sinh^2\\eta_0 \\, (\\Delta\\phi_j)^2] ,\n\\label{action_torus_SJ}\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\{\\theta_j = \\theta(s_j), \\phi_j = \\phi(s_j)\\}$ are the toroidal coordinates of the element located at $s_j$ along the chain, ${\\Delta\\theta_j =\n\\theta_j - \\theta_{j - 1}}$ and $\\Delta\\phi_j = \\phi_j - \\phi_{j - 1}$.\n\nNext we apply a local rescaling [@KHANDEKAR; @MeV], which reads $$\\sigma_j = \\delta s_j \\, (\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta_j)(\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta_{j - 1})\n\\label{scaling}$$ and which satisfies the global scaling relation: $$\\sigma = \\sum_{j=1}^N \\sigma_j = L (\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta) (\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta ') .", "\n\\label{global}$$ This constraint is nontrivial, as it must be compatible with the local scaling (\\[scaling\\]). ", "That it gives the correct answer when applied in the path integral and when one uses an anisometric discretization (unequal length intervals $\\delta s_j$), was discussed by Inomata [@MeV]. ", "Basically, it amounts to the prescription [@FEYN] of ignoring terms of $O(\\delta s_j^{1 + \\epsilon})$ in the path-integral, if $\\epsilon > 0$. Then, the discretized functional measure becomes: $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal D}[{{\\bf r}}] & = & (\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta) (\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta ')\\,\n\\nonumber\\\\ \n& \\times & \\prod_{j = 1}^N \\! {", "1\\over \\sigma_j} \\, \\prod_{j = 1}^{N-1} \\!", "\nd\\theta_j \\, d\\phi_j \\, c^2 \\sinh\\eta_0 .\\end{aligned}$$ We apply now the length rescaling in the action $\\text{S}_j$ given by (\\[action\\_torus\\_SJ\\]) directly, by dropping boldly any terms coming from a rigorous expansion of $\\Delta\\theta_j$ and $\\Delta\\phi_j$ about the new length variable $\\sigma_j$. As mentioned, this will be justified by the final results. ", "Combining then with the integration measure, we get the approximate discretized propagator $\\text{G}_N$ $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}_N({\\bf R}& \| & {\\bf R}'; \\sigma) \\approx {1\\over c^2} (\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta) (\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta ') \\nonumber\\\\\n& \\times & \\prod_{j = 1}^N \\! {", "c^2 \\over \\pi l \\sigma_j} \\, \\int_0^{2\\pi} \\!", "\n\\prod_{j = 1}^{N-1}\\! ", "d\\theta_j \\, \\exp\\left[ - {c^2\\over l} \\sum_{j = 1}^N\n{(\\Delta\\theta_j)^2 \\over \\sigma_j}\\right] \\nonumber\\\\\n& \\times & \\int_0^{2\\pi} \\! ", " \\prod_{j = 1}^{N-1}\\! ", "d\\phi_j \\,\n\\sinh\\eta_0\\label{green_torus} \\\\\n&\\times & \\exp\\left[ - {c^2 \\sinh^2\\eta_0 \\over l} \\sum_{j = 1}^N\n{(\\Delta\\phi_j)^2 . ", "\\over \\sigma_j}\\right] \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Observing that the integrals over the angular coordinates are similar to the path integral for a free particle moving on a circle (e.g. see Ref.), ", "we have the formula $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\prod_{j = 1}^N \\! ", "\\left({\\alpha \\over \\pi \\sigma_j}\\right)^{1/2} & & \n\\int_0^{2\\pi} \\! ", "\\prod_{j = 1}^{N-1} \\! ", "d\\psi_j \\, e^{- \\alpha \\sum_{j = 1}^N {\n(\\Delta\\psi_j)^2 \\over \\sigma_j}} \\nonumber\\\\\n= & & \\sqrt{\\alpha \\over \\pi \\sigma} \\sum_{n = -\\infty}^{\\infty} e^{-\n{\\alpha\\over \\sigma } (\\psi - \\psi ' + 2 \\pi n)^2}.", "\n\\label{formula_torus}\\end{aligned}$$ Here $\\alpha$ is an arbitrary positive constant and $\\psi_j = \\psi (\\sigma_j)$ is the discretized angular variable on the circle, with $\\psi'$ and $\\psi$ denoting the initial and the final positions. ", "Equivalently, recognizing that the angular path integral contains trajectories that wind a different number of times around the origin, one can use the covering space mapping [@KLEINERT; @KHANDEKAR].", "\n\nReturning to Eq.", " (\\[green\\_torus\\]) of the approximate discretized propagator $\\text{G}_N$, integrating over the angles using formula (\\[formula\\_torus\\]), and replacing $\\sigma$ with its global value (\\[global\\]), we finally obtain—up to a normalization factor—the approximate distribution function of the end-to-end distance for a polymer chain on a curved torus in ${\\Bbb\nR}^3$, expressed as a [winding number]{} expansion: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} &\|& {\\bf R}' ; L) \\approx {1\\over \\pi L l} \\,\n\\sum_{n=-\\infty}^{\\infty} \\sum_{m = -\\infty}^{\\infty} \\exp\\left\\{ - {c^2\\over L\nl} \\right. ", "\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times& {1\\over (\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta)(\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta')}\\label{green_torus_wind}\\\\ \n&\\times & \\left. [(", "\\theta - \\theta' + 2\\pi n)^2 + (\\sinh^2 \\eta_0) (\\phi -\n\\phi' + 2\\pi m)^2] \\right\\}\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Another compact and illuminating form is obtained by employing the transformations (\\[Straton\\]) and (\\[Poisson\\]), which yield the [angular momentum]{} expansion $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{G}({\\bf R} &\|& {\\bf R}'; L)\\approx {1\\over 4 \\pi^2} {(\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta)(\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta')\\over c^2 \\sinh\\eta_0} \\, \\nonumber\\\\\n& \\times & \\Theta_3[(\\theta - \\theta')/2, i\\sigma(\\theta,\\theta') l/(4 \\pi\nc^2)]\\, \\label{green_torus_theta}\\\\\n&\\times& \\Theta_3[(\\phi - \\phi')/2, i\\sigma (\\theta,\\theta') l/(4 \\pi c^2\n\\sinh^2\\eta_0)] , \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where we recall that $\\sigma(\\theta, \\theta')$ $=$ $L (\\cosh\\eta_0$ $-\n\\cos\\theta)$ $(\\cosh\\eta_0$ $- \\cos\\theta')$, $c^2 = b^2 - a^2$ and $\\cosh\\eta_0 = {b\\over a}$. $\\Theta_3$ is the theta function defined as [@GR] $$\\Theta_3 (z,\\tau) = \\sum_{n=-\\infty}^{\\infty} e^{i\\pi \\tau \\, n^2} \\, e^{2 i z\nn} \\;\\;\\; (\\Im\\tau > 0) .", "\n\\label{theta}$$ First, we stress that this is not the exact Green function of the heat equation on the curved torus. ", "Still, as necessary, the expression is symmetric in ${\\bf\nR},{\\bf R}'$, translationally invariant with respect to the azimuthal angle $\\phi$, and in the limit $\\eta_0\\to\\infty\\equiv a\\to 0$ reduces properly to the probability distribution of the end-to-end vector for a polymer on a circle (see the angular part in Eq.", " (\\[green\\_cyl\\_wind\\])). ", "Also, it obeys the initial condition $$\\text{G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}'; 0) = \\delta^{(2)}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}'),$$ and its trace has, at least numerically, the correct limit [@KEAN] when ${L\nl\\over a^2}\\to 0$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\text{Z}(x \\to 0, t) &=& \\int\\!\\!\\!\\int\\! ", "d^2{\\bf R} \\, \\text{G}({\\bf R},L \|\n{\\bf R},0) \\label{trace}\\\\\n&\\simeq& 4 \\pi {t \\over x} + {\\pi^3\\over 60} \\,\nx \\, {t\\, (t - \\sqrt{t^2 - 1})\\over \\sqrt{t^2 - 1}} + o(x^2),\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where we introduced the dimensionless variables: $$t = \\cosh\\eta_0 = {b\\over a} ; \\;\\;\\; x = {L l \\over a^2}.", "\n\\label{dimless_torus}$$ A closed formula for ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}$ cannot be readily obtained and a numerical calculation is required. ", "To begin with, we write the distance (in ${\\Bbb R}^3$) between the ends of the polymer chain: $$\\begin{aligned}\n({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2 & = & {2 c^2\\over (\\cosh\\eta_0 -\n\\cos\\theta)(\\cosh\\eta_0 - \\cos\\theta')} \\, [\\cosh^2\\eta_0 \\nonumber\\\\\n& - & \\sinh^2\\eta_0 \\cos(\\phi - \\phi') - \\cos(\\theta - \\theta')].", "\n\\label{dist_torus}\\end{aligned}$$ Using the Green function (\\[green\\_torus\\_theta\\]) in the formula for the mean-square end-to-end distance (\\[end\\_to\\_end\\]) with the proper volume element on the surface of the torus, evaluating the integrals over the azimuthal angles $\\phi$ and $\\phi'$ by applying the definition (\\[theta\\]) of the theta function and the formula: $$\\int\\!\\!\\!\\int_0^{2\\pi}\\! ", "d\\phi\\,d\\phi' \\: \\cos(\\phi -\\phi') \\, e^{i m(\\phi -\n\\phi')} = 2 \\pi^2 (\\delta_{-1m} + \\delta_{+1m}),$$ and expressing all quantities in terms of the dimensionless variables from Eq.", " (\\[dimless\\_torus\\]), we eventually obtain the mean-square end-to-end distance as $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&{{\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2 {\\right>}\\over a^2} = {2 (t^2 - 1)\\over N(x,t)}\n\\, \\int\\!\\!\\!\\int_0^{2 \\pi}\\! ", "d\\theta \\, d\\theta' \\, \\nonumber\\\\\n& & \\;\\; \\times {t^2 + (1 - t^2) e^{-{x (t - \\cos\\theta)(t - \\cos\\theta')\\over\n4 (t^2 - 1)^2}} - \\cos(\\theta - \\theta') \\over (t - \\cos\\theta)^2(t -\n\\cos\\theta')^2}\\label{dist_torus_final}\\\\\n& & \\;\\; \\times \\Theta_3 \\left[{\\theta - \\theta'\\over 2}, {i x (t -\n\\cos\\theta)(t - \\cos\\theta') \\over 4 \\pi (t^2 - 1)}\\right] , \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $N(x,t)$ is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\nN(x,t) & = & \\int\\!\\!\\!\\int_0^{2 \\pi}\\! ", "d\\theta \\, d\\theta' \\, {1\\over (t -\n\\cos\\theta)(t - \\cos\\theta')} \\nonumber\\\\\n& & \\times \\Theta_3 \\left[{\\theta - \\theta'\\over 2}, {i x (t - \\cos\\theta)(t -\n\\cos\\theta') \\over 4 \\pi (t^2 - 1)}\\right] .\\end{aligned}$$ The partition function $Z(x,t)$ of the polymer on the torus is: $$Z(x,t) = a^2 \\, (t^2 - 1)^{3\\over 2} N(x,t).$$ This reduces properly to the area $4 \\pi^2 a b$ of the torus when $x\\gg 1$, $t\\gg 1$ ($\\Theta(z,\\tau) \\simeq 1$): $$Z(x,t) \\simeq 4 \\pi^2 \\,a b\\, \\sqrt{1 - {1\\over t^2}} \\simeq 4 \\pi^2 a b$$ Physically, for different values of $x$ and $t$, three regimes are expected:\n\n\\[torus\\_asymp\\] $$\\begin{aligned}\na) & & \\;\\;\\; L l \\ll a^2 < b^2 \\iff {x\\over t^2} < x \\ll 1 ,\\\\\nb) & & \\;\\;\\; a^2 \\ll L l \\ll b^2 \\iff {x\\over t^2} \\ll 1 \\ll x , \n\\label{torus_asymp_cyl}\\\\\nc) & & \\;\\;\\; a^2 < b^2 \\ll L l \\iff 1 \\ll {x\\over t^2} < x ,\n\\label{torus_asymp_sphere}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere in the first case we should recover the solution for a polymer in the plane, in the second we must obtain the result for a polymer on a cylinder and in the third, the mean square end-to-end distance should reach a constant value (corresponding to a large winding number about both the $Oz$ axis and the axial circle of radius $b$).", "\n\nThese regimes are manifest in Fig.", " \\[figs:fig4\\], where the results for the torus are plotted with thin lines, for $t = \\{2;4;6;8;10\\}$.\n\nInitially (the first regime in Eq.", " (\\[torus\\_asymp\\])), the polymer is too small to explore the geometry of the surface, and we recover (numerically) the case of a polymer in a plane. ", "This is also the behavior found for the other surfaces.", "\n\nAs the length of the chain increases, it starts winding along the circle of radius $a$ and then along the axial circle, about the $Oz$ axis. ", "When $t$ increases, the behavior is similar—for a certain range of $x$ values—to that of a chain on a cylinder: the mean-square end-to-end distance is linear in $L l/2$. We can check analytically that the approximate propagator from Eq.", " (\\[green\\_torus\\_theta\\]) produces the correct behavior. ", "Because $a^2 \\ll L\nl \\ll b^2$, the term $n = 0$ dominates in the theta function in Eq.", " (\\[dist\\_torus\\_final\\]) ($\\Theta_3(z,\\tau) \\approx 1$) and the exponential coefficient of $1 - t^2$ can be expanded, so one obtains explicitly $${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2{\\right>}\\simeq 2 a^2 + {L l\\over 2} \\;\\;\\;\\; (a^2 \\ll L l\n\\ll b^2) ,$$ which is just the limit for the polymer on the cylinder of radius $a$ from Eq.", " (\\[cyl\\_end\\_final\\]).", "\n\nEventually, at any given $t$ and large enough $x$, ${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf\nR}')^2{\\right>}$ departs from the behavior of a polymer on a cylinder and approaches a constant value, which is a function only of the geometrical parameters $a$ and $b$. This limiting value can be explicitly calculated. ", "Now we have $a^2 <\nb^2 \\ll L l$, thus once again $\\Theta_3(z,\\tau) \\approx 1$ but the exponential coefficient of $1 - t^2$ in the formula for distance (\\[dist\\_torus\\_final\\]) is zero, which gives the limit: $${\\left<}({\\bf R} - {\\bf R}')^2 {\\right>}\\approx 2 \\, (a^2 + b^2) \\;\\;\\; (a^2 < b^2 \\ll L\nl) .$$ If either $a$ or $b$ radii becomes $0$, one recovers the asymptotic limits of the end-to-end distance for a polymer on a circle or on a sphere, respectively, as found in Eq.", " (\\[sphere\\_end\\_final\\]). ", "Although the asymptotic behavior is correctly recovered, we expect our results in the crossover region of intermediate values of $t$ and $x$ to be only approximate.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nDue to its relevance to studies of the behavior of polymers confined at interfaces, we have considered here the problem of a linear, Gaussian polymer chain embedded in the following surfaces: the $\\text{S}^{D-1}$ [sphere]{} in $D\\/$ dimensions, the [cylinder]{}, the [cone]{} and the [curved torus]{} in ${\\Bbb R}^3$.\n\nWe obtained closed formulas for the probability distribution function $\\text{\\bf G}({\\bf R} \| {\\bf R}' ; L)$ of the end-to-end vector of the chain for the sphere, the cylinder and the cone and an approximate propagator for the torus. ", "We calculated, analytically in the case of the sphere, the cylinder and the cone, and numerically for the torus, the [mean-square end-to-end distance]{} (in the embedding space) of the chain. ", "As such, at least in the limiting regimes previously described, the results are also valid for a free quantum particle on a torus if one uses the mapping $\\{L\\to t - t'; {2\\over\nl}\\to {m\\over i\\hbar}\\}$ (where $t$ and $t'$ represent the final and initial time coordinates of the particle).", "\n\nOur calculations demonstrate the role played by the geometry ([curvature]{} and [shape]{}) of the interface in controlling the size of the chain.", "\n\nAs the size of the confining surface decreases, the polymer size is determined by the parameters of the confining surface instead of chain length. ", "The crossover between the free Gaussian chain limit and the confined limit is controlled by a characteristic geometrical localization area $A$. ", "$A$ is proportional to $a^2$ for the cases of spheres and cylinders, and there are two characteristic areas proportional to $a^2$ and $b^2$ for the case of curved torus. ", "For the cone, the localization area is variable and is determined by the position of the singular point (the vertex) about the chain and by the angle $\\alpha$. Explicit closed formulas are derived for the dependence of the mean-square end-to-end distance of a Gaussian chain on the geometrical parameters of the confining surface. ", "The formulas for spheres and cylinders are simple (Eqs.", " (\\[sphere\\_end\\_final\\],\\[cyl\\_end\\_final\\])), describing the crossover between free polymer regime and confined polymer regime. ", "For the case of a cone, the final expression is more complicated, but still exact. ", "For a torus, there are three asymptotic regimes as outlined by Eq.", " (\\[torus\\_asymp\\]), and the crossover behavior is obtained numerically from Eq.", " (\\[dist\\_torus\\_final\\]).", "\n\nA number of open problems come into attention: the calculation of the mean-square [geodesic]{} end-to-end distance (as measured on the surface and not in the embedding space), the statistics of the winding numbers (mainly for the polymer on the torus case), the influence of the topological defects existing on the surface, the presence of excluded volume and other types of potential interactions. ", "We hope to address some of these issues in the near future.", "\n\nAcknowledgment is made to the CUMIRP and Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at the University of Massachusetts, and the NSF Grant DMR 9625485. ", "The authors are grateful to E. Cattani, J. Douglas, J. Machta and F. 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Carpio-Bernido, J.Phys.", " A: Math.", " Gen. [27]{}, 8251 (1994). ", "A. Inomata in [Path Integrals from meV to MeV]{}, 433, M. C. Gutzwiller et al. (", "eds.) (", "World Scientific, Singapore, 1986). ", "R. P. Feynman and A. R. Hibbs, [Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals]{} (McGraw-Hill, new York, 1965). ", "H. P. McKean and I. M. Singer, J. Diff.", " Geom.", " [1]{}, 43 (1967).", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }	[ 0.0058823529411764705, 0.002145922746781116, 0, 0, 0.01048951048951049, 0.00641025641025641, 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0, 0, 0.002702702702702703, 0.009708737864077669, 0.017543859649122806, 0.02040816326530612, 0.022727272727272728, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0.003875968992248062, 0.008298755186721992, 0, 0.0058997050147492625, 0.010416666666666666, 0.0018214936247723133, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.005291005291005291, 0.004464285714285714, 0.009345794392523364, 0.008264462809917356, 0.02830188679245283, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.0099601593625498, 0, 0, 0.016713091922005572, 0.005649717514124294, 0.003389830508474576, 0, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.002840909090909091, 0.018518518518518517, 0.009836065573770493, 0.004098360655737705, 0, 0.005502063273727648, 0, 0.011009174311926606, 0.00821917808219178, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0.00796812749003984, 0.0031847133757961785, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.037037037037037035, 0.010471204188481676, 0.022988505747126436, 0, 0.016304347826086956, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0, 0.007722007722007722, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0.00801924619085806, 0.007407407407407408, 0.011668611435239206, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.0040650406504065045, 0.015748031496062992, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0.005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.043478260869565216, 0.002717391304347826, 0, 0, 0.004267425320056899, 0.002976190476190476, 0, 0.002066115702479339, 0.004694835680751174, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.012779552715654952, 0.0065005417118093175, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0.0058997050147492625, 0.07142857142857142, 0.005494505494505495, 0.007017543859649123, 0.08888888888888889, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0.028985507246376812, 0.043478260869565216, 0.00966183574879227, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.05555555555555555, 0.0017123287671232876, 0.007692307692307693, 0.010090817356205853, 0, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0.009836065573770493, 0.00641025641025641, 0.0033003300330033004, 0, 0.022099447513812154, 0, 0.015021459227467811, 0.004051863857374392, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00423728813559322, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0.0041753653444676405, 0, 0, 0.0034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0.00625, 0.02040816326530612, 0.013333333333333334, 0.033783783783783786, 0.008695652173913044, 0.05747126436781609, 0, 0, 0.02727272727272727, 0.11764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0.030927835051546393, 0.027777777777777776, 0.028985507246376812, 0.017857142857142856, 0.04225352112676056, 0.020833333333333332, 0.020202020202020204, 0.02857142857142857, 0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0.021505376344086023, 0.024390243902439025, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0.029411764705882353, 0.015625, 0.024390243902439025, 0.0625, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.0380952380952381, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.011429	5
[ "CHK2 kinase: cancer susceptibility and cancer therapy - two sides of the same coin?", "\nIn the past decade, CHK2 has emerged as an important multifunctional player in the DNA-damage response signalling pathway. ", "Parallel studies of the human CHEK2 gene have also highlighted its role as a candidate multiorgan tumour susceptibility gene rather than a highly penetrant predisposition gene for Li-Fraumeni syndrome. ", "As discussed here, our current understanding of CHK2 function in tumour cells, in both a biological and genetic context, suggests that targeted modulation of the active kinase or exploitation of its loss in tumours could prove to be effective anti-cancer strategies." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0.012048192771084338, 0.008064516129032258, 0.0049504950495049506, 0 ]	0.006266	5
[ "---\ncontent: \|\n <CancelBundleTaskResponse xmlns=\"http://ec2.amazonaws.com/doc/2014-06-15/\">\n <requestId>59dbff89-35bd-4eac-99ed-be587EXAMPLE</requestId>\n <bundleInstanceTask>\n <instanceId>i-12345678</instanceId>\n <bundleId>bun-cla322b9</bundleId>\n <state>canceling</state>\n <startTime>2008-10-07T11:41:50.000Z</startTime>\n <updateTime>2008-10-07T11:51:50.000Z</updateTime>\n <progress>20%</progress>\n <storage>\n <S3>\n <bucket>myawsbucket</bucket>\n <prefix>my-new-image</prefix>\n </S3>\n </storage>\n </bundleInstanceTask>\n </CancelBundleTaskResponse>\nheaders: []\nstatus: 200\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.0029455081001472753 ]	0.002946	5
[ "A man taken into custody during a drug raid was left in a holding cell for five days, possibly without food or water.", "\n\nSAN DIEGO (CBS 8) - A man taken into custody during a drug raid was left in a holding cell for five days, possibly without food or water.", "\n\nThe DEA says the suspect was accidentally left in one of the cells. ", "During that time, he somehow gained access to methamphetamine.", "\n\nEugene Iredale says what happened to his client, 24-year-old Daniel Chong, isn't something he'd wish on his worst enemy, and is now taking legal action against the DEA agents he says left the handcuffed UCSD student in a federal holding cell for nearly five days without food or water.", "\n\n\"He screamed hundreds of times for help,\" Iredale said. \"", "He began to hallucinate and he relates that he began to dig into the walls thinking he could get water that way.\"", "\n\nFederal authorities detained the engineering student after an ecstasy raid in University City April 21, where Chong admits he was smoking marijuana with friends. ", "Officials say they seized 18,000 ecstasy pills, marijuana, prescription medication, mushrooms, several weapons and thousands of rounds of ammunition in the raid.", "\n\nDEA spokesperson Amy Roderick says Chong was one of nine people detained in the raid and each person was questioned, fingerprinted and photographed in separate rooms.", "\n\nChong claims the holding cells were filthy, and used a bag of what was later determined to be methamphetamines he found inside to stay awake. ", "But after three days, he became suicidal, breaking his glasses with his teeth so he could cut his wrists.", "\n\n\"This is an S in pitch black trying to write 'Sorry mom,' but I couldn't even aim so I gave up on that one,\" Chong said, showing his wrist.", "\n\nEventually DEA agents found him and took him to Sharp Hospital, where he spent three days in intensive care. ", "Now his attorney says he won't rest until his client gets justice." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.010452961672473868, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.018018018018018018, 0 ]	0.005407	5
[ "The plan, unveiled at the White House Wednesday, includes a new push to ban assault weapons, impose a 10-round limit on ammunition magazines, and expand background checks for gun purchasers, the L.A. Times reported.", "\n\nIn a statement issued shortly after the announcement, Schiff called the set of proposals “reasonable” and said he was looking forward to moving gun violence prevention legislation through Congress.", "\n\n“The president articulated a reasonable set of proposals – both through executive order and Congressional action – that will keep guns out of the hands of criminals and the mentally ill, while respecting the right of law-abiding Americans to own a gun,” Schiff said.", "\n\nA member of the House Gun Violence Task Force formed after the Newton, Conn. mass shooting, pointed to his announcement on Monday that he will be introducing legislation to roll back immunity guarantees for gun manufacturers and sellers involved in civil negligence and liability cases.", "\n\nThe administration proposals face an uphill climb in Congress, particularly the Republican-controlled House. ", "The National Rifle Assn. ", "has also taken issue with many of the proposals included in the plan." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.004651162790697674, 0.010050251256281407, 0.0037313432835820895, 0.003472222222222222, 0.018018018018018018, 0.04, 0 ]	0.011418	5
[ "Q:\n\nHow to get last X contents\n\nI want to write a function inside a module that will return last 20 contents of type X . ", "is there any drupal ready function ? ", "or shall i use queries ?", "\nTHanks\n\nA:\n\nYou'll want to make use of the db_query_range() and node_load_multiple() functions:\n$args = array(':type' => $content_type);\n$sql = 'SELECT nid FROM {node} WHERE status = 1 AND type = :type ORDER BY created DESC';\n$nids = db_query_range($sql, 0, 20, $args)->fetchCol();\n\n$nodes = node_load_multiple($nids);\nforeach ($nodes as $node) {\n // ...\n}\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.00554016620498615 ]	0.001385	5
[ "Georg Rasch\n\nGeorg Rasch (21 September 1901 – 19 October 1980) was a Danish mathematician, statistician, and psychometrician, most famous for the development of a class of measurement models known as Rasch models. ", "He studied with R.A. Fisher and also briefly with Ragnar Frisch, and was elected a member of the International Statistical Institute in 1948.", "\n\nIn 1919, Rasch began studying mathematics at the University of Copenhagen. ", "He completed a master's degree in 1925 and received a doctorate in science with thesis director Niels Erik Nørlund in 1930. ", "Rasch married in 1928. ", "Unable to find work as a mathematician in the 1930s, he turned to work as a statistical consultant. ", "In this capacity he worked on a range of problems, including problems of biological growth.", "\n\nContributions to psychometrics\n\nGeorg Rasch is best known for his contributions to psychometrics. ", "His work in this field began when he used the Poisson distribution to model the number of errors made by students when reading texts. ", "He referred to the model as the multiplicative Poisson model.", "\n\nHe later developed the Rasch model for dichotomous data, which he applied to response data derived from intelligence and attainment tests including data collected by the Danish military. ", "At the same epoch, American scientists independently developed item response theory (IRT). ", "Within IRT, the Rasch model is one of the most simple response models. ", "In contrast to other simple models, the Rasch model has a distinctive mathematical property: the model parameters (item difficulties, examinee ability) are sufficient statistics. ", "Rasch demonstrated that his approach met criteria for measurement deduced from an analysis of measurement in the physical sciences. ", "He also proposed generalizations of his model (Rasch, 1960/1980, 1977).", "\n\nToday, the Rasch model is used extensively in assessment in education and educational psychology, particularly for attainment and cognitive assessments.", "\n\nMajor publications\nRasch, G. (1960/1980). ", "Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests.(Copenhagen, Danish Institute for Educational Research), expanded edition (1980) with foreword and afterword by B.D. Wright. ", " Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.", "\n\nRasch, G. (1961). ", "On general laws and the meaning of measurement in psychology, pp.", " 321–334 in Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, IV. ", "Berkeley: University of Chicago Press, 1980.", "\n\nRasch, G. (1977). ", "On Specific Objectivity: An attempt at formalizing the request for generality and validity of scientific statements. ", "The Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, 14, 58-93.", "\n\nObituary\nAndersen, E. B. (1982) Georg Rasch (1901–1980), Psychometrika, 47,(4), 375-376.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLina Wøhlk Olsen, Essays on Georg Rasch and his contributions to statistics, PhD thesis Univ. ", "of Copenhagen, in part online here, in part published elsewhere.", "\n Institute for Objective Measurement - some Georg Rasch papers online here\n\nCategory:Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute\nCategory:Danish statisticians\nCategory:Psychometricians\nCategory:1980 deaths\nCategory:1901 births\nCategory:20th-century mathematicians" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.009345794392523364, 0.02127659574468085, 0.025974025974025976, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0.007462686567164179, 0.01639344262295082, 0.005291005291005291, 0.01098901098901099, 0.028169014084507043, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.006493506493506494, 0.022727272727272728, 0.010582010582010581, 0.023809523809523808, 0.05, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0.05, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.024390243902439025, 0.015625, 0.007168458781362007 ]	0.014505	5
[ "Huguenot Cemetery\n\nThe Huguenot Cemetery in St. Augustine, Florida located across from the historic City Gate was a Protestant burial ground between the years 1821 and 1884. ", "The Spanish colonial city of St. Augustine, along with the entire Florida Territory became de facto American possessions after the 1819 signing of the Adams-Onis Treaty. ", "The actual physical occupation of the city and Florida territory occurred in 1821.", "\n\nPrior to American occupation the Spanish city of St. Augustine was predominately Catholic and the only burial ground within the city, the Tolomato cemetery, was reserved for Catholics. ", "Recognizing a need for a formal Protestant burial ground an area just outside the city gate was chosen by the new American administration in St. Augustine. ", "The first burials occurred in 1821 just prior to a yellow fever epidemic which claimed the lives of a large numbers of the city's inhabitants.", "\n\nThe cemetery until title to the cemetery property was acquired by the Rev. Thomas Alexander, who then turned over it to the Presbyterian Church in 1832, burials continued until 1884 when both Huguenot and Tolomato cemeteries were closed. ", "The cemetery is believed to hold at least 436 burials according to city records. ", "The cemetery although named \"Huguenot Cemetery\" isn't believed to contain any members of the Huguenots, a French Protestant sect started in the 16th century in France.", "\n\nTomb locations-inscriptions\n\nINSCRIPTIONS IN THE OLD PROTESTANT GRAVEYARD AT ST. ", "AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. ", "Vol. ", "XLVIIPalatka, Fla. Oct. 20, 1881. ", "Aged 5 years 18 days. ", "This grave is about 7 feet from the south fence of the yard.", "\nGodfrey Foster, born Mch. ", "4, 1818, died Sep. 3, 1879. ", "This and the preceding stone near each other and nearly alike.", "\nFlora Fairbanks, daur of C. & G. Foster, died Feb. 10, 1879, aged 25 years. ", "Marble upright head and footstone.", "\nMy husband P. O. Craddock born Sep. 22, 1824 - died Jan. 8, 1884. ", "White marble head and footstone and wooden curbing. ", "The four above graves are in the south-east corner of the yard - lot apparently one - 36 to 40 feet north and south, 9 to 10 feet east and west, paling fence partly down.", "\nRow 2. ", "Mrs. Mary T. Smith a native of Liberty Co., Georgia, died at St. Augustine April 27, 1860. ", "Aged 77 years. ", "Stone erected by her daughter. ", "Marble upright head and footstone.", "\nRow 3. ", "An enclosed child's grave with four substantial posts and 3 rails on each side - no monument.", "\nMary Almyr Mickler, died Augt 7, 1882. ", "This grave has a wooden headboard, and stands north-east of the two Meckler graves in the adjoining row, 4.", "\nRow 4. ", "Doctor Wm Robertson - by his only child. ", "Mrs. Ann Robertson - by her only child. ", "Lot close against the south fence of the yard - 9 feet by 9 feet, raised a foot above the general surface and entirely covered with coquina and cement. ", "A cast-iron railing enclosed the two raised tombs each with a broad white slab placed horizontally atop. ", "Next the above lot northwardly a wooden curbed grave - no monument.", "\nCaptain Robert Mickler - who was born at St. Mary's, Georgia the 7th of May 1800, and died at St Augustine, Fla., 9th Dec. 1848. ", "Aged 48 years, 7 mos., ", "2 days. ", "A horizontal marble slab on cemented foundation - a cedar at north-east corner.", "\nJames A. Mickler, died Jan. 29, 1878. ", "Aged 53 years. ", "A native of St. Mary's, Georgia. ", "Upright wooden head and footboard adjoins preceding northward.", "\nMrs. O. Howes of New Haven, Conn., died May 29, 1883. ", "A headboard in a lot with slatted curbing 2 feet high.", "\nRow 5. ", "A large lot with cemented curb and paling fence above enclosing 3 graves - two adults and a child between; each grave with a cemented curbing and 3 cemented horizontal stones (apparently) at head. ", "No inscriptions.", "\nNancy Pinkham, died Jan. 31, 1876, aged 73 years. ", "Erected by her niece S. J. Mitchell. ", "Sallie Pinkham, died Sept. 11, 1875, aged 69 years. ", "Erected by her niece S. J. Mitchell. ", "Each of the Pinkham graves has erect marble head and foot stones on brick foundation. ", "A large osage orange to the north of the S. Pinkham grave.", "\nGeorge H. Emery, died July 30, 1880, aged -0 years. ", "Only one figure of the age decipherable - doubtless an adult. ", "Wrought iron fence in good condition, set in a cement foundation, under gate an iron plate with the name Emery. ", "Lot 10 by 15 with paling fence around, contains several graves - one marked by a large cross another by a small headstone with the letters A. T. on it. ", "Two large cedars, one at the north-east corner of the lot, the other at the foot of the cross-marked grave. ", "A 3d small cedar at the lot's north-west corner.", "\nTo my husband John Manucy, born Dec. 24, 1820, died Oct. 20, 1879 - aged 59 yrs. ", "9 mos. ", "27 days. ", "White marble head and footstone and white marble curbing. (", "Third Florida Inf. ", "Co. B CSA) An adult's grave with coquina head and footstone, both low. ", "6 feet north of the Manucy grave and east of the Whilden grave.", "\nDr. J. Hume Simons. ", "Lot with paling fence around - the size of one grave, and nailed to paling at head of grave a heart-shaped shield with zinc plat nailed to it containing above name.(from Charleston, South Carolina )\n\"A fond father and mother have caused this stone to be erected to the memory of their dutiful and affectionate son Edward S. Robinson, who departd this life 21st Oct. 1821 agd 20 y. 1 m. 8 d.\" A large cedar west of the broad marble upright headstone.", "\nSamuel Fleischman, son of Dirk and Elizabeth Fleischman born 6th Feb. 1807, died 18 Oct. 1821. ", "Horizontal marble slab broken in two at centre, rests on brick foundation with marble corners. ", "North of the above a coquina block with a depression for vertical headstone which is absent.", "\nRow 6. ", "Robert Johnson Gibbs, obit Sep. 12, 1830. ", "AEt. ", "23 years. ", "Upright marble head and footstone within a brick walled enclosure - 7 by 9 feet. ", "Grave in north portion of lot, and the lot is close against south fence of yard.", "\n\"Mrs. Ann Campbell, who departd this life May 3, 1836, aged 60. ", "A marble horizontal slab on a brick foundation.\"", "\n\"Daniel W. Kissam, who departd this life on the 22d of March, 183-, in the 24th year of his age. ", "He was a native of the City of New York.\" ", "Inscription on a marble slab 3 feet 6 inches high and 2 feet wide, which rests against a large cedar. ", "The trunk of this cedar has flattened out and at both __ upper corners overlaps the headstone. ", "A large cedar also just outside footstone - both trees apparently planted at one time.", "\nFreeman Foster, died Nov. 12, 1877. ", "An upright marble head and footstone. ", "Grave adjoins that of Daniel W. Kissam.", "\nElla M Foster, died Augt 26, 1877. ", "White marble upright head and footstone. ", "Adjoins preceding.", "\n\"Maria Carman, who departd this life April 8, 1833, aged 40 years.\" ", "Marble head and footstone - 2 feet high and wide.", "\nJohn B. Stickney, born in Lynn, Mass., May 25, 1832. ", "Graduated at Yale College 1856. ", "Died in Washington, D. C., Nov. 5, 1882. ", "A blue and red marble monument of a number of pieces - nine to ten feet high. (", "Captain, 35th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Florida, 1876-82 re-interred Washington, D.C.)\nMrs. A. W. Bradford, born in Charleston, S. C., Mch. ", "31, 1816, died in St. Augustine, Feb. 9, 1881. ", "Wooden head and footboard, with wood curbing around the grave. ", "An acacia by the headboard.", "\n\"William R. Whilden, son of Elias and L.E. Whilden, Christ Church Parish, So. ", "Car., ", "who departd this life 23rd day of Oct. A. D. 1821. ", "Aged 4 years 10 mos. ", "17 days.\" ", "A horizontal marble slab on a coquina foundation.", "\nRow 7. ", "Alfred Arnold, born in Ironstone, Mass. [?], ", "May 1820, died in St. Augustine, Fla., April 1880. ", "A white marble tablet set inside of a coquina obelisk, which with its supporting stones is 5 feet high.", "\nI. G. Happoldt, who departed this life 15 August 1821. ", "Aged 53 years 3 months and 10 days. ", "He was a native of Germany and long a respected citizen of Charleston. ", "A white marble uprights slab - the roots of a large cedar pressed against the base of it.", "\nTen feet south of the McKinney footstone in row 8, an enclosed grave with paling fence around in good condition. ", "No stone.", "\nRow 8. ", "Hectorina Kennedy Honfleur, daughr of John Grant, of Inverness, Scotland, died at St. Augustine, April 12, 1854, aged 43 yrs. ", "Upright marble headstone - inscription on scroll.(born January 20, 1807 in Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland)\nJ. E. Knowlton, died Augt 5, 1877, St. Augustine, aged 69 years. ", "White marble headstone. ", "This last tribute placed here by the bereaved children of Josias Campbell, who departed this life 3rd day of Sep. 1830, in the 52 yr. ", "of his age. ", "A native of Ireland.", "\nAlso, Elizabeth Campbell, consort of Josias Campbell, who died 5 day of July 1830 agd 39 y. 6 m. 23 days. ", "A native of Camden, So. ", "Carolina. ", "Also, in memory of their son Josias, who died on the 4th day of July 1830, agd 3 yrs. ", "3 mos. ", "7 days. ", "A large horizontal marble slab containing the above - slab tilted and the south-west corner in the ground.", "\nHelen A. Hasseltine, died June 3, 1881, aged 46 years. ", "A coquina obelisk on two base stones, inscription on marble tablet set in one of the faces east of the obelisk.", "\nA coquina horizontal block without inscription east of the north line of the Stanbury lot. ", "Covering perhaps a child's grave.", "\nAlexander McKinney, born 1818, died Feb. 28, 1882. ", "Erected by his beloved children. ", "Upright white marble head and footstone. ", "Close to footstone a red cedar, and 3 feet north of centre of grave another.", "\nMrs. Mary C. Furguson, of Charleston, S. C., who died 3d day of Novemr 1830, aged 34 years. ", "Stone erected by her bereaved husband. ", "Horizontal marble slab - directly adjoining the Josias Campbell tomb.", "\nJoseph Lord, born in New York, Mch. ", "1832, died in St. Augustine, Jan 12, 1880. ", "White marble vertical tomb of 3 pieces, also footstone. ", "These last two graves are between the Campbell and the Hasseltine graves.", "\nRow 9. ", "Captain Edmund Hart, of New York, who died on the 24th of December, 1830, aged 26 years and 4 months. ", "A marble slab on a raised foundation.", "\nDear Adell (perhaps Triay), died Oct. 29, 1877, aged 10 years. ", "A marble head and footstone.", "\nCaptain Giles Tenker, from Adams, Mass., who died Jan. 1, 1833, aged __ years. ", "Head and footstone. ", "A large hawthorn with ob-ovate leaves having a rusty ___ surface close to headstone. '", "\nMary Page Hinckley, died Dec. 2, 1877. ", "Otis Hinckley, died Nov. 17, 1877. ", "Each marked by a large coquina cross and coquina footstones - a square marble tablet set in face of the latter.", "\nGustavus Beall, a native of Washington City, D. C., born Sep. 20, 1823, died Feb. 9, 1848. ", "A horizontal marble slab which has been moved to one side, and the coquina foundation has fallen out. ", "A locust at west end of tomb.", "\nJ. Downing Stanbury, died Nov. 23, 1877. ", "Vertical marble head and footstones with coquina bases.", "\nDowning Haydn Stanbury, died Jan. 10, 1878. ", "Small marble cross and footstone - a child's grave.", "\nManuel Crespo, died June 30, 1859; aet. ", "63 yrs. ", "Head and footstone.", "\nAnnie A. Lewis, born 1837, died Sep. 29, 1881, 44 yrs. ", "old. ", "A tall post - the board containing inscription, completing a cross.", "\nRev. Wilbur F. Nields, who died Mch 2, 1867, aged 26 years. ", "He was elected to the rectorship of Trinity Church, St. Augustine, Fla. He came but God called him before he assumed the duties of his office. ", "A marble headstone. ", "A rose shrub at foot and a cedar against the edge of headstone, planted, to judge from its size at time of interment.", "\nElizabeth M. Lewis, born Feb. 9, 1880, died Aug. 27, 1881, agd 1 yr. ", "6 mos. ", "18 d. A three feet high cross - inscription on cross-piece. ", "Row 10. ", "A raised tomb of coquina - one of the blocks forming its roof broken from place. ", "Against this tomb there is an old and large sized oleander. ", "No inscription.", "\nGeorge Bartlett, a native of the State of New Hampshire - and a member of the fraternity of Ancient York Masons - who died in the city of St. Augustine, of which he had been for ten years a respected inhabitant, on the 29th of June, Anno Domini, 1844, aged 40 years. ", "This tribute placed for his sleep'g remains by his bereaved and affectionate mother, Martha P. Bartlett. ", "A broad horizontal marble slab on a coquina base - 24 inches high.", "\nLillie S. Johnson, died Aug. 8, 1879, aged 4 years. ", "Wooden head and footboard enclosed within a paling fence. ", "An oblong cement block, covering perhaps a child's grave - without inscription - to the eastward of the Carpenter grave. ", "East of the centre of the Dummett-Madison lot of Row 11 there ___ a water oak, 14 or 15 inches in diameer, and 8 feet eastward of ___ centre of a depression, 4 feet across and 8 or 10 inches below the surface. ", "East of the north line of the D.-M. lot a youngish cedar, with a group of lilies at its base, and 7 feet still further east a large magnolia grows there with a trunk 18 inches near the base, and in a circle around that narcissi or jonquils. ", "Here we have, without doubt, one or two graves without other mark. ", "The magnolia is 10 or 12 feet slightly east of north of the oblong cement block.", "\nEast of the mound, north of the Wm Thomas, Jr'., ", "grave, there is a wooden headboard, but the inscription is absent.", "\nIsrael A. Smith, who died Sep. 1, 1830 aged 20 years and 6 mos. ", "A heavy white marble monument on a raised brick foundation.", "\nMaria Frances, daut of Jackson Browne French of Burlington, New Jersey, who died Feb. 4, 1832 aged 29 years. ", "Head and footstone.", "\nMrs. Lydia Boyce, a native of Newberry District, So. ", "Car., ", "who departed this life on the 27th day of September, 1830, aged 40 years. ", "A white marble monument.", "\nJohn Scobie, a native of Perthshire, Scotland, who departed this life August 31, A.D. 1841, aged 64 years. ", "Margaret Westry, wife of Nathaniel C. Scobie, born March 25, 1810, died Dec. 6, 1850. ", "These two horizontal slabs on raised coquina foundation.", "\nCarpenter, ____ 1883. ", "This inscription on marble tablet which is let into the upper face of a moulded slab of coquina. ", "The slab is slightly titled and lies east of the Margaret W. Scobie slab.", "\n\nThomas H. Dummett, who departed this life the 31st of Aug. 1839, aged 64 years. (", "Colonel British Army, from Barbados: former owner St. Francis Inn, plantation owner, son Douglas Dummett)\nJohn Houston M. J. Madison, born May 5, 1820, died Dec. 20, 1853 and his son John Ripley Madison, born March 26, 1851, died May 6, 1852. ", "The slightly depressed lot containing the above two horizontal stones is curbed, and midway of the east curbed line there is a block inscribed with the names Dumett-Madison. ", "Two children's graves directly adjoin preceding, the western one with glazed brick edging to it, the other with white marble edging and headstone containing the name Willie.", "\n\nNorth of this line of graves and southeast of the Douglas Pacetti grave are the two following: Single grave with cement curb and head and footboard but no inscription - an evergreen enonymus with curbing. ", "A grave with palings around in very shaky condition - no mark. ", "Directly adjoining above north -\nRebecca Nattiel, died April 11, 1879, aged 72 years.", "\nAnother similar headboard contains simply the letters J.N. Perhaps husband of R.N. A nicely curbed lot, the ground within depressed. ", "No stones. ", "The north side of lot two feet from the north fence. ", "Southeast of the just-mentioned curbed lot, the corners touching, there is a large lot filled with lilies, not yet in flower, surrounded with a paling fence. ", "Also a single grave north of this with fence surrounding it - a large water oak against its north side. ", "No monuments in either enclosure.", "\nWm Thomas, Jr., of New York City, who departed this life Dec. 27, 1840, aged 23 years. ", "Marble head and footstone.", "\n\nNorth of and directly adjoining the above a mound, and adjoining this mound northwardly another and shorter - Neither marked. ", "As the Thomas grave and these two are so close together, the interred may be related. ", "These succeed, through some distance - 10 feet north - from the two children's graves mentioned above on this page.", "\nRow 12. ", "A mound with two graves covering the east end of it - the more southerly has a cedar tree against its footstone. - ", "No Inscriptions. ", "The adjoining lot with coquina curbing has an obelisk at its centre - this of granite on several foundation stones - the lowest of coquina 6 ft square. ", "Its inscription as follows;\nMrs. Julia G. Smith - who died in New York December, 1861. ", "Erected by her husband Buckingham Smith, who died in New York Jan. 1871. ", "A cedar in this lot has pushed one of the stones of the curbing aside. ", "A headstone - broken - remnant 18 inches square, simply rests against the inner face of curbing of Julia G. Smith lot.", "\nContains following inscription: William C. Kent, of Utica, New York, who died Hannah Smith, wife of late Josiah Smith, who died in November, 1857, aged 80 years. ", "Marble head and footstone.", "\nAnita Amelia Smith, wife of Dr. John E. Porter, surgeon U.S. army, and daughter of Josiah and Hannah Smith of St. Augustine, born Feb. 18, 1815 - died July 25, 1850. ", "A 6x10 marble table on raised coquina foundation, with marble slab containing inscription resting on the former.", "\nSarah S. Williams, wife of John Williams, and daughter of Lemuel and Sarah Williams, of New Bedford, Mass. She died 25th Feb. 1839, aged 27 years. ", "Vertical head and footstone. ", "Cast iron fence around lot in good condition.", "\nCharlotte Smith, Daut of David Smith and Laura Ufford, born at Pitcher, Chenango Co., New York, 8 May 1833. - ", "Died at Saint Augustine 6th Dec. 1877. ", "Upright heavy granite headstone with two granite foundation stones below.", "\nOscar Ashton, born Jan. 21, 1839, died May 8, 1960. ", "Vertical head and footstone - a water oak 14 inches in diameter west of headstone.", "\nDouglas D. Pacetti, born March 11, 1862, died June 12, 1879. ", "Wooden headboard with paling fence around grave - an Acacia Farnesiana within fence. ", "The wooden headboard has been replaced by marble head and footstone. ", "A child's grave with paling fence around, a cherry laurel within 6 ft of stone.", "\nMatlida DeLancy, died Dec. 23, 1875, aged 77 years. ", "Erected by her affectionate daughter. ", "A low vertical head and footstone of marble on cement foundation.", "\nRow 13. ", "A raised tomb of coquina and cement - a child's perhaps - half the top is missing. ", "No inscription.", "\nCharles Burt, died Jan 4, 1877, ae. ", "22 y. 7 m. 3 d. Alice Burt, died July 25, 1854, ae 2 years, 3 mos.", "\nLucy Rockwell, wife of Geore Burt, and daut of Dr Seth S. and Sarah Peck, born at Whitesborough, N. Y., July 8, 1827, and died in this city March 27, 1857. ", "The above has marble slab on raised marble foundation - an orange tree against latter. ", "A curb surrounds lot with wrought railing. ", "Adjoining lot to above has curb and iron rail, with at least one sunken grave, but not stone.", "\nW. E. Luddington, of New Haven, Connecticut., ", "died May 1, 1884. ", "Wooden headboard and light fence around.", "\nJohn H., son of Arthur Milliken, of Troy, N. Y., who died Apr. 23, 1839, aged 24 years. ", "Upright head and footstone.", "\nMrs. Rachel Gerty died May 2, 1863. ", "Vertical headstone.", "\nJ. W. S. McNeil, of the 2nd Regiment of Dragoons. ", "He was killed in the 21st year of his age in battle with the Indians of Florida on the morning of the 10th of September, 1837, by Uchee Billy, a chief of the Seminoles. ", "He was the son of Gen. John McNeil, of new Hamphsire - late of the U.S. Army, and grandson of the late Gov. Pierce of the same state. (", "Reinterred St. Augustine National Cemetery Gov. Benjamin Pierce:; father-in-law of Gen. McNeil) A marble slab lying horizontally on a raised coquina foundation - a good sized water oak between this and the grave to the eastward of Oscar Ashton.", "\nNancy Townsend, of Sherburn, Mass., wife of Rev. S. B. Townsend, and daughter of Josiah Hunt of Seekonk. ", "She died Feb. 4, 1832, aged 36 Vertical head and footstone.", "\nMarie Antoinette, daughter of Robert and Rosa Mason, born Dec. 17, 1879, died Dec., 4, 1880. ", "Marble head and footstone. ", "A grave marked by coquina head and footstone - no Inscription.", "\nA grave adjoining the above with board. ", "10 feet from north fence.", "\nRow 14. ", "Mrs. Sarah Peck, died Aug. 16, 1879. ", "Mother. ", "Aged 88 yrs. ", "10 mos. ", "Vertical marble head and footstones resting on granite bases.", "\nDr. Seth S. Peck, born Aug. 9, 1790, departed this life July 21, 1841, aged 50 yrs. ", "11 mos. ", "A marble horizontal slab on raised cement base.", "\nA horizontal marble slab, resting upon raised coquina foundation, has its face so worn away that but a few letters are faintly seen - apparently these: _______ _____ __________ ______ derick ________ 70 or 60 ___________1830 These graves are surrounded by a cement curb in good condition. ", "Two raised brick tombs in lot adjoining that of Dr Seth and Sarah Peck - the tops of these have fallen in - the covering stones perhaps removed.", "\nA third grave, perhaps, to south of these with cedar to head and foot. ", "The curbing around these of coquina 30 to 36 inches high.", "\nJames H. Bradford, M.D., born in Philadelphia, Nov. 4, 1802, died at St. Augustine, Apr. 9, 1859.", "\nElizabeth Caldwell, wife of Edward Florens Rivinus, M.D., born at Philadelpphia, Jan. 15, 1814, died at St. Augustine, Apr. 22, 1856. ", "This stone set mdiway of the lot, a cedar standing at the head of the grave, probably planted when interment was made. ", "Lot including 2 above graves 7 feet by 9. ", "The marble stones in this lot in good condition. ", "Iron fence around.", "\nEdward M. Walker, a resident of Troy, N. Y., died Feb. 19, 1851, aged 34 years. ", "Vertical head and footstones.", "\nBenjamin Franklin Tracy, a native of the State of Connecticut, and a merchant of Painesville, Ohio, who died at this place on the 6th of January, 1834, aged 37 years, 2 mos. ", "21 days. ", "A vertical headstone.", "\nJames Burr Griswold, son of Zachariah Griswold, of New York, who died of consumption May 3, 1829, aged 22 years. ", "A vertical headstone.", "\nCatherine Burrell, born at Old Gretna, Scotland, January, 1803, died at St. Augustine, Fla., May 28, 1878, aged 75 yrs. ", "5 mos. ", "Wooden head and footboards. ", "The grave next to Cath. ", "Burrell's contains a small wooded cross, and is surrounded by a wooden curbing. ", "Two large oleanders within the curbing and at diagonally opposite corners.", "\nDaniel A. White, born Mch 22, 1817, at Brockport, New York, died Augt 16, 1880, at San Mateo, Fla. This grave has marble head and footstones and marble curbing.", "\nRow 15. ", "Absalom H. Valentine, of Brooklyn, Long Island, who died on a tour for his health at St Augustine, May 2, 1835, aged 42 years and 16 days. ", "His tender care will long be remembered by his bereaved widow and mourning friends. ", "Part of inscription. ", "An upright marble slab - and headstone and footstone.", "\nMrs. Mary Moody, wife of Dr. Moody, of Burlington, Vermont, who died at St Augustine the 9th of March, 1829, agd 22 years. - ", "Portion of inscription. ", "A horizontal slab on a brick foundation raised 24 to 30 inches.", "\nCharles H. Allen, died A.D. 1870, agd (10 or 15) years. ", "A wooden headboard in lot enclosed by paling covered with Smilax laurifolls or Stamnoides.", "\nJane Frances Winfred Murray, consort of George Murray, Esq of St Augustine, E. F., and daughter of George and Sarah P. Anderson, born Sept. 6, 1801, at the Grand Caicos, one of the Bahama Islands, Died Apr. 7, 1826. ", "An inscription of 12 lines following the above. ", "A horizontal marble slab on raised marble foundation, with pillard corners. ", "South side and two corner pillars of this tomb recently thrown down and slab moved.", "\nGad Humphreys, obt. ", "Augt 31, 1859, aged 73 years. ", "Requiescat in pace. ", "A tribute of Filial affection. ", "A flat slab on marble faced raised foundation. ", "Mother - on marble headstone. ", "M.S.H. (monogram) on footstone. ", "Large lot. ", "The two above graves within 18 inche high curbing of cement.", "\nZenas Clapp, of Salina, Onondaga Co., New York, who died 29 January 1837, aged 41 years. ", "Five lines of inscription below. ", "A vertical marble head and footstone. ", "Quite a number of graves, unmarked, in this row.", "\nRow 16. \"", "Mr. Jesse Baldwin, who departd this life on the 14th of March, 1835, aged 34 years.\" - ", "5 lines of inscription below. ", "A vertical marble slab. ", "This grave is close to the following.", "\n\"Mrs. Ann S. Putnam, who departd this life the 31st of August, 1831, aged 68 years.\" ", "Mrs. Putnam's grave is with posts at 4 corners connected by slats.", "\n\nA vertical marble slab. ", "This stone of same height as the above, but outline at top different. ", "They however seem to belong together. ", "Louisa Charlotte Izard, daut of Ralph and Elizabeth Izard, of South Carolina, who died on the 22d of January, 1825, etatis 31. ", "Vertical marble slab on raised brick foundation.", "\nUnderneath this stone are deposited the remains of Col. ", "Charles W. Bulow, of Charleston, So. ", "Car., ", "who died on the 1st of May 1823, aged 44 years. ", "Horizontal marble slab on raised marble-faced foundation. ", "The flat slab out of place, and one corner marble post loosened.", "\nEllen Isabella, daut of John Wheeler, D.D., of Vermont, wife of Rev. Joseph H. Myers, died Augt 11th 1854, agd 30 years. ", "Three lines of inscription below. ", "A vertical marble headstone on stone base. ", "Lot enclosed with broad cement curbing surmounted by wrought railing and cast iron posts.", "\nJames Holt, of New York, who died Feb. 19, 1835, aged 37 years, 1 month. ", "A vertical headstone 26 to 30 in. ", "broad, and footstone. ", "These between the fences of preceding and following.", "\n\"Helen Porter, daughter of Moses H. Baldwin, departd this life March 16, 1859, in the 16th year of her age.\" ", "A vertical headstone. ", "A fine white marble box, seven feet high, with considerable carving on it. ", "Lot enclosed with a fence of nine granite posts with lines of wrought iron bars uniting them.", "\nJoseph Hunter, Esqr., ", "a native of Ballymore, County Antrim, Ireland. ", "For a long time a respectable planter of Mosquito, Died May 14, 1836, aet. ", "30 years. ", "This memorial is erected by his only child, M.A.H.\n\nA marble horizontal slab on raised marble faced foundation. ", "Lot enclosed with iron fence. ", "Mrs. _________, 1841. ", "A bit of stone with this inscription. ", "In a lot with cement (over coquina) curbing level with the ground without it.", "\nHarry Wilbur, son of James and Carrie Goss, who died Sep. 3, 1874, aged 10 years. ", "A marble head and footstone James Goss, died Nov. 20, (or 26), 1877, aged 37. ", "A wooden head and footboard. ", "Each of these two lots enclosed in a paling fence now in weak condition L. B. A narrow headboard a foot high. ", "The footboard between the graves of Harry W. and James Goss.", "\nRachel T. Goodrich, Feb. 19, 1842; Apr. 27, 1869. ", "A low broad granite stone. ", "The grave directly adjoining, northwardly, that of\nJames Goss. ", "M. R. Castle, son of Martin Castle, of Connecticut, died Nov. 28, 1878. ", "aged 4 mos. ", "16 days. ", "A marble vertical headstone.", "\nLizzie McDonald, who died May 7, 1875, aged 36 years. ", "This grave is west of the preceding; has a high marble headstone; and is enclosed with four posts single uniting rails.", "\nRow 17. ", "John Drysdale, who died 24 May 1845, aged 62 years. ", "Ann Drysdale, daur of John and Lois H. Drysdale, born on the 22nd of June 1823; died at St. Augustine, 14 January 1844. ", "Forty lines of inscription, the last words of which are \"beloved friend and pastor, Rev. Joseph H. Rutledge, of Trinity Church of St. Augustine.\" \"", "Thomas W. Drysdale, who departd this life at St. Augustine, 11th day of October, 1841,in the 17th year of his age.\" ", "Thirteen lines of inscription follow.", "\n\nThe above, each covered with horizontal marble slab on raised cement foundation, differ only in length. ", "The middle slab is quite a foot longer than the other two. ", "A low coquina curb around the three.", "\nElizabeth Mary Hanson, wife of J.M. Hanson, obit May 14, 1838, aged 82 years. ", "Eleven lines of inscription follow. ", "A horizontal marble slab on a brick raised foundation. ", "Space for another grave. ", "This lot cement curbed.", "\nHenry V. S. Frey, son of Henry and Elizabeth Frey. ", "He was born at Palatine, in the State of New York, 27th day of Dec. 1807, and died at S. Augustine, 8th day Jan. 1830, aged 22 years, 12 days. ", "A high, vertical headstone.", "\n\"Erected to the memory of Lieut. ", "Stephen Tuttle of the United States Corps of Engineers, a native of the State of New Jersey, who departd this life Jan. 21, 1835, aged 36 years.\" ", "This stone, perhaps once erect, now lies horizontally, partly covering the raised cement grave. (", "Reinterred St. Augustine National Cemetery)\nLucy, wife of F.E. Mitchell, died Feb. 18, 1884, aged 42 years. ", "A low marble headstone and footstone.", "\nRev. Parker Adams of New Hartford, Oneida Co., New York, who died in St. Augustine, 10th day of June, 1835, aged 56 years. ", "A vertical marble head and footstone.", "\nMarian Anita and John Cobb, infant children of George and Louisa H. Washington. (", "No dates.) (", "On the footstone there are 3 initials, M. A. W., J. C. W., and J. A. W.) Low marble head and footstone within a fence of posts and light square rails.", "\nJonathan Olivar Whaley, born Oct. 18,1879: died June 11, 1880, aged 8 months. ", "A wooden headboard and wooden curb to grave.", "\nEdward McGraw, born May 18, 1863; died Nov. 16, 1877. ", "A low wooden headboard. ", "A low wooden headboard two feet away from above with inscription destroyed: perphaps a relative of E. McG. *Venice Johnson, born 1859; died Nov. 23, 1874. ", "The inscription just decipherable. ", "The head and footboard painted black; perhaps grave of colored man or woman.", "\nLewis Drysdale, died Dec. 2, 1857, aet. ", "27. ", "Perhaps other persons buried in western part of lot. ", "A horizontal slab considerabley moved. ", "This grave is in the western part of the Drysdale lot, the wall of which is in a ruinous condition.", "\nRow 18. ", "A sacred Dedication by an affectionate mother to the memory of her son, Alfred Robinson, born at Richmond, Virginia, Oct. 26, 1815; died 1st of Decem. ", "1834, aged 19 years, 1 mo. ", "5 d. A vertical slab and footstone.", "\nMrs. Mary, wife of Rev. Aaron Warner, of Medford, Mass., who died June 12, 1834, aged 45 years. ", "A vertical head and footstone.", "\nAndrew J. Peck, son of G. D. Peck, M.D., and Mrs. S. F. Peck, of Milford, Mass., drowned near Saint Augustine, Apr. 19, 1835, aged 20. ", "An upright head and footstone.", "\nErastus Nye, of Onodaga Co., New York, who died January 12, 1835, aged 35 yrs. ", "6 mos. ", "An upright headstone.", "\nJohn Lyman, of Southampton, Mass., died January 20, 1835, aet. ", "26 years. ", "An upright headstone.", "\nJohn Gifford Hull, of Dutchess Co., New York, born May, 1808; died January 1835. ", "An upright headstone.", "\nDavid Merriman, of Watertown, Conn. A vertical headstone buried so that balance of inscription cannot be copied.", "\nNellie Van Dorn, died Oct. 10, 1875, aged 8 years, 10mos. ", "11 days. ", "Wooded headboard with paling fence around lot in frail condition.", "\nRow 19. ", "Col. ", "Lucious D. Mower, of Granville, Ohio, who departed this life whilst on a visiti to this city for the benefit of his health on the 19 day of Feb. 1834, aged 41 years. ", "An upright head and footstone.", "\nHardinia M. Burnley, daughter of Hardin and Mary Burnley, of Hanover Co., Virginia, died 6 March 1834, of consumption, aged 24 years, 7 mos. ", "An upright headstone. (", "A grave with heavy wooden curbing, but no inscription adjoining the above.)", "\nMatthew Peck, a native of Berlin, Conn., who died after a lingering illness June 5, 1834, in the 39th year of his age. ", "A square column with capital and base, and obelisk above, of coarse grained marble.", "\nElla Bond Reynolds, born Dec. 10, 1862; taken home Nov. 28, 1877. ", "A vertical marble headstone. ", "A grave enclosed with iron railing adjoining above, but no tombstone.", "\nRow 20. ", "Eliza C Whitehouse, who died in this city (St. Augustine) 3 June 1838, aged 52 years. ", "A flat slab on the marble faced raised foundation.", "\n\"Charles Downing, who departd this life Nov. 24, 1841, in the 45th year of his age. ", "A native of Virginia, he removed to Florida and early became identified with the prosperity of the Territory. ", "He frequently served in the Territorial Legislature, and was twice elected to the Congress of the United States. ", "Ardent, bold, and generous to a fault, he was beloved in life and died universally regretted.\" ", "A marble slab on a raised coquina foundation.", "\nEliza Archer, died Nov. 20, 18(73) or 78, aged 45 years. ", "A wooden headboard.", "\n\"Joseph L. Smith, died May 25, 1846, aet. ", "69. ", "A colonel in the army of the United States in the War of 1812, and sometime judge of the Superior Court in the Territory of Florida. ", "To great assiduity in the performance of his duties he united a dignity and learning which adorned his office, and to a commanding presence were added the higher attributes of distinguished ability.\" ", "Marble upright head and footstones with iron railing.", "\n\"Dr. Samuel Robinson, a native of Attleboro', Mass., and during 18 years a celebrated physician of Indiantown, N.C. From early life he was a sincere and consistent Christian, and a number of his last years were much devoted to the Bible cause chiefly in the southern States. ", "In 1824 he removed to Providence, R.I., where he became eminent as a mineralogist. ", "He died in this place Feb. 17, 1826, in the 44th year of his age.\" ", "Marble vertical head and footstone. ", "A large cedar tree close to the footstone. ", "A lot with two graves marked with cement headstones, but no inscriptions thereon. ", "A smaller lot to north of above without stones. ", "Both these are fenced.", "\n\nGrave not marked during Leed's 1893 survey:\nGeorge C. Bowers: 1827 -1884, captain 10th Florida Infantry, Company I.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Huguenot cemeteries\nCategory:Huguenot history in the United States\nCategory:St. Augustine, Florida\nCategory:Protected areas of St. Johns County, Florida\nCategory:Protestant Reformed cemeteries" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.005747126436781609, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0.025974025974025976, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0.03296703296703297, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.025, 0, 0, 0, 0.023076923076923078, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.02702702702702703, 0.019230769230769232, 0.02702702702702703, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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0.00909090909090909, 0.017699115044247787, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338 ]	0.00773	5
[ "Q:\n\nHow can add polls in magento page\n\nHow can i add polls into a page in MAGENTO?", "\n\ni am try to using this\n\n <div class=\"left_pan\">\n <?", "php echo $this->getChildHtml('left') ?", ">\n <?", "php echo $this->getChildHtml('sidebar') ?", ">\n</div>\n\nbut not working \nanybody help me please\n\nA:\n\nCheck this tutorial Magento poll wiki tutorial\nAlso check \"poll.xml\" in your themes layout file.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.006622516556291391, 0 ]	0.009932	5
[ "Store Availablity\n\nThe CCC Warriors Thermoreg Padded Gilet is made from 100% Polyester pongee and is designed to keep your core warm whatever you’re doing outdoors. ", "Incorporating the patented Thermoreg technology which encourages heat retention and thermo regulation, this quality gilet provides optimum comfort and support, and helps to maintain your core body temperature in all sorts of challenging conditions. ", "Complete with embroidered team and sponsor logos, it also declares your allegiance to the Vodafone Warriors.", "\n\nZip thru vest with horizontal quilted stitch.", "\n\nLower front welt zip closure pockets.", "\n\nEmbroidered team and sponsor logos.", "\n\nThermoreg transfix at left front hem.", "\n\nMENS\n\nSmall\n\nMedium\n\nLarge\n\nXL\n\n2XL\n\n3XL\n\nChest cm\n\n92\n\n97\n\n102\n\n107\n\n112\n\n117\n\nWaist cm\n\n82\n\n87\n\n92\n\n97\n\n102\n\n107\n\nWaist inches\n\n32\n\n34\n\n36\n\n38\n\n40\n\n42\n\nKIDS\n\n6\n\n8\n\n10\n\n12\n\n14\n\n16\n\nChest cm\n\n63.5\n\n68\n\n73\n\n78.5\n\n85\n\n87\n\nWaist cm\n\n58\n\n61\n\n65\n\n69\n\n74\n\n77\n\nWaist inches\n\n22.5\n\n24\n\n25.5\n\n27\n\n29\n\n30\n\nFAST Delivery New Zealand wide.", "\n\nStress Free Returns – We are happy for you to purchase multiple items or sizes and send back any items you do not want with no questions asked. ", "Get the right size first time and send back the size that doesn’t fit.", "\n\nAll exchanges will be delivered back to you FREE.", "\n\nFull Priced Items can be exchanged, credited or refunded.", "\n\nSales and Clearance Items can be exchanged or credited but no refunds." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00303951367781155, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.013888888888888888 ]	0.00281	5
[ "Q:\n\nLINQ; How to perform left outer join with multiple conditions?", "\n\nI'm trying to imitate:\nDB1 AS A LEFT OUTER JOIN\nDB2 AS B \nON A.[Currency Code] = B.[Currency Code] \nAND A.[Document Date] >= B.[Starting Date] \nAND A.[Document Date] <= B.[Ending Date]\n\nThis is what I have now:\nfrom ledgers in ledgerEntries\njoin currency in currencyExchange\n on ledgers.", "CurrencyCode equals currency.", "CurrencyCode\n into c\nfrom currencies in c.DefaultIfEmpty()\nwhere\n ledgers.", "DocumentDate >= currencies.", "StartingDate\n && ledgers.", "DocumentDate <= currencies.", "EndingDate\n\nI've read about creating an anonymous type and setting them equal to each other, but this doesn't work when using less than and greater than for comparing the dates.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt seems this answer was what I was looking for.", "\nfrom ledgers in ledgerEntries\njoin currency in currencyExchange\n on ledgers.", "CurrencyCode equals currency.", "CurrencyCode\n into c\nfrom currencies in c.Where(currency => currency.", "StartingDate <= ledgers.", "DocumentDate \n&& currency.", "EndingDate <= ledgers.", "DocumentDate).DefaultIfEmpty()\n\nCombined with this answer, I was able to simplify to:\nfrom ledgers in ledgerEntries\nfrom currencies in currencyExchange.", "Where(\n currency => currency.", "CurrencyCode == ledgers.", "CurrencyCode\n && currency.", "StartingDate <= ledgers.", "DocumentDate \n && currency.", "EndingDate <= ledgers.", "DocumentDate).DefaultIfEmpty()\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.003424657534246575, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0.041666666666666664, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0 ]	0.010775	5
[ "Boater survives long ordeal in dark Gulf waters\n\nJuly 10, 2014\n\nAn inflatable lifejacket and the will to survive are credited with a man surviving a July 9 ordeal miles into Florida's Gulf waters.", "\n\nPeter Whiting told police that he slipped or was thrown Wednesday from his twin-engine runabout into the Gulf some seven miles west of Sanibel. ", "Whiting said one moment he was in the boat, the next moment in the water, his Boston Whaler zooming off into the evening dusk at about 40 miles per hour. ", "He was alone at about 7 p.m. The boat later ran out of fuel and was recovered floating off the Sanibel Lighthouse Beach. ", "The boat is valued at more than $200,000, Whiting told emergency crews. ", "He was not connected to a fuel shutoff switch, he said, which is common for many offshore boaters and anglers.", "\n\n\"If I learned anything from this,\" said Whiting, 56, \"it's use an engine cutoff lanyard.\"", "\n\nIn the water, his boat racing off and with few options, Whiting said he inflated his lifejacket, kicked off his shoes, and started swimming for shore. ", "He at first swam towards the lights of Fort Myers Beach. ", "He used any number of swim strokes to stay afloat in his ordeal, which later calculated at nearly nine hours. ", "Whiting at one point shifted direction, picking out festive lights in Sanibel that turned out to be a Gulf Drive resort. ", "He waded ashore exhausted at about 4:20 a.m. Thursday. ", "Whiting said an inner strength in the immense and intensely lonely Gulf pushed him through the dark waters.", "\n\nWhiting, who lives in a private neighborhood in the Punta Rassa Cove area, was still recovering at home on Thursday. ", "His boat was unscathed. ", "He didn't require medical attention, stressing that law enforcement and rescue crews were more than helpful and understanding of his ordeal." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003166	5
[ "Milksnake\n\nWisconsin status: common\n\nlength: 24-36 inches\n\nLegend has it that this snake sneaks into barns and sucks milk from cows. ", "That's how it got the name milksnake. ", "While this snake does like to hang around barns, it's not to suck milk from cows--it likes to eat rodents.", "\n\nThe milksnake has a gray or light brown background color with three rows of reddish-brown or brown blotches bordered in black. ", "There is usually a whitish \"Y\" or \"V\"-shaped marking on the top of its head. ", "Its belly is white with black rectangular markings.", "\n\nYou'll find these common snakes in oak savannas, northern and southern upland hardwoods, prairies, and old woodlots and pastures. ", "They are often found around farm buildings, older homes with stone foundations, and in vacant lots at the edge of cities." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.00094	5
[ "510 U.S. 1159\nMasonerv.", "Thurman, Warden, ante, p. 1028.", "\nNo. ", "93-6491.", "\nSupreme Court of United States.", "\nFebruary 22, 1994.", "\n\n1\nPetition for rehearing denied.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003906	5
[ "---\nabstract: 'A low energy radioactive beam of polarized [$^8$Li]{} has been used to observe the vortex lattice near the surface of superconducting [NbSe$_2$]{}. ", "The inhomogeneous magnetic field distribution associated with the vortex lattice was measured using depth-resolved $\\beta$-detected NMR. ", "Below $T_c$ one observes the characteristic lineshape for a triangular vortex lattice which depends on the magnetic penetration depth and vortex core radius. ", "The size of the vortex core varies strongly with magnetic field. ", "In particular in a low field of $10.8$ mT the core radius is much larger than the coherence length. ", "The possible origin of these giant vortices is discussed.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Z. Salman'\n- 'D. Wang'\n- 'K. H. Chow'\n- 'M.D. Hossain'\n- 'S.R. Kreitzman'\n- 'T.A. Keeler'\n- 'C.D.P. Levy'\n- 'W.A. MacFarlane'\n- 'R.I. Miller'\n- 'G.D. Morris'\n- 'T.J. Parolin'\n- 'H. Saadaoui'\n- 'M. Smadella'\n- 'R.F. Kiefl'\ntitle: 'Giant Vortices Below the Surface of NbSe$_2$ Detected Using Low Energy $\\beta$-NMR'\n---\n\nThe vortex state of a superconductor exhibits many fascinating properties. ", "A fundamental feature, which follows from the topology of the superconducting ground state and electron pairing, is that each vortex carries an elementary quantum of magnetic flux $\\phi_0=hc/2e$. In the simple Ginzburg-Landau model the order parameter for superconductivity is zero at the vortex core and rises to the bulk value on the scale of the coherence length, while the magnetic field falls away from the core on the scale of the London penetration depth. ", "However, even in conventional superconductors vortices are complex objects with properties that were not anticipated when they were first predicted by Abrikosov [@Abrikosov57]. ", "For example, Caroli [et al.]{} ", "proposed the existence of bound quasi-particles associated with an isolated vortex [@Degennes64] which were eventually observed with STM measurement on [NbSe$_2$]{}[@Hess89]. ", "Thermal deoccupation of these bound states leads to shrinking of the vortex core at low temperatures or Kramer-Pesch effect [@Kramer74]. ", "Muon spin rotation ([$\\mu$SR]{}) has been used extensively to measure the magnetic field distribution in the vortex state which is a sensitive probe of the vortex properties. ", "For example [$\\mu$SR]{} results on [NbSe$_2$]{}[@Miller00] have shown that the low temperature core radius is significantly larger than predicted in the quantum limit [@Hayashi98]. ", "Recently there has been considerable work on the role of delocalized quasiparticles and the interaction between vortices, particularly in multiband superconductors such as [NbSe$_2$]{} and MgB$_2$, where there is more than one superconducting gap. ", "It is believed such effects are responsible for the unusually large and field dependent specific heat [@Sonier99] and thermal conductivity [@Boaknin03] in the vortex state.", "\n\nIn this letter we report observation of giant vortices near the surface of superconducting [NbSe$_2$]{} using a novel method of low energy $\\beta$-detected NMR ([$\\beta$-NMR]{}) [@Morris04; @Salman06]. ", "The technique is similar in principle to [$\\mu$SR]{} and in particular low energy [$\\mu$SR]{}[@Morenzoni03], but provides complementary information [@Kiefl03]. ", "Below $T_c$, we observe a broad asymmetric [$\\beta$-NMR]{}lineshape, which is characteristic of a triangular lattice of magnetic vortices. ", "As in the case of [$\\mu$SR]{} the internal field distribution, as reflected by the lineshape, is sensitive to the magnetic penetration depth and vortex core radius. ", "Surprisingly the fitted core radius of $77(10)$ nm is much larger than the coherence length ($\\sim 10$ nm) in a small magnetic field of $10.8$ mT. We propose the extended nature of the vortices originates from multiband effects and thermal vibrations of the vortices.", "\n\nThe low energy ($30$ keV) beam of [$^8$Li]{} is produced at the isotope separator and accelerator (ISAC) at TRIUMF. ", "A large nuclear polarization (70%) is generated inflight using a collinear optical pumping method. ", "The [$\\beta$-NMR]{} spectrometer sits on a high voltage platform so that the implantation energy can be varied between $1-30$ keV, corresponding to an average implantation depth between $5-150$ nm. ", "In [$\\beta$-NMR]{} the nuclear polarization is monitored through the anisotropic $\\beta$ decay. ", "In the case of [$^8$Li]{}, which has a mean lifetime of 1.2 s, the emitted betas have an average energy of about $6$ MeV, so that they easily pass through stainless steel windows in the ultra high vacuum (UHV) chamber. ", "The magnetic resonance is detected by monitoring the time-averaged nuclear polarization as a function of a small perpendicular radio frequency magnetic field. [", "$^8$Li]{}is a spin $I=2$ nucleus with a small electric quadrupole moment $Q=+33$ mB and gyromagnetic ratio $\\gamma=6.301$ MHz/T. In the absence of a quadrupolar splitting the lineshape is determined by the distribution of local magnetic fields at the Li site.", "\n\nThe single crystal of 2H-[NbSe$_2$]{}, measuring about $4$ mm in diameter and $0.1$ mm thick, was attached to a sapphire plate and mounted on a cold finger cryostat. ", "It had a sharp superconducting transition at $T_c=7.0$ K with a width of $0.1$ K. The sample was cleaved just prior to introduction into the UHV ($10^{-9}$ torr); such short exposure to air does has no effect on our [$\\beta$-NMR]{} measurements. ", "The beam was focused onto the sample so that there was no detectable background signal from the sapphire.", "\n\nFig.", " \\[highfieldlines\\]a shows the [$\\beta$-NMR]{} spectrum in the normal state of [NbSe$_2$]{} in a magnetic field of 300 mT applied along the c-axis and beam direction, which are both perpendicular to the surface. ", "Above $T_c=7.0$ K the lineshape is nearly independent of magnetic field, temperature and implantation depth. ", "In a previous study we showed that the Korringa relaxation in the normal state is anomalously small compared to simple metals such as Ag [@Wang05]. ", "Also, there is no resolved quadrupolar splitting. ", "The observed line width is attributed to nuclear dipolar broadening from the $^{93}$Nb nuclear moments. ", "These results suggest that Li occupies a site in the van der Waals gap between the [NbSe$_2$]{} layers and is only weakly coupled to the conduction band.", "\n\nAfter field-cooling below $T_c$, the resonance broadens asymmetrically (see Fig.\\[highfieldlines\\]b) and exhibits the features characteristic of a triangular vortex lattice in a superconductor. ", "In particular note the most probable frequency, or cusp frequency, shifts by an amount $\\Delta_c$ below the normal state frequency. ", "The cusp frequency (or magnetic field) arises from Li located midway between two adjacent vortices. ", "In addition, there is a high frequency tail which corresponds to the magnetic field distribution near the vortex core. ", "The high frequency cutoff, which is shifted by an amount $\\Delta_v$ above the normal state frequency, corresponds to the field at the vortex core. ", "At high implantation energies we expect the magnetic field distribution (frequency distribution) to be close to that in a bulk superconductor. ", "Such bulk field distributions have been studied extensively with muon spin rotation ([$\\mu$SR]{} ) and used to extract the magnetic penetration depth and vortex core radius. ", "In applied magnetic fields ($H<<H_{c2}$) the local magnetic field at position ${\\bf r}=(x,y)$ relative to a vortex can be decomposed into its Fourier components: $$\\label{fourier}\nB({\\bf r})=B_0\\sum_{\\bf k} C(k,\\rho)\\frac{e^{-i{\\bf k}\\cdot {\\bf r}}}{1+\\lambda_{ab}^2k^2},$$ where the sum is over all reciprocal lattice vectors of the vortex lattice, $\\lambda_{ab}$ is the in-plane penetration depth, $\\rho$ is the vortex core radius, $B_0$ is the average magnetic field, and $C(k,\\rho)$ is a phenomenological cutoff function which characterizes the shape and size of the vortex core[@Brandt97]. ", "$\\rho$ is a function of the coherence length, but may also depend on the electronic structure of the vortex and vortex-vortex interactions. ", "The best fit[@fitcomment] of the current data is with a simple Gaussian cutoff $C(k,\\rho)=\\exp{[-\\frac{1}{2}k^2 \\rho^2]}$ which gives $\\lambda_{ab}$=230(30) nm and $\\rho$=13(1) nm. ", "These parameters depend slightly on the model for $C(k,\\rho)$. For example using a Bessel function cutoff [@Sonier00] gives $\\lambda_{ab}=230(30)$ nm and $\\rho=11(1)$ nm. ", "Previous [$\\mu$SR]{} work on bulk [NbSe$_2$]{} [@Sonier97] obtained $\\lambda_{ab} \\approx 170$ and $\\rho \\approx 12$ at the same field and temperature, using a Bessel function cutoff. ", "The agreement is reasonable considering there are substantial differences in the experimental methods, the form of the raw data and resulting analysis. ", "For example, [$\\beta$-NMR]{} spectra are acquired in the frequency domain rather than in the time domain for [$\\mu$SR]{} . ", "Thus important features such as $\\Delta_v$ and $\\Delta_c$ are evident in the raw [$\\beta$-NMR]{} data without data processing or analysis. ", "Also, in [$\\beta$-NMR]{} there is no detectable background that interferes with the signal. ", "On the other hand the form of the field distribution is more complicated as explained below.", "\n\n![(", "Color online) (a)The [$\\beta$-NMR]{} spectrum in the normal state of [NbSe$_2$]{} at $10$ K in a magnetic field of $300$ mT applied along the c-axis. ", "The beam energy of $20$ keV corresponds to a mean implantation depth $\\langle z \\rangle =85$ nm. ", "The observed Gaussian line broadening is attributed to $^{93}$Nb nuclear moments. (", "b) The same conditions as (a) except field cooled to $3.5$ K or $0.5 T_c$. The asymmetric lineshape is characteristic of a triangular lattice of magnetic vortices.[]{data-label=\"highfieldlines\"}](Fig1.eps){width=\"8.0cm\"}\n\nFig.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\] shows [$\\beta$-NMR]{} spectra measured in a lower magnetic field of $10.8$ mT. The normal state resonance (Fig.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]a) is very similar to that observed at $300$ mT. The spectra in the superconducting state (Figs.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]b and \\[lowfieldlines\\]c) show a strong dependence on temperature (not shown) and implantation depth $\\langle\nz \\rangle$. Several important features are evident from Figs.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]b and \\[lowfieldlines\\]c without any fitting. ", "Firstly, $\\Delta_c$ decreases as the mean depth changes from $85$ nm (Fig.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]c) to $8$ nm (Fig.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]b). ", "Such narrowing of the field distribution near the surface is understandable since the vortex lattice must approach that of a bulk superconductor deep inside the material; whereas, any line broadening from the vortex lattice must vanish well outside the material. ", "The actual crossover occurs when the mean depth becomes comparable to $a_0/2\\pi$ where $a_0 {\\rm [nm]}\n=1546/\\sqrt{B_{ext} {\\rm [mT]}}$ is the mean spacing between vortices[@Niedermayer99]. ", "Secondly, $\\Delta_c$ in Fig.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]c has increased by about 50% compared to the corresponding lineshape at $300$ mT shown in Fig.", " \\[highfieldlines\\]b. ", "This is also consistent with the vortex lattice model since the vortices are further apart in low field.", "\n\n![(", "Color online) [$\\beta$-NMR]{} spectra in [NbSe$_2$]{} in a low magnetic field of $10.84$ mT. (a) In the normal state at $10$ K with a beam energy which corresponds to a mean implantation of $\\langle z \\rangle=8$ nm. (", "b) The same conditions as (a) except field cooled to $0.5\n T_c$. (c) The same temperature and magnetic field as (b) but the mean implantation depth is about 10 times larger. []{", "data-label=\"lowfieldlines\"}](Fig2.eps){width=\"8.0cm\"}\n\nThe most unexpected feature in the data is the remarkable similarity between the lineshapes in Figs.", " \\[highfieldlines\\]b and \\[lowfieldlines\\]b, given the magnetic fields differ by a factor of 27. ", "In particular, in Fig.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]b note the cutoff at a frequency $\\Delta_v$ above the normal state frequency. ", "Recall, this corresponds to the frequency (magnetic field) at the vortex core. ", "For example using $\\rho=13$ nm and $\\lambda_{ab}=230$ nm one finds $\\Delta_v=76$ kHz or about three times larger than what is observed. ", "Typically $\\Delta_v$ can only be observed in much higher magnetic fields such as in Fig.", " \\[highfieldlines\\]b where the vortices are close together. ", "The small value of $\\Delta_v$ in Figs.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]b and \\[lowfieldlines\\]c indicates a very extended vortex core where $\\rho \\gg \\xi_{ab}$. The possible origin of the over-sized vortices is discussed below.", "\n\nAll the data in the superconducting state were fit to a vortex lineshape model, which includes effects from the surface. ", "Following Ref.[@Niedermayer99], we assume Laplace’s equation is valid outside the superconductor, and that a modified London model for a triangular lattice of vortices applies inside the superconductor. ", "This yields a magnetic field at a depth $z$ equal to: $$\\label{London}\nB({\\bf r},z)=B_0 \\sum_{\\bf k} \\frac{C(k,\\rho)}{\\lambda_{ab}^2 \\Lambda^2}\\left[ 1-\\frac{k}{\\Lambda+k}e^{-\\Lambda z} \\right]e^{-i{\\bf k}\\cdot {\\bf r}}$$ where $\\Lambda^2=k^2+1/\\lambda_{ab}^2$. In analogy with bulk superconductors we include a simple Gaussian cutoff function $C(k,\\rho)=\\exp{[-\\frac{1}{2}k^2\\rho^2]}$. For each energy we calculate a depth-averaged field distribution: $$\\label{Listopping}\n\\langle n(B)\\rangle =\\int f(z) n(B,z) dz.$$ where $f(z)$ is the stopping distribution obtained using the TRIM.SP code to simulate the implantation of [$^8$Li]{} in [NbSe$_2$]{} [@trim] and $n(B,z)$ is the field distribution at a well defined depth $z$. The final step is to convolute the resulting frequency spectrum with a Gaussian broadening function which takes into account the nuclear dipolar fields and any residual disorder in the vortex lattice[@Sonier00]. ", "Typical fits to the model field distribution are shown in Fig.", " \\[lowfieldlines\\]. ", "The average frequency equals the normal state frequency implying there is no measurable flux expulsion, which is reasonable for our sample geometry. ", "The measured values for $\\Delta_c$ and $\\Delta_v$ are shown in Fig.", " \\[deltas\\]. ", "For comparison the solid lines are the best fit to the vortex lineshape model assuming a depth independent $\\lambda_{ab}$ and $\\rho$. At 10.8 mT we obtain $\\lambda_{ab}=167(15)$ nm and $\\rho=77(10)$ nm compared to $\\lambda_{ab}=230(30)$ nm and $\\rho=13(1)$ nm at 300 mT. At both fields $\\Delta_c$ and $\\Delta_v$ behave roughly according to this simple model, but there are clear deviations. ", "In particular $\\Delta_c$ increases with decreasing $\\langle z \\rangle$ close to the surface, whereas the simple model predicts a monotonic decrease. ", "Also, both $\\Delta_c$ and $\\Delta_v$ show a stronger variation with depth than the simple model predicts. ", "These are indications that the vortex interactions depend slightly on depth.", "\n\n![(", "Color online) Depth dependence of the cusp frequency $\\Delta_c$ and vortex core frequency $\\Delta_v$ relative to the normal state frequency. ", "The open circles are measured in a magnetic field of 10.8 mT while the filled circles are taken at 300 mT. In all cases the temperature is 3.5K which corresponds to 0.5 T$_c$. The solid curves are from the vortex lineshape model with a single depth independent $\\lambda_{ab}$ and $\\rho$.[]{data-label=\"deltas\"}](Fig3.eps){width=\"8.0cm\"}\n\nThe fitted value for $\\lambda_{ab}$ at 10.8 mT is about 30% smaller than at 300 mT and is very close to the [$\\mu$SR]{} results for bulk NbSe$_2$. However, the most significant effect of the magnetic field is the extremely large value of $\\rho$ at 10.8mT. At 300 mT $\\rho$ is 13(1) nm, which is close to the expected coherence length and measurements of the core radius made with [$\\mu$SR]{} in higher fields[@Sonier97]. ", "At $10.8$mT the effective $\\rho$ increases to 77(10) nm. ", "It should be stressed that changing the functional form of the lineshape produces only small changes in $\\rho$ and has no influence on the ratio between $\\rho$ in high and low field. ", "The magnitude of the effect is much larger than the calculated field dependence of the core radius originating from the bound states which cause the Kramer-Pesch effect [@Ichioka99PRB]. ", "It is interesting to compare these results with [$\\mu$SR]{} in bulk [NbSe$_2$]{}. ", "Early studies in this temperature range showed a substantial increase in the vortex core size as the field was lowered but the signal was not followed below 100 mT [@Sonier97]. ", "The field dependence we observe indicates a stronger variation with field below 100 mT than predicted from Ref. [", "@Sonier97] where the extrapolated low field value for the core size was $25$ nm at $0.5 T_c$. Also, very recent work at much lower temperatures (20 mK) gives an extrapolated low field value of 10 nm [@Callaghan05]. ", "A 60% increase in $\\rho$ below 400 mT is attributed to a multiband effect, whereby a second smaller superconducting gap determines the vortex radius in low fields. ", "In a simple model, with minimal band coupling, the low field $\n\\xi_{ab} \\approx v_F/\\pi\\Delta_0$ where $v_F$ is the Fermi velocity and $\\Delta_0$ is the smaller gap. ", "We observe a much larger field dependence to the core radius. ", "The current measurement was made in a lower magnetic field and of course much closer to the surface, but the key difference is likely the temperature. ", "Both ARPES [@Yokoya01] and STM[@Rodrigo04] find evidence for a broad distribution of gaps with parts of the Fermi surface showing no measurable gap at higher temperatures near $T_c$. The ratio between the maximum and minimum gaps is about five at $0.5T_c$ [@Rodrigo04]. ", "Thermal vibrations of the vortex lattice may also contribute to the observed field dependence in the core radius, since in low magnetic fields the vortices are further apart and less confined by their neighbors. ", "The upturn in $\\Delta_c$ for small $\\langle z\\rangle $ (see Fig.", " \\[deltas\\]) indicates some depth dependence to vortex interactions as one approaches the surface. ", "This is consistent with vibrations since the vortex lattice is expected to stiffen very close to the surface, either due to pinning or increased vortex repulsion [@Pearl64]. ", "A comprehensive theory of the vortices and their interactions, which includes both electronic and vibrational excitations is needed to resolve the precise origin of this effect.", "\n\nIn conclusion, low energy [$\\beta$-NMR]{} has been used to measure the field distribution of a vortex lattice below the surface of a superconductor. ", "Below $T_c$ in [NbSe$_2$]{} the resonance line is inhomogeneously broadened and has a lineshape which is characteristic of a triangular vortex lattice. ", "In a magnetic field of 300 mT the magnetic penetration depth and core radius are similar to [$\\mu$SR]{}measurements in bulk [NbSe$_2$]{}. ", "However, in a lower field of $10.8$ mT the vortices are much larger. ", "The multiband nature of the superconductivity and thermal vibrations of the vortices are a possible explanation.", "\n\nWe would like to thank Joe Brill at the University of Kentucky for providing the sample. ", "This research was supported by the Center for Materials and Molecular Research at TRIUMF, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. ", "We would especially like to acknowledge Rahim Abasalti, Bassam Hitti, Donald Arseneau, and Suzannah Daviel for expert technical support and Jeff Sonier for his critical reading of the manuscript and helpful discussions.", "\n\n[4]{} A. A. Abrikosov, Sov. ", "Phys. ", "JETP [5]{}, 1174 (1957). ", "C. Caroli, P. G. De Gennes, and J. Matricon, Phys. ", "Lett. [", "9]{}, 307 (1964). ", "H. F. Hess, R. B. Robinson, R. C. Dynes, J. M. Valles, Jr., and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "62]{}, 214 (1989). ", "L. Kramer and W. Pesch, Z. Phys. [", "269]{}, 59 (1974). ", "R. I. Miller, R. F. Kiefl, J. H. Brewer, J. Chakhalian, S. Dunsiger, and G. D. Morris, J.E. Sonier, W.A. MacFarlane, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "85]{}, 1540 (2000). ", "N. Hayashi, T. Isoshima, M. Ichioka, and K. Machida, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "80]{}, 2921 (1998). ", "J.E. Sonier, M.F. Hundley, J.D. Thompson and J.W. Brill, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "82]{}, 4914 (1999). ", "E. Boaknin [et al.]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "90]{} 117003 (2003). ", "G. D. Morris [et al.]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "93]{}, 157601 (2004). ", "Z. Salman [et al.]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "96]{}, 147601 (2006). ", "E. Morenzoni [et al.]{}, ", "Physica B [326]{} 196 (2003). ", "R. F. Kiefl [et al.]{}, ", "Physica B [326]{} 189 (2003). ", "D. Wang [et al.]{}, ", "Physica B, [374-375]{}, 239-242 (2006). ", "A. Yaouanc, P.Dalmas de Reotier and E.H. Brandt, Phys. ", "Rev. B, [55]{}, 11107 (1997). ", "The actual fit was done using Eq.", " \\[London\\] and \\[Listopping\\], which takes into account the stopping distribution of Li and their proximity to the surface. ", "J.E. Sonier, J.H. Brewer and R.F. Kiefl, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. [", "72]{}, 769 (2000). ", "Ch. ", "Niedermayer [et al.]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "83]{}, 3932(1999). ", "W. Eckstein, [Computer Simulation of Ion-Solid Interactions ]{}(Springer, Berlin, 1991). ", "J. E. Sonier [et al.]{}, ", "Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "79]{}, 1742 (1997). ", "M. Ichioka, A. Hasegawa, and K. Machida, Phys. ", "Rev. B [59]{}, 184 (1999). ", "F. D. Callaghan, M. Laulajainen, C. V. Kaiser, and J. E. Sonier, Phys. ", "Rev. Lett. [", "95]{}, 197001 (2005). ", "T. Yokoya, T. Kiss, A. Chainani, S. Shin, M. Nohara, and H. Takagi, Science [294]{}, 2518 (2001). ", "J.G. Rodrigo and S. Viera, Physica C [404]{}, 306 (2004). ", "J. Pearl, Applied Phys. ", "Lett. [", "5]{}, 65 (1964); J. Pearl, J. Applied Phys. [", "37]{}, 4139 (1966).", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }	[ 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.011299435028248588, 0, 0.011428571428571429, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.014705882352941176, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0.003861003861003861, 0, 0.0040650406504065045, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0.02027027027027027, 0, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0016806722689075631, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0.005847953216374269, 0.005434782608695652, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0.03571428571428571, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.005324813631522897, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003952569169960474, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.008849557522123894, 0.009302325581395349, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.02197802197802198, 0.014705882352941176, 0.0228310502283105, 0, 0, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0.06976744186046512, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.06504065040650407, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.06779661016949153, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.06349206349206349, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.04, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0.05454545454545454, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.008, 0.0784313725490196, 0, 0, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.06382978723404255, 0, 0.056338028169014086, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0.058823529411764705, 0.03225806451612903, 0.08333333333333333, 0.1111111111111111, 0.04081632653061224, 0, 0 ]	0.014061	5
[ "---\nabstract: 'Requirements elicitation can be very challenging in projects that require deep domain knowledge about the system at hand. ", "As analysts have the full control over the elicitation process, their lack of knowledge about the system under study inhibits them from asking related questions and reduces the accuracy of requirements provided by stakeholders. ", "We present [ELICA]{}, a generic interactive visual analytics tool to assist analysts during requirements elicitation process. ", "ELICA uses a novel information extraction algorithm based on a combination of Weighted Finite State Transducers (WFSTs) (generative model) and SVMs (discriminative model). ", "ELICA presents the extracted relevant information in an interactive GUI (including zooming, panning, and pinching) that allows analysts to explore which parts of the ongoing conversation (or specification document) match with the extracted information. ", "In this demonstration, we show that ELICA is usable and effective in practice, and is able to extract the related information in real-time. ", "We also demonstrate how carefully designed features in ELICA facilitate the interactive and dynamic process of information extraction.'", "\nauthor:\n- \nbibliography:\n- 'RENext18.bib'\ntitle: Dynamic Visual Analytics for Elicitation Meetings with ELICA\n---\n\noldmaketitlemaketitle\n\nRequirements elicitation, Natural language processing, Tool support, SVMs, Information extraction\n\nIntroduction and Motivation\n===========================\n\nRequirements elicitation is an information-intensive task, drawing on different sources of information to infer a consensus on the requirements of a system. ", "There have been numerous attempts to improve the flow of information, knowledge, or decision in elicitation process (e.g. [@REETA; @Tool1]). ", "However, two major obstacles still stand in the way of providing an effective communication between the systems analyst and clients: First, analysts and users often have different mental models and use different terminologies, filling the knowledge gap between the domain experts and the analysts during the requirements elicitation process is itself an open research problem. ", "Second, even if we had a perfect tool that could fully support analysts with requirements-related information, extracting and classifying the extracted information in real-time still remains challenging since this requires a dynamic modeling and analyzing the input text. ", "For example, consider a situation in which an analyst is tasked to work on the requirements for a project from an unfamiliar domain. ", "The misinformation during the requirements elicitation meeting reduces the accuracy of the requirements provided by stakeholders [@MisInfo].", "\n\nThis paper describes ELICA (requirements ELICitation Aid), a tool for extracting and classifying requirements-relevant information during the elicitation process. ", "Our focus is on both challenges: given an existing domain repository, how to extract requirements-relevant information in real-time. ", "ELICA leverages the existing domain repositories as well as machine learning techniques to assist analysts to access relevant information about the application domain in real-time (Fig. ", "\\[fig:All\\]a). ", "In ELICA, we use an off-the-shelf API—IBM Watson [@IBM]— to convert spoken utterances to text strings and to diarize meeting data (Fig. ", "\\[fig:All\\]b). ", "To extract requirements-relevant information (Fig. ", "\\[fig:All\\]c) we design and implement a hierarchical language model to measure the [lexical association]{} [@Lex2] between the latest window of a conversation (or text snippet) and the existing domain repositories. ", "To extract this information in real-time, we apply Weighted Finite State Transducers (WFSTs) [@WFST], powerful technique which handle variable-length feature vectors and support dynamic modeling and analysis of textual data. ", "We leveraged the closure properties of WFSTs and the well-defined and flexible algebraic operations for these tools to enhance the SVMs technique for dynamic classification of the extracted requirements-relevant information (Fig. ", "\\[fig:All\\]d).", "\n\nELICA Prototype\n===============\n\nThe architecture of ELICA is shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:Architecture\\]. ", "The entire ELICA system consists of two parts, the first part is responsible for extracting and classifying requirements relevant information, including [dynamic generative model]{} (using WFSTs) and [real-time classifier]{} (using SVMs); the other provides support for recording data and interaction with the extracted information, including [speech to text]{}, [speech diarization]{}, and [visualization]{} components. ", "A typical user interaction process in ELICA engages both analytical and interactive components.", "\n\n[Data Repository:]{} ELICA stores the domain repository and the application data (e.g. users’ information, diarized conversation, and extracted information) in MongoDB on Amazon EC2, which communicates in JSON. ", "ELICA is able to keep the data up-to-date by running the diarization, tone analyzer, extraction, and classification components in real-time.", "\n\n[Extracting and Classifying requirements:]{} Once the conversation between the client and the analyst has been initiated and transcribed, the most recent window of the conversation, along with the existing domain repository will be used as inputs to the information extraction module. ", "After building the hierarchical language models, this module calculates the intersection between the two language models and returns the “relevant” terms which can be used to measure the lexical association between the on-going conversation and the existing repositories and fetch those parts of the domain repository that contain those relevant terms. ", "The analyst can then interactively select among the returned text snippets those which best describe the on-going discussion. ", "ELICA not only returns the extracted relevant snippets but also classifies these snippets to Functional/Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) as well as sub-categories of NFRs (e.g. usability, availability, security). [", "Interactive Visualization:]{} ELICA offers an interactive interface that combines intuitive visualization about speakers’ intentions such as confidence level, analytical tone, and emotions with a range of visual-textual information such as diarized speech (using a different color for each speaker) and extracted relevant information (highlighting content-carrying terms). ", "Fig. ", "\\[fig:Architecture\\] outlines these components which are included in the [IBM Watson APIs]{} module. ", "As the association between each recorded utterance and its relevant extracted snippet is stored in the App data storage, an analyst will be able to use this information at any time during/after the conversation and can easily access and review those parts of the conversation history (Fig. ", "\\[fig:All\\]b) that are of interest at the moment. ", "Facilities that allow the user to rate and analyze the results of the data analysis are also provided (Fig. ", "\\[fig:All\\]d).", "\n\n![", "The overall architecture of ELICA. []{", "data-label=\"fig:Architecture\"}](Figures/Arch)\n\n[Application Scenarios:]{} The main three potential scenarios of ELICA are: [\\[S1: Elicitation Meetings\\]:]{} An analyst is assigned to work on the requirements for a project from an unfamiliar domain. ", "To support them during their elicitation meeting, ELICA selects inside each document of domain repository those textual snippets that are most relevant for the most recent part of the conversation; [\\[S2: Resumption/Information Recall\\]:]{} An analyst is working on a requirements exploration task (e.g. elicitation meeting, discussion with other team members, ...) and needs to pause this task to address an incoming task. ", "ELICA uses the recorded textual data during the exploration task as well as the existing problem domain documents to assist analysts better manage the issues of memory recall [@RE17; @EASE18] after resuming the elicitation task; and [\\[S3: Elicitation from Existing Documents\\]:]{} An analyst is assigned to an ongoing project and they need to become familiar with a possibly large amount of documentation that has already been produced. ", "ELICA uses the existing problem domain documents to select textual snippets that are most relevant to the part of the system under investigation.", "\n\nConclusion and Future Work\n==========================\n\nThe ELICA tool was developed to achieve two main goals. ", "The first was to propose an effective tool for extracting requirements-relevant information during the elicitation process. ", "This tool records, analyzes, and synthesizes the existing repository documents and incoming textual data in real-time and enables easy exploration of relevant information. ", "Second, once ELICA has extracted and classified the relevant information, it supports analysts to interact with textual and visual results to increase their engagement with the extracted information and enhance their exploration abilities. ", "So far, both components of the ELICA tool has been evaluated with an industrial dataset, yielding promising results, and we plan to further evaluate the tool in real development environments.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }	[ 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.007905138339920948, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0.014184397163120567, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.012121212121212121, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.009216589861751152, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.004347826086956522, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.002320185614849188, 0, 0.009216589861751152, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.0026666666666666666, 0, 0.019417475728155338, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.0038910505836575876, 0.004672897196261682, 0.006787330316742082, 0.006896551724137931, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0.004166666666666667, 0.005235602094240838, 0 ]	0.006057	5
[ "#ifndef CLIENT_H\n#define CLIENT_H\n\n#include <QtGui>\n#include <QStackedWidget>\n\n#include <Utilities/otherwidgets.h>\n#include <PokemonInfo/networkstructs.h>\n#include <PokemonInfo/battlestructs.h>\n#include <PokemonInfo/teamholder.h>\n\n#include \"analyze.h\"\n#include \"centralwidget.h\"\n#include \"tierstruct.h\"\n#include \"password_wallet.h\"\n#include \"clientinterface.h\"\n#include \"plugininterface.h\"\n\nclass TeamBuilder;\nclass MainEngine;\nclass ChallengeDialog;\nclass QIdTreeWidgetItem;\nclass BattleWindow;\nclass BaseBattleWindowInterface;\nclass QScrollDownTextBrowser;\nclass PMSystem;\nstruct PMStruct;\nclass ControlPanel;\nclass RankingDialog;\nclass FindBattleDialog;\nstruct FindBattleData;\nclass Channel;\nclass QExposedTabWidget;\nclass SmallPokeTextEdit;\nclass DataStream;\nclass ClientPluginManager;\n\n/* The class for going online.", "\n\n It displays the mainchat, the players list, ... and also have the dialog engine in it/\n\nclass Client : public QWidget, public ClientInterface, public CentralWidgetInterface\n{\n Q_OBJECT\n\n friend class Channel;\npublic:\n Client(ClientPluginManager, TeamHolder , const QString &url, const quint16 port);\n ~Client();\n\n TeamHolder team();\n QMenuBar createMenuBar(MainEngine w);\n\n void addPlugin(OnlineClientPlugin o);\n void removePlugin(OnlineClientPlugin o);\n void registerMetaTypes(QScriptEngine );\n\n / Prints a line to all the channels which have that player /\n void printLine(int playerid, const QString &line);\n void printLine(int event, int playerid, const QString &line);\n\n Q_INVOKABLE void cancelFindBattle(bool verbose=true);\n Q_INVOKABLE bool playerExist(int id) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE QString name(int id) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE QString ownName() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE bool battling() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE bool busy() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE bool hasChannel(int channelid) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE bool away() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE int id(const QString &name) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE int currentChannel() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE QString channelName(int id) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE const QHash<qint32, QString>& getChannelNames() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE int channelId(const QString &name) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE Channel channel(int channelid);\n Q_INVOKABLE int ownId() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE int ownAuth() const;\n Q_INVOKABLE int version() const;\n\n Q_INVOKABLE int auth(int id) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE bool isIgnored(int id) const;\n\n Q_INVOKABLE QString authedNick(int id) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE QColor color(int id) const;\n\n Q_INVOKABLE QString tier(int player) const;\n Q_INVOKABLE QStringList tiers(int player) const;\n\n Q_INVOKABLE void changeName(int player, const QString &name);\n Q_INVOKABLE void changeChannelId(int orId, int destId);\n /* Resets fade away counter /\n void refreshPlayer(int id);\n\n Q_INVOKABLE bool hasPlayer(int id);\n Q_INVOKABLE bool hasPlayerInfo(int id);\n Q_INVOKABLE bool hasKnowledgeOf(int id);\n\n QSize defaultSize() const {\n return QSize(800,600);\n }\n Q_INVOKABLE void reconnect();\n\n Q_INVOKABLE QString defaultChannel();\n\n Q_INVOKABLE QString announcement();\n\n Q_INVOKABLE QStringList autojoinChannels();\n Q_INVOKABLE QStringList myChannels();\n enum Status {\n Available = 0,\n Away,\n Battling,\n Ignored,\n LastStatus\n };\n QIcon statusIcon(int auth, Status status) const;\n\n void seeChallenge(const ChallengeInfo &c);\n\n Q_INVOKABLE void sendChallenge(int id, int clauses, int mode);\n Q_INVOKABLE void acceptChallenge(int cId);\n Q_INVOKABLE void declineChallenge(int cId);\n\n Q_INVOKABLE PlayerInfo player(int id) const;\n void removePlayer(int id);\n\n void removeBattleWindow(int id);\n void disableBattleWindow(int id);\n\n void onDisconnection();\n QIRCLineEdit getLineEdit();\n\n QList<QIcon> statusIcons;\n QIcon chatot, greychatot;\n\n Q_INVOKABLE QStringList getTierList() const {\n return tierList;\n }\n\n Q_INVOKABLE int getAuthHtml() const {\n return minHTMLauth;\n }\n\n void printEvent(int event, int playerid, const QString &line);\n /* Show player events, sort by tier, show timestamps /\n enum PlayerEvent {\n NoEvent = 0,\n IdleEvent = 1,\n BattleEvent = 2,\n ChannelEvent = 4,\n TeamEvent = 8,\n AnyEvent = 15\n };\n\n int showPEvents;\n bool sortBT;\n bool sortBA;\n bool sortCBN;\n bool showTS;\n bool pmFlashing;\n bool pmsTabbed;\n bool pmReject;\n\n bool flashingToggled;\n int minHTMLauth;\n\n TierNode tierRoot;\n QStringList tierList;\npublic slots:\n void errorFromNetwork(int errnum, const QString &error);\n\n void connected();\n void disconnected();\n\n / message received from the server /\n void printLine(const QString &line);\n void printHtml(const QString &html);\n void printChannelMessage(const QString &mess, int channel, bool html);\n\n void trayMessage(const QString &title, const QString &message);\n bool windowActive();\n\n / sends what's in the line edit /\n void sendText();\n void sendMessage(const QString &message, int cid);\n void changeName(const QString&);\n void playerLogin(const PlayerInfo &p, const QStringList &tiers, bool ignore=false);\n void playerReceived(const PlayerInfo &p);\n void announcementReceived(const QString &);\n void toggleAnnouncementOption(bool hide);\n void tiersReceived(const QStringList &tiers);\n void playerLogout(int);\n void sendRegister();\n void setReconnectPass(const QByteArray&);\n void cleanData();\n void onReconnectFailure(int reason);\n void changeMinHTMLAuth(int auth);\n / removes the pointer to the challenge window when it is destroyed /\n void clearChallenge();\n / Display the info for that player /\n void seeInfo(int id, QString tier=\"\");\n void seeInfo(QTreeWidgetItem it);\n /* Challenge info by the server /\n void challengeStuff(const ChallengeInfo &c);\n / Channels list /\n void channelCommandReceived(int command, int channel, DataStream stream);\n void channelsListReceived(const QHash<qint32, QString> &channels);\n void sortChannels();\n void sortChannelsToggle(bool enabled);\n void channelPlayers(int chanid, const QVector<qint32> &ids = QVector<qint32>());\n void addChannel(const QString &name, int id);\n void channelNameChanged(int id, const QString &name);\n void removeChannel(int id);\n void leaveChannelR(int index);\n void leaveChannel(int id);\n void activateChannel(const QString& text);\n void join(const QString& text);\n void itemJoin(QListWidgetItem );\n void lineJoin();\n void firstChannelChanged(int tabindex);\n void channelActivated(Channel c);\n void pingActivated(Channel c);\n void showChannelsContextMenu(const QPoint & point);\n / battle... /\n void battleStarted(int battleid, const Battle &battle, const TeamBattle &team, const BattleConfiguration &conf);\n void battleStarted(int battleid, const Battle &battle);\n void battleReceived(int battleid, const Battle &battle);\n void battleFinished(int battleid, int res, int winner, int loser);\n void battleCommand(int battleid, const QByteArray &command);\n void saveBattleLogs(bool save);\n void animateHpBar(bool animate);\n void changeBattleLogFolder();\n void openSoundConfig();\n void forfeitBattle(int);\n void watchBattleOf(int);\n void watchBattleRequ(int);\n void watchBattle(int battleId, const BattleConfiguration &conf);\n void spectatingBattleMessage(int battleId, const QByteArray &command);\n void stopWatching(int battleId);\n void battleListActivated(QTreeWidgetItem it);\n void loadTeam();\n /* A popup that asks for the pass /\n void askForPass(const QByteArray &salt, bool registerRequest = false, bool repeat = false);\n / A popup that asks for a server pass /\n void serverPass(const QByteArray &salt);\n / When someone is kicked, banned or temp banned /\n void playerKicked(int,int);\n void playerBanned(int,int);\n void playerTempBanned(int dest, int src, int time);\n / When you kick someone /\n void kick(int);\n void ban(int);\n void tempban(int, int);\n void tempban60(int p) {\n tempban(p, 60);\n }\n void tempban1440(int p) {\n tempban(p, 1440);\n }\n\n void pmcp(QString);\n / PM /\n void startPM(int);\n void closePM(int);\n void removePM(int id, const QString);\n void sendPM(int id, const QString);\n void PMReceived(int, const QString);\n / CP /\n void controlPanel(int);\n void setPlayer(const UserInfo &ui);\n void requestBan(const QString &name);\n void requestTempBan(const QString &name, int time);\n / Ranking /\n void seeRanking(int);\n / Away... /\n void awayChanged(int id, bool away);\n void ladderChanged(int id, bool away);\n void goAway(int away);\n void goAwayB(bool away) {\n goAway(away);\n }\n void changeButtonStyle(bool old);\n void useBallIcons(bool val);\n void changeBattleWindow(bool old);\n void changeBattleLogger(bool logger);\n void changeBattleScreenSize(bool big);\n void changeBattleWeather(bool everyTurn);\n void useNewSprites(bool use);\n void changeNicknames(bool old);\n void enableLadder(bool);\n void sortPlayersByTiers(bool);\n void sortPlayersByAuth(bool);\n void setChannelSelected(int);\n void enablePlayerEvents();\n void disablePlayerEvents();\n void deleteCustomEvents();\n int getEventsForChannel(QString const& channel);\n void showPlayerEvents(bool b, int event, QString option);\n void showIdleEvents(bool);\n void showBattleEvents(bool);\n void showChannelEvents(bool);\n void showTeamEvents(bool);\n void toggleAutoJoin(bool autojoin);\n void toggleDefaultChannel(bool def);\n void toggleGlobalMessage(bool gmessage);\n bool ignoringGlobalMessage(const QString &channelName);\n void showTimeStamps(bool);\n void showTimeStamps2(bool);\n void showSeconds(bool);\n void toggleIncomingPM(bool);\n void togglePMTabs(bool);\n void togglePMNotifications(bool);\n void togglePMLogs(bool);\n void movePlayerList(bool);\n void useOldShortcuts(bool);\n void displayTrainerInfo(bool b);\n void ignoreServerVersion(bool);\n void versionDiff(const ProtocolVersion &v, int level);\n void serverNameReceived(const QString &sName);\n void tierListReceived(const QByteArray &array);\n void changeTier();\n void openBattleFinder();\n void findBattle(const FindBattleData&);\n / Ignored /\n void removeIgnore(int);\n void ignore(int);\n void ignore(int, bool);\n / Teambuilder slots /\n void openTeamBuilder();\n void reloadTeamBuilderBar();\n void changeTeam();\n void changeTeam(const TeamHolder &t);\n / Automatic removal of players in memory /\n void fadeAway();\n void registerPermPlayer(int id);\n QStringList const& eventSettings() const;\n void newConnection();\n / exit warning /\n void changeExitWarning(bool show);\n void showExitWarning();\n / forfeit warning /\n void toggleForfeitWarning(bool show);\nsignals:\n void done();\n void userInfoReceived(const UserInfo &ui);\n void tierListFormed(const QStringList &tiers);\n void PMDisabled(bool value, int starterAuth);\n void togglePMs(bool value);\n void PMDisconnected(bool disconnected);\n void pmNotificationsChanged(bool notify);\n void titleChanged();\n void exitWarningChanged(bool warn);\nprotected:\n void paintEvent(QPaintEvent )\n {\n QStyleOption opt;\n opt.init(this);\n QPainter p(this);\n style()->drawPrimitive(QStyle::PE_Widget, &opt, &p, this);\n }\n\nprivate:\n TeamHolder myteam;\n MainEngine top;\n QString mynick;\n\n /* GUI /\n / Main chat /\n QScrollDownTextBrowser mychat;\n /* PMs and disabled PMs /\n QHash<int, PMStruct> mypms;\n QHash<QString, PMStruct> disabledpms;\n / Line the user types in /\n// QLineEdit myline;\n QIRCLineEdit myline;\n SmallPokeTextEdit server_announcement;\n /* Where players are displayed /\n QStackedWidget playersW, battlesW;\n QExposedTabWidget mainChat;\n QListWidget channels;\n QLineEdit channelJoin;\n /* Button to exit /\n QPushButton myexit;\n /* Button to send text /\n QPushButton openteambuilder;\n /* Button to register a password /\n QPushButton myregister;\n /* Button to find a battle /\n QPushButton findMatch;\n /* PM System /\n PMSystem pmSystem;\n QList<int> myRejects;\n\n /Channels /\n QHash<qint32, QString> m_channelNames;\n QHash<QString, qint32> m_channelByNames;\n QHash<qint32, Channel > mychannels;\n QStringList channelsIWasOn;\n / Ignore /\n QList<int> myIgnored;\n\n / Challenge ids, needed for accepting challenges with client scripts /\n QHash<int, ChallengeDialog > mychallengeids;\n /* Challenge windows , to emit or to receive/\n QSet<ChallengeDialog > mychallenges;\n QPointer<FindBattleDialog> myBattleFinder;\n QHash<int, BaseBattleWindowInterface* > mySpectatingBattles;\n QHash<int, BattleWindow* > mybattles;\n QPointer<QAction> goaway;\n QPointer<QAction> ladder;\n\n bool findingBattle;\n bool isConnected, loggedIn;\n QString url;\n quint16 port;\n int _mid;\n int selectedChannel;\n QByteArray reconnectPass;\n\n ProtocolVersion serverVersion;\n QString serverName;\n\n QPointer<QMenuBar> mymenubar;\n QPointer<QMenu> mytiermenu;\n QList<QAction> mytiers;\n QList<QAction> myevents;\n QList<QAction> mychanevents;\n / You can call the teambuilder from here too /\n QPointer<TeamBuilder> myteambuilder;\n QStringList eventlist;\n\n QPointer<ControlPanel> myCP;\n QPointer<RankingDialog> myRanking;\n\n QHash<int, PlayerInfo> myplayersinfo;\n / Players scheduled for deletion are put here /\n QHash<int, int> fade;\n / Players which we have PMed are supposed to be kept in memory until they\n log out for real /\n QSet<int> pmedPlayers;\n QHash<QString, int> mynames;\n QHash<QString, int> mylowernames;\n\n QHash<qint32, Battle> battles;\n\n / Network Relay /\n Analyzer myrelay;\n Analyzer &relay();\n bool failedBefore;\npublic:\n Q_INVOKABLE Analyzer network() {return myrelay;}\nprivate:\n\n / Password Wallet /\n PasswordWallet wallet;\n\n PlayerInfo & playerInfo(int id);\n void updateState(int player);\n / Returns the challenge window displaying that player or NULL otherwise /\n ChallengeDialog getChallengeWindow(int player);\n void closeChallengeWindow(ChallengeDialog c);\n\n int freeChallengeId();\n\n void initRelay();\n void changeTiersChecked();\n void rebuildTierMenu();\n\n bool eventEnabled(int event);\n void ownPlayerReceived();\n\n TeamHolder secondTeam;\n bool waitingOnSecond;\n\n / The mode of the tier list. ", "If it's single, then a simple checkbox, otherwise another menu for each team for each tier /\n bool singleTeam;\n\n QSettings globals;\n bool exitWarning;\n\n QSet<OnlineClientPlugin> plugins;\n ClientPluginManager pluginManager;\n QHash<OnlineClientPlugin, QHash<QString, OnlineClientPlugin::Hook> > hooks;\n\n template<class T1>\n bool call(const QString &f, T1 arg1)\n {\n bool ret = true;\n foreach(OnlineClientPlugin p, plugins) {\n if (hooks[p].contains(f)) {\n ret &= (p.(reinterpret_cast<int (OnlineClientPlugin::)(T1)>(hooks[p][f])))(arg1);\n }\n }\n\n return ret;\n }\n\n template<class T1, class T2>\n bool call(const QString &f, T1 arg1, T2 arg2)\n {\n bool ret = true;\n foreach(OnlineClientPlugin p, plugins) {\n if (hooks[p].contains(f)) {\n ret &= (p.(reinterpret_cast<int (OnlineClientPlugin::)(T1, T2)>(hooks[p][f])))(arg1, arg2);\n }\n }\n\n return ret;\n }\n\n template<class T1, class T2, class T3>\n bool call(const QString &f, T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3)\n {\n bool ret = true;\n foreach(OnlineClientPlugin p, plugins) {\n if (hooks[p].contains(f)) {\n ret &= (p.(reinterpret_cast<int (OnlineClientPlugin::)(T1, T2, T3)>(hooks[p][f])))(arg1, arg2, arg3);\n }\n }\n\n return ret;\n }\n\n template<class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4>\n bool call(const QString &f, T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4)\n {\n bool ret = true;\n foreach(OnlineClientPlugin p, plugins) {\n if (hooks[p].contains(f)) {\n ret &= (p.(reinterpret_cast<int (OnlineClientPlugin::)(T1, T2, T3, T4)>(hooks[p][f])))(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4);\n }\n }\n\n return ret;\n }\n\n template<class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5>\n bool call(const QString &f, T1 arg1, T2 arg2, T3 arg3, T4 arg4, T5 arg5)\n {\n bool ret = true;\n foreach(OnlineClientPlugin p, plugins) {\n if (hooks[p].contains(f)) {\n ret &= (p.(reinterpret_cast<int (OnlineClientPlugin::)(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5)>(hooks[p][f])))(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5);\n }\n }\n\n return ret;\n }\n};\n\n#endif // CLIENT_H\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.023114355231143552, 0.006774101540216771, 0.00903225806451613 ]	0.012974	5
[ "\n\n\n\nOkay, first of all, stop saying “Faux News Lies.", "” That’s redundant. ", "Either call it Faux News and we”re done, or say “Fox News Lies.", "” Also, what is a “lie?” Do you honestly think a reporter is sitting there reading a teleprompter that says “Obama had many meetings with al-Qaeda and they both agree America must die”? ", "They just make stuff up? ", "I don”t even think MSNBC does that. ", "The closest they come to lying is when Rachel Maddow pretends the Koch brothers tried to make welfare recipients get drug tests. ", "I believe she got information that contradicted her hypothesis at the last second and thought, “Fuck it. ", "We don”t have time. ", "Let’s roll.", "”\n\nAlso, when you watch MSNBC or any other mainstream news show outside of Fox, they”re always yammering on about how many seats in the house this party has or when Congress will get to that bill and this candidate blah blah blah. ", "The right doesn”t bother with that shit, but it’s not because they don”t care. ", "They just see the White House as a ship of fools that was set adrift long ago. ", "The right would rather talk about issues than the bureaucrats who waste our money on making things worse.", "\n\nLiberals are obsessed with Fox News but they haven”t ever watched it. ", "It’s like they hired one guy to watch it for them. ", "They take opinion talk shows like Hannity and The Five and say, “That’s not news. ", "Those are opinions!” Hey, dipshit, Fox News has their news shows in the morning when everyone’s getting ready for work. ", "The Five is a chat show where four non-liberals argue with a liberal about current events. ", "You”re not watching the news, Russell Brand.", "\n\n“This idea of blanket hatred of an entire group no matter what is so startlingly naÃ¯ve, I”ve become thirsty to meet one of these unicorns so I can keep him in captivity and study him.", "”\n\nHere’s another thing the left seems incapable of comprehending: Not everyone at Fox is on the same page. ", "Kennedy is a libertarian and she hates having the American military abroad. ", "When she and John Bolton got together on her show, they almost killed each other. “", "The Right” is not a fat, white, racist man who smokes cigars and laughs at poor people. ", "It’s just like the left but with more life experience and an ability to use Google. ", "Yes, Fox has a strong lean toward the right. ", "Outside of talk radio, it’s been the only broadcaster that refuses to do PR for the White House. ", "I”ll happily accept that Fox is synonymous with the right, but that doesn”t mean they don”t have liberals on. ", "They need conflict to make good TV. ", "Besides, the right has at least four vastly different manifestations.", "\n\nLIBERTARIANS\n\nFirst, there are the libertarians. ", "They are basically quirky nerds with Asperger’s, and debating them is like arguing with a calculator. ", "You can”t win. ", "They wear thrift store suits and cowboy boots and have enormous glasses. ", "Their philosophy is best summed up by Matt Kibbe’s book Don”t Hurt People and Don”t Take Their Stuff. ", "Their foreign policy involves basically nothing. ", "All they want the government to do is handle basic infrastructure, provide a few police, and keep a bare-necessity military. ", "Please stop saying libertarians hate roads. ", "Basic infrastructure includes roads. ", "Here in New York, we get the worst of both worlds, as we are taxed out the ass yet still regularly pay $12 per toll.", "\n\nThe worst you could say about libertarians is they are unsympathetic toward the poor. ", "This is commonly assumed to mean they are racist and selfish while the truth is, they ran the numbers and discovered charity ultimately leaves the poor worse off. ", "I find them to be the most reasonable of all the non-liberals. ", "They are against the drug war and for gay marriage. ", "Unfortunately, their blind love of freedom tends to include abortion and open borders. ", "I don”t see how killing an unborn child is anyone’s right, and not even Milton Friedman was for open borders.", "\n\nPALEOCONSERVATIVES\n\nConservatives are broken into two groups and both hate each other’s guts. ", "Paleoconservatives are as fiscally conservative as libertarians but they”re not socially liberal. ", "They want gays to stop being gay and they don”t like drugs either. ", "Pat Buchahan is the quintessential paleocon. ", "He’s old and tough and smart and could give a shit about Israel. ", "These guys all have the same gray suit and they think rap is just a black guy yelling at them. ", "I love them, but thinking gays can be straight or complaining about how decadent pop culture has become gets old fast.", "\n\nNEOCONSERVATIVES\n\nLiberals see the “new” in “neo” and assume a neocon is any non-liberal who appears modern. ", "That is retarded. ", "Neocons are even more retarded. ", "Most of us on the right see them as liberals in conservatives” clothing. ", "They started out as hippies who wanted to save the world but things got weird when they noticed their anti-white male/antiwar stance was anti-Israel. ", "So, they abandoned the left and joined the right on the condition that we continue to wage war in the Middle East forever. ", "These assholes pretty much dominated George W.’s administration, so if you still think the war is his fault, please blame them." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.015306122448979591, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0, 0, 0.01276595744680851, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0.005263157894736842, 0.00909090909090909, 0.013157894736842105, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.022222222222222223, 0.010309278350515464, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496 ]	0.005112	5
[ "HISTORY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT An International Journal Executive Editors: Janet Coleman and lain Hampsher-Monk, Politics Dept. ", "Amory Building, Exeter University, Exeter EX4 4RJ. ", "England History of Political Thought seeks to provide a forum for the interpretation and discussion of political thought in its historical context. ", "It is intended to foster exchange and communication between scholars in the Englishspeaking world and those on the continent and elsewhere . ", "The journal is devoted exclusively to the historical study of political ideas and its associated methodological problems. ", "Studies dealing with ancient , medieval , renaissance, early modem and recent political thought are invited. ", "The primary focus is on research papers but from time to time reviews and surveys designed to familiarise students with the 'state of studies' concerning a particular thinker or area of research will be included . ", "History of Political Thought is published thrice yearly by Imprint Academic, 61 Howell Road, Exeter EX4 4EY England. ", "CONTENTS Page 1 Editorial 3 33 37 43 73 83 89 Articles: Toleration and Truth Dr. Samuel Parr and Dr. Joseph Priestley: A Notable Friendship Godwin, Holcroft and the Rights of Man The London Ministers and Subscription, 1772-1779 The Beginnings of Priestley's Materialism Documents: Jeremy Bentham on Richard Price George Cadogan Morgan at Oxford 91 Richard Price: 'A Sketch of Proposals' Review: 107 David Williams, Incidents in my own life which have been thought of some importance, ed. ", "Peter France. ", "Inside Back Cover Notes to Contributors and Subscribers Martin Fitzpatrick H.J. McLachlan M. Philp John Stephens Alan Tapper Yoshio Nagai D.A. Rees D.O. Thomas Martin Fitzpatrick THE BEGINNINGS OF PRIESTLEY'S MATERIALISM Alan Tapper The mature materialism of Joseph Priestley's Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit of 1777 is based on three main arguments: that Newton's widely-accepted scientific methodology requires the rejection of the 'hypothesis' of the soul; that a dynamic theory of matter breaks down the active/passive dichotomy assumed by many dualists; and that interaction between matter and spirit is impossible. ", "In Matter and Spirit it is the first two arguments which are given greatest prominence; but it is the third argument which first brought Priestley to take materialism seriously. ", "It was an argument which had persistently troubled him in his dualist years, but it was not until 1774 in the Examination that (as he tells us) he 'first entertained a serious doubt of the truth of the vulgar hypothesis' (III, 202).' ", "Underlying this fact is an episode of some complexity. ", "The Examination was Priestley's reply to the three Scottish Common Sense philosophers, Thomas Reid, James Beattie and James Oswald, with appendices on Richard Price and James Harris. ", "Reid's Inquiry into the Human Mind of 1764 was Priestley's main concern, and the subject of the debate was not the nature of mind but scepticism, realism and the 'Theory of Ideas'. ", "The 'sceptics' under discussion were Berkeley and Hume. ", "Both Reid and Priestley thought Berkeley and Hume had denied the reality of the external world, and both wished to reinstate external reality. ", "Priestley thought the sceptical challenge could be met without any great difficulty. ", "It was, he held, based on a misunderstanding of the canons of scientific reasoning: the assumption that whatever can not be demonstrated is not worthy of rational belief. ", "It is quite sufficient if the supposition (of an external world] be the easiest hypothesis for explaining the origin of our ideas. ", "The evidence of it is such that we allow it to be barely possible to doubt of it; but that it is as certain as that two and two make four, we do not pretend (III, 46-7) . ", "1 All references in the text are to The Theological and Miscellaneous Works of Joseph Priestley, 25 volumes in 26, edited by John Towill Rutt (London, 1817-32; reprinted New York, 1972). ", "The full title of the Examination is An Examination of Dr Reid's Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense; Dr Beattie's Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth; and Dr Oswald's Appeal to Common Sense in Behalf of Religion. ", "ENLIGHTENMENT AND DISSENT Number 1, 1982 74 A. TAPPER Priestley's realism was 'representative' realism He took th L k of Id~as-the theory that all our percepti~ns are m:di~~de~n Theory sensations-to be one of the best establish d h\" o us by philosophy, and he could see nothing in Be~ke~~y teve~ents of modem undermining that achievement. ", "or ume capable of Reid, by contrast, thought that Berkele d H upheaval in philosophy and that orde ~an . ", "ume had brought about an abolishing the whole tradition of 'id r ã samty ~~uld on!y be restored by Democritus and Aristotle. ", "The det: eas -a. ", "tradttt~n whtch goes back to required a new conception of the pence of re~ltsm ag~mst Humean scepticism The capacity to perceive reality hadot~e;s an ~p~ratiOns of the hu?Ian mind. ", "of the mind and this . ", "e coun e as one of the native powers representativ~ ideas. ", "The~;~ tsõot to _be_ explicated by reference to principal source of Humean scepf;c. ", "Id~ã tsl m fact , to be regarded as the the Theory entire! ", "innoce . ", ".ts~. nest ey, on the other hand, thought his theory of causãion and ~~u~~tts vte\":, Hume's s~epticism stemmed from of causal relations is onl one reaso!lmg. ", "For Retd, Hume's 'destruction ' produced by the Theory ~f Ide~:.sualty m the general 'destruction of worlds' Reid appealed to common sense to su h\" b . . . ", "perceive reality directly. ", "In Priestle 's pport h ~s ehef 1~ t?e mmd's ability to fraught with sceptical implication y IteJ.es, t ts appealts t~self a manoeuvre reasoning to furnish us with a reali:t 1~sp~ted the suffictency of scientific regard as knowledge a lot of mere .~o; -~tew, and thereby compelled us to the arbitrary constitution of our nat~~* tÕ~tv;l)e~uã;ons , ~epe?din_g upon to be possible, some pro osition ' . ", "e a ows t at , ~~ sctence is foundational but he confi p ~ must be tãen as self-evtdent and and predicat~ must be 'dl_l!s self-evtdence to analytical propositions-subject 1 Iuerent names for the same thi ' (III 17) ~ã~~~ar~~;o&~si~~ns of ?", "Jathematics ('twice two is fou~~ fall ~ithi~ ~~ . ' ", "er sctences-metaphysics morals th I sctence and politics-can produce no bi ' ' eo ogy' natural whic~ can be accepted as self-evid~~~f~a e d~Iementa'!' ", "propositions' relatively circumscribed a eal to c . ", "ccor mg _to ~nestley , Reid's successors, Beattie and os:Id ommo? ", "~eñe . ", "m_evttably leads his primary truths of religion' and th to ~~large tts Juñd~ctt?n to include 'the truth (' that to us is truth which wee/:;; t~ñes of Chnstt_amtr (Oswald) or all Beattie [III, 72]) . ", "a we must belteve , he quotes from 2 _G~org~ <;ampbell was quick to observe that Pri 1 * distmgmshmg acceptable self-evidence nor had h es~ ey had failed to supply any criterion for Cf The Philosophy of Rhetoric (Londõ , 1850), 3;. ", "given any non-mathematical examples of it. ", "PRIESTLEY'S MATERIALISM 75 Only a part of Reid's Inquiry consists of assertions based on self-evidence or common sense. ", "That there is no external world is self-evidently false , Reid argues; but that 'ideas' do not exist is not self-evident. ", "Reid's argument against the existence of ideas depends in part on his claim that belief in ideas leads to an 'absurd' denial of external existence: put this way, the argument is designed to give pause to any followers of Hume and Berkeley who value common sense. ", "But against the followers of Locke, his argument has to consist of a demonstration that belief in ideas does entail a denial of matter, and this side of Reid is more difficult to reconstruct. ", "Reid believes that this demonstration has already been performed by Berkeley and Hume, and he takes the demonstration, together with the argument from common sense, as constituting a reductio ad absurdum of the Theory of Ideas. ", "Priestley's purpose is to show that Reid's 'demonstration' is a failure . ", "The Theory of Ideas is , in his opinion, entirely innocent of the sceptical progeny Reid accused it of fathering. ", "Reid's appeal to common sense is not only dangerous; it is also unnecessary. ", "The Reid-Priestley debate about ideas has a number of aspects, but it revolves around a central proposition: that sensations and ideas (if ideas exist) do not resemble the qualities of external objects. ", "Reid thinks this is a truth discovered by Berkeley and Hume, which served as the 'innocent mother' when the Theory of Ideas begat the sceptical denial of external reality. ", "Throughout the Inquiry Reid also assumed that ideas must resemble objects if they are to represent them; for him, then, ideas must be images of external things. ", "3 The main point in Priestley's Examination is his denial that ideas must resemble what they represent. ", "In arguing thus, he openly concedes that they do not resemble their objects. ", "Reid, he says, has suffered himself to be misled .. . ", "merely by philosophers happening to call ideas the images of external things; as if this was not known to be a figurative expression denoting not that the actual shapes of things were delineated on the brain, or upon the mind, but only that impressions of some kind or other were conveyed to the mind by means of the organs of sense and their corresponding nerves, and that between these impressions and the sensations existing in the mind there is a real and necessary, though at present an unknown connexion (Ill , 36). ", "Priestley is defending the Lockean claim that 'ideas' mediate perceptions. ", "Lockean mediation is usually thought of as twofold: ' ideas' both represent their objects and they stand as part of a causal explanation of perception. ", "Perception is to be thought of as the outcome of the causal sequence object- ' On this aspect of Reid see Selwyn Grave, \"The 'Theory of Ideas\"' in Thomas Reid: Critical Interpretations, eds. ", "Stephen F. Barker and Tom L. Beauchamp (Philadelphia, 1976), 55-61. ", "76 A . ", "TAPPER (physiological) impression-sensation or idea. ", "In defending ideas, Priestley defends this causal theory, and he seems to assume that by so doing the representation issue is also satisfied. ", "He does, indeed, talk about two aspects of mediation in the first two (of six) 'fallacies' which he sees as 'the principal source of [Reid's] mistakes' , but these aspects are both presented in causal rather than representational terms. (", "1) Because he cannot perceive any resemblance between objects and ideas, he concludes that the one cannot produce the other. (", "2) Because he cannot perceive any necessary connexions between sensations and the objects of them, and therefore cannot absolutely demonstrate the reality of external objects, or even of the mind itself, by the doctrine of ideas, he rejects that doctrine altogether, and has recourse to arbitrary instincts (III, 34). ", "The first point here shows that Priestley thought Reid's denial of likeness between objects and ideas was aimed at refuting the causal rather than the representational aspect of mediation . ", "The second point highlights a different dimension of the debate about ideas. ", "The Inquiry contains a subsidiary attack on the Theory of Ideas which turns not on the issue of resemblance between objects and ideas but on conditions governing causal relations between body and mind. ", "Reid's ' resemblance' argument can be phrased as running: 'no representation without resemblance' . ", "His subsidiary argument claims that we can only speak of causal relations between two entities when we can discern the mechanism of 'necessary connexion' between cause and effect. ", "Priestley quotes Reid: 'We are inspired by the sensation, and we are inspired by the corresponding perception, by means unknown. ' ", "4 For Reid, we cannot know that objects cause ideas because we do not know of any means by which they do so. ", "Priestley thought this argument fallacious. ", "Priestley and Reid disagree about perception partly because they dispute whether ideas must be images, but also because they dispute whether it is necessary to know the mechanism by which a putative cause produces its effect. ", "4 The Works of Thomas Reid, ed. ", "W. Hamilton , 7th ed., ", "2 Vols (Edinburgh, 1872). ", "I , 188. ", "Reid is certai!llY occasionalist with regard to physical transactions. ", "In nature, he says, 'we neither perceive the agent nor the power, but the change only .. . ' ", "Real efficiency belongs only to the 'm~taphysical cause', 'the agent behind the scene', which for him must be supernatural agency. ", "lbtd. , ", "II , 523. ", "His denial of physical action on mind is similarly inspired. ", "Reid , however, felt no doubts about the reality of mind's action on matter. ", "PRIESTLEY'S MATERIALISM 77 However, while it is easy to distinguish between these two argume.nt~ in ~he Inquiry Priestley's way of handling the arguments blurs the distmction betwee~ them, even as he talks about Reid's 'two fallacies ' . ", "He reads. '", "no representation without rese~blance' as t~ntamount to 'no causal r~lat10ns without resemblance' . ", "In th1s way the first argument becomes , hke the second, a causal argument. ", "And, for Reid, the second argument rests on the assumption that mind and body are so di~similar that ther~ could be no intervening mechanism by means of which they c~uld mteract. ", "Both arguments then involve the question of resemblance. ", "Pnestley contends that both lack 'of r~semblance between cause and effect, and ignorance of mechanisms , is no barrier to knowledge of causation. ", "The disagreement between Reid and Priestley about mec?anist?s .affects not only their attitude to the causal t.heory of perce~t10n: It. ", "1s also fundamental to their positions for and agamst free-will . (", "Pnestle~ wlll .argue that 'correspondences' show motives to be causally bound t? ", "actiOns, JUSt as objects are bound to ideas.) ", "In t?e abs~nce (as h~ thmks) .of a wellauthenticated mechanism of perception, Reid feels entitled to cla1m ~hat t?e 'images' allegedly transmitted by the nerves are mer~ fi~tioñ , of n? ", "e~Idential value. ", "Hartley's theory of nervous 'vibrations' IS hke~Ise. ", "dismissed as conjectural. ", "He adds that these 'theories' are equally lãkmg I~ explanãory force: 'If any man will s?ow hõ the mind ~ay perceive ~ages m t.he g~a5m, I will undertake to explam how tt may percetve t~e ~ost distant obJe.cts . ", "On Priestley's account of causal reasoning, these obJe~tions carry no w~tght. ", "The 'correspondences' between objects and sens~t10ns provtde ev~dence of causation which cannot be overruled by gaps m our understandmg of the perceptual process. ", "I know . . . ", "that the eye is the instrument of vision, because without it nothing can be seen .. . ", "I am equally certain that t~e b~ain i~ necessã to all perception because if that be disordered, thmkmg e1ther entirely ceases, or is proportionably disturbed (III , 38). ", "The philosopher is entitled to f~shi?n h~pothes:s .about the causã mechanism and these cannot be dtsmissed 1f they smt the phenomena (ibid.). ", "It i~ interesting to note in passing that Reid's :hetoric against ideas- 'unphilosophical', 'no foundation i~ fact or obse~atton', etc.-corr.e~ponds closely to Priestley's language agamst the soul m M~tter and Spt~tt . ", "The difference between them is that for Priestley, unlike Re1d , not all conJectures are unphilosophical. ", "Priestley is committed to t?e view.that ide~s are , b.ut the soul is not, a philosophical conjecture. ", "A ph1losophtcal conJecture ~s õe which conforms to the first two of Newton's 'Rules of Reasomng m ' Ibid . , ", "I, 157 ; quoted by Priestley at III , 38. ", "78 A. TAPPER Philosophy' , namely, 'We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances', and, 'to the same natural effects we must , as far as possible, assign the same causes' (Motte 's translation). ", "Pri~stle~'s view of cãsal reasoning rules out, for him, the possibility of õcaswnah.sm or parallelism: we know that mind and body do interact. ", "Reid 's different v1ew makes the denial of interaction a possibility. ", "Priestley's two mai~ J?Oints against Reid-Reid's first two 'fallacies'-are seen by him as nulhfymg the force of the Inquiry, but his examination also mounts a counterõeñive ~hie~ seeks t? ", "drive Reid into the occasionalist camp, or, further still, I!lt? ", "1deahsm. ", "It .Is from this counter-offensive that Priestley's early matenahsm largely denves. ", "In a section entitled 'Mr Locke's Doctrine not so favourable to ~erkeley's Th~ory as Dr Reid's ', he assembles various passages fro!D, the In:quuy where Re1d approaches occasionalism. ", "In these passages Re1d s d.ualism IS so .absolute as to make interaction doubtful. ", "Mind and body are so different , Re1d says, that 'we can find no handle by which one may lay hold of the other' {III, 48). ", "6 And , following Berkeley, he asserts that 'sensations and ideas in our minds can resemble nothing but sensations and ideas i~ other minds' (i~id.). ", "7 Dissimilarity has here become not a contingent fact , d1s~overed by careful attention to the phenomenology of sensations, but a necessity! ", "consequent ':lpon the nature of the mind and matter. ", "Priestley quotes a third passage which goes to the source of Reid's dualism: 'I take it for granted, upon the testimony of common sense, that my mind is a substance . . . ", "and my reason convinces me that it is an unextended and indivisible substance; and hence I infer that there cannot be in it anything that resembles extension' {III, 47). ", "8 Reid's dualism, it seems, is based on the traditional c?ñrãt betw~e!l ~atter's complexity and mind's 'simplicity'. ", "Substances so diSSimilar, he IS mchned to suggest, are unable to interact* and if Reid himself hesitates to draw this conclusion, Priestley will draw it fo; him . ", "Priestl~y. goe~ on ~o argue. ", "that this 'occasionalism' leads readily to Berkeley s 1deal!s\":I. H1s reasomng here rests on the principle which underlies the lat~r f!!atenahsm of Matter and Spirit , the principle of simplicity as embodied m Rule I of Ne~ton's 'Rules of Reasoning'. ", "If all our perceptions añ th.oughts w~uld remam exactly as they are if matter did not exist, then behef m a matenal world is otiose. ", "If occasionalism is true , then the external world, 6 Ibid. , ", "187. ", "7 Ibid., ", "132. ", "8 Ibid. , ", "210. ", "PRIESTLEY'S MATERIALISM can be of no proper use to give us sensations and ideas. ", "It must be (God] himself who impresses our minds with the notices of external things, without any real instrumentality of their own; so that the external world is really a superfluity in the creation (III , 47). ", "79 Deny interaction and it follows that 'this external world, which has been the subject of so much controversy, can have no existence' , for a wise God would create nothing superfluous. ", "Priestley's 'counter-offensive' rests not just on the principle of simplicity, but also on the proposition that interaction between dissimilars is impossible. ", "By now it may be beginning to appear that this proposition conflicts with his whole defence of the Theory of Ideas, but this apparent conflict can be examined in a moment. ", "The proposition also forms the basis of Priestley's early materialism, and we can now see how this materialism followed from his encounter with Reid. ", "Priestley was willing to regard Berkeley's idealism as a serious option-he could not dismiss it as contrary to common sense. ", "He tells us that 'when I first entered upon metaphysical inquiries, I thought that either the material or immaterial part of the universal system was superfluous' (III, 201), and Reid's Inquiry seems to have returned him to the same point. ", "Despite the problem of interaction, Priestley could not deny that interactions between mind and matter did occur. ", "It is, for him, more certain t):lat there are causal relations between matter and mind than that the mind is or is not material (III, 154), whereas for Reid the mind's immateriality is the fundamental certainty. ", "The Theory of Ideas itself requires that there is a material world producing ideas in the mind. ", "The causal theory of perception , and the theory of causal reasoning underlying it, are Priestley's primary concerns; to protect them involves rejecting idealism. ", "But beyond this, he thinks that the principle of simplicity can also be enlisted against idealism. ", "The chief defect of Berkeley's scheme is that it supposes a multitude of divine interpositions which , while not impossible, is not 'consonant to the course of nature in other respects' {III, 23) . ", "The view that ideas are caused by their objects 'is recommended by the same simplicity that recommends every other philosophical theory, and needs no other evidence whatever'. ", "It 'exhibits particular appearances as arising from general laws, which is agreeable to everything else we observe (ibid.). ", "Realism is, then, a superior scientific theory. ", "Far from the Theory of Ideas leading to Berkeley's 'scepticism' (as Reid thought), the Theory on Priestley's view, entails the falsity of idealism, and, further , Reid's denial of the Theory leads to idealism. ", "But having thus tried to turn the tables on Reid, Priestley's own opinions also underwent a reversal. ", "The problem of interaction between dissimilars was so great that if it was not alleviated, idealism would retain a measure of appeal. ", "Interaction seemed impossible, and idealism seemed incompatible with the realism assumed by 80 A . ", "TAPPER the Theory of Ideas. ", "Priestley, then , had no alternative but to declare himself a materialist . ", "No problem is presented by interaction between brain and body. ", "Two other difficulties did immediately present themselves: if the mind is the brain, are ideas also material? ", "And, are there any a priori objections to identifying the mind with the brain? ", "On the first point, Priestley took Hartley as his authority; on the second , Locke. ", "He suggests that ideas no more resemble their objects than the stroke of a plectrum resembles the sound it produces. ", "If Reid wishes to deny that objects cause ideas, then he must also deny that the stroke produces the sound. ", "The transferring of this comparison to the doctrine of ideas is very easy. ", "If, as Dr Hartley supposes, the nerves and brain be a vibrating substance, the analogy will hold very nearly; all sensations and ideas being vibrations in that substance, and all that is properly unknown in the business being the simple power in the mind to perceive, or be affected by, those vibrations. ", "And if, as Locke and others suppose, matter itself may be indued with that sentient power, even that difficulty, as far as the present problem is concerned , is removed (III, 36-7). ", "The points were to present more difficulty than Priestley realized: he was to equivocate later about whether ideas are merely brain-processes; and he was to be troubled by the question of how matter might think. ", "It remains to return to the apparent contradiction running through the Examination , both sides of which contribute to the formation of Priestley's materialism. ", "In the defence of ideas he comments that 'it is impossible to say how [the nerves and brain] act upon the mind, or the mind upon them'-but, he adds, this is no ground for denying that they do interact. ", "To reason thus would end in utter scepticism; by such sceptical reasoning 'we may deny every principle in nature' (III , 36). ", "The implication is that science frequently makes progress despite an ignorance of mechanisms. ", "And yet, when we come to the counter-attack on Reid, he asks , to reinforce the problem of interaction, 'how can any thing act upon another but by means of some common property? ' (", "III , 47). ", "The implication here is that the absence of a mechanism makes causal relations between matter and spirit impossible . ", "Priestley says no more than this , and his commentators have not pursued the matter. ", "However, the 'contradiction' is only apparent. ", "Priestley can be paraphrased as follows: Where we know a priori that there can be no me~hanisms (as in the case of matter and spirit) , there causation can be safely demed . ", "Where we are simply ignorant of any mechanism, there knowledge of causation is a possibility. ", "The difficulty in Priestley's case lies not at the level of these principles of causal reasoning, but at the point where he claims, while PRIESTLEY'S MATERIALISM 81 still trying to be neutral about the nature of mind, that 'correspondences' show that objects do cause ideas. ", "Clearly, if objects are , and ideas are not material , then (for him) objects cannot cause ideas. ", "He is not entitled to adopt even a temporary stance of neutrality towards the ontological question. ", "He wants to claim we cã know that objects cause ideas without knowing. ", "hõ they do s~ , b~t hts own principles require him to show that a mechamsm ts at leãt poss~ble m the cas~ , and only materialism (or idealism) can guarantee tht~ . . ", "It IS ':lot only hts counter-attack on Reid that requires him to adopt matenabsm; hts defence C?f the Theory of Ideas also requires it. ", "The fact that he seems .unawar~ .of thts suggests no more than that the Examination records hts transition to materialism. ", "One other difficulty remains. ", "It is a basic point i~ P~estley 's defence C?f ideas that contra Reid ideas need not resemble thetr obJects. ", "However, hts newly-ad~pted materiaiism holds that objec~s ~ñ id~as .are not .ontologic.ally dissimilar . ", "One is left to conclude that the dtsstmtlanty ts of a dtfferent kmd, presumably qualitative or configura.tional ?", "i~similarity. ", "It i~ true 9 that Reid argues (in what we have termed hts. ", "substdtary attack on tdeas ) ~om an ontological dissimilarity between obJ~Cts ãd tdeas to the conclusiOn that ideas cannot resemble or represent obJects many way , ?", "ut we ~a? ", "~res~me that for Priestley ontological dissimilarity is not the only kmd of dtsstmtlanty. 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[ "Climate influences the demography of three dominant sagebrush steppe plants.", "\nClimate change could alter the population growth of dominant species, leading to profound effects on community structure and ecosystem dynamics. ", "Understanding the links between historical variation in climate and population vital rates (survival, growth, recruitment) is one way to predict the impact of future climate change. ", "Using a unique, long-term data set from eastern Idaho, USA, we parameterized integral projection models (IPMs) for Pseudoroegneria spicata, Hesperostipa comata, and Artemisia tripartita to identify the demographic rates and climate variables most important for population growth. ", "We described survival, growth, and recruitment as a function of genet size using mixed-effect regression models that incorporated climate variables. ", "Elasticites for the survival + growth portion of the kernel were larger than the recruitment portion for all three species, with survival + growth accounting for 87-95% of the total elasticity. ", "The genet sizes with the highest elasticity values in each species were very close to the genet size threshold where survival approached 100%. ", "We found strong effects of climate on the population growth rate of two of our three species. ", "In H. comata, a 1% decrease in previous year's precipitation would lead to a 0.6% decrease in population growth. ", "In A. tripartita, a 1% increase in summer temperature would result in a 1.3% increase in population growth. ", "In both H. comata and A. tripartita, climate influenced population growth by affecting genet growth more than survival or recruitment. ", "Late-winter snow was the most important climate variable for P. spicata, but its effect on population growth was smaller than the climate effects we found in H. comata or A. tripartita. ", "For all three species, demographic responses lagged climate by at least one year. ", "Our analysis indicates that understanding climate effects on genet growth may be crucial for anticipating future changes in the structure and function of sagebrush steppe vegetation." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0035714285714285713, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000255	5
[ "<?", "php\n\n/** @generate-function-entries /\n\nfunction json_encode(mixed $value, int $options = 0, int $depth = 512): string\|false {}\n\nfunction json_decode(string $json, ?", "bool $assoc = null, int $depth = 512, int $options = 0): mixed {}\n\nfunction json_last_error(): int {}\n\nfunction json_last_error_msg(): string {}\n\ninterface JsonSerializable\n{\n /* @return mixed */\n public function jsonSerialize();\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.0041841004184100415 ]	0.003415	5
[ "Role of total antioxidant capacity in the differential growth of human embryos in vitro.", "\nThe objective of this study was to examine the relationship of early human embryonic development parameters with day 1 culture media total antioxidant levels (day 1 TAC). ", "Prospective study. ", "Patients undergoing assisted reproduction (ART) in a teaching hospital. ", "Patients undergoing conventional IVF (n = 153; 167 cycles) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI; n = 105; 116 cycles) were included. ", "Both fertilization and early cultures were performed in human tubal fluid (HTF) with 5% serum substitute supplement. ", "Levels of total antioxidants in the central well (sample) and the outer well (control) of each embryo culture dish were measured. ", "Fertilization rate and embryo quality at days 3 and 5 were recorded for each cycle. ", "Age, parity, and demographic features were also compared. ", "After controlling for all demographic and clinical variables, day 1 TAC was related to fertilization rates in both groups of patients. ", "Day 1 TAC was significantly related to high (>7) day 3 cell number, low (<10%) fragmentation rate, and blastocyst development rate in both conventional IVF and ICSI cycles. ", "Day 1 TAC was related to pregnancy in ICSI but not conventional IVF cycles. ", "Day1 TAC appears to be an important biochemical marker for early embryonic growth. ", "Decreased embryonic fragmentation, enhanced cleavage rate, and increased blastocyst development rate may be partially related to day 1 TAC in the culture media. ", "Whether this relationship is a cause or effect needs further assessment." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.014388489208633094, 0.017094017094017096, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011560693641618497, 0.02631578947368421, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0 ]	0.006353	5
[ "Assessment of clinician awareness of nonadherence using a new structured rating scale.", "\nLack of adherence to prescribed antipsychotic medication is recognized as a leading reason for poor outcomes and symptomatic relapse among patients with schizophrenia. ", "There is evidence, however, that treating clinicians are often either unaware that their patients are not taking their medication or overestimate their adherence. ", "A structured instrument, the Medication Adherence Assessment Tool (MAAT), was developed by an expert group of clinicians convened and sponsored by Ortho-McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC. ", "Clinicians were asked to use the MAAT to rate the degree of adherence among a group of their patients who were prescribed antipsychotic medications. ", "We compared the results of the MAAT evaluation with a validated, indirect measure of treatment adherence derived from pharmacy data, the medication possession ratio (MPR). ", "Although the MAAT has good internal reliability, we found that MAAT scores were not significantly correlated with MPR. ", "Conclusion. ", "These findings suggest that, even when using a structured instrument, clinicians are unable to accurately assess the degree of treatment adherence among patients prescribed antipsychotic medications. ", "Informing clinicians as to measures of medication possession, such as the MPR, appears to be a low-cost, minimally intrusive, and effective way to improve clinician assessment of patient adherence and thereby overall clinical outcomes." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.015544041450777202, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0.00425531914893617 ]	0.003402	5
[ "Gomisin A enhances tumor necrosis factor-α-induced G1 cell cycle arrest via signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-mediated phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein.", "\nGomisin A, a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, has been reported as an anti-cancer substance. ", "In this study, we investigated the effects of gomisin A on cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells. ", "Gomisin A significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner after 72 h treatment, especially in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), due to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase with the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression and Retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation. ", "In addition, gomisin A in combination with TNF-α strongly suppressed the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). ", "Inhibition of STAT1 pathways by a small-interfering RNA against STAT1 and AG490 Janus kinase (JAK) kinase inhibitor AG490 reduced the cyclin D1 expression and RB phosphorylation, indicating that JAK-mediated STAT1 activation is involved in gomisin A-induced G1 cell cycle arrest." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.006779661016949152, 0, 0.017921146953405017 ]	0.005316	5
[ "[ Silence ]\n>> So if career goes\nup, you know,\nit becomes that real estate\nthat was underdeveloped.", "\nCritics flock in there.", "\nThey start thinking\nabout Moby Dick.", "\nIt becomes very quickly like\nkind of canonized center\nof the American novel,\nwhich means that nobody\nreads it so much anymore.", "\nUncle Tom's Cabin had\na different career.", "\nMany, many, many people read it.", "\nIt was the best selling\nnovel of the 19th century\nand it was quickly\nadopted for the stage.", "\nStowe wasn't so canny\nas some other people\nlike Irving about her write.", "\nSo she didn't make any\nmoney from the many,\nmany stage adaptations\nthat were made of this.", "\nBut Uncle Tom's Cabin was\nquite literally a bona fide\ncultural phenomenon.", "\nAnd yet you might say because\nof strategies that it pursues,\nthe novel pursues\nthat we'll talk about.", "\nThere was a sense in which it\nkind of outlived its moment,\nonce slavery was abolished,\nonce African-American had\nincreasing rights although there\nwas clearly difficult in\nthe reconstruction era.", "\nThe idea of the African-American\nprotagonist being patterned\non someone like Tom started to\nseem like not such a good idea\nor at least not a useful idea.", "\nRather than being the\nepitome of the good Christian\nand therefore you might say that\nthe highest form of protagonist.", "\nI mean what higher\nprotagonist is there\nin wester civilization\nother than Christ.", "\nTom was meant-- came to see sort\nof the subservient and docile\nand not exactly the template\nfor what a new African-American\nperson should be.", "\nAnd in part that\nhas to do, I think,\nwith the way this\ncharacter became stereotyped\nand the way the novels big\nscenes became kind of set pieces\nthat were performed on stage.", "\nThe stage adaptations\nmade Uncle Tom's Cabin\ninto a much more\nmelodramatic story\nthan the novel actually is.", "\nIt highlighted those things and\nsome of the moral subtleties\nof the novel were\nlost in the process.", "\nSo the novel's career went\nway down, and you wanna look\nat the mid 20th century,\nyou'd say,\nMoby Dick's stock was way up.", "\nUncle Tom's Cabin was probably\nin an all time low and it took\nin the aftermath of the '60s\nand the rise of feminism\nand you now, people who\ntook a look at the writing\nthat was actually written\nin red in the middle\nof the 19th century,\nwriting that was primarily\nby women and for women.", "\nAnd started to think that\nmaybe there were some kind\nof masculine is bias in the way\nthe cannon have been construct.", "\nI mean was it really\njust accidental\nor could it possibly be\nthat they were just better\nthat that cannon was basically\nEmerson, Thoreau, Whitman,\nHawthorne, Melville, Poe\nand sometimes Dickinson\nor something else\ngoing on there.", "\nAnd I think one of\nthe arguments,\none of the powerful\narguments that critics made is\nthat Uncle Tom's Cabin is\nnot only antislavery novel\nbut it's also a kind of\nfeminist novel and that's part\nof what motivates it, that\nit really is making a kind\nof analogy, a powerful\nanalogy between slavery,\nthe most pressing problems for\nthe United States in the middle\nof the 19th century, and a\nproblem that continues on.", "\nAgain, a problem not solved in\nthe declaration of independence\non the constitution, the\nproblem of women's rights,\nor what Stowe would come\nto call domestic slavery.", "\nAnd I think one of the things\nthat happens in the '70s\nand onward is that critics--\nfeminist critics especially\nbut generally critics would\nsuggest that we forgotten how\nto read novels like Uncle Tom's\nCabin in part because we become\nso consumed as English majors\nwith text that are hard,\nwith text that are\nlight, you know,\nthey don't seem to\nhave a message.", "\nAnd that there's a certain\nway in which sentimentality\nas a genre, has become\nunavailable for us.", "\nAnd the argument is in fact\nwe are poor readers for it.", "\nSo it seemed to me in the\ninterest of being, you know,\nup to date in terms\nof modern the very--\nbeing the very model of modern\nliterary criticism back whenever\nthat was.", "\nNow, if you're gonna\ndo Moby Dick you have\nto do Uncle Tom's Cabin, too.", "\nI chucked about but three weeks\nor so out of the syllabus.", "\nBut I think one of the things\nI want you to understand is\nthat Uncle Tom's Cabin and\nMoby Dick represent two\ncontemporary novels.", "\nThey're basically the same\ntime, they are motivated\nby the same cultural\ncontext, they are marked by it\nin slightly different ways but\nthere are two variant attempts\nto write a modern major American\nnovel, a national level.", "\nI suggest to you that The\nScarlet Letter is another way\nof doing it as well, that it\nhas the same kinds of aims.", "\nAnd we will talk about that\nalthough I give it comparatively\nshort shrift in this\nclass because I think many\nof you have, probably at least\nbeen assigned The Scarlet Letter\nin high school.", "\nIf that's true and\nin high school\nif you skip the Custom House\nand you find yourself pressed\nfor time for some,\nwho knows what,\nreason over the next two weeks.", "\nI suggest you read the Custom\nHouse, hey, this is rare tip.", "\nRead the Custom House and\nskim The Scarlet Letter\nto re-familiarize yourself\nof what goes on there.", "\nI'll show you some of the major\nportions of The Scarlet Letter.", "\nBut one of the things you\nwill understand if you realize\nthat the Custom House\nis integral\nto the novel The\nScarlet Letter in italics\non which The Scarlet Letter\nthat follows the Custom House,\nScarlet Letter in quotation\nmarks is simply a kind\nof a long story.", "\nYou will understand\nthat one of the things\nthat Hawthorne is trying to do\nis play off the 17th century\nagainst the 19th century.", "\nIt isn't only a novel\nabout the 17th century.", "\nAnd Hawthorne frames his\ntelling of Hester Prynne's story\nwith ideas that come from\nthe 19th century, alright.", "\nSo I want you to understand\nthat-- I mean, some--\nwith any luck, as I said, I\ndon't want you to remember dates\nand things but by the end\nof a course I do hope\nyou will realize,\nit will be firmly\nimplanted in your head\nthat Hawthorne was\nnot a puritan writer.", "\nMany students make that mistake.", "\nHawthorne was not.", "\nIt's one of the reasons\nI've decided not\nto ever start this course\nwith Young Goodman Brown\nwhich I've thought of doing.", "\nHe's a 19th century writer.", "\nHe's writing a critic\nof Puritanism, okay.", "\nSo we're gonna back.", "\nBut he's also writing a critic\nof 19th century culture.", "\nAnd there's a certain way\nin which Hawthorne shares\nthat project with\nStowe and Melville.", "\nThey are all in some sense\nevaluating the culture\nthat they find themselves\nin from a variety\nof different standpoints,\nand in different ways\nthey find it wanting.", "\nThey have ideas about\nhow it might be improved.", "\nAnd still is more overt\nabout it behind a kind\nof prescriptive message about\nhow it might be improved.", "\nSo one of the other\nthings I want you to use is\nthat if Hawthorne is engaged in\na kind of critic of Puritanism\nand is dramatizing some of the\nshortcomings of typological,\nallegorical modes of thinking,\nsome of the kinds of way\nthat Calvinism encouraged people\nto think in the 17th century.", "\nIf Melville also in some\npart is drawn to Hawthorne\nbecause he is sympathetic\nto that critic,\non the one hand we\nmight say that Stowe is\nin some sense inheriting many\nof the kind of impulsives\nthat come from Calvinism.", "\nShe belongs in some-- in--\nyou might say, in a kind of long\ntrain of what we might think\nof the sermonic literature that\nwould start for us with Thoreau.", "\nSo I want you to think about\nthis different trajectories\nas we are talking about\nthese books, okay.", "\nOne of the things to say\nis that and I'll bring back\nto ask this question of\nthe horizon of expectations\nthat we started about with.", "\nAnd I think I might\nbe even mentioned it\nto you on the first day.", "\nMelville sets himself at odds\nwith the prevailing horizon\nof expectations in that\nmoment, right, in the 1850s.", "\nHe is writing a novel\nthat's gonna look weird even\nto experienced novel readers.", "\nAnd if you'll remember\nhe starts with as--\nwith etymology section with\nextracts isn't really get\nto this personal narrative\nuntil many pages in.", "\nAnd even in-- even\nthen it's a kind\nof dodgy personal narrative.", "\nIt's one where we should\nimmediately be suspicious\nof the very chatty narrator\nthat he's presenting to us.", "\nIt looks weird as a novel.", "\nStowe has a different\nattitude as I hope you'll see\nover next couple of days towards\nthe horizons of expectations.", "\nShe wants to use it.", "\nShe wants to mobilize it.", "\nShe knows that one of a\nthings she's trying to get\nacross is something that is\ndeeply controversial at best,\nperhaps deeply unpopular\nat worst.", "\nSo, she wants in some\nsense to sugar coat\nthat indigestible nugget\nat the heart of her project\nwith something that will\nprove to be more digestible\nthat will even make\nyou want to ingest it.", "\nAnd those things are what\nwe called sentimentality,\nand with them a healthy dollop\nof Christian doctrine,\nsome melodrama.", "\nAnd you might say, a general\nidea that what she is trying\nto do would fall into a\ncategory that if it exists\nat the time we would\ncall realism.", "\nNow you'd say that's ridiculous.", "\nIt's a novel.", "\nWhen you get to the end you'll\nsay, \"Wow, that was really\nso full of coincidence and it's\njust completely unbelievable\nstory,\" right.", "\nPeople wouldn't behave\nthat way or, you know,\nthese kinds of things really\nwouldn't happen except\nin novels.", "\nBut what I wanna\nsuggest to you is\nthat Stowe is actually\npitching the novel\nto her readers as realism.", "\nAnd if they read it in that way\nand that she dramatized\nthe scenes in the novel\nthat are precisely\nabout those kinds\nof problems of representation.", "\nSo that's part of\nwhere we're going.", "\nAnd again, that would\nbe another thing\nthat separates Stowe's practice\nfrom Hawthorne's and Melville's.", "\nToday in the 21st century,\nwe would say, \"Oh, yeah,\nStowe is a sentimental\nnovelist.\"", "\n>> Those guys are doing\nsomething more complicated.", "\nThey're modernist or romantic\nwriters but I would think\nthat a way of capturing\nthe dynamic\nin the 19th century might\nbe more accurate to say\nthat she is something that\nis more like realism and less\nlike romantic writing, the\nkind of romantic writing\nthat they are pioneering.", "\nAnd in the end, you might\nsay of the 19 century\nwhen there's a kind of backlash\nagainst romantic writing.", "\nAnd genres that we've cope--\nwhen we think of more properly\nif you take American literature,\ntoo, you would start off\nwith the age of what's\nknown as realism\nand then leading to naturalism.", "\nWell, part of realism is\nan intention to region\nand regionalist writing\nas it worked.", "\nAnd one of the major\nregionalists\nof the late 19th century--\nof the later part of\n19th century is Stowe.", "\nSo you might say\nthat Stowe has--\nif you look at her\ncareer there's a sense\nin which she kind of\nsurrounds the romantic writers\nthat are epitomized by\nHawthorne and Melville.", "\nSo I want you to think\nabout that as well.", "\nWhat would it mean\nto be a reader\nfor whom sentimentality is\nin fact a form of realism?", "\nOkay, now, like Emerson's\nantislavery lectures,\nStowe's novel was\nmotivated by the passage\nof the Fugitive Slave Law.", "\nAnd in 1851, she\nwrote to the editor\nof an antislavery newspaper\ncalled the \"National Era\"\nthat she wanted to\nwrite a sketch\nand this sketch was gonna be\ncalled \"Uncle Tom's Cabin.\"", "\nAnd this sketch would run for\nthree or four installments.", "\nMaybe some of you are wishing\nthat in fact she'd stuck\nto her original plan.", "\nBut once she began her\nwriting, the project took off.", "\nIt grew to 40 installments.", "\nIt was later reorganized\ninto 45 chapters\nfor publication as\na book in 1852.", "\nAlright, so you might\nsee there's a project--\nthe project gets a way with--\nor from her and at the same time\nwhich she is not\ninterested in literary form\nin the way that Melville is.", "\nShe's interested in literally\nform, I would suggest to you\nin the context of course\nin the way that someone\nlike Phillis Wheatley is.", "\nShe doesn't want\nform to be a problem.", "\nShe wants form that draws you in\nbut she's got something other--\nsomething that's\ndifferent around.", "\nAnd like Wheatley, one of\nthe things that's thought her\nin mind is you might say,\nthe faith of Christianity\nin the new world.", "\nWheatley thinks that\nChristianity is something\nthat is, you know,\neventually going\nto provide a certain\nkind of salvation.", "\nIt's good for Africans to\ncome to the United States\nif it mean-- even the slaves,\nif it means that\neventually are Christianized.", "\nWe need to perfect Christianity\nso the white people will realize\nthat Africans who may be\ndark has came nevertheless\nlike came can be refined.", "\nStowe also thinks,\nbelieves in, you might say,\nthe salvation of-- the idea\nof Christian salvation,\nwhat's gone wrong as far\nas Stowe is concerned is the\ninstitution that supposed\nto provide-- to help\nprovide that, the church.", "\nThe church, you might say,\nhas fallen down on the job\nnot only does the church--\nnot [inaudible]-- the Christian\nchurch not necessarily be\ncounted on to oppose slavery.", "\nThere are many instances and not\nonly in the south of churches\nand ministers who\nopenly support slavery\nwho find biblical president for.", "\nSo I think that's a problem.", "\nSo for her, form is not\ngoing to be an issue,\nand you might say\ntherefore if we were looking\nto judge the novel in\ncontemporary terms,\nyou might say that actually\nit's kind of deformed.", "\nIt probably could\nhave use an editor,\nalthough I think that's\nprobably true of most 20th--\n21st century, no, it was not.", "\nEverybody here read Steven King,\ndon't you wish Steven King\nwere just a little bit\nshorter sometimes.", "\nI mean, come on, you\nreally need all those words.", "\nProbably better when\nit was shorter.", "\nIn any case, Stowe's middle\nsection gets away form her you\nmight say.", "\nAnd so, I think you'll notice\nthat as you read\nover the weekend.", "\nThere's a sense in which\nin terms of the story,\nthe narrative, that\nmiddle section that sets\nin New Orleans is too long.", "\nAnd yet there's something\nabout what it is\nthat Stowe is interested in\nthinking about it that makes how\nthat kind of-- that makes her\ntake all that kind of space.", "\nSo we'll talk about\nthat, I think,\na little bit more next time.", "\nOne of the things to start\nby thinking about is couple\nof things to help you read this.", "\nWhat is that the book\nhas a double plot?", "\nIt moves geographically\nnorth from Kentucky\nand south from Kentucky.", "\nSo the northern plot\nhas a certain logic,\nit's north towards\nCanada and to freedom.", "\nThat's the Harris' who\nescaped from the beginning\nand moved their way\nup to Canada.", "\nAnd the logic of south, just\nas I suggested to you earlier\nabout Huckleberry Finn, the\nlogic of south is the logic\nof deeper into slavery,\ndown towards Louisiana\nand the deepest, darkest,\nmost dismal faces of slavery.", "\nThe early sections of the book\nare the most tightly plotted.", "\nThey are the most motivated by\nthe needs to dramatize a critic\nof Fugitive Slave Law.", "\nBut as she gets more and more\ntaken with this kind of logic\nof moving south, you might\nsay it's the southern movement\nthat ends up dominating\nthe book.", "\nThe northern plot\nhas a kind of climax\nor they had a central middle\nclimax that was a frequent--\nit was frequently the set piece\nthat would close the first act\nof stage adaptations\nof Uncle Tom's Cabin.", "\nHer people used to go to see how\nthis was going to be performed,\nEliza on the ice floes.", "\nThis is from a French\nedition of a play.", "\nThis is an illustration\nfrom the 1880's.", "\nAnd again, they do get across\nthat Eliza doesn't look exactly,\nnot necessary look\nAfrican-American.", "\nAnd this is from an\nadvertisement for production\nof Uncle Tom's Cabin\nin the 1880's.", "\nHow were they gonna do this?", "\nHow were they gonna\ndramatize that was typically\nas these things went on\nyou would have, you know,\nactual dogs come on the\nstage and, you know,\nsomebody wonders what\nthey did when the dogs\nlike poop on the stage.", "\nDon't ask me that question.", "\nI have no idea.", "\n[Laughter] But it\nbecame spectacle, right.", "\nSo one of the things\nyou might say\nabout the novel immediately\nis it it's open itself\nup to spectacle like that.", "\nIt contains certain kinds\nof steps that pieces\nthat draw attention\nto themselves,\nthat's part of its technique.", "\nThere is, you might\nsay, an undercurrent\nof melodrama in this novel.", "\nAnd it's not only in its\nnarrative but even in the voice\nof the narrator, right.", "\nThere is a narrative voice\nher e. It will address you\nperiodically as dear reader.", "\nIt would comment on what\nthe narrative is doing.", "\nAnd that in some sense\nalso heightens the kind\nof melodramatic for us, alright.", "\nNow, you remember that Eliza\nafter receiving assistance\nfrom Senator Bird is reunited\nwith her husband, George.", "\nThey find a temporary haven\nin chapter 13 of the novel,\nin the Quaker Settlement\nwhich is run\nas if it's a kind of\nmatriarchy, right.", "\nAnd you might say that's a kind\nof Utopian space for Stowe.", "\nShe's-- It's almost like vision.", "\nIt's almost like her little\nfurrow thought experiments.", "\nWhat would it look\nlike of women ran stuff\nand the man didn't mind, if\nthe men were cooperative.", "\nWhat would a matriarchal\nsociety look like?", "\nIt might look like\nthis Quaker Settlement.", "\nInterestingly though\nyou can't stay there.", "\nIt doesn't really for everybody.", "\nThe Harris's can't stay there.", "\nThey have to move on.", "\nAnd so that might be\none way of thinking\nabout the novels acknowledgment\nof what is possible especially\nfor people like to Harris's in\nthe middle of the 19th century.", "\nNow in the first part of\nthe novel, that novel,\nthat plot of escape alternates\nwith Tom's-- the Tom plot.", "\nTom sailed to a slave\nowner down South.", "\nAnd it's at the end\nof chapter 17.", "\nSo I ask you to cutoff\nbasically where book 1\nof the published book,\nfirst publication ended off.", "\nBut that's just the beginning\nof this New Orleans section\nat the end of chapter 18.", "\nThat's where we get\nmore and more of a focus\non to the real kind of\nhorrors, both literal\nand you might say even\nintellectual horrors of slavery\nand that part of the novel\nis less tightly plotted,\nthere's more conversation,\nthere's more thinking especially\nbetween Augustine St. Clare\nand his cousin Miss Ophelia\nabout the kinds of a, you\nknow, problems of slavery,\nthe possible remedies\nfor a slavery.", "\nOne of the things I want\nyou to immediately see is\nthat it's important that\nMiss Ophelia is a northerner\nand it's important that\nMiss Ophelia is a deeply\nflawed character.", "\nShe needs to learn something\nfrom the people in\nthe household.", "\nAnd part of that is, you\nknow, there's an insight\nthat Stowe has which is the same\ninsight that motivated Emerson\nwhich is that's slavery\nis a national institution.", "\nIt isn't that southern\nproblem that the South is part\nof a union and that's this\nunion is part of a large--\nis a larger economy\nthat's built on slavery.", "\nYou can't have slavery in\none part of it and saying\nthat the whole country is\ninto slave holding society.", "\nSo there's a way in which one\nof things she's dramatized is\nnorthern implication in slavery.", "\nThe implication of would be do\ngood or is like Miss Ophelia.", "\nNotice what happens to\nher when you found--\nwhen the novel progresses.", "\nThere's a deep irony\nabout what happens\nto Miss Ophelia in\nthe course of it.", "\nIt's subtle but just\nthink about ways\nin which you would\ncategorize her in relation\nto slavery as the novel unfolds.", "\nThat's one thing.", "\nThe other is that the most--\none of the most vicious villains\nin all of the American\nliterature is the villain\nof the last half of this novel,\nSimon Legree, is a northerner\nand a capitalist, right.", "\nSo one of the things we would\nsay is that the worst character\nin this entire novel\nis a northerner.", "\nStowe is suggesting that it's a\nnational problem that the south\nand north are both\nimplicated in this.", "\nAnd there are ways in which she\nwill, you know, almost try--\nshe would try to address herself\nto us a sympathetic southern\nreader at the moment.", "\nShe doesn't wanna demonize the\nsouth that's just too easy an\nexcuse for northern readers.", "\n>> Okay, so that's one\nthing to bear in mind.", "\nOne of the things we might think\nabout with Uncle Tom's Cabin\nof course is that it belongs\nto a model in which of reading\nand writing and thinking, in\nwhich literature was thought\nto actually have\nsocial consequences,\nto actually have some\nkind of efficacy.", "\nI don't think-- we don't\nbelieve that so much\nin the United States anymore.", "\nDo anyone believe that a\nbook can change the world?", "\nMay even sounds right\nwhen you say, \"Oh,\nbooks will change my life.\"", "\nBut there are cultures\nout there.", "\n[Inaudible] with that, there\nare Americans out there\nthat believed that books can\ndo things, have social effects.", "\nMostly they focus on\nnegative social effects.", "\nThey think that certain writers\nare be banned or have death--\nyou know, death sentences\npassed on them for certain kinds\nof sect, religious things\nthat they've written\nor that certain very, very, very\npopular books should be burnt\nbecause they promote\nwitchcraft and wizardry.", "\n[Laughter] Or that no one\nshould read Huckleberry Finn\nbecause it contains the word\nnigger, even though it's one\nof the most deeply, antiracist\nbooks that's ever been written\nand people would get funny\nideas about [inaudible].", "\nNevertheless, there's\none good thing\nabout all those prospectors\nwhich is that they seemed\nto think that literature\nmatters or as you know many--\nI don't know well healed\nliberals are kinda of too bossy\nabout the possibilities\nfor literature.", "\nWhen Stowe went to the White\nHouse in 1862 and met Lincoln,\nfinally, he looked at her\nand you can imagine\nAbe Lincoln talking.", "\nLincoln at her and probably\nonly half joking said,\" So,\nthis is the little lady who\nmade this great big war.\"", "\nAnd one thing again, he's\nonly half joking about that.", "\nThere was the belief\nthat somehow Uncle Tom's Cabin\nwas related to the civil war.", "\nSome would say, he brought\nit-- it brought it about.", "\nCertainly, one of the things\nwe would say is that it kind\nof galvanized discourse\nabout slavery.", "\nTo a certain extent, once Uncle\nTom's Cabin was published,\nit was so powerful as a form\nand so many people read it,\nthat in some sense the slave--\nthe debate over slavery got\nturned into literary debates.", "\nWas the novel true or not?", "\nWas it a true dramatization\nof slavery?", "\nSome people say that's\nexactly the slavery.", "\nSee, it's evil.", "\nYou read the novel.", "\nSome people say didn't\ngo far enough.", "\nIt doesn't show you enough\nabout how horrible slavery\nis, has pull its punches.", "\nSouthern writer would\nappall and say, \"No, no,\nit's completely unfair.\"", "\nThat the slavery is actually\nmuch better that the kind\nof wave slavery that\nyou have in the north\nwhere people are kinda left\nwith their own devices.", "\nThe plantation system\nis like a family.", "\nAnd in a family, there needs\nto be punishment every\nnow and then, right?", "\nSpare the rod, spoil the child.", "\nBut it's a system\nin which we care\nabout everybody that's\nin a family.", "\nThese were more debates\nthat were mobilized.", "\nAnd so people would\nsay, you know,\nUncle Tom's Cabin was true,\nwasn't true, wasn't true enough.", "\nSo much so that pass--\nStowe, the year afterwards,\npublishes a volume\nwhat's you called The Key\nto Uncle Tom's Cabin in\nwhich she reveals some\nof her contemporary sources.", "\nAnd one of the people\nthat's the influence\nin the story Frederick\nDouglas, right.", "\nSo Stowe, herself buys\nin into this debate\nover whether the novel\nis actually true.", "\nSo then that's the kind\nof leave the imagination\nthat we have to make.", "\nWe have to think of a situation\nwe could actually think\nthat a novel could cause a war.", "\nHere's an example from\nlater on in the century,\nthis is a Brigadier General\nwho was a confederate general\nwho wrote this in\nSewanee Review in 1893.", "\nHas Mrs. Stowe ever try to think\nwhat her book has been a chief\nfactor of bringing upon the\nworld, have she ever try\nto weigh those occasional\nand rare horrors.", "\nI'll say that again,\nthe occasional\nand rare horrors of\nthe old slave day.", "\nHard as they were against\nthe agonies of the million\nof brave men mutilated\nand done to death\nin the ranks of the\nblue and gray.", "\nHas she ever reflected upon the\n10, the 20 millions of lives\nand mothers, sweethearts\nand daughters who slaughter,\nwhose hearts has been\ntorn up by the roots\nof the wild slaughter\nbetween brothers.", "\nTruly the indulgence\nof sentiment is costly.", "\nAgain, you can see some\nthings going on here.", "\nRight, I mean, there's the\napology, the occasional\nand rare horrors of\nthe old slave days.", "\nThe family metaphor,\nthe country as a family,\nbrother against brother,\nwith the civil war.", "\nHe's taking those and\nhe's not actually stupid.", "\nHe's taking aim at\nprecisely the audience\nthat Stowe's novel was\naimed at, you know, women.", "\nHere he calls the mothers,\nsweethearts, and daughter.", "\nThat's exactly that Stowe's\ngonna address her book\nto in end, you'll see.", "\nIt's like, you know,\nthe men they suck.", "\nWomen of the America, it's time\nfor you to do something, right?", "\nAnd-- But the idea that\ntruly the indulgence\nof sentiment is costly\nis misguided.", "\nIt wasn't simply\nindulging sentiments.", "\nThere wasn't like, \"Oh, women,\nthey write sentimental stuff\nand look what happens.\"", "\nWrite about slavery\nand see what you-- no.", "\nStowe knew exactly what\nshe was doing, right.", "\nSo that Stowe I would say--\nStowe truly did mean to do harm.", "\nI think that was-- but she meant\nto do harm to this institution\nthat she found to be, you\nknow, a complete disgrace.", "\nAnd you might say a kind of\ncultural contradiction that was\nin some sense a sort of\nvery present evil, okay.", "\nSo that's one of the things\nI want us to understand\nthat we understand in the 19th\ncentury that it was Stowe,\nthat literature can have\na certain kind of efficacy\nand she means it to have a\ncertain kind of efficacy, right?", "\nSo, here's a-- here's\nan advertising\nfor the novel, blew\nthat later on.", "\nAnd you can see that it was the\ngreatest hail at this point,\nit's the greatest\nbook of the age.", "\nIn addition for the million\ncomplete in one volume,\npeople would say, \"Oh, you\nknow, she was really successful\nas a novelist because\nshe had a powerful theme,\nantislavery,\" right.", "\nShe was just the best of\nthe antislavery novels,\neverybody bought it, right?", "\nWrong. ", "In fact, antislavery\nwas dead at the box office.", "\nEveryone knew, including Stowe,\nthat antislavery was a genre\nthat nobody wanted to read.", "\nIt did not sell well.", "\nIn effect, Stowe was forced\nto sell the publication rights\nto the novel for just\na 10 percent royalty\nand her husband had told her--\nhe was quoted later on in\nsaying, \"I tell my wife\nthat if she can get a good\nblack silk dress or 50 dollars\nand money for the story,\nshe should take it\"\nwhich of course was not\nexactly the right thing to do.", "\nAnd she missed out on a lot\nof money although I think--\nI don't think it really mater.", "\nBut the success of Uncle Tom's\nCabin surprised everybody.", "\nSurprised her, her\nhusband, her publishers.", "\nYou might say therefore\nmore accurately\nthat the novel gained a large\naudience in spite of rather\nthan because of its\nantislavery stance.", "\nOne Stowe scholar\nput it this way,\nsometimes critics have\nassumed that it was the subject\nof antislavery which made Uncle\nTom's Cabin a powerful novel.", "\nIt is perhaps more exactly\nthrough to say the opposite\nthat because Uncle Tom's\nCabin was a powerful novel,\nantislavery became a\npowerful cause, okay.", "\nSo that again, as one say\nyou seemed that they--\nyou could demonstrate\nand liberate history\nthat this is a novel,\na piece of literature\nthat has a certain kind\nof social efficacy.", "\nStowe knows that she can't just\nwrite an antislavery critique\nthat it becomes a\n[inaudible] or something\nand nobody wants to read it.", "\nHow doe she hoodwink the reader?", "\nHow does she draw the reader in\nso that finally the reader has\nto accept this antislavery\nnovel?", "\nShe does it-- I'd\nsuggest you very candidly\nby using literary techniques\nthat allow her to appeal\nto her readers' emotions first\nand their intellect second.", "\nOnce she's got the emotional\npull then she starts to--\nshe can bring out the--\ntry to seek a kind of\nintellectual change, right?", "\nSo it is an antislavery polemic.", "\nI think that's true.", "\nIt is also a kind of feminist\nappeal and you might say\nthat she compelled-- she brings\nthose two things together.", "\nIt's not incidental by the way.", "\nPart of the reason Stowe\nas a writer is able\nto imagine what it's\nlike to be a slave is\nthat she feels herself to be\nwhat's called a domestic slave.", "\nAnd in some sense, it's not\nher husband was a bad guy\nor a thing.", "\nIt's just that simply the\nsituation of women was\nsuch in the 19th century that\neven if you're relatively well\nto do you are nevertheless\nkind of in a situation\nwhich your options are limited.", "\nYou don't live for yourself.", "\nYou're constantly doing things.", "\nRather, she has large family.", "\nAnd so she has this\nexperience that she's able\nthrough what [inaudible] might\nhave called negative capability\nto generalize out and think\nabout what it might\nmean to be a slave.", "\nSo she takes these two things\nand in priority order, right?", "\nSlavery first, domestic\nlabor is second,\nas the topics of a novel.", "\nShe wraps them in a technique\nof sentimental fiction.", "\nAnd what for her is inseparable\nfrom the idea of sentimentality.", "\nShe wraps them in the garb\nof Christian doctrine, okay.", "\nSo, I want you to\nbe clear about this.", "\nAbove all, this is\na Christian novel.", "\nIt is a Christian\nabolition novel.", "\nAnd it is a Christian abolition\nnovel that takes the opportunity\nto also offer a kind of\nfeminist dramatization\nor feminist critique and\nthat's activated by the idea\nthat what Stowe-- you know,\nthat what Stowe experienced\nherself personally.", "\nIt's something that\nshe would refer\nto as domestic slavery, right?", "\nAnd her biography makes\nthis clear that she knows\nabout domestic slavery.", "\nShe's born in the beginning\nof the century, 1811,\nto a very prominent family.", "\nHer father, Lyman, is\na Presbyterian Minister\nand he was one of the\nmost famous preachers\nin the northeast and even\nin America in that day.", "\n>> He was a very strong\ninfluence on his children.", "\nHe had seven children\nwho followed him,\nsome of them into the ministry.", "\nOne of them, Harriet's\nyounger brother, Henry,\nbecame perhaps even\nmore well-known\nas a preacher than his father.", "\nHer older sister in\nfact, I think the oldest\nof the children, Catherine,\nbecame an influential proponent\nof education for women and\nwrote treatises about that.", "\nOne scholar writing about\nUncle Tom's Cabin in a kind\nof disparaging way in the\nmiddle of the 20th century said,\nthat any of the beaches\nthat sat alone\non a deserted island\nwould have a church\nand a missionary\nsociety up and running\nwithin a couple of days, right.", "\nThat's kind of activist family.", "\nStowe launches her literary\ncareer when she's about 23.", "\n1834, she began publishing\na set of stories\nin a western monthly magazine.", "\nOn of the stories wins a price\nof 5 dollars which is more\nthan it is-- oh, excuse me,\n50 dollars which is, you know,\nmore than 50 dollars\ntoday by quite a bit,\nbut still not a ton of money.", "\nBut it teaches her this lesson,\nthat you can make\nmoney from writing.", "\nIt can be a form of supplemental\nincome for her family.", "\nSo she [inaudible] it.", "\nI would suggest to you-- one\nof the least I mentioned is\nthat there's a kind\nof instrumental idea.", "\nLiterature is not just there\nfor aesthetic appreciation.", "\nIt's to achieve things.", "\nIt's to get things.", "\nOne of those things you might\nwanna get at least at the outset\nof your career is money.", "\nIn fact, she needed\nmoney because in 1836,\nshe married a man who\ndidn't have a lot of money,\nCalvin Stowe, who was a widower\nand a professor whose\ncircumstances were not\nexactly prosperous.", "\nHe was a classics\nprofessor and she said later\non after the novel was a\nsuccess, \"I was married\nwhen I was 25 years old to a man\nwho is rich in Greek and Hebrew,\nLatin and Arabic, and alas\nrich in nothing else.\"", "\nI sympathize.", "\nIn any case, it becomes\nimpossible\nto support their growing family\non just a professor's salary.", "\nSo she looks to writing to try\nto provide some extra money.", "\nAnd in 1842, she was--\nshe collected enough stuff to\nactually put a volume together\nand she was canny about\nher professional life\nand a certainly way.", "\nShe knew where to go.", "\nShe went to New York to\nnegotiate with the House\nof Harper which is one of the\nmost prominent publishers.", "\nAnd she-- there's a letter\nin which she writes back\nto her husband this,\n\"On the home, my dear,\nif I choose to be a\nliterary lady, I have I think\nas good a chance of\nmaking profit by,\nit is anyone I know of.\"", "\nAnd again this should\nremind as an earning, right.", "\nShe's not in this for\nthe love of literature.", "\nShe's in this to make money.", "\nAnd her husband apparently\nwrites back and says, \"My dear,\nyou must be a literary woman.\"", "\nAnd she writes back to him\nand says, \"If I am to write,\nI must have a room to myself\nwhich shall be my room.\"", "\n[Inaudible] Actually, I don't\nknow if he got that room.", "\nI mean this anticipates Virginia\nWall, right, a room on its own.", "\nBut you can kind of\nsee that the situation\nin which she is writing.", "\nAnyway, the result of all\nthese was a volume called the\nMayflower that was\npublished by Harper in 1843\nto not a lot of notice.", "\nAnd after that, her life was\nreally dominated by trials\nwhere in between 1836 and\n1850s, so this volume goes\nabout the middle of that.", "\nShe has birthed to seven\nchildren, count them up,\nthe years, 1836 to\n1850, about 14 years.", "\nSeven children and she suffers\nat least two miscarriages,\nthat's 9 years [inaudible] so\nwe don't know exactly, right.", "\nAnd she was one of these--\nshe was not one of these women\nwho could just kinda like have\na pregnancy and be up and,\nyou know, jogging the next day.", "\nShe was frequently\nfrustrated by her pregnancy.", "\nSo she spent a lot of time in\nbed and when she was well enough\nto write, she had to\nworry about the family.", "\nI want you to understand\nshe's not--\nwe talked about Anne\nBradstreet before.", "\nIt doesn't went with Anne\nBradstreet was well to do\nand had helped and Stowe\ndoesn't have that kind of help.", "\nIn fact later on, she said\nthis to a friend even--\nIt's not even that later.", "\nIt's 1838 before she has\na lot of her children.", "\nShe said, \"I am but\na mere drudge\nwith few ideas besides\nbabies and housekeeping.\"", "\nAnd that was before, you know,\nthe drudgery had\nhardly reached its peak.", "\nThe following year, she writes\nthis, \"I am determined not\nto be a mere domestic slave\nwithout even the leisure\nto excel in my duties.\"", "\nAlright, so there, early on,\nyou see this connection\nthat's being made in her mind\nbetween slavery and a lot of\nwomen in the 19th Century.", "\nShe finally had a\nnervous breakdown.", "\nAnd in 1846, she had to go\nfor hydrotherapy in Vermont\nand almost a year of\nisolation from her family.", "\nSo that's one of the\nthings to understand\nabout where this\nnovel comes from.", "\nIn other way, it places\nnovel comes from 1849.", "\nThere was a cholera epidemic and\nit killed one of her children,\nher 1-year-old son, Samuel.", "\nAnd she said this, \"It\nwas at his dying bed\nthat I learned what a\npoor slave mother may feel\nwhen her child is\ntorn away from her.\"", "\nShe's thinking back about where\nthe genesis of this novel was.", "\n\"In those depths of sorrow\nwhich seemed to be immeasurable,\nit was my only prayer to God\nthat such anguish might\nnot be suffered in vain.", "\nI felt that I could\nnever be consoled\nfor it unless this crushing of\nmy own heart might enable me\nto work out some\ngreat good to others.\"", "\nSo, there's a kind\nof double sense here.", "\nDomesticity as a kind\nof duty on the one hand,\ndomesticity as a\nkind of slavery.", "\nShe likes the duty part.", "\nShe doesn't like\nthe slavery part.", "\nShe doesn't like the\nfact that in so far\nas this drudgery is keeping her\nfrom doing the duty\nparticularly.", "\nBut you can kinda see how\nthis is becoming a kind\nof complex metaphor for Stowe.", "\nIt's evolving even\nin this moment.", "\nFinally, the thing\nthat prompts Stowe\nto write Uncle Tom's Cabin\nis the passage next year\nof the compromising 1850\nand the Fugitive Slave Law.", "\nLet's take a look\nin the novel now.", "\nWe've delayed long enough, to\npage 142 in the Penguin edition,\nchapter 9, or anybody who's\nusing something separate.", "\nHere we find a direct\nreference to the passage\nof the Fugitive Slave Law\nalthough one of the things\nto bear in mind is that\nthe law they're talking\nabout is not the national\nFugitive Slave Law but a kind\nof similar law that's\nbeing passed\nat the state level in Ohio.", "\nIt's about-- So it's\nabout states politics.", "\nBut this is what-- We have\nthe Senator Bird here talking\nto his wife.", "\nAlright, and he's\nthe man of business\nand politics, public affairs.", "\nShe is the little lady\nwho stays at home.", "\nWell, said his wife,\nafter the business\nof the tea table is\ngetting rather slack\nand what have they been\ndoing in the senate?", "\nNow, it was a very unusual thing\nfor gentle little Mrs. Bird ever\nto trouble her head\nwith what was going\non in the house of the state.", "\nVery wisely considering\nthat she had enough\nto do to mind her own.", "\nNow I wanted you to see again\neven in the little thing\nlike that, that's just not\na neutral narrative voice.", "\nThere's a lot of\nstuff that's going on.", "\nIn this narrative voice drips\nwith irony much of the time\nand you should be attuned to it.", "\nMr. Bird therefore opened his\neyes in surprise and said,\nnot very much of importance.", "\nWell, but is it true that\nthey have been passing a law\nforbidding people to\ngive meat and drink\nto those poor colored\nfolks that come along?", "\nI heard they were\ntalking of some such law\nbut I don't think any Christian\nlegislature would pass it.", "\nWhy Mary, you're getting to\nbe a politician all at once.", "\nNo nonsense.", "\nI wouldn't give a fip for\nall your politics generally.", "\nBut I think this is something\ndownright cruel and unchristian.", "\nI hope my dear no such\nlaw has been passed.", "\nAlright, so one of the things\nwe're starting to see here\nas a kind of separation.", "\nThis is what scholars would\nlater call the separation\nof steer.", "\nThere's a male realm of\npolitics and a female realm\nwhich is not supposed\nto be about politics.", "\nIt's about the home.", "\nIt's about religions,\nabout education,\nbut not about politics.", "\nAnd there's a certain way\nin which you should say--\nyou should see that there's\nkind of something dismissive\nabout her attitude\ntowards politics.", "\nI wouldn't give fip\nfor all your politics.", "\nGenerally, as if it's all\njust stuff that men do.", "\nBut wait a minute, once the\nmen start doing stuff that's\nunchristian then the\nwomen had to take notice.", "\nIt's all men-- already we see\nthere are two different ways\nof framing what's going on.", "\nThe male way is the\nlegalistic way.", "\nThere has been a\nlaw forbidding--\npassed forbidding people to\nhelp off the slaves that come\nover from Kentucky my dear so\nmuch of that thing has been done\nby these reckless\nabolitionist that are brethren\nin Kentucky are very\nstrongly excited\nand that seems necessary.", "\nAnd actually she's gonna\nuse the Christian thing back\nat her, right?", "\nAnd no more than Christian and\nkind of something should be done\nby our state to quiet\nthe excitement.", "\nAnd what is that law?", "\nIt don't forbid us to\nshelter those poor creatures\nat night, does it?", "\nAnd to give them\nsomething comfortable to eat\nand a few old clothes and\nthen send them quietly\nabout their business.", "\nWell, why yes my dear\nthat would be aiding\nand abetting, you know.", "\nMrs. Bird was a timid, blushing\nlittle woman, of about of 4 feet\nin height with mild blue eyes\nand a peach-blow complexion,\nand the gentlest, sweetest\nvoice in the world.", "\nAs for courage, a moderate-sized\ncock-turkey had been known\nto put her to rout at\nthe very first gobble,\nand a stout house-dog\nof moderate capacity\nwould bring her\ninto subjection merely\nby a show of teeth.", "\nAnd this must be funny guys.", "\nHer husband and children\nwere her entire world,\nand in this she ruled more\nby entreaty and persuasion\nthan by command or arguments.", "\nThere was only one thing that\nwas capable of arousing her,\nand that provocation came in on\nher side of her unusually gentle\nand sympathetic nature.", "\nAnything in the shape of cruelty\nwould throw her into a passion,\nwhich was the more alarming\nand inexplicable in proportion\nto the general softness\nof her nature, right.", "\nI want you to see that in\nthis passage, there's a way\nthat we should understand\nMrs. Bird as something\nlike a Stowe figure, right.", "\n>> Normally she thinks of\nherself as a wife and mother.", "\nNormally she wouldn't\ninterfere in these things.", "\nBut all of a sudden something\nis going on in that male realm\nof politics that\nforces her to intervene\nand that is the passage\nof the Fugitive Slave Law.", "\nHer sister in law wrote to her\nafter the fugitive slave law\nand said, \"How do you\nfeel if you use the pen\nlike you can I would\nactually write something\nthat will make this\nwhole nation feel what\nin the curse thing slavery is.\"", "\nAnd still reads that letter\naloud to her children apparently\nand says, \"This I\nwill write something.", "\nI will if I live.\"", "\nOkay, we're getting closer to\npassage of Fugitive Slave Law.", "\nFinally, this is the story,\nin February of the following\nyear she's taking communion.", "\nShe has a vision.", "\nThis is what she said later\non of a slave being flogged\nto death from the\norders of his master\nand with his very\nlast dying breaths,\nforgiving his prosecutors\nfor what they have done.", "\nAnd that vision is a thing and\nsupposedly that kicks it all\ninto gear, that brings\nit all together,\nand that crystallizes\nultimately in Uncle Tom's Cabin.", "\nSo that later on Stowe says and\nI think, you know, there's a way\nwhich we wouldn't\ntake this ironically.", "\nI mean she's tried to\nmean it ironically.", "\nShe says that she-- not she\nbut the Lord wrote\nUncle Tom's Cabin.", "\nI think she is thinking\nback to that--\nthe genesis of the\nnovel and that vision.", "\nShe calls this, she says-- and\nat this point, she's gotten\nto be kind of an\ninstitution so she started--\nshe used to write herself\nin the third person.", "\nShe says, the Lord himself\nwrote Uncle Tom's Cabin\nand she still was but an\ninstrument in his hand.", "\nAnd I wanna understand\nthat we should take that--\nto think that that's\nkind of sincerity, right,\nthat she really means that.", "\nSo this is God's purpose\nthat she is about.", "\nOkay, so that's one\nof the things\nthat I want us to\nbear in mind here.", "\nThere is a way in which one\nof the things the novel is\ndramatizing for us is a kind\nof cultural believe that men\nand women have different\nroles to play in society.", "\nThat's one thing.", "\nThey have different roles.", "\nIt's called constructive, caught\nthe separation of spheres.", "\nOn the other hand-- and\ntherefore you get quotes\nfrom Stowe like this, right?", "\nWomen if they're a\nwriter not suppose\nto be doing what the men--\nthink back to Bradstreet.", "\nThey're not supposed to\nbe doing what the men do.", "\nThey do it in the different way.", "\nShe says I had no more thought\nof style or literary excellence\nthan the mother who rushes into\nthe street and cries for help\nto save her children\nfrom a burning house,\nthinks of the teachings\nof the rhetorician\nor the elocutionist, right.", "\nSo one of things I\nwant you to see here is\nthat what she's conceiving\nis writing the novel\nas an extension of\nher domestic duties,\nof her duties as a mother.", "\nAnd again the logic is she's\nactually always thought\nabout writing this way, right.", "\nShe wrote for fun at first\nbut then she earned money\nand then she tried to write\nto earn money for her family.", "\nAgain, an extension of\nher domestic duties.", "\nHere, is on a larger stage.", "\nThe nation if it's a\nfamily is really suffering\nand mothers finally need\nto, you know, get out there\nin the street and do something.", "\nAnd in this idea of the\nteachings of the rhetorician\nor the elocutionist, you've\ngot to see something like a dig\nat people, the literati\nlike Ralph Waldo Emerson\nwho are standing at the\nsidelines and not doing anything\nand talking about,\nyou know, rhetoric\nand literature and\nspeech, you know.", "\nThere's think-- a desire\nhere to say that, you know,\nthe men of the country\nwhether they're be ministers\nor intellectuals or whatever\nare falling down on the job.", "\nSo much so that women have to\nfinally do something about that.", "\nNow, again I wanna\nto suggest to you--\nyou can't really\nsee it very well.", "\nBut there's a way in which women\nare seen as writers, right.", "\nBut when Stowe says\nthat she hadn't thought\nabout literary style or\nexcellent is because women\nlike Susan Warner or\nothers or Maria Cummins\nand Fanny Fern although she's\na slightly different case,\ntypically these-- this is the\nbest selling novel, the wide,\nwide world before Uncle\nTom's Cabin, right.", "\nSo people thought\nof women as writers\nbut they didn't think\nof them as literary.", "\nThey were writing\nthe kinds of novels\nthat Charles Brockden Brown\nin some sense was\ntrying to write again.", "\nSo it's a continuation\nabout sentimental tradition.", "\nThey were melodramatic.", "\nThey were about the family life.", "\nThey were about-- They\nhave a lot of kind\nof Christian educative\nimpulses behind them\nand they were sentimental\nin this way.", "\nThey were about, you know,\ngood people dying young\nor having adversity.", "\nSo much so that between\nWarner and Stowe and others,\nscholars used to refer\nto this the decade\nin which this novel\nwas published\nas the feminine '50s I told you\nat the beginning of the course\nabout a book that help\nto set the kinda called\nAmerican renaissance.", "\nYou could see the\nfeminine '50s as kind\nof the counterpart for that.", "\nBut the feminine '50s is only\nmeant to acknowledge, you know,\nthat's a purely literally\nhistorical interest.", "\nThese women you should\nknow if you wanna know\nabout the literary culture\nthat produce the great writing\nof Hawthorne and Melville\nand everybody else.", "\nThere was this other writing.", "\nIt was done by women.", "\nThey were outselling everybody\nelse and in some sense\nthat was another thing\nthat the men have\nto fight up again, right.", "\nSo one of the things we\nwould say about all this is\nthat even Stowe accepts that\nthere is this kind of division.", "\nEven Stowe would suggest,\nyes, what people like Susan\nand Warner and I are doing\nis not literary per se.", "\nIt isn't about style\nor excellence.", "\nWe leave that to the men.", "\nWe're doing something else.", "\nAnd therefore this is again\nthe reason to think of this\nas the feminine '50s 'cause\nhistorians later on have talked\nabout writers like Stowe\nand Warner basically buying\ninto something that was--\nthat became known as the cult\nof domesticity, right\nor sometimes the cult\nof true womanhood.", "\nThat women were supposed to do\nwas take care of domestic life\nthat there wasn't kind\nof separation of spheres\nand that meant for women\nwhat they were suppose\nto do was write sentimental\nfiction.", "\nThat was their genre.", "\nAnd I wanna suggest to you\nthat Stowe buys in to this.", "\nNow, that sounds bad.", "\nBut I want you to understand\nthings from Stowe's perspective.", "\nThe female sphere is actually\nan extremely important\ncultural sphere.", "\nIt is, you might say, the\nsphere were Christian values get\ninculcated and propagated.", "\nIt's this sphere of the home,\nof the raising of children,\nof education, a real religion.", "\nThis sphere you might say that\nit's most naturally Christian.", "\nAnd there's one thing\nthat you would say\nabout that I wanna make clear is\nthat Stowe understands the\nideal Christian to be the kind\nof Christian who is willing to\nturn the other cheek, right?", "\nThe ideal Christian is someone\nwho is meek and submissive\nand docile and willing\nto be educated,\nwho will resist violence,\nthe poor, the outcast, right?", "\nWomen are naturally\nlike this, right?", "\nWe all know that.", "\nYeah? ", "Well, it's probably not\ntrue but they believed it.", "\nI mean, she probably\nbelieved it, too.", "\nWomen are naturally good\nChristians because they have--\nshe-- okay, so just\nto say, the separation\nof spheres maybe\nculturally constructive\nbut Stowe's novel seems\nto believe in certain kind\nof essential characteristics.", "\nWomen are naturally this way.", "\nThey are naturally less\naggressive than men.", "\nSo it's good that men are in\npolitics and women are not,\nexcept when the men\nget too carried away.", "\nThere's another group\nor two other groups even\nthat have this qualities that\nare submissive, and meek,\nand educable, naturally\ngood Christians.", "\nThey are Blacks and children.", "\nAnd one of the things that\nthe novel does, you might say,\nis to make this connection.", "\nIn fact to have the novel in\nsome sense crucially revolved\naround this connection.", "\nWell, why won't you\nget that across?", "\nSo this is an important\npoint that I want to make\nand I will start again next\ntime by stressing it is\nthat the novel buys into what we\nwould call today essentialism.", "\nSo some people that don't like\nit say, it's a racist novel.", "\nBecause you will find\ndescriptions of it\nin which African-Americans\nare characterized\nas if they have certain\nnatural qualities\nlike good singing voices\nor a meekness that leads\nto natural Christianity, right.", "\nI would suggest that it is not\nracist but it is essentialist.", "\nIt does believe that\ncertain kinds\nof people have certain\nkinds of characteristics\nor at least a tendency\ntowards them\nbecause of factors\nlike gender and race.", "\nNow, as you go through--\nso, okay, that's one\nthing to bear in mind.", "\nIt buys into that.", "\nAnd I will say it's\nnot racist simply\nbecause it doesn't\nmean therefore.", "\nIt doesn't believe\nthat African-American\nshould be enslaved or kept\nout on the basis of the cause.", "\nNo! ", "In fact, for a certain--\nin a certainly you would say\nAfrican-Americans become the\nparagons in the novel.", "\nThey become the best\nChristians in the novel.", "\nWhite men like Senator\nBird should learn\nfrom African-Americans and\nfrom women and children\nto be better Christians because\nif everybody were a better\nChristian, we wouldn't\nhave slavery\nand we wouldn't have most\nof the problems that we face\nin the United States in the\nmiddle of the 19th century.", "\nSo there's a certain way\nin which I would say to you\nthat essentialism is not\nincidental to this novel.", "\nWe shouldn't try to\napologize for it.", "\nIt's essential to what\nthe novel is doing it.", "\nI suggest next time that\ncomes with certain cause.", "\nI've already suggested\nit to you.", "\nI mean, a certain point\nto say that, you know,\nAfrican-Americans are\nnatural Christian, yey!", "\nBecause they're docile\nand meek, boo!", "\nI mean it becomes not\nuseful in the letter part\nof the 19th century as you try\nto reconstructed viable\nAfrican-American culture, right?", "\n>> So there cost\nto this strategy.", "\nWe'll talk a little bit\nmore about them next time.", "\nBut I want you to see that\nthey are absolutely central\nto the meaning of what\nit is that she's doing.", "\nLet's go back to chapter 9.", "\nThis is page-- Let's go back\nto chapter-- to 141, right?", "\nAnd look at the title here.", "\nIn Which It Appears That a\nSenator Is But a Man, right.", "\nThis is the kind of\ntitle you would see\nin the novel by Dickinson.", "\nDickinson is one of\nher inspirations.", "\nBut what does that title\nmean when you it got you.", "\nWhat did you think?", "\nIn Which It Appears That\na Senator Is But a Man.", "\nI mean, you're gonna you put\nthat in newspaper today I\nknow what we think of that.", "\nWe think about sexual\nharassment, right?", "\nMen, huh. ", "But look at the\ncategory that it sets up.", "\nThere are two categories\nof identity here.", "\nOne of them is senator\nand one of them is men.", "\nAnd you could say,\nwell, alright one\nof the things you would say\nis that the high category\nof a senator, you\nknow, somehow demeans\nby the idea of becoming a man.", "\nOh, Senator X proved\nhimself to be just a man.", "\nHe has do weaknesses.", "\nHe abused that page, you know.", "\nShe shouldn't have\nsave that dress all\nthat kind of stuff, right?", "\nBut in fact, it doesn't\nwork that way.", "\nWhat we expect in other words\nto be the higher category turns\nout to be in some sense\nthe lower category.", "\nIt is better for the\nsenator to be a man.", "\nIn other words, to\nbe a human being,\nto not be a senator\nwho's bound by kind\nof legalistic distinctions\nbut somebody who is a person,\na man, someone who feels.", "\nAnd that's the point\nof this chapter.", "\nThis is a crucial\nchapter in the novel\nto understand what he's doing.", "\nBecause not only to dramatize\nwhat I show you this situation\nof the separation of spheres\nand the role that women\nand mothers can play\nin, you know,\nmaking sure that the country\ndoesn't go radically off course.", "\nIt is also in some sense\nabout the literally problem\nthat Stowe faces\nin creating this.", "\nTake a look in some of the ways\nin which she understands herself\nto have a kind of\ncomplicated audience.", "\nTake a look at page 155 here.", "\nIf you're using a different\nedition, I don't know it's\nabout 12 pages in probably.", "\nI'm gonna look at the paragraph\nthat begins what\na situation now.", "\nOkay, so senator Bird, right,\nhas thought about the Fugitive\nSlave Law that's been passed\nby Ohio to help Kentucky\nout in legalistic terms.", "\nAnd if you thought about what\na fugitive slave would look\nlike he thought about it\nas a caricature perhaps\nfrom the newspapers.", "\nYou know, somebody already\nwent to that kind of stake\nin this act, been running\naway and little afford of luck\nand looking low down and\ndangerous, never thought\nthat it was gonna be\nsomeone like Eliza\nand her child at the back door.", "\nAdd that to the fact\nthat this family\nand again remember\nthe story I told you\nabout Stowe has recently\nlost a young child.", "\nSo, middle of 155.", "\nWhat a situation, now,\nfor a patriotic senator,\nthat had been all the\nweek before spurring\nup the legislature\nof his native state\nto pass more stringent\nresolutions\nagainst escaping fugitives,\ntheir harborers and abettors.", "\nOur good senator in his native\nstate had not been exceeded\nby any of his brethren\nat Washington,\nin the sort of eloquence\nfor which has known\nfor them immortal renown, right.", "\nSo he's talking about-- remember\nI told you that the debates\nover Fugitive Slave Law and\nthe [inaudible] produced a lot\nof speeches that became very\nwell known, [inaudible].", "\nShe refrained to that\ndebate, those senate debates.", "\nHow sublimely he had sat with\nhis hands in his pockets,\nand scouted all sentimental\nweakness of those\nwho would put the welfare\nof a few miserable fugitives\nbefore great state interests,\nright.", "\nSo you can see that this course\nof sentimentality is exactly\nthe same as General Shoup,\nsentimentally it's\nbeneath noticed.", "\nHow dare you indulge\nin sentiment\nwhen there are great\nstate interests at stake?", "\nHe was as bold as\na lion about it,\nand \"mightily convinced\"\nnot only himself,\nbut everybody that heard him.", "\nBut then his idea of a fugitive\nwas only an idea of the letters\nthat spell the word,\nor at the most,\nthe image of a little newspaper\npicture of a man with a stick\nand bundle with \"Ran away from\nthe subscriber\" under it, right.", "\nSo I want you to\nunderstand this.", "\nHe's a legalistic understanding.", "\nHe has an abstract understanding\nof the fugitive slave.", "\nA fugitive slave is not part\nof his own personal experience.", "\nAnd you know what?", "\nStowe understands that\nfor most of her readers,\na fugitive slave is not part\nof their actual experience.", "\nThey've never met one.", "\nThey probably won't\nmeet one, right,\nif they are northern readers.", "\nAnd here is the kicker.", "\nThe magic of the real\npresence of distress,\nthe imploring human eye, the\nfrail, trembling human hand,\nthe despairing appeal\nof helpless agony,\nthese he had never tried.", "\nHe had never thought\nthat a fugitive might\nbe a hapless mother,\na defenseless child,\nlike that one\nwhich was now wearing his lost\nboy's little well-known cap.", "\nAnd I want you to\nsee that the magic\nof the real presence\nof distress.", "\nWhen it's there in front\nof you, when it's real,\nwhen it's palpable and you\ncan touch them and hold them,\nall these abstractions, great\nstate interests must give way.", "\nAnd that is what Stow is\ntrying to do in this novel.", "\nShe is trying to recreate\nthat situation in words\nthat the senator\nexperiences there when he sees\nthat little boy dresses\nof his dead son's clothes.", "\nThe magic of the real\npresent of distress.", "\nThat's what I mean for you to\nunderstand it as realism, right.", "\nSo it's full of sentimentality.", "\nIt's full of melodrama\nbut it's meant to provoke\nthat real response\nof real distress.", "\nSo it usually palpably\nfeel distress\nwhen you read about this.", "\nThat's what she is trying--\nThat's what she could\nsee of realism, right.", "\nSo it's an activist\nform of sentimentality.", "\nIt's meant to provoke or I mean\nactivism mainly is politically\nactivist but it's meant\nto provoke a response\nfrom the reader, a gut reaction.", "\nAnd then we'll get to that,\nthe head stuff later on.", "\nAnd you might say that even in\nthat paragraph you see that.", "\nThis is like referring\nto a gut reaction\nand now we're gonna think a\nlittle bit more abstractly.", "\nAnd again, you can see here\nthe establishment of men\nas the higher category\nthan senator.", "\nTo say a senator is but\na man is not destructive\nbut ameliorative you might say.", "\nAnd so, as our poor senator\nwas not stone or steel,\nas he was a man, and a downright\nnoble-hearted one, too, he was,\nas everybody must see, in a\nsad case for his patriotism.", "\nAnd now she's gonna address\nherself even more widely.", "\nAnd you need not exult\nover him, good brother\nof the Southern States; for we\nhave some inklings that many\nof you, under similar\ncircumstances would not do\nmuch better.", "\nNow I'm not gonna\ndelay with this.", "\nBut I want you to think\nabout the kind of inversions\nthat are in placed here.", "\n'Cause remember I told\nyou about the famous one,\nHuckleberry Finn, does\nthe right thing, gets--\ntries to save his slave\nfriend and considers\nthat he's gonna be\ndamned for it.", "\nWe know him to be assuring his\nplace in heaven by doing that.", "\nBut the slave system has\ncreated this kind of inversion.", "\nSo look at the inversion\nhere now.", "\nShe's feeling sorry for the\nsenator, for the southern states\nbecause she knows that if they\nwere in Senator Bird's position,\nthey would betray\ntheir principles\nand they do no better than he.", "\nThey'd save this person, right?", "\nSo I want you to understand\nhow she's kinda of using--\nhow she's trying to use this\nlanguage and this imagery\nand this situation that comes\nout of the feminine\ndomestic Christian sphere\nover against the\nmale political sphere\nwith its legalism\nand its abstraction.", "\nAnd she is trying to suggest\nthat the South has typically\nallied itself to that sphere.", "\nBut it wouldn't do any\nbetter in the presence\nof the real magic of distress.", "\nWe have reason to know, in\nKentucky, as in Mississippi,\nare noble and generous\nhearts, to whom never was tale\nof suffering told in vain.", "\nAh, good brother is it fair for\nyou to expect of us services\nwhich your own brave, honorable\nheart would not allow you\nto render, were you\nin our place?", "\nWhat she's talking about?", "\n[ Inaudible Remark ]\n>> Yeah, exactly.", "\nThank you.", "\nShe's talking about\nthe Fugitive Slave Law,\nnow the National\nFugitive Slave Law.", "\nYou're expecting\nus to return slaves\nwhen we know you wouldn't\nbe able to do it either?", "\nSo that's-- I mean, to me that\nis very complicated writing.", "\nAnd I think there's a\nlot of stuff going on.", "\nThere's the irony of a\nnarrative voice, the deployment\nof these different\nforms, the allusion\nto the cultural situation.", "\nI think anybody that\nthink that Stowe is kind\nof simplistic writing is missing\na lot of what's going on here.", "\nBut it's not the same kind of\ncomplicated, you might say,\nas it is in Hawthorne\nor Melville's.", "\nIt's a part of what\nwe are trying\nto do is learn how to read it.", "\nStowe sentimentality comes from\na couple of her inspirations.", "\n[Inaudible] sentimental journey,\nabove all Charles Dickens\nwho gave her a conception\nof the lowly\nand that's what its\ncalled, life--\nthe subtitle, life\namong the lowly, right.", "\nAnd again it's among the lowly\nthat you would find the\nexpression of Christian values.", "\nThere's a sense in\nwhich what she wants\nto do is return Christianity\nto its roots among the\ndisenfranchised, the cast out.", "\nAnd so I think-- what I wanna\nleave you with for today is\nto understand what\nStowe is trying to do.", "\n>> What she thinks\nsentimentality is all about.", "\nIt's something that becomes\nan [inaudible] important word\nin this novel and one that\nyou should bear in mind\nwhen you're thinking about it.", "\nThat word is influence.", "\nWomen shouldn't be part of the\nmale domestic sphere of politics\nbut they should influence it.", "\nThe male sphere would\nprobably be better off\nif it has certain kinds of--\nif it were tempered by certain\nof the aspects of the feminist,\nparticularly Christianity.", "\nWomen, she doesn't proposing\nthat women should get up there\nand actually run for senate.", "\nShe proposes that every woman\nhas a duty like Mrs. Bird\nto make sure the Senator\nBird is a man rather\nthan simply a senator.", "\nSo women are gonna\nwork through influence.", "\nSentimentality is gonna\nwork through influence, too.", "\nIt's gonna influence\nit's readers in this way.", "\nSo that if what you're\nlooking for by the end\nof the novel is some\nkind of program.", "\nYou could already\nsee at the beginning,\nyou're going to be disappointed.", "\nThis is a novel that is\npromoting a model of influence.", "\nNow, when you get to the last\nsection of the book which draws\non a genre that we've\nseen before, right,\nso something happens\nto sentimentality.", "\nIt's almost like, this novel\nis smart enough to know\nthat there are reasons,\nthere are situations\nin which sentimentality\nand influence alone\nwill not do the job.", "\nThere may be people who are\nso far gone into the logic\nof slavery and the evil\nthat slavery produces\nthat they can't be saved.", "\nSo I want you in\nthe last section\nof the novel withdraw\non gothic fiction.", "\nDecide for yourself whether\nyou think its hoax gothic\nor real gothic.", "\nLook at what happens to\ninfluence in that section.", "\nLook for the word.", "\nOkay, one last thing.", "\nThis novel for today, this novel\nis called Uncle Tom's Cabin.", "\nSo again, it's a\nfiction that belongs\non a tradition of\ndomestic fiction.", "\nSo you ought to take\nall of the houses\nand domestic situations\nseriously\nas alternatives of one another.", "\nWe start in a household.", "\nWe go to another\nhousehold, the Bird's.", "\nWe find another household,\nthe Quaker Settlement.", "\nWe find another household,\nthe St. Clare's.", "\nAnd there are a couple\nof others beyond that.", "\nWhat I want you to understand\nis that a way to think\nof the structure of this\nhousehold as a series\nof variations on that initial\nhousehold, right, from which Tom\nand Eliza-- from which Tom is\nsold and from which Eliza runs.", "\nAnd it by the way it\ncomes back in at the end.", "\nSo Uncle Tom's Cabin is\nat the very beginning.", "\nThere's a way in which\nit serves as a kind\nof alternative right there to\nthe main house and I want you\nto think of all of these\ndomestic situations.", "\nThere are variations.", "\nSo you will see that if the\nfeminine sphere has a set\nof values associated with it and\nthe masculine sphere has a set\nof values associated with,\nin the St. Clare household\nespecially they will become\nconfused in interesting ways.", "\nIn other words, just\nbeing a woman,\njust having those double X\nchromosomes is not enough\nto be an exemplar of\nthe feminine sphere.", "\nAlright, we'll leave it there.", "\nEnjoy the rest of the novel.", "\nTry to open yourself\nto the experience\nof maybe shedding a tear or two.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "YoutubeSubtitles" }	[ 0, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 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[ "// Copyright (c) 2017 The Chromium Embedded Framework Authors. ", "All rights\n// reserved. ", "Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that\n// can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n//\n// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n//\n// This file was generated by the CEF translator tool. ", "If making changes by\n// hand only do so within the body of existing method and function\n// implementations. ", "See the translator.README.txt file in the tools directory\n// for more information.", "\n//\n\n#ifndef CEF_LIBCEF_DLL_CTOCPP_RESOLVE_CALLBACK_CTOCPP_H_\n#define CEF_LIBCEF_DLL_CTOCPP_RESOLVE_CALLBACK_CTOCPP_H_\n#pragma once\n\n#if !", "defined(BUILDING_CEF_SHARED)\n#error This file can be included DLL-side only\n#endif\n\n#include <vector>\n#include \"include/cef_request_context.h\"\n#include \"include/capi/cef_request_context_capi.h\"\n#include \"include/cef_scheme.h\"\n#include \"include/capi/cef_scheme_capi.h\"\n#include \"libcef_dll/ctocpp/ctocpp_ref_counted.h\"\n\n// Wrap a C structure with a C++ class.", "\n// This class may be instantiated and accessed DLL-side only.", "\nclass CefResolveCallbackCToCpp\n : public CefCToCppRefCounted<CefResolveCallbackCToCpp, CefResolveCallback,\n cef_resolve_callback_t> {\n public:\n CefResolveCallbackCToCpp();\n\n // CefResolveCallback methods.", "\n void OnResolveCompleted(cef_errorcode_t result,\n const std::vector<CefString>& resolved_ips) override;\n};\n\n#endif // CEF_LIBCEF_DLL_CTOCPP_RESOLVE_CALLBACK_CTOCPP_H_\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.02, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0, 0, 0.002793296089385475, 0.016129032258064516, 0.004608294930875576, 0.011428571428571429 ]	0.007084	5
[ "WASHINGTON — White supremacists discussed plans to weaponize coronavirus via “saliva,” a “spray bottle” or “laced items,” according to a weekly intelligence brief distributed by a federal law enforcement division on Feb. 17.", "\n\nFederal investigators appeared to be monitoring the white nationalists’ communications on Telegram, an encrypted messaging app that has become popular with neo-Nazis. ", "In the conversations, the white supremacists suggested targeting law enforcement agents and “nonwhite” people with attacks designed to infect them with the coronavirus.", "\n\n“Violent extremists continue to make bioterrorism a popular topic among themselves,” reads the intelligence brief written by the Federal Protective Service, which covered the week of Feb. 17-24. “", "White Racially Motivated Violent Extremists have recently commented on the coronavirus stating that it is an ‘OBLIGATION’ to spread it should any of them contract the virus.”", "\n\nThe Federal Protective Service, part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, is a law enforcement agency responsible for protecting buildings owned or leased by the federal government.", "\n\nThe intelligence brief, marked for official use only, noted the white supremacists “suggested targeting … law enforcement and minority communities, with some mention of public places in general.” ", "According to the document, the extremists discussed a number of methods for coronavirus attacks, such spending time in public with perceived enemies, leaving “saliva on door handles” at local FBI offices, spitting on elevator buttons and spreading coronavirus germs in “nonwhite neighborhoods.”", "\n\nThe February document appears to show that at least some white nationalists were already taking the threat of the coronavirus seriously at a time when some in government were downplaying the threat. ", "On Feb. 26, President Trump said that he expected the cases to go down to zero in the United States in “a couple of days.” ", "The Washington Post reported on Friday that intelligence agencies were issuing “ominous” warnings about the virus in January and February.", "\n\nStory continues\n\nRight-wing extremists in Berlin in 2017 commemorate the 30th anniversary of the death of Adolf Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess. (", "Maurizio Gambarini/Picture Alliance via Getty Images)\n\nThe Department of Homeland Security did not respond to requests for comment.", "\n\nAccording to the Federal Protective Service intelligence brief, the discussion of spreading the coronavirus occurred in a channel on the app Telegram that is devoted to the “siege culture” philosophies of neo-Nazi author James Mason and “accelerationism.” ", "Mason wrote a series of newsletters titled “Siege” in the 1980s that advocated for acts of racial terrorism in order to hasten a war that would cause the breakdown of society.", "\n\nIn recent years, Mason’s writings became popular among members of the violent neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division and its offshoots. ", "Mason could not be reached for comment. ", "Growing numbers of white supremacists have also expressed interest in “accelerationism,” which involves advocating for extremist attacks with the express goal of provoking a larger societal conflict.", "\n\nNick Martin, who is the editor of the Informant, a newsletter focused on hate and extremist groups and a former investigative reporter at the Southern Poverty Law Center, told Yahoo News that multiple newer neo-Nazi groups with younger members have brought Mason to prominence.", "\n\nWhite Supremacist Corona by Sharon Weinberger on Scribd\n\n“There’s a whole branch of neo-Nazism that follows James Mason's writings and uses his work as kind of their bible. ", "Atomwaffen is part of that, but there are multiple groups that would fall under the same category,” Martin said.", "\n\nHomeland Security has identified white supremacist violence as one of the major domestic extremist threats facing the United State, and there has been a push to start tracking such groups the way U.S. intelligence agencies track foreign terrorists.", "\n\nAtomwaffen Division has made headlines because of multiple criminal cases involving the group’s leadership. ", "Martin, who has written extensively about the group, said some of his sources believe there is a possibility followers of Atomwaffen or similar groups could try to take advantage of the coronavirus pandemic.", "\n\n“There is a big concern right now — including from people who work in counterterrorism — that it’s an opportune time for these accelerationist groups to strike,” Martin said.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nRead more from Yahoo News:" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0.010471204188481676, 0, 0.003401360544217687, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.007246376811594203, 0.013888888888888888, 0.015267175572519083, 0.007751937984496124, 0.005714285714285714, 0.014925373134328358, 0.025, 0, 0.017921146953405017, 0.017142857142857144, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.03125 ]	0.007834	5
[ "Palliative nurses' perceptions of the nature and effects of their work.", "\nThis paper presents some of the qualitative findings from a recent research project, which explored the nature and effects of palliative nursing care for nurses, in New South Wales, Australia. ", "By using story telling as the research methodology the participants related their experiences about palliative care nursing practice in which they felt they did or did not make a difference to the people in their care. ", "The results of this project clearly demonstrated that the nature of palliative nursing is expressed by nurses dealing with death, making connections, making contracts, demonstrating advocacy, building interpersonal relationships, requiring family and colleague support and involvement in issues. ", "The effects of palliative nursing were described as whether nurses were able to find solutions; facilitate breakthroughs, acceptance and support; reflect of their values and feelings." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "#ifndef PTR_DWA20020601_HPP\r\n# define PTR_DWA20020601_HPP\r\n\r\n# include <boost/python/detail/prefix.hpp>\r\n// Copyright David Abrahams 2002.", "\r\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\r\n// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\r\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\r\n//\r\n// Based on boost/ref.hpp, thus:\r\n// Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Jaakko Jarvi (jaakko.jarvi@cs.utu.fi)\r\n// Copyright (C) 2001 Peter Dimov\r\n\r\n# pragma once\r\n\r\n# include <boost/config.hpp>\r\n# include <boost/mpl/bool.hpp>\r\n\r\nnamespace boost { namespace python {\r\n\r\ntemplate<class Ptr> class pointer_wrapper\r\n{ \r\n public:\r\n typedef Ptr type;\r\n \r\n explicit pointer_wrapper(Ptr x): p_(x) {}\r\n operator Ptr() const { return p_; }\r\n Ptr get() const { return p_; }\r\n private:\r\n Ptr p_;\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate<class T>\r\ninline pointer_wrapper<T> ptr(T t)\r\n{ \r\n return pointer_wrapper<T>(t);\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate<typename T>\r\nclass is_pointer_wrapper\r\n : public mpl::false_\r\n{\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate<typename T>\r\nclass is_pointer_wrapper<pointer_wrapper<T> >\r\n : public mpl::true_\r\n{\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate<typename T>\r\nclass unwrap_pointer\r\n{\r\n public:\r\n typedef T type;\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate<typename T>\r\nclass unwrap_pointer<pointer_wrapper<T> >\r\n{\r\n public:\r\n typedef T type;\r\n};\r\n\r\n}} // namespace boost::python\r\n\r\n#endif // #ifndef PTR_DWA20020601_HPP\r\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.007846556233653008 ]	0.009862	5
[ "#!", "/bin/ksh -p\n#\n# CDDL HEADER START\n#\n# The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the\n# Common Development and Distribution License (the \"License\").", "\n# You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n#\n# You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE\n# or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions\n# and limitations under the License.", "\n#\n# When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each\n# file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.", "\n# If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the\n# fields enclosed by brackets \"[]\" replaced with your own identifying\n# information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]\n#\n# CDDL HEADER END\n#\n\n#\n# Copyright 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n# Use is subject to license terms.", "\n#\n\n#\n# Copyright (c) 2012, 2016 by Delphix. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n#\n\n. ", "$STF_SUITE/include/libtest.shlib\n. ", "$STF_SUITE/tests/functional/cli_root/zfs_set/zfs_set_common.kshlib\n\n#\n# DESCRIPTION:\n# While canmount=noauto and the dataset is mounted,\n# zfs must not attempt to unmount it.", "\n#\n# STRATEGY:\n# 1. ", "Setup a pool and create fs, volume, snapshot clone within it.", "\n# 2. ", "Set canmount=noauto for each dataset and check the return value\n# and check if it still can not be unmounted when the dataset is mounted\n#\n\nverify_runnable \"both\"\n\nset -A dataset_pos \"$TESTPOOL/$TESTFS\" \"$TESTPOOL/$TESTCLONE\"\n\nfunction cleanup\n{\n\ti=0\n\tcd $pwd\n\twhile (( i < ${#dataset_pos[]} )); do\n\t\tds=${dataset_pos[i]}\n\t\tif datasetexists $ds; then\n\t\t\tlog_must zfs set mountpoint=${old_mnt[i]} $ds\n\t\t\tlog_must zfs set canmount=${old_canmount[i]} $ds\n\t\tfi\n\t\t(( i = i + 1 ))\n\tdone\n\n\tds=$TESTPOOL/$TESTCLONE\n\tif datasetexists $ds; then\n\t\tmntp=$(get_prop mountpoint $ds)\n\t\tlog_must zfs destroy $ds\n\t\tif [[ -d $mntp ]]; then\n\t\t\tlog_must rm -fr $mntp\n\t\tfi\n\tfi\n\n\tif snapexists $TESTPOOL/$TESTFS@$TESTSNAP ; then\n\t\tlog_must zfs destroy -R $TESTPOOL/$TESTFS@$TESTSNAP\n\tfi\n\n\tzfs unmount -a > /dev/null 2>&1\n\tlog_must zfs mount -a\n}\n\nlog_assert \"While canmount=noauto and the dataset is mounted,\"\\\n\t\t\" zfs must not attempt to unmount it\"\nlog_onexit cleanup\n\nset -A old_mnt\nset -A old_canmount\ntypeset ds\ntypeset pwd=$PWD\n\nlog_must zfs snapshot $TESTPOOL/$TESTFS@$TESTSNAP\nlog_must zfs clone $TESTPOOL/$TESTFS@$TESTSNAP $TESTPOOL/$TESTCLONE\n\ntypeset -i i=0\nwhile (( i < ${#dataset_pos[]} )); do\n\tds=${dataset_pos[i]}\n\told_mnt[i]=$(get_prop mountpoint $ds)\n\told_canmount[i]=$(get_prop canmount $ds)\n\t(( i = i + 1 ))\ndone\n\ni=0\nwhile (( i < ${#dataset_pos[*]} )) ; do\n\tdataset=${dataset_pos[i]}\n\tif ismounted $dataset; then\n\t\tlog_must cd ${old_mnt[i]}\n\t\tset_n_check_prop \"noauto\" \"canmount\" \"$dataset\"\n\t\tlog_must mounted $dataset\n\tfi\n\t(( i = i + 1 ))\ndone\n\nlog_pass \"Setting canmount=noauto to filesystem while dataset busy pass.\"", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.014925373134328358, 0.01694915254237288, 0.009708737864077669, 0.014598540145985401, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0.05, 0, 0, 0.003078817733990148, 0 ]	0.008706	5
[ "A theoretical framework for evaluating analytical digestion methods for poorly soluble particulate beryllium.", "\nComplete digestion of all chemical forms and sizes of particulate analytes in environmental samples is usually necessary to obtain accurate results with atomic spectroscopy. ", "In the current study, we investigate the physicochemical properties of beryllium particles likely to be encountered in samples collected from different occupational environments and present a hypothesis that a dissolution theory can be used as a conceptual framework to guide development of strategies for digestion procedures. ", "For monodisperse single-chemical constituent primary particles, such as those encountered when handling some types of beryllium oxide (BeO) powder, theory predicts that a digestion procedure is sufficient when it completely dissolves all primary particles, independent of cluster size. ", "For polydisperse single-chemical constituent particles, such as those encountered during the handling of some types of beryllium metal powder, theory predicts that a digestion procedure is sufficient only when it completely dissolves the largest particle in the sample. ", "For samples with unknown or multi-chemical constituent particles and with particles having undefined sizes, e.g., fume emissions from a copper-beryllium alloy furnace operation or dust from a beryl ore crushing operation, a surface area-limited and single-constituent-dependent dissolution theory may not predict complete dissolution, thereby requiring non-routine robust treatment procedures with post-digestion filtration, followed by examination of residual particulate material. ", "Additionally, for beryllium, and likely other poorly soluble materials, particulate reference materials of various chemical forms and size distributions are needed to better evaluate and harmonize analytical digestion procedures. ", "Figure Generation of aerosol particles during machining of beryllium oxide." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.0034965034965034965, 0, 0.002070393374741201, 0, 0 ]	0.000696	5
[ "She loomed large in American culture in the final years of her life, perhaps no larger than in the minds of young women." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0 ]	0	5
[ "OpenDime – Secure Bitcoin Bearer Bond USB Stick Credit Wallet?", "\n\nOpendime is a small USB stick that lets you spend bitcoin as easily as you would spend a dollar bill. ", "Read our review today to find out how Opendime works.", "\n\nWhat Is OpenDime?", "\n\nOpendime, found online at Opendime.com, is a USB device that works as a bitcoin credit stick. ", "The stick is described as the first bitcoin bearer bond. ", "It’s based 100% off chain and can pass credit along multiple times. ", "It removes the need for transaction fees, long transaction times, and other bitcoin disadvantages.", "\n\nHow does Opendime solve these problems? ", "Basically, you get a USB stick that works as a promise of bitcoin. ", "You can break that USB stick at any time to claim that bitcoin. ", "Or, you can continue passing it along to other individuals.", "\n\nYou know how fiat currencies were originally based on the value of gold? ", "We transferred US dollar bills to each other because we knew it was a representation of gold. ", "We didn’t have to physically give each other gold nuggets. ", "We transferred US dollar bills for greater convenience. ", "Opendime wants to work in a similar way – but the value is based on the bitcoin network instead of gold.", "\n\nYou can connect Opendime to any USB port to check your balance. ", "Unseal the stick anytime to spend the balance online.", "\n\nToday, we’re on version 3.0 of Opendime. ", "You get 3 Opendimes in a bag priced at around $40 per bag.", "\n\nHow Does OpenDime Work?", "\n\nOpendime can be spent as easily as you would spend a dollar bill. ", "It’s an industry standard for the physical exchange of BTC. ", "Each stick offers unlimited, free in-person transactions until it’s unsealed. ", "It’s ultra-secure with no trust required.", "\n\nYour transactions leave no trace: it’s based entirely off-chain.", "\n\nEssentially, Opendime is just a USB stick that has value. ", "That value isn’t “unlocked” until you break the seal, at which point you can convert Opendime into bitcoin by connecting it to any device. ", "That means you can transfer Opendime to another person as a form of payment – even if nobody breaks the seal, that device always has value. ", "The value of the device is backed by the unopened seal.", "\n\nThat’s where the novel idea of Opendime takes effect: you can transfer the device as many times as you want. ", "As long as the seal is unbroken, the value of the device remains intact. ", "Transfers are as easy as giving the device to someone else. ", "There’s even a key ring hole on the Opendime stick to allow you to easily carry it with you at all times.", "\n\nOpenDime Features\n\nUSB Drive:\n\nOpendime acts like a read-only USB flash drive. ", "It works with any computer, laptop, or phone. ", "The files include a QR image and text files containing the bitcoin address and other helpful information.", "\n\nUltra-Secure:\n\nPrivate keys are generated inside Opendime and are never known to any human – not even the holder of Opendime.", "\n\nCompatibility:\n\nOpendime is built on the fundamental bitcoin features that haven’t changed in years. ", "It’s as compatible as bitcoin.", "\n\nTrustless:\n\nYou can give an Opendime to anyone without needing to trust anyone. ", "There’s no risk of someone taking back the funds later because the private key is in the device itself.", "\n\nFree To Use:\n\nThere are no fees to using Opendime. ", "Obviously, you’re just handing a physical thumb stick to another person, in person. ", "There are no transaction costs and the transaction takes place off-chain, so there are no bitcoin fees, no miner fees, and no confirmation delays.", "\n\nOpen Standards:\n\nOpendime uses bitcoin message signing, normal (non HD) bitcoin payment addresses, and private keys in WIF format. ", "All of these are open standards for maximum transparency.", "\n\nChrome Plugin:\n\nThere’s an Opendime Chrome plugin you can use to easily verify the value of each Opendime stick.", "\n\n“Like a Piggy Bank”:\n\nJust like a piggy bank, you’ll need to destroy Opendime to spend your funds. ", "That may seem expensive and wasteful, but it’s also a key part of the security of Opendime. ", "You can trust a sealed Opendime, and it’s obvious when a device has been compromised.", "\n\nWho Created OpenDime?", "\n\nOpendime is made by a company named Coinkite. ", "The founders also created a successful bitcoin web wallet and API provider. ", "They’ve watched the growth of both physical bitcoin “coins” and hardware wallets – although neither was an ideal solution for seamless peer-to-peer transactions. ", "These founders created a whole new category of disposable hardware wallets meant to be used like cash.", "\n\nOpenDime Pricing\n\nA 3 pack of Opendime 3.0 is priced at $37.50 USD.", "\n\nYour purchase comes in the form of three small USB sticks. ", "At the time of writing (August 2017), the sticks were out of stock on the official website.", "\n\nOpenDime Conclusion\n\nOpendime is a unique hardware device designed to function as a type of bitcoin cash. ", "Each USB stick contains a verifiable amount of bitcoin. ", "You can transfer that stick between parties. ", "It works like a type of cash.", "\n\nYou know how the USD used to be based on the value of gold? ", "We transferred pieces of paper to each other because we knew each dollar was linked to the value of gold – even though we weren’t actually exchanging gold with each transaction. ", "Opendime is a similar concept – but instead of gold, the value of the device is based on the bitcoin network. ", "We’re not actually transacting bitcoin on the bitcoin network, but we’re transferring a promise of bitcoin. ", "You can claim your Opendime bitcoin at any time by breaking the device – just like you would break a piggy bank.", "\n\nOpendime is a unique concept that could change the way we transact bitcoin. ", "It removes problems like transaction times and miner fees while still depending on cryptographic security and other bitcoin advantages. ", "You can learn more about Opendime, or buy USB sticks for yourself today, from Opendime.com." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.016129032258064516, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03296703296703297 ]	0.005314	5
[ "Q:\n\nArduino: arduino nano board is shown as a USB Serial Port\n\nI just received my new Arduino Nano board and I'm having some troubles with it.", "\nWhen I plug the board in, it looks like Windows 10 auto assigns a USB Serial Port driver to my board. ", "This gives me problems in the IDE when I upload code to the board because it's constantly communicating with it.", "\ndevice manager\nWhen I try to update the drivers, it says this (when I select the Arduino drivers folder):\nDriver already installed\nI've also turned off the setting that stops the auto update of drivers on Windows 10...\nSo what do I do now?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt must be a nano clone and not the official one, you can try this driver, it worked with me CH341SER – pilote for CH340 et CH341 for windows\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0.004166666666666667, 0 ]	0.005436	5
[ "//\n// PrefixHeader.pch\n// PCHImportProblem\n//\n// Created by kyle on 16/4/18.", "\n// Copyright © 2016年 kyleduo. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\n#ifndef PrefixHeader_pch\n#define PrefixHeader_pch\n\n// Include any system framework and library headers here that should be included in all compilation units.", "\n// You will also need to set the Prefix Header build setting of one or more of your targets to reference this file.", "\n\n#import \"ImportFile.h\"\n\n\n#endif /* PrefixHeader_pch */\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806 ]	0.002924	5
[ "Q:\n\nerrors.ts:42 ERROR Error: Uncaught (in promise):\n\nAm having this error on my chatservice i can't solve it\nHere's the error \nhere is the actual code of my chatservice\nimport{Injectable} from '@angular/core';\nimport {Subject} from 'rxjs/Subject';\nimport {Observable} from 'rxjs/Observable';\n import * as io from 'socket.io-client';\nexport class chatService{\n private url = 'http://localhost:8000'\n private socket:any;\n\n sendMessage(message:string){\n this.socket.emit('add-message', message);\n }\n getMessages(){\n let observable = new Observable(( observer:any)=>{\n this.socket = io(this.url);\n this.socket.on('message',(data:any)=>{\n observer.next(data);\n });\n return () => {\n this.socket.disconnect();\n }\n })\n return observable;\n }\n\n} \n\nA:\n\nFirstly, as per the Angular Style Guide, you should use a capital letter for your service (aka. ", "chatService => ChatService)\nNext, did you include ChatService as a provider in your application's module file?", "\n@NgModule({\n providers: [\n ChatService\n ]\n})\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.00205761316872428, 0.00909090909090909, 0.016666666666666666 ]	0.009272	5
[ "One more...\nFaye wants to know how tall her school building is. ", "On a sunny day, she measures the shadow of the building to be 6 feet. ", "At the same time, she measures the shadow cast by a 5 foot statue to be 2 feet. ", "How tall is her school building?" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "The long-range aim of this project is to improve our understanding of the role the intrinsic laryngeal muscles in phonation. ", "More specifically, we plan to activate each laryngeal muscle in a graded fashion to predict the following: (1) the pre-phonatory posture (shape) of the vocal folds including (a) vocal fold length, (b) glottal width, (c) glottal convergence, and (d) medial surface bulging, (2) the resultant vibration pattern of the vocal folds using high-speed photography, and (3) the resultant phonation type (aphonic, falsetto-like, chest-like, fry-like, subharmonic, biphonic, aperiodic, etc.) ", "which results from each pre-phonatory condition. ", "In order to accomplish this objective, a full range of neuromuscular inputs will be studied systematically with respect to all five intrinsic laryngeal muscles on either side of the larynx (cricothyroid [CT], thyroarytenoid [TA], lateral cricoarytenoid [LCA], interarytenoid [IA], and posterior cricoarytenoid [PCA]), both individually and in combination. ", "For conditions related to unilateral laryngeal paralysis and paresis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), the same measurements will be repeated following variations of common surgical interventions for these vocal pathologies, including arytenoid adduction and medialization thyroplasty. ", "A systematic study of this type is needed to resolve the complex interactions between both antagonistic and synergistic muscles over the intricate three-dimensional laryngeal structure, which ultimately enables the laryngeal tissues to couple with the glottal airflow, resulting in both vocal fold vibration and phonatory output. ", "A better understanding of the phonatory impact of neuromuscular coordination of these intrinsic laryngeal muscles is important to both speech scientists and clinicians. ", "For example, neuromuscular control of the vocal folds is known to influence vocal intensity, phonation onset pressure, fundamental frequency, and phonation type. ", "Furthermore, hyper-stimulation of these laryngeal muscles is known to result in vocal pathologies, such as spasmodic dysphonia and muscle tension dysphonia. ", "At the other extreme, hypo-stimulation of these muscles results in well-known vocal pathologies, such as laryngeal paralysis or paresis (both bilateral and unilateral) associated with either the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) or the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). ", "Because no systematic study of neuromuscular input to this complete set of intrinsic laryngeal muscles has yet been conducted, our understanding of the phonatory impact of neuromuscular coordination is rudimentary and deficient. ", "Thus, the proposed study of neuromuscular control of the larynx is extremely timely. ", "PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Laryngeal paresis (weakness) and paralysis due to neuromuscular disease of the larynx are the most common illnesses leading to abnormal voice. ", "At present, even for the neurologically intact larynx, speech scientists and clinicians do not understand how the five muscles on each side of the larynx interact to control vocal fold shape, voice production, control of airflow during speech, and vibratory patterns of the vocal folds, and current surgical treatments for these diseases have not yielded consistent results. ", "This proposal will investigate the effect of each laryngeal muscle on vocal fold shape, voice, airflow, and vocal fold vibration, both in normal and pathologic conditions." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000251	5
[ "<?", "php\nnamespace GuzzleHttp\\Psr7;\n\nuse Psr\\Http\\Message\\UriInterface;\n\n/*\n Provides methods to normalize and compare URIs.", "\n \n @author Tobias Schultze\n \n @link https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6\n /\nfinal class UriNormalizer\n{\n /\n Default normalizations which only include the ones that preserve semantics.", "\n \n self::CAPITALIZE_PERCENT_ENCODING \| self::DECODE_UNRESERVED_CHARACTERS \| self::CONVERT_EMPTY_PATH \|\n * self::REMOVE_DEFAULT_HOST \| self::REMOVE_DEFAULT_PORT \| self::REMOVE_DOT_SEGMENTS\n /\n const PRESERVING_NORMALIZATIONS = 63;\n\n /\n All letters within a percent-encoding triplet (e.g., \"%3A\") are case-insensitive, and should be capitalized.", "\n \n Example: http://example.org/a%c2%b1b → http://example.org/a%C2%B1b\n /\n const CAPITALIZE_PERCENT_ENCODING = 1;\n\n /\n Decodes percent-encoded octets of unreserved characters.", "\n \n For consistency, percent-encoded octets in the ranges of ALPHA (%41–%5A and %61–%7A), DIGIT (%30–%39),\n * hyphen (%2D), period (%2E), underscore (%5F), or tilde (%7E) should not be created by URI producers and,\n * when found in a URI, should be decoded to their corresponding unreserved characters by URI normalizers.", "\n \n Example: http://example.org/%7Eusern%61me/ → http://example.org/~username/\n /\n const DECODE_UNRESERVED_CHARACTERS = 2;\n\n /\n Converts the empty path to \"/\" for http and https URIs.", "\n \n Example: http://example.org → http://example.org/\n /\n const CONVERT_EMPTY_PATH = 4;\n\n /\n Removes the default host of the given URI scheme from the URI.", "\n \n Only the \"file\" scheme defines the default host \"localhost\".", "\n * All of `file:/myfile`, `file:///myfile`, and `file://localhost/myfile`\n * are equivalent according to RFC 3986. ", "The first format is not accepted\n * by PHPs stream functions and thus already normalized implicitly to the\n * second format in the Uri class. ", "See `GuzzleHttp\\Psr7\\Uri::composeComponents`.", "\n \n Example: file://localhost/myfile → file:///myfile\n /\n const REMOVE_DEFAULT_HOST = 8;\n\n /\n Removes the default port of the given URI scheme from the URI.", "\n \n Example: http://example.org:80/ → http://example.org/\n /\n const REMOVE_DEFAULT_PORT = 16;\n\n /\n Removes unnecessary dot-segments.", "\n \n Dot-segments in relative-path references are not removed as it would\n * change the semantics of the URI reference.", "\n \n Example: http://example.org/../a/b/../c/./d.html → http://example.org/a/c/d.html\n /\n const REMOVE_DOT_SEGMENTS = 32;\n\n /\n Paths which include two or more adjacent slashes are converted to one.", "\n \n Webservers usually ignore duplicate slashes and treat those URIs equivalent.", "\n * But in theory those URIs do not need to be equivalent. ", "So this normalization\n * may change the semantics. ", "Encoded slashes (%2F) are not removed.", "\n \n Example: http://example.org//foo///bar.html → http://example.org/foo/bar.html\n /\n const REMOVE_DUPLICATE_SLASHES = 64;\n\n /\n Sort query parameters with their values in alphabetical order.", "\n \n However, the order of parameters in a URI may be significant (this is not defined by the standard).", "\n * So this normalization is not safe and may change the semantics of the URI.", "\n \n Example: ?", "lang=en&article=fred → ?", "article=fred&lang=en\n \n Note: The sorting is neither locale nor Unicode aware (the URI query does not get decoded at all) as the\n * purpose is to be able to compare URIs in a reproducible way, not to have the params sorted perfectly.", "\n /\n const SORT_QUERY_PARAMETERS = 128;\n\n /\n Returns a normalized URI.", "\n \n The scheme and host component are already normalized to lowercase per PSR-7 UriInterface.", "\n * This methods adds additional normalizations that can be configured with the $flags parameter.", "\n \n PSR-7 UriInterface cannot distinguish between an empty component and a missing component as\n * getQuery(), getFragment() etc. ", "always return a string. ", "This means the URIs \"/?#\" ", "and \"/\" are\n * treated equivalent which is not necessarily true according to RFC 3986. ", "But that difference\n * is highly uncommon in reality. ", "So this potential normalization is implied in PSR-7 as well.", "\n \n @param UriInterface $uri The URI to normalize\n * @param int $flags A bitmask of normalizations to apply, see constants\n \n @return UriInterface The normalized URI\n * @link https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2\n /\n public static function normalize(UriInterface $uri, $flags = self::PRESERVING_NORMALIZATIONS)\n {\n if ($flags & self::CAPITALIZE_PERCENT_ENCODING) {\n $uri = self::capitalizePercentEncoding($uri);\n }\n\n if ($flags & self::DECODE_UNRESERVED_CHARACTERS) {\n $uri = self::decodeUnreservedCharacters($uri);\n }\n\n if ($flags & self::CONVERT_EMPTY_PATH && $uri->getPath() === '' &&\n ($uri->getScheme() === 'http' \|\| $uri->getScheme() === 'https')\n ) {\n $uri = $uri->withPath('/');\n }\n\n if ($flags & self::REMOVE_DEFAULT_HOST && $uri->getScheme() === 'file' && $uri->getHost() === 'localhost') {\n $uri = $uri->withHost('');\n }\n\n if ($flags & self::REMOVE_DEFAULT_PORT && $uri->getPort() !", "== null && Uri::isDefaultPort($uri)) {\n $uri = $uri->withPort(null);\n }\n\n if ($flags & self::REMOVE_DOT_SEGMENTS && !", "Uri::isRelativePathReference($uri)) {\n $uri = $uri->withPath(UriResolver::removeDotSegments($uri->getPath()));\n }\n\n if ($flags & self::REMOVE_DUPLICATE_SLASHES) {\n $uri = $uri->withPath(preg_replace('#//++#', '/', $uri->getPath()));\n }\n\n if ($flags & self::SORT_QUERY_PARAMETERS && $uri->getQuery() !", "== '') {\n $queryKeyValues = explode('&', $uri->getQuery());\n sort($queryKeyValues);\n $uri = $uri->withQuery(implode('&', $queryKeyValues));\n }\n\n return $uri;\n }\n\n /\n Whether two URIs can be considered equivalent.", "\n \n Both URIs are normalized automatically before comparison with the given $normalizations bitmask. ", "The method also\n * accepts relative URI references and returns true when they are equivalent. ", "This of course assumes they will be\n * resolved against the same base URI. ", "If this is not the case, determination of equivalence or difference of\n * relative references does not mean anything.", "\n \n @param UriInterface $uri1 An URI to compare\n * @param UriInterface $uri2 An URI to compare\n * @param int $normalizations A bitmask of normalizations to apply, see constants\n \n @return bool\n * @link https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.1\n */\n public static function isEquivalent(UriInterface $uri1, UriInterface $uri2, $normalizations = self::PRESERVING_NORMALIZATIONS)\n {\n return (string) self::normalize($uri1, $normalizations) === (string) self::normalize($uri2, $normalizations);\n }\n\n private static function capitalizePercentEncoding(UriInterface $uri)\n {\n $regex = '/(?:%[A-Fa-f0-9]{2})++/';\n\n $callback = function (array $match) {\n return strtoupper($match[0]);\n };\n\n return\n $uri->withPath(\n preg_replace_callback($regex, $callback, $uri->getPath())\n )->withQuery(\n preg_replace_callback($regex, $callback, $uri->getQuery())\n );\n }\n\n private static function decodeUnreservedCharacters(UriInterface $uri)\n {\n $regex = '/%(?:2D\|2E\|5F\|7E\|3[0-9]\|[46][1-9A-F]\|[57][0-9A])/i';\n\n $callback = function (array $match) {\n return rawurldecode($match[0]);\n };\n\n return\n $uri->withPath(\n preg_replace_callback($regex, $callback, $uri->getPath())\n )->withQuery(\n preg_replace_callback($regex, $callback, $uri->getQuery())\n );\n }\n\n private function __construct()\n {\n // cannot be instantiated\n }\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0, 0.018957345971563982, 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0.008823529411764706, 0.009389671361502348, 0.016216216216216217, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.012345679012345678, 0.007518796992481203, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.008771929824561403, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.004032258064516129, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.013793103448275862, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010185185185185186, 0.014084507042253521, 0.002857142857142857, 0.003663003663003663, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0049261083743842365 ]	0.005398	5
[ "Neurophilin-1 is a downstream target of transcription factor Ets-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.", "\nTranscription factor Ets-1 expressed in endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis. ", "Here, we transiently overexpressed Ets-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and comprehensively searched for potential downstream targets of Ets-1 by cDNA microarray analysis. ", "The expression of several angiogenesis-related genes including neuropilin-1 was augmented by the overexpression of Ets-1. ", "Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting confirmed the increase in the levels of neuropilin-1 mRNA and protein. ", "In contrast, dominant negative ets-1 decreased the levels of neuropilin-1 mRNA and protein. ", "These results indicate that neuropilin-1 is a downstream target of Ets-1 in HUVECs." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0 ]	0.002482	5
[ "import Node from '../Node.js';\nimport { reservedLookup } from '../../utils/reserved.js';\nimport { UNKNOWN } from '../../utils/sentinels.js';\nimport stringify from '../../utils/stringify.js';\nimport getValuePrecedence from '../../utils/getValuePrecedence.js';\n\nfunction isValidIdentifier ( str ) {\n\t// TODO there's probably a bit more to it than this\n\treturn !", "reservedLookup[ str ] && /^[a-zA-Z_$][a-zA-Z_$0-9]*$/.test( str );\n}\n\nfunction canFold ( node, parent ) {\n\twhile ( parent.type === 'ParenthesizedExpression' ) {\n\t\tnode = parent;\n\t\tparent = node.parent;\n\t}\n\n\tif ( parent.type === 'UpdateExpression' ) return false;\n\tif ( parent.type === 'AssignmentExpression' \|\| /For(In\|Of)Statement/.test( parent.type ) ) return node !", "== parent.left;\n\n\treturn true;\n}\n\nexport default class MemberExpression extends Node {\n\tgetLeftHandSide () {\n\t\treturn this.object.getLeftHandSide();\n\t}\n\n\tgetValue () {\n\t\tconst objectValue = this.object.getValue();\n\t\tif ( !", "objectValue \|\| objectValue === UNKNOWN ) return UNKNOWN;\n\n\t\tconst propertyValue = this.computed ? ", "this.property.getValue() : this.property.name;\n\t\tif ( propertyValue === UNKNOWN ) return UNKNOWN;\n\n\t\tconst value = objectValue[ propertyValue ];\n\t\tif ( value === UNKNOWN \|\| typeof value === 'function' ) return UNKNOWN;\n\n\t\treturn value;\n\t}\n\n\tgetPrecedence () {\n\t\tconst value = this.getValue();\n\n\t\treturn value === UNKNOWN ? ", "19 : getValuePrecedence( value );\n\t}\n\n\tgetRightHandSide () {\n\t\treturn this;\n\t}\n\n\tinitialise ( program, scope ) {\n\t\tif ( !", "this.computed ) program.addWord( this.property.name );\n\t\tsuper.initialise( program, scope );\n\t}\n\n\tminify ( code, chars ) {\n\t\tconst value = this.getValue();\n\n\t\tif ( value && value !", "== UNKNOWN && canFold( this, this.parent ) ) {\n\t\t\tconst str = stringify( value );\n\n\t\t\tif ( str !", "== null ) {\n\t\t\t\tcode.overwrite( this.start, this.end, str );\n\t\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// special case — numbers\n\t\tconst objectValue = this.object.getValue();\n\t\tif ( typeof objectValue === 'number' && objectValue === parseInt( objectValue, 10 ) ) {\n\t\t\tthis.object.append( code, '.' );", "\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif ( this.computed ) {\n\t\t\tconst value = this.property.getValue();\n\n\t\t\tif ( String( Number( value ) ) === String( value ) ) {\n\t\t\t\tcode.overwrite( this.object.end, this.end, `[${value}]` );\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\telse if ( typeof value === 'string' && isValidIdentifier( value ) ) {\n\t\t\t\tcode.overwrite( this.object.end, this.end, `.${value}` );\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\telse {\n\t\t\t\tif ( this.property.start > this.object.end + 1 ) {\n\t\t\t\t\tcode.overwrite( this.object.end, this.property.start, '[' );\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tif ( this.end > this.property.end + 1 ) {\n\t\t\t\t\tcode.overwrite( this.property.end, this.end, ']' );\n\t\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t\tthis.property.minify( code, chars );\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\telse {\n\t\t\tif ( this.property.start > this.object.end + 1 ) {\n\t\t\t\tcode.overwrite( this.object.end, this.property.start, '.' );", "\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tthis.object.minify( code, chars );\n\t}\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.005571030640668524, 0.005434782608695652, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003272	5
[ "The Man Who Sold The Sun\n\nOne quiet day in some quiet town,Sat a man, in his house, on his own.", "There was no day that passed by in this man’s solemn life,When he did not consider his torture and strife.", "This pain was caused by not many, but one,A giant that stood tall in the sky.", "It was the sun that he hated, despised and abhorred,And cursed it whenever he could.", "‘A vile, monstrous thing, far from a king,That devours the life that it brings.", "’He vowed to himself on a life he once loved,That he would take it right out of the sky.", "He never saw the joy that it brought,The life built from naught and its power to transform from the dark. ", "He saw pain and saw burning,Anguish and churning of life through the grind-mill of time.", "\n\nSo he studied and noted,Each second devoted to the means that would grant him his end. ", "Through books and through papers,Up high and down low,He searched for the strings to garnish his bow,And fire an arrow as straight and as true,To the heart of his foe, right through and through.", "Then one day he found his way to achieve,A way to deceive and a way to thieve,From the sun, what it gave, that he saw as contrived,It was that same power, for that control that he strived.", "\n\nSo he created something that would take this control, Away from the sun and set it up for a fall,It was so clear now, so clear and so brightTo bring the darkness of night, he must replace all the light. ", "He took the sun’s power and shrunk it right down,And then split it all up, and went to the crowd. ", "People were gasping and oohing and ahhing, Bathed in the warm glow of a miniature king,So like this year’s trends, or the newest of fashion, People queued up, in line for their ration.", "For this last piece of the puzzle to make their lives complete, Surely this man had accomplished that feat.", "To give people a slice, an aspect of heaven,That they can now place by their microwave oven.", "\n\nOne could now marvel at the brilliance of man,To take all the world’s power and all the knowledge we can,And cram it all in to our pockets of comfort, The houses and homes within which we all fit. ", "Like the remote for a TV,This made life too easy,People would sit and be fed life through a drip. ", "That great glowing ball that gave life to us all, Was no longer part of their lives.", "\n\nWhilst the bare outside suffered and gradually died, Everything inside flourished and thrived.", "But what appeared to be vibrant,Was in fact stale and stagnant.", "Life had been confined to four walls.", "What may have seemed perfect on top of the gloss, Was cracked and distorted, all natural feel lost. ", "People would sit, stifled, confined,All amenities there but no room for the mind,To wander and soar in the open outdoors,What appeared to be gain was the greatest of loss.", "\n\nThen on a day like the last, and the one before that, These suns all extinguished leaving ash where they sat. ", "The power went down, and the heat and the light,Not a person could fix it try as they might.", "So they ventured outside, long since they’d been, Anywhere except in front of a screen,And witnessed no sun, nowhere in the sky,Just a dim awful glow, like the world on standby.", "Could it have been that the sun really left,From a place that had forgotten and left it for dead.", "\n\nNow that man that we met, who conjured this mess,Who sought the sun’s death, that he considered success, Could not understand, as his sun withered and died,How his power was blown, like a filament fried.", "He too stepped outside of his same quiet house,And the blacks of his eyes gasped!As before him was stood the same crowd that once paid,For the power that he had so proudly displayed.", "They accused him of lying, weaseling, cheating,Forcing the sun from its powerful seating.", "In their scorn and their fury,Being both his judge and his jury,The man had a moment so lucid.", "It was a feeling of loss, despair and remorse,Those feelings of anger had just run their course.", "The hole that he filled with anger and pain,Had been directed towards that, which sparked joy in his brainAnd no sun, no computer with all knowledge and content, Would bring back the one thing that made him content.", "\n\nSo that man who waged war,on nature’s very own law,let go of the anger that, for so long, he wore,And then there was suddenly not a thing that remained, The energy that forced him, drove him, had wained,He slipped away, surrounded in light,And would never again see the dark of the night." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000444	5
[ "Open Visual Programming\n\nFugio is an open visual programming system for creating digital art, learning programming, and making cool stuff with hardware such as the Oculus Rift, Kinect, Arduino, Leap Motion, and any MIDI, OSC, TUIO, or DMX enabled thing." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.023715415019762844 ]	0.023715	5