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[ "---\nauthor:\n- Pascal Traccucci\n- Luc Dumontier\n- Guillaume Garchery\n- Benjamin Jacot\nbibliography:\n- 'Biblio.bib'\ntitle: A Triptych Approach for Reverse Stress Testing of Complex Portfolios\n---\n\nThe quest for diversification has led to an increasing number of complex funds with a high number of strategies and non-linear payoffs. ", "The new generation of Alternative Risk Premia (ARP) funds are an example that has been very popular in recent years. ", "For complex funds like these, a Reverse Stress Test (RST) is regarded by the industry and regulators as a better forward-looking risk measure than a Value-at-Risk (VaR). ", "We present an Extended RST (ERST) triptych approach with three variables: level of plausibility, level of loss and scenario. ", "In our approach, any two of these variables can be derived by providing the third as the input. ", "We advocate and demonstrate that ERST is a powerful tool for both simple linear and complex portfolios and for both risk management as well as day-to-day portfolio management decisions. ", "An updated new version of the Levenberg - Marquardt optimization algorithm is introduced to derive ERST in certain complex cases.**Keywords**: Reverse Stress Test, Non-Linear Portfolio Theory, Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Program**This article reflects the authors’ opinion and not necessarily those of their employers.**", "\n\nIntroduction: The Case of Premia Portfolios {#introduction-the-case-of-premia-portfolios .unnumbered}\n===========================================\n\nAcademic theory has been mined to support the development of investment solutions containing an ever-increasing number of factors. ", "Over the last decade, academics and practitioners have shown that traditional asset classes offer limited diversification, especially in market downturns. ", "For example, it is shown in [@Callan] that equities (even combined with alternative assets such as infrastructure, real estate, high yield bonds, etc.) ", "and government bonds are proxies for only two macroeconomic risk factors: GDP growth and inflation. ", "In recent years though, investors have grown increasingly worried that these asset classes are expensive due to extraordinarily accommodative global monetary policy. ", "In response, academics and practitioners have delved into Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) to identify the microeconomic factors that are the backbone of ARP solutions. ", "In [@Mesomeris], the ARP 1.0 approach combines 10 to 15 different long/short portfolios capturing standard investment styles such as value, carry, momentum, low risk, or liquidity across a broader scope of traditional asset classes. ", "For further diversification, the ARP 2.0 approach combines up to 30 strategies by including investment banking style premia, likely to use instruments with quadratic profiles. [", "@Dumontier] gives an example of such premia in the commodity market.", "\n\nAs the number of factors in a complex portfolio increases, so does risk.[@Harvey] observed an exponential increase in factor discoveries since the CAPM and the market factor were identified in the 1960s. ", "The “zoo of factors”[^1] now includes several hundred factors. ", "This raises two concerns. ", "All factors will not achieve simulated returns and there is the risk that a given “new” factor is just another expression of an existing one and likely to deliver correlated returns - see [@Suhonen]. ", "This is especially dangerous as the calibration error of a portfolio’s volatility increases in line with the number of factors it includes, and soars if these factors – expected, in theory, to be uncorrelated – end up re-correlating strongly. ", "As shown in [@Dumontier2], the volatility of Equal Risk Contribution (ERC) portfolios that contain 10 and 30 theoretically uncorrelated factors, respectively, will double and more than triple, respectively, with a realized pairwise correlation of 30%. ", "Additionally, pairwise correlations tend to increase in line with individual volatility levels, further increasing the calibration error of the portfolio’s volatility. ", "The resulting risk is that individual strategies deliver negative returns precisely when portfolio volatility is rising, resulting in heavy losses.", "\n\nMany risk management frameworks cannot properly account for non-linear profiles and assess the risk of loss associated with combining an unusually high number of strategies. ", "Specifically, historical VaR is an instantaneous risk indicator and does not correspond to a clearly identified scenario, hence the need for complimentary stress tests. ", "To build a stress testing tool, the dataset must be simplified and historical or pre-defined scenarios are used without quantifying their plausibility. ", "Thus, parametric VaR imposes dependence on a model to benefit from an analysis framework in the form of a VaR and a sensitivity of this VaR to all the parameters of the model. ", "This requires that several numerical problems be addressed, especially in case of quadratic profit and loss (P&L). ", "This paper presents an innovative approach: ERST, following on from the work in [@Mouy] and [@Packham]. ", "This approach is able, with low technical costs[^2], to deliver two of three parameters provided that the third is given as input. ", "The three parameters are a scenario, a level of plausibility and a level of loss (see figure \\[fig:STRESSTESTS\\]). ", "The result is a more meaningful risk measure and one that corresponds to a clearly identified scenario. ", "= \\[draw, rectangle, node distance=3cm, minimum height=2em\\]\n\n\\(x) \\[inner sep=0,minimum size=0\\] at (0,0); (y) \\[inner sep=0,minimum size=0\\] at (-.75,1.3); (z) \\[inner sep=0,minimum size=0\\] at (.75,1.3); (x1) at (-1.5,0) \\[cloud\\][Scenario]{}; (x2) at (1.5,0) \\[cloud\\][Plausibility]{}; (x3) at (0,2.6) \\[cloud\\][P&L]{}; (x) – (x1); (x) – (x2); (x) – (x3); (y) – (x1); (y) – (x3); (y) – (x2); (z) – (x2); (z) – (x3); (z) – (x1); (x2.north) to node\\[sloped, anchor = center, above\\] [VaR]{}(x3.east); ($(x1.north west)!0.33!(x1.north east)$) to node\\[sloped, anchor = center, above\\] [Stress Test]{}($(x3.north west)!0.33!(x3.south west)$); ($(x1.north west)!0.49!(x1.north east)$) to node\\[sloped, anchor = center, below\\] [RST]{}($(x3.north west)!0.66!(x3.south west)$);\n\nIn what follows, $\\bm{S}$ is defined as a scenario. ", "It is a vector whose length $n$ equals the number of risk factors the portfolio is exposed to. ", "$\\bm{S}$ here contains a limited number of risk factors, specifically changes in the daily returns $r_i$ or implied volatility $\\delta\\sigma_j$ to which the portfolio is sensitive. ", "Other risk factors such as currency exchange rates, dividends, interest rates or repo rates and other sensitivities such as Theta can also be incorporated.", "\n\nIn summary: $$\\bm{S}=(\\dots,r_i,\\dots,\\delta\\sigma_j,\\dots)$$ In addition, the co-variance matrix of the risk factors will be denoted as $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$.\n\nStarting from a Scenario {#sec:first_approach}\n========================\n\nA scenario-driven ERST approach is suitable for a portfolio manager considering a given adverse or best-case scenario $\\bm{S}_0$. To assess the plausibility of such scenario, the probability $\\alpha_0$ for a scenario equally or less extreme to $\\bm{S}_0$ is computed. ", "If $\\alpha_0$ is too high, a more plausible version $\\tilde{\\bm{S}}$ of $\\bm{S}_0$ is derived and suggested to the portfolio manager.", "\n\nMeasuring Plausibility {#sec:IntroMaha}\n----------------------\n\nERST relies heavily on the concept of plausibility (or likelihood) to discriminate between the scenarios generated. ", "Multiple plausibility measures exist in the literature [@Glasserman] [@Breuer_2]. ", "In this paper, plausibility is quantified in terms of Mahalanobis distance. ", "The latter measures the amplitude of the multivariate moves in $\\bm{S}$ from the mean scenario $\\bm{\\mu}$ in units of standard deviation. ", "It is therefore similar in a multidimensional space to the concept of Z-score $z$ or standardized variables. ", "As a reminder: $$z=\\frac{x-\\mu_X}{\\sigma_X}$$ where $x$ is a realization of a random variable $X$ with mean $\\mu_X$ and standard deviation $\\sigma_X$. Mahalanobis distance is defined as follows: $$\\label{eq::maha_def}\n \\text{Maha}^2(\\bm{S})=(\\bm{S}-\\bm{\\mu})^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}^{-1}(\\bm{S}-\\bm{\\mu})$$ Unlike other measures, Mahalanobis distance is both intuitive and simple to use. ", "The following characteristics of the Mahalanobis distance are noteworthy:\n\n1. ", " A low (resp. ", "high) Mahalanobis distance characterizes a highly plausible (resp. ", "unlikely) scenario.", "\n\n2. ", " $\\text{Maha}^2(\\bm{S})=R^2$ is the surface of an ellipsoid of radius $R$. Points within the ellipsoid have a Mahalanobis distance of less than $R$. The further away these points are from the surface, the closer they are to the center and the more plausible they become.", "\n\n3. ", " Assuming $\\bm{S}$ follows a multivariate normal distribution, $\\text{Maha}^2(\\bm{S})$ follows a $\\chi^2(n)$ distribution, as proved in [@Studer]. ", "The $\\alpha$ quantile of a $\\chi^2(n)$ density is thus the squared radius of the ellipsoid where $\\alpha\\%$ of the multivariate normal scenarios $\\bm{S}$ remain inside. ", "Hereafter, this ellipsoid is referred to as $\\mathcal{E}^\\alpha$. See figure \\[fig:exemple1\\] as an illustration.", "\n\n4. ", " Mahalanobis distance is suited to any elliptical multivariate distribution for $\\bm{S}$, which includes densities other than multivariate normal - for example, Student’s t distribution. ", "This is of primary importance as a distribution of this type is typically a better fit for historical distributions than a normal one, especially as concerns fat tails.", "\n\nThe plausibility of $\\bm{S}_0$ can now be easily evaluated using just (\\[eq::maha\\_def\\]). ", "Assuming a normal distribution, the resulting value is compared to the quantiles of a $\\chi^2(n)$ to determine the probability of a scenario equally or less extreme than $\\bm{S}_0$. For other elliptical distributions where the law of the Mahalanobis distance is not known, a numerical solution exists[^3]. ", "First, the elliptical distribution that best fits $\\bm{S}$ is determined. ", "Second, a Monte Carlo simulation of $\\bm{S}$ is performed. ", "Then, approximate quantiles of the Mahalanobis distance are computed and probability $\\alpha_{0,\\text{approx}}$ of $\\bm{S}_0$ can be deduced.", "\n\nFitting the Plausibility of a Given Scenario\n--------------------------------------------\n\nIf $\\alpha_{0}$ or $\\alpha_{0,\\text{approx}}$ exceeds a given threshold $\\alpha_{\\max}$, then $\\bm{S}_0$ lies outside of the admissible ellipsoid $\\mathcal{E}^{\\alpha_{\\max}}$. In this case, the closest admissible scenario $\\tilde{\\bm{S}}$ to $\\bm{S}_0$ on $\\mathcal{E}^{\\alpha_{\\max}}$ is defined by homothety. ", "This definition provides for minimal corrections in the terms of $\\bm{S}_0$ thus conserving as much as possible the intuition of the portfolio manager.", "\n\nFor the sake of clarity, the non-constraining assumption $\\bm{\\mu}=\\bm{0}$ is made. ", "Then: $$\\tilde{\\bm{S}}=K\\bm{S}_0,\\ K\\in\\mathbb{R}$$ As $\\tilde{\\bm{S}}\\in\\mathcal{E}^{\\alpha_{\\max}}$ it follows that $\\tilde{\\bm{S}}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}^{-1}\\tilde{\\bm{S}}=q^{\\alpha_{\\max}}$ where $q^{\\alpha_{\\max}}$ is the $\\alpha_{\\max}$ quantile of the density of the squared Mahalanobis distance. ", "This constraint leads to: $$\\label{eq:enhanced_scen}\n \\tilde{\\bm{S}}=\\sqrt{q^{\\alpha_{\\max}}}\\frac{\\bm{S}_0}{\\sqrt{\\bm{S}_0^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\bm{S}_0}}$$\n\nApplication\n-----------\n\nA portfolio manager runs two long/short strategies, each based on a different spread: the first on equity indices and the other on another asset class. ", "The correlation $\\rho$ between spreads is low: $\\rho=0.25$. For the sake of argument, the spreads are assumed to have constant annual volatility $\\sigma=10\\%$.\n\nThe manager would like to know if, under these assumptions, the spreads scenarios have a strong probability (50% for example) of incurring 10% and 20% losses over one year, leading to the scenario: $$\\bm{S}_0=[-10\\%,-20\\%]$$ In this example, it is assumed that the spreads have either a normal or a Student’s t with 2 degrees of freedom distribution. ", "In reality however, the parameters of the elliptical distribution of reference would be determined using maximum likelihood estimators derived from the historical distribution. ", "Thus, $\\bm{S}_0$ corresponds to a 88.2% (resp. ", "68.0%) probability for a normal (resp. ", "a Student’s t) distribution. ", "Therefore, the loss the manager had in mind is less plausible then expected. ", "Setting $\\alpha_{\\max}=50\\%$ in (\\[eq:enhanced\\_scen\\]), the fitted scenario of interest for the manager is: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\tilde{\\bm{S}}&=[-7.5\\%,-15.0\\%]&\\text{ for normal risk factors}\\\\\n &=[-5.8\\%,-11.5\\%]&\\text{ for Student's t risk factors}\\nonumber\n \\end{aligned}$$ Thus, the fitted scenarios respect the directions intended by the portfolio manager. ", "Only the amplitude of the shocks is changed to comply with the scenario plausibility constraint.", "\n\nObviously one can argue that the correlation and volatility used in that example do not reflect a crisis environment where $\\bm{S}_0$ occurs. ", "An extension of this example would therefore be to stress the correlation and volatility to best reflect a financial crisis environment. ", "This process is further explained in section \\[sec:stress\\_cor\\_mat\\].", "\n\nStarting from Plausibility {#sec:second_approach}\n==========================\n\nThe plausibility-driven ERST returns both the most extreme loss and a corresponding scenario for a given level of plausibility. ", "This approach is studied in [@Studer] and further discussed in [@Breuer] and [@Breuer_2] for example. ", "The advantage is that it returns a loss that may be compared to other existing risk measures such as VaR, which is briefly introduced in section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_VAR\\]. ", "As shown in sections \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_lin\\] from \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_quad\\], a plausibility-driven ERST is linearly dependent on VaR for linear and some non-linear portfolios. ", "However, this relationship is not present as a general rule for non-linear portfolios, making plausibility-driven ERST interesting and valuable. ", "For non-linear portfolios, the approach can be seen as a continuum of VaR and Expected Shortfall (ES) and sets a new paradigm for risk measurement. ", "Some limitations do exist, however, as discussed in section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_shortcomings\\].", "\n\nExisting Value-at-Risk Approach {#sec:second_approach_VAR}\n-------------------------------\n\nFor a given $\\alpha\\in[0,1]$, VaR$_\\alpha$ returns the $\\alpha$ quantile of the P&L density indicating that P&L is not as extreme as the VaR output $\\alpha\\%$ of the time. ", "The P&L density may be historical or any other fitted density.", "\n\nTaking the simple case of linear portfolio with $n$ risk factors and weighting scheme $\\bm{\\omega}$, and assuming that risk factors are normally distributed $\\bm{S}\\sim\\mathcal{N}(\\bm{0},\\mathbf{\\Sigma})$, then P&L$(\\bm{S})\\sim\\mathcal{N}(0,\\bm{\\omega}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\bm{\\omega})$ and: $$\\text{VaR}_\\alpha=-\\mathcal{N}^{-1}(\\alpha)\\sqrt{\\bm{\\omega}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\bm{\\omega}}\\label{eq:VAR_lin}$$ for $\\mathcal{N}^{-1}(\\alpha)$ the $\\alpha$ quantile of a standard normal distribution.", "\n\nFor a quadratic portfolio, this expression does not hold true. ", "The distribution of P&L$(\\bm{S})$ may not be analytically known depending on the density function for $\\bm{S}$. However, an approximate VaR can be calculated after Monte Carlo simulations of $\\bm{S}$ and derivation of the probability based on the resulting P&L’s distribution.", "\n\nWith such an approach, VaR provides only a loss as output. ", "This does not allow a portfolio manager to dig deeper and understand where the underlying weaknesses in portfolio exposures lie.[^4] In this respect, the plausibility-driven ERST provides a more complete result than VaR. In addition to a resulting loss, it provides a corresponding scenario, identifying specific strengths and weaknesses of the portfolio in order to take potentially countermeasures such as hedging or portfolio adjustments. ", "This advantage is further detailed below.", "\n\nProblem Statement\n-----------------\n\nLet $\\alpha$ and MaxERST[^5] be the input level of plausibility and the output loss. ", "The plausibility-driven ERST is then the optimization problem: $$\\label{eq:RST_second_approach}\n \\min_{\\text{Maha}^2(\\bm{S})\\leq q^{\\alpha}}\\text{P\\&L}(\\bm{S})$$ In the two following sections, this problem is solved for both linear and quadratic portfolios.", "\n\nApplication for Delta-One Strategies {#sec:second_approach_lin}\n------------------------------------\n\nAssuming a long/short strategy on two momentum indices, $\\text{P\\&L}(\\bm{S})=\\bm{\\omega}^\\top\\bm{S}$ with $\\bm{\\omega}=(1,-1)$. Here, (\\[eq:RST\\_second\\_approach\\]) can be solved by relying on Lagrangian optimization with Kuhn-Tucker conditions. ", "For a given $\\alpha$, MaxERST and the corresponding scenario $\\bm{S}^{\\alpha}$ are: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\bm{S}^{\\alpha}=-\\sqrt{q^\\alpha}\\frac{\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\bm{\\omega}}{\\sqrt{\\bm{\\omega}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\bm{\\omega}}}\\\\\n \\text{MaxERST}=-\\sqrt{q^\\alpha}\\sqrt{\\bm{\\omega}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\bm{\\omega}}\\label{eq:RST_lin}\n \\end{aligned}$$ Comparing (\\[eq:VAR\\_lin\\]) and (\\[eq:RST\\_lin\\]), MaxERST and VaR are proportional. ", "For linear portfolios, [@Breuer_3] states a similar relationship, adding that VaR and MaxERST are also proportional to the Expected Shortfall (ES) measure. ", "The corresponding proof is in [@Sadefo]. ", "Therefore when $\\bm{S}$ is normally distributed: $$\\label{eq:VAR_RST_ratio}\n \\frac{\\text{VaR}}{\\mathcal{N}^{-1}(\\alpha)}=\\frac{\\text{MaxERST}}{\\sqrt{q^\\alpha}}=\\frac{\\text{ES}}{\\rho(\\alpha)\\alpha}=-\\sqrt{\\bm{\\omega}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\bm{\\omega}}$$ where $q^\\alpha$ is the $\\alpha$ quantile of a $\\chi^2(n)$ distribution and $\\rho(\\alpha)$ the density of the standard normal distribution [@Breuer_3]. ", "Despite being proportional for delta-one strategies, [@Breuer_3] argues that MaxERST is more useful than VAR. ", "As it is sub-additive[^6] whereas VAR is not, MaxERST has proved to be a more reliable limit system than VAR for some simple non-linear portfolios such as some combinations of out-of-the-money short puts and short calls on the same underlying.", "\n\nFor $q^\\alpha$ the quantile of a $\\chi^2(n)$ distribution, $\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}q^\\alpha=\\infty$. Therefore, if $\\bm{S}$ is normally distributed, the higher the number $n$ of risk factors the portfolio is exposed to, the more extreme MaxERST will be relative to VaR per (\\[eq:VAR\\_RST\\_ratio\\]). ", "This could create a dimensional dependency issue for irrelevant factors, as exposed in [@Mouy] or [@Breuer] and discussed in section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_shortcomings\\].", "\n\n[plot648.pdf]{} (93.5,2) [$\\bm{\\omega}$]{} (37.5,67.5)[[$\\bm{S}^{95\\%}$]{}]{}\n\nApplication for Non-Linear P&L {#sec:second_approach_quad}\n------------------------------\n\nFor non-linear P&L, a second order approximation is considered. ", "Thus: $$\\label{eq:PnLexpression}\n \\text{P\\&L}(\\bm{S})=\\frac{1}{2}\\bm{S}^\\top\\mathbf{A}\\bm{S}+\\mathbf{B}^\\top\\bm{S}$$ where $\\mathbf{A}$ and $\\mathbf{B}$ are the respective second- and first-order sensitivities of the portfolio. ", "Second-order sensitivities being symmetric, $\\mathbf{A}$ is symmetric and, in the most general terms: $$\\mathbf{A}=\n \\left[\\begin{array}{c|c}\n \\begin{matrix}\n \\ddots & & \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{S_i}{S_j}\\\\\n & \\pdv[2]{\\text{P\\&L}}{S_i} & \\\\\n \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{S_j}{S_i} & & \\ddots \n \\end{matrix}\n & \n \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{S_i}{\\sigma_j}\\\\\n \\hline\n \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{S_j}{\\sigma_i}\n &\n \\begin{matrix}\n \\ddots & & \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{\\sigma_i}{\\sigma_j}\\\\\n & \\pdv[2]{\\text{P\\&L}}{\\sigma_i} & \\\\\n \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{\\sigma_j}{\\sigma_i} & & \\ddots \n \\end{matrix}\n \\end{array}\\right]\n \\hspace{2em}\n \\mathbf{B}=\n \\left[\\begin{array}{c}\n \\begin{matrix}\n \\vdots\\\\\n \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{S_i}\\\\\n \\vdots\\\\\n \\hline\n \\vdots\\\\\n \\pdv{\\text{P\\&L}}{\\sigma_i}\\\\\n \\vdots\\\\\n \\end{matrix}\n \\end{array} \\right]$$\n\nWith a quadratic form for P&L, the resolution of (\\[eq:RST\\_second\\_approach\\]) is more complex. ", "The objective function may not be convex, therefore Kuhn-Tucker conditions are irrelevant. ", "Fortunately, an optimization algorithm exists that can cope with this issue: the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. ", "It is introduced in depth in [@Numerical_Optimization] and applied in [@Studer] to solve (\\[eq:RST\\_second\\_approach\\]) with (\\[eq:PnLexpression\\]).", "\n\nFor the same two momentum indices as in section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_lin\\], results are shown in figure \\[fig:quad\\_maha\\] for some $\\mathbf{A}$ and $\\mathbf{B}$.\n\nIn addition, MaxERST is no longer linear with respect to VaR, as opposed to section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_lin\\]. ", "This result justifies the use for ERST rather than VaR for non-linear portfolios as the approach is of added value for the portfolio manager and a continuum of VaR. Figure \\[fig:VariableRhos\\] shows the aforementioned non-linearities. ", "Yet, the specific case where $\\mathbf{B}=\\bm{0}$ remains linear as proved in Appendix \\[ap:proof\\_guillaume\\].", "\n\n[plot648\\_quad.pdf]{} (35,65) [[$\\bm{S}^{95\\%}$]{}]{}\n\n[Rhos\\_study.pdf]{} (12.5,47.5) [$\\mathbf{\\Sigma}=\\left[\\begin{matrix} 1 & \\rho\\\\ \\rho & 1\\end{matrix}\\right]$]{} (12.5,37.5) [$\\mathbf{A}=\\left[\\begin{matrix} 1 & 0\\\\0 & -1\\end{matrix}\\right]$]{} (12.5,27.5)[$\\mathbf{B}=\\left[\\begin{matrix} \\beta \\\\2\\beta\\end{matrix}\\right]$]{} (90,26)[$\\beta$ value]{} (90,52)[$\\rho$ value]{}\n\nOn Dimensional Dependency {#sec:second_approach_shortcomings}\n-------------------------\n\nAs stressed in [@Mouy] and [@Breuer_2], the output of the ERST approach depends directly on the dimension of the problem, i.e. the number $n$ of risk factors under consideration. ", "Indeed, $q^\\alpha$ in (\\[eq:RST\\_second\\_approach\\]) varies with $n$. As previously stated, $q^\\alpha$ is, for example, the quantile of a $\\chi^2(n)$ distribution for a normally distributed $\\bm{S}$.\n\nTherefore, adding risk factors to $\\bm{S}$ even if they have a weight of zero in the portfolio does affect the output. ", "Though this may be seen as a source of instability, this is also positive from a portfolio management perspective. ", "It is actually a way to account for correlation with external yet meaningful risk factors that indirectly drive the variations. ", "Nonetheless, it remains the portfolio and risk managers’ responsibility to carefully select the external risk factors to consider.", "\n\nIn addition, modifying the formulation of the problem resolves the dimensional dependency issue. ", "Indeed, [@Rouvinez] overcomes this issue by replacing the quantile $q^\\alpha$ in (\\[eq:RST\\_second\\_approach\\]) by the plausibility of a given historical scenario $\\bm{S}_H$ using (\\[eq::maha\\_def\\]). ", "This approach is more stable because the plausibility of $\\bm{S}_H$ only varies with the risk factors that it actually depends on.", "\n\nStarting from P&L {#sec:third_approach}\n=================\n\nA P&L-driven ERST extends the ideas expressed in [@Mouy] to non-linear portfolios. ", "To this end, a new, adapted version of the Levenberg - Marquardt optimization algorithm is defined and tested. ", "The main advantage of such an approach as compared to that in section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\] is to overcome the problem stated in section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_shortcomings\\].", "\n\nProblem Statement\n-----------------\n\nGiven section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_shortcomings\\], it is preferable that the constraint in (\\[eq:RST\\_second\\_approach\\]) be independent of the squared Mahalanobis quantiles. ", "Here, inverting the problem formulation works, i.e. finding the scenario with optimal plausibility for a given P&L. This paves the way for the third and final approach discussed in this paper. ", "The optimization problem becomes: $$\\label{eq:RST_third_approach}\n \\min_{\\text{P\\&L}(\\bm{S})= p}\\text{Maha}^2(\\bm{S})$$ The case for a linear P&L is discussed in [@Mouy], but the resolution for non-linear P&L remains outstanding. ", "The remainder of this section focuses on this.", "\n\nResolution for Non-Linear P&L\n-----------------------------\n\nRewriting (\\[eq:RST\\_third\\_approach\\]) brings, for a loss $l$: $$\\label{eq:RST_quad}\n \\min_{\\frac{1}{2}\\bm{S}^\\top\\mathbf{A}\\bm{S}+\\mathbf{B}^\\top\\bm{S}\\leq l}\\bm{S}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}^{-1}\\bm{S}\n =\\min_{\\frac{1}{2}\\hat{\\bm{S}}^\\top\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}\\hat{\\bm{S}}+\\hat{\\mathbf{B}}^\\top\\hat{\\bm{S}}\\leq l}\\Vert\\hat{\\bm{S}}\\Vert^2$$ where the change of variable $\\hat{\\bm{S}}=\\bm{U}^{-\\top}\\bm{S}$ is performed with $\\bm{U}$ the Cholesky decomposition matrix for $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ and:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat{\\mathbf{A}}&=\\bm{U}\\mathbf{A}\\bm{U}^{\\top}\\\\\n \\hat{\\mathbf{B}}&=\\bm{U}\\mathbf{B}\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nChanging the variable allows the quadratic optimization problem to work with a centered bowl rather than an ellipsoid. ", "The problem is thus reduced to finding the closest scenario(s) $\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*$ to the origin and associated with the iso-loss curve of value $l$. This problem relates to the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization problem in section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\]. ", "However, the constraint is not necessarily convex here. ", "Therefore, a new version of the method is introduced.", "\n\nIt can be derived[^7] from the equivalence proved in [@Numerical_Optimization], Theorem 4.3, that $\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*$ is a solution to (\\[eq:RST\\_quad\\]) if, and only if, it verifies the following conditions, for $\\lambda_m$ the smallest eigenvalue of $\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}$ and for a given $\\mu$:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n (\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}+\\mu\\mathbf{I})\\hat{\\bm{S}}^* &=-\\hat{\\mathbf{B}}\\label{eq:cond1}\\\\\n \\mu(\\frac{1}{2}\\hat{\\bm{S}}^{*\\top}\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*+\\hat{\\mathbf{B}}^\\top\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*-l) &=0\\label{eq:cond2}\\\\\n \\mu&\\geq\\max(0,-\\lambda_m)\\label{eq:cond3}\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe multidimensional optimization problem (\\[eq:RST\\_quad\\]) reduces to a scalar optimization problem on $\\mu$ under constraints (\\[eq:cond1\\]) to (\\[eq:cond3\\]). ", "A problem of this type can be solved rapidly. ", "As detailed below, a bisection algorithm to find the optimal $\\mu$ allows for $\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*$ to be inferred directly.", "\n\nFor $\\mathcal{B}=(\\bm{\\pi}_1,\\dots,\\bm{\\pi}_n)$ an orthonormal diagonalizing basis of symmetric matrix $\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hat{\\bm{S}}^*=\\sum_i\\sigma_i\\bm{\\pi}_i\\\\\n \\hat{\\mathbf{B}}=\\sum_i \\beta_i\\bm{\\pi}_i\n \\end{aligned}$$ Defining $(\\lambda_i)_i$ the eigenvalues of $\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}$, $I_m=\\{i,\\lambda_i=\\lambda_m\\}$ and taking (\\[eq:cond3\\]) into account, (\\[eq:cond1\\]) expressed in $\\mathcal{B}$ becomes:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n &\\sigma_i=-\\frac{\\beta_i}{\\lambda_i+\\mu}&\\forall i\\notin I_m\\label{eq:cond_mu_1}\\\\\n &\\sigma_j=-\\frac{\\beta_j}{\\lambda_m+\\mu}&\\forall j\\in I_m\\text{ if }\\mu\\neq-\\lambda_m\\label{eq:cond_mu_2}\\\\\n &\\sigma_j\\in\\mathbb{R}\\text{ and }\\beta_j=0&\\forall j\\in I_m\\text{ if }\\mu=-\\lambda_m\\label{eq:cond_mu_3}\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nIt is thus possible to find a unique $\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*$ if (\\[eq:cond\\_mu\\_2\\]) is met and several $\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*$ are parametrized by $(\\sigma_j)_{j\\in I_m}$ if (\\[eq:cond\\_mu\\_3\\]) is met. ", "This result is important, because it illustrates the different cases of existence and unicity of $\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*$. In this respect, it is more complex than the functional expression obtained for the original Levenberg-Marquardt problem analyzed in [@Numerical_Optimization] and [@Studer].", "\n\nExpressing (\\[eq:cond2\\]) in $\\mathcal{B}$ brings $\\mu(f(\\mu)-l)=0$ with:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n f(\\mu)&=\\sum_{i}\\left[\\frac{\\lambda_i}{2}\\left(\\frac{\\beta_i}{\\lambda_i+\\mu}\\right)^2-\\frac{\\beta_i^2}{\\lambda_i+\\mu}\\right]\\text{ if }\\mu\\neq-\\lambda_m\\label{eq:PnL_mu_1}\\\\\n &=\\sum_{i\\notin I_m}\\left[\\frac{\\lambda_i}{2}\\left(\\frac{\\beta_i}{\\lambda_i-\\lambda_m}\\right)^2-\\frac{\\beta_i^2}{\\lambda_i-\\lambda_m}\\right]+\\frac{\\lambda_m}{2}\\sum_{j\\in I_m}\\sigma_j^2\\text{ if }\\mu=-\\lambda_m\\label{eq:PnL_mu_2}\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\n[lambda\\_pos.pdf]{} (21,83) [o]{} (45,55) [$f(\\mu)$]{} (2.5,3) [$-\\lambda_m$]{} (-42.5,23.5) [$-\\frac{1}{2}\\mathbf{B}^\\top\\mathbf{A}^{-1}\\mathbf{B}$]{}\n\n[lambda\\_nul.pdf]{} (6,84) [o]{} (20,65) [$f(\\mu)$]{} (-10,3) [$-\\lambda_m=0$]{}\n\n[lambda\\_neg.pdf]{} (8,84) [o]{} (35,65) [$f(\\mu)$]{} (7.5,3) [$-\\lambda_m$]{}\n\nDifferent dynamics for $f$ are shown in figure \\[fig:behaviours\\_f\\_mu\\], which illustrates the following discussion on $\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}$:\n\n1. ", " For $\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}$ positive definite, $-\\lambda_m<0$ and $\\mu\\geq 0$ per (\\[eq:cond3\\]).", "\n\n 1. ", " \\[item:1.a\\] If $\\mu=0$, $\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*=-\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}^{-1}\\hat{\\mathbf{B}}$ per (\\[eq:cond1\\]) and $\\text{P\\&L}(\\hat{\\bm{S}}^*)=-\\frac{1}{2}\\hat{\\mathbf{B}}^\\top\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}^{-1}\\hat{\\mathbf{B}}=-\\frac{1}{2}\\mathbf{B}^\\top\\mathbf{A}^{-1}\\mathbf{B}$, which corresponds to the global minimum P&L. Such value for $\\mu$ is chosen whenever the scenario for the global minimum is more plausible than the most plausible scenario for loss $l$.\n\n 2. ", " \\[item:1.b\\] If $\\mu\\neq 0$, then the loss $l$ is attained per (\\[eq:cond2\\]). ", "However, such loss must be greater than the global minimum P&L. $f$ being continuous and increasing, a single $\\mu$ corresponds to any loss and can be approximated using a bisection algorithm.", "\n\n2. ", " For $\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}$ semi positive definite, $-\\lambda_m=0$ and $\\mu\\geq 0$.\n\n 1. ", " \\[item:2.a\\] If $\\mu=0$, (\\[eq:cond\\_mu\\_3\\]) applies. ", "Per (\\[eq:PnL\\_mu\\_2\\]), the P&L does not vary with any $\\sigma_j$, $j\\in I_m$ and the corresponding risk factors become irrelevant. ", "The dimensions of the problem are thereby reduced and it becomes similar to \\[item:1.a\\].", "\n\n 2. ", " \\[item:2.b\\] If $\\mu\\neq 0$, then loss $l$ is attained per (\\[eq:cond2\\]). ", "As $\\lim_{-\\lambda_m^+}f=-\\infty$ and $\\lim_{+\\infty}f=0$ and $f$ is still continuous and increasing, a single $\\mu$ corresponds to any loss and can again be approximated using a bisection algorithm.", "\n\n3. ", " For any other $\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}$, $-\\lambda_m>0$ and $\\mu\\geq -\\lambda_m$.\n\n 1. ", " \\[item:3.a\\] If $\\mu=-\\lambda_m$, (\\[eq:cond\\_mu\\_3\\]) applies. ", "Per (\\[eq:PnL\\_mu\\_2\\]), the P&L still varies with $\\sigma_j$, $j\\in I_m$. Constraint (\\[eq:cond2\\]) becomes $f(\\mu)=l$ and a root-finding algorithm (such as Newton Raphson) can determine which values $\\sigma_j$, $j\\in I_m$ must take. ", "The solution may or may not be unique.", "\n\n 2. ", " \\[item:3.b\\] If $\\mu\\neq 0$, \\[item:2.b\\] applies.", "\n\nThis indicates that it is only possible to solve (\\[eq:RST\\_quad\\]) for losses ($l\\leq 0$). ", "This is actually a direct consequence of the formulation of the problem itself. ", "Indeed, the null scenario always returns a zero-valued P&L per (\\[eq:PnLexpression\\]). ", "In addition, the null scenario returns the lower boundary of the objective function in (\\[eq:RST\\_quad\\]). ", "Therefore, a profit input ($p>0$) cannot be obtained as a null scenario both returns a lower value in the objective function and respects the P&L constraint. ", "However, generating profit scenarios is of significant interest in assessing the asymmetries in portfolio P&L. Thus, for $p>0$, (\\[eq:RST\\_quad\\]) may be rewritten as follows: $$\\min_{-[\\frac{1}{2}\\hat{\\bm{S}}^\\top\\hat{\\mathbf{A}}\\hat{\\bm{S}}+\\hat{\\mathbf{B}}^\\top\\hat{\\bm{S}}]\\leq -p}\\Vert\\hat{\\bm{S}}\\Vert^2$$\n\nApplication to Non-Linear P&L\n-----------------------------\n\nThe adapted Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is tested on portfolios with two risk factors in figure \\[fig:LM\\_adapted\\].", "\n\nAdditional Tools\n================\n\nOptional yet useful tools for all three approaches are briefly introduced in this section. ", "They address either the challenges of reducing the dimension of the problem or the stress of the covariance matrix in (\\[eq::maha\\_def\\]).", "\n\nReducing the Dimension\n----------------------\n\nMany portfolios have a high number of risk factors. ", "The above-mentioned quadratic optimization tools can still be run[^8], but the output becomes more difficult to interpret. ", "To address this, two methods for reducing the number of risk factors are provided below. ", "Of course, these methods imply a trade-off between the accuracy of the output and the amount of input data.", "\n\n### Relying on the First Principal Component\n\nThe dimension can be reduced analytically using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). ", "PCA quantifies how the variance-covariance matrix $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ of a multivariate random variable $\\mathbf{X}$ responds to variations in each component $\\left(X_i\\right)_i$. PCA does this by determining the orthogonal directions (also known as Principal Components, or eigenvectors) to which $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ is exposed. ", "The direction with maximum eigenvalue, or First Principal Component (FPC), is the one to which $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ is most exposed. ", "The $\\left(X_i\\right)_i$’s with the most influence on $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ are those with highest coefficients in absolute value terms in the FPC. ", "Indeed they lead the direction of the FPC.", "\n\nPCA would be performed on historical P&L by risk factor, i.e. on series obtained from equation (\\[eq:PnLexpression\\]) when applied separately to each risk factor. ", "The $n$ most significant factors are then selected based on their coefficients in absolute value terms within the FPC and RST is performed on the reduced portfolio.", "\n\n### Factor models {#sec:factor_models}\n\nIf the FPC equally weights all risk factors, the previous method is no longer admissible. ", "The variance of the portfolio is explained by all risk factors in equal proportion. ", "In this case, grouping risk factors by cluster such as industry, market, country, index of reference, etc. ", "is preferable to reduce the dimension of the problem and keep a satisfactory P&L variance explanation.", "\n\nSpecifically, the beta of the risk factors in each cluster is calculated. ", "Any of the RST approaches can then be performed directly on the clusters, thereby reducing the dimension. ", "Finally, variations by risk factor can be reconstructed based on their beta values and the output of the RST.", "\n\n[@Packham] recently developed in more detail on factor models for RST with plausibility constraints for positively correlated risk factors.", "\n\nStressing $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ {#sec:stress_cor_mat}\n---------------------------\n\nThe plausibility of a scenario depends not only on the choice of the risk factor distribution (i.e. normal or Student’s t distribution) but also on the covariance matrix $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ in (\\[eq::maha\\_def\\]). ", "If $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ corresponds to a specific historical stressed period characterized by both recorrelation and high volatility, the corresponding scenarios have low Mahalanobis distances. ", "Inversely, if $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ corresponds to a calm period, the same scenarios have higher Mahalanobis distance and become less plausible. ", "$\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ therefore significantly impacts the RST output.", "\n\nStressing $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ leads us to stressing the portfolio, which is of prior importance in risk management. ", "Two methods are provided and illustrated in figure \\[fig:stress\\_cor\\_mat\\] for the market crisis of February 2018 with a strong volatility spike in the US and to a lesser extent a short-lived fall in spot. ", "This crisis saw recorrelation between supposedly independent premia strategies. ", "Inverse de-correlation also occurred within long/short strategies: the short leg went up whereas the long leg went down for two historically positively correlated assets (for example, Euro-Stoxx 50 and S&P 500 index implied volatility and spot levels on February 4, 2018).", "\n\n[.32]{}\n\n[.32]{}\n\n[.32]{}\n\n### Shrinking to a Short Period\n\nThis method derives an admissible $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ from a covariance matrix $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}_0$ computed on a short crisis period - typically from a week to a month.", "\n\nPositive definiteness is required to compute the Mahalanobis distance - see (\\[eq::maha\\_def\\]). ", "Yet, $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}_0$ cannot be positive-definite if the number of risk factors exceeds the length of time series - see proof in Appendix \\[Proof2\\]. ", "Using longer windows of time would be counterproductive as changes in correlation average out and scenarios corresponding to a volatile environment are no longer plausible.", "\n\nA preferable approach is to force the positive definiteness of $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}_0$ using shrinking methods, many of which are introduced and compared in [@Bun]. ", "The advantage of shrinking is that it preserves the pattern of correlation and volatility observed during the crisis as much as possible. ", "In figure \\[fig:stress\\_cor\\_mat\\] for example, decorrelation (in red) within a highly correlated block of risk factors (in blue) is kept. ", "Consequently, ERST approaches deem any scenario with similar dynamics to be likely which could lead to plausible scenarios being generated with stronger losses than those observed.", "\n\n### Single Factor Stress Model\n\nThis method stresses correlations within $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ where intensity is parametrized by $\\theta$. This approach is introduced in [@JPM]. ", "The purpose here is to increase negative and positive correlations block-wise and beyond the historical data.", "\n\nHere, any historical period $[T_1,T_2]$ long enough for $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ to be positive definite is acceptable. ", "Then, the series of the $n$ risk factors denoted by $(S_{i,t})$ with ${1\\leq i\\leq n}$ and ${T_1\\leq t\\leq T_2}$ is transformed as follows, for $0\\leq\\theta\\leq 1$: $$\\label{eq:stressed_series}\n \\hat{S}_{i,t}=(1-\\theta)S_{i,t}+\\frac{\\theta}{n}\\sum_{j=1}^{n}S_{j,t}$$ The higher the $\\theta$, the more correlated the series in (\\[eq:stressed\\_series\\]) becomes as it is now a mixture of each previous series with a weight $(1-\\theta)$ and the average of all previous series with a weight $\\theta$. These correlations are then combined with the appropriate risk factor volatility to obtain the desired stressed version $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}_\\theta$ of $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$. As proved in [@JPM], if $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ is positive definite, so is $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}_\\theta$.\n\nA new refinement of this method is now available which allows for stressing of specific blocks within $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$. This is of particular interest to stress the block corresponding to spot rates separately from that of volatility. ", "For a block between rows and columns $n_1$ and $n_2$ of $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$, (\\[eq:stressed\\_series\\]) is rewritten as: $$\\hat{S}_{i,t}=(1-\\theta^{\\text{block}})S_{i,t}+\\frac{\\theta^{\\text{block}}}{n_2-n_1+1}\\sum_{j=n_1}^{n_2}S_{j,t}$$ while the rest of the method remains unchanged.", "\n\nFinally, the value for $\\theta$ may be derived to minimize the error $\\varepsilon_\\theta=\\Vert\\mathbf{\\Sigma}-\\mathbf{\\Sigma}_\\theta\\Vert_{M}$ for a given matrix norm $\\Vert.\\Vert_{M}$.\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nThe triptych approach of the Extended Reverse Stress Test (ERST) is defined in this paper, where with one input, either a scenario, a plausibility or a P&L, the other two variables can be obtained. ", "These methods are of added value as compared to traditional stress test and risk measures such as VaR or Expected Shortfall, mostly because the output contains more information. ", "This additional information can help both portfolio and risk management teams to control a portfolio’s sensitivities and re-allocate when needed.", "\n\nTo the authors’ knowledge, several new developments are presented in this paper. ", "In Section \\[sec:first\\_approach\\], applying a probability to a scenario a portfolio manager would like to test and suggesting a more plausible scenario are new. ", "In Section \\[sec:third\\_approach\\], the adapted algorithm of the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm is new. ", "In addition, section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\] provides a complete view of the pros and cons of the most known and widely published approach of the three.", "\n\nFinally, ERST paves the way for a “new normal” in stress testing. ", "In this respect, further research is needed. ", "Possible next steps may include:\n\n- A procedure for recomputing Greeks in (\\[eq:PnLexpression\\]) to better account for their potential instability for scenarios with high market moves.", "\n\n- A bootstrapping procedure for the covariance matrix $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ in (\\[eq::maha\\_def\\]). ", "This would mitigate the error in the estimated plausibility of a scenario due to the estimation of $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$.\n\n- A procedure for better interpreting any ERST output scenario. ", "An interesting starting point may be the Maximum Loss Contribution defined in [@Breuer].", "\n\n- A procedure to go beyond the restriction of multivariate elliptical distributions. ", "The use of copulas as in [@Mouy] would serve as a starting point.", "\n\n- The development of a factor model able to model negative correlations for section \\[sec:factor\\_models\\].", "\n\nPurely Quadratic P&L {#ap:proof_guillaume}\n====================\n\nFor a portfolio with two risk factors $X$ and $Y$, covariance matrix is: $$\\mathbf{\\Sigma}=\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\sigma_X^2 & \\rho \\sigma_X \\sigma_Y \\\\\n \\rho \\sigma_X \\sigma_Y & \\sigma_Y^2\n \\end{bmatrix}$$ For $\\sigma_X=\\sigma_Y=\\sigma$, eigenvalues $v_1$ and $v_2$ of $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ are $\\sigma^2(1 \\pm \\rho)$ and corresponding eigen-vectors are: $$\\mathbf{O}=[\\bm{0}_1, \\bm{0}_2]=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & -1 \\\\\n 1 & 1\n \\end{bmatrix}$$ The P&L is supposed to be purely quadratic, or pure Gamma i.e. $\\text{P\\&L}(\\bm{S})= \\bm{S}^\\top\\mathbf{A}\\bm{S}$ with: $$\\mathbf{A}=\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n 1 & 0 \\\\\n 0 & -1\n \\end{bmatrix}$$ Because of the negative contribution of the Gamma with respect to the y-axis, the minimum P&L is reached on the frontier of the ellipsoid $\\mathcal{E}^K=\\{S | \\bm{S}^\\top\\mathbf{\\Sigma}^{-1}\\bm{S} \\leq K^2 \\}$ for a given $K$. Such frontier can be represented as follows: $$\\cos(\\theta)\\sqrt{v_1}K\\bm{0}_1+\\sin(\\theta)\\sqrt{v_2}K\\bm{0}_2 = \\frac{K}{\\sqrt{2}}\n \\begin{bmatrix}\n \\cos(\\theta)\\sqrt{v_1} - \\sin(\\theta)\\sqrt{v_2}\\\\\n \\cos(\\theta)\\sqrt{v_1} + \\sin(\\theta)\\sqrt{v_2}\n \\end{bmatrix}$$ On $\\mathcal{E}^K$, the P&L can be rewritten as: $$\\text{P\\&L}(\\theta)=-K^2\\sigma\\sqrt{1-\\rho^2}\\sin(2\\theta)$$ For which the minimum is reached at $\\theta=\\frac{\\pi}{4}$ and $\\theta=\\frac{5\\pi}{4}$ with a value of $-K^2\\sigma\\sqrt{1-\\rho^2}$. To comply with section \\[sec:second\\_approach\\_quad\\], risk factors are assumed to be normally distributed and $K^2=q^{\\alpha}$ is the $\\alpha$ quantile of a $\\chi^2(2)$ distribution. ", "Thus: $$\\label{eq:appRST}\n \\text{MaxERST}=-q^{\\alpha}\\sigma\\sqrt{1-\\rho^2}$$ VaR remains to be computed. ", "From the projection of $\\bm{S}$ on eigenvectors $\\bm{0}_1$ and $\\bm{0}_2$, it follows that $\\bm{S}\\sim \\sqrt{v_1} X\\bm{0}_1 + \\sqrt{v_2}Y\\bm{0}_2$ with $X$ and $Y$ independent standard normal random variables. ", "Then: $$\\text{P\\&L}(\\bm{S})=-2\\sqrt{v_1v_2}XY$$ By independence, $\\mathbb{E}[XY]=0$ and $\\mathbb{V}[XY]=1$ and $XY$ can be approximated by a standard normal distribution. ", "Thus: $$\\label{eq:appVAR}\n \\text{VaR}=-2\\mathcal{N}^{-1}(\\alpha)\\sigma \\sqrt{1-\\rho^2}$$ From (\\[eq:appRST\\]) and (\\[eq:appVAR\\]) it follows that the plausibility-driven ERST and VaR approaches have linearly dependent output.", "\n\nUpper Bound of the Rank of a Covariance Matrix {#Proof2}\n==============================================\n\nFor $\\mathbf{X}$ the $n\\times m$ historical matrix ($n$ days in rows) of $m$ series it follows that: $$\\mathbf{\\Sigma}=\\left(\\mathbf{X}-\\overline{\\mathbf{X}}\\right)^\\top\\left(\\mathbf{X}-\\overline{\\mathbf{X}}\\right)$$ As $\\rank\\left(\\mathbf{X}\\mathbf{Y}\\right)\\leq\\min\\left(\\rank(\\mathbf{X}),\\rank(\\mathbf{Y})\\right)$, $$\\rank\\mathbf{\\Sigma}\\leq\\rank \\mathbf{X}\\leq \\min(n,m)$$ Therefore $\\mathbf{\\Sigma}$ is an $m\\times m$ matrix which rank cannot exceed $n$ in case $n<m$.\n\n[^1]: John Cochrane of the University of Chicago coined this term in his 2011 presidential address to the American Finance Association.", "\n\n[^2]: Using an algorithm derived from the Levenberg-Marquardt one to deal with complex problems.", "\n\n[^3]: A more mathematical method also exists based on the density derivation formula for $Y=g(\\bm{S})$ knowing the density $f$ of $\\bm{S}$: $f_Y(t)=f\\circ g^{-1}(t)\\frac{dg^{-1}}{dt}(t)$. Here, $g$ corresponds to the Mahalanobis distance introduced in (\\[eq::maha\\_def\\]). ", "Though more interesting from a theoretical point of view, this solution may lead to long complex equations.", "\n\n[^4]: This is possible with Historical VaR but only for historical / past scenarios.", "\n\n[^5]: MaxERST was first introduced in [@Studer] and denoted as Maximum Loss (ML).", "\n\n[^6]: i.e. absolute losses are such that $\\text{MaxERST}(\\text{portfolio 1})+\\text{MaxERST}(\\text{portfolio 2})\\geq\\text{MaxERST}(\\text{portfolios 1 + 2})\\geq 0$.\n\n[^7]: This paper does not provide a rigorous proof of this statement, that would resemble the one in [@Numerical_Optimization] for a convex P&L. For both clarity and applicability, the paper shows instead that the statement solves all the variations that optimization problem (\\[eq:RST\\_third\\_approach\\]) takes.", "\n\n[^8]: As stressed in [@Studer], the Levenberg Marquardt algorithm is time polynomial and therefore very efficient for nonconvex optimization problems.", "\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUITableView trouble with array count\n\nCan you have a look at this code please \n#import \"ViewController.h\"\n#import \"DataService.h\"\n\n@interface ViewController ()\n\n@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UITableView *TableView;\n@property (strong, nonatomic) DataService *Service;\n@property (nonatomic, strong) MSTable *table;\n//@property (nonatomic, strong) MSClient *client;\n@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray *items;\n\n@end\n\n@implementation ViewController\n\n@synthesize Service;\n@synthesize rowitems;\n\n- (void)viewDidLoad\n{\n [super viewDidLoad];\n // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.", "\n self.client = [MSClient clientWithApplicationURLString:@\"https://outnight-mobile.azure-mobile.net/\"\n applicationKey:@\"okYeRGfBagYrsbkaqWIRObeDtktjkF10\"];\n self.table = [self.client tableWithName:@\"notifications\"];\n self.rowitems = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];\n MSQuery *query = [self.table query];\n query.fetchLimit = 5;\n [query readWithCompletion:^(NSArray *items, NSInteger totalCount, NSError *error)\n {\n //add the items to our local cop\n self.rowitems = [items mutableCopy];\n\n }];\n [self.", "TableView reloadData];\n\n}\n\n- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView {\n return 1;\n}\n\n- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView\n numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section {\n //return 5;\n NSLog(@\"%d\",[self.rowitems count]);\n return 5;\n\n}\n\n-(UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath\n{\n\n UITableViewCell *cell = [[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:@\"Cell\"];\n cell.textLabel.text = @\"fool\";\n return cell;\n}\n\n- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning\n{\n [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];\n // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.", "\n}\n\n@end\n\nThis UTTableView should go to the database (which is does fine) and it should retrieve back the first 5 rows and it does. ", "but when I\nnumberofrowsinsection does not see the amount of 5 when i do a array count ?? ", "This is driving me crazy, what am I doing wrong ? ", "\nthanks \n\nA:\n\nThis code:\n[query readWithCompletion:^(NSArray *items, NSInteger totalCount, NSError *error)\n {\n //add the items to our local cop\n self.rowitems = [items mutableCopy];\n }];\n\nis an asynchronous network call (to Azure). ", "So, you need to reload the table after this call has completed and you have stored the results. ", "Currently when you reload the table view the self.rowitems array is empty.", "\nSo, call reloadData inside the block.", "\n[query readWithCompletion:^(NSArray *items, NSInteger totalCount, NSError *error)\n {\n //add the items to our local cop\n self.rowitems = [items mutableCopy];\n\n [self.", "TableView reloadData];\n }];\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to a digital player interface device with exchangeable adapter, and more particularly to a digital player interface device with exchangeable adapter suitable for various size digital player.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nWith the development of growing mature digital video technology, a variety of digital video formats have been developed, such as: MP3 (ISO-MPEG Audio Player-3), MP4 (MPEG-4), RMVB (Real Media Variable Bitrate), which features compactness and exhibits excellent images/voice quality; so digital players are specifically developed along with the widespread permanent flash memory.", "\nUnlike a traditional digital player, the aforementioned digital player mainly uses the flash memory or micro HD as the storage medium other than cassette or CD; thus digital player has been designed and developed with thin-profile and innovative design, among the digital player, iPod player developed by APPLE, is a representative and most popular product in this field.", "\nEach year a new iPod-generation from APPLE comes to the market and these devices get more and more popular. ", "These digital players with music playing and recording function allow people to watch TV and video channels by connecting to computer, amplifier, television and car audio-infotainment-system through a connection interface.", "\nDespite of the functional modification of the aforementioned digital players, there is a big room for improving the interfacing between the digital player and computer, e.g. the digital player is generally interfaced with the computer via an exposed socket, namely, the digital player lacks of a safe storage space, leading possibly to the interference by surroundings or even damage of the thin-profile player; in addition, the terminal adaptor for the player is susceptible to dust against the interfacing performance and appearance.", "\nThus, to provide a safe and dust-free storage space, it would be advanced if the art could develop an improved structure which is suitable for various kinds of digital player having different size and is capable of data exchanging with the computer and also electric charging.", "\nAccordingly, the present inventor has investigated on the digital player and interface on electronic devices such as computers and thus completed the present invention." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nReplacing MVC's built in User objects with Facebook Connect\n\nI have an ASP.NET MVC 3 project where I have NO local user management. ", " I have intergratred Facebook Connect successfully. ", " While this works, it makes my Controllers and Views messy and verbose.", "\nI'd like to replace the default objects such as the User object exposed by Controllers and Views to return my FacebookUser object instead. ", " \nAnyone have a better solution than having my Controllers digging around in FacebookWebContex.? ", "It just feels dirty.", "\n\nA:\n\nNot quite sure which facebook library you are using. ", " But if you impliment IPrincipal and IIdentity in your FacebookUser object, you will be able to set HttpContext.", "Current.", "User to that FacebookUser which will allow you to pull that FacebookUser instance from the User property in the controller.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Carl Coffey\n\nPaper or plastic? ", "Other than bagging groceries at the A&P in town or milking cows on Daddy and Mother’s dairy farm, I’ve only ever worked “on-air” in radio. ", "After high school, I read the obituary report on the Lapeer radio station (yep, same frequency) and was a Mortarman in the 4rth Infantry Division in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. ", "Bringing free-form radio back to Detroit in creating and hosting \"The Rif Rock Café” and being “Your Afternoon Coffey Break” were high-points of my radio career in the Motor City.", "\nI’m glad for the opportunity to entertain and inform listeners every morning on US 103.1, to promote the neighborhood and to be part of the community I grew up in.", "\n\nThe annual tradition returns to downtown Lapeer it's WinterFest taking place December 2 & 3. ", "Old favorites like the Tree Lighting, Horse Carriage Rides and Treat Walk return, along with some new activities\n\nBruce Springsteen will be receiving the 2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Obama today. ", "Bruce is among 21 honorees to get the award including Diana Ross, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan, Ellen DeGeneres, Lorne Michaels, Tom Hanks, Robert Redford and Cicely Tyson...\n\nWelcome back to US 103 Ultimate VIP Club\n\nIt appears that you already have an account created within our VIP network of sites on .", "\nTo keep your personal information safe, we need to verify that it's really you.", "\nTo activate your account, please confirm your password.", "\nWhen you have confirmed your password, you will be able to log in through Facebook on both sites.", "\n\n*Please note that your prizes and activities will not be shared between programs within our VIP network.", "\n\nWelcome back to US 103 Ultimate VIP Club\n\nIt appears that you already have an account on this site associated with . ", "To connect your existing account just click on the account activation button below. ", "You will maintain your existing VIP profile. ", "After you do this, you will be able to always log in to http://us103.com using your original account information." ]

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[ "Serial data transmission is widely used for communication between devices. ", "A serial communication interface frequently used is the so-called serial peripheral interface (SPI), which may for example be used in automotive applications for communication between nearby devices. ", "For example, it may be used to retrieve sensor data. ", "A very similar serial system is known under the name Microwire.", "\nIn conventional SPI systems, an SPI master supplies each of a plurality of SPI slaves with a clock signal. ", "Based on this clock signal, also referred to as SPI clock, data communication between master and slaves is performed. ", "Each slave may communicate with the master during assigned time slots.", "\nThe SPI clock signal toggles at the highest available data rate provided by the serial connection in such systems. ", "Therefore, the SPI clock is a limiting signal regarding capacitive load and is furthermore a major contributor to electromagnetic emissions. ", "An amount of slaves in such a system may be limited by a capacitive load on a clock line and/or by such emissions.", "\nFor example, in an automotive application increasing an amount of sensors which constitute slaves in a car may bring the serial peripheral interface to its data rate limit, as for each slave a time slot for transmission has to be assigned and therefore with a constant clock rate the data rate available per sensor may decrease with increasing number of sensors. ", "On the other hand, increasing the clock rate may not be possible due to the above-explained effects.", "\nWhile such constraints may be overcome by completely redesigning the communication system used, for example by using both edges of the clock signal for transmission of data or by dithering the clock signal, such approaches may for example require a significant modification of a master device used, which is undesirable in some circumstances. ", "Also, a redesign of the communication system may be detrimental to backward compatibility with legacy devices, for example conventional SPI devices." ]

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[ "In the Northern Irish conflict spying was a very dangerous game, through recordings obtained by Panorama the IRA’s chief interrogator explains how he extracted information from informers before they were shot. ", "This may seem typical given the circumstances of war except that for years the interrogator himself was one of Britain’s most important spies.", "\n\nCodenamed Stakeknife, he was unmasked in 2003 as Freddie Scappaticci, he rose through the ranks of the IRA to run their internal security unit but now Stakeknife and his spy masters are the subject of a major criminal inquiry. ", "This Panorama special investigates if fellow spies sacrificed so he could continue to spy himself?", "\n\nOver the course of Panoramas investigation they uncovered classified reports that link Scappatici to at least 18 murders. ", "Some of these victims were themselves agents and informers and now a new £35 million criminal enquiry has been launched to get to the bottom of it." ]

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[ "HAMMER is the finest silicone strap for the Pebble Time and Pebble Time Steel. ", "HAMMER straps are wider, ventilated, and waterproof." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCLR Binds to the Correct Assembly with bindingRedirect, But How?", "\n\nA little background: we have an app that uses 3 core DLLs that are referenced by different pieces of the application. ", "These three DLLs are in the GAC. ", "In our test environment we have 3 test websites (same website, different versions) that all use the DLLs in the GAC, as well as product specific DLLs in bin\\.\nWe've run into a situation where one of the products required updates to these core DLLs, but we didn't want to place the assemblies in the GAC as our specific test website was the only one referencing these DLLs. ", "We are aware that we can place multiple versions of an assembly in the GAC, but that's not related to this specific question because we have opted not to do this.", "\nMy own research showed a bunch of people who seemed very confident in their answers, but most of them differed re: the runtime locating assemblies. ", "Most said the GAC takes precedence, which in my own experience has been the case. ", "Others said as long as the assembly isn't strongly named it will prefer the bin\\ over the GAC, which in my experience was incorrect.", "\nI found this MS article: \nHow the Runtime Locates Assemblies\nwhich describes the steps the CLR goes through to determine which assemblies to bind to. ", "This proved to not behave exactly as expected. ", "All of this may very well be an environmental issue (I would actually lean that way).", "\nI also found this SO question that was similar to others I had read but not necessarily the answer I needed \nI finally found a workaround that would prefer the bin\\ over the GAC. ", "I used the tag in our web.config. ", "I had seen this suggested with intermittent success on SO and other sites and was pleased that it worked in my case.", "\n<runtime>\n <assemblyBinding xmlns=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1\">\n <dependentAssembly>\n <assemblyIdentity name=\"dll1\" publicKeyToken=\"ourToken\" \n culture=\"neutral\" />\n <bindingRedirect oldVersion=\"5.0.0.0\" newVersion=\"5.0.1.0\" />\n </dependentAssembly>\n </assemblyBinding>\n</runtime>\n\nVersion 5.0.1.0 is in my bin\\ folder. ", "5.0.0.0 is in the GAC. ", "Finally to my question, how does the CLR know, even though 5.0.1.0 is not an assembly in the GAC, that it needs to look in the bin\\ to find the correct assembly to bind to? ", "Before adding the tag in the .config, regardless of what assembly version the project was built with (5.0.1.0) the application was still preferring the older version DLL from the GAC (5.0.0.0).", "\nI haven't been able to find any documentation on this, most likely because I don't know how to break down this 5 paragraph explanation into a search query. ", "Any reference material would be appreciated, or maybe even clarification into the articles referenced above so I can get an understanding of why the CLR is doing what it's doing.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt just always look in the GAC first, searching for the specific name + version of the assembly. ", " If it isn't found then it goes looking for the assembly in the probing path. ", " And looks only for the specific name of the assembly. ", " When it finds one then it checks if the version matches. ", " Kaboom if it doesn't.", "\nSo originally it always looked for \"dll1\" + 5.0.0.0 and found it in the GAC. ", " No need to go looking elsewhere.", "\nAfter you changed the .config file, it now looks for \"dll1\" + 5.0.1.0 in the GAC. ", " And doesn't find it there. ", " So now goes looking for \"dll1\" and finds it in your bin directory. ", " Version matches so it is happy.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Showtime’s supernatural / horror series Penny Dreadful had its Season 3 finale last night, and many fans were caught by surprise when a major character died and the episode closed with a very final “The End” preceding the end credits. ", "Series creator John Logan has confirmed that the episode was indeed the last for the show. ", "Allegedly, that has been planned since the second season (according to an interview at the above link), but Showtime never announced Penny Dreadful’s third year as is last like HBO did with The Leftovers (that show’s final season airs this coming Fall). ", "Whether the ending really was in the cards all along is hard to say, but Logan has said that as of this point “it is really over, the end, that’s all she wrote”. ", "That the series is ending is not a huge surprise because its viewership numbers have been low throughout its three season run. ", "Of course, the overnights are not as important to the premium cable channels because they don’t have sponsors to answer to, but those nets do have to feel like their original shows are bringing on new subscribers. ", "They have their own algorithm that gauges that, and the low ratings suggest that Penny Dreadful was not high on that scale. ", "If it had been pulling anywhere close to Game of Thrones viewership numbers, I’m sure that Showtime execs would have whispered into Logan’s ear that a few more seasons would be nice. ", "If the third season really was the endpoint for the story, or at least a good wrapping up place, the show at least got to go out without leaving fans hanging. ", "I was expecting at least one more season from the show because the final year announcement has become somewhat common of late, but it is always hard to make predictions on these low rated cable entries. ", "It remains to be seen how Penny Dreadful fans will react to the series finale, but as far as Logan and Showtime are concerned, this show has reached its end.", "\n\nPenny Dreadful is one of several Spring shows that was awaiting word on its fate. ", "Others include Syfy’s 12 Monkeys, Wynonna Earp, and Hunters as well as Freeform’s Stitchers. ", "Keep a close eye on this site as well as the Cancelled Sci Fi Twitter Site as I expect some breaking news on these in the coming weeks." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPrevent the creation of a certain, standard DocType, in Documentum\n\nI am using My Documentum for Desktop, and I had to extend the behaviour of my DocBase - as creating new DocTypes and the related TBOs -. ", "To be precise, I have created a new DocType, called emdd_document; this inherits from the standard type dm_document. ", "Everything works fine and emdd_document, with its TBO, has its own logic, derived from dm_document's one.", "\nHowever, I want to prevent users from using the standard dm_document, allowing them to use only the derived one (emdd_document), but I have no ideas about the way of doing this. ", "If dm_document was a derived DocType, I could create an empty doSave() function in its TBO, blocking the object's saving action. ", "Something like this:\n@Override\nprotected synchronized void doSave(boolean saveLock, String versionLabel, Object[] extendedArgs) throws DfException {\n DfLogger.debug(this, \"This document type cannot be created!\", ", "null, null);\n //super.doSave() is not called\n}\n\nBut, being that a standard type, I cannot follow this approach.", "\nSo, I am asking: Is there a way to prevent the doSave() excecution for a standard type? ", "Or, strictly speaking about My Documentum for Desktop, is there some configuration that prevent users to choose that DocType, during a document's creation (as explained in the picture below)?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe correct way to prevent users from utilizing certain types (including built-in types) in Documentum is usually to configure the client. ", "For most clients this is done using display configuration through the DD (Data Dictionary) mechanism.", "\nHowever, for My Documentum Desktop this seems to be somewhat different. ", "I have not used it myself, but take a look at the My Documentum Desktop Installation and Configuration Guide 6.7.2, page 25 -- Object type filters preference set:\n\nThis sets the root object type that generates the list of object types from which users can select in the ingest dialog box. ", "This also hides specific object types from display in MDD.", "\n\nOn page 56 -- Define settings for an object type (Windows):\n\nDefault_Document_Object_Type=dm_document\n\nI guess the former configuration setting will help you in hiding dm_document, and the latter could assist you in making a default type choice for clients.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Busch Stadium (disambiguation)\n\nBusch Stadium may refer to four different ballparks in or related to Saint Louis, Missouri:\n\nBuffalo Stadium (1928–1961) minor league ballpark, home to Houston Buffs, farm team of the St. Louis Cardinals; also called Buff Stadium and later Busch Stadium.", "\nSportsman's Park (1892–1966) was renamed Busch Stadium in 1953, and was home of the St. Louis Cardinals of the National League, the St. Louis Browns of the American League and St. Louis Cardinals football team of the National Football League.", "\nBusch Memorial Stadium (1966–2005), later known as Busch Stadium, was home to the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL, and two NFL teams: the St. Louis Cardinals and the St. Louis Rams.", "\nBusch Stadium (2006–present), or New Busch Stadium, is currently the home of the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL." ]

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[ "\nAsk HN: Where can I get design feedback? - ", "mgos\nFor the first time in my life I have created a design for a client using Photoshop. ", "Can somebody pls help critique this. ", "I am open to any type of feedback. ", "The idea is to learn and evolve. ", "Also, it would be great if you guys could share some websites where I can upload designs and get feedback.", "\nURL: https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.dropbox.com&#x2F;s&#x2F;qx7n4ukunopl3vl&#x2F;fabmath-new-page.jpg?dl=0<p>Thanks.", "\n======\naxvk\nI could tell you're a designer because of the tiny text size. ", "It looks good.", "\nMy feedback is that on smaller screen sizes, you might have trouble keeping\nthose images so I ask that you provide a mobile version of the site.", "\n\n~~~\nmgos\nThanks. ", "This helps because I have operated under a lot of limitations from\nclient, he won't understand designing from a conversion point of view. ", "That's\nwhy I did try to give my best. ", "I was also told that an intervention from\nanother designer is necessary.", "\n\n------\ncdvonstinkpot\nI've had limited success here [0]. ", "YMMV.", "\n\n[0]\n\n[http://www.criticue.com](http://www.criticue.com)\n\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a lanthanum target for sputtering that has no spotty macro patterns on the surface, and to a method of producing the same.", "\nLanthanum (La) is one of the rare-earth elements, and is a mineral resource that is contained in the earth's crust as a mixed composite oxide. ", "Rare-earth elements are so called because they are separated from relatively rare minerals, but they are not that rare in light of the overall earth's crust.", "\nLanthanum is a white metal having an atomic number of 57 and an atomic weight of 138.9, and comprises a double hexagonal close-packed structure at normal temperature.", "\nLanthanum has a melting point of 921° C., boiling point of 3500° C., and density of 6.15 g/cm3. ", "Its surface is oxidized in the atmosphere, and lanthanum gradually melts in water. ", "Lanthanum is soluble in hot water and acid. ", "Although it is not ductile, it is slightly malleable. ", "The resistivity is 5.70×10−6 Ωcm, and lanthanum becomes an oxide (La2O3) when burned at 445° C. or higher (refer to Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry).", "\nWith rare-earth elements, it is generally said that compounds with the oxidation number 3 are stable, and lanthanum is also trivalent. ", "Lanthanum is a metal that is attracting attention as an electronic material such as a metal gate material or a high-dielectric (High-k) material, and research and development is recently being promoted (refer to Non Patent Document 1).", "\nLanthanum metal is a material in which high purification is difficult to achieve since it is easily oxidized during the refining process. ", "In addition, if lanthanum metal is left in the atmosphere, there is a problem in that the handling thereof is difficult since it will become oxidized and darkly-discolored in a short period of time.", "\nIn recent years, thinning of a gate insulator film in the next-generation MOSFET is being demanded, but with the SiO2 that has been conventionally used as the gate insulator film, the leak current will increase due to the tunnel effect, and normal operation is becoming difficult.", "\nThus, as a substitute for the SiO2 described above, HfO2, ZrO2, Al2O3 and La2O3 with high dielectric constant, high thermal stability, and high energy barrier against the holes and electrons in the silicon have been proposed. ", "In particular, among the foregoing materials, La2O3 is valued highly and its electrical properties have been investigated. ", "And its use as a gate insulator film in the next-generation MOSFET has been studied and reported (refer to Non Patent Document 1). ", "Nevertheless, with Non Patent Document 1, the subject of research is a La2O3 film, and it does not make any reference to the properties and behavior of La element.", "\nMoreover, Patent Document 1 relates to lanthanum primarily for use as a target material (and the production method thereof). ", "Although it describes producing a target with lanthanum, it could not be used as a reference since there was no specific description concerning the method (conditions) of producing such a target.", "\nIt could be said that lanthanum (lanthanum oxide) is still in the research phase, but when studying the properties of such lanthanum (lanthanum oxide), if lanthanum metal itself exists as a target material for sputtering, it is possible to form a lanthanum thin film on a substrate. ", "It will also be easy to study the behavior at the interface with the silicon substrate, and additionally study the properties of a high-dielectric gate insulator film or the like by forming a lanthanum compound, and there is also a significant advantage in that the freedom of the target as a product will increase.", "\nNevertheless, even if a lanthanum target for sputtering is prepared, as described above, it becomes oxidized in a short period of time (approximately 10 minutes) in the atmosphere. ", "When an oxide film is formed on the target, the electrical conductivity will deteriorate and thereby cause defective sputtering. ", "In addition, if the lanthanum sputtering target is left in the atmosphere for a long period of time, it reacts with the moisture in the air and becomes covered with white hydroxide powder, and it may even cause a problem of not allowing normal sputtering to be performed. ", "Thus, measures\nNevertheless, even if the foregoing problems can be resolved, there are other problems. ", "Specifically, at the stage of preparing a target from the molten ingot, spotty macro patterns (unevenly colored macro patterns) appear on the machined surface of the lanthanum target. ", "FIG. ", "1 shows a photograph of the lanthanum target with spotty macro patterns on the surface.", "\nIn FIG. ", "1, the generation of spotty macro patterns (appearing like cloud) can be observed at the part slightly outside the center of target and the outlying part of target. ", "This is a coarsened structure as shown in the Comparative Examples described later, and is an imbalanced structure in comparison to the other parts of the material.", "\nThis causes the problem of uneven deposition during sputtering and the problem of causing the generation of particles. ", "Accordingly, it is necessary to take measures for preventing the occurrence of such spotty macro patterns, but the problem could not be resolved to date. ", "In addition, the current situation is that there is no recognition that this kind of problem even exists in a lanthanum target.", "\n[Non Patent Document 1] Written by Eisuke Tokumitsu and two others, “Research on Oxide Material for High-k Gate Insulator Film”, The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Research Paper of Electronic Materials, Vol. ", "6-13, Pages 37 to 41, Published on Sep. 21, 2001[Patent Document 1] International Publication No. ", "WO2009/084318" ]

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[ "The invention relates to collapsible enclosures adapted for use by one or two people on a beach or other generally level surface, in particular such enclosures which can provide protection against sand or small objects kicked or thrown by others.", "\nThe desirability of providing some portable shelter-like protection for people resting or sun-bathing on a beach or lawn has long been recognized. ", "U.S. Design Pat. ", "Des. ", "288,613 shows a combined shelter and comfort unit formed by flat wall and floor panels stretched over frames. ", "The panels appear to be fabric with transparent window portions, and contain sleeve portions through which rigid tubing frame parts are passed. ", "In addition to substantial cost, structures like this have the disadvantage that the frame parts, while flat, have an overall length and width equal to the shelter's width and height. ", "As a result, even if the fabric can be readily slipped off some tubing sections so that a plurality of flat sections are formed, in a disassembled condition the shelter is bulky unless the frames pull apart into a large number of straight and/or corner lengths. ", "The latter arrangement requires a large bag to hold all the parts, and substantial time by one or two people to assemble or disassemble. ", "If just one part becomes lost, the shelter cannot be erected.", "\nMany kinds of inflatable boats, floats and beach toys or furniture have been designed and sold but none of these are suitable for a simple shelter which requires no long or rigid poles to define a useful shape." ]

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[ "Board & Card Games Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people who like playing board games, designing board games or modifying the rules of existing board games. ", "It's 100% free, no registration required.", "\n\nI have seen many green cards and some artifacts that do this, but nothing in Red, Blue, Black or White.", "\n\nAre there any?", "\n\nNote: By \"Mana Ramp\" I mean a card that generates mana, or one that lets you play more than one land per turn. ", "The end result, for example, would be on turn 4, playing a white only deck, I could tap more than 4 mana. (", "Normally you only get one land per turn so a max of 4 mana on turn 4.)", "\n\nJust a quick one, because I love it; gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/… Crypt Ghast has the ability: Whenever you tap a Swamp for mana, add 1 black mana to your mana pool (in addition to the mana the land produces). ", "Effectively doubles your mana each turn in a monoblack deck :)\n–\nCLockeWorkJul 31 '13 at 10:16\n\n3 Answers\n3\n\nMana acceleration is considered to be in green's part of the \"color pie,\" with the exception of the occasional black card, and a little bit of a fast-mana theme in red (formerly black). ", "Blue and white occasionally get ways to cheat on mana a bit, but only when they're tied into some other element of those colors.", "\n\nThis answer has discussion tailored to Commander, which also applies pretty well to other casual and multiplayer decks.", "\n\nIn competitive terms, the most relevant cards are:\n\nDark Ritual is the classic mana acceleration card, in black. ", "It's still an influential card in Legacy.", "\n\nHigh Tide features in Legacy blue decks. ", "The trick with this is to take one \"big turn\" where you develop tons of mana by playing cards that untap your lands, like Time Spiral and Candelabra of Tawnos.", "\n\nMana ramp is definitely a very green thing; it's a natural effect for the color of life and growth (among other things). ", "This is a great example of the color pie at work: there are just some things that not all the colors can do. ", "But there are some cards outside green (and artifacts) that help produce mana.", "\n\nIn other colors, mana producing abilities are often more conditional - maybe it's a one-time effect, or maybe you have to pay something else to get it.", "\n\nWhite has very little ramp of its own; the effects it does have relating to mana are generally dependent on you controlling fewer lands than your opponent, and most of those put land in your hand, rather than on the field (which is not ramp). ", "Examples: Land Tax, Kor Cartographer, Knight of the White Orchid, Oath of Lieges.", "\n\nBlue also has very little. ", "Dreamscape Artist is a spellshaper that knows a color-shifted version of Harrow, there's the infamous High Tide, and most (all?) ", "of the \"free mana\" cards from Urza block are blue, such as Palinchron. ", "Don't forget twiddling effects that can hit lands, like Turnabout!", "\n\nNote that the black ramp tends to be more about getting you from a decent amount of mana to tons of mana. ", "The permanent spells you listed cost 4 and up, and Cabal Coffers needs four swamps to come out in your favor. ", "The things that can get you going earlier are one-offs, rituals and some sacrifice for mana type stuff.", "\n–\nJefromiNov 21 '13 at 2:54\n\n@Jefromi, True. ", "Of course, if one of the lands in play is Urborg, Tomb of Yawgmoth, then Coffers counts itself, too =)\n–\nBrian SNov 21 '13 at 5:16" ]

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[ "Silvia Saige – Discreet Domination\n\nhttp://nitroflare.com/view/8DA2F264A94405A/Mylfdom.Silvia.Saige.SD.mp4\n\nWhen Silvia Saiges stepson hears her planning to cheat on his dad, he is not happy about it. ", "He decides that if anyone is going to give her dick besides his dad, it is going to be him. ", "So he sneaks up while she thinks she is alone and stuffs her panties into her mouth. ", "Then, he ties her to the bed and reveals that he heard her whole plan. ", "She knows she is fucked, so she opens her mouth wide and obeys his commands. ", "He stuffs his cock inside and fucks her throat hard. ", "Then, he slams her conniving cunt from behind before shooting a gooey load into her cheating mouth. ", "Maybe now Silvia will learn that discretion is key!" ]

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[ "Ahmadabad, Malayer\n\nAhmadabad (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād) is a village in Haram Rud-e Olya Rural District, in the Central District of Malayer County, Hamadan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 26, in 6 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Malayer County" ]

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[ "My apologies for getting the sponsor incorrect. ", " I'll notify folks. ", " We'll \nneed to discuss tomorrow on the call what position, if any, we (Enron) takes \nvis-a-vis New Power's attempts to get default provider. ", " Thanks very much for \nthe info.", "\n\nBest,\nJeff" ]

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[ "Ozymandias (pianist)\n\nOzymandias is the name of a musical project by neo-classical Swiss pianist, Christophe Terrettaz.", "\n\nBiography \nOzymandias is the pseudonym of the pianist and composer Christophe Terrettaz.", "\n\nAfter several years studying classical piano, Christophe Terrettaz starts to compose. ", "His first work, \"Isolement\", is produced in 1996 by the German label \"Weisser Herbst\".", "\n \nHis second album, \"Ahara\", is released in 1998 by the cult label World Serpent Distribution.", "\n \nIn 1999, Mark Ellis of \"Elijah's Mantle\" and Christophe Terrettaz collaborates on \"The Soul Of Romanticism'\" a spoken-word album based on poems of Shelley, Byron, Keats, Wordsworth and Coleridge. ", "This work exposes the elements of romanticism through the voice of Ellis Mark and the music of Ozymandias.", "\n \nThe following year Christophe Terrettaz creates \"Karnak,\" a series of compositions inspired by the Egyptian site of same name.", "\nThe work is very well received, with Japanese director Ryuichi Hiroki choosing it as the musical theme for his movie \"Vibrator\", a film presented in avant-premiere to the 60th Mostra of Venice.", "\n \nIn September 2001, Ozymandias, through World Serpent Distribution, releases his fifth album \"Layla\". ", "For this opus, Christophe Terrettaz draws inspiration from a number of films from independent cinema, including \"Un soir après la guerre\" of Rithy Panh, \"Okaeri\" of Makoto Shinozaki and \"Buffalo 66\" of Vincent Gallo.", "\n \nThree years later Ozymandias creates his darkest album yet, \"Les Doutes Eternels\", a reflection on human condition and genocide.", "\n \n2007 brings yet another opus, \"Absolute\". ", "This seventh album of Ozymandias is animated by the aspects of the world and its people that Christophe Terrettaz admires.", "\n \nIn April 2008, after eight years without concerts, Ozymandias comes back on stage for two shows in Tokyo. ", "Five months later, a new album inspired by his journeys invites you to discover his love for the Orient. ", "The beauty and strength, depth of feelings as well as human folly is the essence of “Les Rêves Orientaux” (Oriental Dreams).", "\n\nIn February 2009, Christophe, invited Kelli Ali to Switzerland, to collaborate with him on an album inspired by the short stories of the Gothic horror writer, Mary Shelley, and following several sessions between London and Switzerland, this haunting collection was eventually completed, with Kelli writing and performing the lyrics and vocal arrangements and Christophe writing and performing the piano music.", "\n\"A Paradise Inhabited by Devils\" was released on November 2010.", "\nTwo titles of this album are used in the Japanese movie “Keibetsu”.", "\n\n2012 marks the release of his latest album, “Antipodes”. ", "Produced without any promotion in order to be in harmony with the theme of the album which means completely against current market trend today.", "\n\"Antipodes\" is a reflection on the current world where superficial excess and\nmoney take everything in its path.", "\n\n\"Nos Années Troubles\" is realised in October 2014.", "\n\nApril 2017 - Three years after the album \"Nos Années Troubles\" (Our Troubled Years) and after 15 million plus streams on Spotify for the track \"I Miss You\"- Ozymandias returns with his new album \"Dans Mon Monde\" (In My World). ", "Composed with influences from both Asia and Europe, the Swiss pianist’s tenth solo album aims to draw you into the world that he experiences!", "\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\nDans Mon Monde 2017\nNos Années Troubles 2014\nAntipodes 2012\nA Paradise Inhabited By Devils with Kelli Ali 2010\nLes Rêves Orientaux Ramses CD 07 2008\nAbsolute Ramses CD 06 2007\nLes Doutes Eternels (Eternal Doubts) Ramses CD 05 2004\nLayla Ramses CD04 2001 World Serpent Distribution\nKarnak Ramses CD03 2000 World Serpent Distribution\nThe Soul of Romanticism with Elijah’s Mantle (Da Nova Da Capo DNDC 013 CD) 1999 World Serpent Distribution\nAhara WSCD 018 1998 World Serpent Distribution\nIsolement EFACD 12736-2 1996 Weisser Herbst Production\n\nCompilations\nDer Seelen Tiefengrund Vol.5 / Angelwings, Zoomshot, 2002-EFA \"Comment l'oublier ?\"", "\nCantara 4 /Angelwings,Zoomshot, 2002-EFA \" Seul au monde\"\nCantara 3 /Angelwings, Zoomshot media entertainment, Köln, 2001, Germany EFA 61611-2, \" Premier Pylône\"\nCantara / Angelwings, Zoomshot media entertainment, Köln, 1998, Germany EFA 61611-2, \"Le départ de Diana R\"\nMask of the People, Ramses records CD 01 2000 World Serpent Distribution, unpublished : DE PORT MORESBY A HOSKINS\n\nSoundtracks\nIDEA Inc. Tokyo, Japan\nA Ryuichi Hiroki film\n\nSee also\n Official website\n Video of Ozymandias\n\nCategory:Swiss pianists\nCategory:1971 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:21st-century pianists" ]

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[ "Okra mosaic virus empty protein shells in nuclei.", "\nOkra mosaic virus produces large quantities (approximately 10 mg/g of tissue) of empty viral protein shells in inoculated cucumber cotyledons. ", "Virus particles could not be detected in isolated nuclei, but empty protein shells accumulated there. ", "At one day after inoculation, about half the total viral protein shells were found in the nucleus. ", "This accumulation occurred in the presence of virus particles in the cytoplasm. ", "The most likely explanation for this active and preferential accumulation is that viral coat protein enters the nucleus in the form of monomers or pentamers and hexamers, and is assembled into shells once inside." ]

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[ "\n\n## Play It as It Lays\n\n### A Novel\n\n# Joan Didion\n\n# \nFOR JOHN\nMARIA\n\nWhat makes Iago evil? ", "some people ask. ", "I never ask.", "\n\nAnother example, one which springs to mind because Mrs. Burstein saw a pygmy rattler in the artichoke garden this morning and has been intractable since: I never ask about snakes. ", "Why should Shalimar attract kraits. ", "Why should a coral snake need two glands of neurotoxic poison to survive while a king snake, so similarly marked, needs none. ", "Where is the Darwinian logic there. ", "You might ask that. ", "I never would, not any more. ", "I recall an incident reported not long ago in the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: two honeymooners, natives of Detroit, found dead in their Scout camper near Boca Raton, a coral snake still coiled in the thermal blanket. ", "Why? ", "Unless you are prepared to take the long view, there is no satisfactory \"answer\" to such questions.", "\n\nJust so. ", "I am what I am. ", "To look for \"reasons\" is beside the point. ", "But because the pursuit of reasons is their business here, they ask me questions. ", "Maria, yes or no: I see a cock in this inkblot. ", "Maria, yes or no: A large number of people are guilty of bad sexual conduct, I believe my sins are unpardonable, I have been disappointed in love. ", "How could I answer? ", "How could it apply? ", "nothing applies, I print with the magnetized IBM pencil. ", "What does apply, they ask later, as if the word \"nothing\" were ambiguous, open to interpretation, a questionable fragment of an Icelandic rune. ", "There are only certain facts, I say, trying again to be an agreeable player of the game. ", "Certain facts, certain things that happened. (", "Why bother, you might ask. ", "I bother for Kate. ", "What I play for here is Kate. ", "Carter put Kate in there and I am going to get her out.) ", "They will misread the facts, invent connections, will extrapolate reasons where none exist, but I told you, that is their business here.", "\n\nSo they suggested that I set down the facts, and the facts are these: My name is Maria Wyeth. ", "That is pronounced Mar-eye-ah, to get it straight at the outset. ", "Some people here call me \"Mrs. Lang,\" but I never did. ", "Age, thirty-one. ", "Married. ", "Divorced. ", "One daughter, age four. (", "I talk about Kate to no one here. ", "In the place where Kate is they put electrodes on her head and needles in her spine and try to figure what went wrong. ", "It is one more version of why does a coral snake have two glands of neurotoxic poison. ", "Kate has soft down on her spine and an aberrant chemical in her brain. ", "Kate is Kate. ", "Carter could not remember the soft down on her spine or he would not let them put needles there.) ", "From my mother I inherited my looks and a tendency to migraine. ", "From my father I inherited an optimism which did not leave me until recently.", "\n\nDetails: I was born in Reno, Nev., and moved nine years later to Silver Wells, Nev., pop. ", "then 28, now O. We moved down to Silver Wells because my father lost the Reno house in a private game and happened to remember that he owned this town, Silver Wells. ", "He had bought it or won it or maybe his father left it to him, I'm not sure which and it doesn't matter to you. ", "We had a lot of things and places that came and went, a cattle ranch with no cattle and a ski resort picked up on somebody's second mortgage and a motel that would have been advantageously situated at a freeway exit had the freeway been built; I was raised to believe that what came in on the next roll would always be better than what went out on the last. ", "I no longer believe that, but I am telling you how it was. ", "What we had in Silver Wells was three hundred acres of mesquite and some houses and a Flying A and a zinc mine and a Tonopah & Tidewater RR siding and a trinket shop and later, after my father and his partner Benny Austin hit on the idea that Silver Wells was a natural tourist attraction, a midget golf course and a reptile museum and a restaurant with some slots and two crap tables. ", "The slots were not exactly moneymakers because the only person who played them was Paulette, with nickels from the cashbox. ", "Paulette ran the restaurant and (I see now) balled my father and sometimes let me pretend to cashier after school. ", "I say \"pretend\" because there were no customers. ", "As it happened the highway my father counted on came nowhere near and the money ran out and my mother got sick and Benny Austin went back to Vegas, I ran into him in the Flamingo a few years ago. \"", "Your father's only Waterloo was he was a man always twenty years before his time,\" Benny advised me that night in the Flamingo. \"", "The ghost-town scheme, the midget golf, the automatic blackjack concept, what do you see today? ", "Harry Wyeth could be a Rockefeller in Silver Wells today.\"", "\n\n'There isn't any Silver Wells today,\" I said. \"", "It's in the middle of a missile range.\" ", "I'm speaking about then, Maria. ", "As it was.\" ", "Benny called for a round of Cuba Libres, a drink I have never known anyone but my mother and father and Benny Austin to order, and I gave him some chips to play for me and went to the ladies' room and never came back. ", "I told myself it was because I didn't want Benny to see the kind of man I was with, I was with a man who was playing baccarat with hundred-dollar bills behind the rope, but that wasn't all of it. ", "I might as well lay it on the line, I have trouble with as it was.", "\n\nI mean it leads nowhere. ", "Benny Austin, my mother sitting in Paulette's empty restaurant when it was 120° outside looking through her magazines for contests we could enter (Waikiki, Paris France, Roman Holiday, my mother's yearnings suffused our life like nerve gas, cross the ocean in a silver plane, she would croon to herself and mean it, see the jungle when it's wet with rain), the three of us driving down to Vegas in the pickup and then driving home again in the clear night, a hundred miles down and a hundred back and nobody on the highway either way, just the snakes stretched on the warm asphalt and my mother with a wilted gardenia in her dark hair and my father keeping a fifth of Jim Beam on the floorboard and talking about his plans, he always had a lot of plans, I never in my life had any plans, none of it makes any sense, none of it adds up.", "\n\nNew York: what sense did that make? ", "An eighteen-year-old girl from Silver Wells, Nevada, graduates from the Consolidated Union High School in Tonopah and goes to New York to take acting lessons, how do you figure it? ", "My mother thought being an actress was a nice idea, she used to cut my hair in bangs to look like Margaret Sullavan, and my father said not to be afraid to go because if certain deals worked out as anticipated he and my mother would be regular airline passengers between Las Vegas and New York City, so I went. ", "As it turned out, the last time but once I ever saw my mother was sitting in the Vegas airport drinking a Cuba Libre, but there you are. ", "Everything goes. ", "I am working very hard at not thinking about how everything goes. ", "I watch a hummingbird, throw the I Ching but never read the coins, keep my mind in the now. ", "New York. ", "Let me stick to certain facts. ", "What happened was this: I looked all right (I'm not telling you I was blessed or cursed, I'm telling a fact, I know it from all the pictures) and somebody photographed me and before long I was getting $100 an hour from the agencies and $50 from the magazines which in those days was not bad and I knew a lot of Southerners and faggots and rich boys and that was how I spent my days and nights. ", "The night my mother ran the car off the highway outside Tonopah I was with a drunk rich boy at the old Morocco, as close as I could figure later: I didn't know about it for a couple of weeks because the coyotes tore her up before anybody found her and my father couldn't tell me. (\"", "Jesus but we had a good thing going in Silver Wells,\" Benny Austin said that night in the Flamingo, and maybe they did, maybe I did, maybe I never should have left, but that line of thinking leads nowhere because as I told Benny there is no Silver Wells. ", "The last I heard of Paulette she was living in a Sun City. ", "Think that one over.) ", "My father's letter was mailed to an old address and forwarded, I read it in a taxi one morning when I was late for a sitting and when I hit the fact in the middle of the second paragraph I began to scream and did not work for a month after. ", "The letter is still in my makeup box but I am careful not to read it unless I am drunk, which in my current situation is never. \"", "This is a bad hand but God if there is one, and Honey I sincerely believe there must be 'Something', never meant it to set you back in your Plans,\" is how it ends. \"", "Don't let them bluff you back there because you're holding all the aces.\"", "\n\nEasy aces. ", "I am not sure what year it was because I have this problem with as it was, but after a while I had a bad time. (", "There, you will say now, she believed her sins were unpardonable, but I told you, nothing applies.) ", "The tulips on Park Avenue looked dirty and I was sent twice to Montego Bay to get some color back in my face but I could not sleep alone and stayed up late and it was falling apart with Ivan Costello and everything showed in the camera by then. ", "Of course I did not get back to Nevada that year because that was the year I screamed at Ivan and married Carter, and the next was the year we came here and Carter put me in a couple of little pictures (one you may have seen, a doctor here claims to have seen it but he will say anything to make me talk, the other never distributed) and I don't know what happened the year after that and then I started getting to Nevada quite a bit, but by then my father was dead and I was not married any more.", "\n\nThose are the facts. ", "Now I lie in the sun and play solitaire and listen to the sea (the sea is down the cliff but I am not allowed to swim, only on Sundays when we are accompanied) and watch a hummingbird. ", "I try not to think of dead things and plumbing. ", "I try not to hear the air conditioner in that bedroom in Encino. ", "I try not to live in Silver Wells or in New York or with Carter. ", "I try to live in the now and keep my eye on the hummingbird. ", "I see no one I used to know, but then I'm not just crazy about a lot of people. ", "I mean maybe I was holding all the aces, but what was the game?", "\nHELENE\n\nI saw Maria today. ", "Or at least I tried to see Maria today: I made the effort. ", "I didn't make it for Maria I don't mind saying, I made it for Carter, or for BZ, or for old times or for something, not for Maria. \"", "I don't much want to talk to you, Helene,\" was what she said the last time. \"", "It's not personal, Helene, I just don't talk any more.\" ", "Not for Maria.", "\n\nAnyway I didn't. ", "See her. ", "I drove all the way out there, took the entire morning and packed a box for her, all the new books and a chiffon scarf she left at the beach once (she was careless, it must have cost thirty dollars, she was always careless) and a pound of caviar, maybe not Beluga but Maria shouldn't bitch now, plus a letter from Ivan Costello and a long profile somebody did in The New York Times about Carter, you'd think that would at least interest her except Maria has never been able to bear Carter's success, all that, and Maria wouldn't see me. \"", "Mrs. Lang is resting,\" the nurse said. ", "I could see her resting, I could see her down by the pool in the same bikini she was wearing the summer she killed BZ, lying by that swimming pool with a shade over her eyes as if she hadn't a care or a responsibility in the world. ", "She never puts on any weight, you'll notice that's often true of selfish women. ", "Not that I blame Maria for anything that happened to me, although I'm the one who suffered, I'm the one who should be \"resting,\" I'm the one who lost BZ through her carelessness, her selfishness, but I blame her only on Carter's behalf. ", "Half a chance and she would have killed Carter too. ", "She was always a very selfish girl, it was first last and always Maria.", "\n\nCARTER\n\nHere are some scenes I have very clear in my mind.", "\n\n\"I always get breakfast out,\" I say to someone. ", "This is at a dinner party, a group of friends. ", "Maria would say that they were not her friends, but Maria has never understood friendship, conversation, the normal amenities of social exchange. ", "Maria has difficulty talking to people with whom she is not sleeping.", "\n\n\"I go to the Wilshire or the Beverly Hills,\" I say. \"", "I read the trades, I like to be alone at breakfast.\"", "\n\n\"In fact he doesn't always get breakfast out,\" Maria says, very low, to no one in particular. \"", "In fact the last time he got breakfast out was on April 17.\"", "\n\nThe others at the table look first at her and then away, astonished, uneasy: something in the way her hands are tensed on the edge of the table prevents passing this off. ", "Only BZ continues to look directly at her.", "\n\n\"Oh fuck it,\" she says then, and tears run down her cheeks. ", "She still looks very straight ahead at no one in particular.", "\n\nAnother scene: she is playing on the lawn with the baby, tossing up drops of water from a clear plastic hose. \"", "Watch out she doesn't get chilled,\" I say from the terrace; Maria looks up, drops the hose, and walks away from the baby toward the poolhouse. ", "She turns, and looks back at the baby. '", "Your father wants to talk to you,\" she says. ", "Her voice is neutral.", "\n\nAfter BZ's death there was a time when I played and replayed these scenes and others like them, composed them as if for the camera, trying to find some order, a pattern. ", "I found none. ", "All I can say is this: it was after a succession of such small scenes that I began to see the improbability of a rapprochement with Maria.", "\n1\n\nIn the first hot month of the fall after the summer she left Carter (the summer Carter left her, the summer Carter stopped living in the house in Beverly Hills), Maria drove the freeway. ", "She dressed every morning with a greater sense of purpose than she had felt in some time, a cotton skirt, a jersey, sandals she could kick off when she wanted the touch of the accelerator, and she dressed very fast, running a brush through her hair once or twice and tying it back with a ribbon, for it was essential (to pause was to throw herself into unspeakable peril) that she be on the freeway by ten o'clock. ", "Not somewhere on Hollywood Boulevard, not on her way to the freeway, but actually on the freeway. ", "If she was not she lost the day's rhythm, its precariously imposed momentum. ", "Once she was on the freeway and had maneuvered her way to a fast lane she turned on the radio at high volume and she drove. ", "She drove the San Diego to the Harbor, the Harbor up to the Hollywood, the Hollywood to the Golden State, the Santa Monica, the Santa Ana, the Pasadena, the Ventura. ", "She drove it as a riverman runs a river, every day more attuned to its currents, its deceptions, and just as a riverman feels the pull of the rapids in the lull between sleeping and waking, so Maria lay at night in the still of Beverly Hills and saw the great signs soar overhead at seventy miles an hour, Normandie ¼ Vermont ¾ Harbor Fwy 1. ", "Again and again she returned to an intricate stretch just south of the interchange where successful passage from the Hollywood onto the Harbor required a diagonal move across four lanes of traffic. ", "On the afternoon she finally did it without once braking or once losing the beat on the radio she was exhilarated, and that night slept dreamlessly. ", "By then she was sleeping not in the house but out by the pool, on a faded rattan chaise left by a former tenant. ", "There was a jack for a telephone there, and she used beach towels for blankets. ", "The beach towels had a special point. ", "Because she had an uneasy sense that sleeping outside on a rattan chaise could be construed as the first step toward something unnameable (she did not know what it was she feared, but it had to do with empty sardine cans in the sink, vermouth bottles in the wastebaskets, slovenliness past the point of return) she told herself that she was sleeping outside just until it was too cold to sleep beneath beach towels, just until the heat broke, just until the fires stopped burning in the mountains, sleeping outside only because the bedrooms in the house were hot, airless, only because the palms scraped against the screens and there was no one to wake her in the mornings. ", "The beach towels signified how temporary the arrangement was. ", "Outside she did not have to be afraid that she would not wake up, outside she could sleep. ", "Sleep was essential if she was to be on the freeway by ten o'clock. ", "Sometimes the freeway ran out, in a scrap metal yard in San Pedro or on the main street of Palmdale or out somewhere no place at all where the flawless burning concrete just stopped, turned into common road, abandoned construction sheds rusting beside it. ", "When that happened she would keep in careful control, portage skillfully back, feel for the first time the heavy weight of the becalmed car beneath her and try to keep her eyes on the mainstream, the great pilings, the Cyclone fencing, the deadly oleander, the luminous signs, the organism which absorbed all her reflexes, all her attention.", "\n\nSo that she would not have to stop for food she kept a hard-boiled egg on the passenger seat of the Corvette. ", "She could shell and eat a hard-boiled egg at seventy miles an hour (crack it on the steering wheel, never mind salt, salt bloats, no matter what happened she remembered her body) and she drank Coca-Cola in Union 76 stations, Standard stations, Flying A's. ", "She would stand on the hot pavement and drink the Coke from the bottle and put the bottle back in the rack (she tried always to let the attendant notice her putting the bottle in the rack, a show of thoughtful responsibility, no sardine cans in her sink) and then she would walk to the edge of the concrete and stand, letting the sun dry her damp back. ", "To hear her own voice she would sometimes talk to the attendant, ask advice on oil filters, how much air the tires should carry, the most efficient route to Foothill Boulevard in West Covina. ", "Then she would retie the ribbon in her hair and rinse her dark glasses in the drinking fountain and be ready to drive again. ", "In the first hot month of the fall after the summer she left Carter, the summer Carter left her, the summer Carter stopped living in the house in Beverly Hills, a bad season in the city, Maria put seven thousand miles on the Corvette. ", "Sometimes at night the dread would overtake her, bathe her in sweat, flood her mind with sharp flash images of Les Goodwin in New York and Carter out there on the desert with BZ and Helene and the irrevocability of what seemed already to have happened, but she never thought about that on the freeway.", "\n2\n\nThe second picture she had made with Carter was called Angel Beach, and in it she played a girl who was raped by the members of a motorcycle gang. ", "Carter had brought the picture in for $340,000 and the studio had saturation-booked it and by the end of the first year the domestic and foreign gross was just under eight million dollars. ", "Maria had seen it twice, once at a studio preview and a second time by herself, at a drive-in in Culver City, and neither time did she have any sense that the girl on the screen was herself. \"", "I look at you and I know that . . . ", "what happened just didn't mean anything,\" the girl on the screen would say, and \"There's a lot more to living than just kicks, I see that now, kicks are nowhere.\" ", "Carter's original cut ended with a shot of the motorcycle gang, as if they represented some reality not fully apprehended by the girl Maria played, but the cut released by the studio ended with a long dolly shot of Maria strolling across a campus. ", "Maria preferred the studio's cut. ", "In fact, she liked watching the picture: the girl on the screen seemed to have a definite knack for controlling her own destiny.", "\n\nThe other picture, the first picture, the picture never distributed, was called Maria. ", "Carter had simply followed Maria around New York and shot film. ", "It was not until they moved to California and Carter began cutting the film together that she entirely realized what he was doing. ", "The picture showed Maria doing a fashion sitting, Maria asleep on a couch at a party, Maria on the telephone arguing with the billing department at Bloomingdale's, Maria cleaning some marijuana with a kitchen strainer, Maria crying on the IRT. ", "At the end she was thrown into negative and looked dead. ", "The picture lasted seventy-four minutes and had won a prize at a festival in Eastern Europe and Maria did not like to look at it. ", "She had once heard that students at UCLA and USC talked about using her the way commercial directors talked about using actresses who got a million dollars a picture, but she had never talked to any of them (sometimes they walked up to Carter in front of a theater or a bookstore and introduced themselves, and Carter would introduce Maria, and they would look sidelong at Maria while they talked to Carter about coming to see their film programs, but Maria had nothing to say to them, avoided their eyes) and she disliked their having seen her in that first picture. ", "She never thought of it as Maria. ", "She thought of it always as that first picture. ", "Carter took her to BZ and Helene's one night when BZ was running the picture and she had to leave the house after the titles, had to sit outside on the beach smoking cigarettes and fighting nausea for seventy-two of the seventy-four minutes.", "\n\n\"Why does he run it so often,\" she had said to Carter later. \"", "Why do you let him keep a print out there, he keeps a print in the house.\"", "\n\n\"He owns it, Maria. ", "He owns all the prints.\"", "\n\n\"That's not what I mean. ", "I said why does he run it so often.\"", "\n\n\"He wants Helene to see it.\"", "\n\n\"Helene's seen it a dozen times. ", "Helene doesn't even like it, she told me so.\"", "\n\n\"You don't understand anything,\" Carter had said finally, and they had gone to bed that night without speaking. ", "Maria did not want to understand why BZ ran that first picture so often or what it had to do with Helene. ", "The girl on the screen in that first picture had no knack for anything.", "\n3\n\n\"Maria Wyeth,\" she repeated to Freddy Chaikin's receptionist. ", "The reception room was full of glossy plants in chinoiserie pots and Maria had an abrupt conviction that the plants were consuming the oxygen she needed to breathe. ", "She should not have come here without calling. ", "Only people in trouble came unannounced to see their agents. ", "If Freddy Chaikin thought she carried trouble with her he would avoid her, because trouble was something no one in the city liked to be near. ", "Failure, illness, fear, they were seen as infectious, contagious blights on glossy plants. ", "It seemed to Maria that even the receptionist was avoiding her eyes, fearing contamination. \"", "He's kind of expecting me,\" Maria added in a near whisper.", "\n\n\"Maria Wyeth,\" the receptionist said. \"", "Mr. Chaikin is in the projection room, do you want to wait? ", "Or could he call you.\"", "\n\n\"No. ", "I mean yes. ", "But tell him it has to be today or—\"\n\nThe receptionist waited.", "\n\n\"Or I'll talk to him tomorrow,\" Maria said finally.", "\n\nIn the elevator was an actor she recognized but had never met, the star of a canceled television Western. ", "He was with a short agent in a narrow dark suit, and the agent smiled at Maria as the elevator door closed.", "\n\n\"The word on Carter's dailies is sensational,\" the agent said.", "\n\nMaria smiled and nodded. ", "It did not require an answer: it was a cue for the actor, who waited a suitable instant and then picked it up. \"", "Your pocketbook's open,\" he drawled, and the look he gave Maria was dutifully charged with sexual appreciation, meant not for Maria herself but for Carter Lang's wife. ", "She leaned against the padded elevator wall and closed her eyes. ", "If she could tell Les Goodwin about the actor in the elevator he would laugh. ", "When she got home she thought about calling him, but instead she went upstairs and lay face down on Kate's empty bed, cradled Kate's blanket, clutched Kate's baby pillow to her stomach and fought off a wave of the dread. ", "The time seemed to have passed for telling Les Goodwin funny stories.", "\n4\n\nShe sat on the rattan chaise in the hot October twilight and watched BZ throw the ice cubes from his drink one by one into the swimming pool. ", "They had already talked about Helene's week at La Costa and they had already talked about an actress who had been admitted to UCLA Neuropsychiatry with her wrists cut (the papers said exhaustion, but BZ knew things like that, knew about people, that was why she had called him) and now it was the hour when in all the houses all around the pretty women were putting on perfume and enameled bracelets and kissing the pretty children goodnight, the hour of apparent grace and promised music, and even here in Maria's own garden the air smelled of jasmine and the water in the pool was 85°. ", "The water in the pool was always 85° and it was always clean. ", "It came with the rent. ", "Whether or not Carter could afford the rent, whether it was a month like this one when he was making a lot of money or a month when the lawyers were talking about bankruptcy, the boy came twice a week to vacuum the pool and the man came four days a week to work on the roses and the water in the pool was 85°. ", "Sometimes it occurred to Maria that maybe the pretty children and the enameled bracelets came the same way, but she did not like to think about that.", "\n\nTell me who you've seen,\" she said. ", "She did not much want to hear who BZ had seen but neither did she want BZ to leave. ", "BZ had not yet mentioned Carter. ", "BZ was the producer on the picture, BZ had come in from the location two days before and he was going back to the location tomorrow and he had not once mentioned Carter. ", "Tell me about the Willards' dance.\"", "\n\n\"Strobe lights in Pasadena.\" ", "BZ stood up. \"", "On nights like that you could kill yourself for being a Gentile.\"", "\n\n\"Don't leave.\"", "\n\n\"I'm late now. ", "I'm supposed to be somewhere.\"", "\n\n\"Who is it,\" she said, not looking at him.", "\n\n\"Nobody special, I'm meeting Tommy Loew, you know Tommy, he's in from New York.\"", "\n\n\"I don't mean you.\" ", "She wondered without interest if Tommy Loew was a faggot. \"", "You know I don't mean you.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know what you're talking about.\" ", "BZ put his glass on a table, and looked at Maria for a long while. \"", "Just let him finish.\"", "\n\n\"Who is it.\" ", "She did not know why she persisted.", "\n\n\"Listen, Maria. ", "I don't know if you know this, but he wanted you in this picture very badly. ", "At one point he was ready to scrap the deal, jeopardize the entire project, just because he wanted to use you.\"", "\n\n\"I know that.\"", "\n\n\"Then why not stop thinking Carter designs his every move expressly to thwart you. ", "Why not stop thinking like Carlotta.\"", "\n\n\"You don't have any idea in your mind how I think.\" ", "Carlotta was BZ's mother. ", "Carlotta had $35 million and was engaged in constant litigation with her estranged second husband. ", "Maria sat down on the edge of the pool and splashed the clear water over her bare feet. \"", "Listen to the music from the Kuliks'. ", "They're having a party.\"", "\n\n\"You going?\"", "\n\n\"Of course I'm not going. ", "He's a gangster.\"", "\n\n\"I just asked if you were going to a party, Maria, I didn't ask for a grand-jury indictment.\" ", "BZ paused. \"", "In the second place he's not a gangster. ", "He's a lawyer.\"", "\n\n\"For gangsters.\"", "\n\nBZ shrugged. \"", "I think of him more as a philosopher king. ", "He told me once he understood the whole meaning of life, it came to him In a blinding flash one time when he almost died on the table at Cedars.\"", "\n\n\"Larry Kulik's not going to die at Cedars. ", "Larry Kulik's going to die in a barber chair.\"", "\n\n\"It's uphill work making you laugh, Maria. ", "Anyway, Larry Kulik's a great admirer of yours. ", "You know what he said to Carter? ", "He said, 'What I like about your wife, Carter, is she's not a cunt.'\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"That's very funny, Maria, Kulik saying that to Carter, you lost your sense of humor?\"", "\n\n\"I've already heard it. ", "Give me your glass.\"", "\n\n\"I told you, Tommy Loew. ", "I'm already late.\"", "\n\n\"Who is it,\" she repeated.", "\n\n\"He's two weeks behind schedule now, Maria. ", "Just let him finish the picture.\" ", "BZ stood up, and ran the tips of his fingers very lightly across Maria's bare back. \"", "Seen anything of Les Goodwin?\" ", "he said finally.", "\n\nMaria watched a leaf in the water and tried not to recoil from BZ's fingers. \"", "Les and Felicia are in New York,\" she said carefully, and then reached for a towel. \"", "You're already late for Tommy Loew, I mean aren't you?\"", "\n\nLater in the week she saw in one of the columns that BZ had been at the Kuliks' party with Tommy Loew and a starlet whose name she did not recognize. ", "She did not know why it annoyed her but it did. ", "She wondered if Tommy Loew and the starlet had gone back to BZ's later, and who had watched whom, and if Helene had been back from La Costa.", "\n5\n\n\"Just wanted you to know I'm thinking of you,\" Freddy Chaikin said on the telephone. \"", "I'll be frank, I was surprised to hear you wanted to work again. ", "After that debacle with Mark Ross, I just naturally thought—\"\n\n\"I've always wanted to work.\" ", "Maria tried to keep her voice even. ", "Freddy would be sitting in his office with the Barcelona chairs and the Giacometti sculpture and anything he wanted to say Maria would have to hear.", "\n\n\"—an actress walks off a set, people tend to think she doesn't want to work.\"", "\n\n\"That was almost a year ago. ", "I was sick. ", "I was upset about Kate. ", "I haven't walked off any more sets, you know that, Freddy.\"", "\n\n\"You haven't had any sets to walk off.\"", "\n\nMaria closed her eyes. \"", "What are you doing right now, Freddy,\" she said finally. \"", "You sitting there playing with a Fabergé Easter egg? ", "Or what?\"", "\n\n\"Calm down. ", "Actually I talked to Morty Landau about you today at lunch. ", "I said, Morty, you know Maria Wyeth, and he did—\"\n\n\"I should think so. ", "I had the lead in two features.\"", "\n\n\"Right, Maria, of course you did. ", "You know that. ", "I know that. ", "And they were very interesting little pictures. ", "Carter parlayed those two little pictures, one of them never distributed, into a very nice thing. ", "Carter's in the enviable position now where he wants to do something, it's just a question of working out the numbers. ", "I'm proud to represent him. ", "I'm proud to represent both of you, Maria. ", "Maybe I could arrange for Morty Landau to see some film, you give me your word that you really want to work.\"", "\n\n\"See some film.\"", "\n\n\"Where's the problem, Maria? ", "There's something so unusual about wanting to see some film? ", "I show film on talent getting two, two-fifty a picture.\"", "\n\n\"Morty Landau makes television.\"", "\n\n\"Let's get to the bottom line, Maria, if Carter were around he'd say the same thing. ", "You want to work, I'll arrange for Morty Landau to see film.\"", "\n\n\"Carter is around.\"", "\n\nThere was a silence, and when Freddy Chaikin spoke again his voice was gentle. \"", "All I meant, Maria, was that Carter's on location. ", "All I meant.\"", "\n6\n\nOn the tenth day of October at quarter past four in the afternoon with a dry hot wind blowing through the passes Maria found herself in Baker. ", "She had never meant to go as far as Baker, had started out that day as every day, her only destination the freeway. ", "But she had driven out the San Bernardino and up the Barstow and instead of turning back at Barstow (she had been out that far before but never that late in the day, it was past time to navigate back, she was out too far too late, the rhythm was lost) she kept driving. ", "When she turned off at Baker it was 115° and she was picking up Vegas on the radio and she was within sixty miles of where Carter was making the picture. ", "He could be in the motel right now. ", "They could be through shooting for the day and he could be having a drink with BZ and Helene, thinking about going into Vegas for dinner or just resting, resting on the unmade bed with his shirt off. ", "The woman who ran the motel only made the beds once a week, Carter had made a joke about it in an interview, Maria had read it in the trades. ", "She could call. \"", "Listen,\" she could say. \"", "I'm in Baker. ", "I just happen to be in Baker.\"", "\n\n\"So you just happen to be in Baker,\" he could say. \"", "Get on up here.\"", "\n\nOr he could even say: \"Listen. ", "Get up here quick.\"", "\n\nThose were things he could say but because she did not know if he would say them or even if she wanted to hear them she just sat in the car behind the 76 station in Baker and studied the pay phone by the Coke machine. ", "Whatever he began by saying he would end by saying nothing. ", "He would say something and she would say something and before either of them knew it they would be playing out a dialogue so familiar that it drained the imagination, blocked the will, allowed them to drop words and whole sentences and still arrive at the cold conclusion. \"", "Oh Christ,'' he would say. \"", "I felt good today, really good for a change, you fixed that, you really pricked the balloon.\"", "\n\n\"How did I fix that.\"", "\n\n\"You know how.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know how.\"", "\n\nShe would wait for him to answer but he would say nothing then, would just sit with his head in his hands. ", "She would feel first guilty, resigned to misery, then furious, trapped, white with anger. \"", "Listen to me,\" she would say then, almost shouting, trying to take him by the shoulders and shake him out of what she could not see as other than an elaborate pose; he would knock her away, and the look on his face, contorted, teeth bared, would render her paralyzed. \"", "Why don't you just get it over with,\" he would say then, leaning close, his face still contorted. \"", "Why don't you just go in that bathroom and take every pill in it. ", "Why don't you die.\"", "\n\nAfter that he would leave for a while, breaking things as he went, slamming doors to kick them open, picking up decanters to hurl at mirrors, detouring by way of chairs to smash them against the floor. ", "Always when he came back he would sleep in their room, shutting the door against her. ", "Rigid with self-pity she would lie in another room, wishing for the will to leave. ", "Each believed the other a murderer of time, a destroyer of life itself. ", "She did not know what she was doing in Baker. ", "However it began it ended like that.", "\n\n\"Listen,\" she would say.", "\n\n\"Don't touch me,\" he would say.", "\n\nMaria looked at the pay phone for a long while, and then she got out of the car and drank a warm Coke. ", "With the last of the Coke she swallowed two Fiorinal tablets, then closed her eyes against the sun and waited for the Fiorinal to clear her head of Carter and what Carter would say. ", "On the way back into the city the traffic was heavy and the hot wind blew sand through the windows and the radio got on her nerves and after that Maria did not go back to the freeway except as a way of getting somewhere.", "\n7\n\n\"C'est moi, Maria,\" the voice said on the telephone. \"", "BZ.\"", "\n\nMaria tried to untangle the cord from the receiver and fight her way out of sleep. ", "Sleeping in the afternoon was a bad sign. ", "She had been trying not to notice the signs but she could not avoid this one, and a sharp fear contracted her stomach muscles. \"", "Where are you,\" she said finally.", "\n\n\"At the beach.\"", "\n\nMaria groped on the edge of the pool for her dark glasses.", "\n\n\"Did I catch you in the middle of an overdose, Maria? ", "Or what?\"", "\n\n\"I thought you were on the desert.\"", "\n\n\"We're shutting down for a week, don't you read the trades? ", "Because of the fire.\"", "\n\n\"What fire.\"", "\n\n\"On top of the news as ever,\" BZ said. \"", "The fire, we had a fire, we have to rebuild the set. ", "Carter's coming in tomorrow. ", "Ill take you to Anita Garson's tonight if you're not doing anything, all right?\"", "\n\n\"Where's Helene?\"", "\n\n\"Helene's in bed, Helene's depressed. ", "Helene has these very copious menstruations.\" ", "There was a pause. \"", "Seven-thirty all right?\"", "\n\n\"I don't know about Anita Garson's, I don't—\"\n\n\"I meant of course unless you've got plans.\" ", "His voice rose almost imperceptibly. \"", "Unless you've got an á deux going at the Marmont. ", "Or wherever it is he stays.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"You're a lot of laughs this afternoon, Maria, I'm glad I called. ", "I just meant that you and Les Goodwin were friends. ", "As in just-good. ", "No innuendo. ", "No offense.\" ", "He paused. \"", "You still sulking in there?\"", "\n\n\"I'll see you at seven-thirty,\" she said finally.", "\n\nLater she could not think how she had been coerced by BZ into going to Anita Garson's party, which was large and noisy and crowded with people she did not much like. ", "There was a rock group and a pink tent and everywhere Maria looked she saw someone who registered on her only as a foreigner or a faggot or a gangster. ", "She tried to keep her eyes bright and her lips slightly parted and she stayed close to BZ. \"", "How's Carter,\" someone said behind her, and when she turned she saw that it was Larry Kulik.", "\n\n\"Carter's on location,\" she said, but Larry Kulik was not listening. ", "He was watching a very young girl in a white halter dress dancing on the terrace.", "\n\n\"I'd like to get into that,\" he said contemplatively to BZ.", "\n\n\"I wouldn't call it the impossible dream,\" BZ said.", "\n\nMaria twisted the napkin around her glass. ", "She had already smiled too long and she did not want to look any more at Larry Kulik's careful manicure and expensively tailored suit and she did not want to consider why Larry Kulik was talking to BZ about the girl in the white dress.", "\n\n\"Not that many guys,\" Larry Kulik was saying. \"", "Not just anybody.\"", "\n\n\"Shit no. ", "You have to be able to get her into the Whisky.\"", "\n\nLarry Kulik was still watching the girl. \"", "Only six guys.\"", "\n\n\"How do you know, six?\"", "\n\nLarry Kulik shrugged. \"", "I had her researched. ", "Six.\" ", "He patted Maria's arm absently. \"", "How's it going, baby? ", "How's Carter?\"", "\n\nAt the table on the terrace where Maria and BZ sat for dinner there were a French director, his cinematographer, and two English Lesbians who lived in Santa Monica Canyon. ", "Maria sat next to the cinematographer, who spoke no English, and during dinner BZ and the French director disappeared into the house. ", "Maria could smell marijuana, but it was not mentioned on the terrace. ", "The cinematographer and the two Lesbians discussed the dehumanizing aspect of American technology, in French.", "\n\n\"You have to come over sometime and use the sauna,\" Larry Kulik said when he brushed by the table on his way inside. \"", "Stereo piped in, beaucoup fantastic.\"", "\n\nAt midnight one of the amplifiers broke down, and the band packed up to leave. ", "BZ was getting together a group to go back to his house: the French director, Larry Kulik, the girl in the white halter dress. \"", "Simplicity itself,\" he said to Maria. \"", "The chickie wants the frog.\"", "\n\n\"I have to go home.\"", "\n\n\"You're not exactly a shot of meth tonight anyway.\"", "\n\n\"I feel beaucoup fantastic,\" Maria said, and turned her face away so that he would not see her tears. ", "When Les Goodwin called from New York the next morning at seven o'clock she began to cry again. ", "Why was she crying, he wanted to know. ", "Because he made her so happy, she said, and for that moment believed it.", "\n8\n\n\"You haven't asked me how it went after we left Anita's,\" BZ said.", "\n\n\"How did it go,\" Maria said without interest.", "\n\n\"Everybody got what he came for.\"", "\n\n\"Don't you ever get tired of doing favors for people?\"", "\n\nThere was a long silence. \"", "You don't know how tired,\" BZ said.", "\n9\n\nShe looked at Carter sitting in the living room and all she could think was that he had put on weight. ", "The blue work shirt he was wearing pulled at the buttons. ", "She supposed that he had weighed that much when he left, she noticed it now only because she had not seen him.", "\n\n\"You going to stay here?\" ", "she said.", "\n\nHe rubbed his knuckles across the stubble on his chin. \"", "All my things are here, aren't they?\"", "\n\nMaria sat down across from him. ", "She wished she had a cigarette but there were none on the table and it seemed frivolous to go get one. ", "Carter's saying that all his things were in the house did not seem entirely conclusive, did not address itself to the question. ", "Quite often with Carter she felt like Ingrid Bergman in Gaslight, another frivolous thought.", "\n\n\"I mean I thought we were kind of separated.\" ", "That did not sound exactly right either.", "\n\n\"If that's the way you want it.\"", "\n\n\"It wasn't me. ", "I mean was it me?\"", "\n\n\"Never, Maria. ", "Never you.\"", "\n\nThere was a silence. ", "Something real was happening: this was, as it were, her life. ", "If she could keep that in mind she would be able to play it through, do the right thing, whatever that meant.", "\n\n\"I guess we could try,\" she said uncertainly.", "\n\n\"Only if you want to.\"", "\n\n\"Of course I do.\" ", "She did not know what else to say. \"", "Of course I want to.\"", "\n\n\"Why don't you sound like it.\"", "\n\n\"Carter, I do.\" ", "She paused, abruptly exhausted. \"", "Maybe it's not such a good idea.\"", "\n\n\"Do what you want,\" he said, and went upstairs.", "\n\nMaria sat with her eyes closed until the vein in her temple stopped pulsing, then followed him upstairs. ", "He lay on the bed in their room, staring at the ceiling. ", "Only by an increased immobility did he acknowledge her presence.", "\n\n\"I was going out to see Kate,\" she said finally.", "\n\n\"How many times you been out there lately?\" ", "He still did not look at her.", "\n\n\"Hardly at all,\" she said, and then: \"In the past few weeks, maybe a couple of times.\"", "\n\n\"You've been there four times since Sunday.\"", "\n\nResolutely Maria walked into the dressing room and began pinning her hair back.", "\n\n\"They called me,\" Carter said from the bedroom, speaking as if by rote. \"", "They called me to point out that unscheduled parental appearances tend to disturb the child's adjustment.\"", "\n\n\"Adjustment to what.\" ", "Maria jabbed a pin into her hair.", "\n\n\"We've been through this, Maria. ", "We've done this number about fifty times.\"", "\n\nMaria put her head in her arms on the dressing table. ", "When she looked into the mirror again she saw Carter's reflection. ", "There had come a time when she felt anesthetized in the presence of Ivan Costello and now that time had come with Carter.", "\n\n\"Don't cry,\" Carter said. \"", "I know it upsets you, we're doing all we can, I said don't cry.\"", "\n\n\"I'm not crying,\" she said, and she was not.", "\n10\n\n\"I'm adamant about the mixes, I'm sorry, I just won't use them,\" the masseur who wanted to be a writer called from the kitchen. ", "Maria lay face down on the sand beyond the sun deck and tried to neutralize, by concentrating on images of Kate (Kate's hair, brushing Kate's hair, the last time she went to the hospital Kate's hair was tangled and she had sat on the lawn and brushed it, worked out the tangles into fine golden strands, they told her not to come so often but how could she help it, they never brushed Kate's hair), the particular rise and inflection of the masseur's voice. ", "There was always someone Maria tried not to hear at BZ and Helene's. ", "Either there were the sulky young men BZ met in places like Acapulco and Kitzbühel and Tangier or there were Helene's friends, the women with whom she shopped and planned restorative weeks at Palm Springs and La Costa, the women with the silk Pucci shirts and the periodically tightened eye lines and the husbands on perpetual location. ", "They were always in their middle forties, those friends of Helene's, always about ten years older than Helene herself. \"", "Heaven pajamas,\" Helene's friends would say to one another, and they would exchange the addresses of new astrologers and the tag lines of old jokes. ", "One of Helene's friends had been at the house when Maria and Carter arrived. \"", "I'll tell you one thing, he's a great phone,\" she said several times, and she and Helene would laugh. ", "It seemed to be a joke but Maria had failed to hear the beginning of it. ", "Usually Maria could avoid hearing Helene's friends but BZ's friends were more difficult, and this one was particularly difficult. ", "Part of it was his voice and part of it was that Maria had met him before, she was certain she had. ", "He did not seem to recognize her but she was sure that she had met him three years before, at someone's house in Santa Barbara. ", "He had come in after a polo game with some people who spoke only to the host and to one another, never to Carter and Maria—there had been an actor whose last several pictures had failed, the actor's mother, and a nervous steel heiress with whom the others seemed to have spent a week in Palm Beach—and then he had been not a masseur but the actor's secretary. ", "Even lying in the noon sun on this blazing dry October day Maria felt a physical chill when she thought about that afternoon in Santa Barbara. ", "The way he looked was the problem. ", "He looked exactly the same. ", "He looked untouched, and she did not.", "\n\n\"BZ, you've planned this to torment me,\" he was saying now. ", "He stood on the deck, holding a plastic lemon at elaborate arm's-length. \"", "You couldn't possibly buy artificial lemon juice, someone left it here, it's a bad joke.\"", "\n\n\"All BZ's friends are purists,\" Helene murmured without opening her eyes.", "\n\n\"You're a nasty,\" BZ said, and laughed. ", "He twisted a silver medallion on his chest so that it flashed in the sun. ", "BZ was perpetually tanned, oiled, gleaming, not the negotiable health-club tan of people like Freddy Chaikin but tanned as evidence of a lifetime spent in season. \"", "Isn't Helene a nasty, Carter? ", "Haven't I got a bitch for a wife? ", "And question number three, who am I impersonating'?\"", "\n\n\"Yourself,\" Helene suggested.", "\n\n\"Carter's not listening,\" the masseur said. \"", "Don't be draggy, Helene, run down the beach and ask Audrey Wise for a couple of lemons. ", "Ask Audrey and Jerry for Bloodys even. ", "I mean we could definitely stand a few giggles.\"", "\n\nHelene opened her eyes. \"", "You know what Jerry gave Audrey for her birthday?\"", "\n\n\"Let me guess.\" ", "BZ touched a finger to his tongue and held it to the wind. \"", "One perfect white rose.\"", "\n\n\"One perfect thousand-dollar bill,\" Helene said. \"", "Smartass.\"", "\n\n\"Maybe she can buy herself a good fuck,\" BZ said.", "\n\nHelene giggled. \"", "Jerry's a good phone.\"", "\n\n\"The lemons,\" the masseur said.", "\n\nCarter threw down the script he was reading and stood up. \"", "I'll get the goddamn lemons,\" he said. ", "Maria lay perfectly still until she knew that he was beyond the dunes and then she sat up, everything swimming in her vision. ", "Beneath the faded American flag hanging over the sun deck they were arranged in tableau: BZ and the masseur, their bodies gleaming, unlined, as if they had an arrangement with mortality. ", "Helene stood on the edge of the deck, looking down the beach toward Audrey and Jerry Wise's house. ", "Helene was not quite so immune to time, there was a certain texture to Helene's thighs, a certain lack of resilience where fabric cut into Helene's flesh. ", "It occurred to Maria that whatever arrangements were made, they worked less well for women. ", "That nervous steel heiress with whom Maria had last met the masseur, something bad had happened to her. ", "She had been shot in the face by her fourteen-year-old son. ", "It had been in the newspapers a few years ago. ", "After the boy killed his mother he shot himself, and was later described by his father as a victim of divorce and drugs. ", "Maria imagined that she had sunstroke. ", "She closed her eyes and concentrated on a prayer she had learned as a child.", "\n\n\"That's one less for lunch,\" Helene said.", "\n\n\"I seem to have come in after the main titles,\" the masseur said petulantly. \"", "Is he going to get the lemons or isn't he?\"", "\n\n\"Faggots make Carter nervous,\" Helene said pleasantly.", "\n\nBZ laughed and blew Helene a kiss off his fingertips. \"", "Actually, Nelson,\" he said then, \"that lemon is not artificial. ", "That lemon is reconstituted.\"", "\n\nMaria stood up and grabbed a beach towel from the deck and ran into the house with the towel clutched to her mouth and a few minutes later when, pale under her sunburn and covered with cold sweat, she stopped the dry heaves and pulled off her bathing suit she saw that for the fifty-first day she was not bleeding.", "\n11\n\n\"I wasn't just crazy about your asking Helene how much money BZ's mother gives them to stay married,\" Carter said on the way back in from the beach. ", "The top was down and Carter was driving too fast because he had to meet Freddy Chaikin and a writer from New York at Chasen's at seven o'clock. \"", "I wasn't just crazy about that at all.\"", "\n\n\"Well, she does.\"", "\n\n\"Does what.\"", "\n\n\"Carlotta gives them money to stay married.\"", "\n\n\"So what.\"", "\n\n\"I'm sick of everybody's sick arrangements.\"", "\n\n\"You've got a fantastic vocabulary.\"", "\n\nShe looked at him and she spoke very fast and low. \"", "I've got a fantastic vocabulary and I'm having a baby.\"", "\n\nCarter slowed the car down. \"", "I missed a transition,\" he said finally. ", "Maria did not look at him.", "\n\n\"It's not mine,\" he said, his voice raised. \"", "I suppose you're going to tell me it's not mine.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know.\"", "\n\nShe did not know why she had said it but she had to. ", "She had to get it straight. ", "For a moment Carter said nothing.", "\n\n\"You don't fucking know,\" he said then.", "\n\nShe put her bare feet on the dashboard and pressed her face against her knees. ", "Now it was a fact. ", "He could stay or he could leave, she had set forth the fact.", "\n\n\"Who was it,\" he said.", "\n\n\"You know.\"", "\n\nHe kept his eyes on the highway and his foot hard on the accelerator. ", "She wanted to tell him she was sorry, but saying she was sorry did not seem entirely adequate, and in any case what she was sorry about seemed at once too deep and too evanescent for any words she knew, seemed so vastly more complicated than the immediate fact that it was perhaps better left unraveled. ", "The late sun glazed the Pacific. ", "The wind burned on her face. ", "Once they were off the Coast Highway he pulled over to the curb and stopped the car.", "\n\n\"I know,\" he said. \"", "But Felicia doesn't.\"", "\n\nShe said nothing. ", "It was going to be bad. \"", "What makes you so sure,\" he said then.", "\n\n\"I didn't say I was sure.\" ", "The air seemed suddenly still and close and she pulled off her scarf. \"", "I said I didn't know.\"", "\n\n\"I mean what makes you so sure it's happening.\"", "\n\n\"Because I went to this doctor.\" ", "She spoke very fast and kept her mind on something else. ", "It seemed to her that they had once been to dinner at somebody's house who lived off San Vicente around here, she could not remember whose house it had been but there had been Japanese food and women with long handcrafted earrings and it had been summer. \"", "Because I went to this doctor and the test he did in his office was positive but that's not an absolutely certain test so he had me bring in some urine for a rabbit test. ", "And he gave me this shot. ", "And if I really wasn't the shot would make me bleed in three to five days.\" ", "She paused. ", "It came to her that in the scenario of her life this would be what was called an obligatory scene, and she wondered with distant interest just how long the scene would play. \"", "And it was six days ago I had the shot.\"", "\n\n\"What about the test.\"", "\n\n\"What test?\"", "\n\n\"The test you were talking about. ", "The second test.\"", "\n\n\"The rabbit test.\" ", "She was suddenly almost too exhausted to speak. \"", "I just never called back about it.\"", "\n\n\"You were afraid to call back about it.\" ", "He was speaking in a careful monotone, a prosecutor with an open-and-shut case. \"", "You thought if you didn't call back it would just go away.\"", "\n\nShe closed her eyes. \"", "I guess so. ", "I guess that's right.\"", "\n\n\"But now it's certain anyway. ", "Otherwise the shot would have made you bleed.\"", "\n\nShe nodded mutely.", "\n\n\"What doctor. ", "Who was the doctor.\"", "\n\n\"Just a doctor. ", "On Wilshire.\"", "\n\n\"A doctor you didn't know. ", "You thought that was smart.\"", "\n\nShe said nothing.", "\n\n\"I'm interested in the mechanics of this, Maria. ", "I'm interested in how your mind works. ", "How exactly you picked this doctor out, why this particular doctor.\"", "\n\nMaria folded her scarf and smoothed it carefully over her bare knees. \"", "He was near Saks,\" she whispered finally. \"", "I was having my hair done at Saks.\"", "\n12\n\nLate that night sitting alone in the dark by the pool she remembered whose house it had been out off San Vicente with the Japanese food, it had been the house of a couple named Sidney and Ruth Loomis. ", "Sidney Loomis was a television writer and Ruth Loomis was very active in the civil-rights movement and group therapy. ", "Maria had never been able to think of anything to say to Ruth Loomis, but in retrospect that was not why Carter had stopped seeing Sidney and Ruth Loomis. ", "He had stopped seeing them because the show Sidney Loomis was writing had been canceled in midseason and he did not pick up another. ", "Maria tried very hard to keep thinking of Carter in this light, Carter as a dropper of friends and names and obligations, because if she thought of Carter as he was tonight she would begin to cry again. ", "He had left the house. ", "He had neither met Freddy Chaikin at Chasen's nor called to say that he was not coming. ", "She knew that because Freddy Chaikin had called for him. ", "She had at last done something that reached him, but now it was too late. \"", "What am I supposed to do,\" he had said before he left the house. \"", "What in fuck am I supposed to do?\"", "\n13\n\nWhen Carter called the next morning it was from the motel on the desert. ", "His voice was measured, uninflected, as if he had been saying the words to himself all night. \"", "I love you,\" she whispered, but it was more a plea than a declaration and in any case he made no response. \"", "Get a pencil,\" he ordered. ", "He was going to give her a telephone number. ", "He was going to give her the telephone number of the only man in Los Angeles County who did clean work.", "\n\n\"Then we'll see.\"", "\n\n\"I'm not sure I want to do that,\" she said carefully.", "\n\n\"All right, don't do it. ", "Go ahead and have this kid.\" ", "He paused, confident in his hand. ", "She waited for him to play it through. \"", "And I'll take Kate.\"", "\n\nAfter he hung up she sat very still. ", "She had a remote sense that everything was happening exactly the way it was supposed to happen. ", "By the time she called him back she was calm, neutral, an intermediary calling to clarify the terms. \"", "Listen,\" she said. \"", "If I do this, then you promise I can have Kate? ", "You promise there won't be trouble later?\"", "\n\n\"I'm not promising anything,\" he said. \"", "I said we'll see.\"", "\n14\n\nAt four that afternoon, after a day spent looking at the telephone and lighting cigarettes and putting the cigarettes out and getting glasses of water and looking at the telephone again, Maria dialed the number. ", "A man answered, and said that he would call back. ", "When he did he asked who had referred her.", "\n\n\"You want an appointment with the doctor,\" he said.", "\n\n\"When could he see me.\"", "\n\n\"The doctor will want to know how many weeks.\"", "\n\n\"How many weeks what?\"", "\n\nThere was a silence. \"", "How advanced is the problem, Maria,\" the voice said finally.", "\n15\n\n\"The food was unspeakable, my clothes mildewed in the closet, you can have Cozumel,\" BZ's mother said. ", "She was playing solitaire and Maria sat transfixed by the light striking off the diamond bracelets on her thin tanned wrists. \"", "Also Machu Picchu,\" she added, slapping down another card.", "\n\nI can't even dream why you stopped at Cozumel,\" Helene said. \"", "I mean since you can't bear Mexicans.\"", "\n\n\"BZ said it was marvelous, that's why.\"", "\n\n\"BZ likes Mexicans.\"", "\n\n\"I know why BZ likes Mexicans.\" ", "Carlotta Mendenhall Fisher shuffled the cards once and pointed at Maria. \"", "Did you ask this child for dinner?\" ", "she demanded. \"", "Or didn't you?\"", "\n\n'It's just seven, Carlotta. ", "I thought we'd have another drink.\"", "\n\n\"I always serve at seven.\"", "\n\n\"The last time I was in Pebble Beach,\" Helene said, \"you served at quarter to eleven.\"", "\n\nHelene and her mother-in-law looked at each other for an instant and then Carlotta began to laugh. \"", "This girl is my own natural child,\" she said finally to Maria, gasping through her laughter. ", "The daughter I didn't have.\"", "\n\n\"Speaking of the one you did have,\" Helene said, \"does Nikki know you're back in the country?\"", "\n\n\"Nikki. ", "Nikki's like this child, I bore her.\" ", "She looked at Maria. \"", "Don't I bore you. ", "Admit it.\"", "\n\nMaria looked up uncertainly. ", "The voice on the telephone had known what she wanted without either of them saying it. ", "The voice on the telephone had said that this would be expensive. ", "The voice on the telephone had told her that on the day set she was to bring a pad and a belt and $ 1,000 in cash. ", "In confusion Maria looked away from Carlotta's bright blue eyes, glittering like her bracelets.", "\n\n\"Isn't it kind of . . .\" ", "Maria trailed off.", "\n\n\"Isn't what?\"", "\n\n\"I mean Cozumel,\" Maria said finally. \"", "Isn't it the off season.\"", "\n\n\"Of course the off season,\" Carlotta said triumphantly.", "\n\nThe voice had called her Maria. ", "The voice had said that he would be in touch. \"", "Carlotta's a demon for thrift,\" Helene said. \"", "Now what about my boring you,\" Carlotta said.", "\n16\n\nThe next morning in the dry still heat she woke crying for her mother. ", "She had not cried for her mother since the bad season in New York, the season when she had done nothing but walk and cry and lose so much weight that the agency refused to book her. ", "She had not been able to eat that year because every time she looked at food the food would seem to arrange itself into ominous coils. ", "She had known that there was no rattlesnake on her plate but once the image had seized her there was no eating the food. ", "She was consumed that year by questions. ", "Exactly what time had it happened, precisely what had she been doing in New York at the instant her mother lost control of the car outside Tonopah. ", "What was her mother wearing, thinking. ", "What was she doing in Tonopah anyway. ", "She imagined her mother having a doctor's appointment in Tonopah, and the doctor saying cancer, and her mother cracking up the car on purpose. ", "She imagined her mother trying to call her from a pay phone in Tonopah, standing in a booth with all her quarters and dimes and nickels spread on the shelf and getting the operator and getting New York and then the answering service picking up the call. ", "Maria did not know whether any of that had actually happened but she used to think it, used to think it particularly around the time the sun set in New York, think about the mother dying in the desert light, the daughter unavailable in the Eastern dark. ", "She would imagine the quarters and dimes and nickels spread out on the shelf and the light in the cottonwoods and she would wonder what she was doing in the dark. ", "What time is it there, her mother would have asked had she gotten Maria. ", "What's the weather. ", "She might never have said what was on her mind but she would have left a coded message, said goodbye. ", "One time Maria had saved enough money to give her mother a trip around the world, but instead she had lent the money to Ivan Costello, and then her mother was dead.", "\n\n\"I'm not crying,\" Maria said when Carter called from the desert at 8 a.m. \"I'm perfectly all right.\"", "\n\n\"You don't sound perfectly all right.\"", "\n\n\"I had a bad dream.\"", "\n\nThere was a silence. \"", "You called the doctor?\"", "\n\n\"Yes. ", "I called the doctor.\" ", "She spoke very rapidly and distantly. \"", "Everything's arranged. ", "Everything's perfectly taken care of.\"", "\n\n\"What did—\"\n\n\"I have to go now. ", "I have to hang up. ", "I have to see somebody about a job.\"", "\n\n\"Just hold on a minute, Maria, I want to know what the doctor said.\"", "\n\nShe was staring into a hand mirror, picking out her mother's features. ", "Sometime in the night she had moved into a realm of miseries peculiar to women, and she had nothing to say to Carter.", "\n\n\"I said what did they say, Maria.\"", "\n\n\"They said they'd call me up some day and on the day they called me up I'd meet them some place with a pad and a belt and $1,000 in cash. ", "All right, Carter? ", "All right?\"", "\n17\n\nAlthough the heat had not yet broken she began that week to sleep inside, between white sheets, hoping dimly that the white sheets would effect some charm, that she would wake in the morning and find them stained with blood. ", "She did this in the same spirit that she had, a month before, thrown a full box of Tampax into the garbage: to be without Tampax was to insure bleeding, to sleep naked between white sheets was to guarantee staining. ", "To give the charm every opportunity she changed the immaculate sheets every morning. ", "She wore white crepe pajamas and no underwear to a party. ", "She pretended to herself that she was keeping the baby, the better to invite disappointment, court miscarriage. \"", "I'm having a baby,\" she heard herself telling the parking-lot attendant at Saks as they tried vainly to get a wicker bassinette into the Corvette. ", "When it became clear that she would have to leave the bassinette for delivery she sat in the driver's seat of the Corvette and cried. ", "She was crying too much. ", "All the time now, when she was driving and when she was trying to clean a bathroom and when she was pretending to herself that she could have the baby, she was wondering where and when it was going to happen.", "\n\n\"Any calls,\" she asked the service.", "\n\n\"Mr. Goodwin, New York, three times, you're to call immediately.\"", "\n\nShe looked again into the hand mirror and again saw her mother. \"", "Tell him I haven't picked up my messages.\" ", "She had nothing to say to any of them.", "\n18\n\n\"Monday,\" the voice on the telephone said. \"", "Monday at five o'clock. ", "We'll be in touch again on Monday.\"", "\n\n\"Where,\" she said. \"", "Where do I go.\"", "\n\n\"I said we'll be in touch, Maria. ", "We will.\"", "\n\nShe drove to the beach, but there was oil scum on the sand and a red tide in the flaccid surf and mounds of kelp at the waterline. ", "The kelp hummed with flies. ", "The water lapped warm, forceless. ", "When she got back into town she drove aimlessly down Sunset, pulled into a drive-in at the comer of La Brea, and, briefly flushed into purposefulness by a Coca-Cola, walked barefoot across the hot asphalt to a telephone booth.", "\n\n\"This is Maria,\" she said helplessly when Felicia Goodwin picked up the telephone in New York. ", "She did not know why but she had not counted on talking to Felicia. \"", "I just wondered when you were coming back.\"", "\n\n\"We've been trying to get you for days.\" ", "Felicia always spoke on the telephone as if a spurious urgency could mask her radical lack of interest in talking to anyone. ", "Sometimes Maria was depressed by how much she and Felicia had in common. \"", "Les was worried something had happened to you, I said no, she's on the desert with Carter—didn't you call the service?\"", "\n\n\"Not exactly.\"", "\n\n\"Anyway we'll be out in a few days, this time to stay, we're going to buy a house—\" Felicia's voice faded, as if she had stretched her capacity for communication to its limit.", "\n\n\"Les finished the script?\"", "\n\n\"I'll get him,\" Felicia said with relief.", "\n\n\"Never mind,\" Maria said, but it was too late.", "\n\n\"Where've you been,\" he said.", "\n\n\"Nowhere.\" ", "When she heard his voice she felt a rush of well-being. \"", "I didn't want to call because—\"\n\n\"I can't hear you, Maria, where are you?\"", "\n\n\"In a phone booth. ", "I just wanted—\"\n\n\"You all right?\"", "\n\n\"No. ", "I mean yes.\" ", "A bus was shifting gears on Sunset and she raised her voice. \"", "Listen. ", "Call me.\"", "\n\nShe walked back to the car and sat for a long while in the parking lot, idling the engine and watching a woman in a muumuu walk out of the Carolina Pines Motel and cross the street to a supermarket. ", "The woman walked in small mincing steps and kept raising her hand to shield her eyes from the vacant sunlight. ", "As if in trance Maria watched the woman, for it seemed to her then that she was watching the dead still center of the world, the quintessential intersection of nothing. ", "She did not know why she had told Les Goodwin to call her.", "\n19\n\n\"You want it in cash,\" the teller said doubtfully.", "\n\n\"I'm taking a trip.\" ", "She did not know why she was saying this but she kept on. \"", "Mexico City, Guadalajara.\"", "\n\n\"You don't want traveler's checks?\"", "\n\n\"Cash,\" she said, and when the teller handed her the bills she ran from the bank with them still in her hand.", "\n\nIn the car she counted the stiff bills. ", "They stuck together and she missed one and she counted them four more times before she was certain she had them all. ", "Since early morning she had been trying to remember something Les Goodwin had said to her, anything Les Goodwin had said to her. ", "When she was not actually talking to him now she found it hard to keep him distinct from everyone else, everyone with whom she had ever slept or almost slept or refused to sleep or wanted to sleep. ", "It had seemed this past month as if they were all one, that her life had been a single sexual encounter, one dreamed fuck, no beginnings or endings, no point beyond itself. ", "She tried to remember how it had been to drag Fremont Street in Vegas with Earl Lee Atkins when she was sixteen years old, how it had been to go out on the desert between Vegas and Boulder and drink beer from half-quart cans and feel her sunburn when he touched her and smell the chlorine from her own hair and the Lava soap from his and the sweet sharp smell of starched cotton soaked with sweat. ", "How High the Moon, the radio would play, Les Paul and Mary Ford. ", "She tried to remember Ivan Costello, tried to fix in her mind the exact way the light came through the shutters in his bedroom in New York, the exact colors of the striped sheets she had put on his bed and the way those sheets looked in the morning and the look of a motel room in which they had once spent a week in Maryland. ", "She tried to remember Carter. ", "She tried to remember Les Goodwin. ", "She could remember it all but none of it seemed to come to anything. ", "She had a sense the dream had ended and she had slept on.", "\n20\n\n\"Nothing's wrong,\" she repeated to Les Goodwin on the telephone.", "\n\n\"I know something's wrong.\"", "\n\n\"Nothing.\"", "\n\n\"O.K.,\" he said finally. \"", "All right. ", "I'm coming out alone on Monday, meet my plane at four.\"", "\n\n\"I can't.\"", "\n\n\"I want to talk to you, Maria. ", "I want to see you.\"", "\n\n\"Monday night,\" she said. \"", "Listen. ", "You make me happy.\"", "\n\nShe hung up very fast then because she did not want to find herself telling him why she could not meet his flight.", "\n21\n\nIn the dream from which she woke when the telephone rang again that night she had the baby, and she and the baby and Kate were living on West Twelfth Street with Ivan Costello. ", "In the dream she did not yet know Carter, but somehow had Carter's daughter and Carter's blessing. ", "In the dream it was all right. ", "She supposed that she had dreamed of Ivan Costello because the telephone was ringing, and he used to call her in the middle of the night. \"", "How much do you want it,\" he used to say. \"", "Tell me what you'd do to get it from me.\" ", "The telephone was still ringing and she pulled the cord loose from the jack. ", "She could not remember what she would have done to get it from any of them.", "\n22\n\n\"You should always call before you come,\" the nurse in charge of Kate's cottage said on Sunday. ", "The nurse had short hair and a faint moustache and Kate clung to her knees and Maria did not like her. \"", "The new medication, new treatment, naturally she's not—\"\n\n\"What new medication,\" Maria heard herself saying. \"", "You keep talking about the new medication, I mean what is it.\"", "\n\nKate screamed. ", "The nurse looked reproachfully at Maria. \"", "Methylphenidate hydrochloride.\"", "\n\nMaria closed her eyes. \"", "All right. ", "Your point.\"", "\n\n\"We definitely would have suggested you wait until next week.\"", "\n\n\"I won't be here next week.\"", "\n\n\"You're going away?\"", "\n\n\"Cozumel,\" Maria said. \"", "Mexico.\"", "\n\nOn the way to the parking lot she twice invented pretexts to run back, kiss Kate's small fat hands, tell her to be good. ", "The third time she ran back it was to find the nurse.", "\n\n\"One thing. ", "You know when she wakes up at night and says _'oise, oise,'_ it means she's . . .\" ", "Maria faltered. ", "She realized that she expected to die. ", "All along she had expected to die, as surely as she expected that planes would crash if she boarded them in bad spirit, as unquestionably as she believed that loveless marriage ended in cancer of the cervix and equivocal adultery in fatal accidents to children. ", "Maria did not particularly believe in rewards, only in punishments, swift and personal. \"", "It means she's having a nightmare,\" she said finally.", "\n\nThe nurse looked at her impassively.", "\n\n\"I mean I don't know if I ever told you that.\"", "\n\n\"I'm sure you did,\" the nurse said.", "\n\nThat night the house crackled with malign electricity. ", "A hot wind came up at midnight and the leaves scraped the screens, a loose storm drain slapped against the roof. ", "Sometime in the night Maria wrote three letters which, before dawn, she tore up and flushed down the toilet. ", "The bits of paper kept floating back into the toilet bowl and by the time she finally got rid of them it was light, and all the daisies in the garden had been snapped by the wind, and the concrete around the swimming pool was littered with fallen palm fronds. ", "At six-thirty that morning she placed a call to Carter at the motel on the desert but Carter had already left for the location. ", "She interpreted that as a sign and did not try to call the location. ", "She would do what he wanted. ", "She would do this one last thing and then they would never be able to touch her again.", "\n23\n\nShe tried to straighten a drawer, and abandoned it. ", "She heard fire reports on the radio, and turned the sprinklers on the ivy. ", "For almost two hours she studied an old issue of Vogue she picked up in the poolhouse, her attention fixed particularly on the details of the life led in New York and Rome by the wife of an Italian industrialist. ", "The Italian seemed to find a great deal of purpose in her life, seemed to make decisions and stick by them, and Maria studied the photographs as if a key might be found among them. ", "When she had exhausted the copy of Vogue she got out her checkbook and a stack of bills and spread them on the kitchen table. ", "Paying bills sometimes lent her the illusion of order but now each bill she opened seemed fresh testimony to her life's disorder, its waste and diffusion: flowers sent to people whom she had failed to thank for parties, sheets bought for beds in which no one now slept, an old bill from F.A.O. Schwarz for a tricycle Kate had never ridden. ", "When she wrote out the check to Schwarz her hand trembled so hard that she had to void the first check, and smoke a cigarette before she could write another.", "\n\n\"Get it right, Maria,\" the voice on the telephone said. \"", "You got a pencil there? ", "You writing this down?\"", "\n\n\"Yes,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"Ventura Freeway north, you got that all right? ", "You know what exit?\"", "\n\n\"I wrote it down.\"", "\n\n\"All set, then. ", "I'll meet you in the parking lot of the Thriftimart.\"", "\n\n\"What Thriftimart,\" Maria whispered.", "\n\n\"Maria, I told you, you can't miss it. ", "Under the big red T.\"\n\nIn the aftermath of the wind the air was dry, burning, so clear that she could see the ploughed furrows of firebreaks on distant mountains. ", "Not even the highest palms moved. ", "The stillness and clarity of the air seemed to rob everything of its perspective, seemed to alter all perception of depth, and Maria drove as carefully as if she were reconnoitering an atmosphere without gravity. ", "Taco Bells jumped out at her. ", "Oil rockers creaked ominously. ", "For miles before she reached the Thriftimart she could see the big red T, a forty-foot cutout letter which seemed peculiarly illuminated against the harsh unclouded light of the afternoon sky.", "\n24\n\n\"You drive,\" the man had said. \"", "We'll pick up my car after.\"", "\n\nHe was wearing white duck pants and a white sport shirt and he had a moon face and a eunuch's soft body. ", "The hand resting on his knee was pale and freckled and boneless and ever since he got in the car he had been humming I Get a Kick Out of You.", "\n\n\"You familiar with this area, Maria?\"", "\n\nThe question seemed obscurely freighted. \"", "No,\" Maria said finally.", "\n\n\"Nice homes here. ", "Nice for kids.\" ", "The voice was bland, ingratiating, the voice on the telephone. \"", "Let me ask you one question, all right?\"", "\n\nMaria nodded, and tightened her grip on the steering wheel.", "\n\n\"Get pretty good mileage on this? ", "Or no?\"", "\n\n\"Pretty good,\" she heard herself saying after only the slightest pause. \"", "Not too bad.\"", "\n\n\"You may have noticed, I drive a Cadillac. ", "Eldorado. ", "Eats gas but I like it, like the feel of it.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing. ", "That, then, had actually been the question. ", "She had not misunderstood.", "\n\n\"If I decided to get rid of the Cad,\" he said, \"I might pick myself up a little Camaro. ", "Maybe that sounds like a step down, a Cad to a Camaro, but I've got my eye on this particular Camaro, exact model of the pace car in the Indianapolis 500.\"", "\n\n\"You think you'll buy a Camaro,\" Maria said in the neutral tone of a therapist.", "\n\n\"Get the right price, I just might. ", "I got a friend, he can write me a sweet deal if it's on the floor much longer. ", "They almost had a buyer last week but lucky for me—here, Maria, right here, pull into this driveway.\"", "\n\nMaria turned off the ignition and looked at the man in the white duck pants with an intense and grateful interest. ", "In the past few minutes he had significantly altered her perception of reality: she saw now that she was not a woman on her way to have an abortion. ", "She was a woman parking a Corvette outside a tract house while a man in white pants talked about buying a Camaro. ", "There was no more to it than that. \"", "Lucky for you what?\"", "\n\n\"Lucky for me, the guy's credit didn't hold up.\"", "\n25\n\nThe floor of the bedroom where it happened was covered with newspapers. ", "She remembered reading somewhere that newspapers were antiseptic, it had to do with the chemicals in the ink, to deliver a baby in a farmhouse you covered the floor with newspapers. ", "There was something else to be done with newspapers, something unexpected, some emergency trick: quilts could be made with newspapers. ", "In time of disaster you could baste newspapers to both sides of a cotton blanket and end up with a warm quilt. ", "She knew a lot of things about disaster. ", "She could manage. ", "Carter could never manage but she could. ", "She could not think where she had learned all these tricks. ", "Probably in her mother's American Red Cross Handbook, gray with a red cross on the cover. ", "There, that was a good thing to think about, at any rate not a bad thing if she kept her father out of it. ", "If she could concentrate for even one minute on a picture of herself as a ten-year-old sitting on the front steps of the house in Silver Wells reading the gray book with the red cross on the cover (splints, shock, rattlesnake bite, rattlesnake bite was why her mother made her read it) with the heat shimmering off the corrugated tin roof of the shed across the road (her father was not in this picture, keep him out of it, say he had gone into Vegas with Benny Austin), if she could concentrate for one more minute on that shed, on whether this minute twenty years later the heat still shimmered off its roof, those were two minutes during which she was not entirely party to what was happening in this bedroom in Encino.", "\n\nTwo minutes in Silver Wells, two minutes here, two minutes there, it was going to be over in this bedroom in Encino, it could not last forever. ", "The walls of the bedroom were cream-colored, yellow, a wallpaper with a modest pattern. ", "Whoever had chosen that wallpaper would have liked maple furniture, a maple bedroom set, a white chenille bedspread and a white Princess telephone, all gone now but she could see it as it must have been, could see even the woman who had picked the wallpaper, she would be a purchaser of Audubon prints and scented douches, a hoarder of secret sexual grievances, a wife. ", "Two minutes in Silver Wells, two minutes on the wallpaper, it could not last forever. ", "The table was a doctor's table but not fitted with stirrups : instead there were two hardbacked chairs with pillows tied over the backs. '", "Tell me if it's too cold,\" the doctor said. ", "The doctor was tall and haggard and wore a rubber apron. '", "Tell me now because I won't be able to touch the air conditioner once I start.\"", "\n\nShe said that it was not too cold.", "\n\n\"No, it's too cold. ", "You don't weigh enough, it's too cold.\"", "\n\nHe adjusted the dial but the sound remained level. ", "She closed her eyes and tried to concentrate on the sound. ", "Carter did not like air conditioners but there had been one somewhere. ", "She had slept in a room with an air conditioner, the question was where, never mind the question, that question led nowhere. \"", "This is just induced menstruation,\" she could hear the doctor saying. \"", "Nothing to have any emotional difficulties about, better not to think about it at all, quite often the pain is worse when we think about it, don't like anesthetics, anesthetics are where we run into trouble, just a little local on the cervix, there, relax, Maria, I said relax.\"", "\n\nNo moment more or less important than any other moment, all the same: the pain as the doctor scraped signified nothing beyond itself, no more constituted the pattern of her life than did the movie on television in the living room of this house in Encino. ", "The man in the white duck pants was sitting out there watching the movie and she was lying in here not watching the movie, and that was all there was to that. ", "Why the volume on the set was turned up so high seemed another question better left unasked. \"", "Hear that scraping, Maria?\" ", "the doctor said. \"", "That should be the sound of music to you . . . ", "don't scream, Maria, there are people next door, almost done, almost over, better to get it all now than do it again a month from now ... I said don't make any noise, Maria, now I'll tell you what's going to happen, you'll bleed a day or so, not heavily, just spotting, and then a month, six weeks from now you'll have a normal period, not this month, this month you just had it, it's in that pail.\"", "\n\nHe went into the bathroom then (later she would try to fix in her mind the exact circumstances of his leaving the bedroom, would try to remember if he took the pail with him, later that would seem important to her) and by the time he came back the contractions had stopped. ", "He gave her one envelope of tetracycline capsules and another of ergot tablets and by six o'clock of that hot October afternoon she was out of the bedroom in Encino and back in the car with the man in the white duck pants. ", "The late sun seemed warm and benevolent on her skin and everything she saw looked beautiful, the summer pulse of life itself made manifest. ", "As she backed out of the driveway she smiled radiantly at her companion.", "\n\n\"You missed a pretty fair movie,\" he said. \"", "Paula Raymond.\" ", "He reached into his pocket for what seemed to be a cigarette holder. \"", "Ever since I gave up smoking I carry these by the dozen, they look like regular holders but all you get is air.\"", "\n\nMaria stared at his outstretched hand.", "\n\n\"Take it. ", "I noticed you're still smoking. ", "You'll thank me some day.\"", "\n\n\"Thank you.\"", "\n\n\"I'm a regular missionary.\" ", "The man in the white duck pants resettled his soft bulk and gazed out the car window. \"", "Gee, Paula Raymond was a pretty girl,\" he said then. \"", "Funny she never became a star.\"", "\n26\n\n\"I want a very large steak,\" she said to Les Goodwin in a restaurant on Melrose at eight o'clock that night. \"", "And before the very large steak I want three drinks. ", "And after the steak I want to go somewhere with very loud music.\"", "\n\n\"Like where.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know where. ", "You ought to know where. ", "You know a lot of places with loud music.\"", "\n\n\"What's the matter with you.\"", "\n\n\"I am just very very very tired of listening to you all.\"", "\n27\n\nSilver Wells was with her again. ", "She wanted to see her mother. ", "She wanted to go back to the last day she had spent with her mother: a Sunday. ", "She had flown out from New York on Friday and then it was Sunday and Benny Austin was there for Sunday dinner and after dinner they would all drive down to Vegas to put Maria back on the airplane.", "\n\n\"Your mom's O.K., don't worry about your mom,\" Benny muttered when he and Maria were alone for a moment at the table. \"", "Believe me it's nothing.\"", "\n\n\"What's nothing? ", "What's the matter with her?\"", "\n\n\"Nothing on God's earth, Maria, that's what I'm telling you. ", "You might say she's a little depressed, naturally your father doesn't want to talk about it.\"", "\n\n\"Depressed,\" Maria repeated.", "\n\n\"Nothing, Maria, believe me. ", "Here they come, we're talking about the zinc boom.\" ", "Benny cleared his throat. \"", "I've been telling Maria about the zinc boom, Harry.\"", "\n\n\"You into zinc?\" ", "Maria said finally. ", "She was watching her mother but her mother looked just as she always had.", "\n\n\"We've been buying a few rights.\" ", "Harry Wyeth began whistling through his teeth.", "\n\n\"Meal fit for the Queen of Spain,\" Benny said. \"", "Francine, you could make a fortune in the take-out spare-rib business.\"", "\n\nFrancine Wyeth laughed. \"", "Maria and I can always open a hash house. ", "When we get sick of you all.\"", "\n\n\"Hash house on 95,\" Harry Wyeth said. \"", "Pretty picture.\"", "\n\n\"Not on 95,\" Francine Wyeth said. \"", "Somewhere else.\"", "\n\nMaria closed her eyes.", "\n\n\"I'm talking about a quantity operation. ", "Franchises, you rent out your name and your receipt.\" ", "Benny Austin talked as if nothing had happened at the table. \"", "Franchised services, that's where the future lies.\"", "\n\nI don't want to go back,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"That's natural.\" ", "Harry Wyeth did not look at his wife or daughter. \"", "That's only natural. ", "Don't think about it, you'll be out again in a month or two, plan on it now.\"", "\n\n\"She's too thin,\" Francine Wyeth said. \"", "Look at her, see for yourself.\"", "\n\n\"She can't win if she's not at the table, Francine.\" ", "Harry Wyeth threw down his napkin and stood up. \"", "You wouldn't understand that.\"", "\n\nThat night as the plane taxied out onto the runway at McCarran Maria had kept her face pressed against the window for as long as she could see them, her mother and father and Benny Austin, waving at the wrong window.", "\n28\n\n\"Helene's going up to Pebble Beach to spend the weekend with BZ's mother,\" Carter said when he called from the desert. \"", "Why don't you fly up and meet her there.\"", "\n\n\"I can't.\"", "\n\n\"Too busy, I suppose.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"Or maybe you're afraid you might have a good time.\"", "\n\n\"I said I can't.\"", "\n\n\"Why can't you, just for the record.\"", "\n\n\"She's not my mother,\" Maria said.", "\n29\n\nThe bleeding began a few weeks later. \"", "It's nothing,\" the doctor on Wilshire said when she finally went. \"", "Whoever did it did all right. ", "It's clean, no infection, count your blessings.\"", "\n\n\"The pain.\"", "\n\n\"You're just menstruating early, I'll give you some Edrisal.\"", "\n\nThe Edrisal did not work and neither did some Darvon she found in the bathroom and she slept that night with a gin bottle by her bed. ", "She did not think she was menstruating. ", "She wanted to talk to her mother.", "\n30\n\n\"I've got news,\" Freddy Chaikin said after the waiter had brought her Bloody Mary and his Perrier water. \"", "I didn't want to break it until it was set. ", "Morty Landau, I predicted it, he's in love with you. ", "You've got a guest-star on a two-part Interstate 80.\"", "\n\n\"That's fine, Freddy.\" ", "She tried for more conviction. \"", "That's really fine.\"", "\n\nHe watched her drain her glass. \"", "It'll get you seen.\"", "\n\n\"Actually I'm not feeling too well.\"", "\n\n\"You mean you don't want to work.\"", "\n\n\"I didn't say that. ", "I just said I wasn't feeling too well.\"", "\n\n\"Maria, I empathize. ", "What you and Carter are going through, it tears my heart out. ", "Believe me, I've been through it. ", "Which is why I know that work is the best medicine for things wrong in the private-life department. ", "And I don't want to sound like an agent, but ten percent of nothing doesn't pay the bar bill.\" ", "He laughed, and then looked at her. \"", "A joke, Maria. ", "Just a joke.\"", "\n31\n\nThe bleeding came and went and came again. ", "By late afternoon of her third day's work on Interstate 80 there were involuntary pain lines on her forehead and she could not stand entirely upright for more than a few seconds. ", "She sat back in the shadows on the edge of the set and prayed that the cameramen would be so slow with the set-ups that the day's last shot would be delayed until morning. ", "At five-thirty they got the shot in three takes and later in the parking lot she could not remember doing it.", "\n\nBy midnight the blood was coming so fast that she soaked three pads in fifteen minutes. ", "There was blood on the bed, blood on the floor, blood on the bathroom tiles. ", "She thought about calling Les Goodwin—it would be all right to call him, she knew that Felicia was in San Francisco—but she did not. ", "She called Carter.", "\n\n\"Get the doctor,\" Carter said.", "\n\n\"I don't exactly want to do that.\"", "\n\n\"For Christ's sake then get to an emergency hospital.\"", "\n\n\"I can't,\" she said finally. \"", "The thing is, I'm working tomorrow.\"", "\n\n\"What do you mean, working. ", "What in fuck does working mean. ", "You just told me you were dying.\"", "\n\n\"I never said that.\"", "\n\n\"You said you were afraid.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"Jesus Christ, Maria, I'm out here on the desert, I can't do anything, will you please get to a hospital or do you want me to call the police to come get you.\"", "\n\n\"You just want me in a hospital so that nothing'll happen to make you feel guilty,\" she said then, said it before she meant to speak, and when she heard the words she broke out in a sweat. \"", "Listen\" she said. \"", "I didn't mean that. ", "I'm just tired. ", "Listen. ", "Ill call the doctor right now.\"", "\n\n\"You have to swear to me.\" ", "Carter's voice was drained, exhausted. \"", "You have to swear you'll call the doctor. ", "And call me back if something's wrong.\"", "\n\n\"I promise.\"", "\n\nInstead she took a Dexedrine to stay awake. ", "Awake she could always call an ambulance. ", "Awake she could save herself if it came to that. ", "In the morning, from the studio, she called the doctor.", "\n\n\"I'll meet you at St. John's,\" he said.", "\n\n\"I can't go to the hospital. ", "I told you before, I'm working.\"", "\n\n\"You're hemorrhaging, you can't work.\"", "\n\n\"Oh yes I can work,\" she said, and hung up. ", "She had wanted to ask him for more Dexedrine, but instead she got some from a hairdresser on the set. ", "While she was changing she found a large piece of bloodied tissue on the pad she had been wearing, and she put it in an envelope and dropped it by the doctor's office on her way home from the studio. ", "When she called the next day the doctor said that the tissue was part of the placenta, and that was the end of that. ", "For the first time in two weeks she slept through the night, and was an hour late for her morning call.", "\n32\n\n\"You were going to come over and use the sauna,\" Larry Kulik said.", "\n\n\"I've been—\"\n\n\"So I hear.\"", "\n\n\"Hear what.\"", "\n\n\"Hear you're ready for a nuthouse, you want to know.\"", "\n\n\"You think I need a sauna.\"", "\n\n\"I think you need something.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"I'm a good friend to people I like,\" Larry Kulik said. \"", "Think it over.\"", "\n33\n\nA few days later the dreams began. ", "She was in touch with a member of a shadowy Syndicate. ", "Sometimes the contact was Freddy Chaikin, sometimes an F.B.I. man she had met once in New York and not thought of since. ", "Certain phrases remained constant. ", "Always he explained that he was \"part of that operation.\" ", "Always he wanted to discuss \"a business proposition.\" ", "Always he mentioned a plan to use the house in Beverly Hills for \"purposes which would in no way concern\" her. ", "She need only supply certain information: the condition of the plumbing, the precise width of the pipes, the location and size of all the clean-outs. ", "Workmen appeared, rooms were prepared. ", "The man in the white duck pants materialized and then the doctor, in his rubber apron. ", "At that point she would fight for consciousness but she was never able to wake herself before the dream revealed its inexorable intention, before the plumbing stopped up, before they all fled and left her there, gray water bubbling up in every sink. ", "Of course she could not call a plumber, because she had known all along what would be found in the pipes, what hacked pieces of human flesh.", "\n34\n\nIn November the heat broke, and Carter went to New York to cut the picture, and Maria still had the dream. ", "On the morning a sink backed up in the house in Beverly Hills she looked in the classified for another place to sleep.", "\n\n\"You'd be surprised the history this place has,\" the man said as he showed her the apartment. ", "He was wearing a pumpkin velour beach robe and wraparound glasses and she had found him not in the apartment marked \"Mgr.\" ", "but out on Fountain Avenue, hosing down the sidewalk. \"", "As a writer, it might interest you to know that Philip Dunne once had 2-D.\"\n\n\"I'm not a writer,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"Excuse me, it was Sidney Howard.\" ", "He took off his glasses and wiped them on a sleeve of the beach robe. \"", "Or so the legend goes.\"", "\n\nIn December the Christmas tree on top of the Capitol Records Tower came and went, and Maria had Kate for three days. ", "They drove up and down La Brea looking for a Christmas tree and had Christmas dinner at Les and Felicia Goodwin's new house and Kate smashed the Victorian doll Felicia had given her against a large mirror.", "\n\n\"She misses Carter,\" Felicia murmured, distraught beyond the immediate breakage.", "\n\n\"You don't know what the fuck you're talking about,\" Les Goodwin said.", "\n\nKate's eyes darted from Maria to Les to Felicia and back to Maria and then, preternaturally attuned to the threat of voices not even raised, she began to scream. ", "The mother apologizing, the child screaming, the polished floor covered with shards of broken mirror and flesh-colored ceramic, they left the Christmas dinner. ", "All that night the two of them held each other with a dumb protective ferocity but the next day at the hospital, parting, only Maria cried.", "\n\nIn January there were poinsettias in front of all the bungalows between Melrose and Sunset, and the rain set in, and Maria wore not sandals but real shoes and a Shetland sweater she had bought in New York the year she was nineteen. ", "For days during the rain she did not speak out loud or read a newspaper. ", "She could not read newspapers because certain stories leapt at her from the page: the four-year-olds in the abandoned refrigerator, the tea party with Purex, the infant in the driveway, rattlesnake in the playpen, the peril, unspeakable peril, in the everyday. ", "She grew faint as the processions swept before her, the children alive when last scolded, dead when next seen, the children in the locked car burning, the little faces, helpless screams. ", "The mothers were always reported to be under sedation. ", "In the whole world there was not as much sedation as there was instantaneous peril. ", "Maria ate frozen enchiladas, looked at television for word of the world, thought of herself as under sedation and did not leave the apartment on Fountain Avenue.", "\n35\n\n\"I don't know if you noticed, I'm mentally ill,\" the woman said. ", "The woman was sitting next to Maria at the snack counter in Ralph's Market. \"", "I'm talking to you.\"", "\n\nMaria turned around. \"", "I'm sorry.\"", "\n\n\"I've been mentally ill for seven years. ", "You don't know what a struggle it is to get through a day like this.\"", "\n\n\"This is a bad day for you,\" Maria said in a neutral voice.", "\n\n\"What's so different about this day.\"", "\n\nMaria looked covertly at the pay phones but there was still a line. ", "The telephone in the apartment was out of order and she had to report it. ", "The line at the pay phones in Ralph's Market suddenly suggested to Maria a disorganization so general that the norm was to have either a disconnected telephone or some clandestine business to conduct, some extramarital error. ", "She had to have a telephone. ", "There was no one to whom she wanted to talk but she had to have a telephone. ", "If she could not be reached it would happen, the peril would find Kate. ", "Beside her the woman's voice rose and fell monotonously.", "\n\n\"I mean you can't fathom the despair. ", "Believe me I've thought of ending it. ", "Kaput. ", "Over. ", "Head in the oven.\"", "\n\n\"A doctor,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"Doctor. ", "I've talked to doctors.\"", "\n\n\"You'll feel better. ", "Try to feel better.\" ", "The girl now using the nearest telephone seemed to be calling a taxi to take her home from Ralph's. ", "The girl had rollers in her hair and a small child in her basket and Maria wondered whether her car had been repossessed or her husband had left her or just what had happened, why was she calling a taxi from Ralph's. \"", "I mean you have to try, you can't feel this way forever.\"", "\n\n\"I'll say I can't.\" ", "Tears began to roll down the woman's face. \"", "You don't even want to talk to me.\"", "\n\n\"But I do.\" ", "Maria touched her arm. \"", "I do.\"", "\n\n\"Get your whore's hands off me,\" the woman screamed.", "\n36\n\n'There's some principle I'm not grasping, Maria,\" Carter said on the telephone from New York. \"", "You've got a $1500-a-month house sitting empty in Beverly Hills, and you're living in a furnished apartment on Fountain Avenue. ", "You want to be closer to Schwab's? ", "Is that it?\"", "\n\nMaria lay on the bed watching a television news film of a house about to slide into the Tujunga Wash. \"I'm not living here, I'm just staying here.\"", "\n\n\"I still don't get the joke.\"", "\n\nShe kept her eyes on the screen. '", "Then don't get it,\" she said at the exact instant the house splintered and fell.", "\n\nAfter Carter had hung up Maria wrapped her robe close and smoked part of a joint and watched an interview with the woman whose house it had been. \"", "You boys did a really outstanding camera job,\" the woman said. ", "Maria finished the cigarette and repeated the compliment out loud. ", "The day's slide and flood news was followed by a report of a small earth tremor centered near Joshua Tree, 4.2 on the Richter Scale, and, of corollary interest, an interview with a Pentecostal minister who had received prophecy that eight million people would perish by earthquake on a Friday afternoon in March. ", "The notion of general devastation had for Maria a certain sedative effect (the rattlesnake in the playpen, that was different, that was particular, that was punitive), suggested an instant in which all anxieties would be abruptly gratified, and between the earthquake prophecy and the marijuana and the cheerful detachment of the woman whose house was in the Tujunga Wash, she felt a kind of resigned tranquillity. ", "Within these four rented walls she was safe. ", "She was more than safe, she was all right: she had seen herself on Interstate 80 just before the news and she looked all right. ", "Warm, content, suffused with tentative small resolves, Maria fell asleep before the news was over.", "\n\nBut the next morning when the shower seemed slow to drain she threw up in the toilet, and after she had stopped trembling packed the few things she had brought to Fountain Avenue and, in the driving rain, drove back to the house in Beverly Hills. ", "There would be plumbing anywhere she went.", "\n37\n\n\"I'm going to do it,\" she would say on the telephone.", "\n\n\"Then do it,\" Carter would say. \"", "It's better.\"", "\n\n\"You think it's better.\"", "\n\n\"If it's what you want.\"", "\n\n\"What do you want.\"", "\n\n\"It's never been right,\" he would say. \"", "It's been shit.\"", "\n\n\"I'm sorry.\"", "\n\n\"I know you're sorry. ", "I'm sorry.\"", "\n\n\"We could try,\" one or the other would say after a while.", "\n\n\"We've already tried,\" the other would say.", "\n\nBy the time Carter came back to town in February the dialogue was drained of energy, the marriage lanced.", "\n\n\"I've got a new lawyer,\" she told him. \"", "You can use Steiner.\"", "\n\n\"I'll call him today.\"", "\n\n\"I'll need a witness.\"", "\n\n\"Helene,\" he said. \"", "Helene can do it.\" ", "He seemed relieved that the dialogue had worn itself down to legal details, satisfied that he could offer Helene. ", "He would be staying in BZ and Helene's guest house while they were looping and scoring the picture. ", "He would speak to Helene immediately. ", "Maria felt herself a sleepwalker to the courthouse.", "\n\n\"Let's see ... an afternoon hearing.\" ", "Helene spaced the words as if she were consulting an engagement book. \"", "That means lunch before instead of after.\"", "\n\n\"We don't have to have lunch.\"", "\n\n\"Day of days, Maria. ", "Of course lunch.\"", "\n\nOn the day of the hearing Maria overslept, thick with Seconal. ", "When she walked into the Bistro half an hour late for lunch she could only think dimly how healthy Helene looked, how suntanned and somehow invincible with her silk shirt and tinted glasses and long streaked hair and a new square emerald that covered one of her fingers to the knuckle.", "\n\n\"Straighten your shoulders,\" Helene said, lifting her drink slightly as Maria sat down. \"", "You look spectral. ", "We should go to the Springs together.\" ", "Helene's eyes were not on Maria but on two women who sat across the room. \"", "Allene Walsh has a new friend,\" she murmured to Maria as she smiled at the older of the two women. '", "They've been spooning food into each other's mouths for the past half hour.\"", "\n\n\"She's an actress named Sharon Carroll, I worked with her once.\" ", "Maria tried to summon up some other detail to assuage Helene's avid interest in other people. \"", "She kept a dildo in her dressing room.\"", "\n\n\"Allene Walsh has more dildoes around her house than anybody I ever knew. ", "Look at my new ring.\"", "\n\n\"I saw it.\"", "\n\n\"From Carlotta.\" ", "Helene studied the emerald. \"", "For staving on the desert. ", "Speaking of new friends. ", "I mean he was shuttling them in and out of that motel like the dailies, I couldn't even get up for a Nembutal without knocking over somebody's bottle of Monsieur Y.\" For an instant Helene's face seemed to lose its animation, and when she spoke again her voice was flat and preoccupied. \"", "You look like hell, Maria, this isn't any excuse for you to fall apart, I mean a divorce. ", "I've done it twice.\"", "\n\n\"I thought only once.\"", "\n\n\"Twice,\" Helene said without interest. \"", "BZ says once because that's what he told his mother.\" ", "She was intent upon her reflection in the mirror behind the table, tracing a line with one finger from her chin to her temple. \"", "You can really tell,\" she said finally.", "\n\n\"Tell what?\"", "\n\n\"Tell I haven't done my Laszlo in three days.\" ", "Helene's voice was still flat but her interest seemed revived.", "\n\nAt two o'clock they met Carter and the lawyers outside the courtroom in Santa Monica, and at two-thirty Maria swore and Helene confirmed that the defendant, Carter Lang, had repeatedly struck and in other ways humiliated the plaintiff, Mrs. Maria Lang. ", "The charge was mental cruelty, uncontested. ", "This Mrs. Maria Lang to whom the lawyers referred seemed to Maria someone other than herself, an aggrieved wife she might see interviewed on television. ", "As they waited for the details to be cleared up, the papers to be signed, Maria sat very still with her hands in her lap. ", "Helene stirred restlessly beside her, her eyes across the aisle, on Carter and his lawyer. \"", "Carter,\" Helene whispered finally, leaning across Maria to attract his attention. \"", "Puzzle of the week. ", "Guess which two dykes were seen feeding each other cheese souffle in the Bistro today.\"", "\n38\n\n\"What have you been doing,\" Carter said the next time she saw him.", "\n\n\"Working. ", "I'm going to be working very soon.\"", "\n\n\"I mean who've you been seeing.\"", "\n\n\"Nobody. ", "Helene. ", "BZ. ", "BZ comes by sometimes.\"", "\n\n\"Don't get into that,\" Carter said.", "\n\n\"He's your friend,\" Maria said.", "\n39\n\nThe first time Maria ever met BZ it had been at the beach house and it had been two o'clock on a weekday afternoon and it was the summer Carter was cutting Angel Beach.", "\n\n\"I've got a meeting at the beach with this guy from San Francisco I told you about,\" Carter had said. \"", "You come along and swim.\"", "\n\n\"I don't feel like swimming.\"", "\n\n\"Maria,\" Carter had said finally, \"he's going to maybe put up some money. ", "Maybe. ", "All right?\"", "\n\nWhen they walked into the beach house she thought there must have been some misunderstanding, some mixup of time or day, because the man to whom Carter spoke was sitting alone with a projector in the darkened living room running a blue movie of extraordinary technical quality.", "\n\n\"Stroke of two, very prompt,\" the man had said, and looked at Maria for a long while before he turned off the projector.", "\n\n\"Did you get by the studio yesterday?\" ", "Carter seemed oblivious to the meeting's peculiar circumstance. \"", "They show you the rough cut?\"", "\n\n\"Fantastic.\"", "\n\n\"Did Helene see it?\" ", "Carter persisted. \"", "Where's Helene?\"", "\n\n\"On the beach.\"", "\n\n\"I'll get my suit on,\" Maria said, uneasy in the darkened room, and BZ had looked at her again, then flicked the projector back on.", "\n\n\"It's too cold to swim,\" he said, and then to Carter: 'The rough cut looked fantastic, except you're missing the story.\"", "\n\n\"Meaning what.\"", "\n\n\"Meaning,\" BZ said, \"how did Maria feel about the gangbang, the twelve cocks, did she get the sense they're doing it not to her but to each other, does that interest her, you don't get that, you're missing the story.\"", "\n\nThe reel had run out and the only sound was the film slapping against the projector. \"", "It's a commercial piece, BZ,\" Carter said finally.", "\n\nBZ only shrugged, and changed the reel. ", "Again the figures flooded the screen. ", "Wordlessly, BZ sat on a pillow and began watching Maria. ", "He rolled a cigarette and passed it to her, and when she passed it on to Carter he took it without looking away from the screen. ", "Between the marijuana and the figures on the screen Maria felt flushed and not entirely in control.", "\n\n\"Look at the film, BZ,\" Carter had said suddenly. \"", "Incredible, they've got opticals.\"", "\n\n\"I've seen the film, Carter,\" BZ had said, and never took his eyes from Maria.", "\n40\n\n\"Let's go to Mexico city tonight,\" BZ said.", "\n\n\"Who?\"", "\n\n\"You, me, Helene, I don't know, maybe Larry Kulik, just fly down for a couple of days, Susannah Wood's there now doing some interiors at Churubusco.\"", "\n\n\"I don't want to do that,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"Yes you do,\" BZ said.", "\n41\n\nEvery night she named to herself what she must do: she must ask Les Goodwin to come keep her from peril. ", "Calmed, she would fall asleep pretending that even then she lay with him in a house by the sea. ", "The house was like none she had ever seen but she thought of it so often that she knew even where the linens were kept, the plates, knew how the wild grass ran down to the beach and where the rocks made tidal pools. ", "Every morning in that house she would make the bed with fresh sheets. ", "Every day in that house she would cook while Kate did her lessons. ", "Kate would sit in a shaft of sunlight, her head bent over a pine table, and later when the tide ran out they would gather mussels together, Kate and Maria, and still later all three of them would sit down together at the big pine table and Maria would light a kerosene lamp and they would eat the mussels and drink a bottle of cold white wine and after a while it would be time to lie down again, on the clean white sheets. ", "In the story Maria told herself at three or four in the morning there were only three people and none of them had histories, only the man and the woman and the child and, in the lamplight, the opalescent mussel shells.", "\n\nBut by dawn she was always back in the house in Beverly Hills, uneasy in the queer early light, plagued by her own and his own and Kate's own manifold histories, certain that BZ and Larry Kulik and all their kind recognized her in a way that Les Goodwin might not want to, recognized her, knew her, had her number, understood as she did that the still center of the daylight world was never a house by the sea but the corner of Sunset and La Brea. ", "In that empty sunlight Kate could do no lessons, and the mussels on any shore Maria knew were toxic. ", "Instead of calling Les Goodwin she bought a silver vinyl dress, and tried to stop thinking about what had he done with the baby. ", "The tissue. ", "The living dead thing, whatever you called it.", "\n42\n\n\"I'm going to New York for a few days,\" she said to Carter. ", "Going to New York had not before occurred to her but in the instant's confusion of running into Carter on the street in Beverly Hills the idea simultaneously materialized and assumed a real plausibility. ", "It was something people did when they did not know what else to do, they went to New York for a few days. \"", "Tomorrow morning,\" she added. \"", "What are you going to do in New York?\"", "\n\n\"What do people usually do in New York.\"", "\n\nHe looked at her for a long time. ", "She was aware that her hair was unkempt, her face puffy. ", "She did not meet his eyes.", "\n\n\"They see a few plays,\" he said finally. \"", "Maybe you can see a few plays.\"", "\n\n\"Maybe I can,\" she said, and walked away. ", "All that day Maria thought of fetuses in the East River, translucent as jellyfish, floating past the big sewage outfalls with the orange peels. ", "She did not go to New York.", "\n43\n\nOnce a long time before Maria had worked a week in Ocho Rios with a girl who had just had an abortion. ", "She could remember the girl telling her about it while they sat huddled next to a waterfall waiting for the photographer to decide the sun was high enough to shoot. ", "It seemed that it was a hard time for abortions in New York, there had been arrests, no one wanted to do it. ", "Finally the girl, her name was Ceci Delano, had asked a friend in the District Attorney's office if he knew of anyone. \"", "Quid pro quo,\" he had said, and, late the same day that Ceci Delano testified to a blue-ribbon jury that she had been approached by a party-girl operation, she was admitted to Doctors' Hospital for a legal D & C, arranged and paid for by the District Attorney's office.", "\n\nIt had seemed a funny story as she told it, both that morning by the waterfall and later at dinner, when she repeated it to the photographer and the agency man and the fashion coordinator for the client. ", "Maria tried now to put what had happened in Encino into the same spirited perspective, but Ceci Delano's situation seemed not to apply. ", "In the end it was just a New York story.", "\n44\n\nThe letter from the hypnotist was mimeographed, and came to Maria in care of the studio that had released Angel Beach, \"Your worries may date from when you were a baby,\" the letter began, and then, after a space, were the words \"in your mother's womb.\" ", "Maria read the letter very carefully. ", "The hypnotist had found that many people could be regressed not only to infancy but to the very instant of their conception. ", "The hypnotist would receive a few interested clients in the privacy of his Silverlake home. ", "With a sense that she was about to confirm a nightmare, Maria telephoned the number he gave.", "\n45\n\n\"You've been brushing it wet,\" the hairdresser said, lifting a strand of Maria's hair and letting it drop with distaste.", "\n\n\"I guess so.\" ", "Maria could never keep up her end of the dialogue with hairdressers.", "\n\n\"I told you before, you split the ends,\" he said with no real interest, and then transferred his attention to a thin girl who had just come up and kissed the back of his neck. \"", "How are you, babe.\"", "\n\n\"I had an operation.\"", "\n\n\"No kidding.\"", "\n\n\"Pelvic abscess.\" ", "The girl loosened her wrapper and absently stroked her collarbone. \"", "All through my tubes.\"", "\n\n\"Listen, I hear his new act is just lying there,\" the hairdresser said. \"", "Bibi Markel was just over there and she heard they were trying to transfer his contract to the lounge.\"", "\n\n\"Macht nicht to me,\" the girl said. \"", "Except maybe I'll have to go to court for the separate maintenance.\" ", "She slipped one big roller away from her scalp and touched the hair to see if it was dry. \"", "Listen,\" she said suddenly. \"", "Finish her and then comb me out and come up for a drink on your way home.\"", "\n\n\"Where you living now.\"", "\n\n\"Off Coldwater, same place. ", "O.K.? ", "Promise?\"", "\n\n\"I'll think about it.\"", "\n\n\"Please. ", "Promise.\"", "\n\nHe ignored her, and handed Maria a mirror. \"", "You want to use a drier, Maria honey?\"", "\n\nBut Maria only shook her head and took the fifteen dollars from her bag and walked very fast toward the dressing room.", "\n\n\"Maybe I can get Sandy to come up.\" ", "Even from the dressing room Maria could hear the girl wheedling, the thin beautiful girl with the pelvic abscess and the separate maintenance and her hair all done and nobody to drink with. ", "She fixed her attention on the mounds of used wrappers and damp towels and tried not to hear whatever it was the girl would say next. ", "The girl was a presentiment of something. \"", "Listen,\" the girl said then. \"", "Maybe I can get Bibi Markel.\"", "\n46\n\nShe had watched them in supermarkets and she knew the signs. ", "At seven o'clock on a Saturday evening they would be standing in the checkout line reading the horoscope in Harper's Bazaar and in their carts would be a single lamb chop and maybe two cans of cat food and the Sunday morning paper, the early edition with the comics wrapped outside. ", "They would be very pretty some of the time, their skirts the right length and their sunglasses the right tint and maybe only a little vulnerable tightness around the mouth, but there they were, one lamb chop and some cat food and the morning paper. ", "To avoid giving off the signs, Maria shopped always for a household, gallons of grapefruit juice, quarts of green chile salsa, dried lentils and alphabet noodles, rigatoni and canned yams, twenty-pound boxes of laundry detergent. ", "She knew all the indices to the idle lonely, never bought a small tube of toothpaste, never dropped a magazine in her shopping cart. ", "The house in Beverly Hills overflowed with sugar, corn-muffin mix, frozen roasts and Spanish onions. ", "Maria ate cottage cheese.", "\n47\n\n\"You're lying in water,\" the hypnotist said. \"", "You're lying in water and it's warm and you hear your mother's voice.\"", "\n\n\"No,\" Maria said. \"", "I don't.\"", "\n\nThe hypnotist stood up. ", "He always seemed cold and he was always sipping Pernod and water and his house was dusty and cluttered with torn newspaper clippings and stained file folders. \"", "What do you hear,\" he said finally. \"", "What do you hear and see in your mind right now. ", "What are you doing.\"", "\n\n\"I'm driving over here,\" Maria said. \"", "I'm driving Sunset and I'm staying in the left lane because I can see the New Havana Ballroom and I'm going to turn left at the New Havana Ballroom. ", "That's what I'm doing.\"", "\n48\n\nThere was at first that spring an occasional faggot who would take her to parties. ", "Never a famous faggot, never one of those committed months in advance to escorting the estranged wives of important directors, but a third-string faggot. ", "At first she was even considered a modest asset by several of them: they liked her not only because she would listen to late-night monologues about how suicidal they felt but because the years she spent modeling had versed her in precisely the marginal distinctions which preoccupied them. ", "She understood, for example, about shoes, and could always distinguish among the right bracelet and the amusing impersonation of the right bracelet and the bracelet that was merely a witless copy. ", "Still, there remained some fatal lack of conviction in her performance, some instant of flushed inattention that would provoke them finally to a defensive condescension. ", "Eventually they would raise their eyebrows helplessly at one another when they were with her, and be oversolicitous. \"", "Darling,\" they would say, \"have another drink.\" ", "And she would. ", "She was drinking a good deal in the evenings now because when she drank she did not dream. \"", "This way to the gas, ladies and gentlemen,\" a loudspeaker kept repeating in her dreams now, and she would be checking off names as the children filed past her, the little children in the green antechamber, she would be collecting their lockets and baby rings in a fine mesh basket. ", "Her instructions were to whisper a few comforting words to those children who cried or held back, because this was a humane operation.", "\n49\n\n\"Leonard's in New York for ten days,\" Helene said as soon as Maria had hung up the telephone. \"", "Did I tell you?\"", "\n\n\"Three times,\" Maria said. ", "Leonard was Helene's hairdresser.", "\n\n\"I don't mind if I'm out of town, but if I'm in town and Leonard's not—who was that on the telephone?\"", "\n\n\"Somebody's leg man.\"", "\n\n\"What do you mean, somebody's? ", "Whose?\"", "\n\n\"Some columnist in the trades. ", "I don't know.\"", "\n\n\"What did he want?\"", "\n\n\"He wanted to know if I was dating anyone in particular. ", "He also wanted to know what I thought of Carter's dating Susannah Wood.\"", "\n\nHelene shrugged. \"", "You knew that.\"", "\n\n\"I mean the word dating? ", "Doesn't it strike you funny?\"", "\n\n\"Not particularly.\" ", "Helene was studying her hair line in a small mirror. \"", "If I'm in town, and Leonard's not, I feel almost . . . ", "frightened.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"I don't suppose you understand that.\"", "\n\nMaria watched the tears welling in Helene's eyes. \"", "Don't, Helene,\" she said finally. \"", "Don't be depressed.\"", "\n\n\"It's shit,\" Helene said. \"", "It's all shit.\"", "\n50\n\nEverything Maria could think to do in the town she had already done. ", "She had checked into the motel, she had eaten a crab at the marina. ", "At three in the afternoon she had been the only customer in the marina restaurant and it had been a dispiriting thirty or forty minutes, sliced beets staining the crab legs and a couple of waitresses arguing listlessly and a piped medley from _Showboat_. ", "After that she had walked on the gravelly sand and she had driven aimlessly to Port Hueneme and back to Oxnard and now she sat on a bench in the downtown plaza, watching some boys in ragged Levi jackets and dark goggles who sat on the grass near her car. ", "Their Harleys were pulled up to the curb and they seemed to be passing a joint with furtive daring and every now and then they would look over at her and laugh. ", "Because there was an oil fire somewhere to the north a yellow haze hung over the town, a stillness over the plaza. ", "On the next bench an old man coughed soundlessly, spit phlegm that seemed to hang in the heavy air. ", "A woman in a nurse's uniform wheeled a bundled neuter figure silently past the hedges of dead camellias. ", "Maria closed her eyes and imagined the woman coming toward her with a hypodermic needle. ", "When she opened her eyes again the boys in the Levi jackets seemed to be rifling the glove compartments of parked cars. ", "To hear the sound of her own footsteps Maria stood up and walked to the pay phone by the public toilet and asked the operator to try the number in Los Angeles again.", "\n\nShe would tell him she could not wait.", "\n\nShe would tell him she was sitting in a park watching some hoods rifling cars and she could not wait.", "\n\nMaybe she would not feel this way if she talked to him, maybe he would make her laugh. ", "Maybe she would hear his voice and the silence would break, the woman in the nurse's uniform would speak to her charge and the boys would get on their Harleys and roar off.", "\n\nBut when the operator got the studio a voice said only that Mr. Goodwin could not be reached.", "\n\nWhen she hung up the phone the silence was absolute. ", "The boys in the Levi jackets were all watching her now, because they were standing around her car, they knew it was her car, they had watched her lock it. ", "They were trying various keys. ", "They were watching to see what she would do. ", "As if in slowed motion she began walking across the grass toward the car, and as she got closer they melted back, formed a semicircle. ", "Abstractly she admired the way that she and they together were evolving a choreography, hearing the same silent beat. ", "She kept her eyes steady, her pace even, and when she found herself unlocking the car under their blank gaze it was with extreme deliberation. ", "As she slid into the driver's seat she stared directly at each of them, one by one, and in that instant of total complicity one of them leaned across the hood and raised a hand in recognition of what had passed between them, his palm out, inscribing an arc in the still air. ", "Later those few minutes in the plaza in Oxnard would come back to Maria and she would replay them, change the scenario. ", "It ended that way badly, or well, depending on what you wanted.", "\n51\n\nShe sat in the motel room near the Southern Pacific tracks in Oxnard and waited for Les Goodwin to call. ", "He had said nine-thirty or ten but she had driven past the theater in the afternoon, the marquee read major studio preview 8 p.m. An eight o'clock sneak meant eleven, by the time they counted the cards. ", "When the telephone rang, it was quarter to eleven and he said it would be another half hour. ", "Maria took two Librium, washed her face although she had showered an hour before, straightened the immaculate room as if to erase any sign of herself. ", "When there was nothing left to straighten she walked across the parking lot to the ice machine by the swimming pool and filled a paper bucket with ice. ", "After she had arranged the bucket on a tray with two water glasses and a bottle of whisky she sat on the bed and turned the pages of the Oxnard-Port Hueneme telephone book. ", "There were fourteen Wyeths listed, twenty-three Langs and twenty Goodwins. ", "When she finally opened the door for him she avoided his eyes, buried her face against his shirt. ", "They were both shaking. ", "He poured Scotch into the two glasses without ice and they sat down on the bed and still they had not looked at each other.", "\n\n\"I almost didn't come,\" he said then. \"", "I called the house this afternoon, I was going to tell you I wasn't coming up, they'd canceled the preview.\"", "\n\n\"I know.\"", "\n\n\"You know.\"", "\n\n\"I was going to tell you I was here and couldn't wait.\"", "\n\n\"You came up this afternoon?\"", "\n\n\"I didn't have anything in particular to do in town,\" she said, and then she looked at him. \"", "I came up this afternoon because I was afraid you'd call me up and tell me they'd canceled the preview.\"", "\n\n\"This is a lousy place,\" he said finally. \"", "Let's get out of here.\"", "\n\nThey drove up the coast until they were exhausted enough to sleep, and then they did sleep, wrapped together like children in a room by the sea in Morro Bay.", "\n\n\"I've got until tomorrow, we can go on up the coast,\" he said the next morning.", "\n\n\"We could go up to Big Sur.\"", "\n\n\"We could have a picnic, we could stay at the Lodge.\"", "\n\n\"We could buy a sleeping bag and sleep on the beach.\"", "\n\n\"I've got to call Felicia,\" he said then.", "\n\n\"Wait until I'm dressed.\"", "\n\nShe dressed with her back to him, then left the motel room and walked down to the water. ", "A culvert had washed out and the equipment brought in to lift it was mired in the sandy mud. ", "Bare-legged and bare-armed, shivering in her cotton jersey dress, she stood for a long while watching them try to free the equipment. ", "When she got back to the motel he was dressed, sitting on the unmade bed.", "\n\n\"Don't cry,\" he said.", "\n\n\"There's no point.\"", "\n\n\"No point in what.\"", "\n\n\"No point in our doing any of those things.\"", "\n\nHe looked at her for a long while. \"", "Later,\" he said then.", "\n\n\"I'm sorry.\"", "\n\n\"It's all right.\"", "\n\nOn the drive back they told each other that it had been the wrong time, the wrong place, that it was bad because he had lied to arrange it, that it would be all right another time, idyllic later. ", "He mentioned the strain he had been under, he mentioned that the preview had gone badly. ", "She mentioned that she was getting the curse. ", "They mentioned Kate, Carter, Felicia, the weather, Oxnard, his dislike of motel rooms, her fear of subterfuge. ", "They mentioned everything but one thing: that she had left the point in a bedroom in Encino.", "\n52\n\nMaria made a list of things she would never do. ", "She would never: walk through the Sands or Caesar's alone after midnight. ", "She would never: ball at a party, do S-M unless she wanted to, borrow furs from Abe Lipsey, deal. ", "She would never: carry a Yorkshire in Beverly Hills.", "\n53\n\n\"I'll be away a few weeks,\" Carter said. \"", "I came by because I'll be away, I wanted to tell you—you know the picture's entered at Cannes.\"", "\n\n\"I read that.\"", "\n\n\"You seen it yet?\"", "\n\n\"How would I have seen it, it's not in release, I mean is it?\"", "\n\n\"Maria, for Christ's fucking sake, they've been screening it every night for a month, you know that— oh shit.\"", "\n\n\"I didn't mean to be that way,\" she said after a while.", "\n\n\"You never mean to be any way.\"", "\n\nIt was always that way when he came by but sometimes later, after he had left, the spectre of his joyless face would reach her, talk about heart's needle, would flash across her hapless consciousness all the images of the family they might have been: Carter throwing a clear plastic ball filled with confetti, Kate missing the ball. ", "Kate crying. ", "Carter swinging Kate by her wrists. ", "The spray from the sprinklers and the clear plastic ball with the confetti falling inside and Kate's fat arms stretched up again for the catch she would always miss. ", "Freeze frame. ", "Kate fevered, Carter sponging her back while Maria called the pediatrician. ", "Kate's birthday, Kate laughing, Carter blowing out the candle. ", "The images would flash at Maria like slides in a dark room. ", "On film they might have seemed a family.", "\n\n\"Listen,\" Maria said to Carter the night before he left for Cannes. ", "She had put off calling until almost midnight but had finally made herself do it. \"", "The picture's fine. ", "I went to a screening, it's a beautiful picture.\"", "\n\nThere was a silence. \"", "If you need to reach me call BZ,\" he said then. \"", "He'll know where I am.\"", "\n\n\"The picture. ", "I really liked it.\"", "\n\n\"Fine. ", "Thanks.\"", "\n\n\"What's the matter.\"", "\n\n\"Just forget it, Maria.\" ", "His voice was tired. \"", "There hasn't been a print in Los Angeles all week.\"", "\n\nDuring the next few weeks Maria bought Daily Variety and The Hollywood Reporter and studied them dutifully for small mentions of Carter. ", "After Cannes he seemed to be in London, and after that in Paris again, where he appeared on television discussing the auteur principle.", "\n\n\"Carter's staying another week in Paris, I guess you know,\" Helene said on the telephone.", "\n\n\"The touring auteur,\" Maria said.", "\n\nHelene paused only slightly. \"", "BZ called them last night, apparently she has to stay over to talk about a picture.\"", "\n\n\"I suppose he was pleased about Cannes.\"", "\n\n\"He didn't talk about it much but she said—\"\n\n\"You think you're telling me something, Helene, you're missing the point.\"", "\n\nHelene giggled. \"", "Whose point.\"", "\n\nThat afternoon Maria had a small accident with the Corvette, received a call from the bank about her overdrawn account, and learned from the drugstore that the doctor would no longer renew her barbiturate prescriptions. ", "In a way she was relieved.", "\n54\n\nMaria stood in the sun on the Western street and waited for the young agent from Freddy Chaikin's office to back his Volkswagen past the Writers' Building to where she was. ", "It was hot and no one had left her name at the gate and there was a spot on her skirt and she was annoyed because of the trouble at the gate and because Freddy Chaikin had not come himself. ", "He had arranged for her to see a director who wanted her for a bike picture and the least he could have done was show up himself. ", "She did not even want to do another bike picture.", "\n\n\"Looks like we missed him,\" the young agent said. ", "He did not turn the motor off.", "\n\n\"How do you mean, we missed him.\"", "\n\n\"I mean I guess he's already left for lunch.\" ", "The agent looked uncomfortably past Maria. \"", "Actually it wasn't two hundred percent confirmed, he told Freddy he might be tied up with the girl they're looking at for the lead.\" ", "Maria pushed her hair back and watched the agent avoid her eyes. \"", "What exactly did they want me for,\" she said finally.", "\n\n\"The high-school teacher, Freddy must've told you that. ", "You read the script, that's the part, the lead's just any teeny fluff. ", "I mean the teacher, she . . . ", "she carries the picture.\"", "\n\n\"The teacher,\" Maria said. \"", "Who plays the Angel Mama?\"", "\n\n\"His girlfriend.\"", "\n\n\"I have to go now,\" Maria said, and without waiting for him to speak she turned and began walking toward the gate. ", "Once in her car she drove as far as Romaine and then pulled over, put her head on the steering wheel and cried as she had not cried since she was a child, cried out loud. ", "She cried because she was humiliated and she cried for her mother and she cried for Kate and she cried because something had just come through to her, there in the sun on the Western street: she had deliberately not counted the months but she must have been counting them unawares, must have been keeping a relentless count somewhere, because this was the day, the day the baby would have been born.", "\n55\n\n\"I want to tell you right now I'm never going to do anything again,\" Ivan Costello had said in the beginning. \"", "If you want to live that way, O.K. There's not going to be any money and there's not going to be any eating breakfast together and there's not going to be any getting married and there's not going to be any baby makes three. ", "And if you make any money, I'll spend it.\"", "\n\nShe had said she wanted to live that way.", "\n\n\"What if I did,\" she had said a long time later.", "\n\n\"Did what.\"", "\n\n\"Got pregnant. ", "Then at least I'd have a baby.\"", "\n\n\"No you wouldn't,\" he had said.", "\n56\n\n\"Maybe next time,\" the hypnotist said. \"", "Next week.\"", "\n\n\"I'm not coming next week.\" ", "Maria did not look at him. \"", "I can't come any more.\"", "\n\nThe hypnotist watched her as she opened her bag, found her car keys, dropped them beneath a sofa cushion and groped for them. ", "The room was overheated but he was wearing two faded cardigan sweaters and standing over a furnace vent.", "\n\n\"It doesn't prove anything, you know,\" he said.", "\n\n\"What doesn't.\"", "\n\n\"That you couldn't open enough doors to get back. ", "Your failure. ", "It doesn't prove anything at all.\"", "\n\n\"I have to leave.\"", "\n\nHe shrugged. ", "As she stood up he was pouring water into a cheese glass coated with Pernod, swirling the mixture into a milky fluid.", "\n\n\"Some people resist,\" he said. \"", "Some people don't want to know.\" ", "Maria drove down to the New Havana Ballroom on Sunset and, trembling, made a telephone call. \"", "I need help,\" she said. \"", "Ivan, I need help bad.\"", "\n57\n\n\"Who's your friend,\" Ivan Costello said. \"", "Who loves you.\"", "\n\nIt was five o'clock in Los Angeles and eight in New York and he was drunk. ", "She should have known better than to call him. ", "She did not even like him. ", "She could not bring herself to give the answer he expected, could not pick up the old litany, could not say you do.", "\n\n\"I don't know,\" she said.", "\n\n\"What's the matter with you.\"", "\n\n\"I just wanted to talk to you.\"", "\n\n\"You just wanted ...\" He paused, and she knew that he was turning on her. \"", "To talk to me.\"", "\n\nShe said nothing. ", "The bar in the New Havana was empty and smelled of disinfectant and the bartender was watching her distrustfully.", "\n\n\"You mean you want to talk to me direct, you don't want me to make an appointment? ", "Go through your agent?\"", "\n\n\"All right. ", "I get it.\"", "\n\n\"You're feeling good enough to talk to me? ", "You aren't sick? ", "You aren't asleep? ", "You aren't out of town? ", "You aren't just fucking unavailable?\"", "\n\n\"Ivan—\"\n\n\" 'Ivan' shit.\"", "\n\n\"All right,\" she said. \"", "O.K.\"\n\n\"You want to know what I think of your life?\"", "\n\n\"No,\" she said, but he was already spitting into the telephone.", "\n\nIn the morning he left four messages on the service and Maria returned none of them. ", "She did call Larry Kulik.", "\n58\n\nMaria sat on a couch in the ladies' room of the Flamingo with the attendant and a Cuban who was killing the hour between her ten o'clock and midnight dates and she knew that she could not go back out to the crap tables.", "\n\n\"Like a cemetery,\" the Cuban said.", "\n\nThe attendant shrugged. \"", "Every place the same.\"", "\n\n\"Not the Sands, I could hardly get through the Sands tonight.\"", "\n\n\"So do business at the Sands.\"", "\n\n\"Fucking negrita,\" the Cuban said without rancor, and looked at Maria appraisingly. \"", "You sick? ", "You need something?\"", "\n\n\"I'm all right,\" Maria said. \"", "Thank you.\"", "\n\nShe could not go back to the tables because Benny Austin was out there. ", "Somehow she had never expected to see Benny Austin again: in her mind he was always in her father's pickup, or standing with her mother and father on the tarmac at McCarran waving at the wrong window. ", "There was something wrong with running into Benny Austin in the Flamingo. \"", "Maria?\" ", "he had called when he saw her. \"", "Maria? ", "That you?\" ", "He was shorter than she remembered him, shorter and more frail, almost bald, a failed man wearing a lariat tie clasp. \"", "Jesus if you aren't the picture of Francine,\" he kept saying. \"", "Jesus but you're her daughter.\" ", "He had asked her if she was married. ", "He had shrugged and said that the course of true love never was a straight flush. ", "He had ordered Cuba Libres for the two of them and he had talked about as it was and finally she had run. ", "He would be waiting there still, trying to run up a stake for her with the chips she had left, that was like Benny, he would play her chips until they were gone and then he would play his own for her, waiting, holding the Cuba Libre until the ice was gone. ", "Benny would wait there all night. ", "Benny would lay anybody in the Flamingo five-to-one that Harry and Francine Wyeth's daughter would not run out on him, and five-to-one were the best odds Benny would lay on the sun rising.", "\n\nWhen Maria heard herself being paged she asked the Cuban for a match and gave no sign that she was Maria Wyeth. ", "Maybe it was Benny paging her but having people paged was not much Benny's style, more likely it was Larry Kulik. ", "She smoked a cigarette and tried not to think about Benny hearing her name and looking around, adjusting his tie clasp and holding his bets, wondering who was calling Harry and Francine's girl, waiting for her to reappear and introduce her friend, make it an evening. ", "After Maria had finished the cigarette she took a back elevator up to Larry Kulik's suite.", "\n59\n\n'Tell him to come up,\" Larry Kulik said, handing her a drink while she waited for the operator to page Benny Austin. ", "In the other room there were some of Larry Kulik's well-manicured friends and a couple of girls, one of them the Cuban she had seen in the ladies' room. ", "The Cuban had given her no sign of recognition. \"", "Guys like that interest me, you'd be surprised.\"", "\n\n\"I wouldn't be surprised at all. ", "Tell that spic to turn the music down.\"", "\n\nShe waited. \"", "Benny?\" ", "She raised her voice over the clatter of the slot machines downstairs. \"", "Benny, I got sick, I—\"\n\n\"Christ, Maria, why didn't you say something, I got a good friend, house doctor at the Mint.\"", "\n\n\"I just need some rest. ", "Benny? ", "Can you hear me? ", "You come see me the next time you're in Los Angeles, all right? ", "Promise?\"", "\n\n\"Sure, honey, swell. ", "I'd like that.\" ", "Maria felt a rush of shame. ", "Benny Austin never came to Los Angeles. \"", "Listen,\" she said suddenly. \"", "You remember the last time you saw me? ", "Remember? ", "You and Mother and Daddy put me on the plane at McCarran? ", "And before that we ate spare ribs at the house? ", "Remember?\"", "\n\n\"Sure, honey, you bet. ", "Next time I'm over we'll paint the town.\"", "\n\nFor a long while Maria lay on the bed and stared at a large oil painting of a harlequin. ", "In a sense the day they ate spare ribs and drove to McCarran had ceased to exist, had never happened at all: she was the only one left who remembered it. ", "Maria followed this thought for as far as it would go, which was not very far, and then she got up and opened the door. ", "A second-string comedian had come in with some of his entourage, and a girl Maria had seen drinking in the lounge.", "\n\n\"New talent,\" the comedian said, looking at Maria.", "\n\n\"She's not talent,\" Larry Kulik said.", "\n\nAt dawn she woke Larry Kulik and told him she was taking the seven o'clock flight out.", "\n\n\"Stick around,\" he said. \"", "What is it with you, you want to get paid for your time or something? ", "So I crapped out on you last night. ", "So what.\"", "\n\n\"That's not it.\"", "\n\n\"Suit yourself,\" Larry Kulik said.", "\n60\n\nAt a party in May she left not with the choreographer who had brought her but with an actor she had never before met. ", "They had danced together and shared a joint in the garden and he told her that they would leave and go up to his house. ", "He had some friends there. ", "Maria was wearing the silver vinyl dress she had bought to make her feel better and her hair was loose and her feet were bare and driving up through the canyon in the actor's Ferrari she felt good for the first time in a long while. ", "The actor had a tape in the car that played Midnight Hour over and over again and when they got to his house he introduced her to the eight or ten people in the living room as Myra. \"", "This is Myra,\" he said. \"", "I just found her some place.\" ", "Four or five joints were being passed in the living room and she smoked one and then went to find a Coca-Cola. ", "In the kitchen she danced by herself and felt a little dizzy but still good. ", "She liked his not knowing her. ", "She did not much like him but she liked his not knowing her.", "\n\n\"Let's fuck,\" the actor said from the doorway.", "\n\n\"You mean right here.\"", "\n\n\"Not here, in the bed.\" ", "He seemed annoyed.", "\n\nShe shook her head.", "\n\n\"Then do it here,\" he said. \"", "Do it with the Coke bottle.\"", "\n\nWhen they finally did it they were on the bed and at the moment before he came he reached under the pillow and pulled out an amyl nitrite popper and broke it under his nose, breathed in rapidly, and closed his eyes.", "\n\n\"Don't move,\" he said. \"", "I said don't move.\"", "\n\nMaria did not move.", "\n\n\"Terrific,\" he said then. ", "His eyes were still closed.", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"Wake me up in three hours,\" he said. \"", "With your tongue.\"", "\n\nAfter he had gone to sleep she got dressed very quietly and walked out of the house. ", "She was in the driveway before she remembered that she had no car. ", "The keys were in his Ferrari and she took it, hesitating when she came out to the main canyon road, turning then not toward Beverly Hills but toward the Valley, and the freeway. ", "It was dawn before she reached Vegas and, because she stopped in Vegas to buy cigarettes, eight o'clock before she reached Tonopah. ", "She was not sure what she had meant to do in Tonopah. ", "There was something about seeing her mother's and father's graves, but her mother and father were not buried in Tonopah. ", "They were buried in Silver Wells, or what had been Silver Wells. ", "In any case she was stopped for speeding outside Tonopah and when the highway patrolman saw the silver dress and the bare feet and the Ferrari registered to someone else, he checked California to see if the car had been reported stolen, and it had.", "\n61\n\nThey let her make one call, and she called Freddy Chaikin. ", "It was not as easy for Freddy to fix as it might have been, because when they vacuumed the car they picked up marijuana, but still, by sundown, she was flying back across the desert with Freddy in a Lear he had borrowed from a client. ", "Freddy had done everything. ", "Freddy had driven out to the Malibu ranch where the actor was shooting a Western and had told the actor whom to call to retract the complaint. ", "Freddy had waited there while the actor did it. ", "Freddy had gotten in touch with one of the big savings-and-loan Democrats, who got in touch with someone in Nevada and the marijuana came off the report. ", "And now as the jet gained altitude Freddy was handing Maria a drink. ", "She was still wearing the silver dress and she was still barefoot and her face was streaked with dust and when she tasted the drink it all came up, all the pills and the not eating and the liquor and the fear and the way she had felt about the actor and the way she had felt when the matron had her finger up her looking for drugs, all that came up in a trail of mucous on the floor of the Lear that Freddy had borrowed in his day-long effort to protect Carter. ", "Freddy watched her clean it up.", "\n\n\"I don't understand girls like you,\" he said finally.", "\n\nShe clutched a towel to her mouth but the convulsion passed.", "\n\n\"I mean there's something in your behavior, Maria, I would almost go so far as to call it . . .\" ", "Freddy paused, and lit a cigarillo with his gold Cartier lighter. ", "When he spoke again he measured each word. \"", "Almost go so far as to call it a very self-destructive personality structure.\"", "\n\nMaria closed her eyes. \"", "You know what, Freddy?\"", "\n\n\"What.\"", "\n\n\"I'd almost go so far as to call you—\"\n\nFreddy Chaikin flicked the gold lighter closed and smiled at her.", "\n\nMaria took his hand, and went to sleep.", "\n62\n\nTwo dozen roses arrived from the actor, or rather from his business manager. ", "Maria knew that the business manager had sent them because his name was on the delivery slip.", "\n\n\"Hey, babe,\" the actor said when he called. \"", "You didn't have to call out the tactical nukes.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know what you're talking about.\"", "\n\n\"I'm talking about Freddy Chaikin, he shows up at ten o'clock in the morning and tries to lay it on me I'll never be in a package with any of his clients again. ", "I mean I was shooting.\"", "\n\n\"I was in jail.\"", "\n\n\"Just hold on, cunt,\" the actor said, his voice rising. \"", "You never told me who you were.\"", "\n\n\"I hear you had a rather baroque morning-after,\" Helene said.", "\n\nHelene came to the house all the time now. ", "Sometimes Maria would pretend no one was home but today Helene had walked in without ringing and come directly upstairs. ", "She sat on the edge of the bed and took out a cigarette.", "\n\n\"How exactly did you hear that,\" Maria said finally. ", "She had taken so many showers during the past several hours that her skin felt damp between the sheets, but the smell of Helene's cigarette and perfume was making her feel dirty again. \"", "I mean what exactly did you hear.\"", "\n\n\"Just that. ", "Carter called from New York and told BZ.\"", "\n\n\"I haven't even talked to Carter.\"", "\n\n\"Freddy did, naturally.\" ", "Helene picked up Maria's lipstick and studied the effect of the color on the back of her wrist. \"", "I mean Freddy is seriously worried about you, Carter is seriously worried about you, BZ and I are—\"\n\n\"I'm all right.\"", "\n\n\"Of course. ", "You're really on top of it. ", "I mean for example there's nothing at all peculiar about hiding here under the covers shaking at three o'clock in the afternoon. ", "Nothing at all off about leaving a party with Johnny Waters and ending up in jail in Nevada at eight o'clock the next morning. ", "Nothing wrong there.\"", "\n\n\"I've got a headache. ", "I'm in bed because my head aches.\"", "\n\n\"I'll get a Darvon.\"", "\n\nMaria pulled the sheet up to her chin.", "\n\n\"I'm just trying to help you, Maria.\"", "\n\n\"I'll be all right.\" ", "Maria sat up and touched Helene's arm. \"", "Really, Helene. ", "I promise.\"", "\n\n\"All right, never mind, I'm leaving.\" ", "Helene stood up and smoothed the bed where she had been sitting and then stared at herself for a long while in the mirror on the dressing-room door. \"", "What kind of fuck is Johnny Waters?\" ", "she asked finally.", "\n\nDuring the next week Freddy Chaikin made a number of telephone calls to various television producers asking, \"as a personal favor to Carter,\" that Maria be considered for parts, even day work. \"", "Anything to take her mind off herself,\" Freddy said to each of them. \"", "What we've got here is a slightly suicidal situation.\" ", "Maria knew about these calls because Helene told her about them.", "\n\n\"I saw a picture of you today,\" Helene said.", "\n\n\"Where.\" ", "Every time she went downstairs Helene seemed to be there.", "\n\n\"You know that employment agency on Beverly? ", "The one where you got the Guatemalan who stole your diaphragm?\"", "\n\n\"I don't know.\" ", "Maria did not want to think about the Guatemalan who had taken her diaphragm.", "\n\n\"You do too know. ", "They've got all those studio stills on the wall? ", "Satisfied customers? ", "Anyway, now they've got a picture of you, signed 'Good luck, Maria Wyeth.'\"", "\n\n\"Well, fine,\" Maria said. \"", "I didn't think you'd be in town again today.\"", "\n\nHelene looked at her and giggled. \"", "BZ sent me,\" she said finally. \"", "BZ wants me to get you to spend a few weeks at the beach.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"You looked years younger in this picture, I must say.\" ", "Helene laughed again. '\"", "Good luck, Maria Wyeth.'\"", "\n\n_\"Dear Maria,\"_ the note read. _\"", "Well don't know when I'll get over to LA but wanted to give you a telephone where you can call if you are in Nevada again or need help. ", "Have some things of your Dad's I want to give you, also because you are like my own daughter there will be a little windfall from this quarter some day, not too soon let's hope. ", "Have all your Dad's papers plus mineral certificates, no action now but quien sabe, once knew a man who thought his rights were worthless and he was sitting on pitchblende so loaded with U. the counters went haywire. ", "Call me at number below and ask for Benny, phone belongs to lady next door, also she cooks for me sometimes. ", "Not like your Mom. ", "Ha ha. ", "Your Friend Benny C. Austin.\"_", "\n\nMaria was listening to someone talk and every now and then she would hear herself making what she thought was an appropriate response but mostly she was just swaying slightly with the music and wondering where her drink was when suddenly Felicia Goodwin took her arm.", "\n\n\"We're leaving now, Maria. ", "We'll drop you.\"", "\n\n\"I have my car, thanks, I'm fine.\"", "\n\n\"Les?\" ", "Felicia was talking over her shoulder. \"", "I need you.\"", "\n\nMaria picked up someone else's drink and smiled past Felicia at Les. \"", "Crowd scene,\" she said. \"", "Principals emerge.\"", "\n\n\"You come with Felicia and me, Maria. ", "I'll get your car tomorrow.\"", "\n\nMaria put the glass down and looked at him for a long while.", "\n\n\"I didn't come with you,\" she said very clearly then. '", "Thank Christ.\"", "\n\nAfter that she was crying, and Helene was holding her arm while BZ got her coat.", "\n\n\"I thought it merited a mention,\" Felicia Goodwin whispered.", "\n\n\"Let it go,\" Helene said. ", "Grateful, Maria put her head on Helene's shoulder and let herself be led outside. ", "In the car she was sick on Helene's lap, and told BZ he was a degenerate.", "\n\nWhen she woke before dawn in Helene's bedroom she saw that someone had undressed and bathed and creamed her body. ", "At first she thought she was alone in the room but then she saw BZ and Helene, sprawled together on a chaise. ", "She had only the faintest ugly memory of what had brought BZ and Helene together, and to erase it from her mind she fixed her imagination on a needle dripping sodium pentathol into her arm and began counting backward from one hundred. ", "When that failed she imagined herself driving, conceived audacious lane changes, strategic shifts of gear, the Hollywood to the San Bernardino and straight on out, past Barstow, past Baker, driving straight on into the hard white empty core of the world. ", "She slept and did not dream.", "\n63\n\n\"I guess I drank too much last night,\" Maria said carefully.", "\n\n\"Don't talk about it.\" ", "Helene was staring out the kitchen window, holding a cup of coffee in her two hands as if for warmth. ", "Her eyes were puffy and there was a bruise on her left cheekbone and her voice was soft and vague. \"", "I don't want to talk about it. ", "The wind makes me feel bad.\"", "\n\n\"I just don't remember getting here.\" ", "Maria had a flash image of BZ holding a belt and Helene laughing and she tried not to look at the bruise on Helene's face. \"", "That's all I was saying.\"", "\n\nTears began falling down Helene's face. \"", "Don't talk about it. ", "And don't say you don't remember, either.\"", "\n\n\"I didn't—\" Maria broke off. ", "BZ was standing in the doorway.", "\n\n\"I picked up your car.\" ", "BZ dropped the keys on the table and looked from Maria to Helene. \"", "What have we here,\" he said softly. \"", "A little hangover terror? ", "A few second thoughts? ", "Is that about the size of it?\"", "\n\nHelene said nothing.", "\n\n\"I can't take this, Helene.\" ", "BZ was wearing tinted glasses and for the first time Maria noticed a sag beneath his eyes. \"", "If you can't deal with the morning, get out of the game. ", "You've been around a long time, you know what it is, it's play-or-pay.\"", "\n\n\"Why don't you go tell that to Carlotta,\" Helene whispered.", "\n\nMaria closed her eyes at the instant BZ's hand hit Helene's face. \"", "Stop it,\" she screamed.", "\n\nBZ looked at Maria and laughed. \"", "You weren't talking that way last night,\" he said.", "\n64\n\nFrom a pay phone on the highway outside Las Vegas she called the number Benny Austin had given her. ", "The number was no longer in service.", "\n\n\"You here all alone?\" ", "the bellboy in the Sands asked, lingering after she had tipped him.", "\n\n\"My husband's meeting me here.\"", "\n\n\"Is that right? ", "Today? ", "Tomorrow?\"", "\n\nShe looked at him. \"", "Go away,\" she said.", "\n\nThe room was painted purple, with purple Lurex threads in the curtains and bedspread. ", "Because her mother had once told her that purple rooms could send people into irreversible insanity she thought about asking for a different room, but the boy had unnerved her. ", "She did not want to court further appraisal by asking anyone for anything. ", "To hear someone's voice she looked in the telephone book and dialed a few prayers, then took three aspirin and tried not to think about BZ and Helene. ", "In the morning she went to the post office. ", "Because it was Saturday the long corridors were deserted, and all but one of the grilled windows shuttered. ", "Her sandals clattered against the marble and echoed as she walked.", "\n\n\"Could you put this in Box 674,\" she said to the clerk at the one open window. ", "674 was the number on the envelope of Benny Austin's letter.", "\n\n\"Can't.\"", "\n\n\"Why not.\"", "\n\n\"It's got to have postage. ", "It's got to go through the United States mail.\"", "\n\nSullenly he studied the nickel and penny she gave him, then pushed one stamp under the grill and watched her stamp the note.", "\n\n\"Now could you put it in 674?\"", "\n\n\"No,\" he said, and threw the letter into a canvas bin.", "\n\nShe found a bench near Box 674 and sat down. ", "At noon the last window slammed shut. ", "Maria drank from the water cooler, smoked cigarettes, read the F.B.I. posters. ", "Wandering the country somewhere were Negro Females Armed with Lye, Caucasian Males posing as Baby Furniture Representatives, Radio Station Employees traveling out of Texas with wives and children and embezzled cash and Schemes for Getting Money and Never Delivering on Piecework, an inchoate army on the move. ", "Maria crossed the street to a diner with a view of the post office and tried to eat a grilled-cheese sandwich.", "\n\nOn the third day a woman unlocked Box 674. ", "She was wearing a soiled white uniform and she had a hard sad face and Maria did not want to speak to her.", "\n\n\"Excuse me,\" she said finally. \"", "I'm trying to reach Benny Austin—\"\n\n\"What is this.\" ", "The woman was holding Maria's letter and her eyes darted from the letter to Maria.", "\n\n\"Actually I sent that letter—\"\n\n\"And now you want it back.\"", "\n\n\"No. ", "Not at all. ", "I want you to give it to Benny Austin and tell—\"\n\n\"I don't know any Benny person. ", "And I think it's pretty funny this letter addressed to some Benny person in my box and then right off you sashay up and start dropping the same name, either you've been tampering in my box, a federal offense, or you're trying some other mickey mouse and believe me you've got the wrong party.\"", "\n\nMaria backed away. ", "The woman's face was white and twisted and she was following Maria, her voice rising. \"", "You're Luanne's foster mother, is exactly who you are, and you're nosing around Vegas because you heard about the injury settlement, well just you forget it. ", "I said forget it.\"", "\n65\n\n\"What do you think,\" Maria could hear one of the men saying. ", "She was trying to eat an egg roll in the Sands and the two men and the girl had been watching her ever since she sat down.", "\n\n\"About what,\" the girl said.", "\n\n\"That.\"", "\n\nThe girl shrugged. \"", "Maybe.\"", "\n\nThe other man said something that Maria did not hear and when she looked up again the girl was still watching her.", "\n\n\"Thirty-six,\" the girl said. \"", "But a good thirty-six.\"", "\n\nFor the rest of the time Maria was in Las Vegas she wore dark glasses. ", "She did not decide to stay in Vegas: she only failed to leave. ", "She spoke to no one. ", "She did not gamble. ", "She neither swam nor lay in the sun. ", "She was there on some business but she could not seem to put her finger on what that business was. ", "All day, most of every night, she walked and she drove. ", "Two or three times a day she walked in and out of all the hotels on the Strip and several downtown. ", "She began to crave the physical flash of walking in and out of places, the temperature shock, the hot wind blowing outside, the heavy frigid air inside. ", "She thought about nothing. ", "Her mind was a blank tape, imprinted daily with snatches of things overheard, fragments of dealers' patter, the beginnings of jokes and odd lines of song lyrics. ", "When she finally lay down nights in the purple room she would play back the day's tape, a girl singing into a microphone and a fat man dropping a glass, cards fanned on a table and a dealer's rake in closeup and a woman in slacks crying and the opaque blue eyes of the guard at some baccarat table. ", "A child in the harsh light of a crosswalk on the Strip. ", "A sign on Fremont Street. ", "A light blinking. ", "In her half sleep the point was ten, the jackpot was on eighteen, the only man that could ever reach her was the son of a preacher man, someone was down sixty, someone was up, Daddy wants a popper and she rode a painted pony let the spinning wheel spin.", "\n\nBy the end of a week she was thinking constantly about where her body stopped and the air began, about the exact point in space and time that was the difference between Maria and other. ", "She had the sense that if she could get that in her mind and hold it for even one micro-second she would have what she had come to get. ", "As if she had fever, her skin burned and crackled with a pinpoint sensitivity. ", "She could feel smoke against her skin. ", "She could feel voice waves. ", "She was beginning to feel color, light intensities, and she imagined that she could be put blindfolded in front of the signs at the Thunderbird and the Flamingo and know which was which. \"", "Maria,\" she felt someone whisper one night, but when she turned there was nobody.", "\n\nShe began to feel the pressure of Hoover Dam, there on the desert, began to feel the pressure and pull of the water. ", "When the pressure got great enough she drove out there. ", "All that day she felt the power surging through her own body. ", "All day she was faint with vertigo, sunk in a world where great power grids converged, throbbing lines plunged finally into the shallow canyon below the dam's face, elevators like coffins dropped into the bowels of the earth itself. ", "With a guide and a handful of children Maria walked through the chambers, stared at the turbines in the vast glittering gallery, at the deep still water with the hidden intakes sucking all the while, even as she watched; clung to the railings, leaned out, stood finally on a platform over the pipe that carried the river beneath the dam. ", "The platform quivered. ", "Her ears roared. ", "She wanted to stay in the dam, lie on the great pipe itself, but reticence saved her from asking.", "\n\n\"Just how long have you been here now,\" Freddy Chaikin asked when she ran into him in Caesar's. \"", "You planning on making a year of it? ", "Or what?\"", "\n\n\"Two weeks, Freddy. ", "I haven't been here even two weeks.\"", "\n\n\"Jesus Christ, two weeks in Vegas.\"", "\n\n\"I like the good talk.\"", "\n\n\"I'm over for Lenny's opening, you coming?\"", "\n\nShe tried to think who Lenny was. \"", "I'm not seeing too many people, actually.\"", "\n\n\"That's not healthy, you're morbid enough. ", "Do me a favor, come on over after. ", "Lenny's suite. ", "A lot of people you know.\"", "\n\n\"I'll see.\"", "\n\n\"Maria. ", "A personal favor. ", "You owe me one, O.K.? ", "1202, that's in the new building.\"", "\n\n\"Could you tell me how to find 1202,\" she asked the man at the desk in the hotel. ", "When she had called up from the lobby there was too much noise to understand Freddy's directions.", "\n\nShe waited. ", "The desk clerk did not look up.", "\n\n\"I'm looking for 1202.\"", "\n\nHe lifted his eyes only slightly. \"", "No,\" he said.", "\n\n\"You don't understand. ", "I don't know how to get to the new building.\"", "\n\n\"I do understand, honey. ", "I understand very well. ", "No dice. ", "If they want you up there they'd tell you how to get there. ", "Freelance some place else.\"", "\n\nWhen she got back to the Sands she looked at herself in the mirror for a long while, then called room service and asked for a double bourbon. ", "When the boy came he looked at her.", "\n\n\"Pretty early still,\" he said.", "\n\nShe poured a few drops of bourbon over the ice and watched it coat the glass. ", "It seemed to her now that she had been driving all week toward precisely this instant. \"", "I don't know anyone,\" she heard herself saying.", "\n\n\"Lots of guys around.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know any.\"", "\n\n\"I could make an introduction.\"", "\n\nShe looked at him. \"", "All right,\" she said. '", "In an hour.\"", "\n\nAfter he left she waited five minutes and then walked into the corridor and out onto the burning floodlit parking lot and an hour later she was deep into the desert, driving west at eighty miles an hour. ", "Early in the morning she called Freddy Chaikin from Los Angeles and asked him to pay her bill and bring back her clothes.", "\n\n\"What happened.\"", "\n\nMaria did not answer.", "\n\n\"I don't even want to know,\" Freddy Chaikin said.", "\n\n\"Don't forget my dark glasses,\" Maria said.", "\n66\n\n\"What do you weigh now? ", "About eighty-two?\"", "\n\nMaria opened her eyes. ", "The voice was Carter's but for an instant in the bright afternoon light on the sun deck she could not make out his features.", "\n\n\"I didn't know you'd be here today,\" she said finally.", "\n\n\"Helene told me you were coming out.\"", "\n\n\"Helene is a veritable Celebrity Register.\"", "\n\n\"Just calm down. ", "I want to talk about something.\" ", "He looked back toward the house. ", "BZ was on the telephone in the living room. \"", "Let's walk down the beach.\"", "\n\n\"We can talk here.\"", "\n\n\"Have it your way, we can talk here.\" ", "He kicked aside her sandals and sat down. \"", "I've been trying to get hold of you for two weeks.\"", "\n\n\"I know it.\"", "\n\n\"No games, Maria, O.K.? ", "I came all the way out here, I walked out of a meeting, a meeting with Carl Kastner, just to—\"\n\nShe reached for his hand and put it over his mouth. ", "She was absurdly touched by the detail about Carl Kastner: Carter was still Carter. \"", "I haven't wanted to see you because I didn't feel good. ", "That's all. ", "Talk to me.\"", "\n\nCarter took out a cigarette, crumpled the package, then smoothed out the package and replaced the cigarette. \"", "You know I'm starting the new picture on the desert in ten days,\" he said finally. \"", "You knew about that.\" ", "He was not looking at her. \"", "Which means this: it means—\"\n\n'It means,\" she prompted after a pause.", "\n\nHe looked at her. \"", "I want you out there.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"We could do it.\"", "\n\n\"Why should we.\"", "\n\nCarter looked uncomfortable. \"", "It just might be better.\"", "\n\n\"You mean you don't think I can take care of myself.\"", "\n\n\"No.\" ", "Carter stood up. \"", "I do not. ", "I do not think you can take care of yourself. ", "Things I've been hearing, things I—\"\n\n\"What things.\"", "\n\n\"You know goddamn fucking well what things.\"", "\n\nHe stood over Maria with his hand frozen in air. ", "He had been about to hit her.", "\n\n\"Go ahead,\" she said. \"", "You can't hurt me.\"", "\n\n\"Fantastic day,\" a clear voice said, and Carter dropped his arm. ", "A girl with long tangled hair and a short chemise nightgown stood in the doorway, yawning and shaking out her hair. \"", "You suppose there's any coffee?\" ", "The girl examined what seemed to be a bite on her arm and walked out into the sun. \"", "I mean I could die for some.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"BZ honey?\" ", "the girl called. \"", "Is there coffee made?\"", "\n\n\"No,\" BZ said from the house. \"", "There is no coffee. ", "There is not any coffee.\"", "\n\n\"Honey, there must be instant,\" the girl drawled. ", "From the doorway she smiled back at Carter. \"", "I'm Jeanelle,\" she said.", "\n\n\"Who the fuck was that,\" Carter said after a moment.", "\n\nMaria sat huddled in a towel. \"", "I guess that's Jeanelle.\"", "\n\n\"Who's she for?\"", "\n\n\"How should I know.\"", "\n\nCarter looked at her. \"", "Stop it,\" he said finally. \"", "Stop crying. ", "Baby, listen. ", "Stop.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know what to do.\"", "\n\n\"You're going to come to the desert with me.\"", "\n\n\"Just as a point of interest, you going to be fucking Susannah Wood out there?\"", "\n\nCarter pulled her to her feet and kissed her. ", "She stood without moving and after a while he let his arms drop.", "\n\n\"What's the matter now,\" he said.", "\n\n\"Nothing.\"", "\n\n'It's all gone with you,\" he said. \"", "It used to be there but it's gone.\"", "\n\n\"Listen,\" she said as if by rote. \"", "I love you.\"", "\n\n\"You know what I wish it was tonight?\" ", "the girl in the nightgown was saying when Maria came inside at four o'clock. \"", "I wish it was New Year's Eve. ", "Most people think New Year's Eve is a bore but I love it.\"", "\n\nHelene lay on a couch staring at the ceiling. \"", "You do,\" she said.", "\n\n\"Helene,\" BZ said. \"", "Maria's going to the desert with us, isn't that interesting?\" ", "BZ smiled at Maria. \"", "I said Maria's going to the desert, Helene.\"", "\n\n\"I heard you.\"", "\n\n\"I also love Christmas,\" the girl said.", "\n\n\"Jeanelle,\" BZ said, \"there's some coke in the bedroom if you want to go get it. ", "Some Merck.\"", "\n\n\"You've been holding out,\" Jeanelle said. ", "BZ watched the girl leave and then turned to Helene. \"", "Get her out of here,\" he said.", "\n\nHelene stared at him. \"", "You started it,\" she whispered.", "\n67\n\n\"You told me you'd come,\" Carter said.", "\n\n\"What for.\"", "\n\n\"I want you out there.\"", "\n\n\"It's all gone, you said so yourself.\"", "\n\n\"All right,\" Carter said. \"", "Stay here and kill yourself. ", "Something interesting like that.\"", "\n\nCarter and BZ and Helene left for the desert. ", "Maria found a doctor who would give her barbiturates again, and in the evenings she drove.", "\n\n\"Who is it,\" she whispered when she saw the lighted cigar in the dark living room. ", "She had just let herself into the house and locked the door behind her and now she leaned against it. \"", "I said who is it.\"", "\n\nThe cigar moved. ", "She closed her eyes.", "\n\n\"Who do you think it is,\" Ivan Costello said. \"", "Maybe if you'd call your answering service once in a while you'd know when I was in town.\"", "\n\n\"What are you doing in my house.\"", "\n\n\"Come here.\"", "\n\nShe turned on a light.", "\n\n\"I said come here.\"", "\n\n\"No.\" ", "She could see that he was drunk. \"", "I'm going out.\"", "\n\n\"You aren't going anywhere. ", "Don't tell me no.\"", "\n\n\"No.\"", "\n\n\"All right,\" he said. \"", "Fight me. ", "You'll like it better that way anyway.\"", "\n\n\"What did you come here for,\" she said at three or four in the morning.", "\n\n\"What I got.\"", "\n\n\"What did you come here for,\" she repeated.", "\n\n\"I didn't come here to hurt you, if that's what you mean.\"", "\n\nShe said nothing.", "\n\n\"Oh Christ,\" he said. \"", "Baby. ", "I just came to make you remember.\"", "\n\n\"I can't remember.\"", "\n\n\"You remembered all right the last three hours.\"", "\n\nShe wrapped her arms around her bare shoulders. \"", "That hasn't got anything to do with me.\"", "\n\n\"Baby, it used to.\"", "\n\n\"Get out of here,\" she said, and this time he did.", "\n\nIn the morning he came again. ", "She answered the door and went back to the couch where she had spent the rest of the night. \"", "You don't have to crack up over this,\" he said. \"", "You used to tell me you'd do it for me until you died. ", "You used to tell me—\"\n\n\"I used to tell you a lot of things.\" ", "She could still smell cigar smoke on his coat. \"", "Leave me alone.\"", "\n\n\"I'll leave you alone,\" he said finally. \"", "See how you like it.\"", "\n\nShe lay on the couch, her eyes fixed on a bowl of dead roses, until four o'clock in the afternoon. ", "At four she called Les Goodwin.", "\n\n\"Something bad is going to happen to me,\" she said.", "\n\n\"Something bad is going to happen to all of us.\"", "\n\nShe could hear a typewriter in the background. \"", "I mean it. ", "Take me somewhere.\"", "\n\n\"You got a map of Peru?\"", "\n\nShe said nothing.", "\n\n\"That's funny, Maria. ", "That's a line from Dark Passage.\"", "\n\n\"I know it.\"", "\n\n\"I had a fight with Felicia at lunch, I've got to have a rewrite by tomorrow morning, I tell you something funny and you don't laugh.\"", "\n\n\"When I want to hear something funny I'll call you up again.\"", "\n\nAfter she hung up she packed one bag and drove to the desert.", "\n68\n\nWhen I first married Carter and my name began appearing in columns I received mail from mad people. ", "I am not much engaged by the problems of what you might call our day but I am burdened by the particular, the mad person who writes me a letter. ", "It is no longer necessary for them even to write me. ", "I know when someone is thinking of me. ", "I learn to deal with this.", "\n69\n\nThe first night in the still heat of the motel on the desert Carter turned away from Maria without speaking. ", "The second night he got up and lay down on the bed in the other room.", "\n\n\"What's the matter,\" Maria said, standing in the doorway in the dark.", "\n\n\"It isn't any better.\"", "\n\n\"How do you know.\"", "\n\nHe said nothing.", "\n\n\"I mean we didn't even try.\"", "\n\n\"You don't want it.\"", "\n\n\"I do too.\"", "\n\n\"No,\" he said. \"", "You don't.\"", "\n\nMaria turned away. ", "After that either she or Carter slept most nights in the other room. ", "Some nights he said that he was tired, and some nights she said that she wanted to read, and other nights no one said anything. ", "In the motel on the desert there were the two rooms, and a bathroom with a scaling metal shower stall, and a kitchenette with a few chipped dishes and an oilcloth-covered table. ", "The air conditioner was broken, and through the open windows at night Maria could hear the jukebox from the bar across the road. ", "On those nights when Carter could not sleep she lay perfectly still, her eyes closed, and waited for the moment when Carter would begin banging drawers, slamming doors, throwing a magazine across the bed where she lay.", "\n\n\"You aren't waking me up,\" she would say then. \"", "I'm not asleep.\"", "\n\n\"Well go to sleep, cunt. ", "Go to sleep. ", "Die. ", "Fucking vegetable.\"", "\n\nAfter that point he would sleep. ", "She would not.", "\n\nBy the time Maria woke at eight-thirty or nine in the morning it would already be 105°, 110°. ", "Carter would be gone. ", "For the first week Maria would wash in the trickle that came from the shower and drink a Coca-Cola in the bathroom and then drive out to the location, but on Monday of the second week Carter asked her to leave at lunchtime.", "\n\n\"You're making Susannah nervous,\" he said. \"", "It's only her second picture, she's worried about working against Harrison, now you're here—the point is, when an actress is working, there's a certain—\" \n\"I've worked once or twice. ", "As an actress.\"", "\n\nCarter avoided her eyes. \"", "Maybe you and Helene could do something.\"", "\n\n\"Maybe we could see some plays.\"", "\n70\n\nThe town was on a dry river bed between Death Valley and the Nevada line. ", "Carter and BZ and Helene and Susannah Wood and Harrison Porter and most of the crew did not think of it as a town at all, but Maria did: it was larger than Silver Wells. ", "Besides the motel, which was built of cinder block and operated by the wife of the sheriff's deputy who patrolled the several hundred empty square miles around the town, there were two gas stations, a store which sold fresh meat and vegetables one day a week, a coffee shop, a Pentecostal church, and the bar, which served only beer. ", "The bar was called The Rattler Room.", "\n\nThere was a bathhouse in the town, an aluminum lean-to with a hot spring piped into a shallow concrete pool, and because of the hot baths the town attracted old people, believers in cures and the restorative power of desolation, eighty- and ninety-year-old couples who moved around the desert in campers. ", "There were a few dozen cinder-block houses in the town, two trailer courts, and, on the dirt road that was the main street, the office for an abandoned talc mine called the Queen of Sheba. ", "The office was boarded up. ", "Fifty miles north there was supposed to be a school, but Maria saw no children.", "\n\n\"You can't call this a bad place,\" the woman who ran the coffee shop told Maria. ", "The fan was broken and the door open and the woman swatted listlessly at flies. \"", "I've lived in worse.\"", "\n\n\"So have I,\" Maria said. ", "The woman shrugged.", "\n\nBy late day the thermometer outside the motel office would register between 120° and 130°. ", "The old people put aluminum foil in their trailer windows to reflect the heat. ", "There were two trees in the town, two cottonwoods in the dry river bed, but one of them was dead.", "\n71\n\n\"You're with the movie,\" the boy at the gate to the bathhouse said. ", "He was about eighteen and he had fair pimpled skin and he wore a straw field hat to ward off the sun. \"", "I guessed it yesterday.\"", "\n\n\"My husband is.\"", "\n\n\"You want to know how I guessed?\"", "\n\n\"How,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"Because I—\" The boy studied his grimy fingernails, as if no longer confident that the story illustrated a special acumen. \"", "Because I personally know everybody from around here,\" he said then, his eyes on his fingernails. \"", "I mean I guessed right away you weren't somebody I already knew.\"", "\n\n\"Actually I come from around here.\" ", "Maria had spoken to no one else all day and she did not want to go into the bathhouse. ", "She did not even know why she had come to the bathhouse. ", "The bathhouse was full of old people, their loose skin pink from the water, sitting immobile on the edge of the pool nursing terminal cancers and wens and fear. \"", "Actually I grew up in Silver Wells.\"", "\n\nThe boy looked at her impassively.", "\n\n\"It's across the line. ", "I mean it's on the test range.\"", "\n\n\"How about that,\" the boy said, and then he leaned forward. \"", "Your husband couldn't be Harrison Porter, could he?\"", "\n\n\"No,\" Maria said, and then there seemed nothing more to say.", "\n\n\"My room, my game.\" ", "Susannah Wood was sitting on her bed rolling cigarettes. \"", "So turn up the sound.\"", "\n\nCarter walked over to the bank of amplifiers and speakers and tape reels that Susannah had brought with her to the desert.", "\n\n\"Somebody's going to complain,\" Maria repeated.", "\n\n\"So what,\" Susannah Wood said, and then she laughed. \"", "Maria thinks we're going to get arrested for possession. ", "Maria thinks she's already done that number in Nevada.\"", "\n\nBZ looked up. \"", "Turn it down, Carter.\"", "\n\nSusannah Wood looked first at BZ and then at Maria. \"", "Turn it up, Carter.\"", "\n\nMaria stood up. ", "It was midnight and she was wearing only an old bikini bathing suit and her hair clung damply to the back of her neck. \"", "I don't like any of you,\" she said. \"", "You are all making me sick.\"", "\n\nSusannah Wood laughed.", "\n\n\"That's not funny, Maria,\" Helene said.", "\n\n\"I mean sick. ", "Physically sick.\"", "\n\nHelene picked up a jar from the clutter on Susannah Wood's dressing table and began smoothing cream into Maria's shoulders. \"", "If it's not funny don't say it, Maria.\"", "\n\n\"What about Susannah,\" Maria asked Carter. ", "She was standing in the sun by the window brushing her hair.", "\n\n\"What about her.\"", "\n\nMaria brushed her hair another twenty strokes and went into the bathroom. \"", "I mean did you really like fucking her.\"", "\n\n\"Not particularly.\"", "\n\n\"I wonder why not,\" Maria said, and closed the bathroom door.", "\n\n\"Where's Carter,\" Maria said when she came into BZ's room.", "\n\n\"We had some trouble with Harrison, Carter stayed out there to block a scene with him. ", "You want a drink?\"", "\n\n\"I guess so. ", "They coming back here?\"", "\n\n\"I said we'd meet them in Vegas. ", "Helene's there already.\"", "\n\n\"Let's not have dinner at the Riviera again.\"", "\n\n\"Harrison likes the Riviera.\"", "\n\nMaria leaned back on Helene's bed. \"", "I'm tired of Harrison.\" ", "She licked the inside of her glass and let the bourbon coat her tongue. \"", "Some ice might help.\"", "\n\n\"The refrigerator's broken. ", "Roll a number.\"", "\n\nMaria closed her eyes. \"", "And I'm also tired of Susannah.\"", "\n\n\"What else are you tired of.\"", "\n\n\"I don't know.\"", "\n\n\"You're getting there,\" BZ said.", "\n\n\"Getting where.\"", "\n\n\"Where I am.\"", "\n72\n\nThey had been on the desert three weeks when Susannah Wood got beaten up in a hotel room in Las Vegas. ", "The unit publicity man got over there right away and Harrison Porter did a surprise Telethon for Southern Nevada Cystic Fibrosis and there was no mention of the incident. ", "When Maria asked Carter what had happened he shrugged.", "\n\n\"What difference does it make,\" he said.", "\n\nSusannah Wood was not badly hurt but her face was bruised and she could not be photographed. ", "Carter tried to shoot around her until the bruise was down enough to be masked by makeup but by the end of the fourth week they were running ten days over schedule.", "\n\n\"Was it Harrison?\"", "\n\n\"It's over, she's O.K., drop it.\" ", "Carter was standing by the window watching for BZ's car. ", "BZ had been in town for meetings at the studio. \"", "Susannah doesn't take things quite as hard as you do. ", "So just forget it.\"", "\n\n\"Was it you?\"", "\n\nCarter looked at her. \"", "You think that way, get your ass out of here.\"", "\n\nIn silence Maria pulled out a suitcase and began taking her clothes from hangers. ", "In silence Carter watched her. ", "By the time BZ walked in, neither of them had spoken for ten minutes.", "\n\n\"They're on your back,\" BZ said. ", "He dropped his keys on the bed and took an ice tray from the refrigerator.", "\n\n\"I thought they liked the dailies.\"", "\n\n\"Ralph likes them. ", "Kramer says they're very interesting.\"", "\n\n\"What does that mean.\"", "\n\n\"It means he wants to know why he's not seeing a master, two, closeup and reaction on every shot.\"", "\n\n\"If I started covering myself on every shot we'd bring it in at about two-five.\"", "\n\n\"All right, then, it doesn't mean that. ", "It means he wants Ralph to hang himself with your rope.\" ", "BZ looked at Maria. \"", "What's she doing?\"", "\n\n\"Ask her,\" Carter said, and walked out.", "\n\n\"Harrison did it,\" BZ said. \"", "What's the problem.\"", "\n\n\"Carter was there. ", "Wasn't Carter there.\"", "\n\n\"It was just something that got a little out of hand.\"", "\n\nMaria sat down on the bed beside her suitcase. \"", "Carter was there.\"", "\n\nBZ looked at her for a long while and then laughed. \"", "Of course Carter was there. ", "He was there with Helene.\"", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\n\"If you're pretending that it makes some difference to you, who anybody fucks and where and when and why, you're faking yourself.\"", "\n\n\"It does make a difference to me.\"", "\n\n\"No,\" BZ said. \"", "It doesn't.\"", "\n\nMaria stared out the window into the dry wash behind the motel.", "\n\n\"You know it doesn't. ", "If you thought things like that mattered you'd be gone already. ", "You're not going anywhere.\"", "\n\n\"Why don't you get me a drink,\" Maria said finally.", "\n\n\"What's the matter,\" Carter would ask when he saw her sitting in the dark at two or three in the morning staring out at the dry wash. \"", "What do you want. ", "I can't help you if you don't tell me what you want.\"", "\n\n\"I don't want anything.\"", "\n\n\"Tell me.\"", "\n\n\"I just told you.\"", "\n\n\"Fuck it then. ", "Fuck it and fuck you. ", "I'm up to here with you. ", "I've had it. ", "I've had it with the circles under your eyes and the veins showing on your arms and the lines starting on your face and your fucking menopausal depression—\"\n\n\"Don't say that word to me.\"", "\n\n\"Menopause. ", "Old. ", "You're going to get old.\"", "\n\n\"You talk crazy any more and I'll leave.\"", "\n\n\"Leave. ", "For Christ's sake leave.\"", "\n\nShe would not take her eyes from the dry wash. \"", "All right.\"", "\n\n\"Don't,\" he would say then. \"", "Don't.\"", "\n\n\"Why do you say those things. ", "Why do you fight.\"", "\n\nHe would sit on the bed and put his head in his hands. \"", "To find out if you're alive.\"", "\n\nIn the heat some mornings she would wake with her eyes swollen and heavy and she would wonder if she had been crying.", "\n73\n\nThey had ten days left on the desert.", "\n\n\"Come out and watch me shoot today,\" Carter said.", "\n\n\"Later,\" she said. \"", "Maybe later.\"", "\n\nInstead she sat in the motel office and studied the deputy sheriff's framed photographs of highway accidents, imagined the moment of impact, tasted blood in her own dry mouth and searched the grain of the photographs with a magnifying glass for details not immediately apparent, the false teeth she knew must be on the pavement, the rattlesnake she suspected on the embankment. ", "The next day she borrowed a gun from a stunt man and drove out to the highway and shot at road signs.", "\n\n\"That was edifying,\" Carter said. \"", "Why'd you do it.\"", "\n\n\"I just did it.\"", "\n\n\"I want you to give that gun back to Farris.\"", "\n\n\"I already did.\"", "\n\n\"I don't want any guns around here.\"", "\n\nMaria looked at him. \"", "Neither do I,\" she said.", "\n\n\"I can't take any more of that glazed expression,\" Carter said. \"", "I want you to wake up. ", "I want you to come out with us today.\"", "\n\n\"Later,\" Maria said.", "\n\nInstead she sat in the coffee shop and talked to the woman who ran it.", "\n\n\"I close down now until four,\" the woman said at two o'clock. \"", "You'll notice it says that on the door, hours 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., 4 p.m. to—\"\n\n\"6:30 p.m.,\" Maria said.", "\n\n\"Well. ", "You saw it.\"", "\n\n\"What do you do between two and four.\"", "\n\n\"I go home, I usually—\" The woman looked at Maria. \"", "Look. ", "You want to come out and see my place?\"", "\n\nThe house was on the edge of the town, a trailer set on a concrete foundation. ", "In place of a lawn there was a neat expanse of concrete, bordered by a split-rail fence, and beyond the fence lay a hundred miles of drifting sand.", "\n\n\"I got the only fence around here. ", "Lee built it before he took off.\"", "\n\n\"Lee.\" ", "Maria tried to remember in which of the woman's stories Lee had figured. \"", "Where'd he go.\"", "\n\n\"Found himself a girl down to Barstow. ", "I told you. ", "Doreen Baker.\"", "\n\nThe sand was blowing through the rail fence onto the concrete, drifting around the posts, coating a straight-backed chair with pale film. ", "Maria began to cry.", "\n\n\"Honey,\" the woman said. \"", "You pregnant or something?\"", "\n\nMaria shook her head and looked in her pocket for a Kleenex. ", "The woman picked up a broom and began sweeping the sand into small piles, then edging the piles back to the fence. ", "New sand blew in as she swept.", "\n\n\"You ever made a decision?\" ", "she said suddenly, letting the broom fall against the fence.", "\n\n\"About what.\"", "\n\n\"I made my decision in '61 at a meeting in Barstow and I never shed one tear since.\"", "\n\n\"No,\" Maria said. \"", "I never did that.\"", "\n74\n\nWhen I was ten years old my father taught me to assess quite rapidly the shifting probabilities on a craps layout: I could trace a layout in my sleep, the field here and the pass line all around, even money on Big Six or Eight, five-for-one on Any Seven. ", "Always when I play back my father's voice it is with a professional rasp, it goes as it lays, don't do it the hard way. ", "My father advised me that life itself was a crap game: it was one of the two lessons I learned as a child. ", "The other was that overturning a rock was apt to reveal a rattlesnake. ", "As lessons go those two seem to hold up, but not to apply.", "\n75\n\nShe sat in the motel in the late afternoon light looking out at the dry wash until its striations and shifting grains seemed to her a model of the earth and the moon. ", "When BZ came in she did not look up.", "\n\n\"Let me entertain you,\" BZ said finally.", "\n\nMaria said nothing.", "\n\nI could do my turn about Harrison calling one of the grips a vicious cunt.\"", "\n\n\"Please don't smoke in here, BZ.\"", "\n\n\"Why not.\"", "\n\nShe got up and filled a glass with the warm water from the tap. \"", "Because it's a felony.\"", "\n\nBZ laughed. ", "Maria sat on the bed and drank the water and watched him roll a cigarette.", "\n\n\"I said don't, BZ.\"", "\n\n\"I get the feeling you want me to leave.\"", "\n\n\"I don't feel like talking to anybody.\"", "\n\n\"You don't have to talk to me.\" ", "He lit the cigarette and handed it to her. \"", "You want to know where Carter is?\"", "\n\n\"Still shooting.\"", "\n\n\"Maria, it's seven-thirty.\"", "\n\n\"I give up.\"", "\n\n\"He's with Helene.\"", "\n\n\"I thought I didn't have to talk to you.\"", "\n\n\"You aren't paying attention, Maria. ", "Carter is fucking Helene. ", "I thought these things made a big difference to you.\"", "\n\nMaria got up and walked back to the window. ", "In the few minutes that BZ had been distracting her the light had changed on the dry wash. ", "Tomorrow she would borrow a camera, and station it on the dry wash for twenty-four hours.", "\n\n\"Tell me what matters,\" BZ said.", "\n\n\"Nothing,\" Maria said.", "\n76\n\nIf Carter and Helene want to think it happened because I was insane, I say let them. ", "They have to lay it off on someone. ", "Carter and Helene still believe in cause-effect. ", "Carter and Helene also believe that people are either sane or insane. ", "Just once, the week after the desert, when Helene came to see me in Neuropsychiatric, I tried to explain how wrong she had been when she screamed that last night about my carelessness, my selfishness, my insanity, as if it had somehow slipped my attention what BZ was doing. ", "I told her: there was no carelessness involved. ", "Helene, I said: I knew precisely what BZ was doing. ", "But Helene only screamed again.", "\n\nFuck it, I said to Helene. ", "Fuck it, I said to them all, a radical surgeon of my own life. ", "Never discuss. ", "Cut. ", "In that way I resemble the only man in Los Angeles County who does clean work.", "\n77\n\n\"What do you think about it,\" Maria asked Carter.", "\n\n\"About what.\"", "\n\n\"What I just told you. ", "About the man at the trailer camp who told his wife he was going out for a walk in order to talk to God.\"", "\n\n\"I wasn't listening, Maria. ", "Just give me the punch line.\"", "\n\n\"There isn't any punch line, the highway patrol just found him dead, bitten by a rattlesnake.\"", "\n\n\"I'll say there isn't any punch line.\"", "\n\n\"Do you think he talked to God?\"", "\n\nCarter looked at her.", "\n\n\"I mean do you think God answered? ", "Or don't you?\"", "\n\nCarter walked out of the room.", "\n\nThe heat stuck. ", "The air shimmered. ", "An underground nuclear device was detonated where Silver Wells had once been, and Maria got up before dawn to feel the blast. ", "She felt nothing.", "\n\nI'm giving this one more chance,\" Carter said when he saw her sitting by the window. \"", "Tell me what you want.\"", "\n\n\"Nothing.\"", "\n\n\"I want to help you. ", "Tell me what you feel.\"", "\n\nShe looked at the hand he held out to her. \"", "Nothing,\" she said.", "\n\n\"You say that again and I swear to Christ—\"\n\nShe shrugged. ", "He left the motel.", "\n\nThey had three days left on the desert.", "\n78\n\nExcept when they let Carter or Helene in, I never minded Neuropsychiatric and I don't mind here. ", "Nobody bothers me. ", "The only problem is Kate. ", "I want Kate.", "\n79\n\n\"We shot the last master after you left this afternoon,\" Carter said when he came in with Helene. \"", "Three set-ups in the morning and we're home. ", "Fantastic.\"", "\n\n\"Susannah was fabulous,\" Helene said. \"", "Super-good.\"", "\n\nBZ said nothing. ", "Maria stared out the window.", "\n\n\"You should have seen Carter working with her.\"", "\n\n\"I bet he was fabulous,\" BZ said. \"", "Fab.\"", "\n80\n\nThe one time Ivan Costello got through the switchboard to me here he told me that I had lost my sense of humor. ", "In spite of what Carter and Helene think, maybe my sense of humor was all I did lose.", "\n81\n\n\"You were fantastic today,\" Helene said when Susannah Wood came in.", "\n\n\"Super-good,\" BZ said. \"", "Really key.\"", "\n\nSusannah Wood lay down on Maria's bed. \"", "Let's go into Vegas.\"", "\n\n\"It's all planned.\" ", "Helene did not look at BZ. \"", "Sylvie Roth's over, and Cassie and Leona and—\"\n\nBZ stood up. \"", "You go into Vegas.\"", "\n\n\"Don't you want to see Sylvie?\"", "\n\n\"No.\"", "\n\n\"Don't you want to see Leona's last show?\"", "\n\n\"No.\"", "\n\nThe cords tightened on Helene's neck. \"", "Exactly what do you want.\"", "\n\nSusannah Wood giggled. ", "I saw the charts today, Leona's single stopped at 85.\"", "\n\nBZ looked at Helene. \"", "Exactly nothing,\" he said pleasantly.", "\n\nMaria dropped a tray of ice on the floor.", "\n82\n\nCarter and Helene still ask questions. ", "I used to ask questions, and I got the answer: nothing. ", "The answer is \"nothing.\" ", "Now that I have the answer, my plans for the future are these: (1) get Kate, (2) live with Kate alone, (3) do some canning. ", "Damson plums, apricot preserves. ", "Sweet India relish and pickled peaches. ", "Apple chutney. ", "Summer squash succotash. ", "There might even be a ready market for such canning: you will note that after everything I remain Harry and Francine Wyeth's daughter and Benny Austin's godchild. ", "For all I know they knew the answer too, and pretended they didn't. ", "You call it as you see it, and stay in the action. ", "BZ thought otherwise. ", "If Carter and Helene aren't careful they'll get the answer too.", "\n83\n\n\"I thought you'd be in Vegas,\" BZ said when Maria opened the door. ", "He was holding a bottle of vodka and in spite of the heat he was wearing a blazer and a tie. \"", "With Carter and Helene and Susannah and Harrison and Sylvia and Cassie and Leona and—\"\n\n\"You knew I wasn't going.\" ", "Maria lay down on the bed again.", "\n\n\"All right, I knew.\" ", "He sat on the edge of the bed and loosened his tie. \"", "Look at me all duded up. ", "Why are you in bed at nine o'clock.\"", "\n\n\"Why not.\"", "\n\n\"Beautiful.\"", "\n\nMaria looked at him. \"", "Tell me why you're sad.\"", "\n\n\"You're a good girl.\" ", "All the musculature seemed gone from BZ's face. ", "He put down the bottle of vodka and reached into his pocket. \"", "You know what these are?\"", "\n\nHe poured twenty or thirty capsules onto the bed before she answered.", "\n\n\"Grain-and-a-half Seconal.\"", "\n\n\"You want some?\"", "\n\nShe looked at him. \"", "No.\"", "\n\n\"You're still playing.\" ", "BZ did not take his eyes from hers. \"", "Some day you'll wake up and you just won't feel like playing any more.\"", "\n\n\"That's a queen's way of doing it.\"", "\n\n\"I never expected you to fall back on style as an argument.\"", "\n\n\"I'm not arguing.\"", "\n\n\"I know that. ", "You think I'd be here if I didn't know that?\"", "\n\nShe took his hand and held it. \"", "Why are you here.\"", "\n\n\"Because you and I, we know something. ", "Because we've been out there where nothing is. ", "Because I wanted—you know why.\"", "\n\n\"Lie down here,\" she said after a while. \"", "Just go to sleep.\"", "\n\nWhen he lay down beside her the Seconal capsules rolled on the sheet. ", "In the bar across the road somebody punched King of the Road on the jukebox again, and there was an argument outside, and the sound of a bottle breaking. ", "Maria held onto BZ's hand.", "\n\n\"Listen to that,\" he said. \"", "Try to think about having enough left to break a bottle over it.\"", "\n\n\"It would be very pretty,\" Maria said. \"", "Go to sleep.\"", "\n\nShe was almost asleep when she sensed that his weight had shifted.", "\n\n\"Don't.\" ", "After she had said it she opened her eyes.", "\n\nHe was swallowing the capsules with a glass of water. ", "There were not very many left on the bed.", "\n\n\"Don't start faking me now.\" ", "BZ turned off the light and lay down again. \"", "Take my hand. ", "Go back to sleep.\"", "\n\n\"I'm sorry,\" she said after a while.", "\n\n\"Hold onto me,\" BZ said.", "\n\nWhen Maria woke again the room was blazing with light and Carter was shaking her and Helene was screaming. ", "Maria thought she had never heard anyone scream the way Helene screamed. ", "She closed her eyes against the light and her ears against Helene and her mind against what was going to happen in the next few hours and tightened her hold on BZ's hand.", "\n84\n\nCarter called today, but I saw no point in talking to him. ", "On the whole I talk to no one. ", "I concentrate on the way light would strike filled Mason jars on a kitchen windowsill. ", "I lie here in the sunlight, watch the hummingbird. ", "This morning 1 threw the coins in the swimming pool, and they gleamed and turned in the water in such a way that I was almost moved to read them. ", "I refrained.", "\n\nOne thing in my defense, not that it matters: I know something Carter never knew, or Helene, or maybe you. ", "I know what \"nothing\" means, and keep on playing.", "\n\nWhy, BZ would say.", "\n\nWhy not, I say.", "\nAbout the Author\n\nJoan Didion is the author of five novels, ten works of nonfiction, and a play. ", "Her books include _Slouching Towards Bethlehem_ , _Play It as It Lays_ , _The White Album_ , _The Year of Magical Thinking_ , and, most recently, _South and West: From a Notebook_. ", "Born in Sacramento, California, she lives in New York City.", "\nAlso by Joan Didion\n\nBlue Nights\n\nWe Tell Ourselves Stories In Order To Live\n\nThe Year of Magical Thinking\n\nWhere I Was From\n\nFixed Ideas: America Since 9.11\n\nPolitical Fictions\n\nThe Last Thing He Wanted\n\nAfter Henry\n\nMiami\n\nDemocracy\n\nSalvador\n\nThe White Album\n\nA Book of Common Prayer\n\nSlouching Towards Bethlehem\n\nRun River\nAll rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.", "\n\nThis is a work of fiction. ", "Names, characters, places, events, and incidents either are the product of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously. ", "Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, businesses, companies, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.", "\n\nCopyright © 1970 by Joan Didion.", "\n\nCopyright renewed © 1998 by Joan Didion.", "\n\nFirst published in the US by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1970\n\nCover design by Mauricio Díaz\n\nISBN: 978-1-5040-4567-4\n\nThis edition published in 2017 by Open Road Integrated Media, Inc.\n\n180 Maiden Lane\n\nNew York, NY 10038\n\nwww.openroadmedia.com\n\n# **JOAN DIDION**\n\n**FROM OPEN ROAD MEDIA**\n\n**Find a full list of our authors and**\n\n**titles atwww.openroadmedia.com**\n\n**FOLLOW US:**\n\n" ]

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[ "Filming for Thor: The Dark World started at the Bourne Woods, Surrey, set last week. ", "We have the newest batch of photos after seeing Jaimie Alexander on horseback and Chris Hemsworth’s new Thor armor. ", "The new set photos give us a better look at the Marauders, including a close-up of one who’s holding some kind of high-tech weapon. ", "Also, that may be the new Fandral (Zachary Levi from Chuck) in the background of the picture above, but more importantly: TWO THORS DOUBLE RAINBOW ALL THE WAY ACROSS THE SKY.Thor: The Dark World opens November 8th, 2013 and is directed by Alan Taylor (Game of Thrones). ", "I’m liking these set photos more and more. ", "When the costumes, set pieces, and scale of a production impresses me even as a grainy set photo shot between takes from yards away, that’s saying something. ", "I think it’s saying, “MAKE OUT,” but that might just be my brain still focusing on the two Chris Hemsworths. ", "You’re right, inner monologue, they should make out." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "[Tools for physical activity assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].", "\nThe prevalence and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing in Chile, constituting a public health problem. ", "Pulmonary and systemic consequences of COPD affect physical activity, as the disease progresses. ", "There are multiple means for physical activity assessment, from low cost and easily applicable questionnaires to sophisticated laboratory tests. ", "Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. ", "Physical activity interventions not only contribute to decrease the likelihood of mortality, but also protect from comorbidities, especially cardiovascular ones. ", "It also plays a major role avoiding functional limitations of these subjects. ", "Dyspnea and fatigue render exercise as an unpleasant activity for most patients with COPD. ", "If psychological alterations such as anxiety and depression are summed, these patients drift towards an inactive lifestyle. ", "This article analyzes several tools available to assess physical activity is patients with COPD, useful in clinical practice." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/*\n * Copyright 2015 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a\n * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"),\n * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation\n * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,\n * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the\n * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL\n * THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR\n * OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,\n * ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR\n * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.", "\n *\n */\n\n#include \"pp_debug.h\"\n#include \"polaris10_smc.h\"\n#include \"smu7_dyn_defaults.h\"\n\n#include \"smu7_hwmgr.h\"\n#include \"hardwaremanager.h\"\n#include \"ppatomctrl.h\"\n#include \"cgs_common.h\"\n#include \"atombios.h\"\n#include \"polaris10_smumgr.h\"\n#include \"pppcielanes.h\"\n\n#include \"smu_ucode_xfer_vi.h\"\n#include \"smu74_discrete.h\"\n#include \"smu/smu_7_1_3_d.h\"\n#include \"smu/smu_7_1_3_sh_mask.h\"\n#include \"gmc/gmc_8_1_d.h\"\n#include \"gmc/gmc_8_1_sh_mask.h\"\n#include \"oss/oss_3_0_d.h\"\n#include \"gca/gfx_8_0_d.h\"\n#include \"bif/bif_5_0_d.h\"\n#include \"bif/bif_5_0_sh_mask.h\"\n#include \"dce/dce_10_0_d.h\"\n#include \"dce/dce_10_0_sh_mask.h\"\n#include \"polaris10_pwrvirus.h\"\n#include \"smu7_ppsmc.h\"\n#include \"smu7_smumgr.h\"\n\n#define POLARIS10_SMC_SIZE 0x20000\n#define VOLTAGE_VID_OFFSET_SCALE1 625\n#define VOLTAGE_VID_OFFSET_SCALE2 100\n#define POWERTUNE_DEFAULT_SET_MAX 1\n#define VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA 200\n#define MC_CG_ARB_FREQ_F1 0x0b\n\nstatic const struct polaris10_pt_defaults polaris10_power_tune_data_set_array[POWERTUNE_DEFAULT_SET_MAX] = {\n\t/* sviLoadLIneEn, SviLoadLineVddC, TDC_VDDC_ThrottleReleaseLimitPerc, TDC_MAWt,\n\t * TdcWaterfallCtl, DTEAmbientTempBase, DisplayCac, BAPM_TEMP_GRADIENT */\n\t{ 1, 0xF, 0xFD, 0x19, 5, 45, 0, 0xB0000,\n\t{ 0x79, 0x253, 0x25D, 0xAE, 0x72, 0x80, 0x83, 0x86, 0x6F, 0xC8, 0xC9, 0xC9, 0x2F, 0x4D, 0x61},\n\t{ 0x17C, 0x172, 0x180, 0x1BC, 0x1B3, 0x1BD, 0x206, 0x200, 0x203, 0x25D, 0x25A, 0x255, 0x2C3, 0x2C5, 0x2B4 } },\n};\n\nstatic const sclkFcwRange_t Range_Table[NUM_SCLK_RANGE] = {\n\t\t\t{VCO_2_4, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_16, 75, 160, 112},\n\t\t\t{VCO_3_6, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_16, 112, 224, 160},\n\t\t\t{VCO_2_4, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_8, 75, 160, 112},\n\t\t\t{VCO_3_6, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_8, 112, 224, 160},\n\t\t\t{VCO_2_4, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_4, 75, 160, 112},\n\t\t\t{VCO_3_6, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_4, 112, 216, 160},\n\t\t\t{VCO_2_4, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_2, 75, 160, 108},\n\t\t\t{VCO_3_6, POSTDIV_DIV_BY_2, 112, 216, 160} };\n\nstatic int polaris10_get_dependency_volt_by_clk(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_clock_voltage_dependency_table *dep_table,\n\t\tuint32_t clock, SMU_VoltageLevel *voltage, uint32_t *mvdd)\n{\n\tuint32_t i;\n\tuint16_t vddci;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\n\t*voltage = *mvdd = 0;\n\n\t/* clock - voltage dependency table is empty table */\n\tif (dep_table->count == 0)\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < dep_table->count; i++) {\n\t\t/* find first sclk bigger than request */\n\t\tif (dep_table->entries[i].clk >= clock) {\n\t\t\t*voltage |= (dep_table->entries[i].vddc *\n\t\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDC_SHIFT;\n\t\t\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_NONE == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t\t\t*voltage |= (data->vbios_boot_state.vddci_bootup_value *\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\t\t\telse if (dep_table->entries[i].vddci)\n\t\t\t\t*voltage |= (dep_table->entries[i].vddci *\n\t\t\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\t\t\telse {\n\t\t\t\tvddci = phm_find_closest_vddci(&(data->vddci_voltage_table),\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(dep_table->entries[i].vddc -\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(uint16_t)VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA));\n\t\t\t\t*voltage |= (vddci * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_NONE == data->mvdd_control)\n\t\t\t\t*mvdd = data->vbios_boot_state.mvdd_bootup_value *\n\t\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE;\n\t\t\telse if (dep_table->entries[i].mvdd)\n\t\t\t\t*mvdd = (uint32_t) dep_table->entries[i].mvdd *\n\t\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE;\n\n\t\t\t*voltage |= 1 << PHASES_SHIFT;\n\t\t\treturn 0;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t/* sclk is bigger than max sclk in the dependence table */\n\t*voltage |= (dep_table->entries[i - 1].vddc * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDC_SHIFT;\n\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_NONE == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t*voltage |= (data->vbios_boot_state.vddci_bootup_value *\n\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\telse if (dep_table->entries[i-1].vddci) {\n\t\tvddci = phm_find_closest_vddci(&(data->vddci_voltage_table),\n\t\t\t\t(dep_table->entries[i].vddc -\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(uint16_t)VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA));\n\t\t*voltage |= (vddci * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\t}\n\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_NONE == data->mvdd_control)\n\t\t*mvdd = data->vbios_boot_state.mvdd_bootup_value * VOLTAGE_SCALE;\n\telse if (dep_table->entries[i].mvdd)\n\t\t*mvdd = (uint32_t) dep_table->entries[i - 1].mvdd * VOLTAGE_SCALE;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic uint16_t scale_fan_gain_settings(uint16_t raw_setting)\n{\n\tuint32_t tmp;\n\ttmp = raw_setting * 4096 / 100;\n\treturn (uint16_t)tmp;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_bapm_parameters_in_dpm_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\n\tconst struct polaris10_pt_defaults *defaults = smu_data->power_tune_defaults;\n\tSMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table = &(smu_data->smc_state_table);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_cac_tdp_table *cac_dtp_table = table_info->cac_dtp_table;\n\tstruct pp_advance_fan_control_parameters *fan_table =\n\t\t\t&hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters;\n\tint i, j, k;\n\tconst uint16_t *pdef1;\n\tconst uint16_t *pdef2;\n\n\ttable->DefaultTdp = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US((uint16_t)(cac_dtp_table->usTDP * 128));\n\ttable->TargetTdp = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US((uint16_t)(cac_dtp_table->usTDP * 128));\n\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(cac_dtp_table->usTargetOperatingTemp <= 255,\n\t\t\t\t\"Target Operating Temp is out of Range!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t);\n\n\ttable->TemperatureLimitEdge = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(\n\t\t\tcac_dtp_table->usTargetOperatingTemp * 256);\n\ttable->TemperatureLimitHotspot = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(\n\t\t\tcac_dtp_table->usTemperatureLimitHotspot * 256);\n\ttable->FanGainEdge = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(\n\t\t\tscale_fan_gain_settings(fan_table->usFanGainEdge));\n\ttable->FanGainHotspot = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(\n\t\t\tscale_fan_gain_settings(fan_table->usFanGainHotspot));\n\n\tpdef1 = defaults->BAPMTI_R;\n\tpdef2 = defaults->BAPMTI_RC;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < SMU74_DTE_ITERATIONS; i++) {\n\t\tfor (j = 0; j < SMU74_DTE_SOURCES; j++) {\n\t\t\tfor (k = 0; k < SMU74_DTE_SINKS; k++) {\n\t\t\t\ttable->BAPMTI_R[i][j][k] = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(*pdef1);\n\t\t\t\ttable->BAPMTI_RC[i][j][k] = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(*pdef2);\n\t\t\t\tpdef1++;\n\t\t\t\tpdef2++;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_svi_load_line(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tconst struct polaris10_pt_defaults *defaults = smu_data->power_tune_defaults;\n\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "SviLoadLineEn = defaults->SviLoadLineEn;\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "SviLoadLineVddC = defaults->SviLoadLineVddC;\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "SviLoadLineTrimVddC = 3;\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "SviLoadLineOffsetVddC = 0;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_tdc_limit(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tuint16_t tdc_limit;\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tconst struct polaris10_pt_defaults *defaults = smu_data->power_tune_defaults;\n\n\ttdc_limit = (uint16_t)(table_info->cac_dtp_table->usTDC * 128);\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "TDC_VDDC_PkgLimit =\n\t\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(tdc_limit);\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "TDC_VDDC_ThrottleReleaseLimitPerc =\n\t\t\tdefaults->TDC_VDDC_ThrottleReleaseLimitPerc;\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "TDC_MAWt = defaults->TDC_MAWt;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_dw8(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr, uint32_t fuse_table_offset)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tconst struct polaris10_pt_defaults *defaults = smu_data->power_tune_defaults;\n\tuint32_t temp;\n\n\tif (smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tfuse_table_offset +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_PmFuses, TdcWaterfallCtl),\n\t\t\t(uint32_t *)&temp, SMC_RAM_END))\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to read PmFuses.", "DW6 (SviLoadLineEn) from SMC Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\telse {\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "TdcWaterfallCtl = defaults->TdcWaterfallCtl;\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "LPMLTemperatureMin =\n\t\t\t\t(uint8_t)((temp >> 16) & 0xff);\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "LPMLTemperatureMax =\n\t\t\t\t(uint8_t)((temp >> 8) & 0xff);\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "Reserved = (uint8_t)(temp & 0xff);\n\t}\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_temperature_scaler(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tint i;\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\n\t/* Currently not used. ", "Set all to zero. */", "\n\tfor (i = 0; i < 16; i++)\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "LPMLTemperatureScaler[i] = 0;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_fuzzy_fan(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\n/* TO DO move to hwmgr */\n\tif ((hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usFanOutputSensitivity & (1 << 15))\n\t\t|| 0 == hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usFanOutputSensitivity)\n\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usFanOutputSensitivity =\n\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usDefaultFanOutputSensitivity;\n\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "FuzzyFan_PwmSetDelta = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(\n\t\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usFanOutputSensitivity);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_gnb_lpml(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tint i;\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\n\t/* Currently not used. ", "Set all to zero. */", "\n\tfor (i = 0; i < 16; i++)\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "GnbLPML[i] = 0;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_min_max_vgnb_lpml_id_from_bapm_vddc(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_bapm_vddc_base_leakage_sidd(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tuint16_t hi_sidd = smu_data->power_tune_table.", "BapmVddCBaseLeakageHiSidd;\n\tuint16_t lo_sidd = smu_data->power_tune_table.", "BapmVddCBaseLeakageLoSidd;\n\tstruct phm_cac_tdp_table *cac_table = table_info->cac_dtp_table;\n\n\thi_sidd = (uint16_t)(cac_table->usHighCACLeakage / 100 * 256);\n\tlo_sidd = (uint16_t)(cac_table->usLowCACLeakage / 100 * 256);\n\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "BapmVddCBaseLeakageHiSidd =\n\t\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(hi_sidd);\n\tsmu_data->power_tune_table.", "BapmVddCBaseLeakageLoSidd =\n\t\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(lo_sidd);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_pm_fuses(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t pm_fuse_table_offset;\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_PowerContainment)) {\n\t\tif (smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION +\n\t\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, PmFuseTable),\n\t\t\t\t&pm_fuse_table_offset, SMC_RAM_END))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to get pm_fuse_table_offset Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (polaris10_populate_svi_load_line(hwmgr))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate SviLoadLine Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (polaris10_populate_tdc_limit(hwmgr))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate TDCLimit Failed!\", ", "return -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (polaris10_populate_dw8(hwmgr, pm_fuse_table_offset))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate TdcWaterfallCtl, \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\"LPMLTemperature Min and Max Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (0 !", "= polaris10_populate_temperature_scaler(hwmgr))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate LPMLTemperatureScaler Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (polaris10_populate_fuzzy_fan(hwmgr))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate Fuzzy Fan Control parameters Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (polaris10_populate_gnb_lpml(hwmgr))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate GnbLPML Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (polaris10_min_max_vgnb_lpml_id_from_bapm_vddc(hwmgr))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate GnbLPML Min and Max Vid Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (polaris10_populate_bapm_vddc_base_leakage_sidd(hwmgr))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to populate BapmVddCBaseLeakage Hi and Lo \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Sidd Failed!\", ", "return -EINVAL);\n\n\t\tif (smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(hwmgr->smumgr, pm_fuse_table_offset,\n\t\t\t\t(uint8_t *)&smu_data->power_tune_table,\n\t\t\t\t(sizeof(struct SMU74_Discrete_PmFuses) - 92), SMC_RAM_END))\n\t\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Attempt to download PmFuseTable Failed!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\t}\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n * Mvdd table preparation for SMC.", "\n *\n * @param *hwmgr The address of the hardware manager.", "\n * @param *table The SMC DPM table structure to be populated.", "\n * @return 0\n */\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_mvdd_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\t\tSMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t count, level;\n\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_GPIO == data->mvdd_control) {\n\t\tcount = data->mvdd_voltage_table.count;\n\t\tif (count > SMU_MAX_SMIO_LEVELS)\n\t\t\tcount = SMU_MAX_SMIO_LEVELS;\n\t\tfor (level = 0; level < count; level++) {\n\t\t\ttable->SmioTable2.Pattern[level].Voltage =\n\t\t\t\tPP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(data->mvdd_voltage_table.entries[count].value * VOLTAGE_SCALE);\n\t\t\t/* Index into DpmTable.", "Smio. ", "Drive bits from Smio entry to get this voltage level.*/\n\t\t\ttable->SmioTable2.Pattern[level].Smio =\n\t\t\t\t(uint8_t) level;\n\t\t\ttable->Smio[level] |=\n\t\t\t\tdata->mvdd_voltage_table.entries[level].smio_low;\n\t\t}\n\t\ttable->SmioMask2 = data->mvdd_voltage_table.mask_low;\n\n\t\ttable->MvddLevelCount = (uint32_t) PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(count);\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_vddci_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tuint32_t count, level;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\n\tcount = data->vddci_voltage_table.count;\n\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_GPIO == data->vddci_control) {\n\t\tif (count > SMU_MAX_SMIO_LEVELS)\n\t\t\tcount = SMU_MAX_SMIO_LEVELS;\n\t\tfor (level = 0; level < count; ++level) {\n\t\t\ttable->SmioTable1.Pattern[level].Voltage =\n\t\t\t\tPP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(data->vddci_voltage_table.entries[level].value * VOLTAGE_SCALE);\n\t\t\ttable->SmioTable1.Pattern[level].Smio = (uint8_t) level;\n\n\t\t\ttable->Smio[level] |= data->vddci_voltage_table.entries[level].smio_low;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\ttable->SmioMask1 = data->vddci_voltage_table.mask_low;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n* Preparation of vddc and vddgfx CAC tables for SMC.", "\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n* @param table the SMC DPM table structure to be populated\n* @return always 0\n*/\nstatic int polaris10_populate_cac_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tuint32_t count;\n\tuint8_t index;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_voltage_lookup_table *lookup_table =\n\t\t\ttable_info->vddc_lookup_table;\n\t/* tables is already swapped, so in order to use the value from it,\n\t * we need to swap it back.", "\n\t * We are populating vddc CAC data to BapmVddc table\n\t * in split and merged mode\n\t */\n\tfor (count = 0; count < lookup_table->count; count++) {\n\t\tindex = phm_get_voltage_index(lookup_table,\n\t\t\t\tdata->vddc_voltage_table.entries[count].value);\n\t\ttable->BapmVddcVidLoSidd[count] = convert_to_vid(lookup_table->entries[index].us_cac_low);\n\t\ttable->BapmVddcVidHiSidd[count] = convert_to_vid(lookup_table->entries[index].us_cac_mid);\n\t\ttable->BapmVddcVidHiSidd2[count] = convert_to_vid(lookup_table->entries[index].us_cac_high);\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n* Preparation of voltage tables for SMC.", "\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n* @param table the SMC DPM table structure to be populated\n* @return always 0\n*/\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_voltage_tables(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tpolaris10_populate_smc_vddci_table(hwmgr, table);\n\tpolaris10_populate_smc_mvdd_table(hwmgr, table);\n\tpolaris10_populate_cac_table(hwmgr, table);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_ulv_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_Ulv *state)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\n\tstate->CcPwrDynRm = 0;\n\tstate->CcPwrDynRm1 = 0;\n\n\tstate->VddcOffset = (uint16_t) table_info->us_ulv_voltage_offset;\n\tstate->VddcOffsetVid = (uint8_t)(table_info->us_ulv_voltage_offset *\n\t\t\tVOLTAGE_VID_OFFSET_SCALE2 / VOLTAGE_VID_OFFSET_SCALE1);\n\n\tif (smumgr->chip_id == CHIP_POLARIS12 || smumgr->is_kicker)\n\t\tstate->VddcPhase = data->vddc_phase_shed_control ^ 0x3;\n\telse\n\t\tstate->VddcPhase = (data->vddc_phase_shed_control) ? ", "0 : 1;\n\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(state->CcPwrDynRm);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(state->CcPwrDynRm1);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(state->VddcOffset);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_ulv_state(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\treturn polaris10_populate_ulv_level(hwmgr, &table->Ulv);\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_link_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct smu7_dpm_table *dpm_table = &data->dpm_table;\n\tint i;\n\n\t/* Index (dpm_table->pcie_speed_table.count)\n\t * is reserved for PCIE boot level. */", "\n\tfor (i = 0; i <= dpm_table->pcie_speed_table.count; i++) {\n\t\ttable->LinkLevel[i].PcieGenSpeed =\n\t\t\t\t(uint8_t)dpm_table->pcie_speed_table.dpm_levels[i].value;\n\t\ttable->LinkLevel[i].PcieLaneCount = (uint8_t)encode_pcie_lane_width(\n\t\t\t\tdpm_table->pcie_speed_table.dpm_levels[i].param1);\n\t\ttable->LinkLevel[i].EnabledForActivity = 1;\n\t\ttable->LinkLevel[i].SPC = (uint8_t)(data->pcie_spc_cap & 0xff);\n\t\ttable->LinkLevel[i].DownThreshold = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(5);\n\t\ttable->LinkLevel[i].UpThreshold = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(30);\n\t}\n\n\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "LinkLevelCount =\n\t\t\t(uint8_t)dpm_table->pcie_speed_table.count;\n\n/* To Do move to hwmgr */\n\tdata->dpm_level_enable_mask.pcie_dpm_enable_mask =\n\t\t\tphm_get_dpm_level_enable_mask_value(&dpm_table->pcie_speed_table);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n\nstatic void polaris10_get_sclk_range_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\t SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t i, ref_clk;\n\n\tstruct pp_atom_ctrl_sclk_range_table range_table_from_vbios = { { {0} } };\n\n\tref_clk = smu7_get_xclk(hwmgr);\n\n\tif (0 == atomctrl_get_smc_sclk_range_table(hwmgr, &range_table_from_vbios)) {\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < NUM_SCLK_RANGE; i++) {\n\t\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].vco_setting = range_table_from_vbios.entry[i].ucVco_setting;\n\t\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].postdiv = range_table_from_vbios.entry[i].ucPostdiv;\n\t\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_pcc = range_table_from_vbios.entry[i].usFcw_pcc;\n\n\t\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_upper = range_table_from_vbios.entry[i].usFcw_trans_upper;\n\t\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_lower = range_table_from_vbios.entry[i].usRcw_trans_lower;\n\n\t\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_pcc);\n\t\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_upper);\n\t\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_lower);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn;\n\t}\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < NUM_SCLK_RANGE; i++) {\n\t\tsmu_data->range_table[i].trans_lower_frequency = (ref_clk * Range_Table[i].fcw_trans_lower) >> Range_Table[i].postdiv;\n\t\tsmu_data->range_table[i].trans_upper_frequency = (ref_clk * Range_Table[i].fcw_trans_upper) >> Range_Table[i].postdiv;\n\n\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].vco_setting = Range_Table[i].vco_setting;\n\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].postdiv = Range_Table[i].postdiv;\n\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_pcc = Range_Table[i].fcw_pcc;\n\n\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_upper = Range_Table[i].fcw_trans_upper;\n\t\ttable->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_lower = Range_Table[i].fcw_trans_lower;\n\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_pcc);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_upper);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->SclkFcwRangeTable[i].fcw_trans_lower);\n\t}\n}\n\n/**\n* Calculates the SCLK dividers using the provided engine clock\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n* @param clock the engine clock to use to populate the structure\n* @param sclk the SMC SCLK structure to be populated\n*/\nstatic int polaris10_calculate_sclk_params(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tuint32_t clock, SMU_SclkSetting *sclk_setting)\n{\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tconst SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table = &(smu_data->smc_state_table);\n\tstruct pp_atomctrl_clock_dividers_ai dividers;\n\tuint32_t ref_clock;\n\tuint32_t pcc_target_percent, pcc_target_freq, ss_target_percent, ss_target_freq;\n\tuint8_t i;\n\tint result;\n\tuint64_t temp;\n\n\tsclk_setting->SclkFrequency = clock;\n\t/* get the engine clock dividers for this clock value */\n\tresult = atomctrl_get_engine_pll_dividers_ai(hwmgr, clock, &dividers);\n\tif (result == 0) {\n\t\tsclk_setting->Fcw_int = dividers.usSclk_fcw_int;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Fcw_frac = dividers.usSclk_fcw_frac;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Pcc_fcw_int = dividers.usPcc_fcw_int;\n\t\tsclk_setting->PllRange = dividers.ucSclkPllRange;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Sclk_slew_rate = 0x400;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Pcc_up_slew_rate = dividers.usPcc_fcw_slew_frac;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Pcc_down_slew_rate = 0xffff;\n\t\tsclk_setting->SSc_En = dividers.ucSscEnable;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Fcw1_int = dividers.usSsc_fcw1_int;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Fcw1_frac = dividers.usSsc_fcw1_frac;\n\t\tsclk_setting->Sclk_ss_slew_rate = dividers.usSsc_fcw_slew_frac;\n\t\treturn result;\n\t}\n\n\tref_clock = smu7_get_xclk(hwmgr);\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < NUM_SCLK_RANGE; i++) {\n\t\tif (clock > smu_data->range_table[i].trans_lower_frequency\n\t\t&& clock <= smu_data->range_table[i].trans_upper_frequency) {\n\t\t\tsclk_setting->PllRange = i;\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tsclk_setting->Fcw_int = (uint16_t)((clock << table->SclkFcwRangeTable[sclk_setting->PllRange].postdiv) / ref_clock);\n\ttemp = clock << table->SclkFcwRangeTable[sclk_setting->PllRange].postdiv;\n\ttemp <<= 0x10;\n\tdo_div(temp, ref_clock);\n\tsclk_setting->Fcw_frac = temp & 0xffff;\n\n\tpcc_target_percent = 10; /* Hardcode 10% for now. */", "\n\tpcc_target_freq = clock - (clock * pcc_target_percent / 100);\n\tsclk_setting->Pcc_fcw_int = (uint16_t)((pcc_target_freq << table->SclkFcwRangeTable[sclk_setting->PllRange].postdiv) / ref_clock);\n\n\tss_target_percent = 2; /* Hardcode 2% for now. */", "\n\tsclk_setting->SSc_En = 0;\n\tif (ss_target_percent) {\n\t\tsclk_setting->SSc_En = 1;\n\t\tss_target_freq = clock - (clock * ss_target_percent / 100);\n\t\tsclk_setting->Fcw1_int = (uint16_t)((ss_target_freq << table->SclkFcwRangeTable[sclk_setting->PllRange].postdiv) / ref_clock);\n\t\ttemp = ss_target_freq << table->SclkFcwRangeTable[sclk_setting->PllRange].postdiv;\n\t\ttemp <<= 0x10;\n\t\tdo_div(temp, ref_clock);\n\t\tsclk_setting->Fcw1_frac = temp & 0xffff;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n* Populates single SMC SCLK structure using the provided engine clock\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n* @param clock the engine clock to use to populate the structure\n* @param sclk the SMC SCLK structure to be populated\n*/\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_single_graphic_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tuint32_t clock, uint16_t sclk_al_threshold,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_GraphicsLevel *level)\n{\n\tint result;\n\t/* PP_Clocks minClocks; */\n\tuint32_t mvdd;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tSMU_SclkSetting curr_sclk_setting = { 0 };\n\n\tresult = polaris10_calculate_sclk_params(hwmgr, clock, &curr_sclk_setting);\n\n\t/* populate graphics levels */\n\tresult = polaris10_get_dependency_volt_by_clk(hwmgr,\n\t\t\ttable_info->vdd_dep_on_sclk, clock,\n\t\t\t&level->MinVoltage, &mvdd);\n\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\"can not find VDDC voltage value for \"\n\t\t\t\"VDDC engine clock dependency table\",\n\t\t\treturn result);\n\tlevel->ActivityLevel = sclk_al_threshold;\n\n\tlevel->CcPwrDynRm = 0;\n\tlevel->CcPwrDynRm1 = 0;\n\tlevel->EnabledForActivity = 0;\n\tlevel->EnabledForThrottle = 1;\n\tlevel->UpHyst = 10;\n\tlevel->DownHyst = 0;\n\tlevel->VoltageDownHyst = 0;\n\tlevel->PowerThrottle = 0;\n\tdata->display_timing.min_clock_in_sr = hwmgr->display_config.min_core_set_clock_in_sr;\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps, PHM_PlatformCaps_SclkDeepSleep))\n\t\tlevel->DeepSleepDivId = smu7_get_sleep_divider_id_from_clock(clock,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\thwmgr->display_config.min_core_set_clock_in_sr);\n\n\t/* Default to slow, highest DPM level will be\n\t * set to PPSMC_DISPLAY_WATERMARK_LOW later.", "\n\t */\n\tif (data->update_up_hyst)\n\t\tlevel->UpHyst = (uint8_t)data->up_hyst;\n\tif (data->update_down_hyst)\n\t\tlevel->DownHyst = (uint8_t)data->down_hyst;\n\n\tlevel->SclkSetting = curr_sclk_setting;\n\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(level->MinVoltage);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(level->CcPwrDynRm);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(level->CcPwrDynRm1);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->ActivityLevel);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(level->SclkSetting.", "SclkFrequency);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Fcw_int);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Fcw_frac);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Pcc_fcw_int);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Sclk_slew_rate);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Pcc_up_slew_rate);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Pcc_down_slew_rate);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Fcw1_int);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Fcw1_frac);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(level->SclkSetting.", "Sclk_ss_slew_rate);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n* Populates all SMC SCLK levels' structure based on the trimmed allowed dpm engine clock states\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n*/\nint polaris10_populate_all_graphic_levels(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *hw_data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct smu7_dpm_table *dpm_table = &hw_data->dpm_table;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_pcie_table *pcie_table = table_info->pcie_table;\n\tuint8_t pcie_entry_cnt = (uint8_t) hw_data->dpm_table.pcie_speed_table.count;\n\tint result = 0;\n\tuint32_t array = smu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, GraphicsLevel);\n\tuint32_t array_size = sizeof(struct SMU74_Discrete_GraphicsLevel) *\n\t\t\tSMU74_MAX_LEVELS_GRAPHICS;\n\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_GraphicsLevel *levels =\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsLevel;\n\tuint32_t i, max_entry;\n\tuint8_t hightest_pcie_level_enabled = 0,\n\t\tlowest_pcie_level_enabled = 0,\n\t\tmid_pcie_level_enabled = 0,\n\t\tcount = 0;\n\n\tpolaris10_get_sclk_range_table(hwmgr, &(smu_data->smc_state_table));\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < dpm_table->sclk_table.count; i++) {\n\n\t\tresult = polaris10_populate_single_graphic_level(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\tdpm_table->sclk_table.dpm_levels[i].value,\n\t\t\t\t(uint16_t)smu_data->activity_target[i],\n\t\t\t\t&(smu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsLevel[i]));\n\t\tif (result)\n\t\t\treturn result;\n\n\t\t/* Making sure only DPM level 0-1 have Deep Sleep Div ID populated. */", "\n\t\tif (i > 1)\n\t\t\tlevels[i].DeepSleepDivId = 0;\n\t}\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_SPLLShutdownSupport))\n\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsLevel[0].SclkSetting.", "SSc_En = 0;\n\n\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsLevel[0].EnabledForActivity = 1;\n\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsDpmLevelCount =\n\t\t\t(uint8_t)dpm_table->sclk_table.count;\n\thw_data->dpm_level_enable_mask.sclk_dpm_enable_mask =\n\t\t\tphm_get_dpm_level_enable_mask_value(&dpm_table->sclk_table);\n\n\n\tif (pcie_table !", "= NULL) {\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((1 <= pcie_entry_cnt),\n\t\t\t\t\"There must be 1 or more PCIE levels defined in PPTable.\",", "\n\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\t\tmax_entry = pcie_entry_cnt - 1;\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < dpm_table->sclk_table.count; i++)\n\t\t\tlevels[i].pcieDpmLevel =\n\t\t\t\t\t(uint8_t) ((i < max_entry) ? ", "i : max_entry);\n\t} else {\n\t\twhile (hw_data->dpm_level_enable_mask.pcie_dpm_enable_mask &&\n\t\t\t\t((hw_data->dpm_level_enable_mask.pcie_dpm_enable_mask &\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(1 << (hightest_pcie_level_enabled + 1))) !", "= 0))\n\t\t\thightest_pcie_level_enabled++;\n\n\t\twhile (hw_data->dpm_level_enable_mask.pcie_dpm_enable_mask &&\n\t\t\t\t((hw_data->dpm_level_enable_mask.pcie_dpm_enable_mask &\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(1 << lowest_pcie_level_enabled)) == 0))\n\t\t\tlowest_pcie_level_enabled++;\n\n\t\twhile ((count < hightest_pcie_level_enabled) &&\n\t\t\t\t((hw_data->dpm_level_enable_mask.pcie_dpm_enable_mask &\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(1 << (lowest_pcie_level_enabled + 1 + count))) == 0))\n\t\t\tcount++;\n\n\t\tmid_pcie_level_enabled = (lowest_pcie_level_enabled + 1 + count) <\n\t\t\t\thightest_pcie_level_enabled ?", "\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(lowest_pcie_level_enabled + 1 + count) :\n\t\t\t\t\t\thightest_pcie_level_enabled;\n\n\t\t/* set pcieDpmLevel to hightest_pcie_level_enabled */\n\t\tfor (i = 2; i < dpm_table->sclk_table.count; i++)\n\t\t\tlevels[i].pcieDpmLevel = hightest_pcie_level_enabled;\n\n\t\t/* set pcieDpmLevel to lowest_pcie_level_enabled */\n\t\tlevels[0].pcieDpmLevel = lowest_pcie_level_enabled;\n\n\t\t/* set pcieDpmLevel to mid_pcie_level_enabled */\n\t\tlevels[1].pcieDpmLevel = mid_pcie_level_enabled;\n\t}\n\t/* level count will send to smc once at init smc table and never change */\n\tresult = smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(smumgr, array, (uint8_t *)levels,\n\t\t\t(uint32_t)array_size, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\treturn result;\n}\n\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_single_memory_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tuint32_t clock, struct SMU74_Discrete_MemoryLevel *mem_level)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tint result = 0;\n\tstruct cgs_display_info info = {0, 0, NULL};\n\tuint32_t mclk_stutter_mode_threshold = 40000;\n\n\tcgs_get_active_displays_info(hwmgr->device, &info);\n\n\tif (table_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk) {\n\t\tresult = polaris10_get_dependency_volt_by_clk(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\ttable_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk, clock,\n\t\t\t\t&mem_level->MinVoltage, &mem_level->MinMvdd);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\t\"can not find MinVddc voltage value from memory \"\n\t\t\t\t\"VDDC voltage dependency table\", return result);\n\t}\n\n\tmem_level->MclkFrequency = clock;\n\tmem_level->EnabledForThrottle = 1;\n\tmem_level->EnabledForActivity = 0;\n\tmem_level->UpHyst = 0;\n\tmem_level->DownHyst = 100;\n\tmem_level->VoltageDownHyst = 0;\n\tmem_level->ActivityLevel = (uint16_t)data->mclk_activity_target;\n\tmem_level->StutterEnable = false;\n\tmem_level->DisplayWatermark = PPSMC_DISPLAY_WATERMARK_LOW;\n\n\tdata->display_timing.num_existing_displays = info.display_count;\n\n\tif (mclk_stutter_mode_threshold &&\n\t\t(clock <= mclk_stutter_mode_threshold) &&\n\t\t(SMUM_READ_FIELD(hwmgr->device, DPG_PIPE_STUTTER_CONTROL,\n\t\t\t\tSTUTTER_ENABLE) & 0x1))\n\t\tmem_level->StutterEnable = true;\n\n\tif (!", "result) {\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(mem_level->MinMvdd);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(mem_level->MclkFrequency);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(mem_level->ActivityLevel);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(mem_level->MinVoltage);\n\t}\n\treturn result;\n}\n\n/**\n* Populates all SMC MCLK levels' structure based on the trimmed allowed dpm memory clock states\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n*/\nint polaris10_populate_all_memory_levels(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *hw_data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct smu7_dpm_table *dpm_table = &hw_data->dpm_table;\n\tint result;\n\t/* populate MCLK dpm table to SMU7 */\n\tuint32_t array = smu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, MemoryLevel);\n\tuint32_t array_size = sizeof(SMU74_Discrete_MemoryLevel) *\n\t\t\tSMU74_MAX_LEVELS_MEMORY;\n\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_MemoryLevel *levels =\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "MemoryLevel;\n\tuint32_t i;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < dpm_table->mclk_table.count; i++) {\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 !", "= dpm_table->mclk_table.dpm_levels[i].value),\n\t\t\t\t\"can not populate memory level as memory clock is zero\",\n\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\t\tresult = polaris10_populate_single_memory_level(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\tdpm_table->mclk_table.dpm_levels[i].value,\n\t\t\t\t&levels[i]);\n\t\tif (i == dpm_table->mclk_table.count - 1) {\n\t\t\tlevels[i].DisplayWatermark = PPSMC_DISPLAY_WATERMARK_HIGH;\n\t\t\tlevels[i].EnabledForActivity = 1;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (result)\n\t\t\treturn result;\n\t}\n\n\t/* In order to prevent MC activity from stutter mode to push DPM up,\n\t * the UVD change complements this by putting the MCLK in\n\t * a higher state by default such that we are not affected by\n\t * up threshold or and MCLK DPM latency.", "\n\t */\n\tlevels[0].ActivityLevel = 0x1f;\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(levels[0].ActivityLevel);\n\n\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "MemoryDpmLevelCount =\n\t\t\t(uint8_t)dpm_table->mclk_table.count;\n\thw_data->dpm_level_enable_mask.mclk_dpm_enable_mask =\n\t\t\tphm_get_dpm_level_enable_mask_value(&dpm_table->mclk_table);\n\n\t/* level count will send to smc once at init smc table and never change */\n\tresult = smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(hwmgr->smumgr, array, (uint8_t *)levels,\n\t\t\t(uint32_t)array_size, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\treturn result;\n}\n\n/**\n* Populates the SMC MVDD structure using the provided memory clock.", "\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n* @param mclk the MCLK value to be used in the decision if MVDD should be high or low.", "\n* @param voltage the SMC VOLTAGE structure to be populated\n*/\nstatic int polaris10_populate_mvdd_value(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tuint32_t mclk, SMIO_Pattern *smio_pat)\n{\n\tconst struct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tuint32_t i = 0;\n\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_NONE !", "= data->mvdd_control) {\n\t\t/* find mvdd value which clock is more than request */\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < table_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk->count; i++) {\n\t\t\tif (mclk <= table_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk->entries[i].clk) {\n\t\t\t\tsmio_pat->Voltage = data->mvdd_voltage_table.entries[i].value;\n\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(i < table_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk->count,\n\t\t\t\t\"MVDD Voltage is outside the supported range.\",", "\n\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\t} else\n\t\treturn -EINVAL;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_acpi_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tSMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tint result = 0;\n\tuint32_t sclk_frequency;\n\tconst struct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tSMIO_Pattern vol_level;\n\tuint32_t mvdd;\n\tuint16_t us_mvdd;\n\n\ttable->ACPILevel.", "Flags &= ~PPSMC_SWSTATE_FLAG_DC;\n\n\t/* Get MinVoltage and Frequency from DPM0,\n\t * already converted to SMC_UL */\n\tsclk_frequency = data->vbios_boot_state.sclk_bootup_value;\n\tresult = polaris10_get_dependency_volt_by_clk(hwmgr,\n\t\t\ttable_info->vdd_dep_on_sclk,\n\t\t\tsclk_frequency,\n\t\t\t&table->ACPILevel.", "MinVoltage, &mvdd);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\"Cannot find ACPI VDDC voltage value \"\n\t\t\t\"in Clock Dependency Table\",\n\t\t\t);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_calculate_sclk_params(hwmgr, sclk_frequency, &(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting));\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(result == 0, \"Error retrieving Engine Clock dividers from VBIOS.\", ", "return result);\n\n\ttable->ACPILevel.", "DeepSleepDivId = 0;\n\ttable->ACPILevel.", "CcPwrDynRm = 0;\n\ttable->ACPILevel.", "CcPwrDynRm1 = 0;\n\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->ACPILevel.", "Flags);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->ACPILevel.", "MinVoltage);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->ACPILevel.", "CcPwrDynRm);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->ACPILevel.", "CcPwrDynRm1);\n\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "SclkFrequency);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Fcw_int);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Fcw_frac);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Pcc_fcw_int);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Sclk_slew_rate);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Pcc_up_slew_rate);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Pcc_down_slew_rate);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Fcw1_int);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Fcw1_frac);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->ACPILevel.", "SclkSetting.", "Sclk_ss_slew_rate);\n\n\n\t/* Get MinVoltage and Frequency from DPM0, already converted to SMC_UL */\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "MclkFrequency = data->vbios_boot_state.mclk_bootup_value;\n\tresult = polaris10_get_dependency_volt_by_clk(hwmgr,\n\t\t\ttable_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk,\n\t\t\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "MclkFrequency,\n\t\t\t&table->MemoryACPILevel.", "MinVoltage, &mvdd);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\"Cannot find ACPI VDDCI voltage value \"\n\t\t\t\"in Clock Dependency Table\",\n\t\t\t);\n\n\tus_mvdd = 0;\n\tif ((SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_NONE == data->mvdd_control) ||\n\t\t\t(data->mclk_dpm_key_disabled))\n\t\tus_mvdd = data->vbios_boot_state.mvdd_bootup_value;\n\telse {\n\t\tif (!", "polaris10_populate_mvdd_value(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\tdata->dpm_table.mclk_table.dpm_levels[0].value,\n\t\t\t\t&vol_level))\n\t\t\tus_mvdd = vol_level.", "Voltage;\n\t}\n\n\tif (0 == polaris10_populate_mvdd_value(hwmgr, 0, &vol_level))\n\t\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "MinMvdd = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(vol_level.", "Voltage);\n\telse\n\t\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "MinMvdd = 0;\n\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "StutterEnable = false;\n\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "EnabledForThrottle = 0;\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "EnabledForActivity = 0;\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "UpHyst = 0;\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "DownHyst = 100;\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "VoltageDownHyst = 0;\n\ttable->MemoryACPILevel.", "ActivityLevel =\n\t\t\tPP_HOST_TO_SMC_US((uint16_t)data->mclk_activity_target);\n\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->MemoryACPILevel.", "MclkFrequency);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->MemoryACPILevel.", "MinVoltage);\n\n\treturn result;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_vce_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tSMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tint result = -EINVAL;\n\tuint8_t count;\n\tstruct pp_atomctrl_clock_dividers_vi dividers;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_mm_clock_voltage_dependency_table *mm_table =\n\t\t\ttable_info->mm_dep_table;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t vddci;\n\n\ttable->VceLevelCount = (uint8_t)(mm_table->count);\n\ttable->VceBootLevel = 0;\n\n\tfor (count = 0; count < table->VceLevelCount; count++) {\n\t\ttable->VceLevel[count].Frequency = mm_table->entries[count].eclk;\n\t\ttable->VceLevel[count].MinVoltage = 0;\n\t\ttable->VceLevel[count].MinVoltage |=\n\t\t\t\t(mm_table->entries[count].vddc * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDC_SHIFT;\n\n\t\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_GPIO == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t\tvddci = (uint32_t)phm_find_closest_vddci(&(data->vddci_voltage_table),\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmm_table->entries[count].vddc - VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA);\n\t\telse if (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_SVID2 == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t\tvddci = mm_table->entries[count].vddc - VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA;\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tvddci = (data->vbios_boot_state.vddci_bootup_value * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\n\n\t\ttable->VceLevel[count].MinVoltage |=\n\t\t\t\t(vddci * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\t\ttable->VceLevel[count].MinVoltage |= 1 << PHASES_SHIFT;\n\n\t\t/*retrieve divider value for VBIOS */\n\t\tresult = atomctrl_get_dfs_pll_dividers_vi(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\ttable->VceLevel[count].Frequency, &dividers);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\t\"can not find divide id for VCE engine clock\",\n\t\t\t\treturn result);\n\n\t\ttable->VceLevel[count].Divider = (uint8_t)dividers.pll_post_divider;\n\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->VceLevel[count].Frequency);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->VceLevel[count].MinVoltage);\n\t}\n\treturn result;\n}\n\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_samu_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tSMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tint result = -EINVAL;\n\tuint8_t count;\n\tstruct pp_atomctrl_clock_dividers_vi dividers;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_mm_clock_voltage_dependency_table *mm_table =\n\t\t\ttable_info->mm_dep_table;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t vddci;\n\n\ttable->SamuBootLevel = 0;\n\ttable->SamuLevelCount = (uint8_t)(mm_table->count);\n\n\tfor (count = 0; count < table->SamuLevelCount; count++) {\n\t\t/* not sure whether we need evclk or not */\n\t\ttable->SamuLevel[count].MinVoltage = 0;\n\t\ttable->SamuLevel[count].Frequency = mm_table->entries[count].samclock;\n\t\ttable->SamuLevel[count].MinVoltage |= (mm_table->entries[count].vddc *\n\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDC_SHIFT;\n\n\t\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_GPIO == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t\tvddci = (uint32_t)phm_find_closest_vddci(&(data->vddci_voltage_table),\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmm_table->entries[count].vddc - VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA);\n\t\telse if (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_SVID2 == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t\tvddci = mm_table->entries[count].vddc - VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA;\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tvddci = (data->vbios_boot_state.vddci_bootup_value * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\n\t\ttable->SamuLevel[count].MinVoltage |= (vddci * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\t\ttable->SamuLevel[count].MinVoltage |= 1 << PHASES_SHIFT;\n\n\t\t/* retrieve divider value for VBIOS */\n\t\tresult = atomctrl_get_dfs_pll_dividers_vi(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\ttable->SamuLevel[count].Frequency, &dividers);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\t\"can not find divide id for samu clock\", return result);\n\n\t\ttable->SamuLevel[count].Divider = (uint8_t)dividers.pll_post_divider;\n\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->SamuLevel[count].Frequency);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->SamuLevel[count].MinVoltage);\n\t}\n\treturn result;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_memory_timing_parameters(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tint32_t eng_clock, int32_t mem_clock,\n\t\tSMU74_Discrete_MCArbDramTimingTableEntry *arb_regs)\n{\n\tuint32_t dram_timing;\n\tuint32_t dram_timing2;\n\tuint32_t burst_time;\n\tint result;\n\n\tresult = atomctrl_set_engine_dram_timings_rv770(hwmgr,\n\t\t\teng_clock, mem_clock);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(result == 0,\n\t\t\t\"Error calling VBIOS to set DRAM_TIMING.\", ", "return result);\n\n\tdram_timing = cgs_read_register(hwmgr->device, mmMC_ARB_DRAM_TIMING);\n\tdram_timing2 = cgs_read_register(hwmgr->device, mmMC_ARB_DRAM_TIMING2);\n\tburst_time = PHM_READ_FIELD(hwmgr->device, MC_ARB_BURST_TIME, STATE0);\n\n\n\tarb_regs->McArbDramTiming = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(dram_timing);\n\tarb_regs->McArbDramTiming2 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(dram_timing2);\n\tarb_regs->McArbBurstTime = (uint8_t)burst_time;\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_program_memory_timing_parameters(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *hw_data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_MCArbDramTimingTable arb_regs;\n\tuint32_t i, j;\n\tint result = 0;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < hw_data->dpm_table.sclk_table.count; i++) {\n\t\tfor (j = 0; j < hw_data->dpm_table.mclk_table.count; j++) {\n\t\t\tresult = polaris10_populate_memory_timing_parameters(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\t\thw_data->dpm_table.sclk_table.dpm_levels[i].value,\n\t\t\t\t\thw_data->dpm_table.mclk_table.dpm_levels[j].value,\n\t\t\t\t\t&arb_regs.entries[i][j]);\n\t\t\tif (result == 0)\n\t\t\t\tresult = atomctrl_set_ac_timing_ai(hwmgr, hw_data->dpm_table.mclk_table.dpm_levels[j].value, j);\n\t\t\tif (result !", "= 0)\n\t\t\t\treturn result;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tresult = smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(\n\t\t\thwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.arb_table_start,\n\t\t\t(uint8_t *)&arb_regs,\n\t\t\tsizeof(SMU74_Discrete_MCArbDramTimingTable),\n\t\t\tSMC_RAM_END);\n\treturn result;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_uvd_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tint result = -EINVAL;\n\tuint8_t count;\n\tstruct pp_atomctrl_clock_dividers_vi dividers;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_mm_clock_voltage_dependency_table *mm_table =\n\t\t\ttable_info->mm_dep_table;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t vddci;\n\n\ttable->UvdLevelCount = (uint8_t)(mm_table->count);\n\ttable->UvdBootLevel = 0;\n\n\tfor (count = 0; count < table->UvdLevelCount; count++) {\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].MinVoltage = 0;\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].VclkFrequency = mm_table->entries[count].vclk;\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].DclkFrequency = mm_table->entries[count].dclk;\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].MinVoltage |= (mm_table->entries[count].vddc *\n\t\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDC_SHIFT;\n\n\t\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_GPIO == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t\tvddci = (uint32_t)phm_find_closest_vddci(&(data->vddci_voltage_table),\n\t\t\t\t\t\tmm_table->entries[count].vddc - VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA);\n\t\telse if (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_SVID2 == data->vddci_control)\n\t\t\tvddci = mm_table->entries[count].vddc - VDDC_VDDCI_DELTA;\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tvddci = (data->vbios_boot_state.vddci_bootup_value * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].MinVoltage |= (vddci * VOLTAGE_SCALE) << VDDCI_SHIFT;\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].MinVoltage |= 1 << PHASES_SHIFT;\n\n\t\t/* retrieve divider value for VBIOS */\n\t\tresult = atomctrl_get_dfs_pll_dividers_vi(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].VclkFrequency, &dividers);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\t\"can not find divide id for Vclk clock\", return result);\n\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].VclkDivider = (uint8_t)dividers.pll_post_divider;\n\n\t\tresult = atomctrl_get_dfs_pll_dividers_vi(hwmgr,\n\t\t\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].DclkFrequency, &dividers);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((0 == result),\n\t\t\t\t\"can not find divide id for Dclk clock\", return result);\n\n\t\ttable->UvdLevel[count].DclkDivider = (uint8_t)dividers.pll_post_divider;\n\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->UvdLevel[count].VclkFrequency);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->UvdLevel[count].DclkFrequency);\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->UvdLevel[count].MinVoltage);\n\t}\n\n\treturn result;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_boot_level(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tint result = 0;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\n\ttable->GraphicsBootLevel = 0;\n\ttable->MemoryBootLevel = 0;\n\n\t/* find boot level from dpm table */\n\tresult = phm_find_boot_level(&(data->dpm_table.sclk_table),\n\t\t\tdata->vbios_boot_state.sclk_bootup_value,\n\t\t\t(uint32_t *)&(table->GraphicsBootLevel));\n\n\tresult = phm_find_boot_level(&(data->dpm_table.mclk_table),\n\t\t\tdata->vbios_boot_state.mclk_bootup_value,\n\t\t\t(uint32_t *)&(table->MemoryBootLevel));\n\n\ttable->BootVddc = data->vbios_boot_state.vddc_bootup_value *\n\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE;\n\ttable->BootVddci = data->vbios_boot_state.vddci_bootup_value *\n\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE;\n\ttable->BootMVdd = data->vbios_boot_state.mvdd_bootup_value *\n\t\t\tVOLTAGE_SCALE;\n\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->BootVddc);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->BootVddci);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->BootMVdd);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_smc_initailial_state(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *hw_data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tuint8_t count, level;\n\n\tcount = (uint8_t)(table_info->vdd_dep_on_sclk->count);\n\n\tfor (level = 0; level < count; level++) {\n\t\tif (table_info->vdd_dep_on_sclk->entries[level].clk >=\n\t\t\t\thw_data->vbios_boot_state.sclk_bootup_value) {\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsBootLevel = level;\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tcount = (uint8_t)(table_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk->count);\n\tfor (level = 0; level < count; level++) {\n\t\tif (table_info->vdd_dep_on_mclk->entries[level].clk >=\n\t\t\t\thw_data->vbios_boot_state.mclk_bootup_value) {\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "MemoryBootLevel = level;\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_clock_stretcher_data_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tuint32_t ro, efuse, volt_without_cks, volt_with_cks, value, max, min;\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\n\tuint8_t i, stretch_amount, stretch_amount2, volt_offset = 0;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_clock_voltage_dependency_table *sclk_table =\n\t\t\ttable_info->vdd_dep_on_sclk;\n\n\tstretch_amount = (uint8_t)table_info->cac_dtp_table->usClockStretchAmount;\n\n\t/* Read SMU_Eefuse to read and calculate RO and determine\n\t * if the part is SS or FF. ", "if RO >= 1660MHz, part is FF.", "\n\t */\n\tefuse = cgs_read_ind_register(hwmgr->device, CGS_IND_REG__SMC,\n\t\t\tixSMU_EFUSE_0 + (67 * 4));\n\tefuse &= 0xFF000000;\n\tefuse = efuse >> 24;\n\n\tif (hwmgr->chip_id == CHIP_POLARIS10) {\n\t\tmin = 1000;\n\t\tmax = 2300;\n\t} else {\n\t\tmin = 1100;\n\t\tmax = 2100;\n\t}\n\n\tro = efuse * (max - min) / 255 + min;\n\n\t/* Populate Sclk_CKS_masterEn0_7 and Sclk_voltageOffset */\n\tfor (i = 0; i < sclk_table->count; i++) {\n\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "Sclk_CKS_masterEn0_7 |=\n\t\t\t\tsclk_table->entries[i].cks_enable << i;\n\t\tif (hwmgr->chip_id == CHIP_POLARIS10) {\n\t\t\tvolt_without_cks = (uint32_t)((2753594000U + (sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100) * 136418 - (ro - 70) * 1000000) / \\\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(2424180 - (sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100) * 1132925/1000));\n\t\t\tvolt_with_cks = (uint32_t)((2797202000U + sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100 * 3232 - (ro - 65) * 1000000) / \\\n\t\t\t\t\t(2522480 - sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100 * 115764/100));\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tvolt_without_cks = (uint32_t)((2416794800U + (sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100) * 1476925/10 - (ro - 50) * 1000000) / \\\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(2625416 - (sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100) * (12586807/10000)));\n\t\t\tvolt_with_cks = (uint32_t)((2999656000U - sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100 * 392803 - (ro - 44) * 1000000) / \\\n\t\t\t\t\t(3422454 - sclk_table->entries[i].clk/100 * (18886376/10000)));\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif (volt_without_cks >= volt_with_cks)\n\t\t\tvolt_offset = (uint8_t)(((volt_without_cks - volt_with_cks +\n\t\t\t\t\tsclk_table->entries[i].cks_voffset) * 100 + 624) / 625);\n\n\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "Sclk_voltageOffset[i] = volt_offset;\n\t}\n\n\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "LdoRefSel = (table_info->cac_dtp_table->ucCKS_LDO_REFSEL !", "= 0) ? ", "table_info->cac_dtp_table->ucCKS_LDO_REFSEL : 6;\n\t/* Populate CKS Lookup Table */\n\tif (stretch_amount == 1 || stretch_amount == 2 || stretch_amount == 5)\n\t\tstretch_amount2 = 0;\n\telse if (stretch_amount == 3 || stretch_amount == 4)\n\t\tstretch_amount2 = 1;\n\telse {\n\t\tphm_cap_unset(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_ClockStretcher);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\"Stretch Amount in PPTable not supported\\n\",\n\t\t\t\treturn -EINVAL);\n\t}\n\n\tvalue = cgs_read_ind_register(hwmgr->device, CGS_IND_REG__SMC, ixPWR_CKS_CNTL);\n\tvalue &= 0xFFFFFFFE;\n\tcgs_write_ind_register(hwmgr->device, CGS_IND_REG__SMC, ixPWR_CKS_CNTL, value);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n* Populates the SMC VRConfig field in DPM table.", "\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the hardware manager\n* @param table the SMC DPM table structure to be populated\n* @return always 0\n*/\nstatic int polaris10_populate_vr_config(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tuint16_t config;\n\n\tconfig = VR_MERGED_WITH_VDDC;\n\ttable->VRConfig |= (config << VRCONF_VDDGFX_SHIFT);\n\n\t/* Set Vddc Voltage Controller */\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_SVID2 == data->voltage_control) {\n\t\tconfig = VR_SVI2_PLANE_1;\n\t\ttable->VRConfig |= config;\n\t} else {\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(false,\n\t\t\t\t\"VDDC should be on SVI2 control in merged mode!\",", "\n\t\t\t\t);\n\t}\n\t/* Set Vddci Voltage Controller */\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_SVID2 == data->vddci_control) {\n\t\tconfig = VR_SVI2_PLANE_2; /* only in merged mode */\n\t\ttable->VRConfig |= (config << VRCONF_VDDCI_SHIFT);\n\t} else if (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_GPIO == data->vddci_control) {\n\t\tconfig = VR_SMIO_PATTERN_1;\n\t\ttable->VRConfig |= (config << VRCONF_VDDCI_SHIFT);\n\t} else {\n\t\tconfig = VR_STATIC_VOLTAGE;\n\t\ttable->VRConfig |= (config << VRCONF_VDDCI_SHIFT);\n\t}\n\t/* Set Mvdd Voltage Controller */\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_BY_SVID2 == data->mvdd_control) {\n\t\tconfig = VR_SVI2_PLANE_2;\n\t\ttable->VRConfig |= (config << VRCONF_MVDD_SHIFT);\n\t\tcgs_write_ind_register(hwmgr->device, CGS_IND_REG__SMC, smu_data->smu7_data.soft_regs_start +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_SoftRegisters, AllowMvddSwitch), 0x1);\n\t} else {\n\t\tconfig = VR_STATIC_VOLTAGE;\n\t\ttable->VRConfig |= (config << VRCONF_MVDD_SHIFT);\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n\nstatic int polaris10_populate_avfs_parameters(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\n\tSMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table = &(smu_data->smc_state_table);\n\tint result = 0;\n\tstruct pp_atom_ctrl__avfs_parameters avfs_params = {0};\n\tAVFS_meanNsigma_t AVFS_meanNsigma = { {0} };\n\tAVFS_Sclk_Offset_t AVFS_SclkOffset = { {0} };\n\tuint32_t tmp, i;\n\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)hwmgr->pptable;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_clock_voltage_dependency_table *sclk_table =\n\t\t\ttable_info->vdd_dep_on_sclk;\n\n\n\tif (((struct smu7_smumgr *)smu_data)->avfs.avfs_btc_status == AVFS_BTC_NOTSUPPORTED)\n\t\treturn result;\n\n\tresult = atomctrl_get_avfs_information(hwmgr, &avfs_params);\n\n\tif (0 == result) {\n\t\ttable->BTCGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].a0 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSON_a0);\n\t\ttable->BTCGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].a1 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSON_a1);\n\t\ttable->BTCGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].a2 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSON_a2);\n\t\ttable->BTCGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].a0 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSOFF_a0);\n\t\ttable->BTCGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].a1 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSOFF_a1);\n\t\ttable->BTCGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].a2 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSOFF_a2);\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].m1 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulAVFSGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSON_m1);\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].m2 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(avfs_params.usAVFSGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSON_m2);\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].b = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulAVFSGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSON_b);\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].m1_shift = 24;\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[0].m2_shift = 12;\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].m1 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulAVFSGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSOFF_m1);\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].m2 = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(avfs_params.usAVFSGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSOFF_m2);\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].b = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulAVFSGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSOFF_b);\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].m1_shift = 24;\n\t\ttable->AVFSGB_VDROOP_TABLE[1].m2_shift = 12;\n\t\ttable->MaxVoltage = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(avfs_params.usMaxVoltage_0_25mv);\n\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "Aconstant[0] = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulAVFS_meanNsigma_Acontant0);\n\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "Aconstant[1] = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulAVFS_meanNsigma_Acontant1);\n\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "Aconstant[2] = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(avfs_params.ulAVFS_meanNsigma_Acontant2);\n\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "DC_tol_sigma = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(avfs_params.usAVFS_meanNsigma_DC_tol_sigma);\n\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "Platform_mean = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(avfs_params.usAVFS_meanNsigma_Platform_mean);\n\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "PSM_Age_CompFactor = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(avfs_params.usPSM_Age_ComFactor);\n\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "Platform_sigma = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US(avfs_params.usAVFS_meanNsigma_Platform_sigma);\n\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < NUM_VFT_COLUMNS; i++) {\n\t\t\tAVFS_meanNsigma.", "Static_Voltage_Offset[i] = (uint8_t)(sclk_table->entries[i].cks_voffset * 100 / 625);\n\t\t\tAVFS_SclkOffset.", "Sclk_Offset[i] = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US((uint16_t)(sclk_table->entries[i].sclk_offset) / 100);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION + offsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, AvfsMeanNSigma),\n\t\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\t\tsmu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(smumgr,\n\t\t\t\t\ttmp,\n\t\t\t\t\t(uint8_t *)&AVFS_meanNsigma,\n\t\t\t\t\tsizeof(AVFS_meanNsigma_t),\n\t\t\t\t\tSMC_RAM_END);\n\n\t\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION + offsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, AvfsSclkOffsetTable),\n\t\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\t\tsmu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(smumgr,\n\t\t\t\t\ttmp,\n\t\t\t\t\t(uint8_t *)&AVFS_SclkOffset,\n\t\t\t\t\tsizeof(AVFS_Sclk_Offset_t),\n\t\t\t\t\tSMC_RAM_END);\n\n\t\tdata->avfs_vdroop_override_setting = (avfs_params.ucEnableGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSON << BTCGB0_Vdroop_Enable_SHIFT) |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(avfs_params.ucEnableGB_VDROOP_TABLE_CKSOFF << BTCGB1_Vdroop_Enable_SHIFT) |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(avfs_params.ucEnableGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSON << AVFSGB0_Vdroop_Enable_SHIFT) |\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(avfs_params.ucEnableGB_FUSE_TABLE_CKSOFF << AVFSGB1_Vdroop_Enable_SHIFT);\n\t\tdata->apply_avfs_cks_off_voltage = (avfs_params.ucEnableApplyAVFS_CKS_OFF_Voltage == 1) ? ", "true : false;\n\t}\n\treturn result;\n}\n\n\n/**\n* Initialize the ARB DRAM timing table's index field.", "\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the powerplay hardware manager.", "\n* @return always 0\n*/\nstatic int polaris10_init_arb_table_index(struct pp_smumgr *smumgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t tmp;\n\tint result;\n\n\t/* This is a read-modify-write on the first byte of the ARB table.", "\n\t * The first byte in the SMU73_Discrete_MCArbDramTimingTable structure\n\t * is the field 'current'.", "\n\t * This solution is ugly, but we never write the whole table only\n\t * individual fields in it.", "\n\t * In reality this field should not be in that structure\n\t * but in a soft register.", "\n\t */\n\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(smumgr,\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.arb_table_start, &tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (result)\n\t\treturn result;\n\n\ttmp &= 0x00FFFFFF;\n\ttmp |= ((uint32_t)MC_CG_ARB_FREQ_F1) << 24;\n\n\treturn smu7_write_smc_sram_dword(smumgr,\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.arb_table_start, tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n}\n\nstatic void polaris10_initialize_power_tune_defaults(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\n\tif (table_info &&\n\t\t\ttable_info->cac_dtp_table->usPowerTuneDataSetID <= POWERTUNE_DEFAULT_SET_MAX &&\n\t\t\ttable_info->cac_dtp_table->usPowerTuneDataSetID)\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_defaults =\n\t\t\t\t&polaris10_power_tune_data_set_array\n\t\t\t\t[table_info->cac_dtp_table->usPowerTuneDataSetID - 1];\n\telse\n\t\tsmu_data->power_tune_defaults = &polaris10_power_tune_data_set_array[0];\n\n}\n\nstatic void polaris10_save_default_power_profile(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_GraphicsLevel *levels =\n\t\t\t\tdata->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsLevel;\n\tunsigned min_level = 1;\n\n\thwmgr->default_gfx_power_profile.activity_threshold =\n\t\t\tbe16_to_cpu(levels[0].ActivityLevel);\n\thwmgr->default_gfx_power_profile.up_hyst = levels[0].UpHyst;\n\thwmgr->default_gfx_power_profile.down_hyst = levels[0].DownHyst;\n\thwmgr->default_gfx_power_profile.type = AMD_PP_GFX_PROFILE;\n\n\thwmgr->default_compute_power_profile = hwmgr->default_gfx_power_profile;\n\thwmgr->default_compute_power_profile.type = AMD_PP_COMPUTE_PROFILE;\n\n\t/* Workaround compute SDMA instability: disable lowest SCLK\n\t * DPM level. ", "Optimize compute power profile: Use only highest\n\t * 2 power levels (if more than 2 are available), Hysteresis:\n\t * 0ms up, 5ms down\n\t */\n\tif (data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsDpmLevelCount > 2)\n\t\tmin_level = data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsDpmLevelCount - 2;\n\telse if (data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsDpmLevelCount == 2)\n\t\tmin_level = 1;\n\telse\n\t\tmin_level = 0;\n\thwmgr->default_compute_power_profile.min_sclk =\n\t\tbe32_to_cpu(levels[min_level].SclkSetting.", "SclkFrequency);\n\thwmgr->default_compute_power_profile.up_hyst = 0;\n\thwmgr->default_compute_power_profile.down_hyst = 5;\n\n\thwmgr->gfx_power_profile = hwmgr->default_gfx_power_profile;\n\thwmgr->compute_power_profile = hwmgr->default_compute_power_profile;\n}\n\n/**\n* Initializes the SMC table and uploads it\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the powerplay hardware manager.", "\n* @return always 0\n*/\nint polaris10_init_smc_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tint result;\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = hwmgr->smumgr;\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *hw_data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable *table = &(smu_data->smc_state_table);\n\tuint8_t i;\n\tstruct pp_atomctrl_gpio_pin_assignment gpio_pin;\n\tpp_atomctrl_clock_dividers_vi dividers;\n\n\tpolaris10_initialize_power_tune_defaults(hwmgr);\n\n\tif (SMU7_VOLTAGE_CONTROL_NONE !", "= hw_data->voltage_control)\n\t\tpolaris10_populate_smc_voltage_tables(hwmgr, table);\n\n\ttable->SystemFlags = 0;\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_AutomaticDCTransition))\n\t\ttable->SystemFlags |= PPSMC_SYSTEMFLAG_GPIO_DC;\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_StepVddc))\n\t\ttable->SystemFlags |= PPSMC_SYSTEMFLAG_STEPVDDC;\n\n\tif (hw_data->is_memory_gddr5)\n\t\ttable->SystemFlags |= PPSMC_SYSTEMFLAG_GDDR5;\n\n\tif (hw_data->ulv_supported && table_info->us_ulv_voltage_offset) {\n\t\tresult = polaris10_populate_ulv_state(hwmgr, table);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize ULV state!\", ", "return result);\n\t\tcgs_write_ind_register(hwmgr->device, CGS_IND_REG__SMC,\n\t\t\t\tixCG_ULV_PARAMETER, SMU7_CGULVPARAMETER_DFLT);\n\t}\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_smc_link_level(hwmgr, table);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize Link Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_all_graphic_levels(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize Graphics Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_all_memory_levels(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize Memory Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_smc_acpi_level(hwmgr, table);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize ACPI Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_smc_vce_level(hwmgr, table);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize VCE Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_smc_samu_level(hwmgr, table);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize SAMU Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\t/* Since only the initial state is completely set up at this point\n\t * (the other states are just copies of the boot state) we only\n\t * need to populate the ARB settings for the initial state.", "\n\t */\n\tresult = polaris10_program_memory_timing_parameters(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to Write ARB settings for the initial state.\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_smc_uvd_level(hwmgr, table);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize UVD Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_smc_boot_level(hwmgr, table);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize Boot Level!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_smc_initailial_state(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to initialize Boot State!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_bapm_parameters_in_dpm_table(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to populate BAPM Parameters!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_ClockStretcher)) {\n\t\tresult = polaris10_populate_clock_stretcher_data_table(hwmgr);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\t\"Failed to populate Clock Stretcher Data Table!\",", "\n\t\t\t\treturn result);\n\t}\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_avfs_parameters(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result, \"Failed to populate AVFS Parameters!\", ", "return result;);\n\n\ttable->CurrSclkPllRange = 0xff;\n\ttable->GraphicsVoltageChangeEnable = 1;\n\ttable->GraphicsThermThrottleEnable = 1;\n\ttable->GraphicsInterval = 1;\n\ttable->VoltageInterval = 1;\n\ttable->ThermalInterval = 1;\n\ttable->TemperatureLimitHigh =\n\t\t\ttable_info->cac_dtp_table->usTargetOperatingTemp *\n\t\t\tSMU7_Q88_FORMAT_CONVERSION_UNIT;\n\ttable->TemperatureLimitLow =\n\t\t\t(table_info->cac_dtp_table->usTargetOperatingTemp - 1) *\n\t\t\tSMU7_Q88_FORMAT_CONVERSION_UNIT;\n\ttable->MemoryVoltageChangeEnable = 1;\n\ttable->MemoryInterval = 1;\n\ttable->VoltageResponseTime = 0;\n\ttable->PhaseResponseTime = 0;\n\ttable->MemoryThermThrottleEnable = 1;\n\ttable->PCIeBootLinkLevel = 0;\n\ttable->PCIeGenInterval = 1;\n\ttable->VRConfig = 0;\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_vr_config(hwmgr, table);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to populate VRConfig setting!\", ", "return result);\n\n\ttable->ThermGpio = 17;\n\ttable->SclkStepSize = 0x4000;\n\n\tif (atomctrl_get_pp_assign_pin(hwmgr, VDDC_VRHOT_GPIO_PINID, &gpio_pin)) {\n\t\ttable->VRHotGpio = gpio_pin.uc_gpio_pin_bit_shift;\n\t} else {\n\t\ttable->VRHotGpio = SMU7_UNUSED_GPIO_PIN;\n\t\tphm_cap_unset(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_RegulatorHot);\n\t}\n\n\tif (atomctrl_get_pp_assign_pin(hwmgr, PP_AC_DC_SWITCH_GPIO_PINID,\n\t\t\t&gpio_pin)) {\n\t\ttable->AcDcGpio = gpio_pin.uc_gpio_pin_bit_shift;\n\t\tphm_cap_set(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_AutomaticDCTransition);\n\t} else {\n\t\ttable->AcDcGpio = SMU7_UNUSED_GPIO_PIN;\n\t\tphm_cap_unset(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_AutomaticDCTransition);\n\t}\n\n\t/* Thermal Output GPIO */\n\tif (atomctrl_get_pp_assign_pin(hwmgr, THERMAL_INT_OUTPUT_GPIO_PINID,\n\t\t\t&gpio_pin)) {\n\t\tphm_cap_set(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_ThermalOutGPIO);\n\n\t\ttable->ThermOutGpio = gpio_pin.uc_gpio_pin_bit_shift;\n\n\t\t/* For porlarity read GPIOPAD_A with assigned Gpio pin\n\t\t * since VBIOS will program this register to set 'inactive state',\n\t\t * driver can then determine 'active state' from this and\n\t\t * program SMU with correct polarity\n\t\t */\n\t\ttable->ThermOutPolarity = (0 == (cgs_read_register(hwmgr->device, mmGPIOPAD_A)\n\t\t\t\t\t& (1 << gpio_pin.uc_gpio_pin_bit_shift))) ? ", "1:0;\n\t\ttable->ThermOutMode = SMU7_THERM_OUT_MODE_THERM_ONLY;\n\n\t\t/* if required, combine VRHot/PCC with thermal out GPIO */\n\t\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps, PHM_PlatformCaps_RegulatorHot)\n\t\t&& phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps, PHM_PlatformCaps_CombinePCCWithThermalSignal))\n\t\t\ttable->ThermOutMode = SMU7_THERM_OUT_MODE_THERM_VRHOT;\n\t} else {\n\t\ttable->ThermOutGpio = 17;\n\t\ttable->ThermOutPolarity = 1;\n\t\ttable->ThermOutMode = SMU7_THERM_OUT_MODE_DISABLE;\n\t}\n\n\t/* Populate BIF_SCLK levels into SMC DPM table */\n\tfor (i = 0; i <= hw_data->dpm_table.pcie_speed_table.count; i++) {\n\t\tresult = atomctrl_get_dfs_pll_dividers_vi(hwmgr, smu_data->bif_sclk_table[i], &dividers);\n\t\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((result == 0), \"Can not find DFS divide id for Sclk\", return result);\n\n\t\tif (i == 0)\n\t\t\ttable->Ulv.", "BifSclkDfs = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US((USHORT)(dividers.pll_post_divider));\n\t\telse\n\t\t\ttable->LinkLevel[i-1].BifSclkDfs = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_US((USHORT)(dividers.pll_post_divider));\n\t}\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < SMU74_MAX_ENTRIES_SMIO; i++)\n\t\ttable->Smio[i] = PP_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->Smio[i]);\n\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->SystemFlags);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->VRConfig);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->SmioMask1);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->SmioMask2);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->SclkStepSize);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(table->CurrSclkPllRange);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->TemperatureLimitHigh);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->TemperatureLimitLow);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->VoltageResponseTime);\n\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_US(table->PhaseResponseTime);\n\n\t/* Upload all dpm data to SMC memory.(dpm level, dpm level count etc) */\n\tresult = smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, SystemFlags),\n\t\t\t(uint8_t *)&(table->SystemFlags),\n\t\t\tsizeof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable) - 3 * sizeof(SMU74_PIDController),\n\t\t\tSMC_RAM_END);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to upload dpm data to SMC memory!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_init_arb_table_index(hwmgr->smumgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to upload arb data to SMC memory!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_populate_pm_fuses(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE(0 == result,\n\t\t\t\"Failed to populate PM fuses to SMC memory!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tpolaris10_save_default_power_profile(hwmgr);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_program_mem_timing_parameters(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\n\tif (data->need_update_smu7_dpm_table &\n\t\t(DPMTABLE_OD_UPDATE_SCLK + DPMTABLE_OD_UPDATE_MCLK))\n\t\treturn polaris10_program_memory_timing_parameters(hwmgr);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nint polaris10_thermal_avfs_enable(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tint ret;\n\tstruct pp_smumgr *smumgr = (struct pp_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr);\n\tstruct smu7_smumgr *smu_data = (struct smu7_smumgr *)(smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\n\tif (smu_data->avfs.avfs_btc_status == AVFS_BTC_NOTSUPPORTED)\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\tret = smum_send_msg_to_smc_with_parameter(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tPPSMC_MSG_SetGBDroopSettings, data->avfs_vdroop_override_setting);\n\n\tret = (smum_send_msg_to_smc(smumgr, PPSMC_MSG_EnableAvfs) == 0) ?", "\n\t\t\t0 : -1;\n\n\tif (!", "ret)\n\t\t/* If this param is not changed, this function could fire unnecessarily */\n\t\tsmu_data->avfs.avfs_btc_status = AVFS_BTC_COMPLETED_PREVIOUSLY;\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\n/**\n* Set up the fan table to control the fan using the SMC.", "\n* @param hwmgr the address of the powerplay hardware manager.", "\n* @param pInput the pointer to input data\n* @param pOutput the pointer to output data\n* @param pStorage the pointer to temporary storage\n* @param Result the last failure code\n* @return result from set temperature range routine\n*/\nint polaris10_thermal_setup_fan_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tSMU74_Discrete_FanTable fan_table = { FDO_MODE_HARDWARE };\n\tuint32_t duty100;\n\tuint32_t t_diff1, t_diff2, pwm_diff1, pwm_diff2;\n\tuint16_t fdo_min, slope1, slope2;\n\tuint32_t reference_clock;\n\tint res;\n\tuint64_t tmp64;\n\n\tif (hwmgr->thermal_controller.fanInfo.bNoFan) {\n\t\tphm_cap_unset(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_MicrocodeFanControl);\n\t\treturn 0;\n\t}\n\n\tif (smu_data->smu7_data.fan_table_start == 0) {\n\t\tphm_cap_unset(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_MicrocodeFanControl);\n\t\treturn 0;\n\t}\n\n\tduty100 = PHM_READ_VFPF_INDIRECT_FIELD(hwmgr->device, CGS_IND_REG__SMC,\n\t\t\tCG_FDO_CTRL1, FMAX_DUTY100);\n\n\tif (duty100 == 0) {\n\t\tphm_cap_unset(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_MicrocodeFanControl);\n\t\treturn 0;\n\t}\n\n\ttmp64 = hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.", "\n\t\t\tusPWMMin * duty100;\n\tdo_div(tmp64, 10000);\n\tfdo_min = (uint16_t)tmp64;\n\n\tt_diff1 = hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usTMed -\n\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usTMin;\n\tt_diff2 = hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usTHigh -\n\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usTMed;\n\n\tpwm_diff1 = hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usPWMMed -\n\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usPWMMin;\n\tpwm_diff2 = hwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usPWMHigh -\n\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usPWMMed;\n\n\tslope1 = (uint16_t)((50 + ((16 * duty100 * pwm_diff1) / t_diff1)) / 100);\n\tslope2 = (uint16_t)((50 + ((16 * duty100 * pwm_diff2) / t_diff2)) / 100);\n\n\tfan_table.", "TempMin = cpu_to_be16((50 + hwmgr->\n\t\t\tthermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usTMin) / 100);\n\tfan_table.", "TempMed = cpu_to_be16((50 + hwmgr->\n\t\t\tthermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usTMed) / 100);\n\tfan_table.", "TempMax = cpu_to_be16((50 + hwmgr->\n\t\t\tthermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.usTMax) / 100);\n\n\tfan_table.", "Slope1 = cpu_to_be16(slope1);\n\tfan_table.", "Slope2 = cpu_to_be16(slope2);\n\n\tfan_table.", "FdoMin = cpu_to_be16(fdo_min);\n\n\tfan_table.", "HystDown = cpu_to_be16(hwmgr->\n\t\t\tthermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.ucTHyst);\n\n\tfan_table.", "HystUp = cpu_to_be16(1);\n\n\tfan_table.", "HystSlope = cpu_to_be16(1);\n\n\tfan_table.", "TempRespLim = cpu_to_be16(5);\n\n\treference_clock = smu7_get_xclk(hwmgr);\n\n\tfan_table.", "RefreshPeriod = cpu_to_be32((hwmgr->\n\t\t\tthermal_controller.advanceFanControlParameters.ulCycleDelay *\n\t\t\treference_clock) / 1600);\n\n\tfan_table.", "FdoMax = cpu_to_be16((uint16_t)duty100);\n\n\tfan_table.", "TempSrc = (uint8_t)PHM_READ_VFPF_INDIRECT_FIELD(\n\t\t\thwmgr->device, CGS_IND_REG__SMC,\n\t\t\tCG_MULT_THERMAL_CTRL, TEMP_SEL);\n\n\tres = smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(hwmgr->smumgr, smu_data->smu7_data.fan_table_start,\n\t\t\t(uint8_t *)&fan_table, (uint32_t)sizeof(fan_table),\n\t\t\tSMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (!", "res && hwmgr->thermal_controller.", "\n\t\t\tadvanceFanControlParameters.ucMinimumPWMLimit)\n\t\tres = smum_send_msg_to_smc_with_parameter(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tPPSMC_MSG_SetFanMinPwm,\n\t\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.", "\n\t\t\t\tadvanceFanControlParameters.ucMinimumPWMLimit);\n\n\tif (!", "res && hwmgr->thermal_controller.", "\n\t\t\tadvanceFanControlParameters.ulMinFanSCLKAcousticLimit)\n\t\tres = smum_send_msg_to_smc_with_parameter(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tPPSMC_MSG_SetFanSclkTarget,\n\t\t\t\thwmgr->thermal_controller.", "\n\t\t\t\tadvanceFanControlParameters.ulMinFanSCLKAcousticLimit);\n\n\tif (res)\n\t\tphm_cap_unset(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_MicrocodeFanControl);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_update_uvd_smc_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t mm_boot_level_offset, mm_boot_level_value;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\n\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "UvdBootLevel = 0;\n\tif (table_info->mm_dep_table->count > 0)\n\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "UvdBootLevel =\n\t\t\t\t(uint8_t) (table_info->mm_dep_table->count - 1);\n\tmm_boot_level_offset = smu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start + offsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tUvdBootLevel);\n\tmm_boot_level_offset /= 4;\n\tmm_boot_level_offset *= 4;\n\tmm_boot_level_value = cgs_read_ind_register(hwmgr->device,\n\t\t\tCGS_IND_REG__SMC, mm_boot_level_offset);\n\tmm_boot_level_value &= 0x00FFFFFF;\n\tmm_boot_level_value |= smu_data->smc_state_table.", "UvdBootLevel << 24;\n\tcgs_write_ind_register(hwmgr->device,\n\t\t\tCGS_IND_REG__SMC, mm_boot_level_offset, mm_boot_level_value);\n\n\tif (!", "phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_UVDDPM) ||\n\t\tphm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_StablePState))\n\t\tsmum_send_msg_to_smc_with_parameter(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tPPSMC_MSG_UVDDPM_SetEnabledMask,\n\t\t\t\t(uint32_t)(1 << smu_data->smc_state_table.", "UvdBootLevel));\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_update_vce_smc_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t mm_boot_level_offset, mm_boot_level_value;\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_StablePState))\n\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "VceBootLevel =\n\t\t\t(uint8_t) (table_info->mm_dep_table->count - 1);\n\telse\n\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "VceBootLevel = 0;\n\n\tmm_boot_level_offset = smu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start +\n\t\t\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, VceBootLevel);\n\tmm_boot_level_offset /= 4;\n\tmm_boot_level_offset *= 4;\n\tmm_boot_level_value = cgs_read_ind_register(hwmgr->device,\n\t\t\tCGS_IND_REG__SMC, mm_boot_level_offset);\n\tmm_boot_level_value &= 0xFF00FFFF;\n\tmm_boot_level_value |= smu_data->smc_state_table.", "VceBootLevel << 16;\n\tcgs_write_ind_register(hwmgr->device,\n\t\t\tCGS_IND_REG__SMC, mm_boot_level_offset, mm_boot_level_value);\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps, PHM_PlatformCaps_StablePState))\n\t\tsmum_send_msg_to_smc_with_parameter(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tPPSMC_MSG_VCEDPM_SetEnabledMask,\n\t\t\t\t(uint32_t)1 << smu_data->smc_state_table.", "VceBootLevel);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int polaris10_update_samu_smc_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t mm_boot_level_offset, mm_boot_level_value;\n\n\n\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "SamuBootLevel = 0;\n\tmm_boot_level_offset = smu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start +\n\t\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, SamuBootLevel);\n\n\tmm_boot_level_offset /= 4;\n\tmm_boot_level_offset *= 4;\n\tmm_boot_level_value = cgs_read_ind_register(hwmgr->device,\n\t\t\tCGS_IND_REG__SMC, mm_boot_level_offset);\n\tmm_boot_level_value &= 0xFFFFFF00;\n\tmm_boot_level_value |= smu_data->smc_state_table.", "SamuBootLevel << 0;\n\tcgs_write_ind_register(hwmgr->device,\n\t\t\tCGS_IND_REG__SMC, mm_boot_level_offset, mm_boot_level_value);\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_StablePState))\n\t\tsmum_send_msg_to_smc_with_parameter(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tPPSMC_MSG_SAMUDPM_SetEnabledMask,\n\t\t\t\t(uint32_t)(1 << smu_data->smc_state_table.", "SamuBootLevel));\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n\nstatic int polaris10_update_bif_smc_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_information *table_info =\n\t\t\t(struct phm_ppt_v1_information *)(hwmgr->pptable);\n\tstruct phm_ppt_v1_pcie_table *pcie_table = table_info->pcie_table;\n\tint max_entry, i;\n\n\tmax_entry = (SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_LINK < pcie_table->count) ?", "\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSMU74_MAX_LEVELS_LINK :\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpcie_table->count;\n\t/* Setup BIF_SCLK levels */\n\tfor (i = 0; i < max_entry; i++)\n\t\tsmu_data->bif_sclk_table[i] = pcie_table->entries[i].pcie_sclk;\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nint polaris10_update_smc_table(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr, uint32_t type)\n{\n\tswitch (type) {\n\tcase SMU_UVD_TABLE:\n\t\tpolaris10_update_uvd_smc_table(hwmgr);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase SMU_VCE_TABLE:\n\t\tpolaris10_update_vce_smc_table(hwmgr);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase SMU_SAMU_TABLE:\n\t\tpolaris10_update_samu_smc_table(hwmgr);\n\t\tbreak;\n\tcase SMU_BIF_TABLE:\n\t\tpolaris10_update_bif_smc_table(hwmgr);\n\tdefault:\n\t\tbreak;\n\t}\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nint polaris10_update_sclk_threshold(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\n\tint result = 0;\n\tuint32_t low_sclk_interrupt_threshold = 0;\n\n\tif (phm_cap_enabled(hwmgr->platform_descriptor.platformCaps,\n\t\t\tPHM_PlatformCaps_SclkThrottleLowNotification)\n\t\t&& (hwmgr->gfx_arbiter.sclk_threshold !", "=\n\t\t\t\tdata->low_sclk_interrupt_threshold)) {\n\t\tdata->low_sclk_interrupt_threshold =\n\t\t\t\thwmgr->gfx_arbiter.sclk_threshold;\n\t\tlow_sclk_interrupt_threshold =\n\t\t\t\tdata->low_sclk_interrupt_threshold;\n\n\t\tCONVERT_FROM_HOST_TO_SMC_UL(low_sclk_interrupt_threshold);\n\n\t\tresult = smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(\n\t\t\t\thwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start +\n\t\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable,\n\t\t\t\t\tLowSclkInterruptThreshold),\n\t\t\t\t(uint8_t *)&low_sclk_interrupt_threshold,\n\t\t\t\tsizeof(uint32_t),\n\t\t\t\tSMC_RAM_END);\n\t}\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((result == 0),\n\t\t\t\"Failed to update SCLK threshold!\", ", "return result);\n\n\tresult = polaris10_program_mem_timing_parameters(hwmgr);\n\tPP_ASSERT_WITH_CODE((result == 0),\n\t\t\t\"Failed to program memory timing parameters!\",", "\n\t\t\t);\n\n\treturn result;\n}\n\nuint32_t polaris10_get_offsetof(uint32_t type, uint32_t member)\n{\n\tswitch (type) {\n\tcase SMU_SoftRegisters:\n\t\tswitch (member) {\n\t\tcase HandshakeDisables:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_SoftRegisters, HandshakeDisables);\n\t\tcase VoltageChangeTimeout:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_SoftRegisters, VoltageChangeTimeout);\n\t\tcase AverageGraphicsActivity:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_SoftRegisters, AverageGraphicsActivity);\n\t\tcase PreVBlankGap:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_SoftRegisters, PreVBlankGap);\n\t\tcase VBlankTimeout:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_SoftRegisters, VBlankTimeout);\n\t\tcase UcodeLoadStatus:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_SoftRegisters, UcodeLoadStatus);\n\t\t}\n\tcase SMU_Discrete_DpmTable:\n\t\tswitch (member) {\n\t\tcase UvdBootLevel:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, UvdBootLevel);\n\t\tcase VceBootLevel:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, VceBootLevel);\n\t\tcase SamuBootLevel:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, SamuBootLevel);\n\t\tcase LowSclkInterruptThreshold:\n\t\t\treturn offsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, LowSclkInterruptThreshold);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tpr_warn(\"can't get the offset of type %x member %x\\n\", type, member);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nuint32_t polaris10_get_mac_definition(uint32_t value)\n{\n\tswitch (value) {\n\tcase SMU_MAX_LEVELS_GRAPHICS:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_GRAPHICS;\n\tcase SMU_MAX_LEVELS_MEMORY:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_MEMORY;\n\tcase SMU_MAX_LEVELS_LINK:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_LINK;\n\tcase SMU_MAX_ENTRIES_SMIO:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_ENTRIES_SMIO;\n\tcase SMU_MAX_LEVELS_VDDC:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_VDDC;\n\tcase SMU_MAX_LEVELS_VDDGFX:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_VDDGFX;\n\tcase SMU_MAX_LEVELS_VDDCI:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_VDDCI;\n\tcase SMU_MAX_LEVELS_MVDD:\n\t\treturn SMU74_MAX_LEVELS_MVDD;\n\tcase SMU_UVD_MCLK_HANDSHAKE_DISABLE:\n\t\treturn SMU7_UVD_MCLK_HANDSHAKE_DISABLE;\n\t}\n\n\tpr_warn(\"can't get the mac of %x\\n\", value);\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/**\n* Get the location of various tables inside the FW image.", "\n*\n* @param hwmgr the address of the powerplay hardware manager.", "\n* @return always 0\n*/\nint polaris10_process_firmware_header(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct smu7_hwmgr *data = (struct smu7_hwmgr *)(hwmgr->backend);\n\tuint32_t tmp;\n\tint result;\n\tbool error = false;\n\n\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, DpmTable),\n\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (0 == result)\n\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start = tmp;\n\n\terror |= (0 !", "= result);\n\n\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, SoftRegisters),\n\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (!", "result) {\n\t\tdata->soft_regs_start = tmp;\n\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.soft_regs_start = tmp;\n\t}\n\n\terror |= (0 !", "= result);\n\n\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, mcRegisterTable),\n\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (!", "result)\n\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.mc_reg_table_start = tmp;\n\n\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, FanTable),\n\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (!", "result)\n\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.fan_table_start = tmp;\n\n\terror |= (0 !", "= result);\n\n\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, mcArbDramTimingTable),\n\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (!", "result)\n\t\tsmu_data->smu7_data.arb_table_start = tmp;\n\n\terror |= (0 !", "= result);\n\n\tresult = smu7_read_smc_sram_dword(hwmgr->smumgr,\n\t\t\tSMU7_FIRMWARE_HEADER_LOCATION +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Firmware_Header, Version),\n\t\t\t&tmp, SMC_RAM_END);\n\n\tif (!", "result)\n\t\thwmgr->microcode_version_info.", "SMC = tmp;\n\n\terror |= (0 !", "= result);\n\n\treturn error ? ", "-1 : 0;\n}\n\nbool polaris10_is_dpm_running(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr)\n{\n\treturn (1 == PHM_READ_INDIRECT_FIELD(hwmgr->device,\n\t\t\tCGS_IND_REG__SMC, FEATURE_STATUS, VOLTAGE_CONTROLLER_ON))\n\t\t\t? ", "true : false;\n}\n\nint polaris10_populate_requested_graphic_levels(struct pp_hwmgr *hwmgr,\n\t\tstruct amd_pp_profile *request)\n{\n\tstruct polaris10_smumgr *smu_data = (struct polaris10_smumgr *)\n\t\t\t(hwmgr->smumgr->backend);\n\tstruct SMU74_Discrete_GraphicsLevel *levels =\n\t\t\tsmu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsLevel;\n\tuint32_t array = smu_data->smu7_data.dpm_table_start +\n\t\t\toffsetof(SMU74_Discrete_DpmTable, GraphicsLevel);\n\tuint32_t array_size = sizeof(struct SMU74_Discrete_GraphicsLevel) *\n\t\t\tSMU74_MAX_LEVELS_GRAPHICS;\n\tuint32_t i;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < smu_data->smc_state_table.", "GraphicsDpmLevelCount; i++) {\n\t\tlevels[i].ActivityLevel =\n\t\t\t\tcpu_to_be16(request->activity_threshold);\n\t\tlevels[i].EnabledForActivity = 1;\n\t\tlevels[i].UpHyst = request->up_hyst;\n\t\tlevels[i].DownHyst = request->down_hyst;\n\t}\n\n\treturn smu7_copy_bytes_to_smc(hwmgr->smumgr, array, (uint8_t *)levels,\n\t\t\t\tarray_size, SMC_RAM_END);\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Lake Chad: Can the vanishing lake be saved? ", "By Will Ross\n\nBBC Africa regional editor Published duration 31 March 2018 Related Topics Climate change\n\nimage copyright Getty Images\n\nLake Chad - a source of water to millions of people in West Africa - has shrunk by nine-tenths due to climate change, population growth and irrigation. ", "But can a scheme dating back to the 1980s save it?", "\n\n\"It's a ridiculous plan and it will never happen.\" ", "That's the reaction many people have to the idea of trying to fill up Lake Chad and restore it to its former ocean-like glory by diverting water from the Congo river system 2,400km (1,500 miles) away.", "\n\nSceptics in Nigeria, who have seen successive governments fail even to make the lights work, wonder if the region's politicians have nodded off and have been dreaming a little too hard.", "\n\nBut the government ministers and engineers who were recently sipping mineral water in the capital, Abuja, at the International Conference on Lake Chad had good reason to be thinking outside the box.", "\n\nLake Chad has shrunk by 90% since the 1960s, due to climate change, an increase in the population and unplanned irrigation. ", "Its basin covers parts of Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, and has been a water source for between 20 million and 30 million people.", "\n\nBut with the desert encroaching further every year, it is getting increasingly difficult for families to make a living through agriculture, fishing and livestock farming. ", "The UN says 10.7 million people in the Lake Chad basin need humanitarian relief to survive.", "\n\n\"We used to pass fields of maize on our way to the lake and there were vast numbers of boats bobbing up and down on the water back then, and huge fish markets,\" says Bale Bura, who grew up by the lake in the 1970s and now works for the Lake Chad Fishermen's Association.", "\n\nimage copyright Group Bonifica image caption Transaqua would cost tens of billions of dollars to build\n\nNow far fewer farmers are able to earn a living on the mineral-rich but bone-dry shores.", "\n\nThis is one reason why the delegates in Abuja decided to dust off a scheme first mooted back in 1982 by the Italian engineering company Bonifica Spa.", "\n\nIt came up with Transaqua - a plan to construct a 2,400km (1,500 mile) canal to transfer water from the upstream tributaries of the mighty Congo River all the way to the Chari River basin, which feeds Lake Chad.", "\n\n'Deafening silence'\n\nIt proposed the transfer of up to 100 billion cubic metres (3.5 trillion cubic feet) of water a year and featured a series of dams along the route to generate electricity.", "\n\n\"I sent one of our engineers to the USA, to purchase the only reliable maps of Africa, which were made by the US Air Force and were the only maps with contour lines,\" says Marcello Vichi, the Italian engineer who was asked to look into the idea during the early 1980s.", "\n\n\"After a couple of months of solitary study, I announced to the then chief executive that this thing could be done.\"", "\n\nHe says 500 copies of the plans were sent out in 1985 to government representatives of every African country, as well as international financial agencies.", "\n\n\"The response was a deafening silence,\" he adds.", "\n\nBut more than three decades later, minds are finally focusing on the lake's shrinkage, prompted by its link to the deadly geopolitical crises of Islamist militancy and migration.", "\n\nimage copyright EPA image caption Boko Haram recently seized more than 100 schoolgirls, before releasing most of them a month later\n\nIn 2014, I headed out of the north-east Nigerian city of Maiduguri towards Lake Chad in a new minibus. ", "There were armoured vehicles in front as well as behind, and right next to me was a Nigerian soldier - fast asleep. ", "Our destination was Kirenawa, the latest village that the marauding Boko Haram jihadists had terrorised.", "\n\nAs the road became steadily sandier, we entered a long-neglected area, passing the faded signs of abandoned government projects in ever hotter and sleepier villages.", "\n\nBuildings had been torched and people had been left terrified, watching as others were killed in front of them.", "\n\nIn all the villages, people complained there was nothing for young people to do, nothing to dream of except getting out.", "\n\n'Ugly kinds of jobs'\n\nIt had become a perfect recruiting ground for the Islamist militants. ", "The offer of a little cash and the promise of some training and a gun persuaded many to join.", "\n\nOf course, Lake Chad's decline is not the sole reason for the rise of violent extremism - a number of factors including poor governance have also played a role - but there is clearly a link.", "\n\n\"I know many young people from my own village who got into these ugly kinds of jobs,\" Mr Bura says.", "\n\nAs if the delegates gathering in Abuja last month needed reminding of how dire the security situation had become, more than 100 schoolgirls had just been seized from Dapchi, Nigeria.", "\n\nAt the meeting, it was agreed that Bonifica and PowerChina, the company that helped build the Three Gorges dam spanning the Yangtze River, would complete a feasibility study. ", "They announced that the effort to raise $50bn (£35bn) for the Lake Chad Fund should begin immediately.", "\n\nimage copyright Getty Images\n\nBonifica says its plan will use less than 8% of the water the Congo River discharges into the Atlantic and would not be a threat to the Democratic Republic of Congo's continuing Grand Inga Dam project, which would create the world's largest hydropower generator if it is completed.", "\n\nFurther engineering work would be needed to enable the Chari River to handle the increased flow of water. ", "The project can be done in a staggered way, with each completed stage immediately adding to the flow of water into the Lake Chad basin.", "\n\nOther options that have been considered include one which involves pumping the water uphill from Palambo, in the Central African Republic.", "\n\nAs well as the funding challenge for Transaqua, there will be resistance from environmental campaigners to overcome. ", "And even carrying out the feasibility study properly requires peace.", "\n\nChinese media has reported the transfer canal would be 100m (328ft) wide and 10m (33ft) deep and would be flanked by a service road and eventually a rail line.", "\n\n\"It is a project which responds to the never-tackled infrastructural needs of the African continent, which maybe will give birth to a real African renaissance,\" says Mr Vichi, who sees all along the route of the canal vast potential for agro-processing and transforming agricultural products for African and foreign markets." ]

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nIntegrated community case management (iCCM) of childhood illnesses has been proposed as a strategy to reduce child mortality by improving access to healthcare for sick children in resource-poor settings.[@R1] It involves the use of community health workers (CHWs) in the treatment of uncomplicated childhood illnesses, including malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea, as well as referral of complicated cases.[@R1],[@R2] Although the strategy was officially recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as early as 2004,[@R1] its implementation has been slow, especially with regards to pneumonia and diarrhea in high-child mortality countries.[@R3],[@R4]\n\nSlow progress in intervention implementation has been attributed to the fact that health interventions are often introduced as complex sets of innovations consisting of technologies and processes into an adopting social system of stakeholders with competing interests.[@R5] The stakeholders are normally a mix of people at different levels of the system, including health workers, policy makers, and community members. ", "The level of integration and the number of stakeholders involved in the intervention determine its level of complexity.[@R5],[@R6] The iCCM strategy integrates approaches for three different diseases that all have different sets of case management tools at community and health facility levels, making it a relatively complex strategy.", "\n\nVarious theories explain the process of adoption of interventions.[@R7]--[@R9] The theory of diffusion of innovations (DOIs), which relates to how conditions increase or decrease the possibility that members of social system will adopt an innovation,[@R7],[@R10] has been one of the most widely used theories in disciplines such as medicine and public health sciences.[@R10]\n\nDrawing from the theory of DOI in the work by Rogers,[@R7] an innovation is more likely to be accepted by the adopting system and thus, would be scalable if it has attributes of perceived relative advantage in relation to other options, compatibility with existing values and practices, trialability (which is the degree to which an innovation can be experimented with on a limited basis), perceived simplicity or ease of use, and observability (which is the degree to which the results can be visualized) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).[@R7],[@R11],[@R12]\n\nAlthough the importance of community participation in any health intervention is well-known,[@R13],[@R14] few studies have identified the community processes and social factors that affect people\\'s acceptability and adoption of community-based programs. ", "Earlier diffusion studies have been criticized for making individuals the unit of analysis, assuming that new innovations are better than old ones and that adoption is more worthy of study than rejection, and using the invariable assumption that research can be transferred to new contexts without adaptation.[@R15] Despite the existence of a known association between social factors that hinder people from accessing healthcare and program outcomes, most studies report on the factors that lead to failure of community-based systems but not why these factors occur.[@R16] To improve iCCM program success, it is important to explore how the attributes of the program interact with the social system to either enhance or hinder its adoption by the community.", "\n\nThis study sought to explore the acceptability and adoption of iCCM by Ugandan communities using the theory of DOI. ", "The data were collected as part of the inSCALE project (innovations at scale for community access and lasting effects), which aims to test strategies to improve CHW motivation, retention, and performance in Uganda and Mozambique.", "\n\nMethods {#s2}\n=======\n\nSetting. {#", "s2a}\n--------\n\nImplementation of iCCM in Uganda commenced in July of 2010 when the national strategy was launched by the Vice President. ", "The study was conducted in eight districts in midwestern Uganda (Buliisa, Masindi, Kibaale, Kyegegwa, Kyankwazi, Kiryandongo, Kiboga, and Hoima), where iCCM implementation has been supported by the Malaria Consortium since August of 2010. ", "The districts have an estimated 1.8 million people, with 20% being children under 5 years of age. ", "The districts each contain 160 to 1,000 villages, approximately totaling to 4,000 villages in the study area. ", "They constitute people of different tribes and cultural practices, including nomadic cattle herders, fishing community members, and peasant farmers. ", "In the area, approximately 13,500 CHWs---locally known as village health team members (VHTs)---are operating, where 5,700 have been trained to deliver iCCM. ", "They diagnose, refer, and treat children between 2 months and 5 years for malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea using rapid diagnostic tests for malaria (RDTs, Standard Diagnostics Inc., Hagal-dong Giheung-Ku, Yongin-si Kyonggi-do, Korea), simple respiratory timers for pneumonia, artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem, Norvatis Pharma Services Inc., Basel Switzerland), amoxicillin (Imrs b.v Larsserpoortweg, Lelystad, The Netherlands), oral rehydration therapy (ORS, Medipharm Industries Ltd., Kampala, Uganda), and zinc (Nutriset S.A.S., Malaunay, France). ", "They also carry out regular home visits for health promotion and disease prevention, and they do active case detection and referral of sick newborns. ", "Children with severe malaria are given pre-referral rectal artesunate (Mepha AG, Aesch BI, Switzerland) or Coartem, whereas children with severe pneumonia are given amoxicillin before referral. ", "Each village has an average of two iCCM-trained VHTs who, on average, see 20 children every 1 month when drugs are available. ", "The VHTs are supervised by staff from the health facilities (VHT supervisors). ", "Each village is governed by a local council chairperson (LC1).", "\n\nStudy design and data collection. {#", "s2b}\n---------------------------------\n\nA qualitative study design with an explanatory approach was used to identify factors that influence uptake of iCCM.[@R17] During July of 2011, A.N. and three experienced research assistants conducted homogenous focus group discussions (FGDs) with female caregivers (*N* = 6) and male caregivers (*N* = 1) of children under 5 years residing in seven communities. ", "Interviews were held with female (*N* = 1) and male (*N* = 6) resident primary caregivers of children. ", "Female FGDs consisted of 8--10 participants who were principally mothers, aunties, or grandmothers responsible for the children. ", "The FGD with males consisted of only fathers. ", "Key informant interviews were held with VHTs (*N* = 7), VHT supervisors (*N* = 7), and LC1s (*N* = 6). ", "Interviews and FGDs were conducted in a convenient and private place within the village. ", "Key informant interviews were held at the respondent\\'s home for VHTs and LC1s and in a private setting at the health facility premises for VHT supervisors.", "\n\nSample selection and recruitment of participants. {#", "s2c}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nDuring sampling, a community was operationally defined as a village served by one or more VHTs trained on iCCM. ", "Participants were purposively sampled from seven communities in midwestern Uganda that were believed to possess rich information on barriers and facilitators for iCCM adoption. ", "Only resident primary caregivers of children under 5 years of age were identified with the help of the LC1 chairpersons of the selected villages. ", "The study team contacted the VHTs as well as the supervisors responsible for the selected communities. ", "The sampling method sought to achieve maximum variation within the sample[@R18] in terms of attributes theoretically known to influence use of health services, such as age and geographical location.[@R19],[@R20] Participants with varied age and gender from different geographical areas believed to have low or high uptake of iCCM were recruited into the study. ", "Given the close relationship between adoption and uptake,[@R21] it was deemed appropriate to sample participants from communities with varying uptake levels as defined by the VHT supervisor and confirmed by VHT activity records. ", "During the study period, communities were classified as high-uptake areas if the VHT supervisor reported high VHT attendance and if VHT records confirmed that at least 10 sick children had been seen in the previous 2 weeks (on average, 10 --20 cases are treated in each village). ", "Communities were presumed to be low-uptake areas if the supervisor reported low VHT attendance levels and if the VHT records showed less than five sick children seen by the VHT in last 2 weeks, despite high case attendance at the affiliated health facility. [", "Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the sampling matrix for the participants.", "\n\nThe FGDs and interviews. {#", "s2d}\n------------------------\n\nAn exploratory research strategy probing for attributes of iCCM that could either foster or hinder its uptake within communities was used during FGDs and interviews. ", "The FGDs sought to explore the general trends in the communities with respect to iCCM, whereas the interviews explored individual experiences. ", "The concept of DOI was used to frame thematic semistructured FGD and interview guides. ", "The guide themes broadly captured attributes of iCCM ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}), with probes on how the attributes could affect acceptability and use of services. ", "The guides were pre-tested and modified. ", "Interviews and FGDs were digitally recorded with the informed consent of each participant and ranged from 60 to 120 minutes. ", "Group and individual interviews were conducted in native languages among community members, VHTs, and LC1s. ", "Interviews with VHT supervisors were conducted in English.", "\n\nAnalysis. {#", "s2e}\n---------\n\nThe audio recordings from all interviews were transcribed into English by the research team and cross-checked by A.N. In the analysis, acceptability was defined as the degree to which a service is sufficiently tolerable to its users as reflected not only in uptake but also in perceived quality. ", "Adoption was characterized as use of health services provided by VHTs. ", "The software Nvivo version 9 (QSR International Pty Ltd., Doncaster, Victoria, Australia) was used to aid the process of coding, organization, and searching for descriptive sections from each interview. ", "It also allowed for sections about themes across a range of interviews to be compared and linked for a logical analysis. ", "Two independent raters, including A.N., read the text and identified meaning units; the meaning units were labeled to make codes, and the codes were grouped into subcategories and pre-defined categories within the theory of DOI using a directed content analysis approach ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).[@R22] The analysis was cyclical (i.e., moving among literature review, data collection, transcription, preliminary analysis, and scrutiny by the authors). ", "The analysis sought explanations for health-seeking behavior for malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea, initial choice of healthcare provider, and factors affecting program adoption in communities.", "\n\nEthical considerations. {#", "s2f}\n-----------------------\n\nWritten informed consent was obtained from all study participants. ", "Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at Makerere University School of Public Health and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (HS 958) ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nThe informants. {#", "s3a}\n---------------\n\nCharacteristics of interviewees and FGD participants are summarized in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Of the key informants, six were male LC1s with at least primary level education; seven were VHTs, and seven were VHT supervisors. ", "Of the supervisors, three of seven were female, four of seven were in charge of the health facility, two of seven were health assistants, and one of seven was a health educator.", "\n\nProgram compatibility with social-cultural beliefs and healthcare expectations. {#", "s3b}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the area of compatibility, two subcategories emerged describing the programs compatibility with community expectations, cultural beliefs, and lived experiences. ", "The subcategory \"cultural construction of disease\" described the influence of local perception of illness on treatment-seeking behavior, whereas \"program compatibility with healthcare expectations\" described how met or unmet expectations of healthcare affected health provider choice. ", "Overall, treatment options varied from care at home with local herbs and drug leftovers to care outside the home from traditional healers, VHTs, and the health facility.", "\n\nCultural construction of disease. {#", "s3c}\n---------------------------------\n\n### Local perception of disease severity. {#", "s3c1}\n\nThis perception varied among communities and shaped treatment choices. ", "In two of the selected villages, diarrhea and pneumonia were believed to be very severe diseases from the start with rapid progression to death, requiring immediate attention at a health facility ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n### Local perception of disease cause. {#", "s3c2}\n\nIn some communities, it was often believed that pneumonia was caused by non-biomedical causes; thus, it required non-Western medical treatment options ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nMalaria was widely treated at both the community (by VHTs) and health facility levels. ", "However, local herbs such as mululuza and mukungulanya were often used as initial therapy in a number of areas. ", "Fevers manifesting with severe symptoms were at times attributed to witchcraft and therefore, were not treated with Western medicines.", "\n\n\"Those who are perceived to be having awola (witchcraft) are taken to a traditional healer ... Witchcraft in children comes like fever, and for children who are suspected to be bewitched, they are taken to traditional healers who remove some black things from the child\\'s stomach, and it is believed that if such a child is treated with Western medicine, he/she will die instantly.", "\"---male VHT.", "\n\n### Program compatibility with healthcare expectations. {#", "s3c3}\n\nIn all communities, caregivers would normally opt for health services that meet their usual expectations of healthcare. ", "Services were likely to be perceived as compatible if they were easily accessible in terms of distance from the home, if the facility had an adequate supply of the right drugs and diagnostic tools, if the services were perceived as prompt and good quality, and if professionalism or good customer care was observed. ", "Participants also mentioned community sensitization, sanitation and hygiene, net distribution, school education, and coverage of a wide range of diseases in both adults and children as key components of what they perceive as a normal community healthcare package. ", "Members of the VHT were well-accepted if they were perceived to give easily accessible healthcare with good quality, examining children tenderly and prescribing free drugs only after conducting investigations ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nCommunity members also expected VHTs to be equipped with a minimum level of training, diagnostic tools, and experience in managing children. ", "In some communities, VHTs were at times criticized by caregivers who felt that VHTs had been trained for too short a time to have enough knowledge for treating children ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nSome communities had defined what should be an ideal service from an ideal VHT. ", "When this expectation was not met, aggression to the VHTs often arose. ", "This aggression was fueled by the assumption that VHTs are salaried workers; the refusal of drugs after negative malaria tests; the refusal to treat children older than 5 years; and the refusal of more drugs that are demanded by community members. ", "Community members were also likely to shun VHTs who they did not trust because of undesired behaviors like heavy drinking and suspected practicing of witchcraft.", "\n\n\"Most community members think that VHTs are paid and want to hold them accountable; like when caregivers go to the VHT\\'s home and they don\\'t find them there, they confront the VHTs and accuse them of wanting to behave like other government employees who don\\'t want to offer services for which they are employed; this annoys the VHTs a lot.", "\"---male supervisor.", "\n\nConversely, in all communities, healthcare at the health facilities, although perceived to be driven by health workers with high technical expertise, was often disappointing for many of the respondents. ", "They often expressed unmet healthcare expectations and opted for drug shops and private clinics with regular drug supplies, despite high drug cost and fee for service.", "\n\n\"I don\\'t want to go to the health facility and line up or when I am asked by the health worker from the government facility to go and look for some of the drugs which he has prescribed for me that are out of stock. ", "So, I will not have anywhere to buy such drugs other than the drug shop.", "\"---male caregiver.", "\n\nTwo villages had established a policy where community members were first required to visit VHTs before progressing to the health facility. ", "In such areas, caregivers were more likely to go to the VHTs before going to the health center.", "\n\n\"The fact that health workers at the health centre ask for a referral form from the VHT is a clear indication that health workers trust what VHTs do, which means that the program is effective.", "\"---female FGD.", "\n\nRelative advantages of the program. {#", "s3d}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe perceived relative advantages of services offered by VHTs included both financial and non-financial benefits. ", "Financial benefits included reduced expenditure on transportation to the health facility and drugs. ", "Non-financial benefits included improved proximity and convenient access to services, because there were less official procedures in obtaining healthcare, with shorter waiting times and convenient opening hours.", "\n\n\"There are so many people at the health centre, yet at the VHT\\'s home, they are few or none. ", "There is no queue; you don\\'t waste time, as it can take approximately only 20 minutes to be seen.", "\"---male caregiver.", "\n\nThe program was flexible, allowing for the possibility of making appointments with VHTs over the phone and treatment at home. ", "It also provided for follow-up visits, counseling services, and routine health promotion visits, which were believed to have reduced disease prevalence. ", "Caregivers with children who were referred by VHTs were prioritized at the health facility.", "\n\nProgram simplicity and complexity and access to healthcare. {#", "s3e}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn communities where the iCCM program was well-accepted, it was perceived as difficult to neither understand nor use by community members. ", "Caregivers often mentioned that, when fully functional, the program provided quick and easily accessible services with minimal inconvenience. ", "The process of approaching VHTs was easy, and there was room for fixing quick appointments. ", "The VHT members also provided useful information with simple explanations and practical demonstrations.", "\n\n\"I was content with the information she gave me, because she even mixed for me the drugs using boiled water and gave the child the first dose while I was watching and even educated me on how to mix the drugs. ", "I learnt a lot during that process. \"", "---male caregiver.", "\n\nComplexity in communities where iCCM attendance is low was related to weaknesses within the program, such as frequent and frustrating drug stock outs, inappropriate selection of VHT candidates, and inadequate performance of VHTs. ", "It was characterized by limitation in access to healthcare because of periodic migration of VHTs without prior notice to the supervisor or community and distrust and personal wrangles between VHTs and community members. ", "Distrust aggravated program rejection if individual VHTs were believed to practice witchcraft and could, thus, pass on negative energies to community members.", "\n\n\"People in this community have complained about one VHT whose home is characterized by witchcraft, and caregivers sometimes fear to take their children for treatment.", "\"---female supervisor.", "\n\nTrialability. {#", "s3f}\n-------------\n\nOverall, trialability was not a problematic attribute of the program. ", "Caregivers were often open to trying out iCCM services even within new communities and were attracted by the free access to effective drugs and the fact that the program was officially recommended by health workers. ", "The caregivers who had tried the services were even willing to recommend them to others. ", "Trialability was more likely to be influenced by recommendation of a significant other and was limited to only disease conditions perceived as non-severe to avoid delay in accessing care from professional health workers.", "\n\n\"When you visit the VHT, because the child might be very ill, and the caregiver wastes time going to the VHT, yet he/she would use that time to get to the hospital on time. ", "But because of that delay, sometimes children die along the way.", "\"---LC1 chairman.", "\n\nThere was a common belief in the communities that drips, injections, and syrups were stronger than tablets. ", "The few medicine formulations provided by VHTs under iCCM limited trialability in some communities.", "\n\nObservability. {#", "s3g}\n--------------\n\nThe iCCM program, when fully functional, was associated with highly visible or quick tangible rewards that were observable at the community and health facility levels of the healthcare system in all communities. ", "Key observed results mentioned by the caregivers included quick treatment of children by VHTs, quick recovery, reduced frequency of disease episodes, reduced child mortality, and reduced health expenditure ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Health workers observed reduced patient traffic and workload at the health facility.", "\n\nPerceived program use barriers. {#", "s3h}\n-------------------------------\n\nDespite tangible observed results, participants often cited a number of obstacles to program adoption. ", "From the caregivers\\' point of view, key program challenges included frequent stock outs of drugs and diagnostic tools, the guilt of keeping VHTs away from their regular income-generating activities, and work overload for the VHTs. ", "Occasional absence of VHTs from their work posts and lack of community sensitization after VHTs received new stocks of drugs were also mentioned as program constraining factors.", "\n\n\"Many people because of that \\[drug stock-out\\] have started saying that the VHT problems are like those at the health facility, because when you visit the VHT and there are no drugs, she just refers you to the health facility and while at the health facility, a medical prescription is just written down for you and then you are sent to the drug shops and clinics to buy; hence, the last point is the clinic and that is where some people resort to go directly instead of wasting time and getting only referrals.", "\"---LC1 chairman.", "\n\nThe existing community constitution and beliefs were cited as potential barriers to service use by one LC1 chairperson. ", "Migratory communities and sociocultural beliefs were believed to affect program adoption.", "\n\n\"The program is being hindered by the nature of the people on the landing sites \\[at the lake\\] ... there are many tribes and foreigners in the area who have different practices and beliefs that they spread to other people. ", "That is why some people have still failed to embrace the program.", "\"---LC1 chairman.", "\n\nAt the VHT level, program impediments included lack of supervision and feedback; lack of monetary facilitation, transport refunds, fuel for lighting, soap for hand washing, and clean water; frequent drug stock outs; and hostility from the communities. ", "Lack of drugs, supervision, and feedback often resulted in lack of continuous practice, forgetfulness, and hence, poor performance and demotivation.", "\n\n\"Sometimes caregivers bring sick children requiring administration of the first dose of tablets from my place, yet sometimes I don\\'t have boiled water. ", "I would want to provide the water, but it is scarce in our area and I have to boil it. ", "All this is costly yet important.\" ", "---female VHT.", "\n\nFrom the supervisors\\' perspective, major obstacles to program use were inherently associated with lack of facilitation, and they included demotivation, lack of financial support for supervision and communication, work overload, and considerable attrition among VHTs, which necessitates fresh and costly training.", "\n\n\"\\[We\\] supervisors have no air time to communicate with the VHTs, yet they keep beeping us. ", "I have a motorcycle, but I have no fuel, so I can\\'t visit all the VHTs. ", "Some supervisors have lost morale. ", "Only three of the six are active. ", "Personally, I am not as active as I was before.\" ", "---male supervisor.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nDespite the existence of a mounting body of literature on the association between prevailing conditions and adoption of innovation, there is limited evidence on how complex innovations can successfully be implemented.[@R5],[@R7],[@R15] The findings from this study qualitatively confirm an association between the attributes of iCCM and its adoption in the communities, and they describe why variation occurs in uptake of the program among communities. ", "Although iCCM is seen as an effective intervention, its acceptability and adoption are driven by context-specific factors. ", "At the community level, disease construction and illness classification together with expectations of standard healthcare determine health provider choice. ", "There was disconnection between the community\\'s classification of the cause and severity of disease and the biomedical classification, which poses a challenge for program adoption. ", "In some communities, the disease etiology for potentially severe pneumonia and malaria cases was witchcraft. ", "Such phenomena have been described by earlier studies that have highlighted the importance of understanding perceived etiological factors as well as non-biomedical perceptions of disease symptoms and illness in African settings.[@R23]--[@R25]\n\nThe purpose of iCCM is to ensure that life-saving interventions, such as pre-referral rectal artesunate, are brought closer to the children who need them[@R1]--[@R3]; caregivers who perceived their children as having severe disease were more likely to take the children directly to the health facility. ", "In terms of tailored interventions, such a move could deprive and cause a delay in access to life-saving treatment of children with severe malaria and pneumonia who require pre-referral treatment. ", "This information should be scrutinized in the light of a Tanzanian study, which showed caregivers\\' reluctance in referral completion after improvement in the child\\'s status after administration of rectal artesunate.[@R26],[@R27] In relation to program simplicity, caregivers often found the health services provided by the program easy to use. ", "Health system-related factors such as drug stock outs and non-fruitful referrals affected adoption in all areas. ", "Conversely, societal and individual CHW factors, such as reciprocated trust between the communities and the CHWs, interpersonal relationships, demotivation, and undesired CHW\\'s behavior predominantly affected acceptability in specific areas. ", "Trialability was generally good, and participants believed that the iCCM package was attractive. ", "However, the community\\'s perception of what constitutes strong and effective medicine was negatively associated with iCCM medicines. ", "Such patterns of hierarchical classifications (medicine formulations with drips being perceived as better than injections and injections being perceived as better than syrups) have been described elsewhere.[@R28]\n\nIt is known from previous studies on community case management of malaria that, although an intervention may be acceptable to communities, its acceptability is only as good as against what it is competing.[@R29] Although iCCM was generally well received in most communities based on its relative advantage and highly observable results compared with the status quo, the study shows that more is needed to make it the best alternative for healthcare at the community level. ", "Given its sole dependence on voluntary CHWs, the program must further be scrutinized within the light of the problems that CHWs face in their day to day life as lay people in healthcare.[@R30],[@R31] The problems do not only stem from the community but also from the health system, which sometimes fails to supervise and deliver the drugs and supplies to VHTs on a timely basis, thus exposing VHTs to similar solutions of referring patients to drug shops as is the practice at the health facility when drugs are out of stock.", "\n\nThe study was conducted within the framework of DOI model. ", "The model has been commended for its substantial contribution to understanding behavioral change and thus, facilitating adaption of innovations to cultural needs and norms.[@R15],[@R32] Identifying strengths and weaknesses of innovations using the attributes of the theory of DOI is central to effective health education and promotion in public health interventions.[@R32] Limitations of the theory include individual rather than system blame, recall bias because of dependency of the diffusion process on time, and a proinnovation bias.[@R15],[@R32] Nonetheless, the study highlights important system challenges as well as positive and negative attitudes to iCCM.", "\n\nOther study limitations included participant inhibition in FGDs, inability of interviews to produce data on how people act outside the interview context, and inability of the study to establish patterns in adoption overtime. ", "However, the triangulation of participants, interviews, and FGDs as well as the use of maximum variation sampling ensured that varied experiences were examined.", "\n\nAlthough the aim of the iCCM strategy is to target the poorest families and efforts to scale it up are underway,[@R1],[@R33] there is a need for holistic health systems strengthening to improve barriers for access to healthcare.[@R34],[@R35] This strengthening will require operational drug supply chains, facilitation and reward (not exclusively monetary), operating supervision systems, and establishment of functional referral systems.[@R36]--[@R38] It is crucial to carry out systematic program sensitization using behavioral change communication (BCC) strategies adapted to the local context and local belief systems to improve adoption.[@R5],[@R39],[@R40] The BCC messages should clearly define what causes disease and what constitutes severe illness, and they should discourage irrational beliefs surrounding hierarchical classifications of medicines. ", "This information will limit unnecessary self-referrals to the health facilities, while giving communities guidelines on when to seek healthcare from a VHT. ", "At the community level, systems to ensure that selected CHWs are people who have the right mix of characteristics acceptable to both individual society groups and health workers in the formal sector will be required. ", "Interventions ensuring CHW motivation, realistic remuneration, and performance will also be required.[@R30],[@R31]\n\nWe wish to extend our thanks to the research assistants who collected the data and the inSCALE team Uganda, particularly Stella Settumba and Edmound Kertho.", "\n\nFinancial support: Funding for this research was provided by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through a grant to Malaria Consortium for the inSCALE project (<http://www.malariaconsortium.org/inscale/>).", "\n\nAuthors\\' addresses: Agnes Nanyonjo and Karin Källander, Malaria Consortium Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; and Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, E-mails: <agnes.nanyonjo@ki.se> and <k.kallander@malariaconsortium.org>. ", "Maureen Nakirunda, Malaria Consortium Uganda, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: <m.nakirunda@malariaconsortium.org>. ", "Frederick Makumbi, Makerere School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda, E-mail: <fmakumbi@yahoo.com>. ", "Göran Tomson, Division of Global Health and Medical Management Centre (MMC), Karolinska, Sweden, E-mail: <goran.tomson@ki.se>.", "\n\n###### \n\nDiffusion of innovation model and examples of how it was used in data collection\n\n Program attribute Definition (Rogers[@R7]) Examples of questions\n -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Relative advantage The degree to which an innovation is perceived as being better than preceding ideas.[@R7] Where do you take your children when they suffer from (name disease) and why? ", "Thinking about the VHT services, could you tell me what you like or dislike about them? ", "If you were to choose between going to a VHT and (a) a health center or (b) alternative healthcare, tell me which one you would choose and why?", "\n Compatibility The degree to which an innovation is perceived as being consistent with values, needs, and experiences of an adopting society.[@R7] What are the healthcare needs of children in your community, and how are they normally obtained? ", "Of all the ways of obtaining healthcare that you have mentioned, which ones do you consider most valuable and why?", "\n Complexity The degree to which an innovation is perceived as being difficult to use and understand.[@R7] Thinking about any of the occasions you took your child to a VHT, please describe what you thought about the process of taking your child to the VHT, the information given to you by the VHT, the way that your child was handled by the VHT, and anything else you would like to discuss.", "\n Trialability The degree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis.[@R7] Why would you be happy or unhappy to visit a VHT from another community or village? ", "What would you gain or lose by visiting a VHT? ", "Why would you consider it important or not to visit a VHT before you can decide to always take your children to the VHT whenever they get (name disease)?", "\n Observability The degree to which the results of the innovation are visible to others.[@R7] What makes you think that children get effective treatment or not when they visit a VHT? ", "What differences, if any, have you noticed in the health of children since the iCCM program was started? ", "Describe what would make you go back to a VHT if your child fell sick. ", "Could you tell me why you would or would not recommend this program to other caregivers?", "\n\n###### \n\nSummary of the sampling framework\n\n District Rural Periurban Hard to reach Low uptake High uptake\n ------------ ------- ----------- --------------- ------------ -------------\n Buliisa x x x \n Hoima x x x\n Kiboga x x\n Kibaale x x \n Kyankwanzi x x x \n Kyegegwa x x \n Masindi x x\n\nLow-uptake area is an area listed as one with low attendance by the supervisor and fewer than five children were recorded to have seen a VHT in the past two weeks. ", "High-uptake area is an area listed as one with high attendance by the supervisor and more than 10 children were recorded to have seen a VHT in the past two weeks.", "\n\n###### \n\nSummary of characteristics of respondents\n\n Characteristics of interviewees Focus group discussions (%) Interviews with community members (%) Interviews with VHTs (%)\n --------------------------------- ----------------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------------------\n Sex *N* = 60 *N* = 7 *N* = 7\n  Female 90 14 29\n  Male 10 86 71\n Age (years) *N* = 60 *N* = 7 *N* = 7\n  18--27 47 0 0\n  28--37 35 29 14\n  38-- 47 17 29 29\n  47+ 2 44 57\n Education level *N* = 60 *N* = 7 *N* = 7\n  None 23 14 0\n  Primary 1--7 62 57 29\n  Senior 1-- 4 15 29 57\n  Senior 4 -- 6 14\n Employment status *N* = 60 *N* = 7 *N* = 7\n  Petty business 8 0 0\n  Housewife 12 0 0\n  Bar attendant 2 0 0\n  Farmer or pastoralist 70 14 43\n  Fish trading 7 85 14\n  Teacher 2 0 14\n  Tailor 0 0 14\n  Church leader 0 0 14\n District *N* = 60 *N* = 7 *N* = 7\n  Buliisa 18 14 14\n  Hoima 17 14 14\n  Kibaale 20 14 14\n  Kyegegwa 13 14 14\n  Kyankwanzi 8 14 14\n  Kiboga 10 14 14\n  Masindi 13 14 14\n\n###### \n\nCategories, subcategories, and examples of citations\n\n Core category Subcategories Examples of codes Citations showing category\n -------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Compatibility Cultural construction of disease --Disease is severe \"The caregivers rush (pneumonia cases) to health workers, because it is a feared disease. ", "It is a serious disease. ", "No one tampers with it; 10 out of 10 caregivers rush to the health worker, because pneumonia previously killed many children. ", "Caregivers don\\'t go for local herbs to cure pneumonia.", "\"---male VHT\n Compatibility Cultural construction of disease   --Disease is caused by non-biomedical causes \"Caretakers also have false beliefs of millet extraction obulo, and when a child develops pneumonia, they relate it to false millet in the chest that is stopping the child from breathing well, so they put cuts on the child\\'s chest to extract it...\"---male supervisor\n Compatibility Compatibility with expectations of healthcare --Services are easily accessible--Adequate supply of the right drugs-- Good quality of services--Training of CHW \"I expect VHTs to check and test children before giving them drugs so that they know exactly what they are treating and to advise on how and when to administer these drugs ... For pneumonia, I expect her to give me drugs that suit my child\\'s age.", "\"---participant, female FGD\n Relative advantage Financial benefits and non-financial benefits --Services are free--Waiting time is shorter--Facility is nearer \"She makes follow-ups on the children she has treated yet she does all that free of charge. ", "Some caregivers use a motorcycle to get to her place but sometimes we call her and she comes to our homes if we can\\'t make it to her place.", "\"---female caregiver\n Simplicity --Services are easy to access \n --VHTs give information in simple terms \n Trialability --If the services are free \n --If a significant other recommends it \n Observability --Reduced morbidity--Reduced mortality--Quick treatment--Quick recovery--Health facility decongestion \"Before the VHTs were selected and trained, it was very difficult to have young children treated as sometimes, one had no money, and once a child fell sick, we could resort to the use of traditional herbs as we look for the money to go to the health facility or drug shop, and this delay led to the death of many children. ", "So with the coming of the VHT during the time when they had the drugs, all that had changed, as we could quickly run to the VHT in case of an illness.", "\"---male caregiver\n Complexity --Program is not always functional--VHT possesses bad characteristics \"I didn\\'t have drugs, so I referred her to the health center. ", "After 4 days, she came back with another child, and I told her the same story. ", "Now last week, she came back, and I still didn\\'t have drugs; this time she asked me a question. ", "What are you people doing if all the time you don\\'t have drugs; then we shouldn\\'t bother coming here, because you just hold titles of musawo, yet in the actual sense, you are not helping us.", "\"---female VHT\n" ]

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[ "A group of businesses said it has raised pledges of up to €2 million to assist the Quinn family.", "\n\nConcerned Irish Businesses, which supports bankrupt businessman Sean Quinn, received pledges from successful and high-net worth people north and south of the border, spokesman Adrian McCaffrey told RTE Radio today.", "\n\nThe freezing of Quinn family assets and the jailing of Sean Quinn Junior were catalysts for the pledges, Mr McCaffrey said.", "\n\nNo member of the Quinn family had made a pledge, Mr McCaffrey said.", "\n\nThe group is looking at how such pledges could be utilised and could fund the legal case of the Quinn family.", "\n\nIn recent weeks the the High Court allowed several family members of bankrupt businessman Seán Quinn to vary the terms of freezing orders imposed on them so they can pay more than €160,000 in legal fees to their former lawyers.", "\n\nEarlier this month the High Court agreed to allow Dublin law firm Eversheds to come off record and cease representing the Quinns in their legal battles with IBRC in two sets of proceedings – the family’s action denying liability for the €2.8 billion loans and the bank’s action alleging members of the family engaged in asset-stripping measures.", "\n\nThe lawyers had come off record because the Quinns could no longer afford to pay them in their ongoing litigation against the bank.", "\n\nThe firm continues to represent Seán Quinn jnr, who was jailed in July for three months for being in contempt of court." ]

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[ "Bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia associated with the ingestion of damaged sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) in Northeastern Brazil.", "\nAtypical interstitial pneumonia in cattle associated with the ingestion of damaged sweet potatoes is reported in the State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. ", "The sweet potatoes were severely damaged by Myzus tersicae, and had an obvious fungal infection. ", "Eighteen milking cows, 1 bull and 1 steer were fed approximately 400 kg of the sweet potatoes. ", "Six days after consumption 13 cows were affected with labored abdominal breathing, extended and lowered head, coughing, expiratory grunt, salivation and protruded tongue. ", "Six animals died and the others recovered in 4-7 d. At necropsy lungs were distended and did not collapse when the thorax was opened. ", "Bullous emphysema and gelatinous exudates were observed in the interlobular, peribronchial and subpleural tissues. ", "Microscopically, the lungs had severe edema and emphysema, congestion, and alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia. ", "The sweet potatoes were cultured but Fusarium spp was not isolated, probably because a zigomycete fungus covered the plates in 48 h of incubation." ]

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[ "Minister for Information and Broadcasting, M. Venkaiah Naidu (PTI Photo by Manvender Vashist) Minister for Information and Broadcasting, M. Venkaiah Naidu (PTI Photo by Manvender Vashist)\n\nUnion Minister Venkaiah Naidu said Friday that the Centre would pass the legislation providing 33 per cent reservation for women in Parliament and state legislatures once it has a majority in the Upper House. ", "In the House of 245, the BJP currently has 56 members, the Congress 60 members and the rest of the seats occupied by regional parties like SP, BSP, RJD, JD(U) and AIADMK. ", "The elections in five states, results of which will come out on March 11, are instrumental for the BJP. ", "Uttar Pradesh, one among the five states with 403 Assembly seats, can turn around equations in the Rajya Sabha.", "\n\n“Prime Minister Narendra Modi has this in mind and the day is not is far when Parliament will pass the law providing women reservation through consensus. ", "Once we (NDA) get majority in Rajya Sabha, we will get the Bill passed,” Naidu said, addressing the National Women’s Parliament in Amaravati today. “", "A mere Bill is not sufficient. ", "What is needed is political will and administrative skill. ", "Political parties should show conviction in this regard,” he said.", "\n\n“Push for policy changes. ", "With your moral support, we will bring in changes to empower women,” Naidu said.", "\n\nThe three-day National Women’s Parliament, being organised by Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly with the theme of ‘Empowering Women – Strengthening Democracy’, began today in the state capital of Amaravati.", "\n\nApart from Naidu, Buddhist spiritual leader the Dalai Lama, N Chandrababu Naidu, Kiran Bedi, Manisha Koirala also attended the event.", "\n\n“We are a state where women were given the right to property for the first time and we are the state where we have 33% reservation for women in jobs,” said Chandrababu Naidu, the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.", "\n\nThere would be seven plenary sessions at the event with discussions on subjects like socio-political challenges in women empowerment, women’s status and decision-making, building own identity and vision for the future.", "\n\n(With inputs from PTI)\n\n📣 The Indian Express is now on Telegram. ", "Click here to join our channel (@indianexpress) and stay updated with the latest headlines\n\nFor all the latest India News, download Indian Express App.", "\n\n© IE Online Media Services Pvt Ltd" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnable to remove duplicates from search results\n\nI've got a search method that returns items where the search term is either in the name of the item or in one of the item's tags. ", " Here's that method:\ndef self.search(search)\n search.blank? ? [] : ", "list = all(:conditions => ['name LIKE ?', \"%#{", "search.strip}%\"]) \n list_two = Illustration.tagged_with('%#{search.strip}%', :any => true)\n ary = list + list_two\n return ary.uniq\nend\n\nI've also tried some variations of list & list_two with no luck.", "\nThe list being returned has duplicates. ", " For example, I have 2 items, one named 'Test' and the other 'Test 5'. ", " 'Test 5' has a tag 'test'. ", " When I search 'test', the resulting array is ['Test', 'Test', 'Test 5'] \nDoes anybody see what may be the issue here? ", " Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\ntry the below:\na = ['Test', 'Test', 'Test 5']\np a.uniq!{|i| i.split(\" \").first}\n# >> [\"Test\"]\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPassing float * and FILE * to/from functions in C\n\nFirst, I declare variables before the main() function:\n// Files\nFILE *density_model_file;\nchar *density_model_filename;\nfloat *density_array;\n\nNext, I open the FILE * for reading and allocate memory for the density array:\ndensity_model_file = open4read(density_model_filename, program_name);\ndensity_array = allocator(density_model_size, sizeof(float));\n\nUp to this point, the debugger shows everything is working fine. ", "Here\nis the step that I can't seem to fix, where I am attempting to load\ndata into the calloc'd array:\ndensity_array = floatfromfile(sizeof(float), density_model_size, density_model_file, density_model_filename);\n\nThe density_array has a NULL value after this step for some reason.", "\nHere is the code for this function (contained in a separate .c file).", "\nI have bolded the part where I think the issue exists:\nfloat * floatfromfile(unsigned long int entrysize, int numentries, FILE *inputfile, const char *filename)\n {\n /* Declaration of density model array size variable */\n int numbytes;\n\n **void *temparray = 0;\n /* Writes the gravity model to file */\n numbytes = (int)fread(temparray, entrysize, numentries, inputfile);**\n\n /* Checks that the forward model file has a sufficient number of entries */\n if (numbytes == numentries)\n {\n printf(\"loaded %i values from %s using fread()\\n\", numbytes, filename);\n return((float *)temparray);\n }\n else\n {\n printf(\"ERROR: %i data points read from %s of %i needed\\n\", numbytes, filename, numentries);\n return((float *)temparray);\n }\n }\n\nAny insight would be much appreciated. ", "I think the issue might be that calloc() returns a pointer to a void array. ", "I can provide the other functions if needed.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou seem to have a misunderstanding about how pointers work. ", "What you need to do is pass density_array into floatfromfile as an argument.", "\nWhat you are doing instead is overwriting the pointer to your allocated memory, with the return value from floatfromfile. ", "That return value is always NULL because that's what you assigned it to (as temparray).", "\n\nA:\n\nfread expects to be able to write its results into an allocated memory block. ", "But you're giving it temparray which has not been allocated—in fact its value is 0. ", "So you're giving fread the address 0 to write into, which is likely to cause the program to crash. ", " Instead you need to pass your allocated pointer density_array at this point.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nReading CSV line by line and filling .net objects\n\n I have a csv file that I need to read one line at a time and fill .net objects from it (first line header). ", "Now, I know I can do it via \nReadLine\nand then assign the object properties but I was wondering if there's any shorter way of doing it. ", " I tried using LINQ but that reads all the lines at ones File.", "ReadAllLines(\"C:\\\\....csv\").Skip(1)... Please advice. ", "Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nyep Ivan say it, use ReadLines()\nfor reading header and data in one access you can use the old school Enumerator:\nstatic void Main(string[] args)\n{\n var enumerator = File.", "ReadLines(\"foo.csv\").GetEnumerator();\n\n enumerator.", "MoveNext();\n string headerLine = enumerator.", "Current; // null if file empty\n\n while (enumerator.", "MoveNext())\n {\n string dataLine = enumerator.", "Current;\n }\n}\n\nor after the headline you can convert the Enumerator to IEnumerable<> back:\nstatic IEnumerable<T> AsEnumerable<T>(IEnumerator<T> enumerator)\n{\n while (enumerator.", "MoveNext()) yield return enumerator.", "Current;\n}\n\nand replace the while loop with var query = AsEnumerable(enumerator);\n\n" ]

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[ "AN Adelaide woman embroiled in Australia's most expensive divorce is suing her former lawyers, claiming their multi-million dollar legal bill is \"unfair and unreasonable\".", "\n\nIn documents filed with the Supreme Court, the woman - who cannot be named - claims she has paid $10.5 million in legal fees since her \"extremely complex\" divorce proceedings began in 2005.", "\n\nShe has asked the court to intervene in a $4.3 million bill, issued by one city law firm for its services. ", "She says the firm's staff generated 23,000 documents and 480,000 computer files about her case - filling 182 archive boxes.", "\n\nHer estranged husband, she claims, has spent $26 million for representation over the same period.", "\n\nThe woman has asked the court to review her bill and determine how much she should have been charged for the firm's work.", "\n\n\"Throughout the ongoing conduct of the (divorce) action I have become extremely concerned and stressed as to the amount of legal fees and disbursements I have incurred,\" she says in an affidavit filed by her new lawyers.", "\n\n\"I have exhausted nearly all my available funds and only have nominal funds to live on and (for) the day-to-day care of my son.\"", "\n\nIt is understood the woman is seeking a multi-million dollar property settlement, and millions in child support, from her husband.", "\n\nIn her affidavit, the woman admits her divorce has been \"extremely complex\".", "\n\nShe says that in December 2007, her then-lawyers wrote to her saying they \"could not continue to act\" unless she deposited $750,000 into their trust account.", "\n\nShe claims that in March 2008, she was told her outstanding legal fees totalled $650,000.", "\n\nShe says she terminated her dealings with the firm in April 2008 but, one month later, learnt it had $926,653.93 of her money in its trust account.", "\n\nThe woman says she needs the court's help due to \"what appear to be discrepancies\" in her account statements.", "\n\n\"I have repeatedly requested ... a final tax invoice for my consideration,\" she says.", "\n\n\"To date, I have not received a bill of costs in taxable form.\"", "\n\nIn its defence papers, the firm denies it has been unfair or unreasonable.", "\n\nIt says the woman was \"fully informed\" that \"not all lawyers charged on the same basis\".", "\n\nIt claims she wanted to \"maximise the chance of a successful outcome\" of her divorce. ", "She was therefore charged for \"the level of legal resources needed to conduct the matter thoroughly\".", "\n\nAt a hearing last month, the firm asked the woman be ordered to disclose all correspondence she'd had with other lawyers.", "\n\nJudge Robert Lunn refused the application.", "\n\n\"For many years, (the woman) has been involved in a mammoth and bitter divorce case,\" he said.", "\n\n\"Whether she has spent $10 million or $15 million is not the basis of the argument.", "\n\n\"It is, in colloquial terms, whether she has scraped the bottom of the barrel in pursuing her claim (and) this seems to be beyond argument.", "\n\n\"Hence, I do not consider she should be put to the time, trouble and expense of having to (disclose) all the documents ... for all the legal and related expenses she has incurred in this long and complex case.\"", "\n\nThe matter returns to court next week." ]

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[ "There are so many ways the world could end, even in the next year, that it's impossible not to fantasize about some of them, some of the time. ", "The question is, what do you do with these apocalyptic thoughts? ", "It seems to me there are two basic choices. »", "5/29/14 4:35pm 5/29/14 4:35pm" ]

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[ "Walt Disney’s daughter, Diane Disney Miller, dies at 79\n\nROBERT GALBRAITH | REUTERS | BDN\n\nROBERT GALBRAITH | REUTERS | BDN\n\nDiane Disney Miller, daughter of Walt Disney, arrives at the opening of the the $274 million Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles in this file photo from Oct. 23, 2003. ", "Miller, the only biological child of Walt Disney, died Nov. 19, 2013 in Napa, Calif., from injuries sustained in a fall. ", "She was 79.", "\n\nLOS ANGELES — Diane Disney Miller, philanthropist and daughter of cartoon and theme park pioneer Walt Disney, died on Tuesday in California. ", "She was 79.", "\n\nMiller died in the northern California wine town of Napa from injuries sustained in a fall, the Walt Disney Family Museum in San Francisco said.", "\n\nWalt Disney Co. Chief Executive Officer Bob Iger said the entertainment group founded by brothers Walt and Roy Disney in 1923 was “deeply saddened by the loss.”", "\n\n“As the beloved daughter of Walt Disney and one of his inspirations for creating Disneyland, she holds a special place in the history of the Walt Disney Company and in the hearts of fans everywhere,” Iger said in a statement.", "\n\nDisney Miller was born in 1933 and married professional football player Ron Miller in 1954. ", "He went on to serve as the company’s president in 1978 and chief executive a few years later.", "\n\nRon Miller was ousted from the company in 1984, paving the way for the new executive team of Michael Eisner, Jeffrey Katzenberg and Frank Wells, who helped transform a sleepy theme park and animation company into an entertainment powerhouse with hit movies, TV shows and new theme park attractions in Orlando, Fla., and Paris.", "\n\nThe couple purchased a vineyard in Napa Valley in 1976 and have operated a collection of vineyards under the name Silverado Vineyards.", "\n\nShe was also instrumental in the construction of the Walt Disney Concert Hall, the musical venue designed by architect Frank Gehry in downtown Los Angeles.", "\n\nMiller’s adopted sister, Sharon Mae Disney, died in 1993. ", "In addition to her husband, she is survived by seven children, 13 grandchildren and one great-grandchild." ]

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[ "Please verify the following rate details then move down to proceed with booking.", "\n\nRihga Royal Hotel Hiroshima\n\nArea : Hiroshima, Hiroshima\nType: Hotel\nCode: 7540-050\n\nRihga Royal Hotel Hiroshima is located at the intersection of the business, entertainment, culture and green areas of the city. ", "The hotel is equipped with the largest scale convention facility in the Chugoku and Shikoku region." ]

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[ "Abstract\n\nUnder the impact of human activity, global extinction rates have risen a thousand times higher than shown in the fossil record. ", "The resources available for conservation are insufficient to prevent the loss of much of the world's threatened biodiversity during this crisis. ", "Conservation planners have been forced to prioritize their protective activities, in the context of great uncertainty. ", "This has become known as ‘the agony of choice’. ", "A range of methods have been proposed for prioritizing species for conservation attention; one of the most strongly supported is prioritizing those species that maximize phylogenetic distinctiveness (PD). ", "We evaluate how a composite measure of extinction risk and phylogenetic isolation (EDGE) has been used to prioritize species according to their degree of unique evolutionary history (evolutionary distinctiveness, ED) weighted by conservation urgency (global endangerment, GE). ", "We review PD-based approaches and provide an updated list of EDGE mammals using the 2010 IUCN Red List. ", "We evaluate how robust this method is to changes in phylogenetic uncertainty, knowledge of taxonomy and extinction risk, and examine how mammalian species that rank highly in EDGE score are representative of the collective from which they are drawn.", "\n\n1. ", "Introduction\n\nIn the current era of unprecedented global change, where the rate of biodiversity loss continues unabated [1,2], decision-making about the focus of conservation investment has become a central part of both academic research and conservation action. ", "It has been strongly argued that maximizing phylogenetic diversity should be one of the main goals of priority-setting for conservation [3–6]. ", "This is owing to the fact that species represent different amounts of evolutionary history, reflecting different rates of divergence across any given phylogenetic tree. ", "As such, limited conservation resources should be focused on those species that represent the greatest amounts of unique evolutionary history, whose loss would be felt most keenly.", "\n\nThere are two main arguments for choosing prioritization techniques that aim to conserve the maximum possible amount of evolutionary history. ", "The first is a pragmatic perspective: phylogenetic distinctiveness (PD) is a compound metric of all forms of genotypic, phenotypic (‘feature’ or ‘character’ diversity) and functional diversity, both measurable and unmeasurable [7], so maximizing PD thereby provides biological systems with the most options to respond to a changing world, both at species level and community level. ", "Moreover, PD could be used as a measure of ecosystem function, as phylogenies may reflect integrated phenotypic differences among taxa and so be a more encapsulating measure than sets of singular, discretely measured traits [8,9]. ", "Prioritizing conservation by evolutionary history has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for capturing the range of morphological and ecological diversity that has evolved in a given phylogenetic group, reflecting the positive correlation between amount of evolutionary change and amount of time elapsed [10,11]. ", "The second is from more of an ethical perspective, whereby maximizing the conservation of PD best preserves the immense history of the Earth [12].", "\n\nEvolution, in terms of both evolutionary history and evolutionary potential, is increasingly being recognized as the ‘missing component’ for conservation prioritization and planning (e.g. [13,14]). ", "Now, more than at any other time, tools to both measure and incorporate evolutionary history into conservation priority-setting and planning are available. ", "The expanding number of phylogenetic trees plotting the relationships among species (figure 1; [15]) and ever-increasing amount of information for conservation decision-making (e.g. species conservation status; [16]) are creating a wealth of knowledge that can be applied to address the current biodiversity crisis.", "\n\nCumulative total number of publications containing the search term ‘supertree*’ from the ISI Web of Knowledge database.", "\n\nPrioritizing conservation efforts on the basis of evolutionary history are of further importance because phylogenetic comparisons have revealed that the current human-caused loss of species is taxonomically selective rather than random, that extinction risk is clustered, and that mammals, birds, plants and other taxa with few close relatives are particularly likely to be at risk [17–19]. ", "Evolutionarily distinctive species are known to have already experienced greater levels of extinction both during the recent historical era [20] and during recent millennia [21], leading to increasing imbalance in the mammalian phylogeny over the course of the Holocene Epoch. ", "This pattern is associated in mammals and birds with the elevated level of extinctions of island species, including many ancient species-poor mammal lineages (e.g. Bibymalagasia, Solenodontidae, Thylacinidae; [22]).", "\n\nThe correlation between PD and species richness can be quite close, although there is substantial variation in this relationship [23,24]. ", "However, PD is not often effectively captured by straightforward taxon-based conservation policies [25], because variance among grid cells in species richness is far greater than the variance in species' PD. ", "Gains in taxon richness and PD can also be decoupled, particularly when the underlying phylogeny is unbalanced and species are not randomly distributed on the landscape [26]. ", "Therefore, in general terms, conservation approaches that maximize species richness, such as endemic species hotspots [27], may not always protect PD, particularly at sub-global scales. ", "This has led to the development of conservation programmes that aim to objectively assign PD values to species so that decisions can be made as to the most urgent focus of conservation action. ", "In this study, we briefly review PD-based approaches to conservation priority-setting before examining how one measure, EDGE [28], has been implemented in mammals. ", "We evaluate how robust this method is to changes in knowledge of taxonomy and extinction risk, examine how mammalian species that rank highly in EDGE score are representative of the collective from which they are drawn, assess the barriers to using PD, and report a set of conservation recommendations for new taxa.", "\n\n(a) Review of phylogenetic diversity-based approaches for species conservation\n\nThe concept of using evolutionary history in conservation prioritization has been around for at least two decades [4,5]. ", "These first approaches developed metrics concerning taxonomic distinctiveness (TD; relative to other species; [5]) and PD (sum of phylogenetic branch length of species in a given region; [4]). ", "Many derivations have subsequently been developed from these approaches (see [12]), but these essentially all fall under one of these two categories.", "\n\nEvolutionary history consists of two distinct components, the branching pattern of a phylogenetic tree and the length of its branches, and early attempts to integrate PD into conservation priority-setting were typically restricted to using information on branching pattern alone (i.e. they represented scores of TD; see [29]). ", "However, the increasing availability of temporally calibrated branch lengths for phylogenies of large taxonomic groups has made it possible to calculate PD using both components [15]. ", "This in turn has led to the development of a family of related measures of PD-based priority-setting approaches, which differ in their use of scoring methods for distributing among species the shared component of evolutionary history represented by deep phylogenetic branches, and in different methods for calculating and incorporating the extinction risk of different species across the phylogeny.", "\n\nIn addition to the original concept of PD [4], the two most widely followed scoring methods in the recent literature are equal splits (ES; [30,31]) and evolutionary distinctiveness (ED; [28]), also known as fair proportion (and which is very close to another, evolutionarily stable strategy game inspired measure, the Shapley index; [32], see [33] for wider review). ", "ES hierarchically partitions branch lengths by the number of descendent edges, such that for a given branch, a descendent species receives credit equal to 0.5 to a power equal to the number of splits between the branch and the species. ", "ED instead partitions branches by the total number of species descending from them, regardless of nested tree structure, such that the contribution of a given ancestral branch to the ED score is 1/number of descendants of that branch. ", "Further modifications to the ED approach have been proposed, allowing it to also include abundance information to generate a metric of abundance-weighted ED that can be used to prioritize populations, species, habitats and biogeographical regions [12]. ", "These alternative methods for scoring evolutionary history are then combined with a measure of threat to provide prioritization indices to inform conservation, as first carried out by Weitzman [34] and Avise [35]. ", "The EDGE approach combines ED scores directly with a ranked measure of extinction risk (global endangerment; GE) based on the quantitative and objective framework provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, to generate EDGE scores [28]. ", "ES scores were similarly combined with a probability of extinction score (Pe) to generate a species-specific expected loss of evolutionary history (EL) metric [31]. ", "EDGE is, in effect, a special case of EL in which each increase in the Red List category represents a doubling of extinction risk, an arbitrary approach that avoids the resultant list being dominated by species of only the highest threat category.", "\n\nEDGE and EL scores assigned to species are independent of the conservation status of other taxa. ", "However, other approaches for combining extinction risk also take the conservation status of related species into account. ", "This is based on the consideration that some future ‘sets’ of species are more likely to persist than others as a result of interspecific variation in extinction risk; at-risk species with close relatives that are also threatened with extinction should represent higher conservation priorities, because such species are predicted to represent a higher amount of unique evolutionary history in the future [36]. ", "The corollary of this is that systems like EDGE might overestimate the importance of species with safe relatives. ", "For example, extinction of a 1 Myr-old species lineage would result in the loss of one million years of evolution, but the future extinction of its currently threatened sister species results in the loss of another one million years of evolution as well as the deeper branch connecting the now-extinct species pair to the rest of the phylogeny. ", "The probability of losing an internal branch in a phylogeny is, therefore, related to the number of descendent species and is the product of their probabilities of extinction, which is not accounted for by the EDGE or EL approaches.", "\n\nIn order to account for this issue, the basic PD approach [4] was modified by Witting & Loeschcke [6], Witting et al. [", "37] and Faith [36] to provide a measure of the expected or probabilistic PD for a given species that will result from different extinction scenarios affecting other species of varying relatedness. ", "A similar method has also been developed by Steel et al. [", "38], where a heightened ED score (HED) is used to generate a HEDGE score. ", "There has been criticism of EDGE and EL approaches owing to their dependency on a static apportioning of credit for branches and their failure to incorporate extinction probabilities of related species [36]. ", "In particular, Faith argued that PD-based conservation initiatives should instead adopt probabilistic PD to properly take complementarity into account [36]. ", "However, in reality this modification is unlikely to make much of a difference in conservation prioritization, because it has been demonstrated that most species derive the majority of their ED from terminal branches [28], and comparisons of HED and ED scores show very strong correlations (e.g. 0.94 for prosimians; [38]).", "\n\nA second debate has also addressed appropriate methods for quantifying conservation status. ", "IUCN Red List categories are ranks representing probabilities of extinction [39,40]. ", "However, extinction risk ranks need to be assigned numerical values (an ‘urgency score’) when they are combined with other criteria, such as when integrated with phylogenetic trees to develop EDGE-style priority rankings. ", "This raises the question, does movement between ranks represent a constant change in probability or is it nonlinear [41]? ", "The EDGE approach treats IUCN Red List categories as equivalent intervals of risk [28,41,42]; however, alternative approaches can also be adopted, for example, by using empirical estimates from population viability analyses [43] for data-rich taxa. ", "The greatest variation between PD-based priority rankings is caused by assuming latent risk (the ‘pessimistic’ approach of Mooers et al. [", "43]), which gives higher weight to PD because all taxa are considered to be at some risk of extinction, and includes species that are less threatened (see [44,45]). ", "Some authors have also included Data Deficient (DD) species in PD-based prioritization approaches, for example, by arbitrarily (though probably conservatively) estimating their extinction risk as being between the Least Concern and Near Threatened categories [45]. ", "While this may be a legitimate assumption with birds [46], evidence suggests that the probable status of DD species in many taxonomic groups might be more likely to be threatened [47]; at the very least, some unknown proportion of DD species are threatened, so treating DD species as a single value is not informative.", "\n\n2. ", "Methods\n\n(a) EDGE scores\n\nWe collated mammal conservation status data from the IUCN Red List [48,49], and included genuine change in status from Hoffmann et al. [", "50]. ", "We used a composite ‘supertree’ phylogeny [51–53] to calculate ED scores for mammals, following the procedure reported in Isaac et al. [", "28]. ", "Briefly, we divided the total phylogenetic diversity of each clade among its members by applying a value to each branch equal to its length divided by the number of descendent species. ", "The ED of a species is simply the sum of these values for all branches from which the species is descended, to the root of the phylogeny. ", "The new mammal EDGE list presented here is constructed using an updated mammal taxonomy and the most recent Red List assessments, but also differs in several other ways, detailed below.", "\n\nThe new list uses the third edition of Mammal Species of the World (MSW3; [54]), whereas the original list of Isaac et al. [", "28] used the second edition taxonomy (MSW2; [55]). ", "A phylogenetic tree in the MSW3 taxonomy was provided by Fritz et al. [", "53], who converted it from the MSW2 format tree of Bininda-Emonds et al. [", "51]. ", "MSW3 contains 5416 species, when compared with 4629 species in MSW2. ", "Only 291 of the additional species have been newly described since MSW2, so taxonomic changes (splitting and lumping) have accounted for a net gain of nearly 500 species (i.e. more than 10% growth). ", "Such instability in taxonomic status presents wide-scale technical and philosophical challenges for research applications that use species lists, especially in evolutionary and conservation biology [56–58]. ", "However, phylogenetic metrics such as EDGE are somewhat less sensitive to taxonomic change than alternative biodiversity measures such as counts of endemic or threatened species [28].", "\n\nSpecies values of ED were calculated as the geometric mean of scores under the three sets of branch lengths. ", "The algorithm for calculating ED scores [28] was applied with a modification to the way in which scores were corrected for polytomies (nodes with more than two descendants) and uncertainty in the estimated divergence times. ", "Polytomies in supertrees result from poor or conflicting data rather than a true representation of the speciation process, so the distinctiveness of branches subtending them is overestimated, thus leading to biased ED scores. ", "Isaac et al. [", "28] used a statistical fit to simulated data in order to correct the ED scores of nodes descended from polytomies. ", "Their correction factor decreased to zero for nodes with large numbers (more than 20) of descendants, which leads to an underestimate of the ED score of many species in poorly resolved areas of the phylogeny (in this study, mainly bats and rodents). ", "To deal with uncertainty in the branch length estimates, Isaac et al. [", "28] reported the geometric mean ED scores based on three sets of node ages (best, upper and lower) from Bininda-Emonds et al. [", "51].", "\n\nFor the new list, we calculated ED scores for each of 1000 supertrees, each of which was resolved using Bayesian methods described in Kuhn et al. [", "59]. ", "These fully resolved supertrees represent the pseudo-posterior distribution of the underlying mammalian phylogeny. ", "We modified the PolytomyResolver R script [59] in order to incorporate uncertainty in the estimates of individual node ages by placing a normally distributed prior constraint onto each resolved node of the starting tree [53]. ", "These priors each had a mean equal to the best age estimate reported in Fritz et al. [", "53], and a standard deviation of (best–worst estimate)/1.96, where the worst estimate is defined as the estimate (upper or lower) that was furthest from the best. ", "We created 1000 resolved trees using BEAST (v. 1.6.1) [60] to analyse five independent runs of approximately 2 000 000 iterations and a sampling interval of 1000. ", "We assessed the burnin, convergence and mixing manually for each run using Tracer v. 1.5 [61] and produced the final distribution by combining all independent runs and subsampling to every 9000 iterations.", "\n\nThe MSW3 format phylogeny [53] contains 5020 species, i.e. 396 valid names were missing. ", "Of these, 75 are known to be extinct [22]. ", "We estimated ED scores for 250 of the extant missing species as the mean ED of congeneric species, such that only 71 extant species still lacked ED scores. ", "We also estimated ED for two recently described species, Laonastes aenigmamus and Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, which were likely to represent EDGE priorities on the basis of their high taxonomic distinctiveness. ‘", "Surrogate’ ED scores for these species were crudely estimated as the likely time of divergence based on available molecular data (see electronic supplementary material, table S1, references S2 and S4). ", "Finally, IUCN categories were matched for 5123 species, of which 692 are DD, producing a list of 4431 EDGE scores.", "\n\nChanges in EDGE score between [28] and the results reported in this study are due to a number of reasons that are not mutually exclusive. ", "EDGE score may change owing to reassessment of the conservation status of the species (i.e. updated Red List status, which may or may not be owing to a genuine change in species status; [42]), or a change in taxonomic status between MSW2 and MSW3. ", "The latter is further complicated by new species discoveries and by the splitting and lumping of existing species, resulting in a changed phylogeny for both a given species and any sister taxa it may have. ", "We tracked changes in taxonomy and Red List status between the old and new EDGE lists, recording changes in taxonomic status as new species described, species split, species lumped, or non-nested [56], in which there is no simple relationship between the species taxonomy in MSW2 and MSW3.", "\n\n(b) Trait analysis\n\nWe followed the method of Redding et al. [", "10] to evaluate how mammal species that rank highly in EDGE score are representative of the collective from which they are drawn. ", "We used six mammalian trait measures drawn from Jones et al. [", "62] of reproductive, behavioural, geographical and morphological species traits: body mass (grams), gestation length (days), home range size (square kilometres), litter size, geographical range size (square kilometres) and latitudinal midpoint of range (decimal degrees). ", "Each trait was log10 transformed to lessen the effect of outliers and equalize variance. ", "For each species value, we calculated absolute mean distance from the median value of the trait for the order; the greater the distance from the median value, the more unusual that species is in a given trait for its order.", "\n\nFollowing Redding et al. [", "10], we used Pearson correlations to test for a relationship between EDGE score (and its components, ED and GE) and absolute distance from the median value for each trait. ", "Owing to the repeated tests, we used a correction factor to account for false discoveries and the possibility of elevated type I errors. ", "This procedure accounts for the number of false-positive hypotheses that would be accepted with raw p-values, given a predefined significance value of α = 0.05 [63,64]. ", "All analyses were conducted in R v. 2.12.1 [65].", "\n\n3. ", "Results\n\nOur new analysis of EDGE scores has generated a new priority list of mammals requiring urgent conservation attention on the basis of a combination of high ED and high threat status (table 1). ", "Our data show that there has been some change in the ranks of species between EDGE lists, but that the overall priority set appears robust to these changes. ", "These rank changes can be attributed to both changes in taxonomy (table 2 and figure 2) and changes in Red List status (figure 3). ", "The taxonomy of the majority of species remains unchanged (approx. ", "70%; table 2). ", "Of the changes to species taxonomic status, approximately 20 per cent have been split, 5 per cent are new species descriptions, and about 2.5 per cent have been either lumped or represent non-nested taxonomic changes. ", "The relatively minor impact of these taxonomic changes on ED score is apparent from figure 2, which shows a strong correlation between ED scores derived from MSW2 [55] and those derived from MSW3 [54].", "\n\nTop 100 mammal EDGE scores, representing the highest priority mammal species requiring urgent conservation attention on the basis of a combination of high ED and high threat status. ", "Conservation attention was assessed following the methods used by Sitas et al. [", "66]. ", "CR, Critically Endangered; EN, Endangered VU, Vulnerable.", "\n\nChange in taxonomic status of mammal species 1993–2005. ", "Numbers refer to species in the new (third) edition of Mammal Species of the World [55] and expressed relative to species status in the second edition [54].", "\n\nComparison of Red List status between EDGE lists. ", "Old Red List status is the categories of species reported in [28]; new Red List status is the category of species calculated in this study, following Schipper et al. [", "48]. ", "Black shading indicates where no category change has taken place. ", "Bubble size is scaled to the number of cases of a given category, as a proportion of the species that used to be in that category in the previous version of the Red List. ", "n = 4708 mammal species for which direct comparison could be made. ", "DD, Data Deficient, LC, Least Concern, NT, Near Threatened, VU, Vulnerable, EN, Endangered, CR, Critically Endangered, EX/EW, Extinct/Extinct in the Wild.", "\n\nAlthough there is an overall strong correlation between the ED scores reported in this study and previous estimates (figure 2), several anomalies do exist. ", "For example, Ochotona nubrica has a large increase in ED score between the MSW2 (and 3) and the current estimate, resulting in an EDGE rank of 739 (a climb of 106 in the ranking). ", "This difference in ED scores results from an error in the node age estimates of the original supertree, where the upper and lower age estimates appear to be reversed. ", "This type of node age estimate issue is only relevant to eight of the 2503 nodes of the supertree, and does not dramatically alter ED scores for species other than O. nubrica.", "\n\nVariation in Red List ranking has a much greater impact on the composite measure making up the EDGE score (figures 3 and 4). ", "This variation reveals two clear patterns. ", "Firstly, there is considerable movement of species between threatened categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable) and non-threatened categories (Near Threatened, Least Concern), which probably reflects the gathering of new data and/or reassessments of the quality of old data on species threat status. ", "Secondly, movement within the threatened categories is usually only by one category, and changes are rare for species that were already listed as threatened. ", "It should be noted that of these changes, only 195 represent a change in Red List status brought about by a genuine deterioration or improvement in the status of the species [50], rather than a change in knowledge about the species (1246 species); and only 71 of these represent ‘EDGE species’, i.e. threatened species with above-average ED score.", "\n\nComparison of EDGE ranks between EDGE lists. ", "Rank EDGE score old is the value for each species as reported in Isaac et al. [", "28]; rank EDGE score new is the value for each species calculated in this study.", "\n\nIn the EDGE species trait analysis, we evaluated how species that rank highly in EDGE score are representative of the collective from which they are drawn. ", "Overall there was strong support for the positive correlation of mammal trait oddness and high EDGE score (table 3). ", "This was also true of the component parts of the EDGE score, ED and GE (see electronic supplementary material, tables S2 and S3). ", "The greatest support across orders was for geographical range (eight orders showed significant correlation), followed by body mass and gestation length (table 4). ", "Tests on the component parts of species EDGE score revealed that the relationship with geographical range is driven by the GE component (i.e. correlates of extinction risk), whereas morphological and reproductive traits (body mass, gestation length and litter size) showed strong correlation with ED score (electronic supplementary material, tables S2 and S3).", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion\n\nIt is important that approaches to conservation priority-setting are able to satisfy two conditions: they must capture biodiversity, a complex and multi-faceted concept, and must be robust to uncertainty. ", "As knowledge continues to develop about the relationships among species and the extinction risk that these species face, techniques such as the one presented here must allow for the prospect that lists of priority species may change. ", "This is a necessary part of incorporating new knowledge to the best effect into prioritization initiatives. ", "Nevertheless, the most appropriate approaches will often be those that are least subject to the vagaries of these inevitable changes in our knowledge of extinction risk and taxonomy. ", "The EDGE method appears on the evidence presented here to represent a robust approach to incorporating evolutionary history into priority-setting in mammals.", "\n\nThe majority of the changes in species ranks between this and the previous version of the EDGE list [28] are due to changes in Red List status. ", "The 195 changes in mammal conservation status, which principally represent changes to more threatened categories of Red List status, are of serious concern; they are leading to a net deterioration in conservation status across the group and an erosion of biodiversity [50]. ", "This study also reveals the number of reassessments of mammalian species extinction risk category owing to non-genuine impacts on status, i.e. changing taxonomy, new information and reassessment of the quality of existing data used for assessments in the light of new understanding. ", "While such changes are potentially problematic for priority-setting schemes, such as EDGE, the expanding knowledge of species conservation status is undoubtedly a positive advance for conservation. ", "Nevertheless, such changes are quite numerous, even in a well-studied group like mammals. ", "These changes appear to be greatest for species in non-threatened or DD categories, whereas threatened species tend only to move a single category. ", "The result of such patterns will be that large jumps in ranking will be experienced by species undergoing the greatest steps of change between threatened and non-threatened categories, and vice versa. ", "The level to which this matters depends on the scale of conservation we wish to achieve. ", "Lower down the ranking, even a small change in score can lead to a large change in rank. ", "However, species actually classed as EDGE species reside towards the top of the ranking, where such changes are far smaller.", "\n\nBy avoiding priority lists that are dominated by highly threatened species, an approach that uses a roughly equal weighting of extinction risk and PD buffers high-ranking species from change, in cases such as mammals where the range of the two component scores is similar (roughly two orders of magnitude). ", "The EDGE programme, which implements practical on-the-ground conservation actions for focal species from the top 100 list of EDGE species (table 1), makes use of this benefit. ", "Although the EDGE programme is important for identifying species as foci for conservation at the global scale, the approach is not yet suitable for application to regional conservation planning (e.g. reserve design). ", "As discussed above, this is because EDGE does not incorporate the principle of complementarity [36]. ", "Modification of the EDGE algorithm is possible (a ‘HEDGE’ list, [38]) but this has yet to be implemented.", "\n\nWe also find evidence across numerous mammalian orders to support findings previously identified in small-scale studies [10,11] that species with high EDGE scores are biologically and/or ecologically atypical of the groups from which they are drawn [10]. ", "However, correlations of trait values with ED or EDGE are not consistent across mammalian orders, providing further evidence that threatened and evolutionarily distinct species represent a truly unique set of taxa, comprising varied traits that contribute disproportionately to biodiversity. ", "One common criticism of phylogeny-based conservation prioritization is that it may preferentially select relictual species that might be less likely to contribute to future evolutionary radiations. ", "The only study to our knowledge that has explicitly evaluated this question [10] found no strong tendency for primate species with high EDGE scores to have ancestral characteristics, suggesting that such species instead possess both rare and derived characters. ", "While such an analysis was beyond the scope of this study, it would be an obvious avenue for further research. ", "Furthermore, while we followed Redding et al.", "'s [10] method to calculate biological oddness, this method probably works better for species traits with distributions that have a strong central tendency (e.g. life-history traits; [67]). ", "One could potentially scale trait deviations by branch length to identify species that deviate more or less than expected under a Brownian null model of trait evolution. ", "An alternative avenue for future research would be to restrict such correlations to a ‘biologically interesting’ subset, perhaps the upper quartile or even just the top 100. ", "This is because the majority of species have extremely low ED and EDGE scores such that they contribute more ‘noise’ than ‘signal’ to any correlation.", "\n\nEDGE-style approaches are increasingly being adopted to diagnose conservation priorities within an evolutionary framework. ", "For example, Agnarsson et al. [", "45] used both EDGE and HEDGE approaches to assess conservation priorities for mammalian carnivore species. ", "Although these authors recognized that priority rankings were strongly dependent on the particular chosen parameters, a consistent series of species were high-ranking in most analyses. ", "Similar analyses have also used the EDGE approach to prioritize conservation of evolutionarily significant units within species [68]. ", "Other recent studies, while not formally quantifying ED, have also adopted EDGE's conceptual framework to make conservation recommendations on the basis of relative ages of different clades (e.g. [69]) or TD [70,71], or at least to acknowledge ED as a key component of conservation prioritization (e.g. [72]). ", "Other approaches have recently incorporated EDGE into other contexts, e.g. biogeographic/ecoregion analyses of conservation priorities or evolutionary history [12,44]. ", "However, despite this growing body of literature citing evidence for the importance of evolutionary history and its incorporation into conservation priority-setting [13], species PD levels remain completely uncorrelated with levels of conservation attention [66], and many of the species identified as conservation priorities in these recent EDGE-style approaches have been acknowledged to be receiving little or no conservation attention [45]. ", "Indeed, 64 per cent of the top 100 ranked species in our new EDGE mammal list (table 1) are currently receiving little or no conservation attention.", "\n\nWe have conducted our EDGE priority-setting approach on mammals because they are one of the best-studied groups, with near-complete data now available on both phylogenetic relationships and extinction risk for component species. ", "Unfortunately, most higher = order taxonomic groups still lack sufficient phylogenetic data to permit calculation of ED scores, and also lack any formal IUCN Red List assessment (although see [73,74]). ", "Given that large numbers of evolutionarily distinct species are inadequately served by existing conservation strategies, the priority must be to fast-track the necessary Red Listing [75] and phylogeny-building exercises to ensure that an imminent loss of large quantities of our global evolutionary heritage does not occur.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n\nWe thank Arne Mooers, Dave Redding and Gavin Thomas for discussions, Luigi Boitani and Carlo Rondinini for inviting us to contribute to this issue, and one anonymous reviewer for comments on the manuscript. ", "We are grateful to the Rufford Foundation (B.C.), the Royal Society (S.T.T.), and Synchronicity Earth for funding. ", "The EDGE programme is supported by public donations through www.edgeofexistence.org. ", "While the EDGE scores reported in this paper may undergo some change in future due to Red List changes or an updated mammal supertree, this paper should be considered the appropriate reference for the EDGE mammal list.", "\n\n2009Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian extinction risk: big is bad, but only in the tropics. ", "Ecol. ", "Lett.12, 538–549.doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01307.x (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01307.x)" ]

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[ "Diagnostic value of the helical CT scan for traumatic aortic injury: correlation with mortality and early rupture.", "\nTo evaluate the value of helical computed tomography of the thorax (HCTT) as a definitive tool for diagnosing traumatic aortic injury, this study retrospectively examined 53 patients with blunt thoracic injuries and HCTT during a 5-year period. ", "All CT scans were reviewed for direct signs of aortic injury and correlated with aortography or surgery. ", "Correlations between clinical parameters, as well as combinations of direct signs and individual signs, and mortality were analyzed in all traumatic aortic injury (TAI) cases. ", "Direct signs were seen on the HCTT in 25 cases and 22 had TAI. ", "All false positive results came from the group with only a single direct sign depicted on HCTT. ", "Among individual direct signs examined, intimal flap and luminal thrombus were the most specific (100%), whereas irregular aortic contour was the most sensitive (100%). ", "A combination of > or = 3 direct signs (p = 0.006) and periaortic contrast material extravasation significantly correlated with early rupture and mortality (p = 0.002). ", "In conclusion, intimal flap on HCTT is both the most specific and sensitive sign for TAI. ", "TAI patients with > or = 3 direct signs, including periaortic contrast material extravasation, may not require aortography before immediate surgery." ]

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[ "Prognar ~ Home Design Interior\n\nArchaicawful Kitchen Cabinet Drawer Inserts Image Design\n\nThe first mistake is to place the stove, refrigerator, and sink away from one another. ", "These areas are called the kitchen triangle because they are the main functional workspaces that you will be moving through them. ", "The kitchen design rule says that the kitchen triangle shouldn’t be less than 10 feet and greater than 25 feet. ", "Another mistake is to create a plenty of storage space on the expense of your countertops as you will need a workspace to prepare your food.", "\n\nChoosing the wrong island design or placing it in the wrong place will be another mistake that may harm the look and function of your kitchen. ", "The round kitchen island at the middle of your kitchen or facing your kitchen triangle will save your traffic area and let you communicate with your guests while cooking. ", "The kitchen rule says that you should leave at least 42 inches free space around your island to get an efficient flow in your kitchen.", "\n\nCommon Mistakes to Avoid When Designing your Kitchen. ", "As your kitchen is the most functional area in your home, you should plan well before your designing task because any mistake can cost you an additional amount of money. ", "To avoid such mistakes, you will need to consult a professional to tell you more information about such mistakes. ", "This article will provide you an idea about the common mistakes that you should avoid." ]

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[ "John R. Platt recently examined the impacts of shark finning for his Extinction Countdown blog on Scientific American:\n\nThe appearance of a shark fin piercing the ocean surface is often seen as a sign of danger to humans. ", "Even more dangerous to sharks is the sight of a shark fin floating in a bowl of soup.", "\n\nAround the world, sharks are in crisis. ", "Many species have suffered population declines of 90 to 99 percent in recent decades, mostly to feed the seemingly endless demand for the tasteless concoction known as shark fin soup, which is served to mark important occasions such as weddings and business deals in China and some other Asian communities. ", "An astonishing 10.3 million kilograms of shark fins and shark fin–based products were imported into Hong Kong in 2011, according to statistics released last week by The Pew Charitable Trusts Environmental Group in the report, Navigating Global Shark Conservation: Current Measures and Gaps (pdf). ", "The organization says Hong Kong imports about half of the world shark fin harvest.", "\n\nThe Pew group obtained these figures from the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong, but even they don’t tell the whole story. ", "Previous research (pdf) has estimated the total worldwide shark fin catch to be three to four times what is legally reported. ", "Because so much of the shark trade is illegal and carried out in the black market, the true total number of sharks killed each year is impossible to ascertain, but the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and other organizations estimate it at more than 100 million. ", "Another group, Shark Defenders, puts the annual average at 38 million, citing the same 2006 research that quantified the shark-fin trade.", "\n\nAnother hidden part of the story, according to the Pew report, is the types of sharks being caught. ", "Many of the nations that allow shark fishing do not require good record-keeping and allow fishermen to log all of their catches simply as “sharks” rather than specific shark species. ", "Some nations even report their take in extremely broad categories such as “sharks, rays, skates, etcetera,” so there’s no specificity to what their fishing fleets actually landed.", "\n\nRead more from Scientific American: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2012/07/18/hong-kong-imported-10-million-kilograms-shark-fins/" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow does Spring 3.1 Java based configuration work\n\nJust a general question, when you define a Java based configuration web app. ", "Ie.e have a class for : ApplicationContext and a WebApplicationInitializer class.", "\nHow does Spring know it has to load the beans, as no xml config files exists.. how does tomcat know anything about the webapp without a web.xml\nIts a newbie question.. i appreciate that. :)", "\n\nA:\n\nSee this blog post from SpringSource blog, important part about web.xml has an example, basically you point to JavaConfigWebApplicationContext instead of default XmlWebApplicationContext in DispatcherServlet's <init-param>:\n<web-app>\n <!-- ", "Configure ContextLoaderListener to use JavaConfigWebApplicationContext\n instead of the default XmlWebApplicationContext -->\n <context-param>\n <param-name>contextClass</param-name>\n <param-value>org.springframework.config.java.context.", "JavaConfigWebApplicationContext</param-value>\n </context-param>\n <!-- ", "Configuration locations must consist of one or more comma- or space-delimited\n fully-qualified @Configuration classes -->\n <context-param>\n <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>\n <param-value>example.", "RootApplicationConfig</param-value>\n </context-param>\n <!-- ", "Bootstrap the root application context as usual using ContextLoaderListener -->\n <listener>\n <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.", "ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>\n </listener>\n <!-- ", "Declare a Spring MVC DispatcherServlet as usual -->\n <servlet>\n <servlet-name>dispatcher-servlet</servlet-name>\n <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.", "DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>\n <!-- ", "Configure DispatcherServlet to use JavaConfigWebApplicationContext\n instead of the default XmlWebApplicationContext -->\n <init-param>\n <param-name>contextClass</param-name>\n <param-value>org.springframework.config.java.context.", "JavaConfigWebApplicationContext</param-value>\n </init-param>\n <!-- ", "Again, config locations must consist of one or more comma- or space-delimited\n and fully-qualified @Configuration classes -->\n <init-param>\n <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>\n <param-value>example.web.", "WebBeansConfig</param-value>\n </init-param>\n </servlet>\n</web-app>\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nEmbodiments of the invention described herein pertain to the field of computer systems and software. ", "More particularly, but not by way of limitation, one or more embodiments of the invention enable systems and methods for matching similar master data objects using associated behavioral data, for example transactional data.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nBusinesses utilize data repositories to make business decisions. ", "The data repositories house objects such as companies, customers, persons, products and other entities. ", "Business decisions are best made using data that is as accurate as possible. ", "Problems arise when data repositories contain data duplicates that should be merged into one object, but which exist as slightly different objects. ", "Minimizing data duplications across multiple distributed enterprise-wide computer systems is difficult. ", "Within businesses that house data in multiple data repositories, data that exists on one data repository may actually represent data in a slightly different form in another data repository. ", "Hence, businesses attempt to merge data duplicates and utilize unified versions of business objects known as master data. ", "Failing to keep master data objects consistent lowers the ability of an organization to leverage its data, which in turn hurts profits.", "\nBecause of the problems associated with maintaining master objects based on similar data, some companies maintain data for each corporate division in independent computational facilities and databases. ", "Hence, the business decisions are local to a division. ", "By utilizing multiple data repositories a business cannot leverage combined buying power to obtain lower prices from common vendors. ", "This architecture may be maintained after a company acquisition for example. ", "Conversely, many organizations attempt to merge their data repositories to yield unified data. ", "Solutions that attempt to match similar fields within data records utilize word dictionaries, token-based matching, normalization rules and regular expressions. ", "For example, “Avenue” in one record may be abbreviated as “Ave.” ", "in another record. ", "In such a case a regular expression of “Ave.*” ", "will match both fields. ", "Additionally, “Dick” and “Richard” may be matches for the same data object as selected from a list of synonyms which represent a name rule. ", "This type of de-duplication utilizes a myriad of unreliable data and therefore yields false matches and missed matches. ", "In addition to the relatively low accuracy achieved, there is a high cost of creating and maintaining data dictionaries and rules.", "\nFurthermore, known matching strategies tend to place a high score or weight on the physical “address” field of two objects. ", "If two objects include a large amount of shared substrings, such as a street number or apartment number, then it is reasonable to conclude that the two objects are duplicates. ", "Hence, most de-duplication efforts to clean and enrich master data rely heavily on the location associated with an object. ", "The problem with this approach is that many objects are migrating to virtual environments. ", "For example, many customers are utilizing web-based interfaces to access bills and statements. ", "As the world becomes less reliant on physical addresses, the strength of master data de-duplication based on physical address weakens. ", "There are no known solutions that augment de-duplication with behavior data that is independent of physical address.", "\nIn summary, existing computer systems and methods lack effective mechanisms for performing data matching in a way that allows the system to utilize actions associated with the data objects, e.g., transactional data, to determine if the data objects are or are not duplicates. ", "Because of the limitations described above there is a need for a system and method for matching similar master data using associated behavioral data." ]

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[ "/* Copyright 2017-19, Emmanouil Antonios Platanios. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not\n * use this file except in compliance with the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of\n * the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT\n * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the\n * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under\n * the License.", "\n */\n\npackage org.platanios.tensorflow.api.learn.layers.rnn.cell\n\nimport org.platanios.tensorflow.api._", "\nimport org.platanios.tensorflow.api.core.types.{IsNotQuantized, TF}\nimport org.platanios.tensorflow.api.learn.", "Mode\nimport org.platanios.tensorflow.api.ops\nimport org.platanios.tensorflow.api.ops.", "Output\nimport org.platanios.tensorflow.api.ops.variables.{Initializer, ZerosInitializer}\n\n/** $OpDocRNNCellLSTMCell\n *\n * @param name Name scope (also acting as variable scope) for this layer.", "\n * @param numUnits Number of units in the LSTM cell.", "\n * @param forgetBias Forget bias added to the forget gate.", "\n * @param usePeepholes Boolean value indicating whether or not to use diagonal/peephole connections.", "\n * @param cellClip If different than `-1`, then the cell state is clipped by this value prior to the cell\n * output activation.", "\n * @param projectionSize If different than `-1`, then a projection to that size is added at the output.", "\n * @param projectionClip If different than `-1`, then the projected output is clipped by this value.", "\n * @param activation Activation function used by this LSTM cell.", "\n * @param kernelInitializer Variable initializer for kernel matrices.", "\n * @param biasInitializer Variable initializer for the bias vectors.", "\n *\n * @author Emmanouil Antonios Platanios\n */\nclass LSTMCell[T: TF : IsNotQuantized](\n override val name: String,\n val numUnits: Int,\n val activation: Output[T] => Output[T],\n val forgetBias: Float = 1.0f,\n val usePeepholes: Boolean = false,\n val cellClip: Float = -1,\n val projectionSize: Int = -1,\n val projectionClip: Float = -1,\n val kernelInitializer: Initializer = null,\n val biasInitializer: Initializer = ZerosInitializer\n) extends RNNCell[Output[T], LSTMState[T], Shape, (Shape, Shape)](name) {\n override val layerType: String = \"LSTMCell\"\n\n override def createCellWithoutContext(\n mode: Mode,\n inputShape: Shape\n ): ops.rnn.cell.", "LSTMCell[T] = {\n val shape = inputShape.asInstanceOf[Shape]\n val hiddenDepth = if (projectionSize !", "= -1) projectionSize else numUnits\n val kernel = getParameter[T](KERNEL_NAME, Shape(shape(-1) + hiddenDepth, 4 * numUnits), kernelInitializer)\n val bias = getParameter[T](BIAS_NAME, Shape(4 * numUnits), biasInitializer)\n val (wfDiag, wiDiag, woDiag) = {\n if (usePeepholes) {\n val wfDiag = getParameter[T](\"Peepholes/ForgetKernelDiag\", Shape(numUnits), kernelInitializer)\n val wiDiag = getParameter[T](\"Peepholes/InputKernelDiag\", Shape(numUnits), kernelInitializer)\n val woDiag = getParameter[T](\"Peepholes/OutputKernelDiag\", Shape(numUnits), kernelInitializer)\n (wfDiag, wiDiag, woDiag)\n } else {\n (null, null, null)\n }\n }\n val projectionKernel = {\n if (projectionSize !", "= -1) {\n getParameter[T](s\"Projection/$KERNEL_NAME\", Shape(numUnits, projectionSize), kernelInitializer)\n } else {\n null\n }\n }\n ops.rnn.cell.", "LSTMCell(\n kernel, bias, activation, cellClip, wfDiag, wiDiag, woDiag, projectionKernel, projectionClip,\n forgetBias, name)\n }\n}\n\nobject LSTMCell {\n def apply[T: TF : IsNotQuantized](\n variableScope: String,\n numUnits: Int,\n activation: Output[T] => Output[T],\n forgetBias: Float = 1.0f,\n usePeepholes: Boolean = false,\n cellClip: Float = -1,\n projectionSize: Int = -1,\n projectionClip: Float = -1,\n kernelInitializer: Initializer = null,\n biasInitializer: Initializer = ZerosInitializer\n ): LSTMCell[T] = {\n new LSTMCell(\n variableScope, numUnits, activation, forgetBias, usePeepholes, cellClip,\n projectionSize, projectionClip, kernelInitializer, biasInitializer)\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Study: Genes May Play Role in Political Beliefs\n\nAs the Republican National Convention gets under way in Florida with Mitt Romney formally accepting his party's presidential nomination, a new study suggests genes may play a role in people's political views. ", "Researchers say genetic influences seem to be especially strong as related to social issues.", "\n\nFor years, political scientists assumed that people's political views were determined by their environments, such as what their parents and friends believed, and the communities in which they lived.", "\n\nBut a new study suggests that environmental factors are not the only determinant and that genetics influence roughly half of a person's political beliefs.", "\n\nRose McDermott, a professor of political science at Brown University in Rhode Island, co-authored the latest study. ", "She said societal factors, such as family and friends, can shape people's political affiliations but that biology seems to influence their views in general.", "\n\n“The underlying liberal to conservative tendency seems to be the piece that’s informed by these genetic factors,” said McDermott.", "\n\nThe research is based on analysis of data from dozens of twin studies in the United States and Australia. ", "Identical twins have the same DNA and, McDermott says, are 60 percent more likely to hold similar political beliefs, suggesting a strong genetic role in political traits. ", "Non-identical, or fraternal twins, who are genetically different, are more likely to have differing political beliefs, suggesting a stronger environmental role in political preferences.", "\n\nBecause of the newness of the research, experts have only identified a few genes that may influence behavior such as voter turnout and political violence.", "\n\nBut genetically-inherited political beliefs, according to McDermott, seem to play out most strongly in forming opinions on social issues.", "\n\n“We had to take care of our children for many, many, many generations. ", "And so in a modern day context, that could play as attitudes toward abortion, gay marriage and those sort of things,” said McDermott.", "\n\nMcDermott and her colleagues hope their findings may lead to deeper insights about political ideology, and its impact on public policy.", "\n\nAn article on genetic influences on political views appears in the journal Trends in Genetics." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nData-Driven Unit Test from Excel Spreadsheet\n\nHow do I set up a data-driven unit test method in VS2012 that reads data from an Excel .xlsx spreadsheet?", "\nI have tried Googling the solution but the results are either referring to an older version of Visual Studio or are not for .xlsx files.", "\nSo far I have a test class, test method, and the data source file, TestData.xlsx which is copied to the output directory at build time.", "\n\nA:\n\nFigured it out on my own.", "\nGive your test method the following attributes:\n[DeploymentItem(\"TestData.xlsx\")]\n[DataSource(\"System.", "Data.", "Odbc\", @\"Dsn=Excel Files;dbq=.\\TestData.xlsx;defaultdir=.; driverid=790;maxbuffersize=2048;pagetimeout=5\", \"Sheet1$\", DataAccessMethod.", "Sequential)]\n[TestMethod]\npublic void MyTestMethod()\n{\n ...\n}\n\n[DeploymentItem] just makes sure that the .xlsx file ends up in the directory where the test ultimately executes from.", "\nYou also NEED to add the .xlsx file to your project and in it's Properties set the \"Copy to Output Directory\" property to \"Copy if newer\" or \"Copy always\" or else the .xlsx file won't get copied to the test directory and you will get an annoyingly undescriptive error that just says \"The Microsoft Access database engine could not find the object 'Sheet1$'.\"", "\n\"Sheet1$\" means that the entire worksheet in the Excel doc named \"Sheet1\" will be used as the data table. ", "If you want you can make named ranges in the Excel doc then instead you can put \"NamedRangeName\" with no \"$\" sign as your data table source.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche said it best, \"That which does not kill us makes us stronger.\"", "\n\nFor Jeremy Maclin that pearl of wisdom couldn't ring truer.", "\n\nAt this point last year, the wideout's thoughts couldn't have been further from football. ", "A mysterious illness, initially thought to be lymphoma, hijacked his body. ", "It was a scary time. ", "Weakness ensued. ", "Pounds dropped. ", "Insomnia kicked in. ", "Instead of worrying about learning new wrinkles in Marty Mornhinweg's offense, he was simply trying to live to fight another day.", "\n\nEventually, when his fever lifted and appetite returned, all seemed right again. ", "But a different set of challenges awaited the hard-luck receiver over the next few months.", "\n\nExuding the toughness of a heavyweight boxer, Maclin attempted to power through. ", "Though hampered by additional nicks and scrapes, including a shoulder injury that cost him three games from Weeks 11-13, the Missouri product managed to post respectable numbers. ", "His 63 catches for 859 yards and five touchdowns nearly matched his production over 16 games the year before.", "\n\nOverall, he ranked as a low-end WR2 in 12-team leagues (8.9 ppg, WR24), proving to be a fantasy difference-maker during the most opportune time. ", "His combined 13 receptions for 179 yards and a touchdown against division rivals Dallas and Washington in Weeks 16 and 17 were huge for trophy seekers.", "\n\nExpect him to pick up where he left off.", "\n\nAnyone and everyone affiliated with the Eagles has openly professed their love for the Mac Daddy this summer, Michael Vick in particular. ", "From Eagles.com:\n\n\"I think this is going to be Jeremy Maclin's best year yet,\" said Vick. \"", "He has worked tremendously hard over the offseason. ", "He has caught a ton of balls the last four-five days (of minicamp). ", "I'm proud of him and I'm proud of his attitude most importantly.\"", "\n\nIn late-May, Vick compared Maclin to Michael Irvin. ", "High praise. ", "Though his character is slightly more reserved, his size/speed combination and savvy route-running skills are similar to the Hall of Famer's at his peak.", "\n\nSoon the numbers may also match.", "\n\nWith 2011's nightmare in the rearview mirror, the 23-year-old has the makings of busting out in a major way. ", "DeSean Jackson, Brent Celek and LeSean McCoy will again carve out significant vertical roles, but Maclin is the trusted short-to-intermediate weapon for Vick, especially in the red zone. ", "His looks inside the 20 understandably dipped last year, but his 21 targets in 2010 ranked fifth among WRs.", "\n\nMost importantly for fantasy purposes, his touchdown-scoring prowess should rebound. ", "It's unlikely McCoy will be able to repeat his 20-TD feat from a season ago. ", "Assuming that happens, the reallocated scores could fatten No. ", "18's bottom line. ", "A return to the double-digit TD class is well within reach.", "\n\nSuffice it to say, at his current average draft position (57.0, WR24), Maclin is the most underappreciated wide receiver in the virtual game. ", "His improved health, confidence from Vick, who some are also predicting will have a banner year, and Andy Reid's lust for passing (54:46 pass:run split in '11) suggest the pre-camp hype isn't baseless bluster. ", "Ranked No. ", "10 on the Noise's WR board, it would be no shocker if he outpaced highly touted products Andre Johnson (19.0 ADP, WR3), Wes Welker (27.5, WR6) and Roddy White (30.1, WR8) this year.", "\n\nUnlike last season, Maclin will be the cause and not the effect of chaos in 2012.", "\n\nFearless Forecast (16 games): 81 receptions, 1,138 receiving yards, 11 touchdowns\n\nWant to bull rush Brad? ", "Follow him on Twitter @YahooNoise and be sure to check him along with Andy Behrens, Brandon Funston and Scott Pianowski on The Fantasy Freak Show (Now on iTunes) every Friday at 5 p.m. PT/8 p.m. ET on Yahoo! ", "Sports Radio\n\nOther popular content on the Yahoo! ", "network:\n\n• Dan Wetzel: Joe Paterno's role in Jerry Sandusky cover-up grows as evidence is leaked\n\n• Citing injury, Chris Bosh withdraws from U.S. Olympic basketball consideration\n\n• Video: Jessica Hardy emotional, 'grateful' for berth in London Games\n\n• Y! ", "News: 13 million without power on East Coast after deadly storms" ]

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[ "Buchanan, Grand Bassa County –The representative-elect of Electoral District Four, Grand Bassa County has donated 40 desktop computers to computer school to be open in the district.", "\n\nThe National Elections Commission recently declared Vincent Willie as the winner of district representative election after defeating two-term incumbent Jeh Byron Brown at the 10th October poll.", "\n\nSpeaking on a community radio in Grand Bassa County on October 31, Willie assured he would serve as the “face of the young people in a positive direction”.", "\n\nThe youthful incoming lawmaker said initiating a computer literacy program is one of his major concerns for the district. ", "He said the program will serve many high school graduates residing in the district.", "\n\n“These computers will enable more young people to learn something on their own and be empowered,” Willie said. “", "This is also a part of the youth empowerment I promised the people of the district during my campaign.", "\n\nYouth in the district say the arrival of the computers is an exciting progress for young people, and it raises their optimism about the newly elected lawmaker.", "\n\nAdam Jimmy is a youth of the district who graduated from the only public high school in the district three years ago. ", "He says financial difficulties have held him back from furthering his education. ", "And now, he’s upbeat by the promise made good by the lawmaker-elect.", "\n\n“At least I can now be amongst the first group of young people that will benefit from the computer training that is coming soon,” Jimmy said. “", "This computer school will really empower we the young people of this district.”", "\n\nPhilimina Gardee, a female youth, said young people in the area have longed for computer literacy training.", "\n\nShe praised the youthful Willie for being farsighted in seeking the interest of the youth population.", "\n\n“We are in prayer with are the honorable man so that he can continue what he has started for the young people,” she said." ]

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[ "Mitochondrial activity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa assessed by MitoTracker Deep Red 633.", "\nThe present study was conducted to find a more objective method of evaluating sperm quality than the current subjective motility evaluations by testing the applicability of a novel fluorescent probe, Mitotracker Deep Red 633 (M-22426), for measuring the mitochondrial activity of spermatozoa both after freezing/thawing (PT) and after swim-up selection (SU), using flow cytometry (FC). ", "The results from FC were compared to those of conventional microscopic motility evaluations and of computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) as well as to the fertility obtained after AI in the field. ", "Semen from six Estonian Holstein bulls, processed when the sires were aged 3, 5, and 7 years, was included in the experiment. ", "Sperm motility (measured either subjectively or by means of CASA) was always significantly (p<0.01-0.001) higher in the spermatozoa recovered by SU, for any of the age groups considered, or even when combining the age groups. ", "Motility (measured subjectively) after SU was significantly (p<0.05) higher when bulls reached 7 years of age, compared to earlier collection ages, but no differences were registered between ages for CASA-assessed motility, either after SU or immediately PT. ", "The numbers of spermatozoa with high red fluorescence also increased after SU: p<0.05 (for semen from bulls aged 3 years), p<0.001 (5 years), p<0.001 (7 years), and p<0.001 when all age groups were combined. ", "The proportion of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial activity as determined by Mitotracker Deep Red 633 correlated with sperm motility (p<0.01) both PT and after SU, but not with the fertility results. ", "In conclusion, MitoTracker Deep Red 633 seems to be a reliable marker for frozen-thawed bovine semen viability both PT and after SU." ]

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[ "With BTC prices going vertical the mainstream people are catching the cryptocurrency fever and buying up BTC in pure FOMO . ", "I've read stories of people mortgaging their properties and even using their money meant for their eye surgery...\n\nPeople have been blinded by the price movement that they have forgotten what made BTC so valuable in the first place: A Peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System.", "\n\nBTC before 2017 had 2 clear advantages that made it successful compared to other financial institutions: FASTER and CHEAPER transactions. ", "We can no longer say that today.", "\n\nBut now a HODL culture ideology has surfaced of speculators, investors, traders and savers concerned more about the Bitcoin brand and its price movement than what made it successful in the first place . ", "As transaction fees keep rising users and businesses that made BTC popular and successful are leaving .", "\n\nFeeflation Wall rising\n\nImagine 2 years ago on December 2015 you bought 0.001 BTC for $0.37 when BTC's price was around $367. ", "Fast-forward to December 8, 2017 and you see that your savings has grown by 4448.50% in only 2 years! ", "Your 0.001 BTC is now worth $16.46! ", "But what you weren't expecting was that the transaction fee in BTC would also grow to 0.00166630 BTC!", "\n\nYour gains are gone by feeflation (Fee inflation)!", "\n\nThe sad part is that today over 55% of all BTC Addresses are already frozen in fees meaning that by the time the savers will cash out their BTC to sell them they can no longer sell them since the fees will eat their BTC savings.", "\n\nTo back it up with facts and numbers I wanted to create visual charts of the average transaction fees popularly measured in US Dollars but translated to BTC fees relative to the current average USD price of BTC each month from January 2015 to December 8, 2017. ", "For 2017 I included interesting dates where transaction fees spiked as the BTC mempool got congested.", "\n\nMy goal is to provide a chart showing the direction of the average transaction fees in BTC without complicating it too much with details. ", "Here's my attempt at it, hopefully it is accurate enough to get the message across :)\n\nFee-Congestion Correlation\n\nAs the network gets congested due to the limited 1MB blocksize or any number of reasons (i.e. Loss of hashrate) the transaction fees in BTC spike. ", "This became increasingly obvious in 2017.", "\n\nBTC Price, Average fee in USD and Average fee in BTC\n\nThese are simplified charts gathering data from each start of the months since 2015 with fee spikes during 2017 included. ", "For simplicity I strictly used the averages, I did not include Satoshis per byte or transaction sizes into consideration.", "\n\nFor the Ave. ", "Fee in BTC I converted the Average Fee in USD to its BTC fee equivalent based on the current BTC price at the time. ", "Ave. ", "Fee (BTC) = Ave.", "Fee(USD) / BTC Price\n\nThanks for reading! :)", "\n\nWhat do you guys think? ", "This was mainly just a thought-experiment and it was fun making and seeing the graphs.", "\n\nBeyond the pay wall I made more graphs and numbers examining the BTC fee movements for 2017. ", "Hope you enjoy!" ]

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[ "What is Property? : ", "Memoir 1, Chapter 5 : Psychological Exposition Of The Idea Of Justice And Injustice, And A Determination Of The Principle Of Government And Of Right\n\n1840\n\nPeople\n\n(1809 - 1865) ~ Father of Anarcho-Mutualism : ...he turned his talents instead to the printer's trade, a profession which gave birth to many anarchists, but the first to call himself an anarchist was Proudhon. ", "By mid-century, Proudhon was the leading left intellectual in France or for that matter, all of Europe, far surpassing Marx's notoriety or Bakunin's. ", "Proudhon... (From : Dana Ward Bio.) • \"", "Revolutions are the successive manifestation of justice in human history. — ", "It is for this reason that all revolutions have their origins in a previous revolution.\" (", "From : \"Toast to the Revolution,\" by Pierre-Joseph Proudh....) • \"The revolution, in that epoch, without abandoning its first given, took another name, which was already celebrated. ", "It called itself philosophy.\" (", "From : \"Toast to the Revolution,\" by Pierre-Joseph Proudh....) • \"What is your flag? ", "Association! ", "And your motto? ", "Equality before fortune! ", "Where are you taking us? ", "To Brotherhood!\" (", "From : \"Toast to the Revolution,\" by Pierre-Joseph Proudh....)\n\nChapter V. Psychological Exposition Of The Idea Of Justice And Injustice, And A Determination Of The Principle Of Government And Of Right.", "\n\nProperty is impossible; equality does not exist. ", "We hate the former, and yet wish to possess it; the latter rules all our thoughts, yet we know not how to reach it. ", "Who will explain this profound antagonism between our conscience and our will? ", "Who will point out the causes of this pernicious error, which has become the most sacred principle of justice and society?", "\n\nI am bold enough to undertake the task, and I hope to succeed.", "\n\nBut before explaining why man has violated justice, it is necessary to determine what justice is.", "\n\nPart First.", "\n\n§ 1. — ", "Of the Moral Sense in Man and the Animals.", "\n\nThe philosophers have endeavored often to locate the line which separates man’s intelligence from that of the brutes; and, according to their general custom, they gave utterance to much foolishness before resolving upon the only course possible for them to take, — observation. ", "It was reserved for an unpretending savant — who perhaps did not pride himself on his philosophy — to put an end to the interminable controversy by a simple distinction; but one of those luminous distinctions which are worth more than systems. ", "Frederic Cuvier separated instinct from intelligence.", "\n\nBut, as yet, no one has proposed this question: —\n\nIs the difference between man’s moral sense and that of the brute a difference in kind or only in degree?", "\n\nIf, hitherto, any one had dared to maintain the latter alternative, his arguments would have seemed scandalous, blasphemous, and offensive to morality and religion. ", "The ecclesiastical and secular tribunals would have condemned him with one voice. ", "And, mark the style in which they would have branded the immoral paradox! “", "Conscience,” — they would have cried, — “conscience, man’s chief glory, was given to him exclusively; the notion of justice and injustice, of merit and demerit, is his noble privilege; to man, alone, — the lord of creation, — belongs the sublime power to resist his worldly propensities, to choose between good and evil, and to bring himself more and more into the resemblance of God through liberty and justice... No; the holy image of virtue was never graven save on the heart of man.” ", "Words full of feeling, but void of sense.", "\n\nMan is a rational and social animal — zwon logikon kai politikon — said Aristotle. ", "This definition is worth more than all which have been given since. ", "I do not except even M. de Bonald’s celebrated definition, — man is an intellect served by organs — a definition which has the double fault of explaining the known by the unknown; that is, the living being by the intellect; and of neglecting man’s essential quality, — animality.", "\n\nMan, then, is an animal living in society. ", "Society means the sum total of relationships; in short, system. ", "Now, all systems exist only on certain conditions. ", "What, then, are the conditions, the laws, of human society?", "\n\nWhat are the rights of men with respect to each other; what is justice?", "\n\nIt amounts to nothing to say, — with the philosophers of various schools, — “It is a divine instinct, an immortal and heavenly voice, a guide given us by Nature, a light revealed unto every man on coming into the world, a law engraved upon our hearts; it is the voice of conscience, the dictum of reason, the inspiration of sentiment, the penchant of feeling; it is the love of self in others; it is enlightened self-interest; or else it is an innate idea, the imperative command of applied reason, which has its source in the concepts of pure reason; it is a passional attraction,” &c., &c. This may be as true as it seems beautiful; but it is utterly meaningless. ", "Though we should prolong this litany through ten pages (it has been filtered through a thousand volumes), we should be no nearer to the solution of the question.", "\n\n“Justice is public utility,” says Aristotle. ", "That is true, but it is a tautology. “", "The principle that the public welfare ought to be the object of the legislator” — says M. Ch. ", "Comte in his “Treatise on Legislation” — “cannot be overthrown. ", "But legislation is advanced no farther by its announcement and demonstration, than is medicine when it is said that it is the business of physicians to cure the sick.”", "\n\nLet us take another course. ", "Right is the sum total of the principles which govern society. ", "Justice, in man, is the respect and observation of those principles. ", "To practice justice is to obey the social instinct; to do an act of justice is to do a social act. ", "If, then, we watch the conduct of men towards each other under different circumstances, it will be easy for us to distinguish between the presence and absence of society; from the result we may inductively infer the law.", "\n\nLet us commence with the simplest and least doubtful cases.", "\n\nThe mother, who protects her son at the peril of her life, and sacrifices every thing to his support, is in society with him — she is a good mother. ", "She, on the contrary, who abandons her child, is unfaithful to the social instinct, — maternal love being one of its many features; she is an unnatural mother.", "\n\nIf I plunge into the water to rescue a drowning man, I am his brother, his associate; if, instead of aiding him, I sink him, I am his enemy, his murderer.", "\n\nWhoever bestows alms treats the poor man as his associate; not thoroughly, it is true, but only in respect to the amount which he shares with him. ", "Whoever takes by force or stratagem that which is not the product of his labor, destroys his social character — he is a brigand.", "\n\nThe Samaritan who relieves the traveler lying by the wayside, dresses his wounds, comforts him, and supplies him with money, thereby declares himself his associate — his neighbor; the priest, who passes by on the other side, remains unassociated, and is his enemy.", "\n\nIn all these cases, man is moved by an internal attraction towards his fellow, by a secret sympathy which causes him to love, congratulate, and condole; so that, to resist this attraction, his will must struggle against his nature.", "\n\nBut in these respects there is no decided difference between man and the animals. ", "With them, as long as the weakness of their young endears them to their mothers, — in a word, associates them with their mothers, — the latter protect the former, at the peril of their lives, with a courage which reminds us of our heroes dying for their country. ", "Certain species unite for hunting purposes, seek each other, call each other (a poet would say invite each other), to share their prey; in danger they aid, protect, and warn each other. ", "The elephant knows how to help his companion out of the ditch into which the latter has fallen. ", "Cows form a circle, with their horns outward and their calves in the center, in order to repel the attacks of wolves. ", "Horses and pigs, on hearing a cry of distress from one of their number, rush to the spot whence it comes. ", "What descriptions I might give of their marriages, the tenderness of the males towards the females, and the fidelity of their loves! ", "Let us add, however, — to be entirely just — that these touching demonstrations of society, fraternity, and love of neighbor, do not prevent the animals from quarreling, fighting, and outrageously abusing one another while gaining their livelihood and showing their gallantry; the resemblance between them and ourselves is perfect.", "\n\nThe social instinct, in man and beast, exists to a greater or less degree — its nature is the same. ", "Man has the greater need of association, and employs it more; the animal seems better able to endure isolation. ", "In man, social needs are more imperative and complex; in the beast, they seem less intense, less diversified, less regretted. ", "Society, in a word, aims, in the case of man, at the preservation of the race and the individual; with the animals, its object is more exclusively the preservation of the race.", "\n\nAs yet, we have met with no claim which man can make for himself alone. ", "The social instinct and the moral sense he shares with the brutes; and when he thinks to become god-like by a few acts of charity, justice, and devotion, he does not perceive that in so acting he simply obeys an instinct wholly animal in its nature. ", "As we are good, loving, tender, just, so we are passionate, greedy, lewd, and vindictive; that is, we are like the beasts. ", "Our highest virtues appear, in the last analysis, as blind, impulsive instincts. ", "What subjects for canonization and apotheosis!", "\n\nThere is, however, a difference between us two-handed bipeds and other living creatures — what is it?", "\n\nA student of philosophy would hasten to reply: “This difference lies in the fact that we are conscious of our social faculty, while the animals are unconscious of theirs — in the fact that while we reflect and reason upon the operation of our social instinct, the animals do nothing of the kind.”", "\n\nI will go farther. ", "It is by our reflective and reasoning powers, with which we seem to be exclusively endowed, that we know that it is injurious, first to others and then to ourselves, to resist the social instinct which governs us, and which we call justice. ", "It is our reason which teaches us that the selfish man, the robber, the murderer — in a word, the traitor to society — sins against Nature, and is guilty with respect to others and himself, when he does wrong willfully. ", "Finally, it is our social sentiment on the one hand, and our reason on the other, which cause us to think that beings such as we should take the responsibility of their acts. ", "Such is the principle of remorse, revenge, and penal justice.", "\n\nBut this proves only an intellectual diversity between the animals and man, not at all an affectional one; for, although we reason upon our relations with our fellows, we likewise reason upon our most trivial actions, — such as drinking, eating, choosing a wife, or selecting a dwelling-place. ", "We reason upon things earthly and things heavenly; there is nothing to which our reasoning powers are not applicable. ", "Now, just as the knowledge of external phenomena, which we acquire, has no influence upon their causes and laws, so reflection, by illuminating our instinct, enlightens us as to our sentient nature, but does not alter its character; it tells us what our morality is, but neither changes nor modifies it. ", "Our dissatisfaction with ourselves after doing wrong, the indignation which we feel at the sight of injustice, the idea of deserved punishment and due remuneration, are effects of reflection, and not immediate effects of instinct and emotion. ", "Our appreciation (I do not say exclusive appreciation, for the animals also realize that they have done wrong, and are indignant when one of their number is attacked, but), our infinitely superior appreciation of our social duties, our knowledge of good and evil, does not establish, as regards morality, any vital difference between man and the beasts.", "\n\n§ 2. — ", "Of the first and second degrees of Sociability.", "\n\nI insist upon the fact, which I have just pointed out, as one of the most important facts of anthropology.", "\n\nThe sympathetic attraction, which causes us to associate, is, by reason of its blind, unruly nature, always governed by temporary impulse, without regard to higher rights, and without distinction of merit or priority. ", "The bastard dog follows indifferently all who call it; the suckling child regards every man as its father and every woman as its nurse; every living creature, when deprived of the society of animals of its species, seeks companionship in its solitude. ", "This fundamental characteristic of the social instinct renders intolerable and even hateful the friendship of frivolous persons, liable to be infatuated with every new face, accommodating to all whether good or bad, and ready to sacrifice, for a passing liaison, the oldest and most honorable affections. ", "The fault of such beings is not in the heart — it is in the judgment. ", "Sociability, in this degree, is a sort of magnetism awakened in us by the contemplation of a being similar to ourselves, but which never goes beyond the person who feels it; it may be reciprocated, but not communicated. ", "Love, benevolence, pity, sympathy, call it what you will, there is nothing in it which deserves esteem, — nothing which lifts man above the beast.", "\n\nThe second degree of sociability is justice, which may be defined as the recognition of the equality between another’s personality and our own. ", "The sentiment of justice we share with the animals; we alone can form an exact idea of it; but our idea, as has been said already, does not change its nature. ", "We shall soon see how man rises to a third degree of sociability which the animals are incapable of reaching. ", "But I must first prove by metaphysics that society, justice, and equality, are three equivalent terms, — three expressions meaning the same thing, — whose mutual conversion is always allowable.", "\n\nIf, amid the confusion of a shipwreck, having escaped in a boat with some provisions, I see a man struggling with the waves, am I bound to go to his assistance? ", "Yes, I am bound under penalty of being adjudged guilty of murder and treason against society.", "\n\nBut am I also bound to share with him my provisions?", "\n\nTo settle this question, we must change the phraseology. ", "If society is binding on the boat, is it also binding on the provisions? ", "Undoubtedly. ", "The duty of an associate is absolute. ", "Man’s occupancy succeeds his social nature, and is subordinate to it; possession can become exclusive only when permission to occupy is granted to all alike. ", "That which in this instance obscures our duty is our power of foresight, which, causing us to fear an eventual danger, impels us to usurpation, and makes us robbers and murderers. ", "Animals do not calculate the duty of instinct any more than the disadvantages resulting to those who exercise it; it would be strange if the intellect of man — the most sociable of animals — should lead him to disobey the law. ", "He betrays society who attempts to use it only for his own advantage; better that God should deprive us of prudence, if it is to serve as the tool of our selfishness.", "\n\n“What!” ", "you will say, “must I share my bread, the bread which I have earned and which belongs to me, with the stranger whom I do not know; whom I may never see again, and who, perhaps, will reward me with ingratitude? ", "If we had earned this bread together, if this man had done something to obtain it, he might demand his share, since his co-operation would entitle him to it; but as it is, what claim has he on me? ", "We have not produced together — we shall not eat together.”", "\n\nThe fallacy in this argument lies in the false supposition, that each producer is not necessarily associated with every other producer.", "\n\nWhen two or more individuals have regularly organized a society, — when the contracts have been agreed upon, drafted, and signed, — there is no difficulty about the future. ", "Everybody knows that when two men associate — for instance — in order to fish, if one of them catches no fish, he is none the less entitled to those caught by his associate. ", "If two merchants form a partnership, while the partnership lasts, the profits and losses are divided between them; since each produces, not for himself, but for the society: when the time of distribution arrives, it is not the producer who is considered, but the associate. ", "That is why the slave, to whom the planter gives straw and rice; and the civilized laborer, to whom the capitalist pays a salary which is always too small, — not being associated with their employers, although producing with them, — are disregarded when the product is divided. ", "Thus, the horse who draws our coaches, and the ox who draws our carts produce with us, but are not associated with us; we take their product, but do not share it with them. ", "The animals and laborers whom we employ hold the same relation to us. ", "Whatever we do for them, we do, not from a sense of justice, but out of pure benevolence.[25]\n\nBut is it possible that we are not all associated? ", "Let us call to mind what was said in the last two chapters, That even though we do not want to be associated, the force of things, the necessity of consumption, the laws of production, and the mathematical principle of exchange combine to associate us. ", "There is but a single exception to this rule, — that of the proprietor, who, producing by his right of increase, is not associated with any one, and consequently is not obliged to share his product with any one; just as no one else is bound to share with him. ", "With the exception of the proprietor, we labor for each other; we can do nothing by ourselves unaided by others, and we continually exchange products and services with each other. ", "If these are not social acts, what are they?", "\n\nNow, neither a commercial, nor an industrial, nor an agricultural association can be conceived of in the absence of equality; equality is its sine qua non. ", "So that, in all matters which concern this association, to violate society is to violate justice and equality. ", "Apply this principle to humanity at large. ", "After what has been said, I assume that the reader has sufficient insight to enable him to dispense with any aid of mine.", "\n\nBy this principle, the man who takes possession of a field, and says, “This field is mine,” will not be unjust so long as every one else has an equal right of possession; nor will he be unjust, if, wishing to change his location, he exchanges this field for an equivalent. ", "But if, putting another in his place, he says to him, “Work for me while I rest,” he then becomes unjust, unassociated, unequal. ", "He is a proprietor.", "\n\nReciprocally, the sluggard, or the rake, who, without performing any social task, enjoys like others — and often more than others — the products of society, should be proceeded against as a thief and a parasite. ", "We owe it to ourselves to give him nothing; but, since he must live, to put him under supervision, and compel him to labor.", "\n\nSociability is the attraction felt by sentient beings for each other. ", "Justice is this same attraction, accompanied by thought and knowledge. ", "But under what general concept, in what category of the understanding, is justice placed? ", "In the category of equal quantities. ", "Hence, the ancient definition of justice — Justum æquale est, injustum inæquale. ", "What is it, then, to practice justice? ", "It is to give equal wealth to each, on condition of equal labor. ", "It is to act socially. ", "Our selfishness may complain; there is no escape from evidence and necessity.", "\n\nWhat is the right of occupancy? ", "It is a natural method of dividing the earth, by reducing each laborer’s share as fast as new laborers present themselves. ", "This right disappears if the public interest requires it; which, being the social interest, is also that of the occupant.", "\n\nWhat is the right of labor? ", "It is the right to obtain one’s share of wealth by fulfilling the required conditions. ", "It is the right of society, the right of equality.", "\n\nJustice, which is the product of the combination of an idea and an instinct, manifests itself in man as soon as he is capable of feeling, and of forming ideas. ", "Consequently, it has been regarded as an innate and original sentiment; but this opinion is logically and chronologically false. ", "But justice, by its composition hybrid — if I may use the term, — justice, born of emotion and intellect combined, seems to me one of the strongest proofs of the unity and simplicity of the ego; the organism being no more capable of producing such a mixture by itself, than are the combined senses of hearing and sight of forming a binary sense, half auditory and half visual.", "\n\nThis double nature of justice gives us the definitive basis of all the demonstrations in Chapters II., ", "III., ", "and IV. ", "On the one hand, the idea of justice being identical with that of society, and society necessarily implying equality, equality must underlie all the sophisms invented in defense of property; for, since property can be defended only as a just and social institution, and property being inequality, in order to prove that property is in harmony with society, it must be shown that injustice is justice, and that inequality is equality, — a contradiction in terms. ", "On the other hand, since the idea of equality — the second element of justice — has its source in the mathematical proportions of things; and since property, or the unequal distribution of wealth among laborers, destroys the necessary balance between labor, production, and consumption, — property must be impossible.", "\n\nAll men, then, are associated; all are entitled to the same justice; all are equal. ", "Does it follow that the preferences of love and friendship are unjust?", "\n\nThis requires explanation. ", "I have already supposed the case of a man in peril, I being in a position to help him. ", "Now, I suppose myself appealed to at the same time by two men exposed to danger. ", "Am I not allowed — am I not commanded even — to rush first to the aid of him who is endeared to me by ties of blood, friendship, acquaintance, or esteem, at the risk of leaving the other to perish? ", "Yes. ", "And why? ", "Because within universal society there exist for each of us as many special societies as there are individuals; and we are bound, by the principle of sociability itself, to fulfill the obligations which these impose upon us, according to the intimacy of our relations with them. ", "Therefore we must give our father, mother, children, friends, relatives, &c., the preference over all others. ", "But in what consists this preference?", "\n\nA judge has a case to decide, in which one of the parties is his friend, and the other his enemy. ", "Should he, in this instance, prefer his intimate associate to his distant associate; and decide the case in favor of his friend, in spite of evidence to the contrary? ", "No: for, if he should favor his friend’s injustice, he would become his accomplice in his violation of the social compact; he would form with him a sort of conspiracy against the social body. ", "Preference should be shown only in personal matters, such as love, esteem, confidence, or intimacy, when all cannot be considered at once. ", "Thus, in case of fire, a father would save his own child before thinking of his neighbor’s; but the recognition of a right not being an optional matter with a judge, he is not at liberty to favor one person to the detriment of another.", "\n\nThe theory of these special societies — which are formed concentrically, so to speak, by each of us inside of the main body — gives the key to all the problems which arise from the opposition and conflict of the different varieties of social duty, — problems upon which the ancient tragedies are based.", "\n\nThe justice practiced among animals is, in a certain degree, negative. ", "With the exception of protecting their young, hunting and plundering in troops, uniting for common defense and sometimes for individual assistance, it consists more in prevention than in action. ", "A sick animal who cannot arise from the ground, or an imprudent one who has fallen over a precipice, receives neither medicine nor nourishment. ", "If he cannot cure himself, nor relieve himself of his trouble, his life is in danger: he will neither be cared for in bed, nor fed in a prison. ", "Their neglect of their fellows arises as much from the weakness of their intellect as from their lack of resources. ", "Still, the degrees of intimacy common among men are not unknown to the animals. ", "They have friendships of habit and of choice; friendships neighborly, and friendships parental. ", "In comparison with us, they have feeble memories, sluggish feelings, and are almost destitute of intelligence; but the identity of these faculties is preserved to some extent, and our superiority in this respect arises entirely from our understanding.", "\n\nIt is our strength of memory and penetration of judgment which enable us to multiply and combine the acts which our social instinct impels us to perform, and which teaches us how to render them more effective, and how to distribute them justly. ", "The beasts who live in society practice justice, but are ignorant of its nature, and do not reason upon it; they obey their instinct without thought or philosophy. ", "They know not how to unite the social sentiment with the idea of equality, which they do not possess; this idea being an abstract one. ", "We, on the contrary, starting with the principle that society implies equality, can, by our reasoning faculty, understand and agree with each other in settling our rights; we have even used our judgment to a great extent. ", "But in all this our conscience plays a small part, as is proved by the fact that the idea of right — of which we catch a glimpse in certain animals who approach nearer than any others to our standard of intelligence — seems to grow, from the low level at which it stands in savages, to the lofty height which it reaches in a Plato or a Franklin. ", "If we trace the development of the moral sense in individuals, and the progress of laws in nations, we shall be convinced that the ideas of justice and legislative perfection are always proportional to intelligence. ", "The notion of justice — which has been regarded by some philosophers as simple — is then, in reality, complex. ", "It springs from the social instinct on the one hand, and the idea of equality on the other; just as the notion of guilt arises from the feeling that justice has been violated, and from the idea of free-will.", "\n\nIn conclusion, instinct is not modified by acquaintance with its nature; and the facts of society, which we have thus far observed, occur among beasts as well as men. ", "We know the meaning of justice; in other words, of sociability viewed from the standpoint of equality. ", "We have met with nothing which separates us from the animals.", "\n\n§ 3. — ", "Of the third degree of Sociability.", "\n\nThe reader, perhaps, has not forgotten what was said in the third chapter concerning the division of labor and the speciality of talents. ", "The sum total of the talents and capacities of the race is always the same, and their nature is always similar. ", "We are all born poets, mathematicians, philosophers, artists, artisans, or farmers, but we are not born equally endowed; and between one man and another in society, or between one faculty and another in the same individual, there is an infinite difference. ", "This difference of degree in the same faculties, this predominance of talent in certain directions, is, we have said, the very foundation of our society. ", "Intelligence and natural genius have been distributed by Nature so economically, and yet so liberally, that in society there is no danger of either a surplus or a scarcity of special talents; and that each laborer, by devoting himself to his function, may always attain to the degree of proficiency necessary to enable him to benefit by the labors and discoveries of his fellows. ", "Owing to this simple and wise precaution of Nature, the laborer is not isolated by his task. ", "He communicates with his fellows through the mind, before he is united with them in heart; so that with him love is born of intelligence.", "\n\nIt is not so with societies of animals. ", "In every species, the aptitudes of all the individuals — though very limited — are equal in number and (when they are not the result of instinct) in intensity. ", "Each one does as well as all the others what all the others do; provides his food, avoids the enemy, burrows in the earth, builds a nest, &c. No animal, when free and healthy, expects or requires the aid of his neighbor; who, in his turn, is equally independent.", "\n\nAssociated animals live side by side without any intellectual intercourse or intimate communication, — all doing the same things, having nothing to learn or to remember; they see, feel, and come in contact with each other, but never penetrate each other. ", "Man continually exchanges with man ideas and feelings, products and services. ", "Every discovery and act in society is necessary to him. ", "But of this immense quantity of products and ideas, that which each one has to produce and acquire for himself is but an atom in the sun. ", "Man would not be man were it not for society, and society is supported by the balance and harmony of the powers which compose it.", "\n\nSociety, among the animals, is simple; with man it is complex. ", "Man is associated with man by the same instinct which associates animal with animal; but man is associated differently from the animal, and it is this difference in association which constitutes the difference in morality.", "\n\nI have proved, — at too great length, perhaps, — both by the spirit of the laws which regard property as the basis of society, and by political economy, that inequality of conditions is justified neither by priority of occupation nor superiority of talent, service, industry, and capacity. ", "But, although equality of conditions is a necessary consequence of natural right, of liberty, of the laws of production, of the capacity of physical nature, and of the principle of society itself, — it does not prevent the social sentiment from stepping over the boundaries of debt and credit. ", "The fields of benevolence and love extend far beyond; and when economy has adjusted its balance, the mind begins to benefit by its own justice, and the heart expands in the boundlessness of its affection.", "\n\nThe social sentiment then takes on a new character, which varies with different persons. ", "In the strong, it becomes the pleasure of generosity; among equals, frank and cordial friendship; in the weak, the pleasure of admiration and gratitude.", "\n\nThe man who is superior in strength, skill, or courage, knows that he owes all that he is to society, without which he could not exist. ", "He knows that, in treating him precisely as it does the lowest of its members, society discharges its whole duty towards him. ", "But he does not underrate his faculties; he is no less conscious of his power and greatness; and it is this voluntary reverence which he pays to humanity, this avowal that he is but an instrument of Nature, — who is alone worthy of glory and worship, — it is, I say, this simultaneous confession of the heart and the mind, this genuine adoration of the Great Being, that distinguishes and elevates man, and lifts him to a degree of social morality to which the beast is powerless to attain. ", "Hercules destroying the monsters and punishing brigands for the safety of Greece, Orpheus teaching the rough and wild Pelasgians, — neither of them putting a price upon their services, — there we see the noblest creations of poetry, the loftiest expression of justice and virtue.", "\n\nThe joys of self-sacrifice are ineffable.", "\n\nIf I were to compare human society to the old Greek tragedies, I should say that the phalanx of noble minds and lofty souls dances the strophe, and the humble multitude the antistrophe. ", "Burdened with painful and disagreeable tasks, but rendered omnipotent by their number and the harmonic arrangement of their functions, the latter execute what the others plan. ", "Guided by them, they owe them nothing; they honor them, however, and lavish upon them praise and approbation.", "\n\nGratitude fills people with adoration and enthusiasm.", "\n\nBut equality delights my heart. ", "Benevolence degenerates into tyranny, and admiration into servility. ", "Friendship is the daughter of equality. ", "O my friends! ", "may I live in your midst without emulation, and without glory; let equality bring us together, and fate assign us our places. ", "May I die without knowing to whom among you I owe the most esteem!", "\n\nFriendship is precious to the hearts of the children of men.", "\n\nGenerosity, gratitude (I mean here only that gratitude which is born of admiration of a superior power), and friendship are three distinct shades of a single sentiment which I will call\n\néquité, or social proportionality.[26]Equité does not change justice: but, always taking équité for the base, it superadds esteem, and thereby forms in man a third degree of sociability. ", "Equité makes it at once our duty and our pleasure to aid the weak who have need of us, and to make them our equals; to pay to the strong a just tribute of gratitude and honor, without enslaving ourselves to them; to cherish our neighbors, friends, and equals, for that which we receive from them, even by right of exchange. ", "Equité is sociability raised to its ideal by reason and justice; its commonest manifestation is urbanity or politeness, which, among certain nations, sums up in a single word nearly all the social duties.", "\n\nNow, this feeling is unknown among the beasts, who love and cling to each other, and show their preferences, but who cannot conceive of esteem, and who are incapable of generosity, admiration, or politeness.", "\n\nThis feeling does not spring from intelligence, which calculates, computes, and balances, but does not love; which sees, but does not feel. ", "As justice is the product of social instinct and reflection combined, so équité is a product of justice and taste combined — that is, of our powers of judging and of idealizing.", "\n\nThis product — the third and last degree of human sociability — is determined by our complex mode of association; in which inequality, or rather the divergence of faculties, and the speciality of functions — tending of themselves to isolate laborers — demand a more active sociability.", "\n\nThat is why the force which oppresses while protecting is execrable; why the silly ignorance which views with the same eye the marvels of art, and the products of the rudest industry, excites unutterable contempt; why proud mediocrity, which glories in saying, “I have paid you — I owe you nothing,” is especially odious.", "\n\nSociability, justice, équité — such, in its triplicity, is the exact definition of the instinctive faculty which leads us into communication with our fellows, and whose physical manifestation is expressed by the formula: Equality in natural wealth, and the products of labor.", "\n\nThese three degrees of sociability support and imply each other. ", "Equité cannot exist without justice; society without justice is a solecism. ", "If, in order to reward talent, I take from one to give to another, in unjustly stripping the first, I do not esteem his talent as I ought; if, in society, I award more to myself than to my associate, we are not really associated. ", "Justice is sociability as manifested in the division of material things, susceptible of weight and measure; équité is justice accompanied by admiration and esteem, — things which cannot be measured.", "\n\nFrom this several inferences may be drawn.", "\n\n1. ", "Though we are free to grant our esteem to one more than to another, and in all possible degrees, yet we should give no one more than his proportion of the common wealth; because the duty of justice, being imposed upon us before that of équité, must always take precedence of it. ", "The woman honored by the ancients, who, when forced by a tyrant to choose between the death of her brother and that of her husband, sacrificed the latter on the ground that she could find another husband but not another brother, — that woman, I say, in obeying her sense of équité, failed in point of justice, and did a bad deed, because conjugal association is a closer relation than fraternal association, and because the life of our neighbor is not our property.", "\n\nBy the same principle, inequality of wages cannot be admitted by law on the ground of inequality of talents; because the just distribution of wealth is the function of economy, — not of enthusiasm.", "\n\nFinally, as regards donations, wills, and inheritance, society, careful both of the personal affections and its own rights, must never permit love and partiality to destroy justice. ", "And, though it is pleasant to think that the son, who has been long associated with his father in business, is more capable than any one else of carrying it on; and that the citizen, who is surprised in the midst of his task by death, is best fitted, in consequence of his natural taste for his occupation, to designate his successor; and though the heir should be allowed the right of choice in case of more than one inheritance, — nevertheless, society can tolerate no concentration of capital and industry for the benefit of a single man, no monopoly of labor, no encroachment.[27]\n\n2. ", "Equité, justice, and society, can exist only between individuals of the same species. ", "They form no part of the relations of different races to each other, — for instance, of the wolf to the goat, of the goat to man, of man to God, much less of God to man. ", "The attribution of justice, equity, and love to the Supreme Being is pure anthropomorphism; and the adjectives just, merciful, pitiful, and the like, should be stricken from our litanies. ", "God can be regarded as just, equitable, and good, only to another God. ", "Now, God has no associate; consequently, he cannot experience social affections, — such as goodness, équité, and justice. ", "Is the shepherd said to be just to his sheep and his dogs? ", "No: and if he saw fit to shear as much wool from a lamb six months old, as from a ram of two years; or, if he required as much work from a young dog as from an old one, — they would say, not that he was unjust, but that he was foolish. ", "Between man and beast there is no society, though there may be affection. ", "Man loves the animals as things, — as sentient things, if you will, — but not as persons. ", "Philosophy, after having eliminated from the idea of God the passions ascribed to him by superstition, will then be obliged to eliminate also the virtues which our liberal piety awards to him.[28]\n\nIf God should come down to earth, and dwell among us, we could not love him unless he became like us; nor give him any thing unless he produced something; nor listen to him unless he proved us mistaken; nor worship him unless he manifested his power. ", "All the laws of our nature, affectional, economical, and intellectual, would prevent us from treating him as we treat our fellow-men, — that is, according to reason, justice, and équité. ", "I infer from this that, if God should wish ever to put himself into immediate communication with man, he would have to become a man.", "\n\nNow, if kings are images of God, and executors of his will, they cannot receive love, wealth, obedience, and glory from us, unless they consent to labor and associate with us — produce as much as they consume, reason with their subjects, and do wonderful things. ", "Still more; if, as some pretend, kings are public functionaries, the love which is due them is measured by their personal amiability; our obligation to obey them, by the wisdom of their commands; and their civil list, by the total social production divided by the number of citizens.", "\n\nThus, jurisprudence, political economy, and psychology agree in admitting the law of equality. ", "Right and duty — the due reward of talent and labor — the outbursts of love and enthusiasm, — all are regulated in advance by an invariable standard; all depend upon number and balance. ", "Equality of conditions is the law of society, and universal solidarity is the ratification of this law.", "\n\nEquality of conditions has never been realized, thanks to our passions and our ignorance; but our opposition to this law has made it all the more a necessity. ", "To that fact history bears perpetual testimony, and the course of events reveals it to us. ", "Society advances from equation to equation. ", "To the eyes of the economist, the revolutions of empires seem now like the reduction of algebraical quantities, which are inter-deducible; now like the discovery of unknown quantities, induced by the inevitable influence of time. ", "Figures are the providence of history. ", "Undoubtedly there are other elements in human progress; but in the multitude of hidden causes which agitate nations, there is none more powerful or constant, none less obscure, than the periodical explosions of the proletariat against property. ", "Property, acting by exclusion and encroachment, while population was increasing, has been the life-principle and definitive cause of all revolutions. ", "Religious wars, and wars of conquest, when they have stopped short of the extermination of races, have been only accidental disturbances, soon repaired by the mathematical progression of the life of nations. ", "The downfall and death of societies are due to the power of accumulation possessed by property.", "\n\nIn the middle ages, take Florence, — a republic of merchants and brokers, always rent by its well-known factions, the Guelphs and Ghibellines, who were, after all, only the people and the proprietors fighting against each other, — Florence, ruled by bankers, and borne down at last by the weight of her debts;[29] in ancient times, take Rome, preyed upon from its birth by usury, flourishing, nevertheless, as long as the known world furnished its terrible proletaires with labor, stained with blood by civil war at every interval of rest, and dying of exhaustion when the people lost, together with their former energy, their last spark of moral sense; Carthage, a commercial and financial city, continually divided by internal competition; Tyre, Sidon, Jerusalem, Nineveh, Babylon, ruined, in turn, by commercial rivalry and, as we now express it, by panics in the market, — do not these famous examples show clearly enough the fate which awaits modern nations, unless the people, unless France, with a sudden burst of her powerful voice, proclaims in thunder-tones the abolition of the régime of property?", "\n\nHere my task should end. ", "I have proved the right of the poor; I have shown the usurpation of the rich. ", "I demand justice; it is not my business to execute the sentence. ", "If it should be argued — in order to prolong for a few years an illegitimate privilege — that it is not enough to demonstrate equality, that it is necessary also to organize it, and above all to establish it peacefully, I might reply: The welfare of the oppressed is of more importance than official composure. ", "Equality of conditions is a natural law upon which public economy and jurisprudence are based. ", "The right to labor, and the principle of equal distribution of wealth, cannot give way to the anxieties of power. ", "It is not for the proletaire to reconcile the contradictions of the codes, still less to suffer for the errors of the government. ", "On the contrary, it is the duty of the civil and administrative power to reconstruct itself on the basis of political equality. ", "An evil, when known, should be condemned and destroyed. ", "The legislator cannot plead ignorance as an excuse for upholding a glaring iniquity. ", "Restitution should not be delayed. ", "Justice, justice! ", "recognition of right! ", "reinstatement of the proletaire! — ", "when these results are accomplished, then, judges and consuls, you may attend to your police, and provide a government for the Republic!", "\n\nFor the rest, I do not think that a single one of my readers accuses me of knowing how to destroy, but of not knowing how to construct. ", "In demonstrating the principle of equality, I have laid the foundation of the social structure I have done more. ", "I have given an example of the true method of solving political and legislative problems. ", "Of the science itself, I confess that I know nothing more than its principle; and I know of no one at present who can boast of having penetrated deeper. ", "Many people cry, “Come to me, and I will teach you the truth!” ", "These people mistake for the truth their cherished opinion and ardent conviction, which is usually any thing but the truth. ", "The science of society — like all human sciences — will be for ever incomplete. ", "The depth and variety of the questions which it embraces are infinite. ", "We hardly know the A B C of this science, as is proved by the fact that we have not yet emerged from the period of systems, and have not ceased to put the authority of the majority in the place of facts. ", "A certain philological society decided linguistic questions by a plurality of votes. ", "Our parliamentary debates — were their results less pernicious — would be even more ridiculous. ", "The task of the true publicist, in the age in which we live, is to close the mouths of quacks and charlatans, and to teach the public to demand demonstrations, instead of being contented with symbols and programs. ", "Before talking of the science itself, it is necessary to ascertain its object, and discover its method and principle. ", "The ground must be cleared of the prejudices which encumber it. ", "Such is the mission of the nineteenth century.", "\n\nFor my part, I have sworn fidelity to my work of demolition, and I will not cease to pursue the truth through the ruins and rubbish. ", "I hate to see a thing half done; and it will be believed without any assurance of mine, that, having dared to raise my hand against the Holy Ark, I shall not rest contented with the removal of the cover. ", "The mysteries of the sanctuary of iniquity must be unveiled, the tables of the old alliance broken, and all the objects of the ancient faith thrown in a heap to the swine. ", "A charter has been given to us, — a résumé of political science, the monument of twenty legislatures. ", "A code has been written, — the pride of a conqueror, and the summary of ancient wisdom. ", "Well! ", "of this charter and this code not one article shall be left standing upon another! ", "The time has come for the wise to choose their course, and prepare for reconstruction.", "\n\nBut, since a destroyed error necessarily implies a counter-truth, I will not finish this treatise without solving the first problem of political science, — that which receives the attention of all minds.", "\n\nWhen property is abolished, what will be the form of society! ", "Will it be communism?", "\n\nPart Second.", "\n\n§ 1. — ", "Of the Causes of our Mistakes. ", "The Origin of Property.", "\n\nThe true form of human society cannot be determined until the following question has been solved: —\n\nProperty not being our natural condition, how did it gain a foothold? ", "Why has the social instinct, so trustworthy among the animals, erred in the case of man? ", "Why is man, who was born for society, not yet associated?", "\n\nI have said that human society is complex in its nature. ", "Though this expression is inaccurate, the fact to which it refers is none the less true; namely, the classification of talents and capacities. ", "But who does not see that these talents and capacities, owing to their infinite variety, give rise to an infinite variety of wills, and that the character, the inclinations, and — if I may venture to use the expression — the form of the ego, are necessarily changed; so that in the order of liberty, as in the order of intelligence, there are as many types as individuals, as many characters as heads, whose tastes, fancies, and propensities, being modified by dissimilar ideas, must necessarily conflict? ", "Man, by his nature and his instinct, is predestined to society; but his personality, ever varying, is adverse to it.", "\n\nIn societies of animals, all the members do exactly the same things. ", "The same genius directs them; the same will animates them. ", "A society of beasts is a collection of atoms, round, hooked, cubical, or triangular, but always perfectly identical. ", "These personalities do not vary, and we might say that a single ego governs them all. ", "The labors which animals perform, whether alone or in society, are exact reproductions of their character. ", "Just as the swarm of bees is composed of individual bees, alike in nature and equal in value, so the honeycomb is formed of individual cells, constantly and invariably repeated.", "\n\nBut man’s intelligence, fitted for his social destiny and his personal needs, is of a very different composition, and therefore gives rise to a wonderful variety of human wills. ", "In the bee, the will is constant and uniform, because the instinct which guides it is invariable, and constitutes the animal’s whole life and nature. ", "In man, talent varies, and the mind wavers; consequently, his will is multiform and vague. ", "He seeks society, but dislikes constraint and monotony; he is an imitator, but fond of his own ideas, and passionately in love with his works.", "\n\nIf, like the bees, every man were born possessed of talent, perfect knowledge of certain kinds, and, in a word, an innate acquaintance with the functions he has to perform, but destitute of reflective and reasoning faculties, society would organize itself. ", "We should see one man plowing a field, another building houses; this one forging metals, that one cutting clothes; and still others storing the products, and superintending their distribution. ", "Each one, without inquiring as to the object of his labor, and without troubling himself about the extent of his task, would obey orders, bring his product, receive his salary, and would then rest for a time; keeping meanwhile no accounts, envious of nobody, and satisfied with the distributor, who never would be unjust to any one. ", "Kings would govern, but would not reign; for to reign is to be a proprietor à l’engrais, as Bonaparte said: and having no commands to give, since all would be at their posts, they would serve rather as rallying centers than as authorities or counselors. ", "It would be a state of ordered communism, but not a society entered into deliberately and freely.", "\n\nBut man acquires skill only by observation and experiment. ", "He reflects, then, since to observe and experiment is to reflect; he reasons, since he cannot help reasoning. ", "In reflecting, he becomes deluded; in reasoning, he makes mistakes, and, thinking himself right, persists in them. ", "He is wedded to his opinions; he esteems himself, and despises others. ", "Consequently, he isolates himself; for he could not submit to the majority without renouncing his will and his reason, — that is, without disowning himself, which is impossible. ", "And this isolation, this intellectual egotism, this individuality of opinion, lasts until the truth is demonstrated to him by observation and experience. ", "A final illustration will make these facts still clearer.", "\n\nIf to the blind but convergent and harmonious instincts of a swarm of bees should be suddenly added reflection and judgment, the little society could not long exist. ", "In the first place, the bees would not fail to try some new industrial process; for instance, that of making their cells round or square. ", "All sorts of systems and inventions would be tried, until long experience, aided by geometry, should show them that the hexagonal shape is the best. ", "Then insurrections would occur. ", "The drones would be told to provide for themselves, and the queens to labor; jealousy would spread among the laborers; discords would burst forth; soon each one would want to produce on his own account; and finally the hive would be abandoned, and the bees would perish. ", "Evil would be introduced into the honey-producing republic by the power of reflection, — the very faculty which ought to constitute its glory.", "\n\nThus, moral evil, or, in this case, disorder in society, is naturally explained by our power of reflection. ", "The mother of poverty, crime, insurrection, and war was inequality of conditions; which was the daughter of property, which was born of selfishness, which was engendered by private opinion, which descended in a direct line from the autocracy of reason. ", "Man, in his infancy, is neither criminal nor barbarous, but ignorant and inexperienced. ", "Endowed with imperious instincts which are under the control of his reasoning faculty, at first he reflects but little, and reasons inaccurately; then, benefiting by his mistakes, he rectifies his ideas, and perfects his reason. ", "In the first place, it is the savage sacrificing all his possessions for a trinket, and then repenting and weeping; it is Esau selling his birthright for a mess of pottage, and afterwards wishing to cancel the bargain; it is the civilized workman laboring in insecurity, and continually demanding that his wages be increased, neither he nor his employer understanding that, in the absence of equality, any salary, however large, is always insufficient. ", "Then it is Naboth dying to defend his inheritance; Cato tearing out his entrails that he might not be enslaved; Socrates drinking the fatal cup in defense of liberty of thought; it is the third estate of ’89 reclaiming its liberty: soon it will be the people demanding equality of wages and an equal division of the means of production.", "\n\nMan is born a social being, — that is, he seeks equality and justice in all his relations, but he loves independence and praise. ", "The difficulty of satisfying these various desires at the same time is the primary cause of the despotism of the will, and the appropriation which results from it. ", "On the other hand, man always needs a market for his products; unable to compare values of different kinds, he is satisfied to judge approximately, according to his passion and caprice; and he engages in dishonest commerce, which always results in wealth and poverty. ", "Thus, the greatest evils which man suffers arise from the misuse of his social nature, of this same justice of which he is so proud, and which he applies with such deplorable ignorance. ", "The practice of justice is a science which, when once discovered and diffused, will sooner or later put an end to social disorder, by teaching us our rights and duties.", "\n\nThis progressive and painful education of our instinct, this slow and imperceptible transformation of our spontaneous perceptions into deliberate knowledge, does not take place among the animals, whose instincts remain fixed, and never become enlightened.", "\n\n“According to Frederic Cuvier, who has so clearly distinguished between instinct and intelligence in animals, ‘instinct is a natural and inherent faculty, like feeling, irritability, or intelligence. ", "The wolf and the fox who recognize the traps in which they have been caught, and who avoid them; the dog and the horse, who understand the meaning of several of our words, and who obey us, — thereby show intelligence. ", "The dog who hides the remains of his dinner, the bee who constructs his cell, the bird who builds his nest, act only from instinct. ", "Even man has instincts: it is a special instinct which leads the new-born child to suck. ", "But, in man, almost every thing is accomplished by intelligence; and intelligence supplements instinct. ", "The opposite is true of animals: their instinct is given them as a supplement to their intelligence.’ “ — ", "Flourens: Analytical Summary of the Observations of F. Cuvier.", "\n\n“We can form a clear idea of instinct only by admitting that animals have in their sensorium, images or innate and constant sensations, which influence their actions in the same manner that ordinary and accidental sensations commonly do. ", "It is a sort of dream, or vision, which always follows them and in all which relates to instinct they may be regarded as somnambulists.” — ", "F. Cuvier: Introduction to the Animal Kingdom.", "\n\nIntelligence and instinct being common, then, though in different degrees, to animals and man, what is the distinguishing characteristic of the latter? ", "According to F. Cuvier, it is reflection or the power of intellectually considering our own modifications by a survey of ourselves.", "\n\nThis lacks clearness, and requires an explanation.", "\n\nIf we grant intelligence to animals, we must also grant them, in some degree, reflection; for, the first cannot exist without the second, as F. Cuvier himself has proved by numerous examples. ", "But notice that the learned observer defines the kind of reflection which distinguishes us from the animals as the power of considering our own modifications. ", "This I shall endeavor to interpret, by developing to the best of my ability the laconism of the philosophical naturalist.", "\n\nThe intelligence acquired by animals never modifies the operations which they perform by instinct: it is given them only as a provision against unexpected accidents which might disturb these operations. ", "In man, on the contrary, instinctive action is constantly changing into deliberate action. ", "Thus, man is social by instinct, and is every day becoming social by reflection and choice. ", "At first, he formed his words by instinct;[30] he was a poet by inspiration: to-day, he makes grammar a science, and poetry an art. ", "His conception of God and a future life is spontaneous and instinctive, and his expressions of this conception have been, by turns, monstrous, eccentric, beautiful, comforting, and terrible. ", "All these different creeds, at which the frivolous irreligion of the eighteenth century mocked, are modes of expression of the religious sentiment. ", "Some day, man will explain to himself the character of the God whom he believes in, and the nature of that other world to which his soul aspires.", "\n\nAll that he does from instinct man despises; or, if he admires it, it is as Nature’s work, not as his own. ", "This explains the obscurity which surrounds the names of early inventors; it explains also our indifference to religious matters, and the ridicule heaped upon religious customs. ", "Man esteems only the products of reflection and of reason. ", "The most wonderful works of instinct are, in his eyes, only lucky god-sends; he reserves the name discovery — I had almost said creation — for the works of intelligence. ", "Instinct is the source of passion and enthusiasm; it is intelligence which causes crime and virtue.", "\n\nIn developing his intelligence, man makes use of not only his own observations, but also those of others. ", "He keeps an account of his experience, and preserves the record; so that the race, as well as the individual, becomes more and more intelligent. ", "The animals do not transmit their knowledge; that which each individual accumulates dies with him.", "\n\nIt is not enough, then, to say that we are distinguished from the animals by reflection, unless we mean thereby the constant tendency of our instinct to become intelligence. ", "While man is governed by instinct, he is unconscious of his acts. ", "He never would deceive himself, and never would be troubled by errors, evils, and disorder, if, like the animals, instinct were his only guide. ", "But the Creator has endowed us with reflection, to the end that our instinct might become intelligence; and since this reflection and resulting knowledge pass through various stages, it happens that in the beginning our instinct is opposed, rather than guided, by reflection; consequently, that our power of thought leads us to act in opposition to our nature and our end; that, deceiving ourselves, we do and suffer evil, until instinct which points us towards good, and reflection which makes us stumble into evil, are replaced by the science of good and evil, which invariably causes us to seek the one and avoid the other.", "\n\nThus, evil — or error and its consequences — is the firstborn son of the union of two opposing faculties, instinct and reflection; good, or truth, must inevitably be the second child. ", "Or, to again employ the figure, evil is the product of incest between adverse powers; good will sooner or later be the legitimate child of their holy and mysterious union.", "\n\nProperty, born of the reasoning faculty, intrenches itself behind comparisons. ", "But, just as reflection and reason are subsequent to spontaneity, observation to sensation, and experience to instinct, so property is subsequent to communism. ", "Communism — or association in a simple form — is the necessary object and original aspiration of the social nature, the spontaneous movement by which it manifests and establishes itself. ", "It is the first phase of human civilization. ", "In this state of society, — which the jurists have called negative communism — man draws near to man, and shares with him the fruits of the field and the milk and flesh of animals. ", "Little by little this communism — negative as long as man does not produce — tends to become positive and organic through the development of labor and industry. ", "But it is then that the sovereignty of thought, and the terrible faculty of reasoning logically or illogically, teach man that, if equality is the sine qua non of society, communism is the first species of slavery. ", "To express this idea by an Hegelian formula, I will say:\n\nCommunism — the first expression of the social nature — is the first term of social development, — the thesis; property, the reverse of communism, is the second term, — the antithesis. ", "When we have discovered the third term, the synthesis, we shall have the required solution. ", "Now, this synthesis necessarily results from the correction of the thesis by the antithesis. ", "Therefore it is necessary, by a final examination of their characteristics, to eliminate those features which are hostile to sociability. ", "The union of the two remainders will give us the true form of human association.", "\n\n§ 2. — ", "Characteristics of Communism and of Property.", "\n\nI. I ought not to conceal the fact that property and communism have been considered always the only possible forms of society. ", "This deplorable error has been the life of property. ", "The disadvantages of communism are so obvious that its critics never have needed to employ much eloquence to thoroughly disgust men with it. ", "The irreparability of the injustice which it causes, the violence which it does to attractions and repulsions, the yoke of iron which it fastens upon the will, the moral torture to which it subjects the conscience, the debilitating effect which it has upon society; and, to sum it all up, the pious and stupid uniformity which it enforces upon the free, active, reasoning, unsubmissive personality of man, have shocked common sense, and condemned communism by an irrevocable decree.", "\n\nThe authorities and examples cited in its favor disprove it. ", "The communistic republic of Plato involved slavery; that of Lycurgus employed Helots, whose duty it was to produce for their masters, thus enabling the latter to devote themselves exclusively to athletic sports and to war. ", "Even J. J. Rousseau — confounding communism and equality — has said somewhere that, without slavery, he did not think equality of conditions possible. ", "The communities of the early Church did not last the first century out, and soon degenerated into monasteries. ", "In those of the Jesuits of Paraguay, the condition of the blacks is said by all travelers to be as miserable as that of slaves; and it is a fact that the good Fathers were obliged to surround themselves with ditches and walls to prevent their new converts from escaping. ", "The followers of Baboeuf — guided by a lofty horror of property rather than by any definite belief — were ruined by exaggeration of their principles; the St. Simonians, lumping communism and inequality, passed away like a masquerade. ", "The greatest danger to which society is exposed to-day is that of another shipwreck on this rock.", "\n\nSingularly enough, systematic communism — the deliberate negation of property — is conceived under the direct influence of the proprietary prejudice; and property is the basis of all communistic theories.", "\n\nThe members of a community, it is true, have no private property; but the community is proprietor, and proprietor not only of the goods, but of the persons and wills. ", "In consequence of this principle of absolute property, labor, which should be only a condition imposed upon man by Nature, becomes in all communities a human commandment, and therefore odious. ", "Passive obedience, irreconcilable with a reflecting will, is strictly enforced. ", "Fidelity to regulations, which are always defective, however wise they may be thought, allows of no complaint. ", "Life, talent, and all the human faculties are the property of the State, which has the right to use them as it pleases for the common good. ", "Private associations are sternly prohibited, in spite of the likes and dislikes of different natures, because to tolerate them would be to introduce small communities within the large one, and consequently private property; the strong work for the weak, although this ought to be left to benevolence, and not enforced, advised, or enjoined; the industrious work for the lazy, although this is unjust; the clever work for the foolish, although this is absurd; and, finally, man — casting aside his personality, his spontaneity, his genius, and his affections — humbly annihilates himself at the feet of the majestic and inflexible Commune!", "\n\nCommunism is inequality, but not as property is. ", "Property is the exploitation of the weak by the strong. ", "Communism is the exploitation of the strong by the weak. ", "In property, inequality of conditions is the result of force, under whatever name it be disguised: physical and mental force; force of events, chance, fortune; force of accumulated property, &c. In communism, inequality springs from placing mediocrity on a level with excellence. ", "This damaging equation is repellent to the conscience, and causes merit to complain; for, although it may be the duty of the strong to aid the weak, they prefer to do it out of generosity, — they never will endure a comparison. ", "Give them equal opportunities of labor, and equal wages, but never allow their jealousy to be awakened by mutual suspicion of unfaithfulness in the performance of the common task.", "\n\nCommunism is oppression and slavery. ", "Man is very willing to obey the law of duty, serve his country, and oblige his friends; but he wishes to labor when he pleases, where he pleases, and as much as he pleases. ", "He wishes to dispose of his own time, to be governed only by necessity, to choose his friendships, his recreation, and his discipline; to act from judgment, not by command; to sacrifice himself through selfishness, not through servile obligation. ", "Communism is essentially opposed to the free exercise of our faculties, to our noblest desires, to our deepest feelings. ", "Any plan which could be devised for reconciling it with the demands of the individual reason and will would end only in changing the thing while preserving the name. ", "Now, if we are honest truth-seekers, we shall avoid disputes about words.", "\n\nThus, communism violates the sovereignty of the conscience, and equality: the first, by restricting spontaneity of mind and heart, and freedom of thought and action; the second, by placing labor and laziness, skill and stupidity, and even vise and virtue on an equality in point of comfort. ", "For the rest, if property is impossible on account of the desire to accumulate, communism would soon become so through the desire to shirk.", "\n\nII. ", "Property, in its turn, violates equality by the rights of exclusion and increase, and freedom by despotism. ", "The former effect of property having been sufficiently developed in the last three chapters, I will content myself here with establishing by a final comparison, its perfect identity with robbery.", "\n\nThe Latin words for robber are fur and latro; the former taken from the Greek for, from GREEK íþþþ or fhrw, Latin fero, I carry away; the latter from laqrw, I play the part of a brigand, which is derived from lhqw, Latin lateo, I conceal myself. ", "The Greeks have also klepths, from kleptw, I filch, whose radical consonants are the same as those of kalnptw, I cover, I conceal. ", "Thus, in these languages, the idea of a robber is that of a man who conceals, carries away, or diverts, in any manner whatever, a thing which does not belong to him.", "\n\nThe Hebrews expressed the same idea by the word gannab, — robber, — from the verb ganab, which means to put away, to turn aside: lo thi-gnob (Decalogue: Eighth Commandment), thou shalt not steal, — that is, thou shalt not hold back, thou shalt not put away any thing for thyself. ", "That is the act of a man who, on entering into a society into which he agrees to bring all that he has, secretly reserves a portion, as did the celebrated disciple Ananias.", "\n\nThe etymology of the French verb voler is still more significant. ", "Voler, or faire la vole (from the Latin vola, palm of the hand), means to take all the tricks in a game of omber; so that le voleur, the robber, is the capitalist who takes all, who gets the lion’s share. ", "Probably this verb voler had its origin in the professional slang of thieves, whence it has passed into common use, and, consequently into the phraseology of the law.", "\n\nRobbery is committed in a variety of ways, which have been very cleverly distinguished and classified by legislators according to their heinousness or merit, to the end that some robbers may be honored, while others are punished.", "\n\nWe rob, — 1. ", "By murder on the highway; 2. ", "Alone, or in a band; 3. ", "By breaking into buildings, or scaling walls; 4. ", "By abstraction; 5. ", "By fraudulent bankruptcy; 6. ", "By forgery of the handwriting of public officials or private individuals; 7. ", "By manufacture of counterfeit money.", "\n\nThis species includes all robbers who practice their profession with no other aid than force and open fraud. ", "Bandits, brigands, pirates, rovers by land and sea, — these names were gloried in by the ancient heroes, who thought their profession as noble as it was lucrative. ", "Nimrod, Theseus, Jason and his Argonauts; Jephthah, David, Cacus, Romulus, Clovis and all his Merovingian descendants; Robert Guiscard, Tancred de Hauteville, Bohemond, and most of the Norman heroes, — were brigands and robbers. ", "The heroic character of the robber is expressed in this line from Horace, in reference to Achilles, — “Jura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis,”[31] and by this sentence from the dying words of Jacob (Gen. xlviii.), ", "which the Jews apply to David, and the Christians to their Christ: Manus ejus contra omnes. ", "In our day, the robber — the warrior of the ancients — is pursued with the utmost vigor. ", "His profession, in the language of the code, entails ignominious and corporal penalties, from imprisonment to the scaffold. ", "A sad change in opinions here below!", "\n\nWe rob, — 8. ", "By cheating; 9. ", "By swindling; 10. ", "By abuse of trust; 11. ", "By games and lotteries.", "\n\nThis second species was encouraged by the laws of Lycurgus, in order to sharpen the wits of the young. ", "It is the kind practiced by Ulysses, Solon, and Sinon; by the ancient and modern Jews, from Jacob down to Deutz; and by the Bohemians, the Arabs, and all savage tribes. ", "Under Louis XIII. ", "and Louis XIV., ", "it was not considered dishonorable to cheat at play. ", "To do so was a part of the game; and many worthy people did not scruple to correct the caprice of Fortune by dexterous jugglery. ", "To-day even, and in all countries, it is thought a mark of merit among peasants, merchants, and shopkeepers to know how to make a bargain, — that is, to deceive one’s man. ", "This is so universally accepted, that the cheated party takes no offense. ", "It is known with what reluctance our government resolved upon the abolition of lotteries. ", "It felt that it was dealing a stab thereby at property. ", "The pickpocket, the blackleg, and the charlatan make especial use of their dexterity of hand, their subtlety of mind, the magic power of their eloquence, and their great fertility of invention. ", "Sometimes they offer bait to cupidity. ", "Therefore the penal code — which much prefers intelligence to muscular vigor — has made, of the four varieties mentioned above, a second category, liable only to correctional, not to Ignominious, punishments.", "\n\nLet them now accuse the law of being materialistic and atheistic.", "\n\nWe rob, — 12. ", "By usury.", "\n\nThis species of robbery, so odious and so severely punished since the publication of the Gospel, is the connecting link between forbidden and authorized robbery. ", "Owing to its ambiguous nature, it has given rise to a multitude of contradictions in the laws and in morals, — contradictions which have been very cleverly turned to account by lawyers, financiers, and merchants. ", "Thus the usurer, who lends on mortgage at ten, twelve, and fifteen per cent., ", "is heavily fined when detected; while the banker, who receives the same interest (not, it is true, upon a loan, but in the way of exchange or discount, — that is, of sale), is protected by royal privilege. ", "But the distinction between the banker and the usurer is a purely nominal one. ", "Like the usurer, who lends on property, real or personal, the banker lends on business paper; like the usurer, he takes his interest in advance; like the usurer, he can recover from the borrower if the property is destroyed (that is, if the note is not redeemed), — a circumstance which makes him a money-lender, not a money-seller. ", "But the banker lends for a short time only, while the usurer’s loan may be for one, two, three, or more years. ", "Now, a difference in the duration of the loan, or the form of the act, does not alter the nature of the transaction. ", "As for the capitalists who invest their money, either with the State or in commercial operations, at three, four, and five per cent., — ", "that is, who lend on usury at a little lower rate than the bankers and usurers, — they are the flower of society, the cream of honesty! ", "Moderation in robbery is the height of virtue![32]\n\nWe rob, — 13. ", "By farm-rent, house-rent, and leases of all kinds.", "\n\nThe author of the “Provincial Letters” entertained the honest Christians of the seventeenth century at the expense of Escobar, the Jesuit, and the contract Mohatra.” ", "The contract Mohatra,” said Escobar, “is a contract by which goods are bought, at a high price and on credit, to be again sold at the same moment to the same person, cash down, and at a lower price.” ", "Escobar found a way to justify this kind of usury. ", "Pascal and all the Jansenists laughed at him. ", "But what would the satirical Pascal, the learned Nicole, and the invincible Arnaud have said, if Father Antoine Escobar de Valladolid had answered them thus: “A lease is a contract by which real estate is bought, at a high price and on credit, to be again sold, at the expiration of a certain time, to the same person, at a lower price; only, to simplify the transaction, the buyer is content to pay the difference between the first sale and the second. ", "Either deny the identity of the lease and the contract Mohatra, and then I will annihilate you in a moment; or, if you admit the similarity, admit also the soundness of my doctrine: otherwise you proscribe both interest and rent at one blow”?", "\n\nIn reply to this overwhelming argument of the Jesuit, the sire of Montalte would have sounded the tocsin, and would have shouted that society was in peril, — that the Jesuits were sapping its very foundations.", "\n\nWe rob, — 14. ", "By commerce, when the profit of the merchant exceeds his legitimate salary.", "\n\nEverybody knows the definition of commerce — The art of buying for three francs that which is worth six, and of selling for six that which is worth three. ", "Between commerce thus defined and vol a l’americaine, the only difference is in the relative proportion of the values exchanged, — in short, in the amount of the profit.", "\n\nWe rob, — 15. ", "By making profit on our product, by accepting sinecures, and by exacting exorbitant wages.", "\n\nThe farmer, who sells a certain amount of corn to the consumer, and who during the measurement thrusts his hand into the bushel and takes out a handful of grains, robs; the professor, whose lectures are paid for by the State, and who through the intervention of a bookseller sells them to the public a second time, robs; the sinecurist, who receives an enormous product in exchange for his vanity, robs; the functionary, the laborer, whatever he may be, who produces only one and gets paid four, one hundred, or one thousand, robs; the publisher of this book, and I, its author, — we rob, by charging for it twice as much as it is worth.", "\n\nIn recapitulation: —\n\nJustice, after passing through the state of negative communism, called by the ancient poets the age of gold, commences as the right of the strongest. ", "In a society which is trying to organize itself, inequality of faculties calls up the idea of merit; équité suggests the plan of proportioning not only esteem, but also material comforts, to personal merit; and since the highest and almost the only merit then recognized is physical strength, the strongest, apistos, and consequently the best, apistos, is entitled to the largest share; and if it is refused him, he very naturally takes it by force. ", "From this to the assumption of the right of property in all things, it is but one step.", "\n\nSuch was justice in the heroic age, preserved, at least by tradition, among the Greeks and Romans down to the last days of their republics. ", "Plato, in the “Gorgias,” introduces a character named Callicles, who spiritedly defends the right of the strongest, which Socrates, the advocate of equality, ton ison, seriously refutes. ", "It is related of the great Pompey, that he blushed easily, and, nevertheless, these words once escaped his lips: “Why should I respect the laws, when I have arms in my hand?” ", "This shows him to have been a man in whom the moral sense and ambition were struggling for the mastery, and who sought to justify his violence by the motto of the hero and the brigand.", "\n\nFrom the right of the strongest springs the exploitation of man by man, or bondage; usury, or the tribute levied upon the conquered by the conqueror; and the whole numerous family of taxes, duties, monarchical prerogatives, house-rents, farm-rents, &c.; in one word, — property.", "\n\nForce was followed by artifice, the second manifestation of justice, which was detested by the ancient heroes, who, not excelling in that direction, were heavy losers by it. ", "Force was still employed, but mental force instead of physical. ", "Skill in deceiving an enemy by treacherous propositions seemed deserving of reward; nevertheless, the strong always prided themselves upon their honesty. ", "In those days, oaths were observed and promises kept according to the letter rather than the spirit: Uti lingua nuncupassit, ita jus esto, — “As the tongue has spoken, so must the right be,” says the law of the Twelve Tables. ", "Artifice, or rather perfidy, was the main element in the politics of ancient Rome. ", "Among other examples, Vico cites the following, also quoted by Montesquieu: The Romans had guaranteed to the Carthaginians the preservation of their goods and their city, — intentionally using the word civitas, that is, the society, the State; the Carthaginians, on the contrary, understood them to mean the material city, urbs, and accordingly began to rebuild their walls. ", "They were immediately attacked on account of their violation of the treaty, by the Romans, who, acting upon the old heroic idea of right, did not imagine that, in taking advantage of an equivocation to surprise their enemies, they were waging unjust war.", "\n\nFrom artifice sprang the profits of manufactures, commerce, and banking, mercantile frauds, and pretensions which are honored with the beautiful names of talent and genius, but which ought to be regarded as the last degree of knavery and deception; and, finally, all sorts of social inequalities.", "\n\nIn those forms of robbery which are prohibited by law, force and artifice are employed alone and undisguised; in the authorized forms, they conceal themselves within a useful product, which they use as a tool to plunder their victim.", "\n\nThe direct use of violence and stratagem was early and universally condemned; but no nation has yet got rid of that kind of robbery which acts through talent, labor, and possession, and which is the source of all the dilemmas of casuistry and the innumerable contradictions of jurisprudence.", "\n\nThe right of force and the right of artifice — glorified by the rhapsodists in the poems of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” — inspired the legislation of the Greeks and Romans, from which they passed into our morals and codes. ", "Christianity has not changed at all. ", "The Gospel should not be blamed, because the priests, as stupid as the legists, have been unable either to expound or to understand it. ", "The ignorance of councils and popes upon all questions of morality is equal to that of the market-place and the money-changers; and it is this utter ignorance of right, justice, and society, which is killing the Church, and discrediting its teachings for ever. ", "The infidelity of the Roman church and other Christian churches is flagrant; all have disregarded the precept of Jesus; all have erred in moral and doctrinal points; all are guilty of teaching false and absurd dogmas, which lead straight to wickedness and murder. ", "Let it ask pardon of God and men, — this church which called itself infallible, and which has grown so corrupt in morals; let its reformed sisters humble themselves, ... and the people, undeceived, but still religious and merciful, will begin to think.[33]\n\nThe development of right has followed the same order, in its various expressions, that property has in its forms. ", "Every where we see justice driving robbery before it and confining it within narrower and narrower limits. ", "Hitherto the victories of justice over injustice, and of equality over inequality, have been won by instinct and the simple force of things; but the final triumph of our social nature will be due to our reason, or else we shall fall back into feudal chaos. ", "Either this glorious height is reserved for our intelligence, or this miserable depth for our baseness.", "\n\nThe second effect of property is despotism. ", "Now, since despotism is inseparably connected with the idea of legitimate authority, in explaining the natural causes of the first, the principle of the second will appear.", "\n\nWhat is to be the form of government in the future? ", "hear some of my younger readers reply: “Why, how can you ask such a question? ", "You are a republican.” “", "A republican! ", "Yes; but that word specifies nothing. ", "Res publica; that is, the public thing. ", "Now, whoever is interested in public affairs — no matter under what form of government — may call himself a republican. ", "Even kings are republicans.” —", "\n\n“Oh! ", "I understand you; you speak satirically. ", "This is a hit at the government.” — “", "By no means. ", "I have just given you my serious and well-considered profession of faith. ", "Although a firm friend of order, I am (in the full force of the term) an anarchist. ", "Listen to me.”", "\n\nIn all species of sociable animals, “the weakness of the young is the principle of their obedience to the old, who are strong; and from habit, which is a kind of conscience with them, the power remains with the oldest, although he finally becomes the weakest. ", "Whenever the society is under the control of a chief, this chief is almost always the oldest of the troop. ", "I say almost always, because the established order may be disturbed by violent outbreaks. ", "Then the authority passes to another; and, having been reestablished by force, it is again maintained by habit. ", "Wild horses go in herds: they have a chief who marches at their head, whom they confidently follow, and who gives the signal for flight or battle.", "\n\n“The sheep which we have raised follows us, but it follows in company with the flock in the midst of which it was born. ", "It regards man as the chief of its flock... Man is regarded by domestic animals as a member of their society. ", "All that he has to do is to get himself accepted by them as an associate: he soon becomes their chief, in consequence of his superior intelligence. ", "He does not, then, change the natural condition of these animals, as Buffon has said. ", "On the contrary, he uses this natural condition to his own advantage; in other words, he finds sociable animals, and renders them domestic by becoming their associate and chief. ", "Thus, the domesticity of animals is only a special condition, a simple modification, a definitive consequence of their sociability. ", "All domestic animals are by nature sociable animals.” ... — ", "Flourens: Summary of the Observations of F. Cuvier.", "\n\nSociable animals follow their chief by instinct; but take notice of the fact (which F. Cuvier omitted to state), that the function of the chief is altogether one of intelligence. ", "The chief does not teach the others to associate, to unite under his lead, to reproduce their kind, to take to flight, or to defend themselves. ", "Concerning each of these particulars, his subordinates are as well informed as he. ", "But it is the chief who, by his accumulated experience, provides against accidents; he it is whose private intelligence supplements, in difficult situations, the general instinct; he it is who deliberates, decides, and leads; he it is, in short, whose enlightened prudence regulates the public routine for the greatest good of all.", "\n\nMan (naturally a sociable being) naturally follows a chief. ", "Originally, the chief is the father, the patriarch, the elder; in other words, the good and wise man, whose functions, consequently, are exclusively of a reflective and intellectual nature. ", "The human race — like all other races of sociable animals — has its instincts, its innate faculties, its general ideas, and its categories of sentiment and reason. ", "Its chiefs, legislators, or kings have devised nothing, supposed nothing, imagined nothing. ", "They have only guided society by their accumulated experience, always however in conformity with opinions and beliefs.", "\n\nThose philosophers who (carrying into morals and into history their gloomy and factious whims) affirm that the human race had originally neither chiefs nor kings, know nothing of the nature of man. ", "Royalty, and absolute royalty, is — as truly and more truly than democracy — a primitive form of government. ", "Perceiving that, in the remotest ages, crowns and kingships were worn by heroes, brigands, and knight-errants, they confound the two things, — royalty and despotism. ", "But royalty dates from the creation of man; it existed in the age of negative communism. ", "Ancient heroism (and the despotism which it engendered) commenced only with the first manifestation of the idea of justice; that is, with the reign of force. ", "As soon as the strongest, in the comparison of merits, was decided to be the best, the oldest had to abandon his position, and royalty became despotic.", "\n\nThe spontaneous, instinctive, and — so to speak — physiological origin of royalty gives it, in the beginning, a superhuman character. ", "The nations connected it with the gods, from whom they said the first kings descended. ", "This notion was the origin of the divine genealogies of royal families, the incarnations of gods, and the messianic fables. ", "From it sprang the doctrine of divine right, which is still championed by a few singular characters.", "\n\nRoyalty was at first elective, because — at a time when man produced but little and possessed nothing — property was too weak to establish the principle of heredity, and secure to the son the throne of his father; but as soon as fields were cleared, and cities built, each function was, like every thing else, appropriated, and hereditary kingships and priesthoods were the result. ", "The principle of heredity was carried into even the most ordinary professions, — a circumstance which led to class distinctions, pride of station, and abjection of the common people, and which confirms my assertion, concerning the principle of patrimonial succession, that it is a method suggested by Nature of filling vacancies in business, and completing unfinished tasks.", "\n\nFrom time to time, ambition caused usurpers, or supplanters of kings, to start up; and, in consequence, some were called kings by right, or legitimate kings, and others tyrants. ", "But we must not let these names deceive us. ", "There have been execrable kings, and very tolerable tyrants. ", "Royalty may always be good, when it is the only possible form of government; legitimate it is never. ", "Neither heredity, nor election, nor universal suffrage, nor the excellence of the sovereign, nor the consecration of religion and of time, can make royalty legitimate. ", "Whatever form it takes, — monarchic, oligarchic, or democratic, — royalty, or the government of man by man, is illegitimate and absurd.", "\n\nMan, in order to procure as speedily as possible the most thorough satisfaction of his wants, seeks rule. ", "In the beginning, this rule is to him living, visible, and tangible. ", "It is his father, his master, his king. ", "The more ignorant man is, the more obedient he is, and the more absolute is his confidence in his guide. ", "But, it being a law of man’s nature to conform to rule, — that is, to discover it by his powers of reflection and reason, — man reasons upon the commands of his chiefs. ", "Now, such reasoning as that is a protest against authority, — a beginning of disobedience. ", "At the moment that man inquires into the motives which govern the will of his sovereign, — at that moment man revolts. ", "If he obeys no longer because the king commands, but because the king demonstrates the wisdom of his commands, it may be said that henceforth he will recognize no authority, and that he has become his own king. ", "Unhappy he who shall dare to command him, and shall offer, as his authority, only the vote of the majority; for, sooner or later, the minority will become the majority, and this imprudent despot will be overthrown, and all his laws annihilated.", "\n\nIn proportion as society becomes enlightened, royal authority diminishes. ", "That is a fact to which all history bears witness. ", "At the birth of nations, men reflect and reason in vain. ", "Without methods, without principles, not knowing how to use their reason, they cannot judge of the justice of their conclusions. ", "Then the authority of kings is immense, no knowledge having been acquired with which to contradict it. ", "But, little by little, experience produces habits, which develop into customs; then the customs are formulated in maxims, laid down as principles, — in short, transformed into laws, to which the king, the living law, has to bow. ", "There comes a time when customs and laws are so numerous that the will of the prince is, so to speak, entwined by the public will; and that, on taking the crown, he is obliged to swear that he will govern in conformity with established customs and usages; and that he is but the executive power of a society whose laws are made independently of him.", "\n\nUp to this point, all is done instinctively, and, as it were, unconsciously; but see where this movement must end.", "\n\nBy means of self-instruction and the acquisition of ideas, man finally acquires the idea of science, — that is, of a system of knowledge in harmony with the reality of things, and inferred from observation. ", "He searches for the science, or the system, of inanimate bodies, — the system of organic bodies, the system of the human mind, and the system of the universe: why should he not also search for the system of society? ", "But, having reached this height, he comprehends that political truth, or the science of politics, exists quite independently of the will of sovereigns, the opinion of majorities, and popular beliefs, — that kings, ministers, magistrates, and nations, as wills, have no connection with the science, and are worthy of no consideration. ", "He comprehends, at the same time, that, if man is born a sociable being, the authority of his father over him ceases on the day when, his mind being formed and his education finished, he becomes the associate of his father; that his true chief and his king is the demonstrated truth; that politics is a science, not a stratagem; and that the function of the legislator is reduced, in the last analysis, to the methodical search for truth.", "\n\nThus, in a given society, the authority of man over man is inversely proportional to the stage of intellectual development which that society has reached; and the probable duration of that authority can be calculated from the more or less general desire for a true government, — that is, for a scientific government. ", "And just as the right of force and the right of artifice retreat before the steady advance of justice, and must finally be extinguished in equality, so the sovereignty of the will yields to the sovereignty of the reason, and must at last be lost in scientific socialism. ", "Property and royalty have been crumbling to pieces ever since the world began. ", "As man seeks justice in equality, so society seeks order in anarchy.", "\n\nAnarchy, — the absence of a master, of a sovereign,[34] — such is the form of government to which we are every day approximating, and which our accustomed habit of taking man for our rule, and his will for law, leads us to regard as the height of disorder and the expression of chaos. ", "The story is told, that a citizen of Paris in the seventeenth century having heard it said that in Venice there was no king, the good man could not recover from his astonishment, and nearly died from laughter at the mere mention of so ridiculous a thing. ", "So strong is our prejudice. ", "As long as we live, we want a chief or chiefs; and at this very moment I hold in my hand a brochure, whose author — a zealous communist — dreams, like a second Marat, of the dictatorship. ", "The most advanced among us are those who wish the greatest possible number of sovereigns, — their most ardent wish is for the royalty of the National Guard. ", "Soon, undoubtedly, some one, jealous of the citizen militia, will say, “Everybody is king.” ", "But, when he has spoken, I will say, in my turn, “Nobody is king; we are, whether we will or no, associated.” ", "Every question of domestic politics must be decided by departmental statistics; every question of foreign politics is an affair of international statistics. ", "The science of government rightly belongs to one of the sections of the Academy of Sciences, whose permanent secretary is necessarily prime minister; and, since every citizen may address a memoir to the Academy, every citizen is a legislator. ", "But, as the opinion of no one is of any value until its truth has been proven, no one can substitute his will for reason, — nobody is king.", "\n\nAll questions of legislation and politics are matters of science, not of opinion. ", "The legislative power belongs only to the reason, methodically recognized and demonstrated. ", "To attribute to any power whatever the right of veto or of sanction, is the last degree of tyranny. ", "Justice and legality are two things as independent of our approval as is mathematical truth. ", "To compel, they need only to be known; to be known, they need only to be considered and studied. ", "What, then, is the nation, if it is not the sovereign, — if it is not the source of the legislative power? ", "The nation is the guardian of the law — the nation is the executive power. ", "Every citizen may assert: “This is true; that is just; “but his opinion controls no one but himself. ", "That the truth which he proclaims may become a law, it must be recognized. ", "Now, what is it to recognize a law? ", "It is to verify a mathematical or a metaphysical calculation; it is to repeat an experiment, to observe a phenomenon, to establish a fact. ", "Only the nation has the right to say, “Be it known and decreed.”", "\n\nI confess that this is an overturning of received ideas, and that I seem to be attempting to revolutionize our political system; but I beg the reader to consider that, having begun with a paradox, I must, if I reason correctly, meet with paradoxes at every step, and must end with paradoxes. ", "For the rest, I do not see how the liberty of citizens would be endangered by entrusting to their hands, instead of the pen of the legislator, the sword of the law. ", "The executive power, belonging properly to the will, cannot be confided to too many proxies. ", "That is the true sovereignty of the nation.[35]\n\nThe proprietor, the robber, the hero, the sovereign — for all these titles are synonymous — imposes his will as law, and suffers neither contradiction nor control; that is, he pretends to be the legislative and the executive power at once. ", "Accordingly, the substitution of the scientific and true law for the royal will is accomplished only by a terrible struggle; and this constant substitution is, after property, the most potent element in history, the most prolific source of political disturbances. ", "Examples are too numerous and too striking to require enumeration.", "\n\nNow, property necessarily engenders despotism, — the government of caprice, the reign of libidinous pleasure. ", "That is so clearly the essence of property that, to be convinced of it, one need but remember what it is, and observe what happens around him. ", "Property is the right to use and abuse. ", "If, then, government is economy, — if its object is production and consumption, and the distribution of labor and products, — how is government possible while property exists? ", "And if goods are property, why should not the proprietors be kings, and despotic kings — kings in proportion to their facultés bonitaires? ", "And if each proprietor is sovereign lord within the sphere of his property, absolute king throughout his own domain, how could a government of proprietors be any thing but chaos and confusion?", "\n\n§ 3. — ", "Determination of the third form of Society. ", "Conclusion.", "\n\nThen, no government, no public economy, no administration, is possible, which is based upon property.", "\n\nCommunism seeks equality and law. ", "Property, born of the sovereignty of the reason, and the sense of personal merit, wishes above all things independence and proportionality.", "\n\nBut communism, mistaking uniformity for law, and levelism for equality, becomes tyrannical and unjust. ", "Property, by its despotism and encroachments, soon proves itself oppressive and anti-social.", "\n\nThe objects of communism and property are good — their results are bad. ", "And why? ", "Because both are exclusive, and each disregards two elements of society. ", "Communism rejects independence and proportionality; property does not satisfy equality and law.", "\n\nNow, if we imagine a society based upon these four principles, — equality, law, independence, and proportionality, — we find: —\n\n1. ", "That equality, consisting only in equality of conditions, that is, of means, and not in equality of comfort, — which it is the business of the laborers to achieve for themselves, when provided with equal means, — in no way violates justice and équité.", "\n\n2. ", "That law, resulting from the knowledge of facts, and consequently based upon necessity itself, never clashes with independence.", "\n\n3. ", "That individual independence, or the autonomy of the private reason, originating in the difference in talents and capacities, can exist without danger within the limits of the law.", "\n\n4. ", "That proportionality, being admitted only in the sphere of intelligence and sentiment, and not as regards material objects, may be observed without violating justice or social equality.", "\n\nThis third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property, we will call liberty.[36]\n\nIn determining the nature of liberty, we do not unite communism and property indiscriminately; such a process would be absurd eclecticism. ", "We search by analysis for those elements in each which are true, and in harmony with the laws of Nature and society, disregarding the rest altogether; and the result gives us an adequate expression of the natural form of human society, — in one word, liberty.", "\n\nLiberty is equality, because liberty exists only in society; and in the absence of equality there is no society.", "\n\nLiberty is anarchy, because it does not admit the government of the will, but only the authority of the law; that is, of necessity.", "\n\nLiberty is infinite variety, because it respects all wills within the limits of the law.", "\n\nLiberty is proportionality, because it allows the utmost latitude to the ambition for merit, and the emulation of glory.", "\n\nWe can now say, in the words of M. Cousin: “Our principle is true; it is good, it is social; let us not fear to push it to its ultimate.”", "\n\nMan’s social nature becoming justice through reflection, équité through the classification of capacities, and having liberty for its formula, is the true basis of morality, — the principle and regulator of all our actions. ", "This is the universal motor, which philosophy is searching for, which religion strengthens, which egotism supplants, and whose place pure reason never can fill. ", "Duty and right are born of need, which, when considered in connection with others, is a right, and when considered in connection with ourselves, a duty.", "\n\nWe need to eat and sleep. ", "It is our right to procure those things which are necessary to rest and nourishment. ", "It is our duty to use them when Nature requires it.", "\n\nWe need to labor in order to live. ", "To do so is both our right and our duty.", "\n\nWe need to love our wives and children. ", "It is our duty to protect and support them. ", "It is our right to be loved in preference to all others. ", "Conjugal fidelity is justice. ", "Adultery is high treason against society.", "\n\nWe need to exchange our products for other products. ", "It is our right that this exchange should be one of equivalents; and since we consume before we produce, it would be our duty, if we could control the matter, to see to it that our last product shall follow our last consumption. ", "Suicide is fraudulent bankruptcy.", "\n\nWe need to live our lives according to the dictates of our reason. ", "It is our right to maintain our freedom. ", "It is our duty to respect that of others.", "\n\nWe need to be appreciated by our fellows. ", "It is our duty to deserve their praise. ", "It is our right to be judged by our works.", "\n\nLiberty is not opposed to the rights of succession and bequest. ", "It contents itself with preventing violations of equality. “", "Choose,” it tells us, “between two legacies, but do not take them both.” ", "All our legislation concerning transmissions, entailments, adoptions, and, if I may venture to use such a word, coadjutoreries, requires remodeling.", "\n\nLiberty favors emulation, instead of destroying it. ", "In social equality, emulation consists in accomplishing under like conditions; it is its own reward. ", "No one suffers by the victory.", "\n\nLiberty applauds self-sacrifice, and honors it with its votes, but it can dispense with it. ", "Justice alone suffices to maintain the social equilibrium. ", "Self-sacrifice is an act of supererogation. ", "Happy, however, the man who can say, “I sacrifice myself.", "”[37]\n\nLiberty is essentially an organizing force. ", "To insure equality between men and peace among nations, agriculture and industry, and the centers of education, business, and storage, must be distributed according to the climate and the geographical position of the country, the nature of the products, the character and natural talents of the inhabitants, &c., in proportions so just, so wise, so harmonious, that in no place shall there ever be either an excess or a lack of population, consumption, and products. ", "There commences the science of public and private right, the true political economy. ", "It is for the writers on jurisprudence, henceforth unembarrassed by the false principle of property, to describe the new laws, and bring peace upon earth. ", "Knowledge and genius they do not lack; the foundation is now laid for them.[38]\n\nI have accomplished my task; property is conquered, never again to arise. ", "Wherever this work is read and discussed, there will be deposited the germ of death to property; there, sooner or later, privilege and servitude will disappear, and the despotism of will will give place to the reign of reason. ", "What sophisms, indeed, what prejudices (however obstinate) can stand before the simplicity of the following propositions: —\n\nI. Individual possession[39] is the condition of social life; five thousand years of property demonstrate it. ", "Property is the suicide of society. ", "Possession is a right; property is against right. ", "Suppress property while maintaining possession, and, by this simple modification of the principle, you will revolutionize law, government, economy, and institutions; you will drive evil from the face of the earth.", "\n\nII. ", "All having an equal right of occupancy, possession varies with the number of possessors; property cannot establish itself.", "\n\nIII. ", "The effect of labor being the same for all, property is lost in the common prosperity.", "\n\nIV. ", "All human labor being the result of collective force, all property becomes, in consequence, collective and unitary. ", "To speak more exactly, labor destroys property.", "\n\nV. Every capacity for labor being, like every instrument of labor, an accumulated capital, and a collective property, inequality of wages and fortunes (on the ground of inequality of capacities) is, therefore, injustice and robbery.", "\n\nVI. ", "The necessary conditions of commerce are the liberty of the contracting parties and the equivalence of the products exchanged. ", "Now, value being expressed by the amount of time and outlay which each product costs, and liberty being inviolable, the wages of laborers (like their rights and duties) should be equal.", "\n\nVII. ", "Products are bought only by products. ", "Now, the condition of all exchange being equivalence of products, profit is impossible and unjust. ", "Observe this elementary principle of economy, and pauperism, luxury, oppression, vise, crime, and hunger will disappear from our midst.", "\n\nVIII. ", "Men are associated by the physical and mathematical law of production, before they are voluntarily associated by choice. ", "Therefore, equality of conditions is demanded by justice; that is, by strict social law: esteem, friendship, gratitude, admiration, all fall within the domain of equitable or proportional law only.", "\n\nIX. ", "Free association, liberty — whose sole function is to maintain equality in the means of production and equivalence in exchanges — is the only possible, the only just, the only true form of society.", "\n\nX. Politics is the science of liberty. ", "The government of man by man (under whatever name it be disguised) is oppression. ", "Society finds its highest perfection in the union of order with anarchy.", "\n\nThe old civilization has run its race; a new sun is rising, and will soon renew the face of the earth. ", "Let the present generation perish, let the old prevaricators die in the desert! ", "the holy earth shall not cover their bones. ", "Young man, exasperated by the corruption of the age, and absorbed in your zeal for justice! — ", "if your country is dear to you, and if you have the interests of humanity at heart, have the courage to espouse the cause of liberty! ", "Cast off your old selfishness, and plunge into the rising flood of popular equality! ", "There your regenerate soul will acquire new life and vigor; your enervated genius will recover unconquerable energy; and your heart, perhaps already withered, will be rejuvenated! ", "Every thing will wear a different look to your illuminated vision; new sentiments will engender new ideas within you; religion, morality, poetry, art, language will appear before you in nobler and fairer forms; and thenceforth, sure of your faith, and thoughtfully enthusiastic, you will hail the dawn of universal regeneration!", "\n\nAnd you, sad victims of an odious law! — ", "you, whom a jesting world despoils and outrages! — ", "you, whose labor has always been fruitless, and whose rest has been without hope, — take courage! ", "your tears are numbered! ", "The fathers have sown in affliction, the children shall reap in rejoicings!", "\n\nO God of liberty! ", "God of equality! ", "Thou who didst place in my heart the sentiment of justice, before my reason could comprehend it, hear my ardent prayer! ", "Thou hast dictated all that I have written; Thou hast shaped my thought; Thou hast directed my studies; Thou hast weaned my mind from curiosity and my heart from attachment, that I might publish Thy truth to the master and the slave. ", "I have spoken with what force and talent Thou hast given me: it is Thine to finish the work. ", "Thou knowest whether I seek my welfare or Thy glory, O God of liberty! ", "Ah! ", "perish my memory, and let humanity be free! ", "Let me see from my obscurity the people at last instructed; let noble teachers enlighten them; let generous spirits guide them! ", "Abridge, if possible, the time of our trial; stifle pride and avarice in equality; annihilate this love of glory which enslaves us; teach these poor children that in the bosom of liberty there are neither heroes nor great men! ", "Inspire the powerful man, the rich man, him whose name my lips shall never pronounce in Thy presence, with a horror of his crimes; let him be the first to apply for admission to the redeemed society; let the promptness of his repentance be the ground of his forgiveness! ", "Then, great and small, wise and foolish, rich and poor, will unite in an ineffable fraternity; and, singing in unison a new hymn, will rebuild Thy altar, O God of liberty and equality!" ]

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[ "Donald Anderson, Baron Anderson of Swansea\n\nDonald Anderson, Baron Anderson of Swansea, (born 17 June 1939, in Swansea) is a British Labour Party politician, who was one of the longest-serving Members of Parliament in recent years, his service totalling 34 years.", "\n\nEducation\nAnderson was educated at Brynmill Primary School in Swansea, Swansea Grammar School (now known as Bishop Gore School) and Swansea University.", "\n\nPolitical career\nHe entered the House of Commons in 1966 for Monmouth until being defeated in 1970 by the Conservative John Stradling Thomas.", "\n\nFrom 1971 to 1974, he was a resident in Kensington and Chelsea and councillor in a neighbouring borough.", "\n\nHe then re-entered the Commons in October 1974, as MP for Swansea East. ", "He was sworn of the Privy Council in 2000, and retired from Parliament at the 2005 general election.", "\n\nIn the 2005 Dissolution Honours, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Anderson of Swansea, of Swansea in the County of West Glamorgan. ", "He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of the County of West Glamorgan in January 2006. ", "Anderson belongs to the Labour Friends of Israel lobby group.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:1939 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Welsh Labour Party MPs\nCategory:Labour Friends of Israel\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Swansea constituencies\nCategory:Alumni of Swansea University\nCategory:Deputy Lieutenants of West Glamorgan\nAnderson of Swansea\nCategory:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\nCategory:National Union of Railwaymen-sponsored MPs\nCategory:Politicians from Swansea\nCategory:UK MPs 1966–1970\nCategory:UK MPs 1974–1979\nCategory:UK MPs 1979–1983\nCategory:UK MPs 1983–1987\nCategory:UK MPs 1987–1992\nCategory:UK MPs 1992–1997\nCategory:UK MPs 1997–2001\nCategory:UK MPs 2001–2005\nCategory:People educated at Bishop Gore School\nCategory:People educated at Liberton High School" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat does '# => ' represent in Ruby/Rails?", "\n\nWhen working with Ruby on Rails in TextMate. ", "I indent my multi-line comments like so \n# This is a long comment and it'll run multiple lines so I'll\n# indent the second line so people know it's part of the first comment.", "\n\nIn TextMate's Ruby bundle when you type a hash then hit tab it auto generates the following\n# => This text is still treated as a comment.", "\n\nWhat is the significance of the => symbol when used after a hash? ", "Thanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nIt is just a convention among Ruby users to represent the return value of an expression. ", "TextMate adopted this convention.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "How to Write Engaging Headlines for Your Blog Posts\n\nby • May 9, 2018 • One Comment\n\nThe first consideration in this journey is what type of roles do keywords play in your post headlines.", "\n\nThe blogosphere always seems to be at a state of war with the various schools of thought on this topic. ", "You should consider their merits as you start to write your headline or title. ", "I will discuss a couple of them to start the ball rolling.", "\n\nThe Search Engine Optimization (SEO) experts claim that the keywords are the most important aspect of any blog post title.", "\n\nThis will enable anyone searching for any specific keywords to match with the same keyword in the blog title. ", "Hence, the obvious question is that “how else would anyone find your blog post from any search results?”", "\n\nFurther, the selection of keywords to include in your title determines how well you rank in the search results as well.", "\n\nIn the opposing spectrum, you’ve got the purists “write for humans”, who has always collectively scoffed at the notion of keyword research for the purpose of composing headlines.", "\n\nTheir view is that, what would be the point of search-optimized post titles if no one bothers to read or share in the first place? ", "Successful bloggers often claim that search engine traffic isn’t really all that important to them anyway, which they passionately maintain, especially compared to high-quality referral traffic from links.", "\n\nI have always thought that there is a middle ground to this.", "\n\nLet’s start by saying that keywords actually do matter, but not necessarily for the reasons the SEO gurus may think.", "\n\nDoing keyword research is an essential process. ", "It’s a free or at least a low-cost window into the minds of your target audiences.", "\n\nYou could easily understand this if you think back to the times before the modern and refined search engines.", "\n\nIt was truly difficult to know and quantify the exact words or phrases that anyone would use when thinking about exploring any certain topics online. ", "Many have tried to work with small focus groups to identify their thought on specific topics. ", "But such approach most often met with criticism that what people say in front of others is not the same as what they may actually do.", "\n\nSo if you’re writing any type of titles/headlines, online or not, you should be doing keyword research. ", "Because any great headline should speak in the style that the audience will resonate to, while incorporating the proven structures that catches attention and offers a promise or value.", "\n\nAnother aspect to keyword research also packs quite the punch.", "\n\nMany SEO gurus agree that you shouldn’t go after the most popular keywords. ", "Rather, you should target the niche phrases. ", "While they may result in less traffic individually, but there’s a lot more of such phrases, and definitely less competition.", "\n\nThis ties into the fact that such way of working is also perfect for writing ‘headlines for humans’. ", "The niche phrases are much more specific, and as such makes for a much better headline. ", "Further, better headlines lead to better content, when you write out the headline first, it sets a more definite direction for the entire post.", "\n\nAll search engines such as Google, Bing, etc. ", "truly wants to match perfect results for what’s important to the users. ", "That is precisely why the search engines use links and anchor texts as one of the primary determining factors of relevancy.", "\n\nKeywords truly do matter, because when you can resonate with the audience from the start, you will always tend to attract more readers, more links, more retweets, more social bookmarks, and surely… more relevant search traffic.", "\n\nHence, both the schools of thought are correct, albeit for different reasons.", "\n\nNow with our better understanding of this subject, let’s explore one of the most effective headline types in the world — the “how-to” headline.", "\n\nImagine that your blog post being retweeted thousands of times on Twitter, and shared all over Facebook. ", "It wouldn’t be too spectacular to think that by the time you finish reading this post, you’ll be in a better position to make that scenario into reality.", "\n\nLet’s explore a few of the ALL-STARS of composing headlines.", "\n\nThe “How To” headlines\n\nIt’s always been a fact since the dawn of the Internet that how-to articles and blog posts are some of the most sought after, linked, and bookmarked content online. ", "People are always searching high and low for useful information, and they are always happy to promoting it to others when they come across any.", "\n\nThe biggest battle is getting enough people to find at then to read it in the first place. ", "Once found, the battle is most definitely either won or lost at the headline. ", "What’s more, writing an awesome “how to” headline will help you to write even better how-to content when you fulfill the headline promise you made to get people to read in the first place.", "\n\nWriting the “how to” content is rather easy.", "\n\nThink about this… due to the crazy busy lives that we lead which prompts us to seek out tips, tricks, and methods to make things better, easier, and ultimately happier for ourselves. ", "Focusing on the “better, easier, and happier” is the greatest key to fantastic “how to…” headlines and content.", "\n\nIt’s important to always remember that it’s not that people aren’t smart enough to understand the implied benefits of learning how to do something. ", "It’s rather the complete opposite. ", "Expressing the benefit points early and up front will yield far better results that implied benefits.", "\n\nWhen searching, people always will employ aggressive attention filters when scanning headlines, and you’ll get through the filters of a lot more people if you spell out the benefits rather than relying on any implications.", "\n\nI had read somewhere that it’s almost impossible to write a bad “how to…” headline.", "\n\nWhile that may be true, always seriously consider on what comes after those two magical words can make all the difference in the amount of attention and readership your will engage with.", "\n\nMore than often you may find it harder to extract the true benefits of learning how to do something. ", "Often, you can simply take a normal “how to…” title and make it better simply by using the transition word “that” immediately following the subject matter of the post.", "\n\nOnce you add “that,” just ask yourself what the top benefit of your post is for the reader.", "\n\nThen figure out the best way to say it. ", "This usually means being as specific as possible.", "\n\nExample of this can be: How to Lease a Car That Will Save You Money\n\nAnother smart way to go about this is to increase the curiosity factor of your headline, while just about guaranteeing that you’ll nail the primary benefit of your post. ", "Start with “How” but leave out the “to.”", "\n\nYou’ll still need to make the beneficial promise to your reader that will be fulfilled in the content, but the intrigue factor will be higher and your results perhaps even better.", "\n\nExample of this can be: How I Shed All My Belly Fat in 30 days\n\nThe “List” Headlines\n\nMy next favorite but no way less effective is the List headlines due to the attention-grabbing power of such headlines. ", "This type of headlines have always been popular and showing no sign of slowing down.", "\n\nAny headline that lists a number of reasons, secrets, types, or ways will work because, once again, it makes a very specific promise of what’s in store for the reader. ", "A nice quantifiable return on their attention invested goes a long way toward prompting any specific actions.", "\n\nThese types of posts will also elevate your authority level on the subject many folds by demonstrating your expertise by summing up the promised benefits into a neat and easy to absorb list.", "\n\nExample of this can be:\n\n3 Early Signs of Diabetic Stroke\n\n10 Effective Ways To Plug a Leaky Roof\n\nFive Types of Best Affiliate Marketing Methods in 2018\n\nFree Book Gives You 10 Best Kept Secrets of Online Business Profits\n\n96 Ways to Improve Your Health Just by Eating Organic Foods\n\nThe above examples could be serious attention grabbers if seen by the right people searching for such topics. ", "Presenting small or large numbers can have inherent benefits to the readers.", "\n\nA large number, however absurd it may seem, can be mentioned to create the feeling of abundance of benefits. ", "While smaller numbers tend to invoke a sense of urgency where the content can be absorbed by the readers rather quickly. ", "This is ideal if you wish the readers to take any immediate actions such as subscribing, grabbing discount codes, etc.", "\n\nThe “Why” headlines\n\nLastly, let’s touch on this before we move on.", "\n\nThe “Why” headlines always tend to be an attention grabber because it starts by declaring a benefit to the reader as if the headline is answering a specific question, instead of asking a question.", "\n\nAn example of this can be: Why Some Homes in Vermont Will Almost Always Go Up in Value\n\nThe use of the word “some,” and having “almost” modify “always,” make the headline much more believable. ", "Not even the highest paid copywriters in the world always nail a headline that works, and some people never write great post titles, because they don’t take the time to learn how.", "\n\nIt’s also easy to lead the “Why” with other words to drive home the message in a stronger way, such as “Here’s Why”.", "\n\nCan anyone write great post titles or headlines?", "\n\nThe simple answer to this is an obvious yes.", "\n\nIf anyone considers the information throughout this post every time they formulate a title or headline for their posts, it should work out very well. ", "That being said, there is no end to learning in becoming truly the best that you can be.", "\n\nAlways strive to understand your audience. ", "Their mindset, age, affinities, preferences that affect their buying decisions, etc. ", "are key considerations to explore. ", "Doing this will enable you to make your headlines to be appealing to your specific audience rather than a watered down version trying to appeal to the masses.", "\n\nStudying the pros and cons of the headlines of your direct competitors can also sharpen your skills. ", "Also, I have always found that magazines always use headlines that have been very well researched. ", "Try to look at some of the top magazines that may match your subject. ", "I am sure that by doing this, you will gain some key insights you might not have considered earlier.", "\n\nSome of the above may seem common sense to you. ", "But let me remind you of the old adage ‘Common Sense is Not For Common People’.", "\n\nTo find proof of this is to simply look at the massive amount of marketing being done on the various social media platforms such as Twitter, Face Book, etc. ", "There you will see that the headline alone drives the campaigns.", "\n\nMost of such campaign headlines are simply not up to the mark. ", "Hence, the good ones simply jumps out at you right away. ", "Even then, most of the ones which you may consider good enough can surely be a lot better.", "\n\nIn summary, the more you focus on the benefits to the readers in your post headlines along with trying to understand your reader demands better, the more readership you’ll develop over time. ", "And by touching on the beneficial aspects while presenting your content, you’ll have more happy readers at the conclusion of any of your posts.", "\n\nIf you found this post to be of some use to you, please take the time to subscribe with us to receive all our updates, subscriber rewards and freebies delivered to your inbox. ", "You can also join our Facebook Group here.", "\n\nWe do offer an affiliate program for you to join, that shows you how to make awesome online profits from the comfort of your home working a few hours a day with proper training assisted by active Facebook Groups. ", "No prior experience necessary. ", "Click here for the details and a video outline of the program.", "\n\nPlease also take the time to visit the sponsor of this post by clicking the banner below.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "\"Gentlemen, cock your pistols.\" \"", "Barry's father had been bred, like many sons of genteel families to the profession of the law.\" \"", "There is no doubt he would've made an eminent figure in his profession had he not been killed in a duel which arose over the purchase of some horses.\" \"", "Barry's mother, after her husband's death lived in such a way as to defy slander.\" \"", "Many a man who had been charmed by the spinster renewed his offers to the widow.\" \"", "But she refused all proposals of marriage declaring that she lived only for her son and the memory of her departed saint.\" \"", "First love!\" \"", "What a change it makes in a lad.\" \"", "What a magnificent secret it is he carries with him!\" \"", "The tender passion gushes out of a man's heart.\" \"", "He loves as a bird sings or a rose blows from nature.\" \"", "Killarney.\" \"", "Now, what shall it be?\" \"", "Turn around and face the wall.\" \"", "The object of Barry's attention, and the cause of his early troubles was his cousin, Nora Brady by name.\" \"", "I have hidden my neck ribbon somewhere on my person.\" \"", "If you find it, you can have it.\" \"", "You are free to look anywhere for it.\" \"", "I will think little of you if you do not find it.\" \"", "I cannot find it.\" \"", "You haven't looked properly.\" \"", "I cannot find it.\" \"", "I'll give you a hint.\" \"", "I feel the ribbon.\" \"", "Why are you trembling?\" \"", "At the pleasure of finding the ribbon.\" \"", "Liar.\" \"", "About this time the United Kingdom was greatly excited by the threat of a French invasion.\" \"", "The noblemen and people of condition loyally raised regiments to resist the invaders.\" \"", "Their scarlet coats and swaggering airs filled Barry with envy.\" \"", "Brady Town sent a company to join the Kilwangen Regiment of which John Quin was the Captain.\" \"", "The whole country was alive with war's alarums the kingdoms ringing with military music.\" \"", "Redmond, what is the matter?\" \"", "Were you obliged to dance five times with Captain Quin?\" \"", "I don't care a fig for Captain Quin.\" \"", "He dances prettily, and is a pleasant rattle of a man.\" \"", "He looks well in his regimentals.\" \"", "He asked me to dance.\" \"", "How could I refuse him?\" \"", "But you refused me.\" \"", "I can dance with you any day.\" \"", "To dance with your cousin looks as though you could find no other partner.\" \"", "Besides, Captain Quin is a man.\" \"", "You're only a boy and penniless.\" \"", "If I meet him again, you will find out who is the best man.\" \"", "I'll fight him Captain as he is.\" \"", "Oh, don't be so silly!\" \"", "I mean it.\" \"", "But Captain Quin is known as a valiant soldier.\" \"", "It is mighty well of you to fight yokels but to fight an Englishman is a different matter.\" \"", "You best have him take you home.\" \"", "Redmond!\" \"", "Barry resolved never to see Nora again.\" \"", "But such resolutions, steadfastly held for a whole week are abandoned in a few moments of despair.\" \"", "No, Nora, no, except for you and four others I vow before all the gods my heart has never felt the soft flame.\" \"", "Ah, you men, you men, John your passion's not equal to ours.\" \"", "We are like some plant I've read of.\" \"", "We bear but one flower and then we die.\" \"", "You, you, you mean you never felt an inclination for another?\" \"", "Never, my John.\" \"", "How can you ask such a question?\" \"", "Oh, darling Norelia!\" \"", "Nora was chaperoned by her brothers Mick and Ulick whose interests would be affected by the favourable outcome of her affair with Quin.\" \"", "Redmond, how nice to see you.\" \"", "Redmond!\" \"", "How could you do this to me?\" \"", "Redmond, what's the matter?\" \"", "What are you saying?\" \"", "I think this might be the moment to return something to you.\" \"", "Thank you, Redmond.\" \"", "I must have forgotten it.\" \"", "Yes, you did.\" \"", "Captain Quin, may I introduce my cousin, Redmond Barry.\" \"", "Miss Brady, it would appear you both have something private to discuss.\" \"", "It would be best for me to withdraw.\" \"", "Captain Quin, I have nothing private to discuss with my cousin.\" \"", "Miss Brady, it appears you have a great deal to discuss.\" \"", "Captain Quin, he don't signify any more than my parrot or lapdog.\" \"", "Indeed!\" \"", "Are you in the habit of giving intimate articles of your clothing to your parrot or lapdog?\" \"", "Mayn't I give a bit of ribbon to my own cousin?\" \"", "You're welcome, miss.\" \"", "As many yards as you like.\" \"", "When ladies make presents to gentlemen, it's time for other gentlemen to retire.\" \"", "I wish you both a good day.\" \"", "Jack Quin!\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "I'll tell you, sir.\" \"", "I've had enough of Miss Brady and your Irish ways.\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "We'll accustom you to Irish ways, or we'll adopt English ones.\" \"", "It is not the English way for ladies to have two lovers.\" \"", "And so, I'll thank you to pay me the sum you owe me.\" \"", "And I resign all claims to this young lady.\" \"", "If she fancies schoolboys, let her take 'em, sir.\" \"", "You're joking!\" \"", "I never was more earnest.\" \"", "John, wait.\" \"", "Meddling brat!\" \"", "Your hand is in everybody's pie!\" \"", "What business have you to quarrel with a gentleman of substance?\" \"", "Redmond, me boy, take a seat.\" \"", "Mrs. Brady and ladies, if you please.\" \"", "This sort of toast is drunk too seldom in my family and you'll please to receive it with all honours.\" \"", "Here's to Captain and Mrs. John Quin and a long life to them.\" \"", "Kiss her, Jack, for faith you've got a treasure.\" \"", "Come on, Jack.\" \"", "There's the man!\" \"", "A long and happy life together.\" \"", "A long and happy life together.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Redmond!\" \"", "Here's my toast to you, Captain John Quin.\" \"", "Redmond, how dare you behave like that in my house!\" \"", "Mrs. Brady, take the children out.\" \"", "My dear fellow, are you all right?\" \"", "In heaven's name, what does all the row mean?\" \"", "The fact is, sir the young monkey's in love with Nora.\" \"", "He found her and the Captain in the garden today.\" \"", "Now he's for murdering Jack Quin.\" \"", "Mr. Brady, I've been insulted grossly in this house.\" \"", "I'm not satisfied with these ways of going on.\" \"", "I'm an Englishman!\" \"", "And a man of property!\" \"", "And this impudent young swine should be horsewhipped!\" \"", "Mr. Quin can have satisfaction any time he pleases by calling on Redmond Barry, Esquire of Barryville.\" \"", "I'll see the boy home.\" \"", "A pretty day's work, Master Redmond.\" \"", "Knowing your uncle is distressed for money trying to break off a match which will bring £1,500 a year into the family....\" \"Quin has promised to pay off the £4,000 which is bothering your uncle.\" \"", "He takes a girl without a penny a girl that's flinging herself at the head of every man in these parts.\" \"", "And missing them all!\" \"", "And you, who ought to be attached to your uncle as to your father....\" \"l am.\" \"", "And this is the return you make for his kindness?\" \"", "Didn't he harbour you when your father died?\" \"", "Hasn't he given you and your mother a fine house, rent free?\" \"", "Mark this, and come what will of it I will fight the man who pretends the hand of Nora Brady.\" \"", "I'll follow him if it's into the church and fight him there.\" \"", "I'll have his blood, or he'll have mine.\" \"", "Faith, and I believe ye!\" \"", "I never saw a lad more game in me life.\" \"", "Give me a kiss, me boy.\" \"", "You're after me own soul.\" \"", "As long as I live, you shall never want a friend or a second.\" \"", "Will you take my message to him?\" \"", "And arrange a meeting?\" \"", "Well, if it must be, it must.\" \"", "Look here, Redmond, me boy, this is a silly business.\" \"", "The girl will marry Quin, mark my words.\" \"", "And as sure as she does, you'll forget her.\" \"", "You're but a boy and Quin is willing to consider you as such.\" \"", "Right, Quin?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Now, Dublin's a fine place.\" \"", "If you've a mind to ride there and see the town for a month here's ten guineas at your service.\" \"", "Will that satisfy you, Captain Quin?\" \"", "Yes, if Mr. Barry will apologize and go to Dublin I will consider the whole affair honourably settled.\" \"", "Say you're sorry, Redmond.\" \"", "You can easily say that.\" \"", "I'm not sorry.\" \"", "And I'll not apologize.\" \"", "And I'd as soon go to Dublin as to hell.\" \"", "Then there's nothing else for it.\" \"", "God bless you.\" \"", "This isn't my pistol.\" \"", "It's all right, it's one of mine.\" \"", "Yours will serve, if it's needed, for the next round.\" \"", "Good luck, Redmond.\" \"", "Gentlemen cock your pistols.\" \"", "Gentlemen aim your pistols.\" \"", "One.\" \"", "Two.\" \"", "Three.\" \"", "is he dead?\" \"", "Quite dead.\" \"", "This has been a sad day's work for our family.\" \"", "Ye've robbed us of 1,500 a year.\" \"", "Now you'd better ride off before the Police are up.\" \"", "They'd wind of this before we left Kilwangen.\" \"", "Come on, Redmond, I'll go home with you.\" \"", "How different Barry's fate might have been had he not fallen in love with Nora and had he not flung the wine in Captain Quin's face.\" \"", "But he was destined to be a wanderer.\" \"", "And the battle with Quin set him on his travels at an early age as you shall soon see.\" \"", "The boy must go into hiding for a short time, anyway.\" \"", "Dublin's the best place for him.\" \"", "He can stay there 'til matters have blown over.\" \"", "But the child has never been away from home before.\" \"", "Wouldn't he be as safe here?\" \"", "I wish that were true, Aunt Belle.\" \"", "But the Bailiffs may be on their way already.\" \"", "Now, Dublin is five days ride away from here.\" \"", "There's not a soul who'll know him there.\" \"", "I don't want to harp on unpleasant matters but you do know what can happen to him if he's taken.\" \"", "I'll be all right.\" \"", "I'll be all right in Dublin, Mother.\" \"", "No lad with liberty for the first time, and 20 guineas in his pocket is very sad.\" \"", "Barry rode towards Dublin thinking not so much of the kind mother left alone, and the home behind him but of tomorrow and all the wonders it would bring.\" \"", "Excuse me, miss.\" \"", "Would it be possible to have a drink of water?\" \"", "Good day to you, young sir.\" \"", "Good day.\" \"", "Will you join us in a drink?\" \"", "No, thank you.\" \"", "Would you like something to eat?\" \"", "That's very kind of you, but I have to be on my way.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Goodbye.\" \"", "Excuse me, sir.\" \"", "Good morning again, young sir.\" \"", "Don't even think about it.\" \"", "Get down off that horse.\" \"", "Raise your hands above your head, please.\" \"", "Come forward.\" \"", "Stop.\" \"", "How do you do. ", "I'm Captain Feeney.\" \"", "Captain Feeney!\" \"", "Captain Feeney, at your service.\" \"", "The Captain Feeney?\" \"", "None other.\" \"", "May I introduce you to my son...\" \"Seamus?\" \"", "To whom do I have the honour of speaking?\" \"", "My name's Redmond Barry.\" \"", "How do you do, Mr. Barry?\" \"", "Now we must get onto the more regrettable stage of our brief acquaintance.\" \"", "Turn around and keep your hands high above your head, please.\" \"", "There must be 20 guineas in gold here, Father.\" \"", "You seem to be a very well set up young gentleman, sir.\" \"", "Captain Feeney, that's all the money my mother had in the world.\" \"", "Mightn't I keep it?\" \"", "I'm just one step ahead of the Law myself.\" \"", "I killed an English Officer in a duel, and I'm going to Dublin until things cool down.\" \"", "Mr. Barry in my profession we hear many such stories.\" \"", "Yours is the most intriguing and touching I've heard in weeks.\" \"", "Nevertheless, I cannot grant your request.\" \"", "But, I'll tell you what I will do.\" \"", "I'll allow you to keep those fine boots, which normally I would have for myself.\" \"", "The next town is only five miles away.\" \"", "And I suggest you now start walking.\" \"", "Mightn't I keep my horse?\" \"", "I would like to oblige you but, people like us must be able to travel faster than our clients.\" \"", "Good day, young sir.\" \"", "You can put down your hands now, Mr. Barry.\" \"", "Gale's Regiment of Foot, commanded by Lieutenant General Charles Gale which has distinguished itself during the recent troubles wants several men to supply the places of those veterans who have deserved to be pensioned at one shilling a day.\" \"", "All clever young fellows who are free and able and are ambitious of becoming gentlemen by bearing arms are hereby invited to meet the Recruiting Officer who promises that they shall meet with every encouragement that merit and good behaviour can entitle them to.\" \"", "Those meeting the qualifications will immediately receive His Majesty's Royal Bounty of one and a half guineas with complete clothing, arms and accoutrements.\" \"", "King George and Old England forever.\" \"", "For a young man in difficulty who had killed a man in a duel and was anxious to find refuge from the Law the chance to earn distinction in the European wars seemed a stroke of good fortune.\" \"", "And King George needed men too much to heed from whence they came.\" \"", "Hey, lad!\" \"", "Lad!\" \"", "Can I have a new beaker?\" \"", "This one is full of grease.\" \"", "Covered in grease!\" \"", "Give the gentleman a towel and a basin of turtle soup.\" \"", "If you want to vex him, ask him about his wife the washerwoman, who beats him.\" \"", "Mr. Toole, is it a towel of your wife's washing?\" \"", "They say she wipes your face often with one.\" \"", "Ask him why he wouldn't see her yesterday when she came here.\" \"", "Mr. Toole, why did you hide when Mrs. Toole came to visit you?\" \"", "Afraid of getting your ears boxed?\" \"", "Gentlemen, you may fight it out with fists if you choose.\" \"", "We'll form a square for that purpose.\" \"", "Gentlemen, step this way, please.\" \"", "Shake hands.\" \"", "Shake hands.\" \"", "Take your stance.\" \"", "No biting, kicking or scratching.\" \"", "The last man to remain standing is the winner.\" \"", "Gentlemen, commence fighting, now!\" \"", "Barry's training continued at the camp.\" \"", "Within a month he was transformed into a proper young soldier.\" \"", "The Regiment's strength was steadily increased by the arrival of other troops in preparation for joining their armies fighting in Germany.\" \"", "One occasion brought the welcome appearance of his second in the fatal duel Captain Grogan.\" \"", "It would have helped if we'd known what had become of you.\" \"", "Didn't you think of writing to your mother?\" \"", "Of course.\" \"", "But the shame I felt of losing her money my father's sword and pistols....\" \"l couldn't tell her.\" \"", "She wouldn't care about those things.\" \"", "You are her only concern.\" \"", "Tonight you must write her a proper letter.\" \"", "Tell her that you're safe and well.\" \"", "I will.\" \"", "is Miss Brady well?\" \"", "There are only six Miss Bradys now.\" \"", "Has something happened to Nora?\" \"", "She took on so about your going away that she had to console herself with a husband.\" \"", "She is now Mrs. John Quin.\" \"", "Mrs. John Quin?\" \"", "Was there another John Quin?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "The same, me boy.\" \"", "He recovered from his wound.\" \"", "The shot you hit him with could not hurt him. ", "lt was made of tow.\" \"", "Tow?\" \"", "The Bradys wouldn't let you kill 1,500 a year out of the family.\" \"", "The plan of the duel was arranged in order to get you out of the way.\" \"", "The cowardly Quin couldn't be brought to marry from fear of you.\" \"", "But hit him you certainly did, me lad.\" \"", "With a fine thick plugget of tow.\" \"", "He was so frightened, it took him an hour to come to.\" \"", "Are you in want of cash?\" \"", "You may draw on me.\" \"", "For I got a couple of hundred from your uncle.\" \"", "While that lasts, you shall never want.\" \"", "It would require a great historian to explain the causes of the Seven Years' War in Europe to which Barry's regiment was now on it's way.\" \"", "Let it suffice to say, that England and Prussia were allies and at war against France, Sweden, Russia and Austria.\" \"", "Barry's first taste of battle was only a skirmish against a rearguard of Frenchmen who occupied an orchard beside a road down which the English main force wished to pass.\" \"", "Though this encounter is not recorded in any history book it was memorable enough for those who took part.\" \"", "I've only a hundred guineas left to give you for l lost the rest at cards.\" \"", "Kiss me, me boy, for we'll never meet again.\" \"", "It is well to dream of glorious war in a snug armchair.\" \"", "It is a different thing to see it first hand.\" \"", "After his friend's death, Barry's thoughts turned from military glory to those of escaping the Service to which he was tied for six years.\" \"", "Gentlemen talk of the Age of Chivalry but remember the ploughmen, poachers and pickpockets they lead.\" \"", "It is with these sad instruments great warriors and kings have been doing their murderous work in the world.\" \"", "Barry could not have fallen into worse circumstances than those in which he found himself.\" \"", "But fate did not intend he should remain long an English soldier.\" \"", "An accident occurred which took him out of the Service in a rather singular manner.\" \"", "Freddie, I hope you won't be angry with me, but I've got something to tell you which you won't be happy about.\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "First, promise me you'll keep your temper.\" \"", "Jonathan, don't be an ass!\" \"", "You're making a big mystery of it.\" \"", "What is going on?\" \"", "I have to go away again.\" \"", "For about two weeks.\" \"", "Oh, God, you're not serious?\" \"", "I am.\" \"", "There's nothing I can do about it.\" \"", "Where to this time?\" \"", "To Bremen, carrying important despatches to Prince Henry.\" \"", "But you promised me last time it would be never again.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "And I've kept my part of the bargain, but Pontersby insists I'm the only one who can be entrusted with the trip.\" \"", "Here was the opportunity to escape from the Army for which he had been searching.\" \"", "It was only a few miles to the area occupied by their Prussian allies where this Officer's uniform and papers should allow him to travel without suspicion and to stay ahead of the news of his desertion.\" \"", "Then, we'll have little time together.\" \"", "Are you cross with me?\" \"", "Damn you, I can't stay cross with you for long.\" \"", "Oh, Jonathan at times like this I realize how much I care for you and how empty life would be without you.\" \"", "Frederick!\" \"", "Barry was glad to see the uniforms of the Prussian Infantry.\" \"", "They showed him that he was out of English occupied territory.\" \"", "His intention was to make for Holland almost the only neutral country in Europe, in those times and thence to get a passage home, somehow.\" \"", "As he rode away Barry felt he was now in his proper sphere.\" \"", "And determined never again to fall from the rank of a gentleman.\" \"", "Excuse me, miss.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Good day.\" \"", "Good day.\" \"", "Do you speak English?\" \"", "I'm speaking little.\" \"", "I have not eaten all day, no food.\" \"", "is there an inn nearby where l might have a meal?\" \"", "No...\" \"I don't think so.\" \"", "There is nothing to eat before Grunberg.\" \"", "Do you live near here?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Would you...feed me?\" \"", "I'd be happy to pay you.\" \"", "I think so.\" \"", "is it a boy or girl?\" \"", "A boy.\" \"", "What's his name?\" \"", "Peter.\" \"", "How old is he?\" \"", "He's one year old.\" \"", "Where is Peter's father?\" \"", "Where he is?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "In the war.\" \"", "How long has he been gone?\" \"", "Sorry...\" \"I didn't understand.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "A long time.\" \"", "Since springtime.\" \"", "It must be hard for you to be alone.\" \"", "It is.\" \"", "It must be dangerous for you in the war.\" \"", "I'm an Officer and must do my duty.\" \"", "You are sometimes lonely?\" \"", "Sometimes.\" \"", "What did you say your name is?\" \"", "Lieutenant Fakenham.\" \"", "No, I mean what is the name before Fakenham?\" \"", "My first name?\" \"", "Jonathan.\" \"", "Would you like to stay with me?\" \"", "For a few days, or sometimes?\" \"", "That would be very nice.\" \"", "Goodbye, my beautiful Lischen.\" \"", "Goodbye, Redmond.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "Look after yourself.\" \"", "God be with you.\" \"", "A lady who sets her heart on a lad in uniform must be prepared to change lovers pretty quickly or her life will be a sad one.\" \"", "This heart of Lischen's was like many a neighboring town that had been stormed and occupied many times before Barry came to invest it.\" \"", "During five years of war the illustrious Frederick had so exhausted the males of his kingdom that he had to employ recruiters who would commit any crime, including kidnapping to keep supplied those brilliant regiments of his with cannon fodder.\" \"", "Good evening, sir.\" \"", "I'm Captain Potzdorf.\" \"", "To whom have I the honour of speaking?\" \"", "Good evening. ", "I'm Lieutenant Fakenham, Gale's Regiment of Foot.\" \"", "Pleased to meet you.\" \"", "Can we be of assistance to you?\" \"", "Thank you, but I am carrying urgent despatches and must continue on my way.\" \"", "And your destination?\" \"", "Bremen.\" \"", "Then you're obviously lost, Lieutenant.\" \"", "Bremen is in the opposite direction.\" \"", "Are you sure?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Wouldn't you know it!\" \"", "My departure was so hasty that my orderly forgot to prepare proper maps.\" \"", "I understand.\" \"", "Please, do not be offended, Lieutenant but are you carrying your identity papers?\" \"", "Yes, of course.\" \"", "May I see them?\" \"", "Of course.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Thank you, Lieutenant, I hope I haven't inconvenienced you.\" \"", "Not at all.\" \"", "Now that we are riding in the same direction may I offer you a meal and a bed for the night and a proper map for the journey?\" \"", "That's kind of you, Captain.\" \"", "I'd be honoured to accept.\" \"", "Barry was treated with great civility and was asked questions about England.\" \"", "He answered as best he could, inventing many stories.\" \"", "He described the King and Ministers boasted that the British Ambassador in Berlin was his uncle and even offered Potzdorf a letter of introduction.\" \"", "His host seemed satisfied with these stories.\" \"", "But, he led Barry on with a skillful combination of questions and flattery.\" \"", "I know so little of your country of England except that you are the bravest nation in the world and that we are fortunate to have such allies.\" \"", "Lieutenant Fakenham let us drink to the friendship of our two great nations.\" \"", "To our two great nations.\" \"", "Aren't you lucky, going to Bremen tomorrow?\" \"", "I know one of the loveliest women in Europe there.\" \"", "Would you take a letter to her?\" \"", "Certainly.\" \"", "By the way, to whom are you carrying your despatches?\" \"", "General Williamson.\" \"", "General Williamson?\" \"", "General Percival Williamson?\" \"", "Yes, the same.\" \"", "This man is under arrest.\" \"", "Under arrest?\" \"", "Captain Potzdorf, sir I'm a British Officer.\" \"", "You're a liar and an imposter.\" \"", "You're a deserter.\" \"", "I suspected you this morning.\" \"", "Your lies and folly have confirmed this.\" \"", "You pretend to carry despatches to a General, dead these ten months.\" \"", "You say the British Ambassador in Berlin is your uncle, with the ridiculous name of O'Grady.\" \"", "Now, will you join and take the bounty, or be given up?\" \"", "I volunteer.\" \"", "The Prussian Service was worse than the English.\" \"", "The life of a Private Soldier was frightful.\" \"", "Punishment was incessant.\" \"", "Every Officer had the right to inflict it.\" \"", "The gauntlet was a common penalty for minor offences.\" \"", "More serious ones were punishable by mutilation or death.\" \"", "At the close of the Seven Years' War the army renowned for its disciplined valour, was officered by native Prussians.\" \"", "But it was mostly composed of men from the lowest levels of humanity hired or stolen from every nation in Europe.\" \"", "Thus, Barry fell into the worst company and was soon far advanced in the science of every kind of misconduct.\" \"", "Help.\" \"", "Get me out of here.\" \"", "The Colonel's speech declared the King's satisfaction with the conduct of the Regiment at the Battle of Audorf and with Corporal Barry's bravery in rescuing Captain Potzdorf which was to be rewarded with the sum of two frederick d'or.\" \"", "Corporal Barry, eight paces forward march!\" \"", "Corporal Barry.\" \"", "You're a gallant soldier, and evidently of good stock but you're idle and unprincipled.\" \"", "You're a bad influence on the men.\" \"", "And for all your bravery, I'm sure you'll come to no good.\" \"", "I hope the Colonel is mistaken.\" \"", "I have fallen into bad company, but I've only done as other soldiers do.\" \"", "I've never had a friend or protector before to show that I was worthy of better things.\" \"", "The Colonel may say I'm ruined, and send me to the Devil.\" \"", "But, I would go to the Devil to serve the Regiment.\" \"", "Corporal Barry, fall in.\" \"", "The war ended and Barry's regiment was garrisoned in the Capital.\" \"", "He had, for some time, ingratiated himself with Captain Potzdorf whose confidence in him was about to bring its reward.\" \"", "Good morning, Redmond.\" \"", "Good morning, Captain.\" \"", "I should like you to meet my uncle, the Minister of Police.\" \"", "Good morning, Herr Minister.\" \"", "Redmond I've spoken to the Minister regarding your services and your fortune is made.\" \"", "We shall get you out of the Army appoint you to the Police Bureau, and, in time we'll allow you to move in a better sphere.\" \"", "Thank you, Captain.\" \"", "Your loyalty to me and service to the Regiment has pleased me.\" \"", "Now there is another occasion on which you can assist us.\" \"", "If you succeed your reward will be secure.\" \"", "I'll do my best, sir.\" \"", "There is a gentleman in Berlin in the service of the Empress of Austria.\" \"", "He calls himself the Chevalier de Balibari.\" \"", "He appears to be a professional gambler.\" \"", "He's a libertine:\" \"Fond of women, of good food polished, obliging.\" \"", "He speaks French and German indifferently.\" \"", "But we have reason to fancy that Monsieur de Balibari is a native of your country of Ireland.\" \"", "And that he has come here as a spy.\" \"", "Your knowledge of English makes you an ideal choice to go into his service and find out whether or not he is a spy.\" \"", "Does this assignment interest you?\" \"", "Minister, I'm interested in anything that can be of service to you and Captain Potzdorf.\" \"", "You will not know a word of English.\" \"", "If the Chevalier remarks on your accent, say you are Hungarian.\" \"", "You served in the war.\" \"", "You left the Army for medical reasons then served Monsieur de Quellenberg for two years.\" \"", "He's now with the Army in Silesia, but you'll have a certificate from him.\" \"", "Good morning, Your Honour.\" \"", "So you are the young man recommended by Seebach.\" \"", "Yes, Your Honour, here are my credentials.\" \"", "Your name is Lazlo Zilagy?\" \"", "Yes, Your Honour.\" \"", "Monsieur de Quellenberg recommends you highly.\" \"", "Monsieur is a very good man.\" \"", "It was imprudent of him but when Barry saw the Chevalier's splendour and noble manner he felt unable to keep disguise with him.\" \"", "Those who have never been exiled know not what it is to hear a friendly voice in captivity and would not understand the cause of the burst of feeling now about to take place.\" \"", "You seem the right one to me.\" \"", "Thank you, Your Honour.\" \"", "Are you ill?\" \"", "Sir I have a confession to make to you.\" \"", "I'm an Irishman.\" \"", "My name is Redmond Barry.\" \"", "I was abducted into the Prussian Army.\" \"", "Now I've been put into your service by my Captain Potzdorf and his uncle, the Minister of Police to serve as a watch upon your...actions and to give information to them.\" \"", "The Chevalier was much affected at thus finding one of his countrymen.\" \"", "For he too was an exile.\" \"", "And a friendly voice, a look brought the old country back to his memory.\" \"", "He is very religious and attends church regularly.\" \"", "After Mass he comes home for breakfast.\" \"", "He then takes an airing in his carriage.\" \"", "Barry presented his reports regularly to the Minister.\" \"", "The details were arranged beforehand with the Chevalier.\" \"", "He was instructed to tell the truth as much as his story would possibly bear.\" \"", "The information he gave was very minute and accurate though not very important.\" \"", "Wine or punch, Your Honour?\" \"", "Wine.\" \"", "It was agreed that Barry should keep his character of valet.\" \"", "That, before strangers, he should not know a word of English.\" \"", "And that he should keep a lookout on the trumps when serving the wine.\" \"", "Having excellent eyesight and a natural aptitude he was able to give his dear patron much assistance against his opponents at the green table.\" \"", "If, for instance, he wiped the table with a napkin the enemy was strong in Diamonds.\" \"", "If he adjusted a chair it meant Ace King.\" \"", "If he said, \"Punch or wine, My Lord?\" ", "Hearts were meant, and so forth.\" \"", "The Prince of Tubingen who had intimate connections with the Great Frederick was passionately fond of play as were the gentlemen of almost all the Courts of Europe.\" \"", "You owe 15,500 frederick d'or.\" \"", "Chevalier though I cannot say how I believe you have cheated me.\" \"", "I deny Your Grace's accusation and beg you to say how you have been cheated.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "But I believe I have been.\" \"", "Your Grace owes me 15,500 frederick d'or which I have honourably won.\" \"", "Chevalier if you will have your money now you must fight for it.\" \"", "If you will be patient maybe I will pay you something another time.\" \"", "Your Grace, if I am to be so tame as to take this then I must give up an honourable and lucrative occupation.\" \"", "I have said all there is to be said.\" \"", "I am at your disposal for whatever purposes you wish.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Was the Prince cheated?\" \"", "In as far as I am able to tell, Herr Minister, no.\" \"", "I believe he won the money fairly.\" \"", "What are the Chevalier's intentions?\" \"", "I'm not sure.\" \"", "The Prince told him that if he wanted his money he'd have to fight for it.\" \"", "A meeting with the Prince is impossible.\" \"", "The Prince has left him no other choice.\" \"", "Will you be able to return here tomorrow without arousing suspicion?\" \"", "I know they won't allow a meeting with the Prince.\" \"", "But if I say that, do you know any reason why he'll pay me what he owes?\" \"", "You must tell them I intend to demand satisfaction.\" \"", "Don't look so downcast, my boy.\" \"", "They cannot harm me, the Austrian Embassy will see to that.\" \"", "The worst they can do is send me out of this dreary country of theirs.\" \"", "If they should, don't worry you shall not be left behind.\" \"", "Have no fear of that.\" \"", "The King has determined to send the Chevalier out of the country.\" \"", "Has he already demanded satisfaction?\" \"", "Not yet, but I believe he intends to possibly today.\" \"", "Then this must be done tomorrow.\" \"", "All the arrangements are made.\" \"", "You said he takes a drive after breakfast every day.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "is there any reason he should do any different tomorrow?\" \"", "No, sir.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "When the Chevalier comes out to his carriage in the morning two Officers will meet him and escort him to the frontier.\" \"", "His baggage will be sent after him.\" \"", "Excellent.\" \"", "At ten o'clock the next morning the Chevalier de Balibari went out for his regular morning drive.\" \"", "Where's my servant, Lazlo?\" \"", "I will let down the steps, Your Honour.\" \"", "What is this about?\" \"", "Please get inside.\" \"", "Am I under arrest?\" \"", "We're driving to the frontier.\" \"", "Frontier?\" \"", "But I'm on my way to the Austrian Ambassador's house.\" \"", "My orders are to escort you to the frontier and see you safely across the border.\" \"", "But, I'm not going to the frontier.\" \"", "I have very important business at the Austrian Ambassador's house.\" \"", "My orders are to take Your Honour to the frontier by any means necessary.\" \"", "If you come willingly I'm to give you this purse on behalf of the Prince of Tubingen containing 2,000 frederick d'or.\" \"", "All Europe shall hear of this.\" \"", "And so, without papers or passport and under the eyes of two Prussian Officers Barry was escorted across the frontier into Saxony and freedom.\" \"", "The Chevalier himself had uneventfully crossed the frontier the night before.\" \"", "By these wonderful circumstances, Barry was once more free and began his professional work as a gamester resolving, thenceforward and forever, to live the life of a gentleman.\" \"", "The four wins.\" \"", "Soon he and the Chevalier were received in all the Courts of Europe and were speedily in the very best society where play was patronized and professors of that science always welcome.\" \"", "The seven.\" \"", "Why not the seven?\" \"", "All...all, yes.\" \"", "No more bets.\" \"", "Number seven loses.\" \"", "Place your bets.\" \"", "Chevalier, will you give me credit for 5,000 louis d'or, please?\" \"", "Of course, Lord Ludd.\" \"", "Five thousand.\" \"", "Now, everything on the four.\" \"", "Yes, I know, everything on the four.\" \"", "No more bets.\" \"", "The four loses.\" \"", "It is not important.\" \"", "Now, I'm weary.\" \"", "I would like dinner.\" \"", "Shall we?\" \"", "Excuse me, Lord Ludd.\" \"", "If you don't mind.\" \"", "Not at all.\" \"", "They always played on credit with any person of honour or noble lineage.\" \"", "They never pressed for their winnings or declined to receive promissory notes.\" \"", "But woe to the man who did not pay when the note became due.\" \"", "Barry was sure to wait upon him with his bill.\" \"", "There were few bad debts.\" \"", "Salute.\" \"", "It was Barry's skill with the sword, and readiness to use it that maintained the reputation of the firm, so to speak.\" \"", "On guard!\" \"", "I will pay you today, sir.\" \"", "Thus, it will be seen, their life for all its splendour, was not without danger and difficulty requiring talent and determination for success.\" \"", "And required them to live a wandering and disconnected life.\" \"", "And, though they were swimming upon the high tide of fortune and prospering with the cards, they had little to show for their labour but some fine clothes and a few trinkets.\" \"", "Five years in the Army, and considerable experience of the world had dispelled any romantic notions regarding love with which Barry commenced life.\" \"", "And he had it in mind, as many gentlemen had done before him to marry a woman of fortune and condition.\" \"", "And, as such things so often happen these thoughts coincided with his setting sight upon a lady who will play a considerable part in the drama of his life.\" \"", "The Countess of Lyndon Viscountess Bullingdon of England Baroness Castle Lyndon of Ireland.\" \"", "A woman of vast wealth and great beauty.\" \"", "She was the wife of Sir Charles Lyndon Knight of the Bath Minister to George III at several of the Courts of Europe.\" \"", "A cripple, wheeled about in a chair worn out by gout and a myriad of diseases.\" \"", "Her Ladyship's Chaplain, Mr. Runt acted as tutor to her son, the little Viscount Bullingdon a melancholy little boy, much attached to his mother.\" \"", "I'm going outside for a breath of air.\" \"", "Yes, My Lady.\" \"", "To make a long story short six hours after they met...\" \"Her Ladyship was in love.\" \"", "And once Barry got into her company he found innumerable occasions to improve his intimacy and was scarcely out of Her Ladyship's sight.\" \"", "Good evening, gentlemen.\" \"", "Sir Charles.\" \"", "Good evening, Mr. Barry.\" \"", "Have you done with my Lady?\" \"", "Pardon?\" \"", "Come, sir. ", "I'm a man who would rather be known as a cuckold than a fool.\" \"", "I think, Sir Charles, that you've had too much to drink.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "As it happens, your Chaplain, Mr. Runt, introduced me to your Lady to advise me on a religious matter, of which she is an expert.\" \"", "He wants...to step into my shoes.\" \"", "He wants to step into my shoes.\" \"", "is it not a pleasure for me, as I am drawing near the goal to find my home such a happy one my wife so fond of me, that she is even now thinking of appointing a successor?\" \"", "Isn't it a comfort to see her like a prudent housewife getting everything ready for my departure?\" \"", "I hope you're not thinking of leaving us, Sir Charles?\" \"", "Not so soon as you may fancy, perhaps.\" \"", "I've been given over many times these four years.\" \"", "And there was always a candidate or two waiting to apply for the situation.\" \"", "I'm sorry for you, Mr. Barry.\" \"", "It grieves me to keep you or any gentleman waiting.\" \"", "Had you not better arrange with my doctor or have the cook flavour my omelette with arsenic, eh?\" \"", "What are the odds, gentlemen, that I live to see Mr. Barry hang yet?\" \"", "Sir, let those laugh that win.\" \"", "Gentlemen.\" \"", "I'll get a surgeon.\" \"", "Have some brandy, Sir Charles.\" \"", "From a report in The Saint James' Chronicle:\" \"\"Died at Spa in Belgium...\" \"\"...\" \"Sir Charles Reginald Lyndon...\" \"\"...\" \"Knight of the Bath, Member of Parliament...\" \"\"...and for many years...\" \"\"...\" \"His Majesty's Representative at various European Courts.\" \"\"", "He has left behind him a name which is endeared to all his friends.\"\" \"\"", "Dearly beloved...\" \"\"...we are gathered together here in the sight of God...\" \"\"...and in the face of this congregation...\" \"\"...to join together this man and this woman in holy matrimony.\"\" \"", "A year later, on the fifteenth of June in the year 1773 Redmond Barry had the honour to lead to the altar the Countess of Lyndon.\" \"", "The ceremony was performed by the Reverend Runt, Her Ladyship's Chaplain.\" \"\"", "And therefore is not in any way to be enterprised...\" \"\"...nor taken in hand unadvisedly...\" \"\"...\" \"lightly or wantonly...\" \"\"...to satisfy men's carnal lusts and appetites...\" \"\"...\" \"like brute beasts that have no understanding.\" \"\"", "But reverently...\" \"\"...discreetly...\" \"\"...advisedly...\" \"\"...soberly...\" \"\"...and in the fear of God.\" \"\"", "Duly considering the causes for which matrimony was ordained.\" \"\"", "First...\" \"\"...it was ordained for the procreation of children to be brought up...\" \"\"...in the fear and nurture of the Lord, and to the praise of His holy name.\" \"\"", "Secondly...\" \"\"...it was ordained for a remedy against sin, and to avoid fornication.\"\" \"", "Barry had now arrived at the pitch of prosperity and by his own energy had raised himself to a higher sphere of society having procured His Majesty's gracious permission to add the name of his lovely Lady to his own.\" \"", "Thenceforth, Redmond Barry assumed the style and title of Barry Lyndon.\" \"", "Redmond, would you mind not smoking for a while?\" \"", "Lady Lyndon was soon destined to occupy a place in Barry's life not very much more important than the elegant carpets and pictures which would form the pleasant background of his existence.\" \"", "My Lord Bullingdon, you seem particularly glum today?\" \"", "You should be happy that your mother has remarried.\" \"", "Not in this way.\" \"", "And not in such haste.\" \"", "And certainly not to this man.\" \"", "I think you judge your mother too harshly.\" \"", "Do you not like your new father?\" \"", "Not very much.\" \"", "He seems to me little more than a common opportunist.\" \"", "I don't think he loves my mother at all.\" \"", "And it hurts me to see her make such a fool of herself.\" \"", "At the end of a year Her Ladyship presented Barry with a son.\" \"", "Bryan Patrick Lyndon, they called him.\" \"", "Her Ladyship and Barry lived, after a while, pretty separate.\" \"", "She preferred quiet, or to say the truth, he preferred it for her being a great friend to a modest and tranquil behaviour in woman.\" \"", "Besides, she was a mother, and would have great comfort in the dressing, educating and dandling of their little Bryan.\" \"", "For whose sake it was fit, Barry believed that she should give up the pleasures and frivolities of the world leaving that part of the duty of every family of distinction to be performed by him.\" \"", "Lady Lyndon tended to a melancholy and maudlin temper and, left alone by her husband, was rarely happy or in good humour.\" \"", "Now she must add jealousy to her other complaints and find rivals even among her maids.\" \"", "Samuel, what would the time be?\" \"", "Twenty-five minutes past eleven, My Lady.\" \"", "Shall we make this the last game, ladies?\" \"", "Good morning, ladies.\" \"", "Would you mind excusing us?\" \"", "I'd like a word alone with Lady Lyndon.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "This coat is made of the finest velvet all cunningly worked with silver thread.\" \"", "No finer velvet has ever been woven, and you will see none better anywhere.\" \"", "Pardon me, gentlemen.\" \"", "Good morning, dearest.\" \"", "We're taking the children for a ride to the village.\" \"", "We'll be back for tea.\" \"", "Have a nice time. ", "I'll see you then.\" \"", "Goodbye, little Bryan.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon.\" \"", "Take good care of your mother.\" \"", "Come now, give your father a proper kiss.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon is that the way to behave to your father?\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon, have you lost your tongue?\" \"", "My father was Sir Charles Lyndon.\" \"", "I have not forgotten him, if others have.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon, you have insulted your father!\" \"", "Madam, you have insulted my father.\" \"", "Dearest, would you excuse us?\" \"", "We have something to discuss in private.\" \"", "Gentlemen.\" \"", "One.\" \"", "Two.\" \"", "Six.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon I have always been willing to live with you on friendly terms.\" \"", "But be clear about one thing:\" \"As men serve me, I serve them.\" \"", "I never laid a cane on the back of a Lord before but, if you force me to, I shall speedily become used to the practice.\" \"", "Do you have anything to say for yourself?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You may go.\" \"", "Barry believed, and not without some reason, that it had been a declaration of war against him by Bullingdon from the start and that the evil consequences that ensued were entirely of Bullingdon's creating.\" \"", "I shall make you into a real magician now, Bryan.\" \"", "I shall show you the knot that never was.\" \"", "As Bullingdon grew up to be a man his hatred for Barry assumed an intensity equalled only by his increased devotion to his mother.\" \"", "Very good, Bryan.\" \"", "A little bow.\" \"", "Put it on the table for me.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "For Bryan's eighth birthday the local nobility, gentry and their children came to pay their respects.\" \"", "The inside and outside are quite empty.\" \"", "Wave your hand over the top.\" \"", "is there anything there?\" \"", "Wonderful!\" \"", "Wonderful, colourful silk handkerchiefs!\" \"", "Take a bow, Bryan, you did that beautifully.\" \"", "Very good.\" \"", "Let's see if you have something behind your ear.\" \"", "Yes, you have.\" \"", "A little ball.\" \"", "Let's make it vanish.\" \"", "It's gone.\" \"", "Here it is, behind my elbow.\" \"", "Wave your hand over my green silk handkerchief and see if we can produce a magic flower. ", "I wonder if we can?\" \"", "Here it comes.\" \"", "The colours of the rainbow.\" \"", "You know all the colours of the rainbow produce but one colour, Bryan.\" \"", "Nothing in my magic cabinet.\" \"", "They produce the colour...white.\" \"", "And there is my own beautiful white rabbit.\" \"", "Bryan, you have done very well.\" \"", "A little bow.\" \"", "We crept up on their fort, and I jumped over the wall first.\" \"", "My fellows jumped after me.\" \"", "You should have seen the Frenchmen's faces when 23 rampaging he-devils sword and pistol, cut and thrust, came tumbling into their fort.\" \"", "In three minutes we left as many Artillery men's heads as there were cannon balls.\" \"", "Later we were visited by our noble Prince Henry.\" \"\"", "Who is the man who has done this?\" ", "l stepped forward.\" \"\"", "How many heads was it that you cut off?\" ", "He says.\" \"\"", "Nineteen,\" says I, \"besides wounding several.\"\" \"", "Well, I'll be blessed, if he didn't burst into tears.\" \"\"", "Noble, noble fellow,\" he said.\" \"\"", "Here is nineteen golden guineas, one for each head that you cut off.\"\" \"", "What do you think of that?\" \"", "Were you allowed to keep the heads?\" \"", "No, they always become the property of the King.\" \"", "Will you tell me another story?\" \"", "I'll tell you one tomorrow.\" \"", "Will you play cards with me tomorrow?\" \"", "Of course I will.\" \"", "Now go to sleep.\" \"", "Will you keep the candles lit?\" \"", "Bryan, big boys don't sleep with the candles lit.\" \"", "I'm afraid of the dark.\" \"", "My darling, there's nothing to be afraid of.\" \"", "But, I like it with the candles lit.\" \"", "All right, you can sleep with the candles lit.\" \"", "Thank you, Papa.\" \"", "Good night.\" \"", "Ah, Redmond!\" \"", "It's a blessing to see my darling boy has attained a position I knew was his due.\" \"", "And for which I pinched myself to educate him.\" \"", "Little Bryan is a darling boy and you live in great splendour.\" \"", "Your lady wife knows she has a treasure she couldn't have had, had she married a Duke.\" \"", "But, if she should tire of my wild Redmond and his old-fashioned Irish ways or if she should die what future would there be for my son, and my grandson?\" \"", "You have not a penny of your own and cannot transact any business without her signature.\" \"", "Upon her death the entire estate would go to young Bullingdon who bears you little affection.\" \"", "You could be penniless tomorrow and darling Bryan at the mercy of his stepbrother.\" \"", "Shall I tell you something?\" \"", "There is only one way for you and your son to have real security.\" \"", "You must obtain a title.\" \"", "I shall not rest until I see you Lord Lyndon.\" \"", "You have important friends.\" \"", "They can tell you how these things are done.\" \"", "For money, well-timed and properly applied can accomplish anything.\" \"", "And Barry was acquainted with someone who knew how these things were done.\" \"", "This was the distinguished Barrister and former Government Minister Lord Hallam whose acquaintance he had made, like so many others, at the gaming table.\" \"", "Do you happen to know the Thirteenth Earl of Wendover?\" \"", "I don't believe I do.\" \"", "Well, this nobleman is one of the Gentlemen of His Majesty's Closet with whom our revered Monarch is on terms of considerable intimacy.\" \"", "In my opinion, you would be wise to fix upon him your chief reliance for the advancement of your claim to the peerage.\" \"", "When I take up a person, Mr. Lyndon, he, or she, is safe.\" \"", "There is no question about them anymore.\" \"", "My friends are the best people.\" \"", "I don't mean they're the most virtuous or, indeed, the least virtuous, or the cleverest or the stupidest, richest or best born.\" \"", "But, the best.\" \"", "In a word, people about whom there is no question.\" \"", "I cannot promise how long it will take.\" \"", "You can appreciate it is not an easy matter.\" \"", "But, any gentleman with an estate, and 30,000 a year should have a peerage.\" \"", "And there standing behind me was a total stranger.\" \"", "I looked at him, and he said to me:\" \"\"Excuse me, sir, could you tell me, is Lord Wendover alive or dead?\"\" \"", "I was so astonished, I couldn't think of what to say.\" \"", "Then I became angry, and said to him, \"He's dead.\"\" \"", "The striving after this peerage was one of Barry's most unlucky dealings.\" \"", "He made great sacrifices to bring it about.\" \"", "He lavished money here, and diamonds there.\" \"", "He bought lands at ten times their value purchased pictures and articles of virtue at ruinous prices.\" \"", "He gave entertainments to those friends to his claim all, being about the Royal person, were likely to advance it.\" \"", "And, I can tell you, bribes were administered.\" \"", "And in high places, too.\" \"", "So near the person of His Majesty that you would be astonished to know what great noblemen condescended to receive his loans.\" \"", "This is by Ludovico Cordi a disciple of Alessandro Allori.\" \"", "It's dated 1605 and shows, \"The Adoration of The Magi.\"\" \"", "It's beautiful.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "I love the use of the colour blue by the artist.\" \"", "Yes, that is very beautiful.\" \"", "What is the price of this one?\" \"", "Well, this is one of my best pictures.\" \"", "But, if you really like it, I'm sure we can come to some arrangement.\" \"", "Lord Wendover, Your Majesty.\" \"", "I'm glad to see you here today, Lord Wendover.\" \"", "What news of Lady Wendover?\" \"", "Thank you, Your Majesty.\" \"", "Lady Wendover is much better.\" \"", "Good!\" \"", "Present my compliments to her.\" \"", "Say we miss her company here.\" \"", "And what of those excellent boys of yours?\" \"", "They're well.\" \"", "Charles has gone to sea under Captain Geary on the Ramillies.\" \"", "John has gone to Oxford to learn how to preach and pray.\" \"", "Good, good!\" \"", "Your Majesty, may I present Mr. Barry Lyndon.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon.\" \"", "We were very fond of Sir Charles Lyndon.\" \"", "And how is Lady Lyndon?\" \"", "She's very well, Your Majesty.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon raised a company of troops to fight in America against the rebels.\" \"", "Good, Mr. Lyndon.\" \"", "Raise another company and go with them, too.\" \"", "Barry was born clever enough at gaining a fortune but incapable of keeping one.\" \"", "For the qualities and energies which lead a man to achieve the first are often the very cause of his ruin in the latter case.\" \"", "Now he was burdened with the harassing cares and responsibilities which are the dismal adjuncts of great rank and property.\" \"", "And his life now seemed to consist mostly of drafts of letters to lawyers and money-brokers and endless correspondence with decorators and cooks.\" \"", "Gentlemen, I'm going to leave you for a few minutes.\" \"", "Carry on with your work.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Bully.\" \"", "What does \"strenuous\" mean?\" \"", "Bryan, I'm trying to work.\" \"", "But what does it mean?\" \"", "It means \"an effort requiring strength.\"\" \"", "What does \"quadrangle\" mean?\" \"", "A quadrangle is a four-sided figure like a square or a rectangle.\" \"", "Now, please be quiet, and let me get on with my work.\" \"", "Bryan, please be quiet!\" \"", "Have you seen my pencil?\" \"", "No, I haven't.\" \"", "Bryan, please stop making so much noise.\" \"", "That's my pencil.\" \"", "No, it isn't.\" \"", "It is. ", "lt's my pencil!\" \"", "I've had this all morning.\" \"", "It's my pencil!\" \"", "Listen, will you be quiet!\" \"", "It's my pencil!\" \"", "I'll teach you a lesson.\" \"", "What the devil's going on in here?\" \"", "I told you never to lay a hand on this child.\" \"", "One.\" \"", "Two.\" \"", "Six.\" \"", "Will that be all, Mr. Redmond Barry?\" \"", "Yes, that will be all.\" \"", "Well then, look you now.\" \"", "From this moment, I will submit to no further chastisement from you.\" \"", "I will kill you, if you lay hands on me ever again.\" \"", "is that clear to you, sir?\" \"", "Get out of here!\" \"", "Don't you think he fits my shoes very well, Your Ladyship?\" \"", "Dear child what a pity it is I'm not dead, for your sake.\" \"", "The Lyndons would then have a worthy representative and enjoy all the benefits of the illustrious blood of the Barrys of Barryville.\" \"", "Would they not Mr. Redmond Barry?\" \"", "From the way I love this child you ought to know how I would've loved his elder brother had he proved worthy of any mother's affection.\" \"", "Madam !\" \"", "I have borne as long as mortal could endure the ill-treatment of the insolent Irish upstart whom you've taken to your bed.\" \"", "It is not only his lowly birth and the brutality of his manners which disgust me.\" \"", "But the shameful nature of his conduct toward Your Ladyship his brutal and ungentlemanlike behaviour his open infidelity his shameless robberies and swindling of my property, and yours.\" \"", "And as I cannot personally chastise this low-bred ruffian, and cannot bear to witness his treatment of you and loathe his company as if it were the plague I have decided to leave my home and never return.\" \"", "At least, during his detested life or during my own.\" \"", "Will anyone be joining Your Lordship?\" \"", "No, I shall be alone.\" \"", "The roast beef's very good, My Lord.\" \"", "Hello, Neville.\" \"", "How are you?\" \"", "Ah, Barry.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "I see you're alone.\" \"", "Why don't you join me?\" \"", "Oh, thank you, Barry, you're very kind, but I'm expecting someone to join me.\" \"", "What a shame!\" \"", "Lady Lyndon and I have missed your company lately.\" \"", "Please give my respects to Lady Lyndon and say I've been very busy of late and not been able to go about much.\" \"", "I shall.\" \"", "The eighth of next month we're having some guests over for cards we'd love to have you and Lady Wendover join us.\" \"", "I'll check my diary, but I think I'm engaged on that evening.\" \"", "I hope you're not engaged.\" \"", "We'd love to see you again.\" \"", "I'll write and say if I'm free or not.\" \"", "I look forward to hearing from you.\" \"", "It's nice to see you again.\" \"", "If he had murdered Lord Bullingdon Barry could scarcely have been received with more coldness and resentment that now followed him in town and country.\" \"", "His friends fell away from him.\" \"", "A legend arose of his cruelty to his stepson.\" \"", "Now all the bills came down on him together.\" \"", "All the bills he had been contracting for the years of his marriage and which the creditors sent in with a hasty unanimity.\" \"", "Their amount was frightful.\" \"", "Barry was now bound up in an inextricable toil of bills and debts of mortgages and insurances, and all the evils attendant upon them.\" \"", "Lady Lyndon's income was hampered almost irretrievably to satisfy these claims.\" \"", "Do you think that's good?\" \"", "Excellent.\" \"", "Who's this?\" \"", "It's a peacock on the wall.\" \"", "What's it say?\" \"", "I saw this bird yesterday.\" \"", "Who's that?\" \"", "Mama in her coach.\" \"", "is she going to London?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Barry had his faults but no man could say of him that he was not a good and tender father.\" \"", "He loved his son with a blind partiality.\" \"", "He denied him nothing.\" \"", "It is impossible to convey what high hopes he had for the boy and how he indulged in a thousand fond anticipations as to his future success and figure in the world.\" \"", "But fate had determined that he should leave none of his race behind him that he should finish his life poor, lonely and childless.\" \"", "Papa.\" \"", "Yes, Bryan?\" \"", "Will you buy me a horse?\" \"", "Buy you a horse?\" \"", "Yes, Papa.\" \"", "But you already have little Julia.\" \"", "She's only a pony, I want a real horse.\" \"", "Then I can ride with you on the hunt.\" \"", "You think you're big enough for the hunt?\" \"", "Oh, yes!\" \"", "Jonathan Plunkett is only a year older than I am and he rides with his papa.\" \"", "I'll have to think about it.\" \"", "Please, say yes.\" \"", "There's nothing I want in the whole world more than a horse.\" \"", "I'll think about it.\" \"", "Oh, thank you, Papa.\" \"", "Thank you!\" \"", "How much are you asking for him?\" \"", "One hundred guineas.\" \"", "He's a nice little horse, but I don't think he's worth that.\" \"", "Seventy-five seems more like the right price.\" \"", "I'll accept eighty guineas, and not a shilling less.\" \"", "Five guineas should never keep two gentlemen from their drink.\" \"", "Eighty then.\" \"", "Done, sir.\" \"", "Take the horse to Doolan's farm.\" \"", "Tell him he needs a bit of breaking in.\" \"", "Say it's for Master Bryan's birthday, and I want it to be a surprise.\" \"", "And remember that yourself.\" \"", "Papa.\" \"", "What is it, lad?\" \"", "Did you buy that horse?\" \"", "What horse is that?\" \"", "The horse you were going to buy me for my birthday.\" \"", "I know nothing about any horse.\" \"", "But one of the stable boys told Nelly you'd already bought it and it was at Doolan's farm where Mick the groom was breaking it in.\" \"", "is that true?\" \"", "When is your birthday?\" \"", "Next Tuesday.\" \"", "Well, you'll have to wait till then to find out.\" \"", "Then, it's true!\" \"", "Oh, thank you, Papa.\" \"", "Yes, Mama?\" \"", "Promise me you won't ride that horse except with your father.\" \"", "Yes, Mama, I promise.\" \"", "And I promise you a good flogging if you even go to Doolan's farm to see him before your birthday.\" \"", "Yes, Papa.\" \"", "You understand?\" \"", "Yes, Papa.\" \"", "You promise me?\" \"", "Yes, Papa, I promise.\" \"", "All right, eat your food.\" \"", "I'm sorry to trouble you, Mr. Lyndon but I believe Master Bryan has disobeyed you and stolen away to Doolan's farm.\" \"", "On going to his room this morning, I found his bed empty.\" \"", "One of the cooks saw him cross the yard at daybreak.\" \"", "Didn't you see him go?\" \"", "He must have passed through my room while I was asleep.\" \"", "Oh, my God!\" \"", "What has happened here?\" \"", "I noticed the lad riding across the field, sir and having trouble with the horse, which was playing up.\" \"", "Suddenly the animal plunged and reared, and the poor lad was thrown.\" \"", "Oh, Bryan, why did you disobey me?\" \"", "I'm sorry, Papa.\" \"", "You won't whip me, will you?\" \"", "No, my darling.\" \"", "I won't whip you.\" \"", "Take my horse and ride like the Devil for Doctor Broughton.\" \"", "Tell him whatever he's doing he must come at once.\" \"", "Understand?\" \"", "The doctors were called.\" \"", "But what does a doctor avail in a contest with the grim invincible enemy?\" \"", "Such as came could only confirm the hopelessness of the poor child's case.\" \"", "He remained with his parents for two days.\" \"", "And a sad comfort it was to know that he was in no pain.\" \"", "Papa.\" \"", "Am I going to die?\" \"", "No, my darling, you're not going to die.\" \"", "You're going to get better.\" \"", "But I can't feel anything, except in my hands.\" \"", "Does that mean I'm already dead in part of my body?\" \"", "No, my darling, that's where you were hurt by the horse.\" \"", "But you're going to be all right.\" \"", "Papa, if I die, will I go to heaven?\" \"", "Of course you will, my darling but you're not going to die.\" \"", "Mama, give me your hand.\" \"", "Papa, give me your hand.\" \"", "Will you both promise me something?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Promise me never to quarrel so.\" \"", "But to love each other.\" \"", "So that we may meet again, in heaven where Bullingdon said quarrelsome people will never go.\" \"", "We promise.\" \"", "Will you tell me the story about the fort?\" \"", "Of course.\" \"", "We crept up on the fort.\" \"", "I jumped over the wall first, and my fellows jumped after me.\" \"", "And you should have seen the look on the Frenchmen's faces when 23 he-devils, sword and pistol cut and thrust, came tumbling into the fort.\" \"", "In three minutes we left....\" \"\"'l am the resurrection and the life,' saith the Lord.\" \"\"'", "He that believeth in me, though he were dead...\" \"\"'...yet shall he live.\" \"\"'", "And whosoever liveth and believeth in me...\" \"\"'...shall never die.'\" \"\"", "l know that my Redeemer liveth...\" \"\"...and that He shall stand at the latter day upon the earth.\" \"\"", "And though after my skin worms destroy this body...\" \"\"...yet in my flesh shall I see God.\" \"\"", "Whom I shall see for myself and mine eyes shall behold...\" \"\"...and not another.\" \"\"", "We brought nothing into this world...\" \"\"...and it is certain we can carry nothing out.\" \"\"", "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away.\" \"\"", "Blessed is the name of the Lord.\"\" \"", "Barry's grief was inconsolable.\" \"", "Such solace as he could find, came only from drink.\" \"", "His mother was the only person who would remain faithful to him in his misfortune.\" \"", "And many a night, when he was unconscious of her attention saw him carried off to bed.\" \"\"", "O blessed Lord...\" \"\"...the Father of mercies and God of all comforts.\" \"\"", "We beseech Thee, look down in pity and compassion upon this...\" \"\"...\" \"Thy afflicted servant.\" \"\"", "Thou writest bitter things against her...\" \"\"...and makest her to possess her former iniquities.\"\" \"", "Her Ladyship, always vapourish and nervous plunged into devotion with so much fervour, that you would have imagined her distracted at times.\" \"", "In the doleful conditions which now prevailed at Castle Hackton management of the household, and of the Lyndon estate fell to Mrs. Barry, whose spirit of order attended to all the details of a great establishment.\" \"", "You wish to see me, madam?\" \"", "Yes, Reverend.\" \"", "Please sit down.\" \"", "I have some matters I would like to discuss later, Graham but just now would you go to Her Ladyship and have her sign these papers.\" \"", "Yes, madam.\" \"", "Reverend Runt I need not tell you that the recent tragedy to this family has made the services of a tutor no longer required here.\" \"", "And as we are in considerable difficulty about money I'm afraid I must ask you, with the greatest reluctance to resign your post.\" \"", "Madam, I'm sensible to your predicament and you need have no concern about my wages, I can willingly forego them but it is out of the question for me to leave Her Ladyship in her present state.\" \"", "I'm sorry to say this to you but I believe you are largely responsible for her present state of mind.\" \"", "The sooner you leave, the better she will be.\" \"", "Madam, with the greatest respect I take my instructions only from Her Ladyship.\" \"", "Reverend Runt Her Ladyship is in no fit mind to give instructions to anyone.\" \"", "My son has charged me with managing the affairs at Castle Hackton until he recovers from his grief and resumes his interest in worldly matters.\" \"", "While I'm in charge you'll take your instructions from me.\" \"", "My only concern is for Lady Lyndon.\" \"", "Madam your only concern is for Her Ladyship's signature.\" \"", "You and your son have almost succeeded in destroying a fine family fortune.\" \"", "And what little remains for you depends on keeping Her Ladyship prisoner in her own home.\" \"", "Reverend Runt this matter bears no further discussion.\" \"", "You will pack your bags and leave by tomorrow.\" \"", "God, help.\" \"", "Help!\" \"", "In the midst of these great perplexities Her Ladyship made an attempt to kill herself by taking poison.\" \"", "Though she only made herself dangerously ill due to the very small amount which she swallowed this, nevertheless, caused an intervention from a certain quarter which was long overdue.\" \"", "Oh, my God!\" \"", "If my mother had died it would've been as much my responsibility as if I had poured the strychnine for her myself.\" \"", "For to the everlasting disgrace of my family name I have, by my cowardice, and by my weakness allowed the Barrys to establish a brutal and ignorant tyranny over our lives which has left my mother a broken woman and to squander and ruin a fine family fortune.\" \"", "My friends profess sympathy, but behind my back I know I am despised.\" \"", "And quite justifiably so.\" \"", "However I know now what I must do.\" \"", "And what I shall do.\" \"", "Whatever be the cost.\" \"", "Good morning, My Lord.\" \"", "Good morning.\" \"", "is Mr. Barry Lyndon here?\" \"", "Yes, My Lord, he's inside.\" \"", "Mr. Redmond Barry.\" \"", "The last occasion on which we met you wantonly caused me injury and dishonour.\" \"", "In such a manner, and to such an extent no gentleman can willingly suffer without demanding satisfaction however much time intervenes.\" \"", "I have now come to claim that satisfaction.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon these are a matched pair of pistols, and as you have seen your second has loaded one, and I have loaded the other.\" \"", "As they belong to Lord Bullingdon, you may have whichever one you wish.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon.\" \"", "Now, gentlemen, to determine who will have first fire I will toss a coin in the air.\" \"", "As the offended party, it is Lord Bullingdon's choice to call the toss.\" \"", "is that agreeable to both of you?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "If Lord Bullingdon calls correctly he will have the first fire.\" \"", "If incorrectly, Mr. Lyndon will have the first fire.\" \"", "is that clearly understood?\" \"", "What is your call, Lord Bullingdon?\" \"", "Heads.\" \"", "It is heads.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon will have the first fire.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon will you take your ground?\" \"", "One...two...three four...five...six seven...eight...nine...ten.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon, will you take your ground?\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon, are you ready to receive Lord Bullingdon's fire?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon cock your pistol and prepare to fire.\" \"", "Sir Richard, this pistol must be faulty.\" \"", "I must have another one.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Lord Bullingdon, but you must first stand your ground and allow Mr. Lyndon his turn to fire.\" \"", "That is correct, Lord Bullingdon.\" \"", "Your pistol has fired, and that counts as your shot.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon, are the rules of firing clear to you?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon are you ready to receive Mr. Lyndon's fire?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Very well, then.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon cock your pistol and prepare to fire.\" \"", "Are you ready, Lord Bullingdon?\" \"", "is your pistol cocked, Mr. Lyndon?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Then prepare to fire.\" \"", "One two....\" \"Lord Bullingdon, in view of Mr. Lyndon having fired into the ground do you now consider that you have received satisfaction?\" \"", "I have not received satisfaction.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon, are you ready?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon cock your pistol and get ready to fire.\" \"", "One two....\" \"Barry was carried to an inn nearby and a surgeon was called.\" \"", "I'm nearly finished.\" \"", "I'm sorry to have to tell you this, Mr. Lyndon.\" \"", "I'm afraid you'll have to lose the leg most likely below the knee.\" \"", "Lose the leg?\" \"", "What for?\" \"", "The simple answer is to save your life.\" \"", "The ball has shattered the bone below the knee and severed the artery.\" \"", "Unless I amputate, there's no way that I can repair the artery and stop the hemorrhage.\" \"", "Graham.\" \"", "Yes, My Lord?\" \"", "When we arrive at Castle Hackton, inform Mrs. Barry of what has happened.\" \"", "Don't go into any unnecessary detail.\" \"", "Just tell her where he is and that he has been wounded in the leg.\" \"", "She will want to go to him.\" \"", "See that she is out of the house and on her way to London as soon as possible.\" \"", "And in no event is she to be allowed to see my mother or create any disturbance at the house before she leaves.\" \"", "Yes, My Lord.\" \"", "Mrs. Barry, how do you do?\" \"", "How nice to see you, Graham.\" \"", "Come in.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "You...received my note?\" \"", "Yes, we were expecting you.\" \"", "Oh, good, I didn't want to call unannounced.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon, how are you feeling?\" \"", "I'm feeling much better, thank you, Graham.\" \"", "Won't you sit down?\" \"", "Thank you, Mrs. Barry.\" \"", "Would you like some tea?\" \"", "Oh, no!\" \"", "No, thank you, Mrs. Barry.\" \"", "Not just now.\" \"", "How's the world treating you, Graham?\" \"", "Oh, not too bad.\" \"", "Are you comfortable here?\" \"", "Most comfortable.\" \"", "Good, good!\" \"", "Shall we get down to the matter at hand?\" \"", "By all means.\" \"", "Mr. Lyndon Lord Bullingdon has instructed me to offer you an annuity of 500 guineas a year for life.\" \"", "Specifically on the condition of your leaving England and to be stopped the instant of your return.\" \"", "Lord Bullingdon has also asked me to point out to you that should you decide to remain here your stay would infallibly plunge you into jail.\" \"", "As in view of the present circumstances there will soon be innumerable writs taken out against you for debts long-outstanding and your credit is so blown that you could not hope to raise a shilling.\" \"", "Utterly baffled and beaten what was the lonely and broken-hearted man to do?\" \"", "He took the annuity and returned to Ireland with his mother to complete his recovery.\" \"", "Sometime later he travelled abroad.\" \"", "His life there, we have not the means of following accurately.\" \"", "He appears to have resumed his former profession of a gambler without his former success.\" \"", "He never saw Lady Lyndon again.\"" ]

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[ "A roll toothbrush is a toothbrush manufactured by forming a rotary brush in a roller shape by stacking in multiple layers a substantially disk-shaped individual brush unit including radially bonded filaments made of a synthetic resin such as nylon, and rotatably resting the rotary brush on one end of a handle member of a toothbrush with a support shaft therebetween. ", "Such a roll toothbrush has been commercialized as products for human use and products for use on pets such as dogs. ", "In contrast to a general toothbrush with a bundle of filaments mounted in lines as bristles on one surface of a handle member at one end, this roll toothbrush is characterized by the ability to continuously massage gums with tips of the filaments while removing plaque and, moreover, being less likely to damage gingival, because of free rotating motion of the rotary brush in use.", "\nA proposed method for manufacturing the individual brush unit that constitutes such a rotary brush (hereinafter referred to as “individual brush unit”) is, as disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 to 5, radially expanding one tip of a filament group that is a collection of filaments in a bundle, then heating and welding a core of the filament group to form the filament group into a substantial disk shape, and subsequently forming a shaft hole for passing a shaft through at the center of the disk. ", "This method has been in practical use for manufacturing products. ", "The invention disclosed in Patent Literature 4 was invented by the inventor of the present invention.", "\n[Patent Literature 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2003-219911\n[Patent Literature 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2003-220080\n[Patent Literature 3] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2003-289947\n[Patent Literature 4] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2004-097692\n[Patent Literature 5] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2005-287842\nA common feature of the techniques in these prior art documents is radially expanding on an anvil top surface a filament group protruding from an insertion hole of an anvil, by some expanding means, then welding a core of the expanded filaments by a welder separate from the expanding means, with the expanded filaments secured using a pressing member, and subsequently forming a shaft hole by cutting out the core with the use of cutting means that is also separate from the stated means, to complete an individual brush unit.", "\nThe cutting means of the prior art disclosed in Patent Literatures 1, 2, 3, and 5 has a cylindrical blade at a tip and is designed to cut out the core of the individual brush unit and cut off the individual brush unit from the filament group by moving downward into the insertion hole from above the anvil surface. ", "In this regard, the cutting means of the prior art disclosed in Patent Literature 4 is different in that the cutting means has a cylindrical blade at a top end of a cylindrical member that houses and holds the filament group below the anvil, and is designed to cut out the core of the individual brush unit and cut off the individual brush unit from the filament group with the cylindrical blade moving into the insertion hole from below the anvil surface and brought into contact with a bottom surface of a tip of the welder placed further above.", "\nMeanwhile, since welding remains are left on the tip of the filament group after the individual brush unit is cut off, another common feature of the techniques in these prior art documents is including cutting means that cuts off and removes the welding remains from the side. ", "The cutting means of the prior art disclosed in Patent Literatures 1, 2, 3, and 5 is what is called a guillotine cutter embedded in the anvil so as to be horizontally movable, and is configured to cut off the welding remains on the tip of the filament group inside the insertion hole below the anvil top surface. ", "In contrast, the cutting means of the prior art disclosed in Patent Literature 4 is an exposed sliding blade provided so as to be horizontally movable along the anvil top surface, which is different in that the cutting means is configured to cut off the welding remains on the tip of the filament group with the use of the cutting means and an edge surface of the insertion hole of the anvil.", "\nOut of the techniques in these prior art documents, the expanding means of the prior art disclosed in Patent Literatures 1 and 2 for radially expanding one tip of the filament group is a cone having a conical tip which pushes and expands the tip of the filament group. ", "The expanding means of the prior art disclosed in Patent Literatures 3 to 5 is air that is blown into one tip of the filament group so that the tip of the filament group is expanded by air pressure.", "\nIt is desirable that the filaments of the individual brush unit be manufactured so as to expand with a uniform density throughout the full circumference. ", "However, the filament group protruding from the insertion hole of the anvil is not always a bundle with a completely uniform density, and even a slight displacement of the center of the expanding means from the center of a cross-section of the tip of the filament group leads to a failure to expand the filaments with a uniform density throughout the full circumference. ", "Therefore, in both cases where the filaments are expanded by being pushed by the cone and where the filaments are expanded by being blown by air, there is a problem that defective products are manufactured due to a variation in the density of filaments, which is inevitably caused as long as the above-described expanding means of the prior art is used.", "\nFurthermore, in the techniques in the prior art documents other than Patent Literature 4, when the cutting means is moved into the insertion hole of the anvil to cut out the core of the individual brush unit and cut off the individual brush unit from the filament group, the tip of the filament group is pushed into the insertion hole, with the result that pressure is applied to the filament group from above, leading to a risk of the filament group being bent or kinked in the insertion hole. ", "Such bending or kinking causes a problem of not only reducing the smoothness of movement of the filament group when the filament group is fed out of the insertion hole so as to protrude on the anvil top surface for manufacturing a next individual brush unit, but also becoming an impediment to the expansion of the filaments on the anvil top surface with a uniform density throughout the full circumference.", "\nMoreover, in the techniques in the prior art documents other than Patent Literature 4, the welder independent of the expanding means is used to weld the filament group, which necessitates horizontally moving the expanding means and the welder on a frame to interchange positions thereof according to a manufacturing process. ", "Therefore, the manufacturing apparatus requires a mechanism that horizontally moves the expanding means and the welder to interchange positions thereof in addition to the mechanisms that feed the filament group, move the pressing member up and down, and move the expanding means and the welder up and down. ", "This not only increases the number of steps and requires standby time for movement of the members, but also cannot help making the structure of the manufacturing apparatus complex. ", "Thus, the manufacturing apparatus has a problem of a high initial cost and low productivity." ]

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[ "[Description of a C/U Separation Type Network System]\nAs a method of controlling a network system, a C/U (C: control plane/U: user plane) separation type network system, which controls a node device (user plane) from an external control device (control plane), is proposed.", "\nAs an example of a C/U separation type network system, an OpenFlow network system can be given. ", "The OpenFlow uses a technology of OpenFlow in which a switch is controlled via a controller to control a path of a network system. ", "Details of the OpenFlow technology are disclosed in a Non-Patent literature 1. ", "It should be noted that OpenFlow network system is only an example.", "\n[Description of an OpenFlow Network System]\nIn an OpenFlow network system, conventional switch mechanism is separated into an OpenFlow controller and an OpenFlow switch. ", "The OpenFlow controller is a module of which a path determination process can be changed by programming from outside. ", "The OpenFlow switch is a module which performs only packet transfer process.", "\nIn the following, OpenFlow Controller will be denoted by “controller (OFC)” and OpenFlow Switch will be denoted by “switch (OFS)” for a simplification of the description.", "\nIn an OpenFlow network system, a controller (OFC) controls a flow table of a switch (OFS) to control a behavior of the switch.", "\nA connection is realized between a controller (OFC) and a switch (OFS) by a secure channel which uses a control message complying with an OpenFlow protocol for the controller (OFC) to control the switch (OFS).", "\nA switch (OFS) in an OpenFlow network system means an edge switch and a core switch which constitute an OpenFlow network and are under a control of a controller. ", "A series of flows of packet, from a reception of packet by an input side edge switch in an OpenFlow network system to a transmission of packet by an output side edge switch, is called a Flow.", "\nA packet can be read as a frame. ", "A difference between a packet and a frame is merely a difference of PDU (Protocol Data Unit). ", "A packet is a PDU of TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). ", "On the other hand, a frame is a PDU of Ethernet (registered trademark).", "\nA flow table is a table in which a flow entry is registered. ", "In a flow entry is defined a predetermined action to be performed in regard to a packet (communication data) which matches with a predetermined condition (rule).", "\nA rule of a flow entry is defined by a various combination using any or all of a destination address included in a header area in each protocol layer of a packet, a source address, a destination port and a source port, and is distinguishable. ", "It should be noted that above addresses include a MAC (Media Access Control) address or an IP (Internet Protocol) address. ", "It should be also noted that, by addition to the above, ingress port information can be used as a flow entry rule. ", "It should be noted also that a flow entry rule can be set with a header area value of a packet which shows a flow expressed in part (or in whole) by a regular expression of a wild card “*”.", "\nAn action of a flow entry means an action such as “output to a specific port”, “discard”, “rewrite a header”, etc. ", "For example, if identification information of an output port (such as an output port number) is shown as an action of a flow entry, a switch output a packet to a corresponding port, and if no identification information of an output port is shown, the switch discards the packet. ", "Or, if header information is shown in an action of a flow entry, the switch rewrites a header of the packet on a basis of corresponding header information.", "\nA switch (OFS) in an OpenFlow network system performs an action of a flow entry to a group of packets which complies with a rule of the flow entry (packet series).", "\nAt present, an OpenFlow technology is in a period of transition from a phase of research to a phase of practical use. ", "Operation tests for a practical use are executed in a large scale network of a data center or the like. ", "In those tests, problems related to scalability are apparent such as a problem related to flow entry synchronization. ", "For example, there is a problem in which, if a synchronization is performed for all switches and all flow entries, a service degeneracy time, occurring at a failure or a cluster switching, becomes very long. ", "Therefore, a technology to improve such problems is desired." ]

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[ "The influence of ambient and viewbox light upon visual detection of low-contrast targets in a radiograph.", "\nThirty-one observers (five radiologists, five radiology residents, and 21 nonradiologists) examined low-contrast images of 13 polyvinylchloride cylinders. ", "Image density ranged from 1.91 to 2.05 OD units with a background density of 2.09 OD units. ", "The experiment tested visual performance under various clinically relevant lighting conditions by asking the observers to locate a groove in each cylinder. ", "Use of low ambient light and restricting light from surrounding veiwboxes significantly improved performance (P less than 0.0001). ", "In general, the less the amount of extraneous light, the higher was the detection rate. ", "Some observers did significantly better than others. ", "Reduced scattering of light within the eye is suggested as an explanation for their increased performance." ]

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[ "Add to Cart\n\nMessages\n\nDatamax-O'Neil's RL3e (3-inch/76 mm) portable label printer is designed to meet the most diverse mobile applications - from the recesses of the warehouse to the customer-facing retail floor... and everything in between. ", "Retailers will enjoy the flexible secure wireless integration into 802.11 a/b/g/n as well as the reliable gears and latches that keep it running for years to come. ", "The RL3e offers Bluetooth 4.0 + LE Dual Radio communications and built-in emulation for the most popular printer languages which makes it easy to integrate into an enterprise ecosystem.", "\n\nThe RL3e's long-lasting lithium battery can operate at peak performance for a full 8+ hour shift, while offering the durability to withstand the often rough-and-tumble environments mobile workers experience. ", "The printer achieved the MIL-STD 810 drop standard - 26 consecutive drops at 6 feet to concrete." ]

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[ "Effects of meal composition on the postprandial blood pressure, catecholamine and insulin changes in elderly subjects.", "\n1. ", "The effects of four meals of similar energy, but different nutritional, composition on postprandial blood pressure, heart rate, autonomic function, catecholamines, insulin and packed cell volume levels were studied in seven fit elderly subjects. ", "2. ", "The high carbohydrate and high protein meals led to a significant overall fall in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared either with no change or a rise after the normal (i.e. mixed) and high fat meals. ", "Similar between-meal differences were seen with erect diastolic but not erect systolic blood pressure. ", "No significant postural blood pressure fall occurred after any of the meals. ", "Supine heart rate was unaffected by meal type or by time, and although erect heart rate showed a small increase during the study there was no between-meal difference. ", "3. ", "Parasympathetic function was unaffected by meal type. ", "Plasma noradrenaline rose after the high carbohydrate and mixed meals only, remaining elevated for 120 min after meal consumption. ", "This increase was not related to the changes in blood pressure or plasma insulin levels. ", "4. ", "Plasma insulin and glucose rose after the high carbohydrate and mixed meals, but were unchanged after the high protein and high fat meals. ", "Packed cell volume showed a small decrease towards the end of the study, although there was no between-meal variation. ", "5. ", "The differences in the cardiovascular changes after the different meals could not be ascribed to alterations in autonomic function, insulin release or fall in plasma volume. ", "We propose that the postprandial changes in blood pressure are due to the nutrient composition of the meal rather than the actual energy load." ]

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[ "La temporada 2018-2019 de la FIA Formula 4 NACAM concluyó este fin de semana con la séptima ronda de la categoría disputada en el Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez; el estadounidense Jak Crawford (Martiga #7) se impuso en las carreras 1 y 2, mientras que el mexicano Manuel Sulaimán (RAM Racing #2) ganó la carrera final y aseguró el campeonato de pilotos.", "\n\nCrawford consiguió la Pole Position para la Carrera 1 y comandó las acciones en dicha competencia; Sulaimán mantuvo la segunda posición desde el arranque hasta el final y los dos contendientes por el titulo fueron acompañados por el canadiense Nico Christodoulou (Martiga #22) en el podio.", "\n\nEn la Carrera 2, el equipo Martiga consiguió un 1-2 con Crawford y Christodoulou al frente y el tercer escalón del podio fue para Pablo Pérez de Lara (Telcel RPL #12); un contacto y daño en su ala delantera complicaron la participación de Sulaimán, quien tuvo que conformarse con el sexto puesto.", "\n\nEn la ultima carrera de la temporada, Sulaimán escaló en el orden para conseguir su décimo triunfo del año. ", "Crawford y Christodoulou repitieron en el podio finalizando segundo y tercero, respectivamente.", "\n\nSulaimán, de 19 años, se integra al grupo de campeones de la FIA Formula 4 NACAM, compuesto por: Axel Matus, Calvin Ming y Moisés de la Vara; el piloto poblano continuará compitiendo en la US 2000, categoría en la cual se ubica en la sexta posición —suma 161 puntos-— y disputará las ultimas dos rondas del campeonato: Portland (29-30 de agosto, 1 de septiembre) y Laguna Seca (20-22 de septiembre).", "\n\nA continuación, la galería de imágenes de la ronda final del campeonato 2018-2019 de la FIA Formula 4 NACAM:\n\n2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Nico Christodoulou, Martiga #22, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Pablo Pérez de Lara, Telcel RPL #12, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "José Garfias, Telcel RPL #99, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Emiliano Richards, Telcel RPL #20, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "José Garfias, Telcel RPL #99, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Jak Crawford, Martiga #7, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Chara Mansur, Martiga EG #6, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Daniel Forcadell, EasyShop #9, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Chara Mansur, Martiga EG #6, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Alex García, RAM Racing #31, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Nico Christodoulou, Martiga #22, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L / Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Eloy López, Rand Team by Ti. #", "10, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Ricardo Escoto, RRK #77, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Álex Servín, #53, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Chara Mansur, Martiga EG #6, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Álex Servín, #53, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "José Garfias, Telcel RPL #99, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Mariano del Castillo, RRK #28, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Mariano del Castillo, RRK #28, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Jak Crawford, Martiga #7, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Alex García, RAM Racing #31, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Eloy López, Rand Team by Ti. #", "10, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "José Garfias, Telcel RPL #99, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Mariano del Castillo, RRK #28, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Mariano del Castillo, RRK #28, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Mariano del Castillo, RRK #28, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Eloy López, Rand Team by Ti. #", "10, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Ricardo Escoto, RRK #77, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Chara Mansur, Martiga EG #6, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Ricardo Escoto, RRK #77, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Pablo Pérez de Lara, Telcel RPL #12, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Eloy López, Rand Team by Ti. #", "10, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Luis Fernando Segura, RRK #29, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Manuel Sualaimán, RAM Racing #2, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "Nico Christodoulou, Martiga #22, Mygale / M14-F4, Ford ‘EcoBoost’ F4 / 1.6L, 2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. ", "2018–19 NACAM Formula 4 Championship, Gran Final F4 (Ronda 7), Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez." ]

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[ "Brain correlates of musical and facial emotion recognition: evidence from the dementias.", "\nThe recognition of facial expressions of emotion is impaired in semantic dementia (SD) and is associated with right-sided brain atrophy in areas known to be involved in emotion processing, notably the amygdala. ", "Whether patients with SD also experience difficulty recognizing emotions conveyed by other media, such as music, is unclear. ", "Prior studies have used excerpts of known music from classical or film repertoire but not unfamiliar melodies designed to convey distinct emotions. ", "Patients with SD (n = 11), Alzheimer's disease (n = 12) and healthy control participants (n = 20) underwent tests of emotion recognition in two modalities: unfamiliar musical tunes and unknown faces as well as volumetric MRI. ", "Patients with SD were most impaired with the recognition of facial and musical emotions, particularly for negative emotions. ", "Voxel-based morphometry showed that the labelling of emotions, regardless of modality, correlated with the degree of atrophy in the right temporal pole, amygdala and insula. ", "The recognition of musical (but not facial) emotions was also associated with atrophy of the left anterior and inferior temporal lobe, which overlapped with regions correlating with standardized measures of verbal semantic memory. ", "These findings highlight the common neural substrates supporting the processing of emotions by facial and musical stimuli but also indicate that the recognition of emotions from music draws upon brain regions that are associated with semantics in language." ]

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[ "2005 Rogers Cup – Doubles\n\nShinobu Asagoe and Ai Sugiyama were the defending champions. ", "They were both present but did not compete together.", "\nAsagoe partnered with Tathiana Garbin, but lost in the semifinals to Conchita Martínez and Virginia Ruano Pascual.", "\nSugiyama partnered with Daniela Hantuchová, but lost in the semifinals to Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Martina Navratilova.", "\n\nAnna-Lena Grönefeld and Martina Navratilova won in the final 5–7, 6–3, 6–4, against Conchita Martínez and Virginia Ruano Pascual.", "\n\nSeeds\nThe top four seeds received a bye into the second round.", "\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop Half\n\nBottom Half\n\nExternal links\nDraw and Qualifying Draw\n\nCup - Doubles" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan't inline plot inset_axes in Jupyter Notebook\n\nI'm currently trying to plot an inset axis into a matplotlib plot in a Jupyter Notebook, but I always get the following error:\nTypeError: get_tightbbox() got an unexpected keyword argument 'bbox_extra_artists'\n\nMinimal working example:\n%matplotib inline\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nfrom mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1.inset_locator import inset_axes\nimport numpy as np\n\nfig, axis = plt.subplots(1, 1)\naxis.imshow(np.random.rand(5, 5))\nins_axes = inset_axes(axis, width=0.75, height=0.75, loc=1)\n\nThis is what the output looks like if I run the code as a script or without using %matplotlib inline:\nexpected output\nMy matplotlib version is 3.0.1, jupyter is 1.0.0 and Python is 3.6.7.", "\nI recently upgraded from matplotlib 1, where everything worked fine.", "\nEDIT: matplotlib 3.0.0 caused another error to appear a lot earlier:\nAttributeError: module 'matplotlib' has no attribute 'artist'\nEDIT2: Upgrading to matplotlib 3.0.2 did the trick, see ImportanceOfBeingErnest's answer!", "\n\nA:\n\nThis is a bug in matplotlib 3.0.1, which got fixed by FIX: allow non bbox_extra_artists calls #12635. ", "\nYou will need to update to matplotlib 3.0.2 or downgrade to 3.0.0.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and Prime Minister David Cameron have met for the first time since last week's general election for talks on devolving further powers to Scotland.", "\n\nSpeaking after the meeting at Bute House, Ms Sturgeon told the BBC's James Cook that the meeting had been positive.", "\n\nShe said Mr Cameron had agreed to look at the Scottish government's proposals for further powers for Scotland, beyond those laid out by the Smith Commission." ]

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[ "Role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of pituitary somatostatin receptor subtype (sst1-sst5) mRNA levels: evidence for direct and somatostatin-mediated effects.", "\nGlucocorticoids can differentially regulate somatostatin (SRIH) receptor subtype expression depending on the duration of treatment, dose used and tissue type examined. ", "In order to determine if glucocorticoids are critical regulators of pituitary SRIH receptor synthesis in vivo, we examined the effect of adrenalectomy (ADX), with and without dexamethasone (DEX; 200 microg/day for 8 days) treatment, on the relative expression levels of the SRIH receptor subtypes, sst1-sst5, by multiplex RT-PCR. ", "ADX increased pituitary sst2 mRNA levels, but did not significantly alter mRNA levels of the other SRIH receptor subtypes. ", "These findings indicate that pituitary sst2 synthesis is normally under inhibitory control of endogenous glucocorticoids. ", "High-dose DEX resulted in a decrease in sst1-sst4 mRNA and an increase in sst5 mRNA, independent of adrenal status. ", "DEX also decreased sst2, sst3 and sst4 mRNA levels and increased sst5 mRNA levels by short-term in vitro application (10 nM, 4 h) in primary rat pituitary cell cultures, indicating DEX regulation of sst2-sst5 in vivo is at least in part due to a direct action at the level of the pituitary. ", "However, the inhibitory actions of DEX on sst1 mRNA levels observed in vivo were not consistently replicated in vitro. ", "In order to determine if the somatotrope population of the pituitary would display a similar response to DEX, fluorescent-activated cell sorting was used to obtain somatotrope-enriched cultures (>95% growth hormone immunopositive cells). ", "DEX treatment (10 nM, 4 h) of somatotropes decreased sst2 and sst3, but did not alter sst5 mRNA levels. ", "These results indicate that the effects of DEX on sst5 mRNA levels observed in unsorted pituitary cell cultures might be due to changes in sst5 expression in pituitary cell types other than somatotropes. ", "Since excess glucocorticoids are thought to enhance SRIH tone, we also tested if ligand activation of SRIH receptor subtypes in vitro could mimic any of the actions of DEX on SRIH receptor mRNA levels observed in vivo. ", "To this end, unsorted pituitary cell cultures and somatotrope-enriched cultures were treated with SRIH (1 and 100 nM) for 4 h. SRIH increased sst3 and sst5 mRNA levels, in both culture systems. ", "These results suggest that the DEX-induced increase in endogenous SRIH tone may contribute to enhanced sst5 mRNA levels observed in vivo. ", "However, the stimulatory actions of SRIH on sst3 mRNA levels observed in vitro might be overridden by direct inhibitory actions of DEX." ]

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[ "ABOUT CATSKILL FARMS\n\n“Like a big hug.” “", "A sanctuary.” “", "Shelter from the Storm.” “", "Even my Dad approves.” ", "Just some of the feed back we’ve heard from our homeowners over the years.", "\n\n17 years ago I left NYC after 9/11. ", "With no job because of the attacks, and an apartment lease running out, I picked up and left, heading to the tumbleweed towns of Western Sullivan County. ", "Inspired by the wind-swept prairie farmhouses that were found around county, and somewhat conscious of the fact that not many families would benefit from owning a fixer upper, I embarked on our first new old farmhouse in 2002. ", "It took awhile to build and finish. ", "It’s still there – owned by the same family that bought it from me 16 years ago – a little wind-swept and well-loved.", "\n\nThat was more than 150 homes ago. ", "All told we’ve participated in nearly 200 new builds and renovations. ", "We’ve mastered the ‘new old house’ farmhouse and cottage, branched out into modern and rustic barns, mid-century modern ranches, mini-houses, and even a few homes barely 500 sq ft. ", "What started out as a guy without reliable transportation has subsequently invested nearly $200m in Catskills real estate, building little abodes for families to peacefully and affordably enjoy.", "\n\nWe still rescue families from ‘this old house’ fantasy, preserving many a relationship and savings account. ", "We still save families months if not years of looking for that perfect country home that doesn’t really exist. ", "Every month we put a new family in a new country home that works – the home might lean country, might lean modern, might merge the two or encompass other design directions, but in the end, the homes help our families support that ideal of a little respite from the city way of life.", "\n\nAs I say in one of our videos, if the driving idea behind the start of this business was to help families find upstate retreats that would facilitate and propel their upstate country journeys – safely, affordably, comfortably, predictably – I think we’ve achieved that goal remarkably well. ", "It wasn’t always easy, and our learning curves were endless, but in the end, our efforts are judged and validated by all those country house porch lights that come on on a typical Friday night – one by one – as families arrive for a little rest and relaxation in their Catskill Farms homes.", "\n\nCharles Petersheim\n\nBiography\n\nCharles Petersheim is the founder of Catskill Farms, a vertically-integrated development, design, construction and real estate company doing business throughout the Hudson Valley and the Catskills. ", "For the past 18 years, Chuck has been forging ahead with creative design/build projects, putting nearly 200 families in homes that work. ", "He has survived 9/11, the startup of a business, the great recession and constant learning curves. ", "His efforts at creating unique spaces and unique homes – in collaboration with very talented homebuyers – have earned him attention nation-wide.", "\n\nChuck has turned his rag-tag dream of a better house for weekenders into a reality. ", "In addition to the substantial taxes and economic cross-multiplier his homes and homeowners generate for upstate’s one horse towns, he also supports a wide range of non-profits which include a horses-as-trauma therapy organization, an arts incubator, a homeless federation, many fire departments, little leagues and charities" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do you merge an array of objects based on equal property values?", "\n\nI have the following issue. ", "I have an array of objects and I would like to add the values where the date is equal.", "\nThis is the starting array:\n0: {date: \"07-04-2020\", value: 10}\n1: {date: \"10-04-2020\", value: 20}\n2: {date: \"07-04-2020\", value: 30}\n3: {date: \"14-04-2020\", value: 60}\n\nIt should result in the following:\n0: {date: \"07-04-2020\", value: 40}\n1: {date: \"10-04-2020\", value: 20}\n3: {date: \"14-04-2020\", value: 60}\n\nI tried some higher order functions, such as filter, map and reduce but I am clueless. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could use Array.reduce:\n[...].reduce((acc, next) => {\n // Check if an item with the given date exists\n const existingItem = acc.find(item => item.date === next.date);\n // If not, add the new one to the array\n if (!", "existingItem) {\n return [...acc, next];\n }\n // If there's one already, mutate the value property and return everything\n existingItem.value += next.value;\n return acc;\n}, []);\n\n" ]

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[ "Crackle Is Now Available on Google Chromecast\n\nCrackle is now available on Chromecast, the USB-sized connected-TV stick from Google. ", "The expansion will bring Crackle’s lineup of original programming, as well as a curated collection of licensed films and TV shows, to a Chromecast-connected TV near you.", "\n\nCrackle joins other video services, including Netflix, Hulu Plus, and HBO Go, to support the device, which retails for $35.", "\n\nCrackle Is Now Available on Google Chromecast was last modified: August 15th, 2017 by Wrap PRO Staff" ]

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[ "An executive order signed by President Donald Trump, preventing federal funding or foreign aid for worldwide non-governmental associations that give or support abortions. ", "Known as the Mexico City strategy and..." ]

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[ "High dose of ascorbic acid induces cell death in mesothelioma cells.", "\nMalignant mesothelioma is an asbestos-related fatal disease with no effective cure. ", "Recently, high dose of ascorbate in cancer treatment has been reexamined. ", "We studied whether high dose of ascorbic acid induced cell death of four human mesothelioma cell lines. ", "High dose of ascorbic acid induced cell death of all mesothelioma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. ", "We further clarified the cell killing mechanism that ascorbic acid induced reactive oxygen species and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential. ", "In vivo experiment, intravenous administration of ascorbic acid significantly decreased the growth rate of mesothelioma tumor inoculated in mice. ", "These data suggest that ascorbic acid may have benefits for patients with mesothelioma." ]

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[ "HCG and Progesterone levels at around 4weeks 5 days pregnant? ", "Twins or singleton?", "\n\nHi,\n\nI have only had one Grade 1x 5 days blastie returned to its rightful home. ", "I have read the chance of splitting is slightly raised.", "\nI would love to hear levels of women with 1 or 2 please.", "\nmine: 4 wks 5 dys HCG 2920 Progesterone 152\n\nI hope you don't mind me replying as this baby wasn't conceived via IVF. ", "But at 21 DPO so right around your stage my HcG was 5890. ", "It was crazy high and after about 10 scans there is no doubt only one baby is in there and only one from the beginning.", "\n\nHigh HcG def can be a sign of multiples. ", "But it can also just be a sign of a very healthy strong singleton.", "\n\nI'm not IVF either but my hcg levels at 4 weeks 5 days were 3900. ", "I'm only carrying one baby BUT they recently found a second gestational and yolk sac in my uterus, which is obviously a non viable twin." ]

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[ "The daughter of Igor Krutoy appeared in the clip of Dominic Joker.", "\nThese days in Jurmala were shooting a music video of hip-hop artist Dominic Joker. ", "For this, Jomas street was blocked because 400 children gathered on it. ", "Among the young actors was a 6-year-old daughter of Igor Krutoy Sasha. ", "The song is called \"If the rights are love.\" ", "She is quite new, just recently her premiere took place on the radio. ", "There are so many children in the shoot, but this does not mean that the song is childish. ", "It sings about love, that it always appears and returns, if it really is love.", "\n\nPictured: Dominic Joker\n\nWhy are children involved?", "\n- Though they say that families are happy equally, but they are unhappy in different ways: someone has a soup without meat, and someone has small pearls. ", "But, in my opinion, the tears are all the same. ", "Experiences, torments during the first love have the same color and taste as in the time of adult love. ", "And numerous children in the frame show that the younger generation agrees with me, - says Dominic.", "\nThe shooting took place in several places: on Jomas street, on the beach, in one of the abandoned factories where the walls are painted with graffiti, on the sports ground in the capital. ", "The Joker team points out that the Riga guys were very responsive and, at the request of the director, skated effectively on a beautiful shot.", "\n“By the way, we also shot at the Sound Division Studios, where I once recorded Raymond Voldemarovich, who read hip-hop for a concert at one of the New Waves,” Dominic said.", "\nAmong the young actors were the winner of the first “Children's New Wave” Karina Khvoinitskaya and the young Latvian performer Stacy, who this year participated in the national selection of the adult “New Wave”. ", "She did not get to the contest, but she was invited to perform at the after-party.", "\n\nIn the photo: Igor Krutoy\n\nAnd the beautiful daughter of Igor Krutoy became the heroine of the video.", "\n“Sania is an amazing person, very funny and sociable, very simple and clean,” says the Joker about her. - ", "I tried to stir her up for a long time, because at first she looked at me frowningly. ", "And then she opened up and began to tell all sorts of stories ... Initially, we did not plan for Sania to participate in the shooting, but she got infected with the idea and wanted it herself!", "\nBy the way, the eldest son of Dominic, who is only three and a half years old, also appeared in the video. ", "He was picked up in Moscow. ", "Imagine, the baby has set a condition that it will be removed only with his girlfriend. ", "Here is an advanced generation of what. ", "Although truly love all ages." ]

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[ "Aurora\n\n2012\n\nThe work Aurora arose from the stories of wild children (Feral children), children that spent the first few years of their life with no human contact; either raised by animals or secluded by abusive parents. ", "While dealing with this subject, I came across the story of Genie: A child that had spent the first 13 years of her life strapped to a potty chair, locked isolated in a room by abusive parents. ", "after her discovery in 1970 she continued to be passed on between different authorities, scientists and social workers. ", "Her development of an alternate human physicality was a gripping matter.", "\n\nPeople seemed to be drawn to her, also me.", "This piece is dedicated to her." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nVIM: insert empty ERB tags\n\nHow can I insert empty ERB tags and put cursor inside it? ", "It is similar to surrounding with surround plugin, but there is nothing to surround.", "\nFor example, from this:\nbla|bla\n\nI want get this:\nbla<%= | %>bla\n\nA:\n\nI would use Tim Pope's surround plugin to accomplish this.", "\nAdd the following to you ~/.vim/after/ftplugin/erb.vim\nlet b:surround_{char2nr('=')} = \"<%= \\r %>\"\nlet b:surround_{char2nr('-')} = \"<% \\r %>\"\n\nNow when you press <c-s>= it will insert <%= | %> just as you wanted.", "\nYou may also want to look at Tim Pope's ragtag plugin which has such mappings already included.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there a simplification of this sum of quadratic sums?", "\n\nI have $a(1+2+3+...+N)^2+a(2+3+...+N)^2+a(3+..+N)^2+...+aN^2$, essentially a sum of quadratic terms holding an integer summation that get consecutively smaller Within each term the summation up to N elements (which could also go to infinity if that makes life easier). ", "Some experimentation lead me to believe that this converge to something when divided by $N^{-5}$, but don't take my word for it. ", "Any simplification here possible?", "\n\nA:\n\nMathematica gives the following result:\n$$ \\frac{1}{30} a \\; n (n+1) (2 n+1) (2n^2+2n+1) $$\nHopefully I'm interpreting your summation correctly. ", "\nIt seems to give the correct result if for example letting $N=3$ for your summation gives:\n$$ a((1+2+3)^2+(2+3)^2+(3)^2))=70a $$\nwhich is what the formula above gives.", "\nEDIT:\nThis is a rather messy prove but it does seem to work and is relatively straightforward. ", "\nLooking at it a bit more you could get the result above by writing you summation as:\n$$ a \\sum _{j=1}^n \\left(\\sum _{i=j}^n i\\right){}^2 $$\nthen writing the inner sum from $i=j$ to $i=n$ as:\n$$ \\frac{1}{2} (n-j+1) (j+n) \\;\\; \\text{ which after substituting gives } \\;\\;a \\sum _{j=1}^n[\\frac{1}{2} (n-j+1) (j+n)]^2 $$\n$$= \\frac{a}{4} \\sum _{j=1}^n[(n-j+1) (j+n)]^2 $$\nIf you then expand $[(n-j+1) (j+n)]^2 $ and then collect the terms of $j$ together since that is the index of the outer most summation. ", "Which gives a rather messy result:\n$$j^4-2 j^3+j^2 (-2 n^2-2 n+1)+j (2 n^2+2 n)+n^4+2 n^3+n^2$$\nBut then all you need to know are the summations the powers up to $4$. Since we can then replace the above expression for $ \\left(\\sum _{i=j}^n i\\right){}^2 $ in the outer summation again (which is indexed from $j=1$ to $n$) gives.", "\n$$\\sum _{j=1}^n[j^4]-2 \\sum _{j=1}^n[j^3]+ \\left(-2 n^2-2 n+1\\right)\\sum _{j=1}^n[j^2]+ \\left(2 n^2+2 n\\right)\\sum _{j=1}^n[j]+ (n^4+2 n^3+n^2)\\sum _{j=1}^n[1]$$\nWhich after substituting in the known formula's for the sums of $j$, $j^2$, $j^3$ and $ j^4$ from to 1 to $n$ and multiplying by $a/4$ gives the final result $$\\frac{1}{30} a\\; n (n+1) (2 n+1) (2n^2+2n+1)$$\nIt's definitely not a pretty proof but it works and is quite straightforward, just a bit messy!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Guide horses have been used for years in the US with an 'overwhelming' response\n\nKaty Smith first came up with the idea after breaking her back five years ago\n\nThe Yorkshire-based trainer is currently teaching seven-week-old Digby and Monet\n\nThe horses will be able to assist for three times as long as dogs\n\nGuide dogs are a pivotal part of allowing those with visual impairments to lead as close to a normal life as possible. ", "However, guide horses are already a popular alternative in the US after an experimental programme to access the abilities of miniature horses as assistance animals was launched in 1999.", "\n\nThe Guide Horse Foundation's website explains: 'There is a critical shortage of guide animals for the blind and guide horses are an appropriate assistance animal for thousands of visually impaired people in the USA.'", "\n\nAnd now those needing assistance in the UK could be about to swap a labrador for a two-foot tall, shiny-maned alternative too, The Times reports.", "\n\nKaty Smith, from the Northallerton Equestrian Centre, is the trainer behind efforts to integrate guide horses into the homes of the visually impaired. ", "She is currently training six-week-old American miniature horse Digby and has already trialled out her other miniature horse Monet in the home of para-dressage rider Jane Lishman where they got along really well.", "\n\nMiniature horse Monet with Katy's friend Jane Lishman, a para-dressage rider from Darlington. ", "Lorne Campbell\n\nKaty came up with the idea to start training miniature horses as guide dogs after she broke her back five years ago.", "\n\n'I used to be a carer and work in a care home and did the activities as the activities coordinator. ", "I used to tell the residents stories about my horses and organise trips to go and visit some of my bigger breeds,' she explained to Prima. '", "When I broke my back it meant I couldn't do the job I had been doing so I had to think of something that I could do to keep working and I came up with the idea of taking a pony to say thank you to a care home that helped my dad with great results.", "\n\n'I started taking the miniature horse in and the place just seemed to light up,' she adds. '", "Then every resident gets to touch, have a moment with the horse and just get lost in feeling excited about the horse. ", "I talk to them as well and it's about giving time as well – bringing back normality to those who have had to give up a lot by going into a home situation.'", "\n\nThe business began to snowball and after Katy found out about guide horses in the US she decided to 'breed [her] own foal to be a therapy horse who could also help a visually impaired person.'", "\n\nHer seven-week-old foal Digby will take two and a half years to train, according to the American standards for guide horse qualification, but has the ideal temperament to care for those struggling with sight.", "\n\nYou have the advantage of that horse being trained and then living with one person for the rest of their life.", "\n\nWhile Monet, who is slightly older, can already take clothes out of the washing machine and even 'empty a bag of bread to get a slice out and nudge it toward the toaster.'", "\n\nHowever Katy was keen to explain that she doesn't want to overload the horses and is careful, particularly in the kitchen, as Digby has already accompanied her to local cafe Tiffany's where he promptly 'drank the tea from [her] cup'.", "\n\nTrainer Katy Smith with seven-week-old foal Digby Lorne Campbell\n\nWhat are the benefits of a guide horse over a guide dog?", "\n\nAfter speaking to Carol Warner, Guide Dogs' Service Director for Canine Services, she assured us that 'the charity Guide Dogs [have] made a lifetime promise to provide every one of our guide dog owners with a guide dog for as long as they need one.'", "\n\nSo, why the need for guide horses?", "\n\n'A guide horse takes six months longer to train than a dog but they live up to 45 years, where as a labrador will only live up to 14,' Katy told us. '", "You have the advantage of that horse being trained and then living with one person for the rest of their life. ", "You've also got the advantage of being able to help those who are allergic to dogs and, for religious reasons, some people can't have dogs in the house so a horse works better.'", "\n\nMonet helps out at home by taking clothes out of the washing machine Lorne Campbell\n\nThere has already been one known case where a guide horse has made a difference where a guide dog would not have been able to. ", "The Times reports that in 2009 Mona Ramona, a blind Muslim woman from Michigan, was reported to have selected a guide horse over a guide dog 'because her religious parents consider[ed] dogs unclean'.", "\n\nAdditionally, horses are known for having a high awareness to human emotions, something witnessed first-hand by Katy after she took her horse Mr P to visit the residents of a care home: 'A couple of weeks ago I went in to visit one gentleman and he got on really well with Mr P. He explained how he got on really well with everyone at the home but then turned to Mr P, hugged him, and said, \"but they can't dance with me like I can dance with you\". ", "The man was actually doing the waltz in his chair and Mr P was moving with him. ", "It was such a tender moment.'", "\n\nSo far the reaction to Digby and Monet, and indeed the prospect of guide horses becoming more common in the UK, has been positive. ", "Katy is keen to stress though that she is 'not trying to take away from the guide dogs, they can work side-by-side, it's just an alternative and will have a positive impact on peoples lives'.", "\n\nWhat do you think of the prospect of guide horses? ", "Is it a yes or a neigh?", "\n\nAnya Meyerowitz Anya is a freelance editor and journalist with a penchant for coats, shoes and handbags.", "\n\nThis content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. ", "You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nIn the past decade, we has seen a boost of research interest in hydrogen sulfide (H~2~S), a colorless, flammable, toxic gas with unpleasant smell, which is recognized as a signal gasotransmitter in the body as same as nitric oxide (NO)^[@CR1]--[@CR10]^ and carbon monoxide (CO)^[@CR11]^. Endogenous concentration of H~2~S is related to some diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, liver cirrhosis and diabetes^[@CR2],[@CR9],[@CR12]--[@CR17]^. What's more, the regulation of H~2~S levels is also a potential drug development strategy^[@CR18],[@CR19]^ and the importance of accurate detection of H~2~S cannot be over-emphasized. ", "Therefore, it presents significant research related to track and quantify H~2~S inside living cells being crucial in order to understand the biological and pathological roles of H~2~S. Recently, some methods to determine H~2~S concentration in biological sample have been developed including the methylene blue, the monobromobimane (MBB), gas chromatography (GC), the sulphide ion selective electrodes (ISE) and fluorescent analysis^[@CR20]--[@CR23]^. Among these methods, fluorescent analysis has attracted great attention due to the high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of H~2~S in many fields such as environment area, pharmacy area and so on^[@CR24]--[@CR31]^.\n\nIn the present work, a series of \"OFF-ON\" probes based on coumarin derivatives to detect HS^−^ (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The results of UV-vis titration experiments indicated that the synthesized compounds showed high binding ability for HS^−^ among the tested anions (NaHS (HS^−^), (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NAcO (AcO^−^), (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NH~2~PO~4~ (H~2~PO~4~^−^), (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NF (F^−^), (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NCl (Cl^−^), (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NBr (Br^−^), (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NI (I^−^)) and amino acids (Glutathione (GSH), Cysteine (Cys), Homocysteine (Hcy)). ", "Besides, four compounds designed and synthesized could exhibit the probes with strong electron-withdrawing groups located in 2,4-positions of fluorobenzene have strong binding ability for HS^−^ detection which provides a good idea for the design of probe in future.", "Figure 1The synthesis route of the probes (**1**--**4**).", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#Sec2}\n======================\n\nX-ray crystallography {#Sec3}\n---------------------\n\nCompound **2** was synthesized according to the route shown in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Fortunately, the crystallographic of compound **2** was obtained by the standing method. ", "The suitable single light yellow crystal was obtained by volatilizing ethyl acetate containing compound **2** at room temperature. ", "The details of the crystallographic determination, selected bond lengths and angles were given in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} and supplementary material respectively.", "Table 1Crystal data and structure refinement for Compound **2**.Compound 2Empirical formulaC~17~ H~10~ F~3~ N O~5~Formula Weight365.26Temperature293 KBond precisionC-C = 0.0031 AWavelength0.71073*a* (Å)7.7988(10)*b* (Å)8.2075(11)*c* (Å)13.5474(14)*α* (°)75.073(10)*β* (°)81.40(1)*γ* (°)69.207(12)*V* (Å^3^)781.69(17)Crystal system, Space groupMonoclinic, P-1Crystal size (mm^3^)0.45 × 0.32 × 0.23θ range for data collection (°)3.19 to 25.01Z2Mu (mm^−1^)0.138*F*(000)372.0Refinement methodFull-matrix least-squares on F^2^GOF on F^2^1.027*R*~1~ and w*R*~2~ indices \\[*I* \\> 2σ(*I*)\\]*R*~1~ = 0.0446, w*R*~2~ = 0.1144*R*~1~ and w*R*~2~ indices (all data)*R*~1~ = 0.0645, w*R*~2~ = 0.1304Largest diff. ", "peak and hole (e Å^−3^)0.258 and −0.250\n\nThe crystal of compound **2** suitable for X-ray crystal analysis was obtained and the structure was also confirmed (Fig.", " [2a](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The fluoride atom in benzene cycle forms hydrogen bonds with hydrogen atom (H3) (supplementary material). ", "The overall crystal structure features a chain type joining in through the hydrogen bonds (H....F) along the *b* axis (Fig.", " [2b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**)**. ", "In the crystal packing of compound **2** (Fig.", " [2c](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), there are two stacked forms: (1) π-π stacking of one fluorobenzene ring with another; (2) π-π stacking of one coumarin ring with another, which connected into \"chair\" conformation along *a* axis.", "Figure 2(**a**) The ORTEP view of compound **2** and the hydrogen atoms are shown as small circles with arbitrary radii (ellipsoids at 50% probability); (**b**) Crystal packing of compound **2** along the **b** axis; (**c**) Crystal packing of compound **2** along the *a* axis.", "\n\nUV-vis Titration {#Sec4}\n----------------\n\nThe UV-vis spectra of probes (**1**--**4**) were recorded after addition of amino acids (GSH, Cys, Hcy) and various anions (HS^−^, AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Cl^−^ Br^−^ and I^−^) through UV-vis titration experiments in pure DMSO solution and aqueous solution (DMSO-H~2~O 4:1, v/v 0.04 mol·L^−1^ HEPES buffer at pH 7.38) respectively. ", "The data of UV-vis titration experiments manifested only compounds (**1**, **2**) displayed different binding abilities with the above anions and amino acids. ", "The free **1** showed a main absorption at 320 nm, as the HS^−^ increases in pure DMSO solution of probe **1**, the absorbance at 320 nm was decreased gradually, along with the simultaneous emergence of a new absorption at 470 nm. ", "In this process, two isosbestic points noted at 330 nm and 348 nm suggesting a clear chemical reaction. ", "Based on the well-establish thiolysis reaction of dinitrophenyl ether, the new absorption at 470 nm could be attributed to coumarin derivative, which was also supported by fluorescence and HRMS titration experiment. ", "Furthermore, the UV-vis spectra of probe **1** with HS^−^ in aqueous solution were also performed (shown in Fig.", " [3b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), however, comparison with DMSO solvent, the probe **1** showed a weak response of UV-vis spectra.", "Figure 3UV-vis spectra of compound **1** (4.0 × 10^−5^ mol·L^−1^) with the addition of HS^−^(0--8 × 10^−6^ mol·L^−1^)(**a**) in DMSO solution; (**b**) in aqueous solution (DMSO-H~2~O 4:1, v/v 0.04 mol·L^−1^ HEPES buffer at pH 7.38). ", "Arrows indicate the direction of increasing HS^−^ concentration; (**c**) Color changes observed with the addition of 20 equiv. ", "various anions and Cys to DMSO solution of compound **1** respectively; (**d**) Fluorescent intensity of compound **1** upon the addition of HS^−^.\n\nThe additions of amino acids (Cys, GSH, Hcy) and other anions (AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^) to pure DMSO solution of probe **1**, only Cys induced similar changes in the UV-vis spectra compared with HS^−^, which exhibited Cys also interacted with compound **1** (supplementary material). ", "However, the additions of the above amino acids and anions to aqueous solution induced almost no spectra changes of compound **1**. ", "The result indicated that compound **1** showed different binding abilities for HS^−^ and Cys in pure DMSO solution and almost no binding abilities with above amino acids and anions in aqueous solution. ", "Therefore, compound **1** could be used as a sensor to detect HS^−^ in aqueous solution.", "\n\nSubsequently, the colorimetric sensing capabilities of compound **1** were carried out with different anions (Fig.", " [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Obvious color changes from colorless to bright yellow was observed in the presence of HS^−^, while faint or no color changes happened in the presence of other anions (AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Cl^−^, Br^−^, I^−^ and Cys), which indicated that compound **1** can be used for the detection of HS^−^ as a colorimetric sensor.", "\n\nMoreover, the detection limit^[@CR32],[@CR33]^ of compound **1** (4.0 × 10^−6^ mol·L^−1^) was implemented through fluorescence titration (Fig.", " [3d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Further data analysis revealed an excellent linear relationship (r = 0.9963) between the fluorescence signal of the probe **1** at 392 nm and the concentration of HS^−^ (0--8 × 10^−6^ mol·L^−1^). ", "Therefore, the detection limit of compound **1** for HS^−^ was determined to be 4.0 × 10^−6^ mol·L^−1^.\n\nNext, the UV-vis titration experiments of compound **2** to various anions (HS^−^, AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^) were tested. ", "Upon the addition of increasing amounts of HS^−^ (supplementary material) to DMSO solution of compound **2** a new absorption peak appeared gradually at 485 nm. ", "While, the additions of other anions (AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^) to compound **2**, almost no spectra changes was observed.", "\n\nFluorescence response {#Sec5}\n---------------------\n\nThe photo-physical responses of four compounds (**1**--**4**) in DMSO solvent were also investigated with addition of various amino acids and anions. ", "Just as Fig.", " [4a](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} showed, an emission peak of free **1** exhibited at about 385 nm. ", "Upon the addition of increasing amounts of HS^−^, the fluorescence intensity increased obviously at about 392 nm. ", "Similar fluorescence response of compound **1** was observed upon the addition of Cys (supplementary material) compared with HS^−^. Furthermore, the interactions of probe **1** with amino acids (GSH, Hcy) and other anions (AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^) were also investigated. ", "The additions of H~2~PO~4~^−^, AcO^−^ and F^−^ (supplementary material) induced the appearance of fluorescence emission bands centered at about 386 nm, however, nominal changes were induced in the presence of GSH, Hcy, F^−^, Cl^−^, Br^−^, I^−^.Figure 4Fluorescence responses (λ~ex~ 331 nm, slit widths: 5 nm/5 nm) of compound **1** (4.0 × 10^−5^ mol.", "L^−1^) upon the additions of HS^−^ (**a**) in pure DMSO solution; (**b**) in aqueous solution (DMSO-H~2~O 4:1, v/v 0.04 mol·L^−1^ HEPES buffer at pH 7.38). ", "Arrows indicate the increasing concentration of HS^−^.\n\nBesides, the fluorescence spectral responses of compound **1** with amino acids (Cys, GSH, Hcy) and various anions (HS^−^, AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^) were also examined in aqueous solution. ", "From Fig.", " [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, compound **1** showed very weak fluorescence at the absence of anions. ", "After HS^−^ was added, double emission peaks appeared and the fluorescent intensity increased gradually. ", "Results demonstrated that compound **1** showed strong binding ability for HS^−^. However, weak spectral responses that even could be ignored were induced with addition of amino acids (Cys, GSH, Hcy) and H~2~PO~4~^−^, AcO^−^, F^−^, Cl^−^, Br^−^, I^−^.\n\nFor compound **2**, the fluorescence intensity noted at 434 nm increasing rapidly by titration of HS^−^ (supplementary material). ", "No obvious responses of compound **2** were observed with titration of other anions (AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^**)** and Cys. ", "For compounds (**3** and **4**), Similar experiments were carried out, however, no significant spectral responses were observed with the addition of other anions (HS^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, AcO^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^) into DMSO solution of two compounds (**3** and **4**) which indicated the weak binding abilities of compounds (**3** and **4**) and other anions (AcO^−^, H~2~PO~4~^−^, F^−^, Br^−^, Cl^−^ and I^−^**)** and Cys could be ignored.", "\n\nBinding constant {#Sec6}\n----------------\n\nThe job-pot curves suggested two compounds (**1** and **2**) interacted with amino acids and various anions as the ratio of 1:1 or 1:2. ", "The UV-vis spectral data was used to calculate the binding constants by non-linear least square method^[@CR34],[@CR35]^, and the binding constants were listed in the Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Obviously, the binding ability of two compounds (**1** and **2**) with amino acids and various anions followed the order of HS^−^ ≫ H~2~PO~4~^−^, Cys, AcO^−^, F^−^, Br^−^,Cl^−^, I^−^, Hcy and GSH. ", "In general, both compound **1** and compound **2** showed the strongest binding ability for HS^−^ among amino acids and anions. ", "Besides, a theoretical basis and these binding constants were necessary for the optimization of sensor.", "Table 2Binding constants of compound (**1** and **2**) with various anions.", "AnionCompound 1 (DMSO)Compound 1 (DMSO:HEPES = 4:1)Compound 2 (DMSO)HS^−^(5.32 ± 0.08) × 10^7b^(1.43 ± 0.07) × 10^6b^(33.9 ± 0.8)^a^Cys(7.91 ± 0.64) × 10^3a^NDNDAcO^−^NDNDNDF^−^NDNDNDH~2~PO~4~^−^NDNDNDCl^−^ Br^−^ or I^−^NDNDND^a^The binding ratio of host-guest is 1:1.^b^The binding ratio of host-guest is 1:2.", "\n\nThe anion binding abilities of compounds (**1** and **2**) with two electron-withdrawing groups on the fluorobenzene ring were stronger than that of compounds (**3** and **4)** which had one electron-withdrawing group on the fluorobenzene ring. ", "In addition, the anion binding ability of compound **1** was stronger than that of compound **2** due to the electron-withdrawing ability of nitro group was greater than the trifluoromethyl group^[@CR36]^. The above results indicated that strong electron-withdrawing groups located in 2, 4-positions of fluorobenzene provides a easily site for intermolecular HS^−^ attack. ", "Besides, for HS^−^, the binding ability trend of compounds (**1--4**) followed the order of **1** \\> **2** ≫ **3**, **4** also could be confirmed by comprehensive analysis of UV-vis, fluorescence titration.", "\n\nMechanism {#Sec7}\n---------\n\nThe interacted mechanism was measured by fluorescence and HRMS titration experiment. ", "The broad emission peak of compound **1** appeared at about 396 nm in the absence of HS^−^. The emission peak shifted to the short wavelength from 396 nm to 380 nm after HS^−^ was added. ", "The emission peak of the single 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin appeared at about 380 nm. ", "The same emission peak observed in the presence of HS^−^ which suggested free 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin was released after compound **1** interacted with HS^−^ (Fig.", " [5a](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, the interacted mechanism of host-guest (**1**-HS^−^) was also carried by performing MS-HRMS after the addition of 2 equiv. ", "NaHS. ", "The probe **1** itself exhibited a dominant peak at m/z = 341.0551(*M*-H)^−^ (supplementary material). ", "However, the above peak vanished and a new peak at m/z = 199.0364 (*M* + Na)^+^ appeared which was the ion-peak of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (Fig.", " [5b](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) after the addition of HS^−^. The MS-HRMS titration experiment suggested the binding ratio of host-guest (**1**-HS^−^) was 1:2. ", "The above results indicated the possible interacted mechanism was thiolysis reaction of dinitrophenyl ether (Fig.", " [5c](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"})^[@CR37]--[@CR44]^.Figure 5(**a**) A comparison of fluorescence spectra in the presence of 3.2 equiv HS^−^ between compound **1** and 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (4.0 × 10^−5^ mol·L^−1^); (**b**) ESI-HRMS spectrum of compound **2** after addition of 2 equiv of NaHS in DMSO solution. ", "MS-HRMS (m/z): 199.0364 (*M* + Na)^+^; (**c**) The possible interacted mechanism of host-guest.", "\n\nCytotoxicity Assay {#Sec8}\n------------------\n\nFor further biological application point of view, a quantitative cytotoxicity study of two compounds (**1** and **2)** *in vitro* was conducted using MTT assay. ", "Owning to Glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) being an important selenoprotein and not found in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) according to scientific research, therefore, the special cell lines (MCF-7 cell) were selected by us^[@CR45],[@CR46]^. The MTT assay results indicated that compound **1** and **2** showed very low cototoxicity over a concentration range of 0--150 μg·mL^−1^ especial probe **2** (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Cellular viability was minimally affected (80%, cellular viability) with the compounds (**1** and **2**) ( \\<150 μg·mL^−1^). ", "In agreement with the binding constants, compounds (**1** and **2**) showed a high binding capacity and low cytotoxicity, especial probe **1**, which indicated that compounds (**1** and **2**) have a potential application to H~2~S detection in cells.", "Figure 6Cell viabilities were measured by MTT assay after 24 h in the presence of of fluorescence probe (0--150 μg·mL^−1^) incubation. ", "Cell viability (expressed in%) was set as 100% growth in the absence of fluorescence probe.", "\n\nMaterial and Methods {#Sec9}\n====================\n\nMost staring materials were obtained commercially, all reagents and solvents were of analytical grade and used as received without further purification unless otherwise stated. ", "Sodium hydrolfide and all anions in the form of tetrabutylammonium salts (such as (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NCl, (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NBr, (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NI, (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NAcO and (*n*-C~4~H~9~)~4~NH~2~PO~4~) and amino acides (Cys, GSH and Hcy) were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). ", "Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was distilled in vacuum after being dried with CaH~2~. 1H NMR spectra were recorded using an Unity Plus-400-MHz spectrometer. ", "HRMS was obtaioned with a Mariner apparatus. ", "Absorption spectra were obtained on UV-vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-2600, Japan). ", "Fluorescence emmission spectra were taken on a Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (Agilent, USA). ", "The binding constant (*K*~s~) was obtained by non-linear least squares calculation method for data fitting.", "\n\nThe cells that were at logarithmic growth phase were seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 2.0 × 10^4^ cell peer well for 24 h, followed by treatment different concentration of compound at 37 °C for additional 24 h. Next, cells were collected and washed with PBS three times then 100 µL of culture medium and 20 µL of MTT solution were added to each well respectively, and the cells were incubated for 4 h. The absorbance were detected by microplate reader (Thermo Multiscan MK3, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) at 490 nm wavelength measurement. ", "Cell viability (expressed in%) was calculated considering 100% growth at the absence of fluorescence probe, and the viability of other groups were calculated by comparing the optical density reading with the control. ", "The IC50 was defined as the compound concentrations required for 80% inhibition of cell growth.", "\n\nSynthesis of the probes {#Sec10}\n-----------------------\n\nThe compounds (**1**--**4**) were synthesized according to the route shown in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n### Synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (**1**) {#Sec11}\n\n7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin was synthesized according to the literature^[@CR47]^. The experimental details were described in supplementary material.", "\n\n### Synthesis of compound **1** {#Sec12}\n\n7-Hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin (2.16 g, 12 mmol) and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (1.5 g, 8 mmol), K~2~CO~3~ (3.39 g, 24 mmol) were dissolved in DMF(40 mL) solution with stirring. ", "The above mixture were heated for 4 h at 90 °C at N~2~ atmosphere and then cooled to room temperature. ", "The reaction was poured into ice-water (400 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 25 mL), dried with MgSO~4~ overnight. ", "Filtration, purification with column chromatography (CH~3~COOCH~2~CH~3~:CH~2~Cl~2~ = 1:40). ", "Stood overnight a yellow precipitate was obtained. ", "Yield: 68%. ", "m.p. ", "187.9--189.8 °C. ", "^1^H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-*d*~6~) δ 8.94 (s, 1 H), 8.51 (dd, *J* = 9.2, 2.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (d, *J* = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (dd, *J* = 15.6, 5.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.28 (dd, *J* = 8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.43 (s, 1 H), 2.47 (s, 3 H) (supplementary material). ", "Elemental analysis: Calc. ", "for C~16~H~10~N~2~O~7~: C, 56.15; H, 2.94; N, 8.18. ", "Found: C, 56.21; H, 2.94; N, 8.16. ", "MS-HRMS (m/z): 341.0551(*M*-H)- (supplementary material). ", "IR: C-O-C (Diphenyl oxide Phenyl ether Biphenyloxide): 1288 cm^−1^ (supplementary material).", "\n\nCompounds (**2**--**4**) were also synthesized according to the above similar procedure.", "\n\n### Compound **2** {#Sec13}\n\nSuitable single light yellow crystal for X-ray crystal structure analysis was obtained. ", "Yield: 74%. ", "m.p. ", "139.3--142.1 °C. ", "^1^H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-*d*~6~) δ 8.56 (d, *J* = 2.8 Hz, 1 H), 8.51 (dd, *J* = 9.1, 2.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.91 (d, *J* = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.39--7.30 (m, 2 H), 7.23 (dd, *J* = 8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (s, 1 H), 2.46 (s, 3 H) (supplementary material). ", "Elemental analysis: Calc. ", "for C~17~H~10~FNO~5~: C, 55.90; H, 2.76; N, 3.83. ", "Found: C, 55.83; H, 2.76; N, 3.84. ", "MS-HRMS (m/z): 366.0589(*M* + H)^+^ (supplementary material). ", "IR: C-O-C (Diphenyl oxide Phenyl ether Biphenyloxide): 1274 cm^−1^ (supplementary material).", "\n\n### Compound **3** {#Sec14}\n\nYield: 75%. ", "m.p. ", "140.9--143.6 °C. ", "^1^H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-*d*~6~) δ 8.16 (dd, *J* = 8.2, 1.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.86--7.76 (m, 2 H), 7.51 (t, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.39 (d, *J* = 8.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.09--7.01 (m, 2 H), 6.35 (s, 1 H), 2.43 (s, 3 H) (supplementary material). ", "Elemental analysis: Calc. ", "for C~16~H~11~NO~5~: C, 64.65; H, 3.73; N, 4.71. ", "Found: C, 64.72; H, 3.72; N, 4.72. ", "MS-HRMS (m/z): 320.0550(*M* + Na)^+^ (supplementary material). ", "IR: C-O-C (Diphenyl oxide Phenyl ether Biphenyloxide): 1273 cm^−1^ (supplementary material).", "\n\n### Compound **4** {#Sec15}\n\nYield: 78%. ", "m.p. ", "165.5--167.3°C. ", "^1^H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-*d*~6~) δ 8.35--8.27 (m, 2 H), 7.88 (d, *J* = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.28 (dd, *J* = 10.2, 3.1 Hz, 3 H), 7.19 (dd, *J* = 8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.40 (s, 1 H), 2.46 (s, 3 H) (supplementary material). ", "Elemental analysis: Calc. ", "for C~16~H~11~NO~5~: C, 64.65; H, 3.73; N, 4.71. ", "Found: C, 64.82; H, 3.74; N, 4.70. ", "MS-HRMS (m/z): 320.0533 (*M* + Na)^+^ (supplementary material). ", "IR: C-O-C (Diphenyl oxide Phenyl ether Biphenyloxide): 1267 cm-1 (supplementary material).", "\n\nA light yellow crystal of compound **2** with dimensions of 0.45 nm × 0.32 nm × 0.23 nm was mounted on a glass fiber. ", "X-ray single-crystal diffraction data was collected on a Rigaku saturn CCD area detector at 293 K with Mo-Ka radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). ", "The structure was solved by direct methods and refined on *F*^2^ by full-matrix least squares methods with SHELXL-97^[@CR48]^.\n\nConclusion {#Sec16}\n==========\n\nIn conclusion, we developed a series of fluorescence probes based on coumarin derivatives for the detection of H~2~S successively with OFF-ON\" fluorescence response. ", "The fluorescence probes, especially compound **1**, exhibited remarkable response to H~2~S against other anions and amino acids in pure DMSO solvent. ", "Otherwise, the probe **1** also showed strong binding ability for HS^−^ in HEPES buffer solution. ", "The interacted mechanism of host-guest was the thiolysis reaction of dinitrophenyl ether. ", "In addition, compound (**1** and **2**) showed highly sensitivity and low cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells and probe **1** can also detect HS^−^ selectively by naked eye in pure DMSO solvent. ", "The results of our efforts highlight that the probes, especially compound **1**, hold a potential chemical tool for the detection of H~2~S.\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n {#Sec17}\n\nSupplementary Information\n\n**Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-018-34331-9.", "\n\nThis work was supported by the Fund of Program for Science & Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province (15HASTIT039); Fund of Fluorescence Probe and Biomedical Detection Research Team of Xinxiang City (CXTD16001), Scientific and Technological Research Projects of Henan Province, China (182102311124), Science and Technology Project of Education department of Henan Province (14A150012), and Science and Technology Project of Xinxiang City (15SF08).", "\n\nX.S., H.W., T.W. directed the work. ", "Y.C. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. ", "Y.C. and Z.X. performed the synthesis. ", "C.L., H.C. performed the cytotoxicity Assay. ", "Y.C. wrote the manuscript. ", "All authors reviewed the manuscript.", "\n\nCompeting Interests {#FPar1}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRollbar impact on rails performance\n\nDoes rollbar impact a rails application performance? ", "\nFrom development and quality perspectives, it's a very useful. ", "But I worry about production performance.", "\n\nA:\n\nRollbar will have a varying impact on application performance depending on how you configure it and how often your application is reporting errors.", "\nBy default, Rollbar sends error data synchronously, and the typical response time from the API will be 10s to low 100s of milliseconds.", "\nTo minimize performance impact, you can configure Rollbar to send data asynchronously using one of the following options:\ngirl_friday\nAdd the following in config/initializers/rollbar.rb:\nconfig.use_async = true\n\nAsynchronous reporting falls back to Threading if girl_friday is not installed.", "\nsucker_punch\nAdd the following in config/initializers/rollbar.rb:\nconfig.use_sucker_punch\n\nSidekiq\nAdd the following in config/initializers/rollbar.rb:\nconfig.use_sidekiq\n\nThe default Sidekiq queue will be rollbar but you can also supply custom Sidekiq options:\nconfig.use_sidekiq 'queue' => 'default'\n\nYou also need to add the name of the queue to your sidekiq.yml\n:queues:\n- default\n- rollbar\n\nStart the redis server:\n$ redis-server\n\nStart Sidekiq from the root directory of your Rails app and declare the name of your queue. ", "Unless you've configured otherwise, the queue name is rollbar:\n$ bundle exec sidekiq -q rollbar\n\nFor every error job a new report will be sent to Rollbar API, also for error retried jobs. ", "You can configure the retries threshold to start reporting to rollbar:\nconfig.sidekiq_threshold = 3 # Start reporting from 3 retries jobs\n\nResque\nAdd the following in config/initializers/rollbar.rb:\nconfig.use_resque\n\nYou can also supply a custom Resque queue:\nconfig.use_resque :queue => 'my_queue'\n\nNow you can just start a new Resque worker processing jobs in that queue:\n$ QUEUE=my_queue bundle exec resque:work\n\nDelayedJob\nAdd the following in config/initializers/rollbar.rb:\nconfig.use_delayed_job\n\nThreading\nAdd the following in config/initializers/rollbar.rb:\nconfig.use_thread\n\nFull details of available options are in the rollbar-gem docs.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Unemployment could hit 10% by end of spring with public borrowing rising at fastest rate since WWII\n\nBritain’s economy could shrink by 35% this spring and unemployment soar by more than 2 million due to the coronavirus crisis, the government’s independent economics forecaster has warned.", "\n\nIn a stark assessment of the economic fallout from Covid-19 as lockdown measures bring much of the country to a standstill, the Office for Budget Responsibility said that gross domestic product (GDP) could plunge by more than a third in the second quarter of the year and by 13% for 2020 as a whole.", "\n\nRishi Sunak 'deeply troubled' by OBR warning of 35% fall in UK GDP Read more\n\nSounding the alarm that the immediate hit to living standards could be worse than the initial shock of the 2008 financial crisis, it said joblessness could hit 10% by the end of June and government borrowing this year would increase at the fastest pace since the second world war.", "\n\nAfter a decade of steady job creation to drive unemployment to its lowest rate since the mid-1970s before the coronavirus hit, such an increase in people losing their jobs would return the country to levels last recorded in the early 1990s recession, when Britain crashed out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.", "\n\nQ&A What is the Office for Budget Responsibility? ", "Show Hide The Office for Budget Responsibility is the government’s independent forecaster, which gives its verdict on the outlook for growth and the public finances twice a year. ", "The forecasts are published to coincide with the chancellor’s two big set pieces of the year – the autumn budget and the spring statement – and takes into account the impact of any tax and spending measures announced in those statements. ", "The OBR also uses its public finances forecasts to judge the Treasury’s performance against the chancellor’s fiscal targets, stating whether or not it has a greater than 50% chance of hitting the targets under current policy. ", "It was established in 2010 by the then chancellor George Osborne with the aim of improving the credibility of the government’s official forecasts for growth. ", "The forecasts were previously produced by the Treasury itself and often criticised for being unrealistic. ", "The OBR is led by three members of the budget responsibility committee, including chairman Robert Chote, a former director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, with support from the OBR’s permanent staff of 27 civil servants.", "\n\nThe OBR analysis came as countries around the world try to devise exit strategies from lockdown conditions despite a rising global death toll.", "\n\nWith business activity and social life effectively brought to a coordinated standstill in most of the developed world, the International Monetary Fund also warned on Tuesday of an economic slump unparalleled since the Great Depression of the 1930s.", "\n\nIn its half-yearly forecasts, the IMF said the “Great Lockdown” could cause global GDP to contract by around 3% this year. ", "The Washington-based fund had forecast growth of 3.3% this year as recently as three months ago.", "\n\nGita Gopinath, the IMF’s economic counsellor, said the size of the hit to the global economy, uncertainty about the how long the shock would last, and the need to discourage economic activity to contain the virus had to led to a crisis “like no other”.", "\n\nThe IMF, which forecast a 2020 drop in UK output of 6.5%, also predicted GDP falls of 9.1% and 8% respectively for Italy and Spain – the two worst-affected European economies from Covid-19 so far – and expects Chinese growth to fall from an expected 6.1% to just 1.2%, its lowest level in decades.", "\n\nGopinath warned the declines coud be far larger: “Much worse growth outcomes are possible and maybe even likely.”", "\n\nThe OBR’s gloomy outlook for the UK was published after the foreign secretary, Dominic Raab, warned the country could remain in lockdown for at least another month. ", "The OBR said: “The longer the period of economic disruption lasts, the more likely it is that the economy’s future potential output will be scarred.”", "\n\nIn a grim assessment that depends heavily on how long ministers decide to keep the lockdown measures in place, the OBR scenario assumed that tight controls would be maintained for three months, followed by a further three months when they are only partially lifted.", "\n\nSign up to the daily Business Today email or follow Guardian Business on Twitter at @BusinessDesk\n\nThe watchdog said it was not attempting to predict what ministers would ultimately decide. ", "Warning that there was a high degree of uncertainty, it said the hit to jobs and growth could be plausibly greater or smaller.", "\n\nOffering a degree of optimism as the outlook worsens, the OBR said the economy could quickly snap back from the deepest crash in more than a century, with GDP recovering to its pre-virus levels as quickly as the end of this year.", "\n\nOutlining the escalating risks to Britain from the economic collapse, the government’s forecasters also warned that public borrowing would almost quintuple this year as the government ramps up its emergency support package for struggling households and businesses.", "\n\nAccording to the tax and spending watchdog, borrowing could rise to around £273bn, or 14% of GDP.", "\n\nThis would rank as Britain’s biggest peacetime budget deficit, but the OBR said the damage to jobs and growth would have been far greater without the emergency spending package.", "\n\nThe budget deficit would be greater than the one inherited in 2010 by David Cameron’s coalition government following the financial crisis, which encouraged the former Tory prime minister to embark on a painful austerity drive in an attempt to balance the books. ", "Despite a decade of deep cuts to public services, the deficit remained at almost £50bn in the last financial year.", "\n\nPaul Johnson, director of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, said a complete reappraisal of economic policy would be required once the dust settled on the coronavirus crisis but predicted that a return to austerity was unlikely. “", "Tough decisions will have to be made which are likely to involve tax rises and higher debt for some time to come,” he said.", "\n\nWarning that the prospect for jobs and growth could significantly worsen if lockdown measures are extended well into the summer, Johnson added: “We must not underestimate just how staggering these figures are, and by how much the economic outlook has shifted compared to just a few months ago.”", "\n\nUnderlining the tough choices facing ministers over how best to end the steps to curtail social and business activity, the OBR warned that each additional month of tight control would cost the exchequer as much as £45bn of additional borrowing.", "\n\nAs the economy crashes and public borrowing balloons, Britain’s national debt – the sum of every annual budget deficit – is expected to spiral to more than 100% of GDP this year.", "\n\nRishi Sunak, the chancellor, said it was clear the coronavirus pandemic would have a very significant impact on the UK economy, just as it would for other nations around the world.", "\n\n“People should know that there is hardship ahead and we won’t be able to protect every job or every business,” he said at the government’s daily press briefing.", "\n\nSaying that the OBR forecasts were only a potential scenario, he said the report had confirmed government actions had protected jobs. “", "If we hadn’t done these things it would mean that things were a lot worse.”", "\n\nAgainst a background of mounting concerns over the government’s exit strategy, some observers warned against over-simplifying the argument between balancing economic prosperity with the health of the country.", "\n\nThe Resolution Foundation warned that ending the lockdown now could lead to more deaths in future, as well as the need for a reimposition of tougher lockdown measures that could cause greater economic damage.", "\n\nTorsten Bell, the thinktank’s chief executive, said: “This should caution against those arguing that policymakers can avoid these costs by simply ending the current lockdown.", "\n\n“Policymakers should also recognise that these forecasts represent just one scenario for a three-month lockdown. ", "History shows that measures to control a pandemic can in fact last much longer.”" ]

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[ "When Britain goes to the polls this week to decide whether to leave the EU, don't expect Noel Gallagher to be first in line.", "\"Do I think we should leave? ", "I don't think we should be given a vote,\" the forthright former Oasis mastermind tells CBC Music.", "\"I see politicians on TV every night telling us that this is a f--king momentous decision that could f--king change Britain forever and blah, blah, blah. ", "It's like, okay, why don't you f--king do what we pay you to do which is run the f--king country and make your f--king mind up,\" he continues. \"", "What are you asking the people for? ", "99 percent of the people are thick as pig shit.\" ", "Though his music has remained unpolitical, Gallagher himself is no stranger to politics. ", "The musician was instrumental in getting the Thatcher conservatives out of power, rallying the youth vote at the height of BritPop. ", "A decision he later regretted when the consequent ruling Labour party, led by Tony Blair, took Britain into the Iraq war.", "A decade on, ghosts of that decision still haunt the 49-year-old.", "\"They [politicians] didn't f--king ask us for a referendum when they were going off to war, did they?\" ", "he points out. \"", "No, f--king assholes.", "\"As for how or even if he'll make his voice heard come Thursday, Gallagher says though he finds the name amusing (\"I like the fact that it sounds like a cereal; a bowl of Brexit!\"), he's still weighing his options.", "\"I'll decide to vote on the morning,\" he offers. \"", "I might be busy.", "\"Source: www.cbc.ca" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nEntity Framework Core commands is not recognized in Nuget PM\n\nWe are using EF6 and EF Core in the project at the same time. ", "I have migration which was created by other team member. ", "I want to Update database using next command:\nEntityFrameworkCore\\Update-Database\nBut the next error is occured:\nEntityFrameworkCore\\Update-Database : The module 'EntityFrameworkCore' could not be loaded. ", "For more information, run 'Import-Module EntityFrameworkCore'.", "\nAt line:1 char:1\n+ EntityFrameworkCore\\Update-Database\n+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n + CategoryInfo : ObjectNotFound: (EntityFrameworkCore\\Update-Database:String) [], CommandNotFoundException\n + FullyQualifiedErrorId : CouldNotAutoLoadModule\n\nIt writing, that the EF Core module could not be loaded, but it in the project packages folder, i checked it. ", "\nImport-Module EntityFrameworkCore command executing result:\nImport-Module : The specified module 'EntityFrameworkCore' was not loaded because no valid module file was found in any module directory.", "\nAt line:1 char:1\n+ Import-Module EntityFrameworkCore\n+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n + CategoryInfo : ResourceUnavailable: (EntityFrameworkCore:String) [Import-Module], FileNotFoundException\n + FullyQualifiedErrorId : Modules_ModuleNotFound,Microsoft.", "PowerShell.", "Commands.", "ImportModuleCommand\n\nI dont understand why i cant using it now, and why NPM can not fine EF Core module.", "\nThis packages in csproj file are mentioned:\n<ItemGroup>\n <PackageReference Include=\"AutoMapper\" Version=\"6.1.1\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"EntityFramework\" Version=\"6.1.3\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"IdentityServer4\" Version=\"1.5.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"IdentityServer4.AccessTokenValidation\" Version=\"1.2.1\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"IdentityServer4.AspNetIdentity\" Version=\"1.0.1\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"IdentityServer4.EntityFramework\" Version=\"1.0.1\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "ApplicationInsights.", "AspNetCore\" Version=\"2.1.1\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "AspNetCore\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "AspNetCore.", "Authentication\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "AspNetCore.", "Identity\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "AspNetCore.", "Identity.", "EntityFrameworkCore\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "AspNetCore.", "Mvc\" Version=\"1.1.3\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Design\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Relational\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Relational.", "Design\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "SqlServer\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Tools\" Version=\"1.1.1\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "Extensions.", "Configuration\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "Extensions.", "Configuration.", "EnvironmentVariables\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "Extensions.", "Configuration.", "Json\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "Extensions.", "DependencyInjection\" Version=\"1.1.1\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "Extensions.", "Logging.", "Debug\" Version=\"1.1.2\" />\n <PackageReference Include=\"System.", "Linq.", "Dynamic\" Version=\"1.0.7\" />\n </ItemGroup>\n\nCan somebody tell me, what i am doing wrong? ", "Update-Database without EntityFrameworkCore prefix is recognized. ", ".Net Framework 4.6.2\n\nA:\n\nI had the same issue and I had to change the way of working. ", "I wrote this recipe to my mates, I hope it helps you:\n\"\n1st.- HOW TO ADD A MIGRATION:\nGo to the project folder and type:\ndotnet ef migrations add [NameOFYourMigrationGoesHere] -c YourContext\n\nNOTE: Don't forget to add created files to source control, that's not done auto-magically\n2nd.- HOW TO UPDATE YOUR DB's:\n 2.a.- In docker -> You can run the project (entirely with Docker) and the migration would be applied at the first Context usage. ", "\n note: (It will use the configured connection string for that environment)\n2.b.- Your Local DB -> Edit the Connection String hardcoded in ConfigurationContext.", "OnConfigure and run:\ndotnet ef database update --context ConfigurationContext\nSTEPS TO REPLICATE THIS FROM SCRATCH:\nMigration Commands has changed a lot in .Net Core\nI recommend to visit:\nhttps://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/core/miscellaneous/cli/dotnet\n1st.- You must add these lines to the .csproj:\n<ItemGroup>\n <DotNetCliToolReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "VisualStudio.", "Web.", "CodeGeneration.", "Tools\" Version=\"1.0.1\" />\n <DotNetCliToolReference Include=\"Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Tools.", "DotNet\" Version=\"1.0.1\" />\n</ItemGroup>\n\nNote: Version might change\n2nd.- Create a Context in your project like this:\npublic class YourContext : DbContext\n{\n #region Constructors\npublic YourContext()\n{\n}\n\npublic YourContext(DbContextOptions options) : base(options)\n{\n\n}\n\n#endregion Constructors\n\n#region DbSets\n#endregion DbSets\n\n#region OnConfiguring\nprotected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder options)\n{\n // In order to be able to create migrations and update database:\n if (!", "options.", "IsConfigured)\n {\n options.", "UseSqlServer(\"YourLocalConnectionStringShouldBeHere\");\n }\n base.", "OnConfiguring(options);\n}\n#endregion\n\n#region Model Creating\n\nprotected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)\n{\n // Your Model Crerating Stuff\n}\n\n#endregion Model Creating\n\n}\n3rd.- Why not to create an \"Initial\" Migration according to steps above??", "\nHappy coding!", "\n\"\nI hope it helps you.", "\nJuan\nEDIT:\nIn addition, the real issue here is that there are different EF \"flavours\". ", "Just go to EF root documentation and see the differences:\nhttps://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/ef/\nEF 6 migrations commands: https://dzone.com/articles/ef-migrations-command \nEF Core migrations commands: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/data/ef-mvc/migrations\nNow my answer seems complete to me. ", "I hope this saved you time guys.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Quality and efficiency in a Swedish hospital and rural medical centre. ", "Alternative methods of quality assurance.", "\nAttitude studies of patients, their relatives, and sometimes even widows or widowers suggest that about 80 per cent of a small sample of Swedish in-patients are satisfied. ", "However, the discontinuity of patient-staff relations in 69 per cent of out-patients is disturbing. ", "There is a possibility that medical quality in the Swedish non-fee-for-service system is affected negatively by staff inactivity, which could explain slow diagnoses, long median durations of stay, and high cost. ", "A tentative but comprehensive study indicates a theoretical efficiency increase in a large Swedish hospital of about 40, and a realistic increase of about 10 per cent. ", "In the author's view, present attempts at cost reduction rarely achieve an efficiency increase, but they may reduce medical quality. ", "The absence of quality assurance in parallel with cost reduction is criticized, and a WHO recommendation is proposed." ]

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[ "Portugal’s GDP is surging at its fastest rate in 17 years\n\n2.7%\n\nPortugal reported its fastest economy growth rate since 2000, with a real GDP increase of 2.7% last year.", "\n\nPublished | Photo by Reuters/Kai Pfaffenbach" ]

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[ "Recently, in some geographical areas, there has been a growing concern regarding the use of phosphorus-containing compounds in laundry detergent compositions because of some evidence that links such compounds to the eutrophication of lakes and streams. ", "While it is not clear whether or not this link is really significant, some governmental bodies have begun to restrict the phosphorus content of detergent compositions, necessitating the formulation of laundry detergents containing chelants less effective than the conventionally-used phosphonates or polyphosphonates. ", "These requirements have complicated the formulation of effective and appropriately priced laundry detergent compositions. ", "It would, therefore, be highly desirable to be able to formulate detergent compositions substantially free of peroxygen or chlorine bleach compounds which contain reduced levels of phosphorous-containing components, but still exhibit excellent cleaning and stain removal performance.", "\nAccordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide novel detergent compositions which exhibit improved stain and soil removal characteristics.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide novel laundry detergent compositions substantially free of peroxygen or chlorine bleach compounds which still exhibit excellent cleaning and stain removal performance.", "\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide novel laundry detergent compositions substantially free of peroxygen or chlorine bleach compounds which exhibit excellent cleansing and stain removal performance, particularly under harsh water conditions.", "\nIt is a final object of the present invention to provide novel laundry detergent compositions which contain PEI's, as nil-phosphorous chelants.", "\nThese and other objects of the invention will be more readily apparent in the description that follows.", "\nThe use of PEI sequestrants in various compositions are generally disclosed in the art.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,033,746 to Moyle et al. ", "discloses compositions comprising PEI for use in coating, oil/latex paint and cellulosic applications. ", "The compositions are said to have improved antimicrobial properties by combining halophenol compounds with PEI.", "\nWO 94/27621 to Mandeville discloses a method of reducing iron absorption from the gastrointestinal tract by orally administering a therapeutic amount of PEI.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,085,060 to Vassileff discloses sequestering compositions for industrial applications comprising polycarboxylate polymers and PEI which have excellent sequestering properties for metals.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,636,213 to Gerstein discloses a method for solubilizing heavy metal salts of 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione in cosmetic formulations where PEI functions as a solubilizing agent.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,400,198 to Lang discloses wave set retention shampoo compositions containing PEI. ", "The compositions are said to precipitate on the hair fiber when diluted with water in the course of usage. ", "Upon drying, PEI improves the wave retention of the hair as well as improving hair manageability. ", "No builders or enzymes are present in such compositions.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,740,422 to Hewitt and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,769,398 to Hewitt disclose aqueous and aqueous alcoholic scalp rinses containing solubilized PEI. ", "It is said that PEI is effective against Pityrosporum ovale, the fungus believed to be associated with dandruff and therefore PEI serves as an anti-dandruff agent. ", "No builders or enzymes would be present in such compositions.", "\nBritish Patent No. ", "1,524,966 (to Reckitt and Colman Products) and British Patent No. ", "1,559,823 (to Reckitt and Colman Products) disclose anti-dandruff shampoo compositions comprising PEI as a conditioning agent for hair and as an antimicrobial agent. ", "Again, no detergency builders or enzymes would be present in such compositions.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,360,581 to Rizvi et al. ", "and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,417,965 to Janchitraponvej et al. ", "disclose conditioning shampoo compositions containing PEI. ", "It is said that protonated PEI's with cationic polyquaternium 32 provide improved stability and conditioning benefits. ", "No detergency builders or enzymes would be present in such compositions.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,251,778 to Dickson et al., ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,259,512 to Dickson et al. ", "and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,271,307 to Dickson et al. ", "disclose processes for preparing PEI's and derivatives thereof. ", "It is suggested that PEI's can be broadly used in various applications such as oil well treatment, asphalt applications, textile applications and the like.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,259,984 to Hull discloses a rinse free cleaner composition for hands, upholstery and carpet containing PEI.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,182,306 to Ulrich, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,208,095 to Esselmann, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,553,696 to Wilson, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,806,839 to Crowther and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,627,687 to Teumac et al. ", "disclose methods of preparing various PEI's.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,844,952 to Booth discloses detergent and fabric softener compositions containing alkylated and alkanoylated PEI's as antistatic agents. ", "The alkylated or alkanoylated polyethyleneimines disclosed by Booth differ structurally from the polyethyleneimines and polyethyleneimine salts (or mixtures) of the invention which are not derivatized.", "\nFurthermore, there are numerous patents that describe various alkoxylated derivatives of PEI (similar to those described by Booth) which are also structurally very different and are otherwise unrelated to the present invention. ", "See for example, U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "2,792,372, 4,171,278, 4,341,716, 4,597,898, 4,561,991, 4,664,848, 4,689,167 and 4,891,160.", "\nFinally, perhaps the most relevant references that do disclose the use of polyethyleneimines in detergent compositions are as follows.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,489,686 to Parran, for example, discloses detergent compositions containing certain PEI's which serve to enhance deposition and retention of particulate substances an surfaces washed with such compositions. ", "There is no teaching or suggestion that polyethyleneimines be used in compositions substantially free of enzymes.", "\nAU Patent No. ", "17813/95 (to Procter & Gamble) and JP 08,053,698 (to Procter & Gamble) disclose detergent compositions containing 0.01% to 10% PEI substantially free of tertiary amino groups having a specific molecular weight of 100-600 as a polymeric chlorine scavenger. ", "The compositions are said to minimize fading of fabric colors sensitive to chlorine which may be present in the composition or in the wash or rinse water. ", "The compositions optionally contain peroxygen or chlorine bleaching agents.", "\nOnce again compositions of the subject invention are free of peroxygen or chlorine bleach compounds, include builders and enzymes, and provide excellent cleansing and stain removal characteristics without bleaching action, even under harsh wash water conditions.", "\nAccordingly, none of the above patents or applications disclose the improved compositions of the present invention or recognize the unique fabric stain removal properties of PEI or PEI salts (or mixtures thereof) in the context of laundry detergent compositions substantially free of bleach." ]

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[ "It is unlikely that the designers of the early network, which is referred to as the “Internet” expected it to become as large as it has become. ", "The fact that the global Internet Protocol (IP) address space for 32-bit addresses has been fully allocated is evidence of this. ", "As the Internet grows, new problems will arise and some current problems are getting worse. ", "For example, while network speeds and bandwidth are increasing, so are causes of network latency.", "\nThe Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has taken steps at various times in the past and are presently taking steps to address a number of problems resulting from the Internet's growth. ", "Problems addressed by the IETF are described in a number of “Request for Comments” (RFC) documents published by the IETF. ", "Documents referenced herein and included by reference include: “Request for Comments” (RFC) document RFC 791 edited by J. Postel, titled “Internet Protocol, DARPA Internet Protocol Specification”, published by the IETF in September, 1981; “Request for Comments” (RFC) document RFC 1519 by V. Fuller, et al, titled “Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): An Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy”, published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IEFT), in June, 1999; “Request for Comments” (RFC) document RFC 2460 by S. Deering, et al, titled “Internet Protocol, Version 6, (IPv6) Specification”, published by the IETF in December, 1998; “Request for Comments” (RFC) document RFC 3513 by R. Hinden, et al, titled “Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture”, published by the IETF in April, 2003; and “Request for Comments” (RFC) document RFC 2374 by R. Hinden, et al, titled ““Aggregatable Global Unicast Address Format”, published by the IETF in July, 1998.", "\nRFC 791 states, “The internet protocol implements two basic functions: addressing and fragmentation”. ", "RFC 791 goes on to state, “A distinction is made between names, addresses, and routes. ", "A name indicates what we seek. ", "An address indicates where it is. ", "A route indicates how to get there. ", "The internet protocol deals primarily with addresses. ", "It is the task of higher level (i.e., host-to-host or application) protocols to make the mapping from names to addresses. ", "The internet module maps internet addresses to local net addresses. ", "It is the task of lower level (i.e., local net or gateways) procedures to make the mapping from local net addresses to routes”.", "\nAs demonstrated in the RFCs listed above, addressing has been a source of a number of problems. ", "In order to address a number of current and future problems facing the Internet, the subject matter described herein challenges the distinctions asserted in RFC 791 between and among names, addresses, and routes.", "\nAccordingly, there exists a need for methods, systems, and computer program products for routing based on a path-based protocol address." ]

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[ "[A case of identification of two persons from heavily burned teeth by age estimation].", "\nA man murdered his two daughters, one five years and two months old and one seven months old. ", "He placed them into a 750 degrees C aluminum liquefying furnace. ", "Teeth and many fragments of the severely burned bones were recovered. ", "However, at first, the bone fragments did not offer proof that two children were put into the furnace. ", "The age estimation of the teeth burned in liquefied aluminum was carried out based on the maturity of the teeth and the degree of absorption of deciduous teeth roots. ", "As a result from the admixture of permanent teeth and deciduous teeth, we presumed them to be derived from more than one person." ]

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[ "// Copyright (c) 1999, Google Inc.\n// All rights reserved.", "\n//\n// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are\n// met:\n//\n// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer\n// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the\n// distribution.", "\n// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its\n// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from\n// this software without specific prior written permission.", "\n//\n// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\n// \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT\n// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\n// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\n// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY\n// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\n// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n\n// ---\n//\n// Revamped and reorganized by Craig Silverstein\n//\n// This file contains code for handling the 'reporting' flags. ", " These\n// are flags that, when present, cause the program to report some\n// information and then exit. ", " --help and --version are the canonical\n// reporting flags, but we also have flags like --helpxml, etc.", "\n//\n// There's only one function that's meant to be called externally:\n// HandleCommandLineHelpFlags(). ", " (Well, actually, ShowUsageWithFlags(),\n// ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(), and DescribeOneFlag() can be called\n// externally too, but there's little need for it.) ", " These are all\n// declared in the main gflags.h header file.", "\n//\n// HandleCommandLineHelpFlags() will check what 'reporting' flags have\n// been defined, if any -- the \"help\" part of the function name is a\n// bit misleading -- and do the relevant reporting. ", " It should be\n// called after all flag-values have been assigned, that is, after\n// parsing the command-line.", "\n\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <ctype.h>\n#include <assert.h>\n#include <string>\n#include <vector>\n\n#include \"config.h\"\n#include \"gflags/gflags.h\"\n#include \"gflags/gflags_completions.h\"\n#include \"util.h\"\n\n\n// The 'reporting' flags. ", " They all call gflags_exitfunc().", "\nDEFINE_bool (help, false, \"show help on all flags [tip: all flags can have two dashes]\");\nDEFINE_bool (helpfull, false, \"show help on all flags -- same as -help\");\nDEFINE_bool (helpshort, false, \"show help on only the main module for this program\");\nDEFINE_string(helpon, \"\", \"show help on the modules named by this flag value\");\nDEFINE_string(helpmatch, \"\", \"show help on modules whose name contains the specified substr\");\nDEFINE_bool (helppackage, false, \"show help on all modules in the main package\");\nDEFINE_bool (helpxml, false, \"produce an xml version of help\");\nDEFINE_bool (version, false, \"show version and build info and exit\");\n\n\nnamespace GFLAGS_NAMESPACE {\n\n\nusing std::string;\nusing std::vector;\n\n\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n// DescribeOneFlag()\n// DescribeOneFlagInXML()\n// Routines that pretty-print info about a flag. ", " These use\n// a CommandLineFlagInfo, which is the way the gflags\n// API exposes static info about a flag.", "\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nstatic const int kLineLength = 80;\n\nstatic void AddString(const string& s,\n string* final_string, int* chars_in_line) {\n const int slen = static_cast<int>(s.length());\n if (*chars_in_line + 1 + slen >= kLineLength) { // < 80 chars/line\n *final_string += \"\\n \";\n *chars_in_line = 6;\n } else {\n *final_string += \" \";\n *chars_in_line += 1;\n }\n *final_string += s;\n *chars_in_line += slen;\n}\n\nstatic string PrintStringFlagsWithQuotes(const CommandLineFlagInfo& flag,\n const string& text, bool current) {\n const char* c_string = (current ? ", "flag.current_value.c_str() :\n flag.default_value.c_str());\n if (strcmp(flag.type.c_str(), \"string\") == 0) { // add quotes for strings\n return StringPrintf(\"%s: \\\"%s\\\"\", text.c_str(), c_string);\n } else {\n return StringPrintf(\"%s: %s\", text.c_str(), c_string);\n }\n}\n\n// Create a descriptive string for a flag.", "\n// Goes to some trouble to make pretty line breaks.", "\nstring DescribeOneFlag(const CommandLineFlagInfo& flag) {\n string main_part;\n SStringPrintf(&main_part, \" -%s (%s)\",\n flag.name.c_str(),\n flag.description.c_str());\n const char* c_string = main_part.c_str();\n int chars_left = static_cast<int>(main_part.length());\n string final_string = \"\";\n int chars_in_line = 0; // how many chars in current line so far?", "\n while (1) {\n assert(static_cast<size_t>(chars_left)\n == strlen(c_string)); // Unless there's a \\0 in there?", "\n const char* newline = strchr(c_string, '\\n');\n if (newline == NULL && chars_in_line+chars_left < kLineLength) {\n // The whole remainder of the string fits on this line\n final_string += c_string;\n chars_in_line += chars_left;\n break;\n }\n if (newline !", "= NULL && newline - c_string < kLineLength - chars_in_line) {\n int n = static_cast<int>(newline - c_string);\n final_string.append(c_string, n);\n chars_left -= n + 1;\n c_string += n + 1;\n } else {\n // Find the last whitespace on this 80-char line\n int whitespace = kLineLength-chars_in_line-1; // < 80 chars/line\n while ( whitespace > 0 && !", "isspace(c_string[whitespace]) ) {\n --whitespace;\n }\n if (whitespace <= 0) {\n // Couldn't find any whitespace to make a line break. ", " Just dump the\n // rest out!", "\n final_string += c_string;\n chars_in_line = kLineLength; // next part gets its own line for sure!", "\n break;\n }\n final_string += string(c_string, whitespace);\n chars_in_line += whitespace;\n while (isspace(c_string[whitespace])) ++whitespace;\n c_string += whitespace;\n chars_left -= whitespace;\n }\n if (*c_string == '\\0')\n break;\n StringAppendF(&final_string, \"\\n \");\n chars_in_line = 6;\n }\n\n // Append data type\n AddString(string(\"type: \") + flag.type, &final_string, &chars_in_line);\n // The listed default value will be the actual default from the flag\n // definition in the originating source file, unless the value has\n // subsequently been modified using SetCommandLineOptionWithMode() with mode\n // SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT, or by setting FLAGS_foo = bar before ParseCommandLineFlags().", "\n AddString(PrintStringFlagsWithQuotes(flag, \"default\", false), &final_string,\n &chars_in_line);\n if (!", "flag.is_default) {\n AddString(PrintStringFlagsWithQuotes(flag, \"currently\", true),\n &final_string, &chars_in_line);\n }\n\n StringAppendF(&final_string, \"\\n\");\n return final_string;\n}\n\n// Simple routine to xml-escape a string: escape & and < only.", "\nstatic string XMLText(const string& txt) {\n string ans = txt;\n for (string::size_type pos = 0; (pos = ans.find(\"&\", pos)) !", "= string::npos; )\n ans.replace(pos++, 1, \"&amp;\");\n for (string::size_type pos = 0; (pos = ans.find(\"<\", pos)) !", "= string::npos; )\n ans.replace(pos++, 1, \"&lt;\");\n return ans;\n}\n\nstatic void AddXMLTag(string* r, const char* tag, const string& txt) {\n StringAppendF(r, \"<%s>%s</%s>\", tag, XMLText(txt).c_str(), tag);\n}\n\n\nstatic string DescribeOneFlagInXML(const CommandLineFlagInfo& flag) {\n // The file and flagname could have been attributes, but default\n // and meaning need to avoid attribute normalization. ", " This way it\n // can be parsed by simple programs, in addition to xml parsers.", "\n string r(\"<flag>\");\n AddXMLTag(&r, \"file\", flag.filename);\n AddXMLTag(&r, \"name\", flag.name);\n AddXMLTag(&r, \"meaning\", flag.description);\n AddXMLTag(&r, \"default\", flag.default_value);\n AddXMLTag(&r, \"current\", flag.current_value);\n AddXMLTag(&r, \"type\", flag.type);\n r += \"</flag>\";\n return r;\n}\n\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n// ShowUsageWithFlags()\n// ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict()\n// ShowXMLOfFlags()\n// These routines variously expose the registry's list of flag\n// values. ", " ShowUsage*() prints the flag-value information\n// to stdout in a user-readable format (that's what --help uses).", "\n// The Restrict() version limits what flags are shown.", "\n// ShowXMLOfFlags() prints the flag-value information to stdout\n// in a machine-readable format. ", " In all cases, the flags are\n// sorted: first by filename they are defined in, then by flagname.", "\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nstatic const char* Basename(const char* filename) {\n const char* sep = strrchr(filename, PATH_SEPARATOR);\n return sep ? ", "sep + 1 : filename;\n}\n\nstatic string Dirname(const string& filename) {\n string::size_type sep = filename.rfind(PATH_SEPARATOR);\n return filename.substr(0, (sep == string::npos) ? ", "0 : sep);\n}\n\n// Test whether a filename contains at least one of the substrings.", "\nstatic bool FileMatchesSubstring(const string& filename,\n const vector<string>& substrings) {\n for (vector<string>::const_iterator target = substrings.begin();\n target !", "= substrings.end();\n ++target) {\n if (strstr(filename.c_str(), target->c_str()) !", "= NULL)\n return true;\n // If the substring starts with a '/', that means that we want\n // the string to be at the beginning of a directory component.", "\n // That should match the first directory component as well, so\n // we allow '/foo' to match a filename of 'foo'.", "\n if (!", "target->empty() && (*target)[0] == PATH_SEPARATOR &&\n strncmp(filename.c_str(), target->c_str() + 1,\n strlen(target->c_str() + 1)) == 0)\n return true;\n }\n return false;\n}\n\n// Show help for every filename which matches any of the target substrings.", "\n// If substrings is empty, shows help for every file. ", "If a flag's help message\n// has been stripped (e.g. by adding '#define STRIP_FLAG_HELP 1'\n// before including gflags/gflags.h), then this flag will not be displayed\n// by '--help' and its variants.", "\nstatic void ShowUsageWithFlagsMatching(const char *argv0,\n const vector<string> &substrings) {\n fprintf(stdout, \"%s: %s\\n\", Basename(argv0), ProgramUsage());\n\n vector<CommandLineFlagInfo> flags;\n GetAllFlags(&flags); // flags are sorted by filename, then flagname\n\n string last_filename; // so we know when we're at a new file\n bool first_directory = true; // controls blank lines between dirs\n bool found_match = false; // stays false iff no dir matches restrict\n for (vector<CommandLineFlagInfo>::const_iterator flag = flags.begin();\n flag !", "= flags.end();\n ++flag) {\n if (substrings.empty() ||\n FileMatchesSubstring(flag->filename, substrings)) {\n // If the flag has been stripped, pretend that it doesn't exist.", "\n if (flag->description == kStrippedFlagHelp) continue;\n found_match = true; // this flag passed the match!", "\n if (flag->filename !", "= last_filename) { // new file\n if (Dirname(flag->filename) !", "= Dirname(last_filename)) { // new dir!", "\n if (!", "first_directory)\n fprintf(stdout, \"\\n\\n\"); // put blank lines between directories\n first_directory = false;\n }\n fprintf(stdout, \"\\n Flags from %s:\\n\", flag->filename.c_str());\n last_filename = flag->filename;\n }\n // Now print this flag\n fprintf(stdout, \"%s\", DescribeOneFlag(*flag).c_str());\n }\n }\n if (!", "found_match && !", "substrings.empty()) {\n fprintf(stdout, \"\\n No modules matched: use -help\\n\");\n }\n}\n\nvoid ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(const char *argv0, const char *restrict) {\n vector<string> substrings;\n if (restrict !", "= NULL && *restrict !", "= '\\0') {\n substrings.push_back(restrict);\n }\n ShowUsageWithFlagsMatching(argv0, substrings);\n}\n\nvoid ShowUsageWithFlags(const char *argv0) {\n ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(argv0, \"\");\n}\n\n// Convert the help, program, and usage to xml.", "\nstatic void ShowXMLOfFlags(const char *prog_name) {\n vector<CommandLineFlagInfo> flags;\n GetAllFlags(&flags); // flags are sorted: by filename, then flagname\n\n // XML. ", " There is no corresponding schema yet\n fprintf(stdout, \"<?", "xml version=\\\"1.0\\\"?>\\n\");\n // The document\n fprintf(stdout, \"<AllFlags>\\n\");\n // the program name and usage\n fprintf(stdout, \"<program>%s</program>\\n\",\n XMLText(Basename(prog_name)).c_str());\n fprintf(stdout, \"<usage>%s</usage>\\n\",\n XMLText(ProgramUsage()).c_str());\n // All the flags\n for (vector<CommandLineFlagInfo>::const_iterator flag = flags.begin();\n flag !", "= flags.end();\n ++flag) {\n if (flag->description !", "= kStrippedFlagHelp)\n fprintf(stdout, \"%s\\n\", DescribeOneFlagInXML(*flag).c_str());\n }\n // The end of the document\n fprintf(stdout, \"</AllFlags>\\n\");\n}\n\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n// ShowVersion()\n// Called upon --version. ", " Prints build-related info.", "\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nstatic void ShowVersion() {\n const char* version_string = VersionString();\n if (version_string && *version_string) {\n fprintf(stdout, \"%s version %s\\n\",\n ProgramInvocationShortName(), version_string);\n } else {\n fprintf(stdout, \"%s\\n\", ProgramInvocationShortName());\n }\n# if !", "defined(NDEBUG)\n fprintf(stdout, \"Debug build (NDEBUG not #defined)\\n\");\n# endif\n}\n\nstatic void AppendPrognameStrings(vector<string>* substrings,\n const char* progname) {\n string r(\"\");\n r += PATH_SEPARATOR;\n r += progname;\n substrings->push_back(r + \".\");", "\n substrings->push_back(r + \"-main.\");", "\n substrings->push_back(r + \"_main.\");", "\n}\n\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n// HandleCommandLineHelpFlags()\n// Checks all the 'reporting' commandline flags to see if any\n// have been set. ", " If so, handles them appropriately. ", " Note\n// that all of them, by definition, cause the program to exit\n// if they trigger.", "\n// --------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nvoid HandleCommandLineHelpFlags() {\n const char* progname = ProgramInvocationShortName();\n\n HandleCommandLineCompletions();\n\n vector<string> substrings;\n AppendPrognameStrings(&substrings, progname);\n\n if (FLAGS_helpshort) {\n // show only flags related to this binary:\n // E.g. for fileutil.cc, want flags containing ... \"/fileutil.\" ", "cc\n ShowUsageWithFlagsMatching(progname, substrings);\n gflags_exitfunc(1);\n\n } else if (FLAGS_help || FLAGS_helpfull) {\n // show all options\n ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(progname, \"\"); // empty restrict\n gflags_exitfunc(1);\n\n } else if (!", "FLAGS_helpon.empty()) {\n string restrict = PATH_SEPARATOR + FLAGS_helpon + \".\";", "\n ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(progname, restrict.c_str());\n gflags_exitfunc(1);\n\n } else if (!", "FLAGS_helpmatch.empty()) {\n ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(progname, FLAGS_helpmatch.c_str());\n gflags_exitfunc(1);\n\n } else if (FLAGS_helppackage) {\n // Shows help for all files in the same directory as main(). ", " We\n // don't want to resort to looking at dirname(progname), because\n // the user can pick progname, and it may not relate to the file\n // where main() resides. ", " So instead, we search the flags for a\n // filename like \"/progname.cc\", and take the dirname of that.", "\n vector<CommandLineFlagInfo> flags;\n GetAllFlags(&flags);\n string last_package;\n for (vector<CommandLineFlagInfo>::const_iterator flag = flags.begin();\n flag !", "= flags.end();\n ++flag) {\n if (!", "FileMatchesSubstring(flag->filename, substrings))\n continue;\n const string package = Dirname(flag->filename) + PATH_SEPARATOR;\n if (package !", "= last_package) {\n ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(progname, package.c_str());\n VLOG(7) << \"Found package: \" << package;\n if (!", "last_package.empty()) { // means this isn't our first pkg\n LOG(WARNING) << \"Multiple packages contain a file=\" << progname;\n }\n last_package = package;\n }\n }\n if (last_package.empty()) { // never found a package to print\n LOG(WARNING) << \"Unable to find a package for file=\" << progname;\n }\n gflags_exitfunc(1);\n\n } else if (FLAGS_helpxml) {\n ShowXMLOfFlags(progname);\n gflags_exitfunc(1);\n\n } else if (FLAGS_version) {\n ShowVersion();\n // Unlike help, we may be asking for version in a script, so return 0\n gflags_exitfunc(0);\n\n }\n}\n\n\n} // namespace GFLAGS_NAMESPACE\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPortability issue with MicroProfile Config implementation in Thorntail\n\nThis question is about the proper way to read configuration in a REST service in a portable way, e.g. should run on Thorntail 2.4.0 and Wildfly 15.", "\nThis was the original implementation suggested by Thorntail\n@Inject\n @org.wildfly.swarm.spi.runtime.annotations.", "ConfigurationValue(\"swarm.port.offset\")\nprivate Optional<String> portOffset;\n\nThis was not working in WildFly 15 so we changed this code in the following way:\n@Inject\n@ConfigProperty(name=\"swarm.port.offset\")\nprivate Optional<String> portOffset;\n\nAnd provided the system property is set, it works nicely.", "\nHowever, back in Thorntail, it generates the following exception:\n\norg.jboss.weld.exceptions.", "DeploymentException: \n WELD-001408:\n Unsatisfied dependencies for type Optional with qualifiers\n @ConfigProperty\n at injection point [BackedAnnotatedField] @Inject\n @ConfigProperty \n private com.my-company.core.internal.util.", "ZookeeperRegistry.portOffset\n at com.my-company.core.internal.util.", "ZookeeperRegistry.portOffset(ZookeeperRegistry.java:0)\n WELD-001475: The following beans match by type, but none have matching\n qualifiers:\n - Producer Method [Optional] with qualifiers [@Any @ConfigurationValue] declared as [[UnbackedAnnotatedMethod]\n @ConfigurationValue @Dependent @Produces\n org.wildfly.swarm.container.runtime.cdi.", "ConfigurationValueProducer.produceOptionalConfigValue(InjectionPoint)]\n\nMany thanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe code runs finally on both environments, with a single pom file.", "\nI detail below the solution adopted.", "\n\nUsed @ConfigProperty, not @org.wildfly.swarm.spi.runtime.annotations.", "ConfigurationValue\nUse @Any @ConfigProperty, resolved WELD-001475 \nIn terms of maven dependencies, I included this dependency regardless of whether we are building for Thorntail or for WildFLy\n<dependency>\n <groupId>org.eclipse.microprofile.config</groupId>\n <artifactId>microprofile-config-api</artifactId>\n</dependency>\n\nThe actual version is resolved using dependencyManagement for the Eclipse microprofile:\n<dependencyManagement>\n <dependencies>\n <dependency>\n <groupId>org.eclipse.microprofile</groupId>\n <artifactId>microprofile</artifactId>\n <version>2.2</version>\n <type>pom</type>\n <scope>import</scope>\n </dependency> \n...\n</dependencyManagement>\n\nMaven profiles are used to import Thorntail implementations that are not \"core\", e.g. microprofile-health, but in the case of microprofile-config, it is not necessary. ", "For WildFly, the implementation org.wildfly.extension.microprofile.config.smallrye is provided so the library shall not be included in the war/ear.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "A Scotsman’s account on Sikhs\n\nInderjeet Singh\n\n\n\n\n\nThis paper intends to share with students of Sikh history an account on Sikhs by Quintin Craufurd1 originally written in 1790. ", "This account is taken from his book The History, Religion, Learning and Manners of the Hindus. ", "Although the book has been in the public domain for over 200 years but it has hardly been mentioned by the Sikh historians2. ", "The extract from the above book relating to Sikhs is produced for general reference and for readers to draw their own conclusion. ", "This short extract can be an addition to the 18th century European accounts on Sikhs.", "\n\n\n\nQuintin Craufurd was bom in 1743 in Scotland. ", "He came to India in his early life and entered into the service with East India Company. ", "In 1790 he wrote the book The History, Religion, Learning and Manners of the Hindus in two volumes. ", "He does not mention Sikhs in his first volume. ", "However in Sketch 2 of the first volume (the author uses the word sketch rather than chapter), Craufurd expresses his gratitude to Colonel Polier, John Stuart and George Forster3. ", "These names are quite familiar to the students of Sikh history.", "\n\nThe first reference to the Sikhs is made on page 254 of volume 2 in Sketch 15 ‘History & Political State of the present native Powers of Hindostan’. ", "Craufurd states that when Timur Shah, son of Ahmed Shah Abdali who was left as latter protege in his Indian conquest which included Punjab was frequently disturbed by the Sikhs. ", "In the footnote the author defines Sikhs as ‘A tribe of Hindoos, who possess deism’. ", "He further adds that the word Sikh is said to mean disciple. ", "In volume 2 the Scot makes passing references to Sikhs on couple of pages in relation to Abdali’s invasion. ", "His account on Sikhs starts on page 263 and runs in 14 pages.", "\n\nThe account has some obvious inaccuracies which are not out of ordinary when compared with other 18th century European accounts on Sikhs. ", "The author fails to mention Khalsa and the circumstances which led to Sikhs to take up arms and defend their faith. ", "However Craufurd account is not a biased like Col. ", "Polier’s account4. ", "The author had some knowledge about philosophy of religion(s) which is evident when he states that Sikhs possess deism5. ", "Deists typically reject supernatural events such as prophecy and miracles, tending to assert that God (or The Supreme Architect’) has a plan for the universe that is not to be altered by intervention in the affairs of human life. ", "Deists believe in the existence of one supreme God only.", "\n\nHe interprets that Guru Nanak become admirer of Narghenny worship which in all probability is the concept of Nirgun(a) found in Hindu philosophy of Vedanta. ", "In Sikh religion the God is both Nirgun (without attributes) and Sargun (with attributes). ", "Guru Granth Sahib on page 250 states ‘Nirankaar aakaar aap nirgun sargun ayk’. ‘", "Aap akaar aap nirankaar’ (p863 GGS) ‘Raaj joban prabh thoon dhanee, thoon nirguna thoon sarguna’\n\nCraufurd states that Guru Nanak ‘stripped the religion of Brimha of its mythology’ and the Sikhs are monotheistic. ", "He adds that Sikhs fondly remember their Gurus but ‘they neither offer them divine worship, nor apply to them to intercede in their behalf.’", "\n\nA fascinating aspect on this account is Craufurd interpretation on the blue dress worn by Khalsa. ", "He states that blue is generally considered as an inauspicious colour by the Hindus is the colour of the Sikhs as dictated by their Gurus. ", "He adds that the Guru perhaps meant to show by this, ‘the weakness and absurdity of superstitious prejudices.’ ", "Craufurd shares the difference in Sikh religion and their way of life in comparison to Hindus in general. ", "He seems to be contradicting his early statement made in the first volume where he describes Sikhs as a tribe of Hindus.", "\n\nInterestingly Craufurd mentions that Sikhs were not without suspicion that the assassination attempt on their last Guru which fatally wounded him was undertaken by the secret order of the Emperor Bahadur Shah. ", "Traditional Sikh sources like Mehma Prakash & Rattan Singh Bhangoo’s Prachin Path Prakash blame Wazir Khan the Subedar of Sirhind for conspiring and sending spies to murder the tenth Guru. ", "A contemporary Persian source Akhbar-i-Darbar-i-Mualla6 gives information regarding the Pathan who fatally wounded Guru Gobind Singh as Jamshed Khan. ", "He treacherously attacked the Guru and was subsequently killed by the Guru. ", "This Persian source states that the Emperor bestowed on the son of the killed Khan a robe of mourning. ", "One can deduce that the attack on Guru Gobind Singh was made with the knowledge of Mughal Emperor and the latter knew the attacker. ", "Outwardly Bahadur Shah was friendly towards the Guru but he had sinister motive to get rid of the Guru. ", "Hari Ram Gupta is of the opinion that Bahadur Shah was involved in the conspiracy to kill the Guru7. ", "Modem Sikh historians like Kirpal Singh & Harbans Singh Noor also second this view.8\n\nIt seems that till late 18th century at least some Sikhs believed that Bahadur Shah had some hand in the assassination attempt of Guru Gobind Singh. ", "Some how this belief got lost in time till the translation of the above stated Persian source was brought to the attention of Sikh community in latter half of the 20th century.", "\n\nThe writer of the paper hopes that general readers and students of Sikh history will find the account useful and this will be seen as an addition to the other early European accounts on Sikhs.", "\n\nSketches chiefly relating to the History, Religion, Learning & Manners of the Hindoos by Quentin Craufurd (Second Edition June 12, 1791)\n\nSketch XV- History & Political State of the present native Powers of Hindostan\n\n\n\nPage 263-277\n\nOn crossing the Attuck, we now enter the territories of the Seiks, a people who owe their religious origin to a Hindoo, named Nanuck, of the Khatry or Rajah cast. ", "His father, Baba Calou, possessed a small district in the province of Lahore, named Telvandi, where Nanuck was born in the year of Christ 14709. ", "Many stories are told of wonderful indications given by him, in his infancy, of uncommon wisdom and sagacity. ", "He seems to have possessed strong natural powers, but which received no further cultivation than the usual education of the young men of his cast, consisting in little more than learning to read and write; in being taught arithmetic; and hearing the Shastras, or dissertations on the law and religion of their country.", "\n\nAccording to the custom of the Hindoos, he was married in his early years to one of his own tribe, by whom he had two sons.", "\n\nIt appears that he soon became an admirer of the Narghenny* worship, and used to declaim against the folly of idols, and the impiety of offering adoration to any but the Supreme Being.", "\n\n(*see Vol 1 page 155, Craufurd defines Nargheeny as worship of the invisible, have no other object of adoration but that Being)\n\nHaving often expressed a desire to travel, at the age of about twenty-five years he quitted his family, and visited Bengal and most of the eastern provinces of Hindostan. ", "In a second excursion he went to the south, it is said, as far as the island of Ceyloan and in a third, he went into Persia and Arabia. ", "These different joumies seem to have taken up about fifteen years. ", "But on his return from third, he declared his intention of not quitting his native country any more; and having expressed a wish of fixing his retreat on the border of some river, at a distance from any town, the Rajah of Calanore, who had become one of his disciples, granted him a piece of the land on the banks of Ravy, about 80 miles north-eastward from the city of Lahore. ", "Here Nanuck established his abode for the rest of his days, in a convenient dwelling that was erected by the Rajah’s care and as he chose to be free from the affaires of this world, his wife and children dwelt at Calanore, coming occasionally to visit him. ", "Having acquired great reputation for knowledge, wisdom, and piety, persons of all persuasions went to see him, and the Seiks say, that in his presence they forgot that there was any religion but one. ", "He died about the age of seventy. ", "The place of his abode was called Kartarpour, but since his death it has been named Dihra Daira, or the place of worship.", "\n\nHis eldest son, Serik-chund was the founder of a set of devotees, named Nanuck Shoiy. ", "The second, called Letchimidan, married, and had several children. ", "On account of the oppressions of the Mahomedan governors, he altogether forsook Telvandy, the estate of his ancestors, and settled at Kartarpour, which is still in possession of his descendants. ", "But though are respected by the Seiks, as being the posterity of Nanuck, yet they are not held in any sacred veneration, nor considered as the heads of their religion or tribe.", "\n\nNanuck, when on his death-bed, passing by his children and relations, named as his successor, to teach his doctrine, a favourite disciple, named Lhina, but whom he then called Angud, which is said to signify, similar. ", "Angud was likewise of the Khatry cast, and of a respectable family in the same province where Nanuck was bom. ", "To him he entmsted the care of collecting his precepts, which he according did, in a work called Pothy, or the book and in another work called Jenum Sakhy, he gave a history of Nanuck’s life. ", "These are written in the Panjab dialect, but in a particular character called Gour Mouekty, said to have been invented by Nanuck himself for the purpose of writing his doctrine*.", "\n\n(Footnote * Colonel Polier)\n\nAngud, following the example of Nanuck, named to succeed him as Gourou, or holy master, his disciple Amerdoss; and this mode seems to have been practised, as long as the custom of obeying one supreme chief was observed.", "\n\n\"India – Sikh History Account of India and the Sikhs 1790 Quintin Craufurd. ", "Sketches chiefly relating to the History Religion Learning and Manners of the Hindoos 1790.", "\n\nQuintin Craufurd (22 September 1743 – 23 November 1819) a British author In early life he went to India where he entered the service of the British East India Company.\"", "\n\nsource\n\nThe Seiks appear to have lived for many years in perfect peace with the rest of mankind; and, being inoffensive in their manners, obtained the protection and good- will of the Mahomedan court. ", "During this time, the number of disciplines constantly increased; their possessions were considerably extended; some woody and uncultivated lands were granted to them by the government, and some of the neighbouring Rajahs were converted to their religion. ", "But in proportion as their power augmented, they seem to have quitted their meek and humble character, and at last, instead of appearing as suppliants, stood forth in amis. ", "The first military leader of distinction we hear was Taigh. ", "The next was the tenth and last Gourou, Govand Sing, who, after being engaged in hostilities against the Mahomedan government, made his peace and even attended the emperor Bahadur Shaw in person. ", "For some private motive of resentment, he was assassinated by the Petansoldier, though Seiks were not without suspicion, that he was killed by the secret order of the emperor. ", "Having neglected to name a successor, or, as some say, declined it, out of respect to prophecy, that there would only be ten Gourous, the Seiks chose for their chief a person named BaundaBeing of a bold and active disposition, he soon began to make incursions into the neighbouring countries, and maintained a depredatory war with the Soubadar of Lahore for several years. ", "He was at last surprised and taken, and with his family and many of his countrymen sent to Delhi, where they were put to an ignominious death. ", "The blood that was spilt on that occasion, sealed that revenge which the Seiks then swore, and the invincible aversion they have ever since manifested to the Mahomedans. ", "They continued their warfare with the Mughal government for sometime, with various success; but taking advantage of the intestine trouble which succeeded the invasion of Hadir Shaw, they subdued several districts. ", "Wherever they conquered, they threw down the mosques; and as they admitted proselytes to their religion, all were obliged to quite their country who did not choose to embrace their doctrine\n\nHaving, as already related, drawn on themselves the vengeance of Ahmed Shaw, he attacked them with his usual vigour. ", "They were now under several chiefs, some of them descendants of their Gourous, and others of Hindoo nobles, who had adopted their faith, and united themselves with the nation. ", "The war with the Affghans lasted several years, during which the Seiks retired into strong holds, or acted offensively in the field, according as they found themselves in force. ", "But in the end they entirely expelled these northern invaders; and not only conquered all the extensive province of Lahore, but are now in possession of the greatest part of Moultan, and several districts towards Delhi, including in their territories the whole of that rich country called the Panjab.", "\n\nNanuck having stripped the religion of Brimha of its mythology, the Seiks adore God alone, without image or intermediation; and though they venerate the memory of their founder, as well as some of their Gourous, whose names they often repeat, yet they neither offer them divine worship, nor apply to them to intercede in their behalf.", "\n\nThey eat any sort of meat, excepting beef; retaining the same regard of the ox as the other Hindoos, and probably from same cause, its utility. ", "But the meat which is very generally eaten, is pork; perhaps because forbidden to the Mahomedans.", "\n\nBlue, which is generally considered as an inauspicious colour by the Hindoos, distinguishes the dress of the Seiks; as if Nanuck meant to show by this, the weakness and absurdity of superstitious prejudices. ", "Their dress commonly consist in blue trowsers of cotton cloth; a sort of plaid, generally chequered with blue, which is thrown over the right shoulder, and a blue turban.", "\n\nThe national government is composed of an assembly of their different chiefs, but who individually are independent of each other, and masters of their respective territories. ", "In this assembly every thing that regards the safety of the state, the quota of troops to be furnished by each chief in time of war, the operations of their armies, and the choice of the person to command them, is agitated; and resolved on by the plurality of voices. ", "This assembly meets annually, or as occasion may require, at Anbertser14, a place held in a kind of religious veneration, where there is a large tank, which is said to be beautifully ornamented, lined with granit15, and surrounded with buildings.", "\n\nThe whole force of the different chiefs collectively may amount to about two hundred thousand horses. ", "But they freedom can be brought to act in concert, unless the nation be threatened with general danger, in which case they never fail to unite.", "\n\nBesides a sabre, most of their soldiers carry a matchlock gun, which seems a very uncouth weapon for a horseman; but in the use of it they are extremely expert, and are in general excellent marksmen. ", "It carries a larger ball than an English musket to a greater distance; and is often employed by them with success, before the enemy be near enough to use the sword.", "\n\nThey are naturally a strong race of men, and, by their hardy manner of living, are capable of enduring much fatigue. ", "In the field, none but the principal officers have tents, and these are extremely small, so that they may be struck and transported with quickness and facility. ", "In cold weathers the soldier wraps himself, in the night, in a coarse blanket, which he marches, is folded and carried on his horse.", "\n\nOf late years almost all the neighbouring countries have been laid under contributions by them; and, to avoid their incursions, several petty chiefs have consented to pay them a small tribute, and put themselves under their protection.", "\n\nTheir country is well cultivated; full of inhabitants, and abounds with cattle. ", "The horses of Lahore are supposed to be much superior to those bred in any part of Hindostan.", "\n\nIt is said that they have a sort if superstitious respect for their sword. ", "By their sword they obtained independence and power; and by it they preserve them. ", "A Seik, though in other respects infinitely less scrupulous than any other Hindoo, before he will eat with any one of another religion, draws his sword, and passing it over the victuals, repeat some words of prayer, after which he will freely partake of them*.", "\n\nContrary to the practice of all the other inhabitants of Hindostan, they have an aversion to smoking tobacco. ", "But many of the people smoke and chew bang, so as sometimes to produce a considerable degree of intoxication+.", "\n\n(Footnote * Mr. Stuart + Colonel Polier)\n\nAfter leaving the Seiks, we come to the provinces of Delhi........." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nКак следует перевести термин posts?", "\n\nСейчас \"posts\" переводится как «сообщения», что не точно. ", "На Stack Overflow \"posts\" используется только для ответов/вопросов, например, комментарии, сообщения в чате не называются \"posts\" обычно. ", "Поправьте, если я не прав.", "\nТакже возможна путаница во всех тех местах, где \"messages\" также переведены как «сообщения».", "\nПредлагаю явно каждый раз писать «вопросы/ответы».", "\n\nA:\n\nВыбранный вариант.", "\n\"posts\" = «сообщения»\n\nОстальные варианты.", "\n\n\"posts\" = «вопросы/ответы»\n\n" ]

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[ "Melasma / Pigmentation Treatment in Bangalore\n\nMelasma is a common complaint faced by many around the world. ", "It is a common skin condition that causes the appearance of brown to gray-brown patches of skin due to the overproduction of brown pigment called melanin, a natural substance that gives color to our hair, skin, and eyes. ", "Melasma usually appears on sun-exposed areas of the skin, like the face, specially on either side of the cheeks, forehead, bridge of the nose and also upper lip.", "\n\nSome factors that contribute to melasma are Genetics, harmonal imbalances, pregnancy and UV light exposure.", "\n\nIt is very challenging to treat Melasma . ", "Several treatments like Fractional CO2 Laser, chemical peels, topical medications, Cosmetic camouflage like Makeup With SPF, Skin-bleaching creams,\n\nSunscreen and Skin Care Products are available, but none work in every patient.", "\n\nThese treatments are temporary and do not give satisfactory results.", "Though there has been tremendous advancement in medical treatments , most of the doctors or dermatologists have no permanent solutions for Melasma. ", "Dr. Shetty is one of the very few doctors across the world who can treat melasma permanently." ]

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[ "Bacterial vaginosis and susceptibility to HIV infection in South African women: a nested case-control study.", "\n\nInfectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.", "\n\nAbstract\n\nBACKGROUND:\n\nBacterial vaginosis (BV) may increase women's susceptibility to HIV infection, but there are few prospective data.", "\n\nMETHODS:\n\nDuring follow-up for up to 36 months, 86 new HIV seroconverters (case patients) were identified among 5110 women enrolled in a cervical cancer screening trial. ", "Nonseroconverting control subjects (n=324) were frequency matched to case patients by age and duration of follow-up. ", "At enrollment, case patients and control subjects were evaluated for clinical signs of BV, and Gram stains of vaginal fluid were scored using Nugent criteria.", "\n\nRESULTS:\n\nBV was diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria at enrollment in 20% of seroconverters and 16% of control subjects (summary odds ratio [OR], 1.31 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.71-2.41]). ", "Nugent criteria for BV were met by 74% of seroconverters and 62% of control subjects. ", "Diagnosis of BV on the basis of Nugent criteria was significantly associated with an increased risk of HIV seroconversion, after adjustment for demographic characteristics, other sexually transmitted infections, and sexual behaviors (adjusted OR, 2.01 [95% CI, 1.12-3.62]).", "\n\nCONCLUSIONS:\n\nBV may account for a substantial fraction of new HIV infections in this setting. ", "Treatment of BV and other interventions to promote normal vaginal flora warrant attention for HIV prevention." ]

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[ "Jesuit Higher Education and the Legacy of Paul Locatelli, S.J.\n\nby Ron Hansen |\n\nLate in 2006, Fr. ", "Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, then Superior General for the Society of Jesus, appointed Santa Clara University President Paul Locatelli as the first Secretary for Higher Education, headquartered in the Roman Curia.", "\n\nHis tasks were to convene meetings of the International Committee on Jesuit Higher Education, plan periodic meetings of Jesuit university presidents, encourage programs of collaboration among Jesuit universities, and provide important perspectives on higher education to the Superior General.", "\n\nAt first it was not considered a full-time job and Fr. ", "Locatelli continued as a university president in California, but soon after the 35th General Congregation elected Fr. ", "Adolfo Nicolás as the Society’s 30th Superior General, Fr. ", "Locatelli was asked to expand his role to include overseeing the worldwide Intellectual Apostolate, and he took up residence in Rome.", "\n\nWith some 180 institutions of higher education in roughly 50 countries, the Society of Jesus has an incomparable network of colleges and universities, and Fr. ", "Locatelli was excited by the technology-based opportunity to develop a virtual Jesuit university that could in time be international and, through the Internet, reach any learner with a computer, benefitting students, faculty, and the Church, and addressing serious contemporary problems.", "\n\nFr. ", "Locatelli’s doctorate was in accounting, and he had written and spoken frequently on topics ranging from community-based learning in accounting, the role of the teaching scholar, Jesuit education in a globalizing world, educating for justice, and Catholic education in the 21st century. ", "So it was only natural that he soon began planning an international conference that would consider the shifting future for Jesuit education in that globalizing world and would invite as participants not just institutional presidents, rectors, and vice presidents of academic affairs, but lay faculty Jesuit Higher Education and the Legacy of Paul Locatelli, S.J. By Ron Hansen Gerard Manley Hopkins S.J. Professor, English Department, Santa Clara University Reflections on the “Shaping the Future” Conference, Mexico City, 2010 and collaborators as well—the first time that had been done. ", "And he decided, crucially, that the conference would be held not in the United States, or Europe, but in a developing country.", "\n\nFr. ", "José Morales Orozco, rector of the Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México, graciously offered to host. ", "Banamex, Mexico’s largest financial institution, provided considerable funding for the conference and made possible some scholarships for Jesuits from developing countries in Asia and Africa.", "\n\nIn 2007, Fr. ", "Locatelli had conducted a survey of the international Society of Jesus requesting that each region name five principal challenges it was facing. ", "Consequently the conference, titled “Networking Jesuit Higher Education for the Globalizing World: Shaping the Future for a Humane, Just, Sustainable Globe,” focused on “frontier challenges” such as the ethical and religious dimensions of inequality and poverty; theology, science, and culture; ecology and sustainability; Jesuit mission and identity; and human rights as they related to the work of Jesuit institutions worldwide.", "\n\nJesuit professors and their colleagues were invited to submit scholarly papers on their subjects of expertise to which other authorities responded; Superior General Adolfo Nicolás agreed to deliver the keynote address on the challenges to Jesuit higher education and the intellectual apostolate today; and mixed working groups were established to discuss and draw conclusions from the talks in order to facilitate a forward movement of the Society of Jesus into and through the 21st century.", "\n\nUnfortunately, through an administrative snafu some group reports were erased from the computers in which the notes were stored, and a few reports, if compiled, were otherwise lost. ", "But we have a significant representation of the discussions of the hundreds in attendance during those three days in April.", "\n\nThe working group on “Catholic Identity and Jesuit Mission,” for example, urged that there be a survey of all Jesuit institutions of higher education to note how mission statements reflected Catholic, Jesuit values of the institution, and to query, measure, and evaluate how student outcomes reflected accomplishment of each element of the mission statement. ", "The group imagined a team representing diverse regions that could function like accrediting agencies in examining the Catholic, Jesuit goals of the institution, ascertaining how those goals had been realized, and making recommendations that would encourage and inspire a closer alignment with the founding principles of St. Ignatius of Loyola.", "\n\nAnother international working group, on “Theology, Science, and Culture,” proposed a think tank dedicated to analyzing and evaluating culture. ", "Regional consultations uniting similar cultural legacies would follow, and then Jesuit institutions would respond to the cultural analysis and evaluation with factual, imaginative, analytical, and experiential learning.", "\n\nFormer SCU President Paul Locatelli, S.J., addresses a gathering at the Mexico City conference in April 2010. ", "Photo credit Charles Barry\n\nThrough teaching, research, advocacy, and action, the working group on “Ecology and Sustainability” hoped that the network would encourage development of curricula that address sustainability issues and teach a certain level of environmental literacy; increase research on such things as the relationships among ecology, environmental justice, poverty, migration, deforestation, and the loss of biodiversity; and create a collaborative action project and an assessment tool to measure each institution’s progress in sustainability.", "\n\nThe subject of “Markets, Inequality, and Poverty” reminded participants of the transcendent dignity of the human person and the requirement to alleviate poverty and foster a more equitable society. ", "To do that, some practical steps were promoted: one, to help the poor improve the quality of their services and products to meet international standards and help them find sustainable markets globally so they earn higher returns for their labor; two, organize local self-help groups and cooperatives to instill in the poor the habit of thrift and increase their collective creditworthiness; three, focus on some segment among the growing service sectors, and empower the youth among the poor to capitalize on emerging opportunities; four, introduce organic farming, food processing, packing, and marketing; and, five, where there is demand in affluent countries, train youths and find employment for them in skilled physical labor like driving, plumbing, and care for children, the elderly, and the ill.", "\n\nAnd a working group on “Human Rights and Civic Responsibility” noted that Jesuit institutions of higher learning were ideally suited for hosting a consortium of human rights practitioners and Jesuit apostolic partners to be better educators for justice and more effective actors countering injustice. ", "The group proposed a foundational document on human rights that would be adopted by all Jesuit institutions, drawing on the statements about justice, peace, and human rights in recent General Congregations of the Society of Jesus. ", "The group urged a continuing and rigorous self-examination by Jesuit universities regarding their just structures and investment practices; an equal participation of women in governance; a closer linkage with human rights organizations; curricular exposure for all students to human rights and peace issues, inducing as far as possible Catholic social teaching; and a distinctively Ignatian and academic promotion of a culture of peace in which human rights might flourish.", "\n\nAll those collaborative goals are either in progress or in their incipient stages and all were coherent with the goals of the conference initiator, who did not yet realize that he was suffering from pancreatic cancer when he helmed the conference in April 2010. ", "Paul L. Locatelli, S.J., entered into Eternal Life less than three months later on July 12.", "\n\nHis “Shaping the Future” conference is just one shining aspect of his wonderful legacy as a Jesuit priest, scholar, administrator, and friend.", "\n\nWhen the editors of Santa Clara alumni magazine first began talking with Paul about reporting on the Mexico City conference, he said he thought the real news story would have to do with what happened afterward. ", "This issue of the explore journal is a first step in the realization of Fr. ", "Locatelli’s ambitions.", "\n\nFrom the director\n\nWith the publication of this issue of explore, I would like to communicate my delight in being able to serve as Executive Director of the Ignatian Center for Jesuit Education. ", "Having taught at Santa Clara since 2003, with a joint appointment in the Religious Studies and Classics Departments, I believe deeply in the kind of transformative education Santa Clara provides. ", "Moreover, I am committed to nurturing a vision that will sustain Jesuit education for generations to come. ", "Read More" ]

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[ "Claridon Township, Marion County, Ohio\n\nClaridon Township is one of the fifteen townships of Marion County, Ohio, United States. ", " The 2010 census found 2,742 people in the township, 577 of whom lived in the village of Caledonia.", "\n\nGeography\nLocated in the eastern part of the county, it borders the following townships:\nScott Township - north\nTully Township - northeast corner\nCanaan Township, Morrow County - east\nCardington Township, Morrow County - southeast corner\nRichland Township - south\nPleasant Township - southwest corner\nMarion Township - west\nGrand Prairie Township - northwest corner\n\nThe village of Caledonia is located in northeastern Claridon Township.", "\n\nName and history\nStatewide, the only other Claridon Township is located in Geauga County. ", " During the early formation of Marion County, the community of Claridon was considered as a possible location for the Marion County's county seat, however it lost out to the more centrally located village of Marion, Ohio.", "\n\nGovernment\nThe township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. ", "Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. ", "There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. ", "Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCounty website\n\nCategory:Townships in Marion County, Ohio\nCategory:Townships in Ohio" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCreate Dynamic Photo Gallery\n\ni want to create Dynamic Photo gallery like this image. ", "Images come from web service and display in layout as per size of photo in android phone. ", "\n\nA:\n\nhttps://github.com/maurycyw/StaggeredGridViewDemo \nI think this one really helps you. ", "The Grid view in this getting images from url .I think that's what you want.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n/**\n * arris-c4.inc.php\n *\n * LibreNMS snr discovery module for Arris CMTS\n *\n * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program. ", " If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n *\n * @link http://librenms.org\n * @copyright 2018 TheGreatDoc\n * @author TheGreatDoc\n * Based on Neil Lathwood Cisco EPC files\n */\nforeach ($pre_cache['ar-c4_docsIfSignalQualityTable'] as $index => $data) {\n if (is_numeric($data['docsIfSigQSignalNoise'])) {\n $descr = \"Channel {$pre_cache['ar-c4_ifAlias'][$index]['ifAlias']} - {$pre_cache['ar-c4_ifName'][$index]['ifName']}\";\n $oid = '.1.3.6.1.2.1.10.127.1.1.4.1.5.' . ", "$index;\n $divisor = 10;\n $value = $data['docsIfSigQSignalNoise'];\n if (preg_match('/.0$/', $pre_cache['ar-c4_ifName'][$index]['ifName'])) {\n discover_sensor($valid['sensor'], 'snr', $device, $oid, 'docsIfSigQSignalNoise.' . ", "$index, 'cmts', $descr, $divisor, '1', null, null, null, null, $value);\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "[Decrease in the concentration of tobramycin, vancomycin and phenobarbital in administration with infusion filter].", "\nTo assess the loss of drugs to in-line filters, concentrations of tobramycin, vancomycin, and phenobarbitone were determined in vitro in samples recovered upstream and downstream of the filter. ", "Binding of the drugs to new filters was higher than to used filters. ", "With bolus administration, the concentrations of vancomycin and phenobarbitone were reduced by 1% when using old filters and by 4% when using new filters. ", "Tobramycin concentrations were reduced by 7 and 12%, respectively. ", "With continuous administration of the drugs, binding was highest during the first half hour. ", "Differences between new and used filters were also seen with continuous administration: The cumulative loss was 5% higher with new than with old filters. ", "This difference in binding between filters may stem from a saturation of free binding sites. ", "Tobramycin showed the highest binding to the in-line filter. ", "The extent of adsorption of tobramycin to intravenous filters may be considered moderately important in adult patients. ", "The adsorption of vancomycin and phenobarbitone is not clinically relevant in adult patients." ]

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[ "After what seemed like endless delays and setbacks, Lahore’s Orange Line Metro Train (OLMT) project finally reaches completion as test runs begin on the 27 kilometre track. ", "The trains, which successfully ran from Ali Town to Dera Gajran have been approved by project administration prior to OLMT’s inauguration in early December“Chief Minister Usman Buzdar, will attend the Orange Line inaugural function and inspect and green-light the trains himself,” said an Orange Line administration member. “", "The trains will initially run on diesel and complete trials with all their components before opening to the public,” he added.", "According to sources, the OLMT management also met with representatives of the transport department to discuss train fares. ", "As per details of the meeting, OLMT fares are expected to range between Rs 30 to 40 to match the Metro Bus fares and remain economical for the public.", "“It appears that the Punjab government will have to pay subsidy for Orange Line too, because if the fares are set higher it is expected that a much lesser number of people will choose to travel on the new trains and rather opt for other, more economical means of transport,” the source revealed.", "Considering the passenger turnout, the Orange Line Metro Train (OLMT) management is apprehensive about pricing the fares more than the already functioning Metro Buses. ", "According to careful estimates, the Orange Line trains are likely to facilitate some 3.5 hundred thousand passengers daily and make multiple rounds from 5 am to 12 am. ", "If the train fares are priced considerably higher than the Metro Buses, the management believes the new trains may fall out of the reach of the average person as an economical means of transport.", "As per details, the trains will continue test runs for a period of three months after inauguration, before they’re ready to welcome passengers commercially. ", "For its initial phase, the train has been supplied with 60 Megawatts of electricity from eight grid stations, as previously said by General Manager Mass Transit Authority, Ozair Shah.", "The 27 stations set up for the Orange Line Metro Train, including Raiwind, Multan Road, Mc Leord Road, Lahore Railway Station and GT Road, will also offer its passengers digitized ticketing services to add convenience to their daily commute. ", "One of the two companies shortlisted by the Orange Line project for the Operation and Maintenance of the trains will be finalized in the coming days and will begin servicing the vehicles.", "According to government sources, so far a sum of $ 1.31 billion has been invested in the Orange Line Metro Train Project, while more money is required for the trains to be functional in the course of the next few months. “", "A summary of the remaining finances has been forwarded to the Department of Finance and once all remaining electrical and technical works and the three month trial is completed, the trains will be ready for the people of Lahore,” the source told The Express Tribune.", "Published in The Express Tribune, November 26, 2019." ]

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[ "Psychosomatic effects of permanent sterilization.", "\nA follow-up study of 300 tubectomy and 300 vasectomy cases was conducted in the urban, semiurban and rural areas of Mymensingh district. ", "Psychosomatic effects of these individuals were recorded through interviews using a pretested questionnaire. ", "Results indicated that illiterate, economically insolvent and persons having children up to 2 to 3 years of age were the clients. ", "Growing size of the family was the main concern for adopting sterilization. ", "Professional motivators were found more effective in motivating vasectomy cases. ", "In both groups there was no significant change in libido. ", "In case of vasectomy 99% were found sexually active by the 30th post-operative day while 52% of the tubectomy cases were sexually active by the six weeks of post-operative days. ", "From this study it appears that further in-depth study might be necessary in probing more insight of the psychosocial basis of sterilization and effects thereof." ]

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