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tomekkorbak

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[ "Q:\n\nA Problem about affine transformation\n\nProblem: Suppose that $f:\\;\\mathbb{R}^2\\to\\mathbb{R}^2$ is an injective mapping from the 2-dimensional Euclidean plane into itself which maps lines into (instead of onto) lines and whose range contains three non-collinear points. ", "Can we say that f is an affine transformation?", "\nNote that neither of two \"into\"s in assumptions means \"onto\". ", "If either of two \"into\"s replaced by \"onto\", then the anwer is yes which can be deduced from the result in Li Baokui and Wang Yuefei's paper, and Chubarev and Pinelis' paper respectively. ", "\nOn the other hand, if removing the injectivity, we can construct certain counterexample. ", "\nCounterexample: $f:\\mathbb{R}^2→\\mathbb{R}^2.$ Let f fix every point in some line $L$ and map the complement to one point outside $L$. $f$ is not an affine transformation.", "\n\nA:\n\nSome very close statements are contained in the paper\nMR2558789 \nLi, Baokui; Wang, Yuefei\nA new characterization for isometries by triangles,\nand in the reference list of this paper. ", "\nFor example, your conjecture is true if the map is surjective:\nMR1657778\nChubarev, Alexander; Pinelis, Iosif Fundamental theorem of geometry without the $1$-to-$1$ assumption. ", "Proc. ", "Amer. ", "Math. ", "Soc. ", "127 (1999), no. ", "9, 2735–2744.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "X-Men: Apocalypse: Kodi Smit-McPhee is Nightcrawler\n\nDirector Bryan Singer has revealed via Instagram that Kodi Smit-McPhee has joined the cast of X-Men: Apocalypse as Nightcrawler.", "\n\nSinger wrote, “Excited to welcome @kodismitmcphee to the cast of #XmenApocalypse as young #Nightcrawler.”", "\n\nKurt Wagner aka “Nightcrawler” is a mutant with indigo-colored skin whose primary mutant power is the ability to teleport himself from one point to another virtually instantaneously. ", "Created by writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum, the character debuted in the comic book Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975).", "\n\nActor Alan Cumming first played Nightcrawler in ‘X2: X-Men United’. ", "Kodi Smit-McPhee (Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, Let Me In) will play a younger version of the character.", "\n\nSmit-McPhee joins Rose Byrne, who will reprise her role as CIA agent Moira MacTaggert, along with new additions Tye Sheridan as Cyclops, Sophie Turner as Jean Grey, Alexandra Shipp as Storm, and Oscar Isaac as the ancient mutant supervillain Apocalypse/En Sabah Nur.", "\n\nSet in the early ’80s, ‘X-Men: Apocalypse’ will focus on the young cast featuring Charles Xavier (James McAvoy), Erik Lehnsherr (Michael Fassbender) and Mystique (Jennifer Lawrence)." ]

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[ "Protein association with circular DNA: rate enhancement by nonspecific binding.", "\nAn analytical solution for the nonspecific-binding-facilitated diffusion-controlled rate of association of a protein with a specific site on a circular DNA is derived. ", "Nonspecific binding is modeled by a short-range attractive surface potential. ", "The protein undergoes diffusion in the bulk solution and in the surface layer. ", "The association rate for a circular DNA is compared to the counterpart for a linear DNA, in which the ends of the surface layer are treated as reflecting. ", "As expected, when the DNA length is long, the shape of the DNA does not affect the association rate. ", "For a shorter length, the association rate for the linear DNA is modestly higher than the circular counterpart. ", "The higher rate of the linear DNA is possibly due to its more open shape, which affords it a higher ability to draw the protein from the bulk to its surface. ", "The analytical solution is verified by Brownian dynamics simulations." ]

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[ "Cerebral cortical respiratory-related evoked potentials elicited by inspiratory occlusion in lambs.", "\nRespiratory-related evoked potentials (RREP) elicited by inspiratory mechanical loads have been recorded in humans. ", "Early RREP peaks were hypothesized to be generated by activation of neurons in the somatosensory cortex. ", "An animal model was developed to test this hypothesis in chronically instrumented, awake, spontaneously breathing lambs. ", "Electrocorticogram (ECoG) was recorded bilaterally with ball electrodes on the dural surface over the somatosensory region. ", "Inspiratory occlusions were presented through a face mask or endotracheal tube as interruptions of inspiration. ", "Occlusion-elicited evoked potentials were obtained by computer-signal averaging the ECoG activity. ", "A short-latency positive peak was observed bilaterally in the averaged occlusion-elicited evoked potentials in all animals breathing with the facemask and 5 of 8 lambs with the endotracheal tube. ", "Postmortem identification of the electrode location demonstrated that the ECoG was recorded in the caudal-lateral portion of the somatosensory cortex. ", "These results demonstrate that inspiratory occlusion elicits an evoked potential in the somatosensory cortical region of awake, spontaneously breathing lambs. ", "The lamb cortical RREP is similar to human RREP." ]

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[ "Malay, Chinese and Indian schools in Johor state should be replaced with single-stream 'Bangsa Johor' schools to promote unity, Johor crown prince Tunku Ismail Sultan Ibrahim had said during a dialogue session on Saturday.", "\n\n\n\n\"You have Malay schools, Chinese schools, Indian schools and from young you teach them not to unite,\" said Tunku Ismail.", "\n\n\n\n\"And when they grow up, you tell them to unite?\"", "\n\n\n\nIn the dialogue session, posted on the Facebook page of the Johor Southern Tigers football club – which he owns – on Sunday, the crown prince said he hoped the Johor government would set the curriculum for schools in the state in the future, reported Channel NewsAsia.", "\n\n\n\n\"In the future, there won't be Malay, Indian or Chinese schools in Johor. ", "Religious schools will still be around. ", "What we will have instead is Bangsa Johor schools,\" he said.", "\n\n\n\n\"From young, kids will be taught to unite, respect other religions and respect other races.", "\"-5/9/2016\n\nPERINGATAN: AgendaDaily tidak bertanggungjawab terhadap komentar yang diutarakan melalui laman sosial ini. ", "Ia pandangan peribadi pemilik akaun dan tidak semestinya menggambarkan pendirian sidang redaksi kami. ", "Segala risiko akibat komen yang disiarkan menjadi tanggungjawab pemilik akaun sendiri." ]

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[ "[The protein admixture content in a tick-borne encephalitis vaccine and its purification by means of microfiltration].", "\nThe method of rocket immunoelectrophoresis permits the detection of all antigenic admixtures in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine. ", "Human serum albumin constitutes the main part of protein admixtures in the preparation. ", "Purification by microfiltration is an effective stage of the technological process of obtaining purified TBE vaccine." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "N1-Selective alkenylation of 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with alkynes via gold catalysis.", "\nA N1-selective alkenylation of 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with alkynes via gold catalysis is reported. ", "N1-Vinyl substituted 1,2,3-triazoles were selectively prepared in up to 92% yield through the sulfonyl group of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives transformed to alkenyl groups in a \"one-pot two steps\" manner. ", "This method provided a new method for the synthesis of potentially biological-active vinyl-triazole building blocks." ]

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[ "//\n// Dropdown menus\n// --------------------------------------------------\n\n\n// Dropdown arrow/caret\n.caret {\n display: inline-block;\n width: 0;\n height: 0;\n margin-left: 2px;\n vertical-align: middle;\n border-top: @caret-width-base solid;\n border-right: @caret-width-base solid transparent;\n border-left: @caret-width-base solid transparent;\n}\n\n// The dropdown wrapper (div)\n.dropdown {\n position: relative;\n}\n\n// Prevent the focus on the dropdown toggle when closing dropdowns\n.dropdown-toggle:focus {\n outline: 0;\n}\n\n// The dropdown menu (ul)\n.dropdown-menu {\n position: absolute;\n top: 100%;\n left: 0;\n z-index: @zindex-dropdown;\n display: none; // none by default, but block on \"open\" of the menu\n float: left;\n min-width: 160px;\n padding: 5px 0;\n margin: 2px 0 0; // override default ul\n list-style: none;\n font-size: @font-size-base;\n text-align: left; // Ensures proper alignment if parent has it changed (e.g., modal footer)\n background-color: @dropdown-bg;\n border: 1px solid @dropdown-fallback-border; // IE8 fallback\n border: 1px solid @dropdown-border;\n border-radius: @border-radius-base;\n .box-shadow(0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.175));\n background-clip: padding-box;\n\n // Aligns the dropdown menu to right\n //\n // Deprecated as of 3.1.0 in favor of `.dropdown-menu-[dir]`\n &.pull-right {\n right: 0;\n left: auto;\n }\n\n // Dividers (basically an hr) within the dropdown\n .divider {\n .nav-divider(@dropdown-divider-bg);\n }\n\n // Links within the dropdown menu\n > li > a {\n display: block;\n padding: 3px 20px;\n clear: both;\n font-weight: normal;\n line-height: @line-height-base;\n color: @dropdown-link-color;\n white-space: nowrap; // prevent links from randomly breaking onto new lines\n }\n}\n\n// Hover/Focus state\n.dropdown-menu > li > a {\n &:hover,\n &:focus {\n text-decoration: none;\n color: @dropdown-link-hover-color;\n background-color: @dropdown-link-hover-bg;\n }\n}\n\n// Active state\n.dropdown-menu > .active > a {\n &,\n &:hover,\n &:focus {\n color: @dropdown-link-active-color;\n text-decoration: none;\n outline: 0;\n background-color: @dropdown-link-active-bg;\n }\n}\n\n// Disabled state\n//\n// Gray out text and ensure the hover/focus state remains gray\n\n.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a {\n &,\n &:hover,\n &:focus {\n color: @dropdown-link-disabled-color;\n }\n\n // Nuke hover/focus effects\n &:hover,\n &:focus {\n text-decoration: none;\n background-color: transparent;\n background-image: none; // Remove CSS gradient\n .reset-filter();\n cursor: @cursor-disabled;\n }\n}\n\n// Open state for the dropdown\n.open {\n // Show the menu\n > .dropdown-menu {\n display: block;\n }\n\n // Remove the outline when :focus is triggered\n > a {\n outline: 0;\n }\n}\n\n// Menu positioning\n//\n// Add extra class to `.dropdown-menu` to flip the alignment of the dropdown\n// menu with the parent.", "\n.dropdown-menu-right {\n left: auto; // Reset the default from `.dropdown-menu`\n right: 0;\n}\n// With v3, we enabled auto-flipping if you have a dropdown within a right\n// aligned nav component. ", "To enable the undoing of that, we provide an override\n// to restore the default dropdown menu alignment.", "\n//\n// This is only for left-aligning a dropdown menu within a `.navbar-right` or\n// `.pull-right` nav component.", "\n.dropdown-menu-left {\n left: 0;\n right: auto;\n}\n\n// Dropdown section headers\n.dropdown-header {\n display: block;\n padding: 3px 20px;\n font-size: @font-size-small;\n line-height: @line-height-base;\n color: @dropdown-header-color;\n white-space: nowrap; // as with > li > a\n}\n\n// Backdrop to catch body clicks on mobile, etc.", "\n.dropdown-backdrop {\n position: fixed;\n left: 0;\n right: 0;\n bottom: 0;\n top: 0;\n z-index: (@zindex-dropdown - 10);\n}\n\n// Right aligned dropdowns\n.pull-right > .dropdown-menu {\n right: 0;\n left: auto;\n}\n\n// Allow for dropdowns to go bottom up (aka, dropup-menu)\n//\n// Just add .dropup after the standard .dropdown class and you're set, bro.", "\n// TODO: abstract this so that the navbar fixed styles are not placed here?", "\n\n.dropup,\n.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown {\n // Reverse the caret\n .caret {\n border-top: 0;\n border-bottom: @caret-width-base solid;\n content: \"\";\n }\n // Different positioning for bottom up menu\n .dropdown-menu {\n top: auto;\n bottom: 100%;\n margin-bottom: 1px;\n }\n}\n\n\n// Component alignment\n//\n// Reiterate per navbar.less and the modified component alignment there.", "\n\n@media (min-width: @grid-float-breakpoint) {\n .navbar-right {\n .dropdown-menu {\n .dropdown-menu-right();\n }\n // Necessary for overrides of the default right aligned menu.", "\n // Will remove come v4 in all likelihood.", "\n .dropdown-menu-left {\n .dropdown-menu-left();\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "The data were used under approval for routinely collected data in operational research from the MSF-OCA Research Committee. ", "The aggregate data are available in the paper. ", "Because of ethical restrictions, individual-level data cannot be shared publicly. ", "The data are available under the terms of MSF\\'s data sharing policy, found at <http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/handle/10144/306501>.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec005}\n============\n\nExisting data suggest that levels of gender-based violence in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are extremely high. ", "Past studies have found two thirds of women report intimate partner violence, and over half report being forced into sex against their will, mostly by men known to them \\[[@pone.0156813.ref001]\\]. ", "A more recent study in the Bougainville Autonomous region of Papua New Guinea in 2012--2013 had similar findings, with 3 in 4 women surveyed reporting ever having experienced intimate partner violence. ", "In this same survey, 16% reported having ever experienced non-partner rape. ", "Of these, 8% reported such rape within the previous 12 months. ", "This survey data was also part of a 2012 multi-country cross-sectional study of men's perpetration of gender-based violence. ", "The proportion of ever-partnered men who reported perpetrating physical violence, sexual violence or both against a partner was 80.0% in the sample from Bougainville, PNG--the highest of all 19 countries included in the study \\[[@pone.0156813.ref002], [@pone.0156813.ref003]\\]. ", "Similarly, the prevalence of perpetration of non-partner single perpetrator rape (26.6%) and multiple perpetrator rape (14.1%) was also highest in the PNG sample.", "\n\nIn conjunction with the burden gender-based violence imposes on the health and wellbeing of women and children \\[[@pone.0156813.ref004], [@pone.0156813.ref005]\\], health services for survivors are limited. ", "PNG's health system has been described by the World Health Organization as being in a state of 'slow breakdown and collapse' \\[[@pone.0156813.ref006]\\], meaning that survivors of gender-based violence are faced with significant challenges in accessing medical care. ", "Survivors also require appropriate counselling \\[[@pone.0156813.ref007]\\], but the availability of such services is even lower than that of medical services. ", "There is very limited information on the best approaches to providing care in PNG or similar resource-constrained settings \\[[@pone.0156813.ref008], [@pone.0156813.ref009]\\], despite the fact that these are often where the greatest levels of gender-based violence occur \\[[@pone.0156813.ref010]\\]. ", "There is an urgent need for evidence to inform the pragmatic delivery of effective medical care and counselling for survivors in such settings.", "\n\n[Médecins Sans Frontières](http://www.msf.org.au/) (MSF) is an international, independent, non-governmental medical humanitarian organisation that assists populations affected by armed conflict, epidemics, natural disasters, and exclusion from healthcare. ", "An assessment of health services in PNG in 2006 by the Amsterdam Operational Centre of MSF(MSF-OCA) identified effective services for gender-based violence as a major need throughout the country \\[[@pone.0156813.ref011]\\], including in Lae, the second largest city in PNG. ", "At the time of the MSF assessment, the Family Support Centre (FSC) at the National Department of Health's provincial hospital in Lae (Angau Hospital) had a core group of staff committed to addressing gender-based violence. ", "MSF-OCA provided medical, management, human resource and material support to the FSC for the provision of medical care and counselling services from late 2007 until June 2013. ", "This experience provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into the provision and use of health services for survivors of gender-based violence. ", "Understanding who utilises services for survivors, what challenges exist in delivering these services, the factors promote retention in care, and if and how patients benefit from that care is critical to inform the development of effective services in this and similar settings. ", "The specific objectives of this analysis were therefore to:\n\n1. ", " Describe the demographic characteristics of patients presenting to the FSC, Lae;\n\n2. ", " Describe the characteristics of event(s) associated with presentation, including type of violence and reported perpetrator;\n\n3. ", " Describe the medical care and counselling received by these patients, including the outcomes of counselling care, and; Investigate which recorded patient and service factors were associated with service use, including timeliness and repeated presentation.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec006}\n=====================\n\nProgramme objectives {#sec007}\n--------------------\n\nFrom early 2008, the programme objectives were provision of medical and counselling care to survivors of intimate partner and sexual violence in Lae and surrounding districts. ", "These objectives remained consistent until project handover to local management in June 2013. ", "Services were provided through the FSC throughout this period. ", "In addition, from April to October 2012, medical care was also provided through selected urban health centres within Lae.", "\n\nMSF-supported services were free of charge and could be accessed directly by patients without requiring referral documentation. ", "Services included the following components of care: medical treatment for injuries; provision of tetanus and hepatitis B vaccination; emergency contraception; HIV testing, post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV; treatment and prevention of other sexually transmitted infections; provision of medical certificates documenting the service provider's findings of the medical examination; referral for further medical treatment or other services; and therapeutic counselling services based on principles derived from brief trauma-focused therapy as outlined in the MSF-OCA mental health guidelines \\[[@pone.0156813.ref012]\\]. ", "Counselling services included psychological first aid (providing reassurance and normalizing emotions and feelings after a traumatic incident), and basic general and informative counselling to support the patient to express concerns and identify solutions. ", "Counsellors also assessed client safety, and if required discussed safety measures. ", "For patients who presented following sexual assault pre and post testing counselling and adherence counselling for HIV prophylaxis were also provided when indicated.", "\n\nMSF-OCA is a medical organisation, and as such, provision of non-medical services such as legal and protection support was beyond the scope of the programme.", "\n\nCommunity awareness regarding health services for survivors was raised through outreach activities including disseminating printed health promotion materials, radio messages and participative dialogue with community groups.", "\n\nData collection and recording {#sec008}\n-----------------------------\n\nThese analyses were based on data routinely collected from all patients (or carers in the case of young children) during provision of services from August 2010 to April 2013. ", "Data were de-identified by the MSF program data manager responsible for entering and analysing data for routine patient care and program purposes and provided in this de-identified form for the analyses undertaken in this paper.", "\n\nReported violence experienced during the event associated with presentation was categorised as:\n\n1. ", " Intimate partner violence, including sexual violence, physical violence, or both perpetrated by an intimate partner (IPV) with or without associated ongoing emotional/psychological violence;\n\n2. ", " Non-partner sexual violence (non-partner SV);\n\n3. ", " Violence other than IPV or non-partner SV (other violence); or\n\n4. ", " Patients with no current physical injuries and not reporting a specific event of violence associated with presentation, and therefore requiring counselling only (past violence).", "\n\nThe above definitions and terminology were utilised when presenting results, including in the tables. ", "All the above reported violence relates to current violence associated with the specific presenting event(s), except where 'past violence' is specified. ", "Where specific event(s) of violence were reported (categories 1--3 above), the reported perpetrator of that violence was also recorded. ", "Reliable data on severity of injury were not collected; therefore type of medical treatment was used as a proxy measure. ", "Where specific event(s) of sexual violence were reported, information was also collected on the type of sexual violence, categorised as rape or other (including attempted rape, child sexual abuse, sexual exploitation and sexual harassment); number of perpetrators; and frequency of such violence.", "\n\nMultiple visits to the service related to the same event(s) of violence during the study period were recorded as a single presentation. ", "However, if the same individual presented for a second or additional episode following new event(s) of violence during the study period, each was recorded as a new presentation.", "\n\nAlthough patients may have received multiple medical interventions, only the primary intervention as defined by health staff was recorded. ", "Data were also collected on counselling services provided. ", "A counselling session was defined as a face-to face session with the counsellor on a single day of a duration as required by the client. ", "The underlying precipitating event associated with referral for counselling was categorised as domestic violence or discord (intimate partner physical violence or non-violent abuse including arguments and threats, current or past), sexual violence or abuse (current or past events of such violence) or other (including economic stresses and non-intimate partner household conflict). ", "Data included the number of counselling sessions received per presentation, severity of main psychosocial presenting complaint (which included mood disorders, anxiety related complaints, family related problems) and functional status (measured using indicators related to the patient's capacity to undertake normal daily activities including self-care, caring for children, household activities such as cooking and attendance at work). ", "Both were self-rated on a scale from 1--10, with 1 = most severe) and recorded at each counselling session. ", "These measures were developed by MSF mental health advisors and have been used in a range of MSF mental health programs for several years \\[[@pone.0156813.ref012]\\].", "\n\nQuantitative change in functional status over a presentation was assessed for those receiving ≥2 counselling sessions by comparing self-rated functioning by the survivor at the initial and final counselling sessions. ", "Presenting complaint status and change over time was recorded similarly to functional status for those receiving counselling.", "\n\nThe time to presentation was categorised as timely if it was within 72 hours after exposure to violence, as emergency oral contraception is most effective if taken as soon as possible after intercourse, and as 72 hours is the cut-off for effective provision of post-exposure HIV prophylaxis. ", "Information was also collected on the source of referral (the source of information reported by the patient as instrumental in their awareness of and presentation to the service). ", "Data were also collected on the provision of medical certificates which recorded the patient's account of the incident and the health provider's findings on medical examination. ", "Age categories included separation at 16 years, the age of consent in PNG at the time of data collection.", "\n\nStatistical analyses {#sec009}\n--------------------\n\nPopulation estimates for the programme's catchment area for 2012 were based on the 2011 PNG census \\[[@pone.0156813.ref013]\\]. ", "These figures, adjusted for the age distribution in urban areas (using the 2006 PNG Demographic and Health Survey \\[[@pone.0156813.ref014]\\]), were used to estimate the proportion of the population by age group and sex, presenting for care during the study period. ", "The period prevalence's for the relevant age groups (\\<5, 5--9 and 10--14) were adjusted for the duration of the study period (2.75 years) and the number of years covered by each age group (i.e. 5 years) in order to estimate the probability of a girl from this population presenting to the service prior to age 15.", "\n\nAll analyses, unless otherwise specified, were based on presentations; a single individual could have multiple presentations. ", "χ^2^-squared or Fisher's exact tests were used in initial descriptive analysis to assess the distribution of demographic, presentation and treatment characteristics by type of violence and age group, categorised as \\< 5 (prior to school age), 5 to 15 (as in PNG at the time of data collection the age of consent was 16 years), 16--24, 25--34, and \\> 34 years of age. ", "Multiple variable adjusted analyses, also based on presentations, were carried out to assess factors associated with repeated presentation, and with timeliness of presentation for those presenting following sexual violence. ", "Modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimation was used to estimate risk ratios (RR) in multiple variable analyses \\[[@pone.0156813.ref015]\\], accounting for within-patient correlation (i.e. multiple presentations by the same individual following different event(s) of violence).", "\n\nObservations missing values for any outcome or explanatory variables were excluded. ", "The results presented for each analysis include all of the variables considered *a priori* as potentially associated with the outcome of interest.", "\n\nEthics {#sec010}\n------\n\nThis paper presents an analysis of routinely collected program data, an essential component of ongoing evaluation and quality improvement of clinical services, including in MSF programs. ", "In keeping with international standards \\[[@pone.0156813.ref016]\\], in order to facilitate such essential quality assurance processes while at the same time safeguarding patient confidentiality, the MSF ethical review board has determined requirements for exempting specific proposals addressing secondary analyses of routinely collected patient data from the requirement for formal human research ethical review \\[[@pone.0156813.ref017], [@pone.0156813.ref018]\\]. ", "The MSF-OCA Research Committee assessed the current analysis as meeting these requirements. ", "Specific written or verbal consent was therefore not sought from participants who contributed data to this analysis. ", "Data were de-identified by the program data manager responsible for entering and analysing data for routine patient care and program purposes. ", "This de-identified data was provided to the authors for the program evaluation reported in this paper. ", "The same process and safeguards were applied to children who contributed data to the analysis. ", "Ethical approval was also obtained from the Australian National University Human Research Ethics Committee. ", "The data were used under approval for routinely collected data in operational research from the MSF-OCA Research Committee. ", "The aggregate data are available in the paper. ", "Because of ethical restrictions, individual-level data cannot be shared publicly. ", "The data are available under the terms of MSF\\'s data sharing policy, found at <http://fieldresearch.msf.org/msf/handle/10144/306501>.", "\n\nResults {#sec011}\n=======\n\nDemographic characteristics {#sec012}\n---------------------------\n\nMedical care was provided for 6,860 separate presentations by 5,892 individuals from August 2010 to April 2013. ", "28.8% of the presentations in this period were repeat presentations. ", "That is, they were presentations by individuals who attended the service in the study period but had also presented at least twice in total over the period from January 2008 to April 2013.", "\n\nOverall, an estimated 4.9% (95% CI:4.8%-5.0%) of females resident in the catchment area presented to the programme at least once from August 2010-April 2013. ", "Females aged 25 to 29 years were most likely to present (10.2%, 95% CI:9.6--10.8%) ([Table 1](#pone.0156813.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).Based on levels of presentation for those age groups between 0--14 years, we estimate that 7.0% of all female children in this population would present for care by 15 years of age, with the majority (77.9%) presenting following sexual violence.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0156813.t001\n\n###### Proportion of female population presenting to programme at least once, by age group within the period August 2010-April 2013.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0156813.t001){#pone.0156813.t001g}\n\n Age group Patients (N) Population distribution (%) Estimated population size August 2010-April 2013 period prevalence of presentation (95%CI[\\*](#t001fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"})\n ----------- -------------- ----------------------------- --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n \\< 5 109 14.2 14,755 0.7 (0.6--0.9)\n 5--9 140 12.0 12,469 1.1 (1.0--1.3)\n 10--14 221 10.7 11,118 2.0 (1.7--2.3)\n 15--19 501 10.0 10,391 4.8 (4.4--5.3)\n 20--24 919 11.5 11,950 7.7 (7.2--8.2)\n 25--29 1062 10.0 10,391 10.2 (9.6--10.8)\n 30--34 860 8.3 8,625 10.0 (9.4--10.6)\n ≥ 35 1267 23.2 24,107 5.3 (5.0--5.5)\n Total 5079 100 103,910 4.9 (4.8--5.0)\n\n\\* 95% binomial exact confidence intervals for proportion of female population in age group presenting to programme.", "\n\nThe great majority of presentations (96.6%, N = 6,624) were female; however, male presentations more common in those \\<16 years of age compared to older age groups.", "\n\nCharacteristics of violence {#sec013}\n---------------------------\n\nAcross all 6,860 presentations, 61.5% (N = 4,219) reported IPV, 14.5% (N = 993) reported non-partner SV, 2.7% (N = 185) reported other forms of violence, and 21.3% (N = 1,463) reported past violence ([Table 2](#pone.0156813.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The violence reported by IPV patients included physical violence alone (71.9%), or physical violence associated with current sexual violence (9.5%) or with past sexual violence (18.7%).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0156813.t002\n\n###### Characteristics of presentations, by type of violence, for presentations August 2010 to April 2013.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0156813.t002){#pone.0156813.t002g}\n\n N[\\*](#t002fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Intimate partner violence Non-partner sexual violence Other violence Past violence Total χ^2^ / Fisher's exact p-value[\\*\\*](#t002fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------- --------------- ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Sex** \n Female 6,624 98.9 96.5 69.7 93.3 96.6 \n Male 236 1.1 3.5 30.3 6.7 3.4 \\<0.001\n **Age group** \n \\< 5 137 0.0 9.5 20.0 0.4 2.0 \n 5 to 15 566 0.2 40.1 43.2 5.4 8.3 \n 16 to 24 1,673 23.6 34.7 30.8 18.9 24.4 \n 25 to 34 2,670 46.2 10.3 3.8 42.2 39.0 \n ≥ 35 1,806 30.0 5.4 2.2 33.1 26.4 \\<0.001[\\^](#t002fn003){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n **Treatment facility** \n Angau Family Support Centre 6,242 90.1 98.3 84.9 90.5 91.2 \n Urban health centres 599 9.9 1.7 15.1 9.5 8.8 \\<0.001\n **Repeat presentations** \n Seen once 4,894 63.3 90.7 89.7 79.0 71.3 \n Seen more than once 1,966 36.7 9.3 10.3 21.0 28.7 \\<0.001\n **Reported perpetrator** \n Intimate partner 4,190 99.3 0.0 0.0 \\- 78.1 \n Member of family / extended family 315 0.3 17.6 77.8 \\- 5.9 \n Known person other than family 644 0.5 61.3 17.5 \\- 12.0 \n Unknown person(s) 213 0.0 21.1 4.7 \\- 4.0 N/A\n **Referred by** \\- \n Self-reference / relative / friend / existing client 2,962 60.8 31.4 46.7 \\- 54.9 \n Police 1,005 14.6 36.2 16.3 \\- 18.6 \n Hospital / health facilities/ outreach workers 1,265 22.1 27.5 33.7 \\- 23.5 \n Other 160 2.5 4.9 3.3 \\- 3.0 \\<0.001\n **Time to presentation** \n ≤ 72 hours 3,726 71.4 62.2 71.0 \\- 69.7 \n \\>72 hours 1,622 28.6 37.9 29.0 \\- 30.3 \\<0.001\n **Year** \n 2010 (Aug-Dec) 1,017 14.6 13.6 11.9 16.8 14.8 \n 2011 2,171 31.7 35.7 33.0 28.5 31.7 \n 2012 2,953 42.5 39.6 43.2 47.0 43.1 \n 2013 (Jan-Aug) 719 11.2 11.2 11.9 7.7 10.5 0.115\n\n\\*Numbers do not always sum to 6,860 due to missing data on the exposure variables.", "\n\n\\*\\*Comparing IPV and non-partner SV only.", "\n\n\\^presentations in patients 16 years or older only.", "\n\nThere was significant variation in characteristics between IPV and non-partner SV presentation ([Table 2](#pone.0156813.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Male presentations were uncommon in both groups, but higher in non-partner SV. ", "In those16 years and over presentations were more common in the older age groups for IPV than non-partner SV. ", "Repeat presentation, reference by self or relative and presentation within 72 hours was also more common in IPV presentations. ", "Presentations for IPV compared with non-partner SV did not vary significantly by year.", "\n\nAlmost half (49.5%) of those presentations reporting non-partner SV were children \\<16 years; 5.9% of those were male. ", "Overall 86.9% of non-partner SV presentations were for rape, and 79.9% were perpetrated by someone known to the survivor, with an even higher proportion of known perpetrators in children under 16 years (87.8%). ", "In a considerable proportion of non-partner SV, the sexual violence had occurred previously (15.1%) or was ongoing (6.2%), and such prior occurrence was significantly higher in children under 16 years ([Table 3](#pone.0156813.t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Multiple perpetrators were reported in 22.8% of adult presentations for non-partner SV. ", "Compared with presentations 16 years or older, more common amongst \\<16 year old presentations were male sex; sexual assault other than rape; and referral by health staff. ", "Characteristics more common in those presentations 16 years old and over compared with younger age groups included repeat presentation to the service and reported perpetrator being unknown to the patient.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0156813.t003\n\n###### Characteristics of non-partner sexual violence, by age group, for presentations August 2010 to April 2013.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0156813.t003){#pone.0156813.t003g}\n\n N[\\*](#t003fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \\< 5 5 to 15 16 to 24 25 to 34 ≥35 Total χ^2^/ Fisher's exact p-value\n ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------ --------- ---------- ---------- ------- ------- ------------------------------\n **Sex** \n Female 958 94.7 94.0 98.3 100.0 100.0 96.5 \n Male 35 5.3 6.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.002\n **Repeat presentations** \n Seen once 901 98.9 94.0 89.9 80.4 77.8 90.7 \n Seen more than once 92 1.1 6.0 10.1 19.6 22.2 9.3 \\<0.001\n **Type of sexual violence** \n Rape 855 60.4 89.9 91.9 84.0 82.7 86.9 \n Other 129 39.6 10.1 8.1 16.0 17.3 13.1 \\<0.001\n **Frequency of sexual violence** \n Ongoing 58 6.7 9.6 3.6 4.3 0.0 6.2 \n Repeated in past 141 21.3 19.4 12.0 5.4 10.0 15.1 \n Single event 738 72.0 71.0 84.4 90.3 90.0 78.8 \\<0.001\n **Perpetrator** \n Member of family / extended 173 23.2 27.2 12.0 2.9 5.7 17.8 \n Known person other than family 595 64.6 62.6 60.1 53.9 66.0 61.2 \n Unknown person(s) 205 12.2 10.2 28.0 43.1 28.3 21.1 \\<0.001\n **Referred by** \n Self-reference / relative / friend / existing client 311 29.8 31.7 31.0 30.4 35.2 31.4 \n Police/CIS 359 16.0 34.0 41.7 44.1 37.0 36.2 \n Hospital / health facility / MSF workers / outreach 273 48.9 29.7 22.3 20.6 20.4 27.5 \n Other 49 5.3 4.5 4.9 4.9 7.4 4.9 \\<0.001\n\n\\*Numbers do not always sum to 993, due to missing values.", "\n\nCharacteristics of medical care and counselling received {#sec014}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\n92.3% of IPV and 89.6% of non-partner SV presentations received medical treatment for physical injuries. ", "The most common treatment for IPV was provision of analgesia for cuts, bruises and superficial injuries (56.5%), and 10.3% received suturing or orthopaedic care ([Table 4](#pone.0156813.t004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "For non-partner SV, most common was provision of prophylaxes (58.4%). ", "Of these presentations, 49.9% were offered HIV post-exposure prophylaxis. ", "Of the 9.5% of IPV patients reporting IP-associated sexual violence, 44.2% were offered HIV prophylaxis. ", "In both cases, the main reason for not offering HIV prophylaxis was lack of timely presentation.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0156813.t004\n\n###### Characteristics of medical care (excluding counselling care) provided, by type of violence (excludes past violence), for presentations August 2010 to April 2013.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0156813.t004){#pone.0156813.t004g}\n\n Intimate partner violence Non-partner sexual violence partner Other violence Total Chi2 p-value\n ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------- -------------- --------------\n No medical treatment[\\*](#t004fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 7.7 (324) 10.4 (103) 14.0 (25) 8.4 (452) \n Wound care 18.6 (783) 4.5 (45) 16.8 (30) 16.0 (858) \n Suturing 5.3 (223) 1.1 (11) 2.8 (5) 4.4 (239) \n Orthopaedic care 5.0 (210) 0.0 (0) 3.9 (7) 4.0 (217) \n Pain medication 56.5 (2,378) 18.7 (186) 40.8 (73) 49.0 (2,637) \n Prophylaxis 4.1 (172) 58.4 (580) 6.2 (11) 14.2 (763) \n Other[\\*\\*](#t004fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 2.7 (117) 6.8 (68) 15.7 (28) 3.9 (213) \n Total 100 (4,207) 100 (993) 100 (179) 100 (5,379) \\<0.001\n\n\\* Patient did not receive medical treatment for physical injuries.", "\n\n\\*\\*Other includes: observation, treatment of infectious disease or antibiotics.", "\n\n73.7% (N = 4,343) of patients presenting to the service received counselling, with a significantly lower proportion of children counselled (31.6% of children under 5years and 59.2% of 5--10 year olds) (Chi2 p-value \\<0.000). ", "The number of counselling sessions received varied significantly by type of precipitating event, with presentations for non-partner SV more likely to receive multiple counselling sessions (59%) compared to presentations for IPV (37%) or other violence (26.4%) (Chi2 p-value \\<0.001) ([Table 5](#pone.0156813.t005){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Of those patients over 16 years of age who received more than one counselling session, the majority reported improved functioning (81.2%) and improvement in the presenting complaint (85.5%).There was significant variation in improvement in presenting complaint by type of violence, with the highest improvement reported in those presenting for non-partner sexual violence (92.1%, chi2 p-value 0.001). ", "Functional improvement did not vary significantly by type of violence ([Table 5](#pone.0156813.t005){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0156813.t005\n\n###### Number of counselling sessions and change in functional capacity and severity of presenting complaint, by type of precipitating event, for presentations by patients over 16 years receiving counselling August 2010 to April 2013.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0156813.t005){#pone.0156813.t005g}\n\n N[\\*](#t005fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Intimate partner violence Non-partner sexual violence Other violence Total Chi2 /Fisher's exact p-value\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------- ------- ------------------------------\n **Number of counselling sessions** \n 1 2,641 62.0 39.7 73.7 59.9 \n 2--3 1,503 32.1 47.0 23.2 34.1 \n \\>3 265 5.2 13.3 3.2 6.0 \\<0.001\n Total \n **Type of exit** \n Left prior to completing treatment 2,697 62.0 54.1 57.9 61.1 \n Discharged 1,719 38.0 45.9 42.1 38.9 0.003\n **Change in functioning[\\*](#t005fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}** \n Improved 1,434 80.4 85.0 84.0 81.2 \n Unchanged 219 12.9 10.0 12.0 12.4 \n Worse 114 6.8 5.0 4.0 6.5 0.466\n **Change in presenting[\\*](#t005fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} complaint** \n Improved 1,510 84.1 92.1 88 85.5 \n Unchanged 176 11.1 3.9 12.0 10.0 \n Worse 81 4.8 3.9 0.0 4.6 0.001\n\n**\\*** For those aged receiving more than one counselling session (N = 1,752).", "\n\nPatterns of services use by catchment population {#sec015}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nIn adjusted analysis, older age groups were 2--3 times more likely to present to the FSC repeatedly compared to those less than 16 years ([Fig 1](#pone.0156813.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Patients were also more likely to present multiple times if they experienced IPV compared to non-partner SV (RR:1.94, 95% CI:1.47--2.55), and if they were referred by themselves or a friend, compared to by the police (RR:0.54, 95% CI:0.48--0.62), hospital (RR:0.35, 95%CI:0.29--0.42), or other service (RR:0.29, 95% CI:0.18--0.44).", "\n\n{#pone.0156813.g001}\n\nOverall, 60.2% of patients presenting following current sexual violence (IPV with current SV or non-partner SV) did so within 72 hours of this violence occurring ([Fig 2](#pone.0156813.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In adjusted analysis, timely presentation was more likely if it was a repeat presentation (RR:1.17, 95% CI:1.02--1.33); if the violence was perpetrated by an unknown person, compared to an intimate partner (RR:1.31, 95% CI:1.15--1.50); if referred by the police (RR:1.19, 95% CI:1.07--1.32) or health care workers (RR:1.14, 95% CI:1.01--1.28), rather than self-referral; or if suturing or orthopaedic care was required, compared to more minor medical interventions (RR:1.63, 95% CI:1.40--1.89). ", "Timely presentation was about half as likely among those presenting to urban health centres, compared to the Angau FSC (RR:0.55, 95% CI:0.41--0.73).", "\n\n{#pone.0156813.g002}\n\nReferral to the FSC {#sec016}\n-------------------\n\nOverall, the most common source of new patients was self-referrals or referrals made through friends and/or relatives (42.4%). ", "24.2% were referred from other health services, 16.5% by police, but very few were referred from legal services, welfare or child protection departments, or non-governmental organisations. ", "Overall, health staff completed a medical certificate for 55.3% of presentations. ", "This varied by the type of violence, with 91.6% of presentations for non-partner SV having a certificate completed compared with 34.5% of IPV and 25.6% of presentations associated with other types of violence.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec017}\n==========\n\nIn most countries including PNG, IPV is the most prevalent form of gender-based violence, consistent with our findings \\[[@pone.0156813.ref019], [@pone.0156813.ref020]\\]. ", "In a 2008 study of women presenting to antenatal care in PNG, 44% reported ever experiencing IPV, and 70% of those had never accessed support services \\[[@pone.0156813.ref021]\\]. ", "Our analysis demonstrates that if free, high-quality, accessible services are available, survivors of IPV will utilise care. ", "We cannot estimate directly from our data the proportion of women experiencing intimate partner violence in the study community who would present to the health service over a lifetime. ", "However, the estimate of 4.9% of women presenting over a 2.8 year period suggests a high lifetime presentation rate. ", "All those who presented had access to a complete package of care for sexual and gender-based violence, at no cost, and without the need for referral. ", "The few other services for survivors in PNG, where available, often charge fees and require referral documentation, suggesting that the low levels of service uptake previously reported may be, at least in part, due to lack of services, particularly those that are free and easy to access.", "\n\nMany survivors of non-partner sexual violence also presented for care. ", "In a study of women attending antenatal and HIV voluntary testing and counselling services across four provinces of PNG, 9.7% of the sample (n = 114) reported rape prior to the age of 16 \\[[@pone.0156813.ref004]\\]. ", "Our study estimates a presentation rate of 7.0% of females aged 0--14 in the catchment population during the analysis period, almost all of whom presented for rape, suggesting that where services are available for child sexual abuse survivors, a considerable proportion will present, in particular those experiencing severe forms of abuse such as rape. ", "Community outreach activities are likely to have contributed to the high proportion of self and family referrals.", "\n\nThe characteristics of non-partner SV reported in this analysis are disturbing. ", "Almost all presentations were for rape, and in many cases, the violence had occurred previously or was ongoing, and involved multiple perpetrators and the use of death threats. ", "All such factors increase not only the physical but the psychological trauma inflicted by such violence. ", "The need for appropriate mental health services to address such trauma is great \\[[@pone.0156813.ref007]\\]. ", "The value of counselling is suggested by improved self-reported functioning and psychosocial status in patients receiving multiple sessions. ", "Access to specialist mental health counselling services are very limited or non-existent in most parts of PNG. ", "Services, when available, are provided by general health workers and focus on mood, substance and psychiatric disorders \\[[@pone.0156813.ref022]\\]. ", "There is an urgent need to addresses these gaps in the provision of high-quality, confidential mental health counselling services through training of specialist mental health staff and ensuring allocated positions for such staff within government bodies. ", "A specific group that needs even greater focus is child survivors of sexual violence, who constituted almost half of presentations following non-partner SV, but a lower proportion of those receiving counselling.", "\n\nPresentation for sexual violence may be delayed due to lack of awareness of availability or need for care \\[[@pone.0156813.ref023]\\]. ", "Our study supports this conclusion. ", "Presentation was timelier in those who were already aware of the service through previous presentations or through other service providers. ", "It was also timelier for those who presented to the specific gender-based violence services of the FSC rather than those identified through screening of general presentations to urban health centres. ", "This suggests areas where educational messages could add value, such as community-based campaigns on the availability and value of early presentation to access effective services for preventing unwanted pregnancies and HIV infection.", "\n\nThose presenting for IPV were more likely to present repeatedly and were more likely to present with major injuries requiring suturing or orthopaedic care than those presenting for non-partner SV. ", "The proportion of IPV clients reporting sexual violence and non-partner SV offered HIV prophylaxis were similar. ", "The low rate of referral from police among IPV, compared to non-partner SV, survivors suggests that policing services are less accessed by IPV patients. ", "Medical certificates are considered by service providers as important in supporting criminal proceedings or compensatory claims in village courts \\[[@pone.0156813.ref024]\\]. ", "Our finding that medical certificates were more likely to be provided in cases of non-partner SV compared with IPV again suggests that there is a considerable bias towards pursuing such avenues in cases of non-partner SV compared with IPV. ", "Those presenting for non-partner SV were significantly more likely to remain in counselling for multiple sessions, report improvements in presenting complaint, and be discharged rather than default than those presenting for IPV. ", "IPV patients are at ongoing risk from their partner if they continue to remain in the relationship, whereas a lower proportion of adult patients presenting following non-partner SV are exposed to the perpetrator and therefore at risk on an ongoing basis. ", "The ongoing exposure of IPV patients to violence is likely to underlie the lower retention and effectiveness of counselling in this group, as well as the higher levels of repeat presentation and more severe forms of physical injury.", "\n\nSafety assessment or planning interventions were limited to referral of patients to appropriate services such as community welfare, policing or legal services. ", "Although data on referrals were not collected over the period analysed, previous data from the programme shows that the proportion of patients referred from the FSC to other services dropped significantly from January 2008 to April 2010 (from 50% to 15% for police, 12% to 0.2% for legal services and 8.3% to 0.1% for welfare services), suggesting that such referrals came to be seen over time as of limited value. ", "This is concerning in a context where much of the violence is perpetrated by known individuals and therefore is likely to recur unless resolved definitively. ", "As studies from other settings have shown, medical and counselling services for survivors must be linked to effective services in other sectors such as policing and the judicial system if they are to improve long-term survivor outcomes \\[[@pone.0156813.ref025]\\].", "\n\nThis study presents findings from patients presenting for care to a sexual and gender-based violence programme that targeted intimate partner and/or sexual violence, so our results reflect this selective targeting. ", "An additional limitation is that catchment population data was from 2011 census, and therefore would not reflect more recent changes that may have occurred. ", "This, along with the use of health facility based data, limits the generalizability of our findings to population-level inferences on prevalence of different forms of violence. ", "However, as discussed above, our findings are consistent with available prevalence data from PNG.", "\n\nConclusions {#sec018}\n===========\n\nOur analyses demonstrate that, in settings such as PNG with a known high prevalence of gender-based violence, when free, confidential, accessible medical and counselling services are provided, many survivors will present for care. ", "Those who do present receive best-practice medical care and counselling, in particular if they present in a timely way and are retained in care. ", "The majority who received two or more sessions of counselling had improvement in self-reported functioning, with the most improvement seen in those reporting non-partner SV. ", "However, high levels of IPV and child sexual violence by known perpetrators suggests that effective policing, protection and legal services will also be required alongside health services if survivors are to escape the cycle of violence.", "\n\nWe gratefully thank the survivors whose information contributed to this study, and the health staff who provided the services documented in this study.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: KL MV MA BT SH DP EB. ", "Analyzed the data: KL GJ. ", "Wrote the paper: KL MV MA BT GJ KT DP SH AW EB. ", "Commented on the manuscript at all stages: KL MV MA BT GJ KT DP SH AW EB.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Tropical Planting\n\nSeldom offered as seed, Abutilon x hybridum is a popular group of hybrids that are frost-tender shrubs typically growing 60 to 90cm tall. ", "The lantern-like buds open to solitary, pendulous, bell shaped flowers up to 8cm in diameter.", "\n\nAcoelorrhaphe wrightii is native to Florida and parts of the Caribbean, this striking fan palm is small to moderately tall. ", "Hardy to -6°C (20°F) it is one of just a few palms that can survive in saturated soil conditions. ", "A good outdoor palm for a milder areas and a very tropical alternative to a hedge of shrubs.", "\n\nThese rare seeds are for the world famous Cananga odorata tree. '", "Ylang-Ylang' which means 'flowers of flowers', and is among the most celebrated flowering trees in the world. ", "The blossoms are distilled to obtain 'cananga oil' which is used to manufacture the world famous Chanel No. ", "5.", "\n\nCanna indica is a superb tall strain with gorgeous foliage and bright vermilion red blooms. ", "Growing to around 150cm tall, the wide banana-like leaves add a tropical feel to the garden. ", "They are ideal to plant at the back of a border where they are in full sun, or to add colour to a partly shady area.", "\n\nCanna 'Large Flowered Hybrids' create an undeniably tropical look, producing large flowers in hot colours in yellow, gold, fiery orange and red. ", "With their lush tropical foliage and showy flowers they make borders and beds come alive with their bright colours all summer long until first frosts.", "\n\nCardiocrinum giganteum is a truly spectacular plant, which produces glorious vanilla scented, trumpet-like flowers on stems up two to three metres tall. ", "Most gardeners agree growing this rare beauty is well worth the wait. ", "I suppose you do have to be patient to be a gardener. ", "We all know the longer we must wait for a beauty, the more we treasure it.", "\n\nOver the past few years, the new breeding of Coleus has exploded them into hundreds of wild and crazy types of colours and forms. ", "Overwhelmingly the favourite is the Kong series for its sheer presence, each leaf is easily as big as your palm, and probably twice as large as the next biggest Coleus you can buy.", "\n\nGrown for its outstanding foliage colours, the Kong series of coleus boasts extremely large leaves with irregular edges, each leaf is easily as big as your palm, and probably twice as large as the next biggest Coleus you can buy. '", "Kong Red' displays a broad vein of brilliant red down the centre of each leaf.", "\n\nColeus has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity. ", "The new breeding has taken a handful of series and exploded them into hundreds of wild and crazy types of colours and forms. ", "Coleus 'Kong Rose' has huge leaves that are rose in the center, with a band of burgundy that flows out to chartreuse edges.", "\n\nColeus 'Kong Salmon-Pink' feature huge leaves that are coral in the center surrounded by a band of chocolate-brown edged in bright green. ", "The plants grow 45 to 55cm tall in the garden, with a spread of around 38 to 45cm. ", "Kept in the shade or partial shade, it is hard to go wrong with this plant.", "\n\nColeus 'Kong Scarlet' has huge leaves that are dark red with veins trailing out to chartreuse edges. ", "Coleus colours become more vibrant when they get more shade. ", "This is very unusual behaviour, and explains why Coleus is a popular choice for under-the-tree plantings and shade-of-the-building gardens.", "\n\nThe 'Wizard' Series is an excellent example of the new developments of coleus, it is the best seed raised strain for bedding and containers. ", "From the brilliant apricot-bronze Sunset, to red-veined maroon Velvet Red, each is a distinctive work of art. ", "The heart-shaped leaves show their colour early and keeps its hues right through the worst summer heat and humidity. ", "Available in single colours or as a mix.", "\n\nCordyline Atropurpureum make a strong vertical shapes, the deep purple colouring contrasts well with silver foliage and can be an excellent foil for the lush foliage of other exotica. ", "They look equally at home in more conventional and hardy ornamental borders.", "\n\nThe 'Cornish Palms' make fantastic points in containers or borders: their evergreen leaves provide interest throughout the year. ", "The long slender leaves and a slow-growing trunk make this an architectural plant that lends itself to modern interiors.", "\n\nCordyline indivisa is a rare and beautiful high altitude species from New Zealand. ", "This attractive and distinctive species is rarely cultivated, but is occasionally offered by specialist nurseries. ", "It can be distinguished from all other Cordyline species by its very broad blue-grey leaves\n\nThis tall skyscraper of a plant is surely something that we could only believe could come from a boldly imaginative architect such as Norman Foster....but no, the hybrid Echium 'Pink Fountain' was bred in Devon. ", "The result is a gorgeous 38cm (15in) wide, tapering tower of delicate pink flowers.", "\n\nEchium pininana is undeniably an eye stopper, a magnificent inflorescence with dense panicles of deep blue flowers borne above branches of dusty linear leaves. ", "The rosettes of large leaves are attractive even as a non-flowering plant and the flower spire can reach over 4m when grown in mild areas.", "\n\nOriginating from Guernsey, Echium pininana alba, also known as Echium 'Snow Tower' is a rare white form of the Tree Echium. ", "A hardy biennial that grows a large rosette of silver-grey leaves in the first year, and a tall white flower spike up to 15ft high in the second year.", "\n\nFor anyone who wants something different for the border next year, I should like to introduce Echium russicum. ", "A remarkable hardy species that has a unique flower colour for its genus. ", "In July to August multiple throngs of striking upright spires, bearing crimson flowers emerge from a basal rosette of hairy leaves.", "\n\nGunnera is one of the biggest and most spectacular, architectural, herbaceous plants. ", "With gigantic, deeply lobed, deep green leaves, they look best standing as specimen plants or beside a large pond where the reflections reveal the undersides of the leaves\n\nLike many of the best ballet dancers, this cultivar is elegant and full of stamina. '", "Border Ballet' includes some bold colours, but also the versatile softer colours which are often more suitable to modern schemes. ", "A particularly floriferous strain that is a bit shorter and neater than other varieties.", "\n\nThe Kniphofia hybrids have extended both the flower colour and height range. ", "The usual fiery reds and oranges work particularly well in a planting scheme based on 'hot' colours - use them to light up sultry August borders. ", "The cooler yellow, cream, ivory and sometimes green flowers is more restful.", "\n\nThe lush growth, coupled with the large, glaucous leaves of Melianthus major has made it as fashionable as tree ferns. ", "If you don't want to mimic the rain forest, try growing it amongst slender-leaved grasses and perennials. ", "The plants add texture and provide a good background to bright colours in the garden.", "\n\nThe development of bananas is a source of both pride and amazement to those unfamiliar with banana culture. ", "Musa acuminata is a 'dwarf variety' with broad, long, graceful leaves, and is extremely suitable for containers or gardens." ]

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[ "During this time of year, it can be hard to keep up with all of the different mock drafts. ", "When it comes to a team like the Browns and the first overall pick, it should be easy: Myles Garrett. ", "But when it comes to a team like the Colts and the 14th/15th overall pick, it’s much more diverse.", "\n\nEach person seems to have a different opinion on what the Colts should do with the pick, but SB Nation’s Adam Stites has compiled a mock draft database that attempts to combine what numerous people are thinking about the pick. ", "He has a pie chart for each team based on 35 different mock drafts surveyed, and for the Colts, the most common pick has been Florida State running back Dalvin Cook.", "\n\nIn case it’s hard to tell which is which, here’s the most common picks for the Colts among the 35 mock drafts surveyed:\n\nDalvin Cook, RB, Florida State - 34.3%\n\nTakkarist McKinley, DE, UCLA - 14.3%\n\nDerek Barnett, DE, Tennessee - 11.4%\n\nSolomon Thomas, DE, Stanford - 8.6%\n\nTim Williams, LB, Alabama - 5.7%\n\nRyan Ramczyk, OT, Wisconsin - 5.7%\n\nLeonard Fournette, RB, LSU - 5.7%\n\nOthers - 14.3%\n\nSo... yeah. ", "That’s all over the place, and there’s plenty to comment on. ", "There has been plenty of debate amongst Colts fans on whether Dalvin Cook should be the pick at number 14/15, as he’s a good player who would make a difference in the offense, but in a deep running back class there are far bigger needs on the defensive side of the football. ", "It’s incredibly interesting - and honestly, surprising - to see that Cook is the most common pick for the Colts in these mock drafts.", "\n\nBut with that in mind, it’s important to realize that it still seems like a common opinion among the people putting out mock drafts is that the Colts will go defense, there’s just differing opinions about which defender it would be. ", "The second, third, and fourth most common picks for the Colts are all defenders, as is one of the picks tied for fifth. ", "And the Ryan Ramczyk and Leonard Fournette picks just seem like strange outliers in this evaluation.", "\n\nUltimately, there’s still a long, long way to go before the draft, and next week’s NFL Combine will help change or shape some people’s opinions. ", "It’s likely we’ll continue to see debate and discussion about whether the Colts should take Cook all the way until draft day, but it’s also just as likely that defenders will continue to be heavily mocked to the Colts as well. ", "We haven’t seen much of a universal agreement yet, and I doubt we’re going to." ]

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[ "A steep learning curve is a good thing!", "\nCommentary on: Wang B, Lü G, Patel AA, et al. ", "An evaluation of the learning curve for a complex surgical technique: the full endoscopic interlaminar approach for lumbar disc herniations. ", "Spine J 2011:11:122-130 (in this issue)." ]

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[ "Prostaglandin E1 administration following orthotopic liver transplantation: a randomized prospective multicenter trial.", "\nProstaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been used after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) based on limited clinical data suggesting PGE1 infusion improves immediate hepatic allograft function. ", "The aim of this study was to conduct a randomized double-blinded multicenter trial to evaluate the effect of PGE1 on early hepatic and renal function in patients undergoing OLT. ", "One hundred eighteen patients were randomized to receive either PGE1 or crystalloid placebo intravenously after allograft revascularization. ", "Primary end points were incidence of primary allograft nonfunction (PNF) or severe renal dysfunction. ", "The incidence of PNF was 6.7% (4 of 60) and 6.9% (4 of 58) in the control and PGE1 groups, respectively. ", "PGE1 infusion was, however, associated with improved early renal function (mean peak creatinine level of 1.4 +/- 1.0 and 2.0 +/- 1.0 in patients treated with PGE1 and placebo, respectively; P < 0.001). ", "Severe renal dysfunction occurred more frequently in the placebo group (26.7%) than in the PGE1 group (13.8%; P = 0.65). ", "Additionally, dialysis treatments were more frequent in the placebo group (0.7 +/- 2.0 per patient) than in the PGE1 group (0.2 +/- 1.0 per patient; P = 0.10). ", "Initial intensive care unit stay was shorter in patients treated with PGE1 (4.0 +/- 3.6 days) compared with controls (10.5 +/- 17.1 days) (P < 0.01). ", "PGE1 administration after OLT resulted in improved renal function and decreased initial postoperative intensive care unit stay but did not affect the incidence of PNF." ]

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[ "With a multiplayer component and building an army of assassins its keystones, is Brotherhood ready to step out of the shadows? ", "Find out in the official GameTrailers Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood review." ]

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[ "• For more information about the Friends of the Library group, membership details or to make a donation, call the library at 361-485-3302.", "\n\nCOST OF BOOKS:\n\n• Hardbacks - $1\n\n• Paperbacks - 50 cents\n\n• Smaller books - 10-25 cents\n\n• Movies, CDs, audio books, etc. - ", "$1-$3\n\nDON'T FORGET\n\nAll the books left at the sale Saturday are half-price. ", "The Friends of the Library will also offer the $1 book bag sale: Fill a Friends of the Library bag with all the books you want and pay a buck. ", "The bags cost $5.", "\n\nSometimes, secondhand books are the best finds.", "\n\nFor Korie Krohn, 35, a leisurely stroll between the aisles of donated books during the Friends of the Library Book Sale is often rewarded by a unique find.", "\n\n\"It's like a walk down memory lane,\" she said. \"", "You never know what you'll find.\"", "\n\nKrohn, of Victoria, who works in the oil field as a sales representative, is a member of the Friends of the Library group and a bibliophile. ", "She finds the library a sanctuary compared to the loud noise of industrial equipment and smell of gas and oil production.", "\n\nEach time she hears about the book sale - hosted three times a year - she's eager to skim through the spines of the thousands of books neatly arranged by genre on tables, shelves and sometimes under tables if there is no more room.", "\n\nBut there is more than books available at the sale, she said.", "\n\n\"People like to share what they have with us,\" she said. \"", "I've seen sheet music, 45s, home-schooling books, cookbooks and genealogy books for sale before.\"", "\n\nAll the items sold are donations collected before the sale and sold during the weeklong event to raise money for the Victoria Public Library, Krohn said. ", "Funds support the library programs for young children, teens and adults as well as purchase furniture for reading areas.", "\n\nAs summer rounds the corner and school comes to an end, students will start filing through the library doors to participate in the summer reading programs, said Dayna Williams-Capone, director of the library.", "\n\nMoney raised will cover costs for materials and prizes for the programs, she said, which play an important part in a student's education.", "\n\n\"Children who keep reading through summer can keep up their level of reading and continue to improve on it,\" Williams-Capone, 47, said.", "\n\nThe summer programs also help students develop a habit and level of comfort with using the library, she said.", "\n\nDepending on the success of the sale, the Friends of the Library group will raise anywhere between $7,000 to $8,000 or more.", "\n\n\"They do very well for the library,\" the director said. \"", "The library really benefits from the sale.\"", "\n\nKrohn is happy to help students build the same relationship with books that she has.", "\n\n\"It's great to pass books along that you've read and share them with others,\" she said. \"", "They bring them back the next time for someone else to buy and read.\"" ]

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[ "Acupuncture: clinical trials in the horse.", "\nA discussion of the merits of acupuncture therapy and a review of experiments that support the neurogenic mediation of acupuncture are presented. ", "Case reports are included as examples of the therapeutic value of acupuncture in treatment of intestinal and musculoskeletal disorders in the horse. ", "Statistical importance cannot be credited to the clinical experiences reported here because of the small number of cases. ", "Hopefully, the clinical success reported will encourage continued investigation of the clinical efficacy and adjunctive value of acupuncture in the veterinary profession." ]

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[ "\nFirefox Multi-Account Containers - nachtigall\nhttps://blog.mozilla.org/firefox/introducing-firefox-multi-account-containers/\n======\nff_\nI LOVE this feature, but it has only one problem: when I'm in a container and\nI press Ctrl+T (new tab), the new tab opens in the default container. ", "This\ndoesn't make sense, I want it to stay in the same container.", "\n\nThis was also discussed in the issue tracker, in a now closed issue, in which\nthe intuitive behaviour (staying in the same container) was proposed, but got\nsidetracked and in the end implemented something totally different.", "\n\nSo if anyone from Firefox is listening here: please PLEASE consider\nimplementing Ctrl+T in the same container :)\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\n(Someone from Firefox here)\n\nIt's a popular request; about as popular as everyone who wants Ctrl+T to open\nin the default container. :)", "\n\nSo, for our core experience we picked the default behavior that helps maximize\nthe privacy and security protections of Containers.", "\n\nThe good news is that, with the contextualIdentities extension API (exclusive\nto Firefox!), ", "add-on authors can make their own add-ons to change this\nbehavior. ", "Like Taborama is doing:\n\n[https://github.com/kesselborn/taborama](https://github.com/kesselborn/taborama)\n\nCheck out [https://developer.mozilla.org/Add-\nons/WebExtensions/API/cont...](https://developer.mozilla.org/Add-\nons/WebExtensions/API/contextualIdentities) for more info on making Container-\naware extensions.", "\n\n~~~\niamvfl\nIf both are equally popular, it would make sense that this be an easily\nconfigurable option in the browser's settings. ", "Favouring one option over the\nother will inevitably alienate about half the consumers of this awesome\nfeature, which seems like a bit of a waste to me.", "\n\n~~~\nJarwain\nIt seems like the Firefox team intends to only have what maximises the privacy\nsecurity protections, and that this extra functionality (hereafter referred to\nas SameCon, versus the current DefCon) is ideally implemented as an add-on.", "\nI'd imagine they're thinking that if a user wants SameCont, that user can just\nadd it as an add-on\n\nI don't think this is the ideal solution, because I'd imagine there are a\npopulation of users who just wouldn't consider the possibility that SameCon\ncould Be an add-on. ", "Especially if the community is split roughly down the\nmiddle.", "\n\nI think yours is the ideal solution, making SameCon a configurable option, but\nhaving the default option be DefCon. ", "That way, the privacy and security\nprotections are the Default behavior, but a user has the option to change it\nBuilt In\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nVery good point; and you get a +1 for \"DefCon\"\n\n------\nnicoburns\nThis is incredibly useful. ", "It's basically like Chrome's 'profiles', except\nper-tab rather than per-window. ", "So I can now have my personal gmail, my work\ngmail, and the 3rd gmail account for a client set next to each other, and\ncolour coded.", "\n\nThis, along with the speed improvements (both the UI and content processes) in\nFirefox 55 have made it my default browser for the first time since Chrome was\nreleased.", "\n\n~~~\ndingaling\nHowever it doesn't appear to containerize extensions / add-ons, so it's\nprobably still prudent to use a separate clean profile for banking to avoid\nthe risk of malicious data-slurping add-ons.", "\n\nDespite their claims for it: \"Maybe you want to keep your bank’s website\nfarther away from your Pinterest board\"\n\n~~~\noAlbe\nWould you trust using a potential \"data-slurping\" add-on at all? ", "I honestly\nwouldn't, neither for my bank info, nor for my search queries.", "\n\nJust be mindful of what add-ons you install.", "\n\n~~~\ngrok2\nI think the OP is sorta saying the same thing -- they perhaps don't want their\nbanking container to see add-ons (except the container add-on :-)). ", "It's\nperhaps okay to be relaxed about some add-ons in some environments, but not in\nall environments.", "\n\n~~~\njlgaddis\nIsn't this what profiles were designed for?", "\n\n~~~\nefreak\nI always thought profiles we're designed for multiple users on one login;\nthey've been around for ages, and I assumed it was because windows 98 wasn't\ngood with multiple profiles/users.", "\n\n------\nnotheguyouthink\nCool!", "\n\nAs an aside, I've been migrating away from Chrome for a while - and I posted\nhere a while back being dismayed by how terrible Firefox was, how slow/etc it\nwas, etc. ", "Many people suggested I switch to nightly.", "\n\nNightly is .. a night and day experience. ", "I've been fully switched from Chrome\nnow, thanks to Firefox. ", "Note that on OSX I've had no complaints with Safari as\nmy Chrome replacement, so I've stuck with them - but on windows it's all\nFirefox.", "\n\nKeep up the great work guys, the new stuff is amazing. ", "Hope you can push it to\nstable branch soon for people. :)", "\n\n~~~\nsinaa\nJust installed Nightly thinking \"how can it be any different from the\nDeveloper Edition?\" ... ", "Wow, I couldn't be more wrong!", "\n\nIt is indeed a night and day experience! ", "More approachable UI, and much faster\nperformance... Big well-done to everyone working hard to keep Firefox\ncompetitive :-)\n\n~~~\nSubiculumCode\nAs an aside, whenever I click on a Slashdot article about Mozilla and\nFirefox...ALMOST ALL the comments bash Mozilla and Firefox to pieces...and\nmostly from anonymous posters.", "\n\nOn HN we seem to get reasoned arguments for or against Mozilla and Firefox,\nbut not seemingly mindless hate.", "\n\nNow I know that HN is a higher class forum these days--Slasdot is not still in\nits heyday--but I have to say it is refreshing.", "\n\n------\nwslh\nFor historical reasons I cannot avoid to mention that I achieved this with my\nCookiepie extension 11 years ago (a billon Internet years ago indeed):\n[https://youtu.be/2Pfg-kJ4nAw](https://youtu.be/2Pfg-kJ4nAw) Cookiepie was\nwritten only in JavaScript and was very hackish because Firefox APIs didn't\nhave a way to correlate network requests with the tab in the UI, so I\ntraversed network and UI objects recursively to find unknown relationships\nbetween them. ", "It was very difficult to support because even minor Firefox\nreleases broke it.", "\n\nI even posted my Cookiepie extension for the first Firefox extension contest\n[1] and there was no prize or mention for it.", "\n\n[1] [https://blog.mozilla.org/press/2006/03/mozilla-announces-\nwin...](https://blog.mozilla.org/press/2006/03/mozilla-announces-winners-of-\nextend-firefox-competition/)\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nAs a Firefox engineer, then, let me say props for being ahead of your time!", "\n(And waaaaay ahead of mine - I'm new to PrivSec engineering at Firefox)\n\nI'm not sure if Cookiepie directly inspired the engineers who built\noriginAttributes and Containers features here, but after working with this\nFirefox team I can definitely say that the core Containers tech is not hackish\nat all - great engineers here.", "\n\nAnyway, thanks for contributing!", "\n\n~~~\nfabrice_d\noriginAttributes and Containers can be traced back to the appId cookie/storage\nseparation implemented for b2g (aka FirefoxOS) apps. ", "I remember that baku\nwrote an early Fx add-on abusing appIds and docShells to provide a container-\nlike functionality.", "\n\n~~~\nbholley\nIn more detail:\n\nFor the original FirefoxOS security model, sicking and jlebar rototilled all\nthe security checks in the codebase to switch from comparing origins to\ncomparing (origin, appId, isInMozBrowser) tuples.", "\n\nLater on, for the eventually-abandoned FirefoxOS New Security Model (NSec), we\nneeded to pass around a signed package id instead. ", "So the options on the table\nwere to rototill the codebase again, or to do something out of band with the\ncookie service (sicking's proposal).", "\n\nWhen I found out about this I wasn't particularly happy with either option,\nand used my sec module ownership to insert myself into the discussion, and\npush for a more general approach (i.e. OriginAttributes). ", "Sicking was\ninitially kind of peeved about this, because they were on a deadline, but\neventually came around. ", "So we did one more pass of the rototiller to switch\neverything from appId+mozBrowser to the general and extensible mechanism.", "\n\nYears later, FirefoxOS is no more, but OriginAttributes are still used to\nimplement Private Browsing, Containers, and First-Party Isolation. ", "Here's to\ngeneral/reusable solutions!", "\n\n------\nraimue\nI am a long-time user of the deprecated Multifox extension and I have switched\nto the Firefox containers ever since they have been introduced to the stable\nreleases about a year ago. ", "This feature is actually builtin in Firefox, you\nonly need to change some config settings to enable the UI (probably this is\nalso all what the linked extension does?).", "\n\nAs Multifox was one of the old XUL/XPCOM extensions, I am glad that this\nfunctionality was integrated natively before Firefox 57 will disable all\nextensions that are not WebExtensions.", "\n\nIt is a great way to login to multiple accounts on various sites such as\nTwitter, without going through the hassle of a full logout/login cycle. ", "You\ncan use the accounts side-by-side in different tabs, which will be color coded\nto indicate which container they belong to.", "\n\nMore details can be found on the Mozilla wiki:\n[https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Contextual_Identity_Projec...](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Contextual_Identity_Project/Containers)\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nThe add-on flips the config setting, but also:\n\n1\\. Implements the browserAction pop-up UI for managing containers & tabs 2\\.\nAdds the ability to assign sites to always open in a certain container\n\n~~~\nxahrepap\nhow do you do #2? ", "I can't find it? ", "For example, I want Facebook to always open\nin my \"Facebook\" container.", "\n\nEDIT: I guess I just had to ask then my brain figured it out. :) ", "Open the page\nin the container you want, right click the extension icon and choose \"Always\nopen in this container\"\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nYou can also assign the site to the Container in the browserAction pop-up UI.", "\n\n------\nihateneckbeards\nThat's great, I hate when Youtube recommends me all kinds of videos about\nturtles just because I stumbled over a video of turtle 6 months ago\n\n~~~\nmjard\nI've found it useful to purge my Youtube history every once in a while. ", "If I\nclick on random Youtube links on irc, they always get opened in a\nprivate/incognito session. ", "I'm annoyed this is something that I think about.", "\n\n~~~\nefreak\nIt's not terribly useful for people who open stuff from within the browser,\nbut for the past couple of years I've actually had my default browser in\nWindows set to incognito/private mode of whatever browser I'm using. ", "This way\nI don't have to think about it, and I also don't have to deal with things like\nGmail deciding that I've already seen some emails because my inbox loaded in a\nbackground tab.", "\n\n~~~\nbreakingcups\nHeh, a bit like Firefox Focus on Android. ", "That's a great idea.", "\n\n------\nJeaye\nI was in the test pilot for this and I had one singular gripe which I don't\nthink has been addressed or brought up anywhere else I've seen: _I want to be\nable to move a tab from one container to another._", "\n\nIt's so easy to open a tab in the default container, or the wrong container,\nand being able to move that tab, along with all the data it has spawned (like\ncookies) would make this a killer feature for me.", "\n\nThe only other thing, which admittedly makes my one singular gripe less\nsingular, is that I didn't see any separation in the history, as far as what\nwas in a given container. ", "In an ideal world, each container would have its own\n\"Show all history\" data.", "\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\n[https://addons.mozilla.org/nn-no/firefox/addon/context-\nplus/](https://addons.mozilla.org/nn-no/firefox/addon/context-plus/) does the\nfirst part.", "\n\n~~~\nJeaye\nThank you! ", "This is absolutely essential for a good container experience.", "\n\n------\nmey\nI use Chrome profiles heavily, so I am very happy Firefox is exploring this\nfeature. ", "When doing consulting, I like to keep different client activities\nisolated to their own profile, so I have less things to juggle if they use the\nsame cloud service (AWS, G Suite, Jira, etc).", "\n\nOne limitation I currently see to that workflow (that works better for me in\nChrome) is that this appears to all reside under a single Firefox Account\nwhich essentially creates master set of data to Sync. ", "I would like to be able\nto setup Containers to be pegged to different Firefox Accounts (or not at\nall).", "\n\n~~~\nManishearth\nI mean, this is distinct from Firefox Profiles, which work pretty much exactly\nlike Chrome profiles and sync the same way.", "\n\n~~~\nmey\nLearned something new, thanks. ", "This doesn't look terribly user friendly\n[https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/profile-manager-\ncreate-...](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/profile-manager-create-..).", "\nEdit: And in testing I can't have multiple profiles open at the same time.", "\n\n~~~\npoiru\nYou can also use about:profiles, which is a little nicer than the profile\nmanager.", "\n\n~~~\nmey\nSo that seems broken as well, when you click \"Launch profile in new browser\"\nit doesn't actually appear to be creating a browser tied to that profile, as I\njust setup my personal sync account it caused all the open browsers (across 3\nprofiles I setup) to all sign into that account.", "\n\n------\nemerongi\nThis has been extremely useful for the past month or so that I've been using\nit. ", "I separate work accounts and personal accounts and that has tremendously\nsimplified using the browser. ", "For Youtube, I can use a different Google\naccount without logging out of my main one. ", "I call it my \"Entertainment\"\ncontainer - maybe it will also make it harder for agencies to connect my\nleisure activities to other activities.", "\n\nI even have a \"Testing\" container when I'm testing a webapp and need to log in\nwith 2 different users in the same window. ", "Very convenient.", "\n\n~~~\nsleavey\nThis is exactly how I would like to use this feature, but from what I read,\nFirefox Sync only supports one of the accounts. ", "Does that affect containers?", "\nI'd like to sync all of my bookmarks, history etc. ", "from both work and personal\ncontainers.", "\n\n~~~\n482794793792894\nBookmarks and browsing history are not separated by Container Tabs. ", "So, it\nwill sync both personal and work bookmarks, just like it would without\nContainer Tabs. ", "The idea being that you look towards the internet like several\nusers, but on your end it still behaves like a single user.", "\n\nIf you do want bookmarks and browsing history separated, then yeah, as the\nother guy said you'll want to use classic profiles. ", "Easiest way is to type\n\"about:profiles\" into the URL-bar and then the rest should be self-\nexplanatory. ", "Another (scriptable) way is explained here:\n[https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/profile-manager-\ncreate-...](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/profile-manager-create-and-\nremove-firefox-profiles)\n\nAnd then you'd create a second Firefox Account and give each profile a\ndifferent Firefox Account to sync to.", "\n\n------\nSubiculumCode\nI've been using containers in test pilot for about a month and I love it.", "\nGoogle is separated from my news reading, is separated from my banking, is\nseparated from my shopping, is separated from my leisure activity, is\nseparated from my work activity. ", "Once you set it up to aways open a site\nwithin a designated container it is all smooth.", "\n\nHowever, I wonder. ", "What is the technical reason for not making it default to 1\ncontainer by site? ", "Sure that would mean hundreds of containers...but does that\npose performance problems?", "\n\n~~~\nSylos\n> However, I wonder. ", "What is the technical reason for not making it default to\n> 1 container by site? ", "Sure that would mean hundreds of containers...but does\n> that pose performance problems?", "\n\nIt would break some webpages. ", "Also, yes, the vast majority of broken things\nwill be tracking, but as a browser vendor you sort of need to not piss off\nwebpage owners (which often benefit from tracking, directly or indirectly), as\notherwise they'll stop testing their webpage against your browser.", "\n\nAlso, as far as I understand things, Tor Browser actually has what essentially\nis a separate Container Tab per domain. ", "It's described somewhat more precisely\nhere:\n[https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Contextual_Identity_Projec...](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Contextual_Identity_Project/Containers#An_extended_origin)\n\n------\nnewscracker\nI've used this from the days of it [1] being in Test Pilot (an add-on for\nexperimental features) [2] and really loved the idea. ", "Usually I'd use a couple\nof different browsers or shuttle between normal and private browsing/incognito\nmodes for using multiple logins on services (from a privacy standpoint, I\ndon't like linking accounts together on any service, like for example how\nGoogle allows users to do).", "\n\nI did provide feedback to the developers on the following:\n\n1\\. Opening new tabs should have better intelligence about which container a\nuser wants to go with.", "\n\n2\\. Improving the look of the tab bar for better tab visibility and clarity on\nwhich tab was the current one.", "\n\n3\\. Detailed and clear documentation on how containers work across normal\nwindows and private windows, because I certainly wouldn't want to use\nsomething believing that it's providing me isolation while it does not in\ncertain scenarios. ", "In my limited knowledge, the behavior of different\nbrowsers, in keeping cookies/storage isolated, in private/inprivate/incognito\nmode varies when it comes to multiple windows, multiple tabs and closing\nwindows/tabs. ", "That is already not clear enough (to me) that I don't open more\nthan one private/inprivate/incognito window at the same time.", "\n\nI would love for this to get into Firefox main instead of being an extension!", "\n\n[1]:\n[https://testpilot.firefox.com/experiments/containers](https://testpilot.firefox.com/experiments/containers)\n\n[2]: [https://testpilot.firefox.com/](https://testpilot.firefox.com/)\n\n------\nkodablah\nI am building my own Chromium-based browser with a similar concept called\n\"bubbles\" [0][1]. ", "Not doing a show-hn on it until next week because I need to\nbuild another release but feel free to try it out (I recommend building over\nusing the one in the releases area as a lot of bugs have been fixed in\nmaster).", "\n\nOh and for the commenter wanting Ctrl+T in the same container, a Ctrl+Shift+T\nin Doogie does open a child page in the same bubble.", "\n\n0 - [https://github.com/cretz/doogie](https://github.com/cretz/doogie)\n\n1 -\n[https://cretz.github.io/doogie/guide/bubble](https://cretz.github.io/doogie/guide/bubble)\n\n~~~\nakerro\nInstead putting your effort into a single person project you could do it for\nBrave browser or ungoogled-chromium, it would be more useful and you would get\nmore users.", "\n\n~~~\nkodablah\nI have fundamental disagreements with those projects (primarily the UI).", "\nAdoption is not an explicit goal.", "\n\n------\ntjoff\nI _really_ like this, but why for everything that is holy does it not work in\nPrivate Windows?", "\n\nI use Private mode _a lot_ and it doesn't really make sense to group\neverything together just because it is \"Private\".", "\n\n------\nthe_common_man\nPress and hold in the '+' button shows the container menu. ", "Took we a while to\nfigure this out.", "\n\n------\njosefresco\nI implement \"containers\" simply by using different browsers (one for each\nscreen). ", "Chrome runs my (Google) email, calendar, drive. ", "And then I use\nFirefox for my client work, where I log in/out of various client identities. ", "I\nhave Firefox set to \"nuke\" all session data on close - an absolute must-have\nfeature for testing caching issues and making sure I don't end up with\n\"hidden\" active sessions around the web.", "\n\n------\ngangstead\nI've been wanting something like this for Android / ios.", "\n\nI've had the problem that many restaurant rewards program have gone from \"10\npunches on this card and your next sandwich is free\" to \"type in your phone\nnumber / scan this card\" on each visit and have now become \"install our app\"\nto get that free sandwich. ", "That's more than I'm willing to give up for a cheap\nmeal once every few months.", "\n\n~~~\nfoobar20198\nMy equivalent is to use incognito/private browsing (depending on browser of\nchoice). ", "However, once again, browsers are opinionated, and don't offer to\nsave passwords in private/incognito mode (with no overrides). ", "Which means I\njust avoid the whole experience when possible.", "\n\nSimilarly, things like Focus let you access a throwaway experience even more\neasily. ", "Still no password saving though.", "\n\n------\nnothrabannosir\nI've been using this for over a month now, and while I'm convinced it's the\nright idea, the implementation leaves much to be desired. ", "Currently, it costs\nmore effort than it's worth.", "\n\n[EDIT: comments show this does exist! ", "great] Missing: easy way to open a new\ntab in a specific profile. ", "ctrl-T always opens in Default profile, not the one\nyou're on. ", "So have to go File menu -> New tab -> select profile. ", "And that menu\nchanges items around slightly, so no muscle memory. ", "I end up going to a tab\nalready open, middle clicking a random link, ctrl-L, and using that as a fresh\ntab. ", "I see on their little drawings they show some cool drop down under the +\nbutton at the right of the tab row, but I can't find any such functionality.", "\n\n[EDIT: Comments show exists. ", "Good enough!] ", "Missing: a way to fix certain hosts\nto certain profiles. ", "E.g. { _XXX_.myclient.com -> always open in \"Client X\"\ntab}. ", "E.g. with links from GitHub (which is client independent) into custom\nCIs (jenkins etc). ", "You forget, \"why isn't this logged in? ", "oh, profiles\", go\nback, right click the link, open in new container -> select container. ", "Ugh.", "\n\nMissing: a way to disallow any non-whitelisted hosts from a tab. ", "E.g. having a\ngmail tab is useless, because every link you click will open in that profile\n(and you won't notice because hey, it works) and now your gmail credentials\nand cookies are available there. ", "Again defeats the purpose. ", "Especially for a\n\"Banking\" tab, for example.", "\n\nMissing: clear warning that this doesn't do _anything_ meaningful against\ntracking. ", "It's a complete waste of time to separate your Facebook into a\nseparate profile if you don't want to be tracked across other domains.", "\nFingerprinting goes _well_ beyond cookies. ", "They don't need your account cookie\nto link your visits.", "\n\nMissing: segmentation of plugins!! ", "Different NoScript or µblock settings per\nprofile? ", "yes please! ", "Or even just native Firefox settings (3rd party cookies,\nclearing policy, etc) per website per profile would be lovely.", "\n\nAll in all: I'm stubborn so I'll keep using it, but I'll be honest: there's\nquite a low ROI on them, as they are. ", "Good start, hope they improve.", "\n\nEDIT: Another missing: clear cookies only from a certain profile. ", "E.g.\ndiscover I've accidentally been browsing youtube in work profile (or\nwhatever), I want to delete all youtube cookies _but only from that profile_.", "\nCan't do it. ", "I encounter this problem often with GMail, where I want to clear\na friend's login but not log out all my sessions from different containers.", "\n\n(PS: Sorry for using \"profile\" and \"container\" interchangeably---it was a bit\nstream of consciousness. ", "I mean \"container\" for both words).", "\n\n~~~\ndaenney\n> Missing: a way to disallow any non-whitelisted hosts from a tab. ", "E.g. having\n> a gmail tab is useless, because every link you click will open in that\n> profile (and you won't notice because hey, it works) and now your gmail\n> credentials and cookies are available there. ", "Again defeats the purpose.", "\n> Especially for a \"Banking\" tab, for example.", "\n\nYou can mitigate some of this with Cookie AutoDelete which has support for\ncontextual identities. ", "After you close a tab it'll nuke cookies for any non-\nwhitelisted domain for that context.", "\n\n~~~\ndrdaeman\nI think parent comment wanted something more like First-Party Isolation\n(privacy.firstparty.isolate and\nprivacy.firstparty.isolate.restrict_opener_access in about:config, use with\ncaution - it _will_ break things, including breaking Cookie Auto-Delete\nextension)\n\n[https://www.reddit.com/r/firefox/comments/6y7lpw/what_is_fir...](https://www.reddit.com/r/firefox/comments/6y7lpw/what_is_first_party_isolation_how_does_it_work/)\n(sorry, don't know any mozilla.org link for FPI that has any good description\nwhat it does and how it works)\n\n------\nprovemewrong\nAnother fan of containers. ", "I switched to Chromium/Safari a long time ago, but\ninstalled Nightly 57 the other day out of curiosity, and containers is\ndefinitely the best feature in it. ", "Only thing I would love even more would be\na private/incognito container (or basically private tabs alongside regular\ntabs without the need for opening a private new window).", "\n\n------\nrb666\nGreat feature! ", "I switched to FF Nightly some months ago, and I can confirm the\nperformance is great. ", "Sadly I had to switch back to Chrome, the quality of\nextensions in Chrome is just much higher.", "\n\nNow, I only just learned recently that in theory you can use Chrome extensions\nin Firefox, does this actually work well? ", "Or just so-so.", "\n\n~~~\n482794793792894\nSo, this extension quality problem isn't new. ", "Firefox's current extension API\nis really powerful, but really complicated and it's not really an API, it's\nmore-so just a way to fuck around with Firefox's source code, so if Mozilla\nchanges things then generally extensions break and need to be updated.", "\n\nBecause of that Mozilla has wanted to move to a different extension API for a\nlong time, they just couldn't really afford to, because it would require\nbreaking all extensions for good.", "\n\nNow they are at the point where they do feel like breaking all extensions\nweighs up with the benefits. ", "Another big factor here is the new multiprocess-\narchitecture, which is the foundation for most of those performance\nimprovements that you've seen, and also requires breaking all extensions.", "\n(Currently those old extensions can still be used, but Firefox will then drop\nback to singleprocess - another quality problem that you likely encountered.)", "\n\nSo, now they needed that new extension API. ", "And instead of writing and testing\na completely new API, Mozilla decided to base it off of Chrome's extension\nAPI.", "\n\nSome smaller Chrome-specific APIs were left out / adjusted, but short of that\nand potential bugs in the implementation, Firefox is going to be compatible\nwith Chrome extensions. (", "They are also adding new APIs that Chrome does not\nsupport, because they want to offer more extensibility, so it's essentially a\nsuperset of Chrome's extension API.)", "\n\nFor most extension developers, the only porting work is going to be to test\nit, work around bugs if they run into some and then upload it to\naddons.mozilla.org.", "\n\nThe more or less 1.0 release of that implementation is going to be with\nFirefox 57 on November 14th, which is also when the old extension API is going\nto be disabled. ", "But most of this new extension API (called \"WebExtensions\") is\nalready in Firefox as of today, there's just still some bugs left to be\nsquished.", "\n\nSo, that's why and how you can run Chrome extensions in Firefox. ", "It's up to\nthe individual extension developers to port their extension.", "\n\nWell, that's the normal path, which is not going to be so-so.", "\n\nAs I said, the porting work is often minimal. ", "So minimal that it can almost be\nautomated. ", "That's why this extension can exist:\n[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/chrome-\nstore-...](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/chrome-store-\nfoxified/)\n\nAssuming there's no bugs, then the only part which can't be automated is\nsigning the extension. ", "Haven't done it myself yet, but from what I hear, it's\na matter of creating/having a Firefox Account, uploading the extension-file\nand then waiting for a few days or so.", "\n\nSo, to summarize: Firefox now supports Chrome extensions with minimal porting\nwork necessary, meaning that lots of those will get ported over. ", "You can try\nto port things on your own and if there's no bugs then it shouldn't be hard\n(and it's not hard to find out if there are bugs). ", "And lots of old,\nunmaintained and problematic extensions will get thrown out with Firefox 57,\nmaking it much easier to find the qualitatively better ones.", "\n\n------\nComodoHacker\nI doubt this will help much with privacy. ", "People's laziness plus cognitive\neffort needed to track what container you are in plus various tricks from\nadvertisers and publishers will keep vast majority of users perfectly\ntrackable.", "\n\nChrome's approach at least helps to keep multiple profiles visually separate.", "\n\n~~~\nzimbatm\nYes it shouldn't be used for privacy-sensitive identities. ", "Right now opening a\nnew link in a new tab will use the default profile, this makes it super easy\nto link profiles. ", "Even if that was fixed, all the tabs have pretty much the\nsame browser settings.", "\n\nThe main use-case is when you have home/work split with multiple accounts.", "\n\n------\ndexzod\nThe article says: \"online trackers can’t easily connect the browsing\", which\nseems to imply that they can still connect the browsing. ", "Why can't they be\ncompletely prevented from tracking other browsing. ", "The second question I have\nis how is this different from Firefox profiles?", "\n\n~~~\nstefano\nThey can still track you through your IP address, or by a combination of many\nbrowser/computer/OS properties available through JS, for example window size,\nbrowser agent, OS, fonts installed, etc. ", "All these things don't identify you\nby themselves, but with enough of them you can build a fingerprint which is\n(almost) unique.", "\n\n------\nfeanaro\nI wonder if there is any reason each tab isn't spawned in its own container.", "\nIt seems the natural thing to do once you have implemented this, since it\nmaximizes privacy. ", "Unless the resource usage is the limiting factor, I don't\nsee a downside. ", "Am I missing something?", "\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nThat's what Containers on the Go does:\n\n[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/containers-\non...](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/containers-on-the-go/)\n\nIt wasn't our core use-case, but there's a Web Extension API for others to\nbuild on!", "\n\n~~~\nfeanaro\nVery interesting. ", "I'm thrilled that there's a Web Extension API, this sounds\nlike a killer feature.", "\n\nNow if only Pentadactyl/Vimperator could be reproduced on top of Web\nExtensions without loss of functionality... ;-)\n\n------\nmaxerickson\nCan any browser historian explain why the original models of cookie sharing\nweren't more like this?", "\n\nI figure it comes down to some combination of lack of consideration and\nperformance concerns, but that is just speculation.", "\n\nI suppose restricted cookie sharing is also a lot more complicated for the\nuser.", "\n\n------\nwutwutwutwut\nI just want to be able to open a new tab in a brand new container. ", "Similar to\nFile->New Session in Internet Explorer.", "\n\nIf I want to test my web app with say 4 different identities then figuring out\nwhich container is \"free\" becomes cumbersome.", "\n\n~~~\nthe8472\nExtensions can spawn new containers, so this should be easy to implement if\nyou want to.", "\n\n[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/Add-\nons/WebExtensions/AP...](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/Add-\nons/WebExtensions/API/contextualIdentities)\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nIn fact, \"Containers on the Go\" seems to do this:\n\n[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/containers-\non...](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/containers-on-the-go/)\n\n------\nhobarrera\nI've been using the tests version of this for some time now. ", "It's great.", "\nKeeping work/personal sessions from mixing is really useful (eg: I want my\nwork google account whenever I visit gmail, but my personal one for youtube).", "\n\nYou can also set certain domains to open on certain containers by default.", "\n\nIt's available here for now, but I really hope this ends up making it into\nfirefox itself:\n\n[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/multi-\naccount...](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-GB/firefox/addon/multi-account-\ncontainers/)\n\n------\ngaius_baltar\nThis is _great_! ", "I have been emulating this feature for years with multiple\nprofiles, but let's get things right: it takes some work and it is hard to\nteach non-techie folks how to do the same.", "\n\nTime to test the thing.", "\n\n------\njqs79\nHow does this compare with using multiple profiles and the -no-remote flag?", "\nDoes this manage only cookies, or does it also separate local storage (HTML5\nsession/local/global/web sql database), webcache, window.name caching (if the\nsame tab can use multiple profiles), web history, flash cookies, for those who\nstill have flash installed, etc.", "\n\nPeople might get a false sense of security if all of these methods of saving\ndata in the browser are not also separated along with cookies.", "\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nCheck out\n[https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Contextual_Identity_Projec...](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Contextual_Identity_Project/Containers#What_is_.28and_isn.27t.29_separated_between_Containers)\nfor the details of what is - and isn't - separated between Containers.", "\n\n~~~\njqs79\nThanks. ", "So it appears that most of it is separated, with the exception of web\nhistory and search and form data (which can be identifying). ", "This was also\ninteresting:\n\n\"Users can log into multiple accounts on the same site, even when the site\ndoes not natively support concurrent sessions. ... ", "Current solutions: Users\nopen multiple browsers (this takes users away from Firefox). ", "A user opens one\naccount in Private Browsing mode (this has a limit of 2 accounts, and forces\none to be ephemeral).\"", "\n\nThere is no mention here of the -no-remote flag which has been available for\nmany years.", "\n\n~~~\n482794793792894\nWell, the vast majority of users have no idea of the -no-remote or -new-\ninstance flags, let alone of Firefox profiles.", "\n\n------\ndrvortex\nSo this basically replicates the functionality provided by\n[https://sessionbox.io/](https://sessionbox.io/)\n\nIs multi-process here already?", "\n\n~~~\nyoasif_\n> Is multi-process here already?", "\n\nYes.", "\n\n------\nDoubleMalt\nThat might bring make me bring back part of my browsing to Firefox. ", "The\nidentities functionality was what made me use Chrome almost exclusively the\nlast two years.", "\n\n~~~\nManishearth\nChrome doesn't have this. ", "Chrome has profiles, which Firefox has had for\nyears.", "\n\n~~~\nfoobar20198\nSwitching between profiles in Firefox is the most painful experience ever.", "\nRunning multiple Firefox profiles simultaneously requires using a terminal\ncommand.", "\n\nSwitching between profiles in Chrome involves clicking on an easy to find\nbutton, and lets you easily run multiple profiles in parallel. ", "No terminal\ninvolved, accessible to anyone.", "\n\nTo be fair, running multiple chrome profiles in parallel kills my (somewhat\nold) machine (mostly by virtue of having too many tabs in each profile), so\nFirefox does win there.", "\n\n~~~\npoiru\nCheck out about:profiles! ", "While not nearly as nice as the Chrome UI, it is\ndefinitely more approachable than using a terminal.", "\n\n------\n35673567\nLove that they have decided to add this feature officially. ", "I was using using\nsandboxed tabs -> Priv8 for years so that I dont have to be logged in to\nfacebook and old emails globally.", "\n\nThe one thing I miss over the old plugins is the ability to set home pages per\nprofile, which I know doesnt really fit in with the new tab ethos of default\nFirefox, but I would love a plugin to be able to add the functionality back.", "\n\n------\npiyush_soni\nNot sure. ", "I've been using separate \"Work\" and \"Personal\" profiles at my\nworkplace, and can beautifully have two Firefox sync accounts syncing their\nown stuff. ", "This limitation of the new Container extension prevents me from\nusing it as I'd never want my personal and work set of extensions, bookmarks,\nand history to mingle with each other. ", "Big oversight.", "\n\n~~~\n482794793792894\nWell, that's just the two different use-cases. ", "Container Tabs are not trying\nto replace profiles.", "\n\n------\nwinterlight\nI tried this feature when it was available only in pilot mode. ", "It was very\nnice and fitted quite well my uses. ", "But the UX back then could use some\nimprovements. ", "For example, opening a new tab in a specific container took way\ntoo many clicks. ", "And you couldn't just to CTR+T because it would always open\nthe tab in the default container, rather than that of the active tab.", "\n\n------\ngreggarious\nOne issue I see is that it seems to be based on domains.", "\n\n(Ex: if I want a container for my streaming apps, there's no way to segregate\nAmazon Video from the rest of the \"shopping\" app)\n\nThen again I may be getting too fine grained with my personas but segregating\nReddit, HN et al away from my Google account and away from my streaming\naccounts seems to kick tracking in the ass.", "\n\n------\nEntangled\nI've been doing multiple containers for multiple accounts opening five\ndifferent browsers (SF, FX, CR, OP, TR). ", "Now I only need Safari for my regular\nbrowsing, Firefox for multiple accounts and Opera for free VPN.", "\n\n~~~\nTheRealPomax\nFree, but you get exactly what you pay for: a rather bad VPN bordering on\n\"this is not a VPN at all\". ", "Of course, you should not believe a random\ncommenter on HN for that, so hit up [https://thatoneprivacysite.net/vpn-\ncomparison-chart/](https://thatoneprivacysite.net/vpn-comparison-chart/) and\nuse that as a starting point to verify for yourself whether or not Opera's VPN\nis any good.", "\n\nIf you want security rather than security veneer, use a real VPN instead, with\nbrowsers set to either use or ignore the system proxy, depending on what you\nwant out of each browser.", "\n\n------\nmderazon\nI like this but I like chrome multi profile model better.", "\n\nI like that extensions are separate for each profile.", "\n\nFor example, I have two separate LastPass accounts. ", "One for work and a\npersonal one. ", "There is no way for me to keep them separate like this.", "\n\n~~~\nRusky\nFirefox already has that sort of profiles, though they are somewhat less\nvisible than the equivalent Chrome feature.", "\n\n~~~\nmderazon\nDo you know how ? ", "Through which extension?", "\n\n~~~\nRusky\nNo extension at all- it's built in. ", "Try visiting about:profile or launching\nFirefox with the -p flag.", "\n\n------\nstevenhubertron\nI would swap to Firefox in a second if I could live with their font\nrenderings. ", "It's just so different than what I am used to in\nChrome/Safari/Opera and for some reason its really hard for me to read.", "\n\n~~~\nMattSteelblade\nWhat OS?", "\n\n~~~\nyoasif_\nMust be macOS. ", "It looks fine for me in macOS, FWIW.", "\n\n------\nams6110\nFirefox has supported multiple profiles for a long time. ", "How is this better?", "\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nThis is a lighter-weight approach. ", "It's per-tab so it doesn't require a whole\nother Firefox process to run.", "\n\n------\nmatt_f\nCan anyone from Mozilla here explain what this is written in, or how it works?", "\n\n\"Containers\" makes me immediately think of Docker-like containerized\napplications, which I suspect is not actually the case here.", "\n\n~~~\ngroovecoder\nIt's a Web Extension add-on, so it's written in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.", "\n\nThere should be a post on hacks.mozila.org soon.", "\n\n------\namelius\nMeanwhile, the websites I visit are tracking me across containers :(\n\n------\nthinbeige\nThis is my most wanted feature for a browser. ", "Anyone knows if every instance\nhas not just a different cookies set but also different canvas fingerprints?", "\n\n~~~\nsteveklabnik\nI think you want to read this thread:\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=15258485](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=15258485)\n\n------\npbreit\nThis is the one feature that keeps me from using Safari.", "\n\n------\nmattacular\nCan someone give a quick summary of how this differs from Google Chrome\n\"People\" accounts? ", "On the surface they seem very similar. ", "Thanks!", "\n\n------\nwitten\nDumb question: Does the implementation have anything to do with containers?", "\nE.g., Docker? ", "Or is this just overloading an existing industry term?", "\n\n~~~\nmrmekon\nDocker didn't invent the term 'container' for... well, _containing_ an\nenvironment.", "\n\nIt's not really overloaded here. '", "Container' means a contained environment\nthat can see itself, and cannot see other contained environments on the same\nmachine/network. ", "It has the same basic meaning for both Docker and Firefox.", "\n\nDocker was released in 2013, so if you search for \"software container\" or\n\"software virtual container\", or \"chroot container\" on Google filtered to\nbefore 01-01-2012, you will find plenty of examples of it from the past.", "\n\nLXC - Linux Containers – was released in 2008... Virtuozzo Containers since at\nleast 2000.", "\n\nHere's something called Aurora for containerizing CORBA services in 1998:\n[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/BFb0054506?no-\nacce...](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/BFb0054506?no-access=true)\n\n~~~\nwitten\nSure, I'm familiar with the history. ", "It's just that, all prior art aside, the\nterm \"container\" at this point in time has a pretty particular connotation.", "\n\n------\nwakkaflokka\nI'm on the nightly and it says the extension is not compatible with my version\nof Firefox. ", "Is this only for <56?", "\n\n~~~\njacobmischka\nNightly has this built in actually, though the icon looks a little different.", "\nEnable it in about:preferences#general in the Tabs section. ", "The icon looks\nlike a file cabinet.", "\n\n~~~\nchrismorgan\nThe built-in functionality doesn’t have nice things like “always open this\nsite in such-and-such a container”.", "\n\n~~~\nevilpie\nYou can still install the github version in addition to that, which should\ngive you that feature again! [", "https://github.com/mozilla/testpilot-\ncontainers#readme](https://github.com/mozilla/testpilot-containers#readme)\n\n~~~\nchrismorgan\nIndeed: that’s how I use it. (", "I use this to keep work and personal stuff\nseparate because of a couple of services that don’t support multiple\nsimultaneous logins.)", "\n\n------\nlucaspottersky\nthis is _AWESOME_!!!", "\n\nmaybe the best feature since HTML5 has gone mainstream!", "\n\ni'm so tired of using Icognito Window for that!", "\n\n------\nTajnymag\nDo these separate history as well?", "\n\n~~~\nnachtigall\nNo, but please upvote if you also want this feature ;)\n\n[https://github.com/mozilla/testpilot-\ncontainers/issues/47](https://github.com/mozilla/testpilot-\ncontainers/issues/47)\n\n------\n1024core\n> and online trackers can’t easily connect the browsing.", "\n\nFor what definition of \"easily\" ?", "\n\n------\nteekert\nHuh? ", "Did I just add this and got a \"Firefox screenshots\" icon with it?", "\n\n~~~\nsp332\nThat's a built-in Firefox feature.", "\n[https://screenshots.firefox.com/](https://screenshots.firefox.com/) I thought\nit was only included in Nightly builds but I guess they pushed it to Beta?", "\n\n~~~\npbhjpbhj\nI think they pushed it to main? ", "It appeared unsolicited on my toolbar (on\nKubuntu) with last update I did -- I would have thought they'd been warded off\nadding unrequested feature buttons by now. ", "Would it be that hard to have an\nupdate page that says \"do you want to add $commercialTieInButton\"?", "\n\n~~~\nsp332\nThere's no commercial tie-in though. ", "It's 100% first-party.", "\n\n~~~\npbhjpbhj\nIt was more a general point, like for the Telefonica button, the Pocket\nbutton, etc., ", "this links to a particular image upload tool though doesn't it?", "\nOnly looked at it long enough to find if I'd got malware.", "\n\n~~~\nsp332\nYes but it's run and hosted by Firefox. ", "It's even covered by the Firefox\nprivacy notice.", "\n\n------\nMadWombat\nBut is it going to work once FF drops add-on support?", "\n\n~~~\nyoasif_\nFirefox isn't dropping add-on support, they are deprecating their old add-on\nmodel.", "\n\nBut yes, this continues to work after Firefox 57.", "\n\n------\nlasermike026\nAwesome! ", "I wish the UI was a little tighter.", "\n\n------\nanovikov\nWill be cool for many Upwork account brokers\n\n------\nMultiuser\nI have just downloaded Firefox Multi-Account Containers but I can't find\ninformation on how to use it.", "I am not an expert.", "\n\n------\nesaym\nIs the \"initial\" version really \"4.0.1\"?", "\n\n~~~\nurda\nWhy are you so concerned with a version number?", "\n\nIt is just a number.", "\n\n------\ntimthelion\nI love this! ", "I tried to do this by running multiple instances of firefox in\nseparate Docker containers using software I wrote for the task (see\nsubuser.org), and while it works, for more than a few different accounts it\ngets slow to switch between them because my system won't keep all of the\ninstances of firefox in memory.", "\n\n------\nakerro\nHow did they know I have multiple personalities? ", "Are they watching me?", "\n\n~~~\nfukusa\nThey are watching all of you.", "\n\n------\ndoe88\nJust a word of caution, anecdotely I installed the _Container_\nextension/feature 2 weeks ago when this was discuted on HN, I opened some tabs\nin different contexts, copied important links I wanted to keep, then decided\nto _hide_ them, then finally yesterday I wanted to read one of these links, I\ngo look in the menu... Pouf gone, all my links gone... Least to say I was\nhappy.. Therefore not only I have uninstalled this feature but also _Test\nPilot_ altogether. ", "I decided from now on to keep things simple because it\nseems this is only what really works. ", "Maybe I'm rambling a bit, but the sad\ntruth is I don't have much trust in Firefox anymore, I use it because it is to\nme the least worst browser, not because I really enjoy using it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Marietta mom shares passion for fencing with son\n\nJuly 4, 2014\n\nDressed in head to toe white, faces hidden behind wire mesh masks, right hands covered in a durable glove, a Marietta mother and her son prepared for battle Wednesday in a racquetball court in Marietta College's recreation center. ", "The outfits might seem a little elaborate-and indeed they would be if the family was wielding rackets.", "\n\nInstead, Susan Vessels, 41, and her 9-year-old son Aaron leveled their swords at one another.", "\n\nEn garde!", "\n\nArticle Photos\n\nJASMINE ROGERS The Marietta TimesSusan Vessels, left, and her son Aaron, take part in a practice epee fencing bout Wednesday afternoon in a racquetball court at Dyson Baudo Recreation Center.", "\n\nA fencing enthusiast since her childhood, Susan has recently reinvigorated her passion for the sport-a passion she hopes to share with her children and a handful of other community youth.", "\n\n\"Fencing keeps you fit. ", "It's challenging. ", "It inspires respect for your opponent,\" she said of some of the sport's many advantages.", "\n\nVessel's opponents likely have a lot of respect for her as well. ", "Two weeks ago, she took home the bronze medal United States Fencing Association National Championship in Columbus.", "\n\nFact Box\n\nFencing facts\n\nFencing shifted from a military training tactic to a sport sometime in the mid-18th century and was bolstered by the formation of a fencing academy in London.", "\n\nFencing was the preferred sport of Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the Olympics, and has been a part of every modern Olympics competition.", "\n\nFencing scoring is based on touching your opponent with your sword. ", "The first player to score a predetermined amount of touches is the victor.", "\n\nIn epee fencing, the entire body is the target area and a touch is scored by hitting an opponent with enough force (750 grams) to depress the tip of the sword, which is recorded by an attached electrical device.", "\n\nSource: Times research.", "\n\nThursday, Susan returned to Columbus with Aaron was one of the youngest competitors in the national championship.", "\n\nAaron, the oldest of Susan's three children with husband Ethan, started practicing the sport at his mother's request, but it did not take too much convincing.", "\n\n\"It's the only sport with a sword you can fight with,\" he exclaimed.", "\n\nAaron is ambitious, always asking his mother to practice more advanced moves. ", "Wednesday, he cited concern that he will be one of the smaller competitors at nationals.", "\n\n\"(The bigger kids) have longer arms so they have a better reach,\" he explained.", "\n\nBut as the entire body is the target in epee fencing, Aaron is also a smaller target. ", "Not to mention, he has already has some awards to his name-a fifth- and third-place finish in his age group at the Arnold Schwarzenegger Fencing Classic over the past two years.", "\n\nSusan began fencing again in early 2013 after a nearly 20-year hiatus. ", "In college at Princeton University, she and a teammate were the 1995 NCAA Epee Women's Team Champions. ", "She also competed internationally in Switzerland and Italy.", "\n\nShe said she was worried the long hiatus would make it hard to get back in the swing of things. ", "But a few competitions proved her wrong and gave her the confidence to become certified as an instructor and begin teaching the sport to a handful of children around Aaron's age.", "\n\nChildren in the local club, Marquis de Lafayette, received instruction for several weeks leading up to both the 2013 and 2014 Arnold Classic and were given the opportunity to compete.", "\n\nWhile Aaron's siblings-Eli, 5, and Olivia, 3-are still too young to compete, Susan is hoping to also introduce them to the sport around age 8." ]

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[ "*> \\brief \\b DDRGES3\n*\n* =========== DOCUMENTATION ===========\n*\n* Online html documentation available at\n* http://www.netlib.org/lapack/explore-html/\n*\n* Definition:\n* ===========\n*\n* SUBROUTINE DDRGES3( NSIZES, NN, NTYPES, DOTYPE, ISEED, THRESH,\n* NOUNIT, A, LDA, B, S, T, Q, LDQ, Z, ALPHAR,\n* ALPHAI, BETA, WORK, LWORK, RESULT, BWORK,\n* INFO )\n*\n* .. Scalar Arguments ..\n* INTEGER INFO, LDA, LDQ, LWORK, NOUNIT, NSIZES, NTYPES\n* DOUBLE PRECISION THRESH\n* ..\n* .. Array Arguments ..\n* LOGICAL BWORK( * ), DOTYPE( * )\n* INTEGER ISEED( 4 ), NN( * )\n* DOUBLE PRECISION A( LDA, * ), ALPHAI( * ), ALPHAR( * ),\n* $ B( LDA, * ), BETA( * ), Q( LDQ, * ),\n* $ RESULT( 13 ), S( LDA, * ), T( LDA, * ),\n* $ WORK( * ), Z( LDQ, * )\n* ..\n*\n*\n*> \\par Purpose:\n* =============\n*>\n*> \\verbatim\n*>\n*> DDRGES3 checks the nonsymmetric generalized eigenvalue (Schur form)\n*> problem driver DGGES3.", "\n*>\n*> DGGES3 factors A and B as Q S Z' and Q T Z' , where ' means\n*> transpose, T is upper triangular, S is in generalized Schur form\n*> (block upper triangular, with 1x1 and 2x2 blocks on the diagonal,\n*> the 2x2 blocks corresponding to complex conjugate pairs of\n*> generalized eigenvalues), and Q and Z are orthogonal. ", "It also\n*> computes the generalized eigenvalues (alpha(j),beta(j)), j=1,...,n,\n*> Thus, w(j) = alpha(j)/beta(j) is a root of the characteristic\n*> equation\n*> det( A - w(j) B ) = 0\n*> Optionally it also reorder the eigenvalues so that a selected\n*> cluster of eigenvalues appears in the leading diagonal block of the\n*> Schur forms.", "\n*>\n*> When DDRGES3 is called, a number of matrix \"sizes\" (\"N's\") and a\n*> number of matrix \"TYPES\" are specified. ", " For each size (\"N\")\n*> and each TYPE of matrix, a pair of matrices (A, B) will be generated\n*> and used for testing. ", "For each matrix pair, the following 13 tests\n*> will be performed and compared with the threshold THRESH except\n*> the tests (5), (11) and (13).", "\n*>\n*>\n*> (1) | A - Q S Z' | / ( |A| n ulp ) (no sorting of eigenvalues)\n*>\n*>\n*> (2) | B - Q T Z' | / ( |B| n ulp ) (no sorting of eigenvalues)\n*>\n*>\n*> (3) | I - QQ' | / ( n ulp ) (no sorting of eigenvalues)\n*>\n*>\n*> (4) | I - ZZ' | / ( n ulp ) (no sorting of eigenvalues)\n*>\n*> (5) if A is in Schur form (i.e. quasi-triangular form)\n*> (no sorting of eigenvalues)\n*>\n*> (6) if eigenvalues = diagonal blocks of the Schur form (S, T),\n*> i.e., test the maximum over j of D(j) where:\n*>\n*> if alpha(j) is real:\n*> |alpha(j) - S(j,j)| |beta(j) - T(j,j)|\n*> D(j) = ------------------------ + -----------------------\n*> max(|alpha(j)|,|S(j,j)|) max(|beta(j)|,|T(j,j)|)\n*>\n*> if alpha(j) is complex:\n*> | det( s S - w T ) |\n*> D(j) = ---------------------------------------------------\n*> ulp max( s norm(S), |w| norm(T) )*norm( s S - w T )\n*>\n*> and S and T are here the 2 x 2 diagonal blocks of S and T\n*> corresponding to the j-th and j+1-th eigenvalues.", "\n*> (no sorting of eigenvalues)\n*>\n*> (7) | (A,B) - Q (S,T) Z' | / ( | (A,B) | n ulp )\n*> (with sorting of eigenvalues).", "\n*>\n*> (8) | I - QQ' | / ( n ulp ) (with sorting of eigenvalues).", "\n*>\n*> (9) | I - ZZ' | / ( n ulp ) (with sorting of eigenvalues).", "\n*>\n*> (10) if A is in Schur form (i.e. quasi-triangular form)\n*> (with sorting of eigenvalues).", "\n*>\n*> (11) if eigenvalues = diagonal blocks of the Schur form (S, T),\n*> i.e. test the maximum over j of D(j) where:\n*>\n*> if alpha(j) is real:\n*> |alpha(j) - S(j,j)| |beta(j) - T(j,j)|\n*> D(j) = ------------------------ + -----------------------\n*> max(|alpha(j)|,|S(j,j)|) max(|beta(j)|,|T(j,j)|)\n*>\n*> if alpha(j) is complex:\n*> | det( s S - w T ) |\n*> D(j) = ---------------------------------------------------\n*> ulp max( s norm(S), |w| norm(T) )*norm( s S - w T )\n*>\n*> and S and T are here the 2 x 2 diagonal blocks of S and T\n*> corresponding to the j-th and j+1-th eigenvalues.", "\n*> (with sorting of eigenvalues).", "\n*>\n*> (12) if sorting worked and SDIM is the number of eigenvalues\n*> which were SELECTed.", "\n*>\n*> Test Matrices\n*> =============\n*>\n*> The sizes of the test matrices are specified by an array\n*> NN(1:NSIZES); the value of each element NN(j) specifies one size.", "\n*> The \"types\" are specified by a logical array DOTYPE( 1:NTYPES ); if\n*> DOTYPE(j) is .TRUE., ", "then matrix type \"j\" will be generated.", "\n*> Currently, the list of possible types is:\n*>\n*> (1) ( 0, 0 ) (a pair of zero matrices)\n*>\n*> (2) ( I, 0 ) (an identity and a zero matrix)\n*>\n*> (3) ( 0, I ) (an identity and a zero matrix)\n*>\n*> (4) ( I, I ) (a pair of identity matrices)\n*>\n*> t t\n*> (5) ( J , J ) (a pair of transposed Jordan blocks)\n*>\n*> t ( I 0 )\n*> (6) ( X, Y ) where X = ( J 0 ) and Y = ( t )\n*> ( 0 I ) ( 0 J )\n*> and I is a k x k identity and J a (k+1)x(k+1)\n*> Jordan block; k=(N-1)/2\n*>\n*> (7) ( D, I ) where D is diag( 0, 1,..., N-1 ) (a diagonal\n*> matrix with those diagonal entries.)", "\n*> (8) ( I, D )\n*>\n*> (9) ( big*D, small*I ) where \"big\" is near overflow and small=1/big\n*>\n*> (10) ( small*D, big*I )\n*>\n*> (11) ( big*I, small*D )\n*>\n*> (12) ( small*I, big*D )\n*>\n*> (13) ( big*D, big*I )\n*>\n*> (14) ( small*D, small*I )\n*>\n*> (15) ( D1, D2 ) where D1 is diag( 0, 0, 1, ..., N-3, 0 ) and\n*> D2 is diag( 0, N-3, N-4,..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*> t t\n*> (16) Q ( J , J ) Z where Q and Z are random orthogonal matrices.", "\n*>\n*> (17) Q ( T1, T2 ) Z where T1 and T2 are upper triangular matrices\n*> with random O(1) entries above the diagonal\n*> and diagonal entries diag(T1) =\n*> ( 0, 0, 1, ..., N-3, 0 ) and diag(T2) =\n*> ( 0, N-3, N-4,..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*>\n*> (18) Q ( T1, T2 ) Z diag(T1) = ( 0, 0, 1, 1, s, ..., s, 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, 0, 1,..., 1, 0 )\n*> s = machine precision.", "\n*>\n*> (19) Q ( T1, T2 ) Z diag(T1)=( 0,0,1,1, 1-d, ..., 1-(N-5)*d=s, 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, 0, 1, ..., 1, 0 )\n*>\n*> N-5\n*> (20) Q ( T1, T2 ) Z diag(T1)=( 0, 0, 1, 1, a, ..., a =s, 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, 0, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*>\n*> (21) Q ( T1, T2 ) Z diag(T1)=( 0, 0, 1, r1, r2, ..., r(N-4), 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, 0, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*> where r1,..., r(N-4) are random.", "\n*>\n*> (22) Q ( big*T1, small*T2 ) Z diag(T1) = ( 0, 0, 1, ..., N-3, 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*>\n*> (23) Q ( small*T1, big*T2 ) Z diag(T1) = ( 0, 0, 1, ..., N-3, 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*>\n*> (24) Q ( small*T1, small*T2 ) Z diag(T1) = ( 0, 0, 1, ..., N-3, 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*>\n*> (25) Q ( big*T1, big*T2 ) Z diag(T1) = ( 0, 0, 1, ..., N-3, 0 )\n*> diag(T2) = ( 0, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0 )\n*>\n*> (26) Q ( T1, T2 ) Z where T1 and T2 are random upper-triangular\n*> matrices.", "\n*>\n*> \\endverbatim\n*\n* Arguments:\n* ==========\n*\n*> \\param[in] NSIZES\n*> \\verbatim\n*> NSIZES is INTEGER\n*> The number of sizes of matrices to use. ", " If it is zero,\n*> DDRGES3 does nothing. ", " NSIZES >= 0.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] NN\n*> \\verbatim\n*> NN is INTEGER array, dimension (NSIZES)\n*> An array containing the sizes to be used for the matrices.", "\n*> Zero values will be skipped. ", " NN >= 0.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] NTYPES\n*> \\verbatim\n*> NTYPES is INTEGER\n*> The number of elements in DOTYPE. ", " If it is zero, DDRGES3\n*> does nothing. ", " It must be at least zero. ", " If it is MAXTYP+1\n*> and NSIZES is 1, then an additional type, MAXTYP+1 is\n*> defined, which is to use whatever matrix is in A on input.", "\n*> This is only useful if DOTYPE(1:MAXTYP) is .FALSE. ", "and\n*> DOTYPE(MAXTYP+1) is .TRUE. .", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] DOTYPE\n*> \\verbatim\n*> DOTYPE is LOGICAL array, dimension (NTYPES)\n*> If DOTYPE(j) is .TRUE., ", "then for each size in NN a\n*> matrix of that size and of type j will be generated.", "\n*> If NTYPES is smaller than the maximum number of types\n*> defined (PARAMETER MAXTYP), then types NTYPES+1 through\n*> MAXTYP will not be generated. ", "If NTYPES is larger\n*> than MAXTYP, DOTYPE(MAXTYP+1) through DOTYPE(NTYPES)\n*> will be ignored.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in,out] ISEED\n*> \\verbatim\n*> ISEED is INTEGER array, dimension (4)\n*> On entry ISEED specifies the seed of the random number\n*> generator. ", "The array elements should be between 0 and 4095;\n*> if not they will be reduced mod 4096. ", "Also, ISEED(4) must\n*> be odd. ", " The random number generator uses a linear\n*> congruential sequence limited to small integers, and so\n*> should produce machine independent random numbers. ", "The\n*> values of ISEED are changed on exit, and can be used in the\n*> next call to DDRGES3 to continue the same random number\n*> sequence.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] THRESH\n*> \\verbatim\n*> THRESH is DOUBLE PRECISION\n*> A test will count as \"failed\" if the \"error\", computed as\n*> described above, exceeds THRESH. ", " Note that the error is\n*> scaled to be O(1), so THRESH should be a reasonably small\n*> multiple of 1, e.g., 10 or 100. ", " In particular, it should\n*> not depend on the precision (single vs. double) or the size\n*> of the matrix. ", " THRESH >= 0.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] NOUNIT\n*> \\verbatim\n*> NOUNIT is INTEGER\n*> The FORTRAN unit number for printing out error messages\n*> (e.g., if a routine returns IINFO not equal to 0.)", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in,out] A\n*> \\verbatim\n*> A is DOUBLE PRECISION array,\n*> dimension(LDA, max(NN))\n*> Used to hold the original A matrix. ", " Used as input only\n*> if NTYPES=MAXTYP+1, DOTYPE(1:MAXTYP)=.FALSE., ", "and\n*> DOTYPE(MAXTYP+1)=.TRUE.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] LDA\n*> \\verbatim\n*> LDA is INTEGER\n*> The leading dimension of A, B, S, and T.\n*> It must be at least 1 and at least max( NN ).", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in,out] B\n*> \\verbatim\n*> B is DOUBLE PRECISION array,\n*> dimension(LDA, max(NN))\n*> Used to hold the original B matrix. ", " Used as input only\n*> if NTYPES=MAXTYP+1, DOTYPE(1:MAXTYP)=.FALSE., ", "and\n*> DOTYPE(MAXTYP+1)=.TRUE.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] S\n*> \\verbatim\n*> S is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, max(NN))\n*> The Schur form matrix computed from A by DGGES3. ", " On exit, S\n*> contains the Schur form matrix corresponding to the matrix\n*> in A.\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] T\n*> \\verbatim\n*> T is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDA, max(NN))\n*> The upper triangular matrix computed from B by DGGES3.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] Q\n*> \\verbatim\n*> Q is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDQ, max(NN))\n*> The (left) orthogonal matrix computed by DGGES3.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] LDQ\n*> \\verbatim\n*> LDQ is INTEGER\n*> The leading dimension of Q and Z. It must\n*> be at least 1 and at least max( NN ).", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] Z\n*> \\verbatim\n*> Z is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension( LDQ, max(NN) )\n*> The (right) orthogonal matrix computed by DGGES3.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] ALPHAR\n*> \\verbatim\n*> ALPHAR is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (max(NN))\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] ALPHAI\n*> \\verbatim\n*> ALPHAI is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (max(NN))\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] BETA\n*> \\verbatim\n*> BETA is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (max(NN))\n*>\n*> The generalized eigenvalues of (A,B) computed by DGGES3.", "\n*> ( ALPHAR(k)+ALPHAI(k)*i ) / BETA(k) is the k-th\n*> generalized eigenvalue of A and B.\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] WORK\n*> \\verbatim\n*> WORK is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LWORK)\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[in] LWORK\n*> \\verbatim\n*> LWORK is INTEGER\n*> The dimension of the array WORK.", "\n*> LWORK >= MAX( 10*(N+1), 3*N*N ), where N is the largest\n*> matrix dimension.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] RESULT\n*> \\verbatim\n*> RESULT is DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (15)\n*> The values computed by the tests described above.", "\n*> The values are currently limited to 1/ulp, to avoid overflow.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] BWORK\n*> \\verbatim\n*> BWORK is LOGICAL array, dimension (N)\n*> \\endverbatim\n*>\n*> \\param[out] INFO\n*> \\verbatim\n*> INFO is INTEGER\n*> = 0: successful exit\n*> < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.", "\n*> > 0: A routine returned an error code. ", " INFO is the\n*> absolute value of the INFO value returned.", "\n*> \\endverbatim\n*\n* Authors:\n* ========\n*\n*> \\author Univ. ", "of Tennessee\n*> \\author Univ. ", "of California Berkeley\n*> \\author Univ. ", "of Colorado Denver\n*> \\author NAG Ltd.\n*\n*> \\date February 2015\n*\n*> \\ingroup double_eig\n*\n* =====================================================================\n SUBROUTINE DDRGES3( NSIZES, NN, NTYPES, DOTYPE, ISEED, THRESH,\n $ NOUNIT, A, LDA, B, S, T, Q, LDQ, Z, ALPHAR,\n $ ALPHAI, BETA, WORK, LWORK, RESULT, BWORK,\n $ INFO )\n*\n* -- LAPACK test routine (version 3.6.1) --\n* -- LAPACK is a software package provided by Univ. ", "of Tennessee, --\n* -- Univ. ", "of California Berkeley, Univ. ", "of Colorado Denver and NAG Ltd..--\n* February 2015\n*\n* .. Scalar Arguments ..\n INTEGER INFO, LDA, LDQ, LWORK, NOUNIT, NSIZES, NTYPES\n DOUBLE PRECISION THRESH\n* ..\n* .. Array Arguments ..\n LOGICAL BWORK( * ), DOTYPE( * )\n INTEGER ISEED( 4 ), NN( * )\n DOUBLE PRECISION A( LDA, * ), ALPHAI( * ), ALPHAR( * ),\n $ B( LDA, * ), BETA( * ), Q( LDQ, * ),\n $ RESULT( 13 ), S( LDA, * ), T( LDA, * ),\n $ WORK( * ), Z( LDQ, * )\n* ..\n*\n* =====================================================================\n*\n* .. Parameters ..\n DOUBLE PRECISION ZERO, ONE\n PARAMETER ( ZERO = 0.0D+0, ONE = 1.0D+0 )\n INTEGER MAXTYP\n PARAMETER ( MAXTYP = 26 )\n* ..\n* .. Local Scalars ..\n LOGICAL BADNN, ILABAD\n CHARACTER SORT\n INTEGER I, I1, IADD, IERR, IINFO, IN, ISORT, J, JC, JR,\n $ JSIZE, JTYPE, KNTEIG, MAXWRK, MINWRK, MTYPES,\n $ N, N1, NB, NERRS, NMATS, NMAX, NTEST, NTESTT,\n $ RSUB, SDIM\n DOUBLE PRECISION SAFMAX, SAFMIN, TEMP1, TEMP2, ULP, ULPINV\n* ..\n* .. Local Arrays ..\n INTEGER IASIGN( MAXTYP ), IBSIGN( MAXTYP ),\n $ IOLDSD( 4 ), KADD( 6 ), KAMAGN( MAXTYP ),\n $ KATYPE( MAXTYP ), KAZERO( MAXTYP ),\n $ KBMAGN( MAXTYP ), KBTYPE( MAXTYP ),\n $ KBZERO( MAXTYP ), KCLASS( MAXTYP ),\n $ KTRIAN( MAXTYP ), KZ1( 6 ), KZ2( 6 )\n DOUBLE PRECISION RMAGN( 0: 3 )\n* ..\n* .. External Functions ..\n LOGICAL DLCTES\n INTEGER ILAENV\n DOUBLE PRECISION DLAMCH, DLARND\n EXTERNAL DLCTES, ILAENV, DLAMCH, DLARND\n* ..\n* .. External Subroutines ..\n EXTERNAL ALASVM, DGET51, DGET53, DGET54, DGGES3, DLABAD,\n $ DLACPY, DLARFG, DLASET, DLATM4, DORM2R, XERBLA\n* ..\n* .. Intrinsic Functions ..\n INTRINSIC ABS, DBLE, MAX, MIN, SIGN\n* ..\n* .. Data statements ..\n DATA KCLASS / 15*1, 10*2, 1*3 /\n DATA KZ1 / 0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3 /\n DATA KZ2 / 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1 /\n DATA KADD / 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 2 /\n DATA KATYPE / 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4, 4, 1, 1, 4,\n $ 4, 4, 2, 4, 5, 8, 7, 9, 4*4, 0 /\n DATA KBTYPE / 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, -3, 1, 4, 1, 1, 4, 4,\n $ 1, 1, -4, 2, -4, 8*8, 0 /\n DATA KAZERO / 6*1, 2, 1, 2*2, 2*1, 2*2, 3, 1, 3,\n $ 4*5, 4*3, 1 /\n DATA KBZERO / 6*1, 1, 2, 2*1, 2*2, 2*1, 4, 1, 4,\n $ 4*6, 4*4, 1 /\n DATA KAMAGN / 8*1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 7*1, 2, 3, 3,\n $ 2, 1 /\n DATA KBMAGN / 8*1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 7*1, 3, 2, 3,\n $ 2, 1 /\n DATA KTRIAN / 16*0, 10*1 /\n DATA IASIGN / 6*0, 2, 0, 2*2, 2*0, 3*2, 0, 2, 3*0,\n $ 5*2, 0 /\n DATA IBSIGN / 7*0, 2, 2*0, 2*2, 2*0, 2, 0, 2, 9*0 /\n* ..\n* .. Executable Statements ..\n*\n* Check for errors\n*\n INFO = 0\n*\n BADNN = .FALSE.", "\n NMAX = 1\n DO 10 J = 1, NSIZES\n NMAX = MAX( NMAX, NN( J ) )\n IF( NN( J ).LT.0 )\n $ BADNN = .TRUE.", "\n 10 CONTINUE\n*\n IF( NSIZES.LT.0 ) THEN\n INFO = -1\n ELSE IF( BADNN ) THEN\n INFO = -2\n ELSE IF( NTYPES.LT.0 ) THEN\n INFO = -3\n ELSE IF( THRESH.LT.ZERO ) THEN\n INFO = -6\n ELSE IF( LDA.LE.1 .OR. ", "LDA.LT.NMAX ) THEN\n INFO = -9\n ELSE IF( LDQ.LE.1 .OR. ", "LDQ.LT.NMAX ) THEN\n INFO = -14\n END IF\n*\n* Compute workspace\n* (Note: Comments in the code beginning \"Workspace:\" describe the\n* minimal amount of workspace needed at that point in the code,\n* as well as the preferred amount for good performance.", "\n* NB refers to the optimal block size for the immediately\n* following subroutine, as returned by ILAENV.", "\n*\n MINWRK = 1\n IF( INFO.EQ.0 .AND. ", "LWORK.GE.1 ) THEN\n MINWRK = MAX( 10*( NMAX+1 ), 3*NMAX*NMAX )\n NB = MAX( 1, ILAENV( 1, 'DGEQRF', ' ', NMAX, NMAX, -1, -1 ),\n $ ILAENV( 1, 'DORMQR', 'LT', NMAX, NMAX, NMAX, -1 ),\n $ ILAENV( 1, 'DORGQR', ' ', NMAX, NMAX, NMAX, -1 ) )\n MAXWRK = MAX( 10*( NMAX+1 ), 2*NMAX+NMAX*NB, 3*NMAX*NMAX )\n WORK( 1 ) = MAXWRK\n END IF\n*\n IF( LWORK.LT.MINWRK )\n $ INFO = -20\n*\n IF( INFO.NE.0 ) THEN\n CALL XERBLA( 'DDRGES3', -INFO )\n RETURN\n END IF\n*\n* Quick return if possible\n*\n IF( NSIZES.EQ.0 .OR. ", "NTYPES.EQ.0 )\n $ RETURN\n*\n SAFMIN = DLAMCH( 'Safe minimum' )\n ULP = DLAMCH( 'Epsilon' )*DLAMCH( 'Base' )\n SAFMIN = SAFMIN / ULP\n SAFMAX = ONE / SAFMIN\n CALL DLABAD( SAFMIN, SAFMAX )\n ULPINV = ONE / ULP\n*\n* The values RMAGN(2:3) depend on N, see below.", "\n*\n RMAGN( 0 ) = ZERO\n RMAGN( 1 ) = ONE\n*\n* Loop over matrix sizes\n*\n NTESTT = 0\n NERRS = 0\n NMATS = 0\n*\n DO 190 JSIZE = 1, NSIZES\n N = NN( JSIZE )\n N1 = MAX( 1, N )\n RMAGN( 2 ) = SAFMAX*ULP / DBLE( N1 )\n RMAGN( 3 ) = SAFMIN*ULPINV*DBLE( N1 )\n*\n IF( NSIZES.NE.1 ) THEN\n MTYPES = MIN( MAXTYP, NTYPES )\n ELSE\n MTYPES = MIN( MAXTYP+1, NTYPES )\n END IF\n*\n* Loop over matrix types\n*\n DO 180 JTYPE = 1, MTYPES\n IF( .NOT.DOTYPE( JTYPE ) )\n $ GO TO 180\n NMATS = NMATS + 1\n NTEST = 0\n*\n* Save ISEED in case of an error.", "\n*\n DO 20 J = 1, 4\n IOLDSD( J ) = ISEED( J )\n 20 CONTINUE\n*\n* Initialize RESULT\n*\n DO 30 J = 1, 13\n RESULT( J ) = ZERO\n 30 CONTINUE\n*\n* Generate test matrices A and B\n*\n* Description of control parameters:\n*\n* KZLASS: =1 means w/o rotation, =2 means w/ rotation,\n* =3 means random.", "\n* KATYPE: the \"type\" to be passed to DLATM4 for computing A.\n* KAZERO: the pattern of zeros on the diagonal for A:\n* =1: ( xxx ), =2: (0, xxx ) =3: ( 0, 0, xxx, 0 ),\n* =4: ( 0, xxx, 0, 0 ), =5: ( 0, 0, 1, xxx, 0 ),\n* =6: ( 0, 1, 0, xxx, 0 ). ", " (xxx means a string of\n* non-zero entries.)", "\n* KAMAGN: the magnitude of the matrix: =0: zero, =1: O(1),\n* =2: large, =3: small.", "\n* IASIGN: 1 if the diagonal elements of A are to be\n* multiplied by a random magnitude 1 number, =2 if\n* randomly chosen diagonal blocks are to be rotated\n* to form 2x2 blocks.", "\n* KBTYPE, KBZERO, KBMAGN, IBSIGN: the same, but for B.\n* KTRIAN: =0: don't fill in the upper triangle, =1: do.", "\n* KZ1, KZ2, KADD: used to implement KAZERO and KBZERO.", "\n* RMAGN: used to implement KAMAGN and KBMAGN.", "\n*\n IF( MTYPES.GT.MAXTYP )\n $ GO TO 110\n IINFO = 0\n IF( KCLASS( JTYPE ).LT.3 ) THEN\n*\n* Generate A (w/o rotation)\n*\n IF( ABS( KATYPE( JTYPE ) ).EQ.3 ) THEN\n IN = 2*( ( N-1 ) / 2 ) + 1\n IF( IN.NE.N )\n $ CALL DLASET( 'Full', N, N, ZERO, ZERO, A, LDA )\n ELSE\n IN = N\n END IF\n CALL DLATM4( KATYPE( JTYPE ), IN, KZ1( KAZERO( JTYPE ) ),\n $ KZ2( KAZERO( JTYPE ) ), IASIGN( JTYPE ),\n $ RMAGN( KAMAGN( JTYPE ) ), ULP,\n $ RMAGN( KTRIAN( JTYPE )*KAMAGN( JTYPE ) ), 2,\n $ ISEED, A, LDA )\n IADD = KADD( KAZERO( JTYPE ) )\n IF( IADD.GT.0 .AND. ", "IADD.LE.N )\n $ A( IADD, IADD ) = ONE\n*\n* Generate B (w/o rotation)\n*\n IF( ABS( KBTYPE( JTYPE ) ).EQ.3 ) THEN\n IN = 2*( ( N-1 ) / 2 ) + 1\n IF( IN.NE.N )\n $ CALL DLASET( 'Full', N, N, ZERO, ZERO, B, LDA )\n ELSE\n IN = N\n END IF\n CALL DLATM4( KBTYPE( JTYPE ), IN, KZ1( KBZERO( JTYPE ) ),\n $ KZ2( KBZERO( JTYPE ) ), IBSIGN( JTYPE ),\n $ RMAGN( KBMAGN( JTYPE ) ), ONE,\n $ RMAGN( KTRIAN( JTYPE )*KBMAGN( JTYPE ) ), 2,\n $ ISEED, B, LDA )\n IADD = KADD( KBZERO( JTYPE ) )\n IF( IADD.NE.0 .AND. ", "IADD.LE.N )\n $ B( IADD, IADD ) = ONE\n*\n IF( KCLASS( JTYPE ).EQ.2 .AND. ", "N.GT.0 ) THEN\n*\n* Include rotations\n*\n* Generate Q, Z as Householder transformations times\n* a diagonal matrix.", "\n*\n DO 50 JC = 1, N - 1\n DO 40 JR = JC, N\n Q( JR, JC ) = DLARND( 3, ISEED )\n Z( JR, JC ) = DLARND( 3, ISEED )\n 40 CONTINUE\n CALL DLARFG( N+1-JC, Q( JC, JC ), Q( JC+1, JC ), 1,\n $ WORK( JC ) )\n WORK( 2*N+JC ) = SIGN( ONE, Q( JC, JC ) )\n Q( JC, JC ) = ONE\n CALL DLARFG( N+1-JC, Z( JC, JC ), Z( JC+1, JC ), 1,\n $ WORK( N+JC ) )\n WORK( 3*N+JC ) = SIGN( ONE, Z( JC, JC ) )\n Z( JC, JC ) = ONE\n 50 CONTINUE\n Q( N, N ) = ONE\n WORK( N ) = ZERO\n WORK( 3*N ) = SIGN( ONE, DLARND( 2, ISEED ) )\n Z( N, N ) = ONE\n WORK( 2*N ) = ZERO\n WORK( 4*N ) = SIGN( ONE, DLARND( 2, ISEED ) )\n*\n* Apply the diagonal matrices\n*\n DO 70 JC = 1, N\n DO 60 JR = 1, N\n A( JR, JC ) = WORK( 2*N+JR )*WORK( 3*N+JC )*\n $ A( JR, JC )\n B( JR, JC ) = WORK( 2*N+JR )*WORK( 3*N+JC )*\n $ B( JR, JC )\n 60 CONTINUE\n 70 CONTINUE\n CALL DORM2R( 'L', 'N', N, N, N-1, Q, LDQ, WORK, A,\n $ LDA, WORK( 2*N+1 ), IINFO )\n IF( IINFO.NE.0 )\n $ GO TO 100\n CALL DORM2R( 'R', 'T', N, N, N-1, Z, LDQ, WORK( N+1 ),\n $ A, LDA, WORK( 2*N+1 ), IINFO )\n IF( IINFO.NE.0 )\n $ GO TO 100\n CALL DORM2R( 'L', 'N', N, N, N-1, Q, LDQ, WORK, B,\n $ LDA, WORK( 2*N+1 ), IINFO )\n IF( IINFO.NE.0 )\n $ GO TO 100\n CALL DORM2R( 'R', 'T', N, N, N-1, Z, LDQ, WORK( N+1 ),\n $ B, LDA, WORK( 2*N+1 ), IINFO )\n IF( IINFO.NE.0 )\n $ GO TO 100\n END IF\n ELSE\n*\n* Random matrices\n*\n DO 90 JC = 1, N\n DO 80 JR = 1, N\n A( JR, JC ) = RMAGN( KAMAGN( JTYPE ) )*\n $ DLARND( 2, ISEED )\n B( JR, JC ) = RMAGN( KBMAGN( JTYPE ) )*\n $ DLARND( 2, ISEED )\n 80 CONTINUE\n 90 CONTINUE\n END IF\n*\n 100 CONTINUE\n*\n IF( IINFO.NE.0 ) THEN\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9999 )'Generator', IINFO, N, JTYPE,\n $ IOLDSD\n INFO = ABS( IINFO )\n RETURN\n END IF\n*\n 110 CONTINUE\n*\n DO 120 I = 1, 13\n RESULT( I ) = -ONE\n 120 CONTINUE\n*\n* Test with and without sorting of eigenvalues\n*\n DO 150 ISORT = 0, 1\n IF( ISORT.EQ.0 ) THEN\n SORT = 'N'\n RSUB = 0\n ELSE\n SORT = 'S'\n RSUB = 5\n END IF\n*\n* Call DGGES3 to compute H, T, Q, Z, alpha, and beta.", "\n*\n CALL DLACPY( 'Full', N, N, A, LDA, S, LDA )\n CALL DLACPY( 'Full', N, N, B, LDA, T, LDA )\n NTEST = 1 + RSUB + ISORT\n RESULT( 1+RSUB+ISORT ) = ULPINV\n CALL DGGES3( 'V', 'V', SORT, DLCTES, N, S, LDA, T, LDA,\n $ SDIM, ALPHAR, ALPHAI, BETA, Q, LDQ, Z, LDQ,\n $ WORK, LWORK, BWORK, IINFO )\n IF( IINFO.NE.0 .AND. ", "IINFO.NE.N+2 ) THEN\n RESULT( 1+RSUB+ISORT ) = ULPINV\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9999 )'DGGES3', IINFO, N, JTYPE,\n $ IOLDSD\n INFO = ABS( IINFO )\n GO TO 160\n END IF\n*\n NTEST = 4 + RSUB\n*\n* Do tests 1--4 (or tests 7--9 when reordering )\n*\n IF( ISORT.EQ.0 ) THEN\n CALL DGET51( 1, N, A, LDA, S, LDA, Q, LDQ, Z, LDQ,\n $ WORK, RESULT( 1 ) )\n CALL DGET51( 1, N, B, LDA, T, LDA, Q, LDQ, Z, LDQ,\n $ WORK, RESULT( 2 ) )\n ELSE\n CALL DGET54( N, A, LDA, B, LDA, S, LDA, T, LDA, Q,\n $ LDQ, Z, LDQ, WORK, RESULT( 7 ) )\n END IF\n CALL DGET51( 3, N, A, LDA, T, LDA, Q, LDQ, Q, LDQ, WORK,\n $ RESULT( 3+RSUB ) )\n CALL DGET51( 3, N, B, LDA, T, LDA, Z, LDQ, Z, LDQ, WORK,\n $ RESULT( 4+RSUB ) )\n*\n* Do test 5 and 6 (or Tests 10 and 11 when reordering):\n* check Schur form of A and compare eigenvalues with\n* diagonals.", "\n*\n NTEST = 6 + RSUB\n TEMP1 = ZERO\n*\n DO 130 J = 1, N\n ILABAD = .FALSE.", "\n IF( ALPHAI( J ).EQ.ZERO ) THEN\n TEMP2 = ( ABS( ALPHAR( J )-S( J, J ) ) /\n $ MAX( SAFMIN, ABS( ALPHAR( J ) ), ABS( S( J,\n $ J ) ) )+ABS( BETA( J )-T( J, J ) ) /\n $ MAX( SAFMIN, ABS( BETA( J ) ), ABS( T( J,\n $ J ) ) ) ) / ULP\n*\n IF( J.LT.N ) THEN\n IF( S( J+1, J ).NE.ZERO ) THEN\n ILABAD = .TRUE.", "\n RESULT( 5+RSUB ) = ULPINV\n END IF\n END IF\n IF( J.GT.1 ) THEN\n IF( S( J, J-1 ).NE.ZERO ) THEN\n ILABAD = .TRUE.", "\n RESULT( 5+RSUB ) = ULPINV\n END IF\n END IF\n*\n ELSE\n IF( ALPHAI( J ).GT.ZERO ) THEN\n I1 = J\n ELSE\n I1 = J - 1\n END IF\n IF( I1.LE.0 .OR. ", "I1.GE.N ) THEN\n ILABAD = .TRUE.", "\n ELSE IF( I1.LT.N-1 ) THEN\n IF( S( I1+2, I1+1 ).NE.ZERO ) THEN\n ILABAD = .TRUE.", "\n RESULT( 5+RSUB ) = ULPINV\n END IF\n ELSE IF( I1.GT.1 ) THEN\n IF( S( I1, I1-1 ).NE.ZERO ) THEN\n ILABAD = .TRUE.", "\n RESULT( 5+RSUB ) = ULPINV\n END IF\n END IF\n IF( .NOT.ILABAD ) THEN\n CALL DGET53( S( I1, I1 ), LDA, T( I1, I1 ), LDA,\n $ BETA( J ), ALPHAR( J ),\n $ ALPHAI( J ), TEMP2, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GE.3 ) THEN\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9998 )IERR, J, N,\n $ JTYPE, IOLDSD\n INFO = ABS( IERR )\n END IF\n ELSE\n TEMP2 = ULPINV\n END IF\n*\n END IF\n TEMP1 = MAX( TEMP1, TEMP2 )\n IF( ILABAD ) THEN\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9997 )J, N, JTYPE, IOLDSD\n END IF\n 130 CONTINUE\n RESULT( 6+RSUB ) = TEMP1\n*\n IF( ISORT.GE.1 ) THEN\n*\n* Do test 12\n*\n NTEST = 12\n RESULT( 12 ) = ZERO\n KNTEIG = 0\n DO 140 I = 1, N\n IF( DLCTES( ALPHAR( I ), ALPHAI( I ),\n $ BETA( I ) ) .OR. ", "DLCTES( ALPHAR( I ),\n $ -ALPHAI( I ), BETA( I ) ) ) THEN\n KNTEIG = KNTEIG + 1\n END IF\n IF( I.LT.N ) THEN\n IF( ( DLCTES( ALPHAR( I+1 ), ALPHAI( I+1 ),\n $ BETA( I+1 ) ) .OR. ", "DLCTES( ALPHAR( I+1 ),\n $ -ALPHAI( I+1 ), BETA( I+1 ) ) ) .AND.", "\n $ ( .NOT.( ", "DLCTES( ALPHAR( I ), ALPHAI( I ),\n $ BETA( I ) ) .OR. ", "DLCTES( ALPHAR( I ),\n $ -ALPHAI( I ), BETA( I ) ) ) ) .AND.", "\n $ IINFO.NE.N+2 ) THEN\n RESULT( 12 ) = ULPINV\n END IF\n END IF\n 140 CONTINUE\n IF( SDIM.NE.KNTEIG ) THEN\n RESULT( 12 ) = ULPINV\n END IF\n END IF\n*\n 150 CONTINUE\n*\n* End of Loop -- Check for RESULT(j) > THRESH\n*\n 160 CONTINUE\n*\n NTESTT = NTESTT + NTEST\n*\n* Print out tests which fail.", "\n*\n DO 170 JR = 1, NTEST\n IF( RESULT( JR ).GE.THRESH ) THEN\n*\n* If this is the first test to fail,\n* print a header to the data file.", "\n*\n IF( NERRS.EQ.0 ) THEN\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9996 )'DGS'\n*\n* Matrix types\n*\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9995 )\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9994 )\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9993 )'Orthogonal'\n*\n* Tests performed\n*\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9992 )'orthogonal', '''',\n $ 'transpose', ( '''', J = 1, 8 )\n*\n END IF\n NERRS = NERRS + 1\n IF( RESULT( JR ).LT.10000.0D0 ) THEN\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9991 )N, JTYPE, IOLDSD, JR,\n $ RESULT( JR )\n ELSE\n WRITE( NOUNIT, FMT = 9990 )N, JTYPE, IOLDSD, JR,\n $ RESULT( JR )\n END IF\n END IF\n 170 CONTINUE\n*\n 180 CONTINUE\n 190 CONTINUE\n*\n* Summary\n*\n CALL ALASVM( 'DGS', NOUNIT, NERRS, NTESTT, 0 )\n*\n WORK( 1 ) = MAXWRK\n*\n RETURN\n*\n 9999 FORMAT( ' DDRGES3: ', A, ' returned INFO=', I6, '.', / ", "9X, 'N=',\n $ I6, ', JTYPE=', I6, ', ISEED=(', 4( I4, ',' ), I5, ')' )\n*\n 9998 FORMAT( ' DDRGES3: DGET53 returned INFO=', I1, ' for eigenvalue ',\n $ I6, '.', / ", "9X, 'N=', I6, ', JTYPE=', I6, ', ISEED=(',\n $ 4( I4, ',' ), I5, ')' )\n*\n 9997 FORMAT( ' DDRGES3: S not in Schur form at eigenvalue ', I6, '.',", "\n $ / 9X, 'N=', I6, ', JTYPE=', I6, ', ISEED=(', 3( I5, ',' ),\n $ I5, ')' )\n*\n 9996 FORMAT( / 1X, A3, ' -- Real Generalized Schur form driver' )\n*\n 9995 FORMAT( ' Matrix types (see DDRGES3 for details): ' )\n*\n 9994 FORMAT( ' Special Matrices:', 23X,\n $ '(J''=transposed Jordan block)',\n $ / ' 1=(0,0) 2=(I,0) 3=(0,I) 4=(I,I) 5=(J'',J'') ',\n $ '6=(diag(J'',I), diag(I,J''))', / ' Diagonal Matrices: ( ',\n $ 'D=diag(0,1,2,...) )', / ' 7=(D,I) 9=(large*D, small*I',\n $ ') 11=(large*I, small*D) 13=(large*D, large*I)', /\n $ ' 8=(I,D) 10=(small*D, large*I) 12=(small*I, large*D) ',\n $ ' 14=(small*D, small*I)', / ' 15=(D, reversed D)' )\n 9993 FORMAT( ' Matrices Rotated by Random ', A, ' Matrices U, V:',\n $ / ' 16=Transposed Jordan Blocks 19=geometric ',\n $ 'alpha, beta=0,1', / ' 17=arithm. ", "alpha&beta ',\n $ ' 20=arithmetic alpha, beta=0,1', / ' 18=clustered ',\n $ 'alpha, beta=0,1 21=random alpha, beta=0,1',\n $ / ' Large & Small Matrices:', / ' 22=(large, small) ',\n $ '23=(small,large) 24=(small,small) 25=(large,large)',\n $ / ' 26=random O(1) matrices.' )", "\n*\n 9992 FORMAT( / ' Tests performed: (S is Schur, T is triangular, ',\n $ 'Q and Z are ', A, ',', / 19X,\n $ 'l and r are the appropriate left and right', / 19X,\n $ 'eigenvectors, resp., ", "a is alpha, b is beta, and', / 19X, A,\n $ ' means ', A, '.)', / ' ", "Without ordering: ',\n $ / ' 1 = | A - Q S Z', A,\n $ ' | / ( |A| n ulp ) 2 = | B - Q T Z', A,\n $ ' | / ( |B| n ulp )', / ' 3 = | I - QQ', A,\n $ ' | / ( n ulp ) 4 = | I - ZZ', A,\n $ ' | / ( n ulp )', / ' 5 = A is in Schur form S',\n $ / ' 6 = difference between (alpha,beta)',\n $ ' and diagonals of (S,T)', / ' With ordering: ',\n $ / ' 7 = | (A,B) - Q (S,T) Z', A,\n $ ' | / ( |(A,B)| n ulp ) ', / ' 8 = | I - QQ', A,\n $ ' | / ( n ulp ) 9 = | I - ZZ', A,\n $ ' | / ( n ulp )', / ' 10 = A is in Schur form S',\n $ / ' 11 = difference between (alpha,beta) and diagonals',\n $ ' of (S,T)', / ' 12 = SDIM is the correct number of ',\n $ 'selected eigenvalues', / )\n 9991 FORMAT( ' Matrix order=', I5, ', type=', I2, ', seed=',\n $ 4( I4, ',' ), ' result ', I2, ' is', 0P, F8.2 )\n 9990 FORMAT( ' Matrix order=', I5, ', type=', I2, ', seed=',\n $ 4( I4, ',' ), ' result ', I2, ' is', 1P, D10.3 )\n*\n* End of DDRGES3\n*\n END\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nXdebug profiling shows different execution time than actual one\n\nI am profiling my website and when I use Xdebug profile\non one of my pages I got results that states:\n1977 different functions called in 3900 milliseconds (1 runs, 1977 shown)\nBut the actual execution time measured at top and bottom of index.php file\nstates:\n20 seconds\nWhere I am losing so much seconds ?", "\nHow to check what takes that time ?", "\n\nA:\n\nI found out that webpage I was profiling got a redirect. ", "So the profiler showed time for the profiling page but my measurements in index.php showed time after redirect.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00267379679144385, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Ni P, Li S, Lin Y, Xiong W, Huang X, Zhan A. Methylation divergence of invasive *Ciona* ascidians: Significant population structure and local environmental influence. ", "Ecol Evol. ", "2018;8:10272--10287. ", "10.1002/ece3.4504\n\n1. ", "INTRODUCTION {#ece34504-sec-0001}\n===============\n\nBiological invasions provide promising \"natural experiments\" to advance our understanding of rapid environmental adaptation over contemporary time scales (Colautti & Lau, [2015](#ece34504-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Lee, [2002](#ece34504-bib-0039){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Prentis, Wilson, Dormontt, Richardson, & Lowe, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0053){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Shine, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0068){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Invasive species can rapidly spread over broad geographical scales by natural and/or human‐mediated dispersal and successfully colonize diverse habitats with varied local environmental conditions (Doney et al., [", "2012](#ece34504-bib-0017){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan, Briski, Bock, Ghabooli, & Macisaac, [2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "For marine invaders, introductions over long‐distance appear to be occurring with increased frequency due to intense human activities, such as shipping, aquaculture, and aquarium trades (Carlton, [1996](#ece34504-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Lin, Gao, & Zhan, [2015](#ece34504-bib-0043){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0084){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In invaded habitats, invaders are often challenged by dramatically different abiotic and biotic conditions (Darling, Bagley, Roman, Tepolt, & Geller, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Lee, [1999](#ece34504-bib-0038){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Paul‐Pont, De Montaudouin, Gonzalez, Soudant, & Baudrimont, [2010](#ece34504-bib-0048){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Sorte, Jones, & Miller, [2011](#ece34504-bib-0069){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Numerous studies suggest that rapid microevolution can occur in response to strong and persistent environmental challenges during biological invasions (Bock et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Huang et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Lande, [2015](#ece34504-bib-0035){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Lin et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Sherman et al., [", "2016](#ece34504-bib-0067){ref-type=\"ref\"}).", "\n\nEpigenetic modification represent one important rapid mechanism for invasion success, as epigenetic modifications can influence phenotypes by regulating gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequences (Bossdorf, Richards, & Pigliucci, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Hawes et al., [", "2018](#ece34504-bib-0029){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Rapp & Wendel, [2005](#ece34504-bib-0056){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Although epigenetic variation can be predicted from its genotypic contexts or specific genetic polymorphisms elsewhere in the genome, still part of epigenetic variation can be independent from genetic control and is involved in response to environmental challenges as an autonomous system (Richards, [2006](#ece34504-bib-0057){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0058){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Various types of epigenetic modifications, including modifications of DNA, histones and other chromosomal proteins, and the generation of extrachromosomal regulatory small RNAs and noncoding RNAs, have been found in many eukaryotes (Richards, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0058){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Among these epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation, the addition of a methyl group to a specific base (mostly cytosine for eukaryotes), is one of the most intensively studied for its ubiquity in eukaryotes and essential biological functions (Jones, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0033){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Suzuki & Bird, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0071){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "DNA methylation is involved in numerous biological processes, such as blocking transcription initiation, controlling transcription elongation, silencing transposon, inactivating X chromosome, and imprinting on genes (Duncan, Gluckman, & Dearden, [2014](#ece34504-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Jones, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0033){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In addition, studies of DNA methylation have been advanced by the development of new techniques, such as bisulfite conversion‐based methods (e.g., whole genome bisulfite sequencing---WGBS; reduced representation bisulfite sequencing---RRBS), immunoprecipitation‐based methods (e.g., methylated DNA immune‐precipitation sequencing---MeDIP‐seq; methylated DNA‐binding domain sequencing---MBD‐seq), and restriction enzyme‐based methods (e.g., methylation‐sensitive amplified polymorphism---MSAP; Methyl‐seq) (Suzuki & Bird, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0071){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Wang et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0077){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Although bisulfite conversion‐based sequencing techniques have been considered as promising tools for detecting methylation modifications, these methods are limited in studies at the population level (i.e., large‐scale population epigenomics studies), mainly owing to high experimental and computational costs as well as high‐quality reference genomes sequenced and assembled for genomewide analyses (Schulz, Eckstein, & Durka, [2013](#ece34504-bib-0064){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Suzuki & Bird, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0071){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Instead, the methylation‐sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique, which can detect different methylation status at random restriction sites over a genome, is favorable as it allows to evaluate genomic methylation patterns of wild populations and identify associations between environmental conditions, phenotypic traits, and methylation status with low cost (Alonso, Pérez, Bazaga, Medrano, & Herrera, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0001){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Thus, MSAP is the most widely used method in ecological epigenetics studies at the population level in a wide range taxa (Schulz et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0064){ref-type=\"ref\"}).", "\n\nDuring the process of local accommodation and adaptation, the most important feature of DNA methylation is its environmental effects (Verhoeven, VonHoldt, & Sork, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0076){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Studies based on both common garden experiments and populations collected from the wild have detected correlations between DNA methylation variation and environmental stresses, indicating the environmental influence on DNA methylation divergence. ", "For example, greenhouse experiments have shown that various stresses, such as low nutrients, salt stress, dietary components, and pathogen attack, can induce methylation variation throughout the whole genome (Dowen et al., [", "2012](#ece34504-bib-0018){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Huang et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Morán, Marco‐Rius, Megías, Covelo‐Soto, & Pérez‐Figueroa, [2013](#ece34504-bib-0046){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Platt, Gugger, Pellegrini, & Sork, [2015](#ece34504-bib-0051){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Verhoeven, Jansen, van Dijk, & Biere, [2010](#ece34504-bib-0075){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In the wild, DNA methylation differentiation among populations has been frequently observed in different environments (Gugger, Fitz‐Gibbon, Pellegrini, & Sork, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0027){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Paun et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0049){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Wenzel & Piertney, [2014](#ece34504-bib-0079){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In addition, maintenance and removal of DNA methylation are enzymatically mediated, thus the state of DNA methylation can change rapidly throughout the whole genome (Law & Jacobsen, [2010](#ece34504-bib-0036){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Furthermore, changes in DNA methylation states can often cause important phenotypic consequences, leading to rapid accommodation and even adaptation to different local environments (Gao, Geng, Li, Chen, & Yang, [2010](#ece34504-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Lea, Altmann, Alberts, & Tung, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0037){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Therefore, DNA methylation can integrate environmental signals into genomes rapidly and thereby modify gene expression and/or phenotypic variation to adapt to environmental changes/stresses.", "\n\nDNA methylation variation is expected to be involved in the process of accommodation/adaptation to heterogeneous environments for invasive species (Hawes et al., [", "2018](#ece34504-bib-0029){ref-type=\"ref\"} and references therein; Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Recent studies in invasive species showed that methylation diversity was much greater than genetic diversity in introduced populations of Japanese knotweed *Fallopia* species (Richards, Schrey, & Pigliucci, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0060){ref-type=\"ref\"}) and Alligator weed *Alternanthera philoxeroides* (Gao et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Liebl, Schrey, Richards, and Martin ([2013](#ece34504-bib-0041){ref-type=\"ref\"}) inferred that high methylation diversity could compensate for reduced genetic diversity during the invasion process of the house sparrow *Passer domesticus*. ", "Interestingly, introduced populations of bluegrass *Poa annua* tended to have higher levels of methylation diversity than native populations (Chwedorzewska & Bednarek, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}), and studies of the pygmy mussel (*Xenostrobus securis*) and tubeworm (*Ficopomatus enigmaticus*) found that recently introduced populations seemed to be less methylated in comparison with older introduced populations (Ardura, Zaiko, Morán, Planes, & Garcia‐Vazquez, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Importantly, studies of invasive plants have also detected the association between DNA methylation variation and different habitats (Gao et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Richards et al., [", "2012](#ece34504-bib-0060){ref-type=\"ref\"}), and the authors further identified habitat‐related methylated loci (Richards et al., [", "2012](#ece34504-bib-0060){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In order to further analyze possible contributions of local environments to methylation differentiation, studies assessed the degree of methylation differentiation among populations sampled from different environments. ", "Interestingly, the level of methylation differentiation highly varied among invasive species, for example, strong methylation divergence was observed among populations of bluegrass (differentiation = 0.5; Chwedorzewska & Bednarek, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}) and Japanese knotweed (differentiation = 0.5--0.8; Richards et al., [", "2012](#ece34504-bib-0060){ref-type=\"ref\"}), while low methylation differentiation was found in introduced house sparrow populations in Kenya (differentiation = 0.004; Liebl et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0041){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Collectively, it still remains largely unexplored on methylation patterns and possible contributions of varied environmental factors to methylation differentiation during range expansions in many invasive species.", "\n\nHere, we used invasive model ascidians *C. robusta* (=*C. intestinalis* sp. ", "A, Brunetti et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"}) and *C. intestinalis* (=*C. intestinalis* sp. ", "B, Brunetti et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"}) to investigate population methylation structures and possible responsible environmental factors for observed patterns in diverse habitats. *", "C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, two morphologically similar but genetically distinct species of the *C. intestinalis* complex, have widely invaded temperate and warm‐temperate coastal zones over the past century (Carver, Mallet, & Vercaemer, [2006](#ece34504-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan, Macisaac, & Cristescu, [2010](#ece34504-bib-0083){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Due to ambiguous taxonomy within the genus *Ciona*, the native/invaded ranges and invasion histories of both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* remain uncertain (Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"} and references therein). *", "C. robusta*, which is generally considered as an East Asian native, has invaded coasts of Mediterranean Sea and many regions of Atlantic and Pacific coasts, while *C. intestinalis*, likely a native of Europe, has widely colonized northeast Atlantic coasts (Bouchemousse, Bishop, & Viard, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"} and references therein). ", "Life history traits of *Ciona*, such as spawning time and life span, have a close relationship with its environmental conditions, particularly water temperature (Carver et al., [", "2006](#ece34504-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"} and reference therein). ", "For example, deep water populations in Scandinavia and sub‐Arctic populations can live 2--3 years and reproduce only once a year or less, while populations in the shallow regions of Scandinavian coast or in coastal regions of Atlantic Canada can survive for 12--18 months with two recruitment peaks per year (Carver et al., [", "2006](#ece34504-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"} and reference therein). ", "The broad geographical distribution, as well as varied environments in their native and/or invaded habitats, reflects the wide range environmental tolerance of both invasive species, especially for temperature and salinity (Dybern, [1967](#ece34504-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Therriault & Herborg, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0072){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* have a short pelagic larval phase (1--5 days) and a sessile adult stage, suggesting that natural dispersal can only occur over relatively limited geographical ranges (Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Therefore, the wide range expansion of both invasive species, particularly at the regional and continental scales, mainly is owing to human‐mediated pathways, which results in sudden shifts of habitats with varied environments. ", "As such, these two ascidians provide good models to study mechanisms of rapid microevolution during biological invasions (Lin et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Our previous study revealed significant genetic differentiation among *C. robusta* populations collected globally by using genomewide gene‐associated microsatellites, and genetic signatures and loci under selection were associated with varied local environmental conditions (Lin et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Furthermore, when we analyzed the DNA methylation variation of salinity and temperature‐related genes using bisulfite sequencing at the population level, we found significant variation of DNA methylation among populations (Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Interestingly, frequencies of several CpG loci were significantly correlated with local environmental factors (Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "However, Pu and Zhan\\'s ([2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}) only focused on five genes which were putatively responsible for changes of temperature and salinity, and it remains largely unknown how environmental changes associated with habitat invasions shape methylation divergence among *Ciona* populations in different environments at the genome level.", "\n\nIn this study, we investigated the DNA methylation variation in *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* populations using the MSAP technique. ", "We analyzed the DNA methylation patterns for populations of both species collected from different continents with varied local environments. ", "In order to interpret the significant population methylation differentiation among populations, the possible contributions of genetic variation and two crucial environmental factors in marine ecosystems (i.e., temperature and salinity) were further tested.", "\n\n2. ", "MATERIALS AND METHODS {#ece34504-sec-0002}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Sample collection {#ece34504-sec-0003}\n----------------------\n\nTo cover the substantial environmental gradients in habitats of *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, sampling sites were selected based on our former studies (Zhan et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0083){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0082){ref-type=\"ref\"}) across four continents (Asia, Africa, Europe, and Oceania) for *C. robusta* and two continents (Europe and North America) for *C. intestinalis* (Table [1](#ece34504-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"}; Figure [1](#ece34504-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To make it clear for further comparison between genetic and methylation data, populations of both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* were named as our previous studies (Lin et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Zhan et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0083){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0082){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Temperature and salinity, two crucial environmental factors affecting numerous physiological processes in marine invertebrates, have a high degree of variation at the chosen sampling sites in this study (see Lin et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"} for *C. robusta*; Table [2](#ece34504-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}, for *C. intestinalis*). ", "We chose a total of 10 populations, including five populations of *C. robusta* (*N *= 115) and five populations of *C. intestinalis* (*N *= 148; Table [1](#ece34504-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"}; Figure [1](#ece34504-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For *C. robusta*, all of five collected populations were invasive populations, of which populations AM (Arenys de Mar) and BL (Blanes) established at the end of 19th, while populations SA (Cape Town) and NMF (Nelson) were introduced at mid‐20th (Bouchemousse et al., [", "2016](#ece34504-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"} and references therein). ", "Population GAP (Gampo) was reported on the coast of Korea at the late 1990s (Seo & Lee, [2009](#ece34504-bib-0066){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "For *C. intestinalis*, two European populations SL (Salzhaff) and SC (Schleimünde) were considered as putatively native populations, while the other three Canadian populations were invasive populations locally detected after 1997 (Bouchemousse et al., [", "2016](#ece34504-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"} and references therein). ", "All collected adult specimens were preserved in 100% ethanol at 4°C before analyses. ", "All specimens were identified and confirmed to the species level by using one mitochondrial DNA fragment, cytochrome *c* oxidase subunit 3--NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (COX3‐ND1; Zhan et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0083){ref-type=\"ref\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nSampling sites and environmental parameters for the two highly invasive ascidians *Ciona robusta* and *C. intestinalis*\n\n Population ID Region/state and country Colonized time Coordinates *n* AveT (°C) MaxT (°C) MinT (°C) AveS (‰) MaxS (‰) MinS (‰)\n ------------------- -------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------- ----- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ----------\n *C. robusta* \n  AM Arenys de Mar, Spain End‐19th 41°33′41″N, 2°34′37″E 29 17.98 25.28 13.29 37.67 38.21 36.87\n  BL Blanes, Spain End‐19th 41°41′12″N, 2°53′22″E 12 17.44 24.38 12.98 37.95 38.32 37.48\n  SA Cape town, South Africa Mid‐20th 33°54′33″S, 18°25′59″E 32 16.03 16.92 15.16 35.18 35.30 34.99\n  GAP Gampo, Korea End‐20th 35°48′26″N, 129°30′13″E 30 17.72 24.31 12.18 33.72 34.48 32.17\n  NMF Nelson, New Zealand Mid‐20th 41°15′29″S, 173°16′42″E 12 13.55 16.37 11.22 34.78 34.92 34.62\n *C. intestinalis* \n  HF Halifax, Canada End‐20th 44°38′48″N, 63°34′8″W 30 8.51 17.98 1.09 31.03 31.54 30.68\n  MR Murray River, Canada Early‐21st 46°0′53″N, 62°36′30″W 30 7.77 18.37 −1.25 29.28 30.64 28.20\n  YM Yarmouth, Canada End‐20th 43°50′06″N, 66°07′22″W 30 7.08 11.48 2.16 31.81 32.20 31.50\n  SL Salzhaff, Germany Putatively native 54°2′22″N, 11°31′36″E 30 9.25 17.44 1.82 15.67 18.52 13.36\n  SC Schleimünde, Germany Putatively native 54°41′25″N, 10°7′15″E 28 9.45 17.94 1.90 14.84 17.67 12.71\n\nS: salinity; T: temperature.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n{#ece34504-fig-0001}\n\n###### \n\n*p*‐Values for the exact test for the difference of the temperature (above diagonal) and salinity (below diagonal) among sample sites of *Ciona intestinalis* based on a nonparametric test, Mann--Whitney *U* test\n\n HF MR YM SL SC\n ---- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----- -----\n HF --- --- --- ---\n MR [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} --- --- ---\n YM [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} --- ---\n SL [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} ---\n SC [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} [a](#ece34504-note-0002){ref-type=\"fn\"} --- \n\n*p* \\< 0.01; ---, not significant.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n2.2. ", "Methylation‐sensitive amplification polymorphism assay {#ece34504-sec-0004}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTotal genomic DNA was isolated from approximately 50 mg of siphon tissues following the proteinase K method (Waters, Dijkstra, & Wallis, [2000](#ece34504-bib-0078){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "The quality and quantity of DNA were measured using Nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific). ", "Total genomic DNA (300 ng) was digested at 37°C for 3 hr in two parallel reactions using 5 U of *Eco*RI‐HF and 5 U of either *Msp*I or *Hpa*II (New England Biolabs) in a final volume of 10 μl. *", "Msp*I and *Hpa*II can recognize and cleave the same sequence 5′‐CCGG‐3′, but their susceptibility is different depending on the methylation state of cytosines at restriction sites (Schulz et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0064){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "After digestion, enzymes were heat‐deactivated at 80°C for 10 min. *", "Eco*RI_ADAPTER (F) 5′‐CTCGTAGACTGCGTACC‐3′/*Eco*RI_ADAPTER (R) 5′‐AATTGGTACGCAGTCTAC‐3′ and *Hpa*II/*Msp*I_ADAPTER (F) 5′‐GACGATGAGTCTAGAA‐3′/*Hpa*II/*Msp*I_ADAPTER (R) 5′‐CGTTCTAGACTCATC‐3′ (Wenzel & Piertney, [2014](#ece34504-bib-0079){ref-type=\"ref\"}) were used to prepare *Eco*RI and *Hpa*II/*Msp*I adapters by mixing an equal amount of complementary oligonucleotides. ", "A ligation mixture in a volume of 5 μl contained 5 pmol of *Eco*RI adaptor and 50 pmol of *Hpa*II/*Msp*I adaptor, and 30 U of T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs) was added to digestion products and incubated at 37°C for 3 hr, followed by 16°C for 9 hr, and then 65°C for 20 min.", "\n\nPreselective polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out in a total volume of 20 μl containing 2 μl of the ligation product, 0.4 μM each of *Eco*RI_ADAPTER (F)+A and *Hpa*II/*Msp*I_ADAPTER (F)+T preselective primers, 0.5 U of *Taq* DNA polymerase (Takara), 2 mM of MgCl~2~, and 0.2 mM of each nucleotide. ", "The PCR profile was as follows: 72°C for 2 min followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 20 s, 56°C for 30 s and 72°C for 1 min, and a final elongation step at 60°C for 2 min.", "\n\nBased on the number of amplified fragments, five primer pairs (Table [3](#ece34504-tbl-0003){ref-type=\"table\"}) were chosen for selective PCRs. ", "Selective PCRs were performed in a total volume of 30 μl using 0.5 μl of preselective PCR product, 0.2 μM of fluorescently labeled (6‐FAM) forward primer, 0.2 μM of reverse primer, 0.5 U of *Taq* DNA polymerase (Takara), 1.25 mM of MgCl~2~ and 0.125 mM of each nucleotide. ", "The PCR profile was as follows: 94°C for 3 min, 13 touchdown cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 65°C for 30 s reduced by 0.7°C per cycle and 72°C for 2 min, 24 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 56°C for 30 s and 72°C for 2 min, and a final elongation step at 72°C for 2 min. ", "Selective amplification products were separated on an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems) along with GeneScan LIZ 500 size standard (Applied Biosystems). ", "GeneMarker v.2.2.0. (", "SoftGenetics) was used for fragment scrutiny. ", "GeneMarker panels were created for each primer pair with the fragment range from 150 bp to 500 bp, as fragment size \\<150 bp may increase the potential impact of size homoplasy (Caballero, Quesada, & Rolán‐Alvarez, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Monomorphic epiloci and singletons (i.e., when only one sample had a deviating status) were excluded from further analyses. ", "Replicated samples (6% of the total) starting from DNA extraction were included in all steps to test the reproducibility of MSAP assay (Bonin et al., [", "2004](#ece34504-bib-0005){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Epiloci with more than two mismatches across the replicated samples were discarded from our datasets. ", "The error rate based on replicated samples was estimated as 5.71% and 5.66% for *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, respectively.", "\n\n###### \n\nSelective primer combinations used in methylation‐sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP)\n\n *Eco*RI *Hpa*II/*Msp*I\n --------------------- ----------------------\n GACTGCGTACCAATTCACA GATGAGTCTAGAACGGTTA\n GACTGCGTACCAATTCAGA GATGAGTCTAGAACGGTGTT\n GACTGCGTACCAATTCAGA GATGAGTCTAGAACGGCT\n GACTGCGTACCAATTCAGA GATGAGTCTAGAACGGAT\n GACTGCGTACCAATTCATC GATGAGTCTAGAACGGCA\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n2.3. ", "Data analyses {#ece34504-sec-0005}\n------------------\n\nIndividuals were scored based on the presence (as \"1\") or absence (as \"0\") of *Eco*RI‐*Hpa*II and *Eco*RI‐*Msp*I fragments, and four methylation conditions of restriction sites are distinguished as: Type I) fragments detected in both *Msp*I and *Hpa*II profiles are unmethylated loci; Type II) fragments only detected in *Hpa*II profile are methylation of the external cytosine on only one strand (^HMe^CCG); Type III) fragments only detected in the *Msp*I profile are methylation of the inner cytosine on one or both strands (^HMe^CG or ^Me^CG); and Type IV) fragments absent from both *Hpa*II and *Msp*I profiles are methylation of both inner and outer cytosines on one or both strands (^HMe^C^HMe^CG, ^HMe^C^Me^CG, ^Me^C^HMe^CG, or ^Me^C^Me^CG), methylation of the both outer cytosine (^Me^CCG) and absence of restriction sites (Figure [2](#ece34504-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Schulz et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0064){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Multistate data matrices were generated by combining scores of the two parallel digestion profiles. ", "To separate the contribution of unmethylated and methylated states of the same epiloci, the multistate epiloci were transformed into two separate binary subepiloci, u‐subepiloci (Figure [2](#ece34504-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}; only type I scored as \"1,\" others scored as \"0,\" i.e., unmethylated epiloci) and m‐subepiloci (Figure [2](#ece34504-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}; type II and type III scored as \"1,\" others scored as \"0,\" i.e., methylated epiloci). ", "Thus, the multistate raw data matrices were recorded into two binary data sets: dataset U and dataset M following the \"Mixed Scoring 1\" approach (Figure [2](#ece34504-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Schulz et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0064){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "This approach can temper the confusion of data interpretation between types II and III, which may be caused by the methylation variation at two closely spaced CCGG sites (Fulneček & Kovařík, [2014](#ece34504-bib-0025){ref-type=\"ref\"}).", "\n\n{#ece34504-fig-0002}\n\nIntrapopulation methylation diversity was characterized by the percentage of private loci, percentage of polymorphic loci, and Shannon\\'s information index for both u‐ and m‐subepiloci. ", "Using GENALEX version 6.5 (Peakall & Smouse, [2006](#ece34504-bib-0050){ref-type=\"ref\"}), population methylation differentiation (Φ~PT~) was determined based on both u‐ and m‐subepiloci for all intraspecific population pairs in both species by pairwise analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) with 999 randomizations (Excoffier, Smouse, & Quattro, [1992](#ece34504-bib-0023){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Pairwise distances between intraspecific individuals were computed by Euclidean measure for both u‐ and m‐subepiloci with GENALEX version 6.5. ", "To visualize the methylation differentiation among populations of *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) of u‐ and m‐subepiloci were conducted separately with the individual‐by‐individual methylation distance matrices using GENALEX version 6.5.", "\n\nAs genetic analyses based on genomewide microsatellites have been conducted for *C. robusta* (Lin et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}), we used *C. robusta* as an example to evaluate the relationship between genetic and methylation differentiation for populations using Genodive (Meirmans & Van Tienderen, [2004](#ece34504-bib-0045){ref-type=\"ref\"}) with 99,999 permutations. ", "The genetic differentiation matrix was obtained based on pairwise Φ~PT~ values calculated by 152 genomewide microsatellites from Lin et al. ([", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}), where the individuals used were exactly the same as these in this study. ", "To investigate the relative contributions of genetic variation and environmental factors to the observed methylation variation, partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) was conducted for *C. robusta* using *vegan* package (function *varpart;* Oksanen et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0047){ref-type=\"ref\"}) in the R (version 3.3.1.; ", "R Core Team, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0055){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "The total methylation variation matrix, which combined U and M datasets, was set as the response matrix. ", "The environmental factors and genetic variation matrices were set as explanatory variable matrices. ", "Comparing with the annual mean temperature and salinity, recent studies emphasized that changes of maximum and minimum values may have greater effects on ascidians (Stachowicz, Terwin, Whitlatch, & Osman, [2002](#ece34504-bib-0070){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Studies on both plants and animals suggest that the environmental stresses can be associated with long‐term epigenetic modifications, which can be transmitted through generations (Jablonka, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0032){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Weyrich et al., [", "2016](#ece34504-bib-0080){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Thus, the matrix of environmental factors was represented by the raw data of six environmental factors including annual water temperature, maximum water temperature, minimum water temperature, annual water salinity, maximum water salinity, and minimum water salinity. ", "For the ambiguous invasion histories of both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, here we used the average values (among 1955--2012) of the six environmental factors collected from NOAA with the resolution as quarter‐degree (<http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/SELECT/woaselect/woaselect.html>). ", "Although the environmental data from NOAA mainly focus on large‐scale variation in the open ocean, the difference of environmental factors among sample sites across continents still can be extracted from the NOAA datasets and is sufficient for our continent‐level study here. ", "The genetic variation matrix was transformed from the 152 genomewide microsatellites data from Lin et al. ([", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}) according to the number of mutation steps among individuals (Leung, Breton, & Angers, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0040){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "To reduce the possible strong linear dependencies among the explanatory variables in pRDA model, forward selection method was applied on six environmental factors and microsatellites separately using R package *packfor* (function *forward.sel*; Dray, Legendre, & Blanchet, [2013](#ece34504-bib-0019){ref-type=\"ref\"}), and the resulted variables were further used in pRDA. ", "The total methylation variation explained by genetics or/and environmental factors was represented by the adjusted *R* ^2^ (*R* ~adj~ ^2^), and permutation tests were performed to test the significance of each fraction with 999 randomizations (function *anova.cca* in package *vegan*; Oksanen et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0047){ref-type=\"ref\"}).", "\n\nTo identify adaptive epiloci that likely are influenced by local environmental conditions, spatial analysis method (SAM) was performed for both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* to test the relevance between allelic frequencies of epiloci and corresponding environmental parameters at sampling locations by computing multiple univariate logistic regression (Joost, Kalbermatten, & Bonin, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0034){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Correlations between six environmental factors included in pRDA and each epiloci were conducted using SAM v.1 with the initial confidence level of 0.05. ", "The input matrix included raw environmental data and methylated information for each individual. ", "To ensure the robustness of SAM, two statistical tests including likelihood ratio G and Wald, which assess the significance of coefficients, were employed by the logistic regression function. ", "A model was considered to be significant only if both tests reject the corresponding null hypothesis.", "\n\nTo verify whether these environment‐related epiloci were potentially involved in local environmental response, BAYESCAN (Foll & Gaggiotti, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"}) was used for both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* to detect outliers by separating adaptive effects from neutral effects through the locus‐specific population differentiation coefficient. ", "For each locus, BAYESCAN v2.1 directly calculates *q*‐values and an outlier is detected when its *q*‐value is lower than 5%. ", "The input files (U and M datasets) were transformed as the format of dominant binary markers and tested following 10 pilot runs of 5,000 iterations with a 50,000 burn‐in and a thinning interval of 20. ", "The prior odds for the neutral model were set as 10.", "\n\n3. ", "RESULTS {#ece34504-sec-0006}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Intrapopulation methylation diversity {#ece34504-sec-0007}\n------------------------------------------\n\nWe generated 332 and 456 epiloci for *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, respectively, by combining parallel results of *Eco*RI‐*Hpa*II and *Eco*RI‐*Msp*I reactions. ", "Using the Mixed Scoring approach, 604 subepiloci including 275 u‐subepiloci and 329 m‐subepiloci for *C. robusta,* and 841 subepiloci including 395 u‐subepiloci and 446 m‐subepiloci for *C. intestinalis* were obtained by splitting the epiloci with more than one methylation type. ", "The intrapopulation methylation diversity was measured by both u‐subepiloci and m‐subepiloci for *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* (Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "For both species, the percentages of private u‐subepiloci in each population were much higher than their corresponding values of private m‐subepiloci (Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "However, the polymorphism of u‐subepiloci, which ranged from 60.36% to 81.09% in *C. robusta* populations and varied from 67.59% to 73.92% in *C. intestinalis* populations (Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}), were lower than corresponding estimators of m‐subepiloci in both *C. robusta* (79.03% to 92.40%; Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}) and *C. intestinalis* (81.39% to 94.39%; Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The values of Shannon index based on u‐subepiloci were similar among populations of *C. robusta*, ranging from 0.245 to 0.299 except for an European population BL (Blanes) where we detected a much higher value of 0.416 (Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Interestingly, Shannon index of m‐subepiloci was much higher than that of u‐subepiloci in both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* (Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "For both species, no obvious positive or negative correlations were detected between invasion time and methylation diversity at u‐ and m‐subepiloci. ", "For *C. intestinalis*, one of native populations SC (Schleimünde) showed the highest values of polymorphism and Shannon index in both U and M profiles, while methylation diversity of the other native population SL (Salzhaff) was similar to that in invasive populations (Table [4](#ece34504-tbl-0004){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nMethylation diversity for the analyzed populations of *Ciona robusta* and *C. intestinalis* based on u‐subepiloci (unmethylated loci) and m‐subepiloci (methylated loci)\n\n Population ID u‐subepiloci m‐subepiloci \n --------------------- -------------- -------------- ------- ------ ------- -------\n *C. robusta* \n  AM (Arenys de Mar) 0.70 60.72 0.245 0 82.37 0.409\n  BL (Blanes) 3.27 81.09 0.416 0.30 82.67 0.433\n  SA (Cape town) 0.36 74.55 0.280 0 80.85 0.411\n  GAP (Gampo) 4.36 61.45 0.261 3.04 92.40 0.502\n  NMF (Nelson) 2.18 60.36 0.295 0 79.03 0.425\n  Average 2.17 67.63 0.299 0.67 83.46 0.436\n *C. intestinalis* \n  HF (Halifax) 0.25 73.67 0.290 0 91.70 0.385\n  MR (Murray River) 0.76 69.87 0.254 0 88.57 0.336\n  YM (Yarmouth) 0.25 70.38 0.279 0 90.36 0.356\n  SL (Salzhaff) 2.78 67.59 0.271 0 81.39 0.339\n  SC (Schleimünde) 2.53 73.92 0.295 0.2 94.39 0.496\n  Average 1.31 71.09 0.278 0.04 89.28 0.382\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n3.2. ", "Interpopulation methylation differentiation {#ece34504-sec-0008}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nFor *C. intestinalis*, higher Φ~PT~ values in U profile than those in M profile were observed in all population pairs (Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}B). ", "Putative native populations from Europe (SL and SC) were highly and significantly differentiated from invasive populations collected from North America (HF, MR and YM) in both U (Φ~PT~ = 0.133--0.216, *p *\\<* *0.05; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}B) and M profiles (Φ~PT~ = 0.053--0.083, *p *\\<* *0.05; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}B). ", "The differentiation among three Canadian invasive populations (HF, MR & YM) was relatively low but significant in both U (Φ~PT~ = 0.018--0.069, *p *\\<* *0.05; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}B) and M profiles (Φ~PT~ = 0.010--0.023, *p *\\<* *0.05; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}B). ", "The highest methylation differentiation was detected between two adjacent European native populations SC and SL in the U profile (Φ~PT~ = 0.224, *p *\\<* *0.05; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}B), while in M profile, the highest value was found between an European native population SL and a Canadian invasive population HF (Φ~PT~ = 0.083, *p *\\<* *0.05; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}B).", "\n\n###### \n\nEstimates of population methylation differentiation in two highly invasive ascidians *Ciona robusta* (A) and *C. intestinalis* (B). ", "Above diagonal: pairwise Φ~PT~ based on m‐subepiloci, below diagonal: pairwise Φ~PT~ based on u‐subepiloci\n\n \\(A\\) AM BL SA GAP NMF\n -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------\n AM (Arenys de Mar) 0.058[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.018[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.132[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.095[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n BL (Blanes) 0.187[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.067[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.073[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.037[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n SA (Cape town) 0.047[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.163[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.124[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.078[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n GAP (Gampo) 0.274[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.262[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.220[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.085[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n NMF (Nelson) 0.262[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.154[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.184[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.194[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} \n\n \\(B\\) HF MR YM SL SC\n ------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------\n HF (Halifax) 0.023[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.010[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.083[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.058[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n MR (Murray River) 0.054[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.014[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.077[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.056[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n YM (Yarmouth) 0.018[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.069[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.076[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.053[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n SL (Salzhaff) 0.210[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.216[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.215[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.068[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n SC (Schleimünde) 0.136[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.156[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.133[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.224[a](#ece34504-note-0003){ref-type=\"fn\"} \n\n*p *\\< 0.01.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\nWhen interpopulation methylation differentiation was assessed by pairwise AMOVA, significant methylation differentiation in *C. robusta* was observed between all population pairs in both U and M profiles (*p *\\<* *0.05). ", "Interestingly, overall pairwise Φ~PT~ values in U profiles were higher than their corresponding values in M profiles (Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A). ", "The highest methylation differentiation for both U (Φ~PT~ = 0.274; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A) and M profiles (Φ~PT~ = 0.132; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A) was consistently observed between the population pair of AM (Arenys de Mar, Europe) and GAP (Gampo, Asia). ", "The more recently introduced population GAP (Gampo) was also highly differentiated from the other three earlier introduced populations in both U (Φ~PT~ = 0.194--0.274; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A) and M profiles (Φ~PT~ = 0.073--0.132; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A). ", "Intriguingly, the lowest Φ~PT~ values in both U (Φ~PT~ = 0.047; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A) and M profiles (Φ~PT~ = 0.018; Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A) were detected between a European population AM (Arenys de Mar) and an African population SA (Cape Town), two populations with a distant geographical distance.", "\n\nPrincipal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of both U and M profiles showed largely consistent results with pairwise AMOVA for *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* (Figure [3](#ece34504-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the U profile of *C. robusta*, the Asian population (GAP) was completely separated from the other populations to form a unique cluster. ", "Individuals of European population BL (Blanes) and Oceanian population NMF (Nelson) were scattered widely and slightly separated from the intermingled European (AM) and African (SA) populations (Figure [3](#ece34504-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}a). ", "In the U profile of *C. intestinalis*, PCoA of methylation distances separated introduced Canadian populations and putative native European populations. ", "The three recently introduced Canadian populations, HF (Halifax), MR (Murray River), and YM (Yarmouth), were grouped together, while the two geographically close native populations from Europe (SL and SC) were completely distinguished from each other (Figure [3](#ece34504-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ", "In the M profile, individuals were less clumped but clustered in a similar pattern as that of the U profile (Figure [3](#ece34504-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#ece34504-fig-0003}\n\nMantel tests showed significant correlation between genetic differentiation (Table [6](#ece34504-tbl-0006){ref-type=\"table\"}) with methylation differentiation (Table [5](#ece34504-tbl-0005){ref-type=\"table\"}A) in both U (*R *=* *0.700, *p *=* *0.017) and M (*R *=* *0.663, *p *=* *0.008) profiles, suggesting that genetic variation contributes to methylation variation observed in this study. ", "In the pRDA mode, four environmental factors and 15 microsatellites were screened using the forward selection method for further analyses (Tables [7](#ece34504-tbl-0007){ref-type=\"table\"} and [8](#ece34504-tbl-0008){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The partitioning of total methylation variation showed that genetic variation and environmental factors could explain 11.8% (*p *=* *0.001) and 10.5% (*p *=* *0.001), respectively, of which 8.4% could be explained by both factors (Figure [4](#ece34504-fig-0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Furthermore, 2.1% (*p *=* *0.001) and 3.4% (*p *=* *0.001) of the observed methylation variation can be solely explained by environmental factors and genetic variation, respectively (Figure [4](#ece34504-fig-0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nEstimates of population genetic differentiation (pairwise Φ~PT~) in *Ciona robusta* based on 152 microsatellites\n\n AM BL SA GAP\n ----- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------\n AM \n BL 0.027[\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} \n SA 0.030[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.047[\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} \n GAP 0.223[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.193[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.222[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} \n NMF 0.225[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.172[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.216[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.106[\\*\\*](#ece34504-note-0004){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n\n\\**p* \\< 0.05; \\*\\**p* \\< 0.01.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n###### \n\nScreening results for environmental factors by the forward selection method\n\n Variables *R* ^2^ *R* ^2^ Cum *R* ~adj~ ^2^ Cum *F* *p*‐Value\n ----------- --------- ------------- ------------------- ------- -----------\n MinS 0.060 0.060 0.052 7.256 0.001\n MinT 0.027 0.087 0.071 3.304 0.001\n MaxS 0.025 0.112 0.088 3.128 0.001\n AveS 0.024 0.137 0.105 3.095 0.001\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n###### \n\nScreening results for microsatellites by the forward selection method\n\n Variables *R* ^2^ *R* ^2^ Cum *R* ~adj~ ^2^ Cum *F* *p*‐Value\n ----------- --------- ------------- ------------------- ------- -----------\n Cin27 0.064 0.064 0.056 7.767 0.001\n Cin189 0.025 0.089 0.073 3.026 0.001\n Cin104 0.018 0.107 0.083 2.300 0.001\n Cin182 0.014 0.121 0.089 1.745 0.001\n Cin211 0.011 0.133 0.093 1.426 0.002\n Cin106 0.011 0.144 0.096 1.406 0.004\n Cin141 0.011 0.155 0.099 1.363 0.001\n Cin126 0.011 0.165 0.102 1.350 0.005\n Cin72 0.010 0.176 0.105 1.321 0.013\n Cin17 0.010 0.186 0.107 1.268 0.015\n Cin162 0.010 0.196 0.110 1.280 0.017\n Cin60 0.010 0.206 0.112 1.282 0.019\n Cin76 0.010 0.215 0.115 1.281 0.012\n Cin179 0.009 0.225 0.116 1.211 0.039\n Cin160 0.009 0.234 0.118 1.203 0.041\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n{#ece34504-fig-0004}\n\n3.3. ", "Environment‐related subepiloci {#ece34504-sec-0009}\n-----------------------------------\n\nSAM analyses detected that 24 (4.0%) and 20 (2.4%) subepiloci were correlated with at least one of the six environmental factors for *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, respectively (Table [9](#ece34504-tbl-0009){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "BAYESCAN identified six and 10 outliers for *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, respectively (Figure [5](#ece34504-fig-0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Table [9](#ece34504-tbl-0009){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Three environment‐related subepiloci in *C. robusta* and two in *C. intestinalis* were also identified as outliers in BAYESCAN (Figure [6](#ece34504-fig-0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Table [9](#ece34504-tbl-0009){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The frequencies of environment‐related subepiloci varied along with the environmental factors and showed significant difference among populations (Figure [6](#ece34504-fig-0006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "For *C. robusta*, seven subepiloci were temperature‐related, of which five were correlated with the minimum temperature. ", "We detected 20 salinity‐related subepiloci in *C. robusta*, and 85% were related to the mean minimum salinity (Table [9](#ece34504-tbl-0009){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Furthermore, seven subepiloci were related to more than one salinity parameter, and three subepiloci were associated with both temperature‐ and salinity‐related parameters. ", "For *C. intestinalis*, nine subepiloci were temperature‐related and 16 were correlated with salinity. ", "Interestingly, 15 of 16 salinity‐related epiloci in *C. intestinalis* were correlated with the mean maximum salinity, mean minimum salinity, and average salinity at the same time, and five of nine temperature‐related subepiloci were also associated with salinity (Table [9](#ece34504-tbl-0009){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nEpiloci detected by SAM and/or BAYESCAN\n\n Epiloci ID MaxT‐related MinT‐related AveT‐related MaxS‐related MinS‐related AveS‐related BAYESCAN identified\n ---------------------- ----- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ---------------------\n *Ciona robusta* \n  P1.157 u1 1 1 1 y\n  P1.227 u2 1 \n  P1.230 u3 1 1 \n  P1.286 u4 1 1 \n  P1.313 u5 1 \n  P1.341 u6 1 \n  P1.389 u7 1 \n  P2.163 u8 1 \n  P2.179 u9 1 \n  P2.197 u10 1 \n  P2.229 u11 1 \n  P2.240 u12 1 \n  P2.241 u13 1 \n  P2.308 u14 y\n  P2.322 u15 1 1 \n  P5.158 u16 1 \n  P5.296 u17 1 1 \n  P5.334 u18 y\n  P5.479 u19 1 1 1 y\n  P6.245 u20 y\n  P6.260 u21 1 \n  P6.306 u22 1 1 1 y\n  P6.313 u23 1 1 1 \n  P1.227 m1 1 \n  P1.389 m2 1 \n  P6.309 m3 1 \n  P6.367 m4 1 \n *Ciona intestinalis* \n  P1.200 u1 1 1 1 1 y\n  P1.445 u2 y\n  P2.177 u3 1 1 1 \n  P2.229 u4 1 1 1 \n  P2.265 u5 1 \n  P4.190 u6 y\n  P4.220 u7 1 \n  P4.312 u8 y\n  P4.362 u9 y\n  P4.382 u10 1 1 1 1 \n  P4.396 u11 1 1 1 \n  P5.189 u12 1 1 1 \n  P5.261 u13 1 1 1 \n  P5.300 u14 1 1 1 1 \n  P5.465 u15 y\n  P6.171 u16 1 1 \n  P6.209 u17 y\n  P6.214 u18 1 1 \n  P6.250 u19 1 1 y\n  P6.273 u20 1 1 1 \n  P6.298 u21 y\n  P6.388 u22 1 1 1 1 \n  P6.398 u23 1 1 1 \n  P6.406 u24 y\n  P1.198 m1 1 1 1 \n  P2.357 m2 1 1 1 \n  P2.410 m3 1 1 1 \n  P5.312 m4 1 1 1 \n\nEach locus is listed with ID, the association with temperature‐ and salinity‐related parameters, identified by BAYESCAN or not.", "\n\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n\n{#ece34504-fig-0005}\n\n{#ece34504-fig-0006}\n\n4. ", "DISCUSSION {#ece34504-sec-0010}\n=============\n\nIn this study, we explored the population methylation patterns of *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* at the genome level. ", "Our results revealed highly consistent patterns in both invasive species. ", "We detected a high degree of intrapopulation methylated polymorphism for both invasive species. ", "In addition, both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* showed significant population methylation differentiation and both genetic variation and varied local environments could partly explain the DNA methylation variation of *C. robusta*. ", "We identified subepiloci presumably under selection and some of them were significantly correlated with environmental factors such as temperature and/or salinity. ", "All results in our study suggest the putative contribution of DNA methylation variation to environmental response during biological invasions.", "\n\n4.1. ", "Methylation diversity within populations {#ece34504-sec-0011}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nFor *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*, a great proportion of subepiloci was polymorphic, especially for m‐subepiloci (79.03%--92.40% in *C. robusta*, 81.39%--94.39% in *C. intestinalis*). ", "The ratios of polymorphic loci were higher than those in other species, such as the tubeworm *F. enigmaticus* where only 50% of the methylation‐susceptible loci were polymorphic (Ardura et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "A study on a rare floodplain herb *Viola elatior* showed that the polymorphism among populations ranged from 22.7% to 61.8% for u‐subepiloci and varied from 30.6% to 61.8% for methylated subepiloci (Schulz, Eckstein, & Durka, [2014](#ece34504-bib-0065){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Spontaneous epi‐mutations, which generally occur as the consequence of incorrect replication of the methylation pattern, may be one important reason for the high level of methylation polymorphism, as epi‐mutation rate can be several orders of magnitude higher than that of genetic mutations (Becker et al., [", "2011](#ece34504-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"}; van der Graaf et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0074){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Hagmann et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0028){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Schmitz et al., [", "2011](#ece34504-bib-0063){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In addition, previous studies showed that *Ciona* ascidians are among the most genetically diverse animal investigated to date: The allelic polymorphism across the entire genome was 1.2% in *C. robusta* and the genomic average synonymous diversity was estimated to 0.05 per site in *C. intestinalis* (Dehal et al., [", "2002](#ece34504-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Tsagkogeorga, Cahais, & Galtier, [2012](#ece34504-bib-0073){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "The high genetic variation can cause the absence of restriction enzyme sites, resulting in the high degree of methylated polymorphism.", "\n\nThe high level of intrapopulation methylation diversity can also be seen from the high values of Shannon index. ", "Recent studies showed that environmental stresses could increase random methylation changes, leading to the high methylation divergence among individuals in the same populations (Huang et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Morán et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0046){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Richards et al., [", "2012](#ece34504-bib-0060){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In a salt‐enriched experiment of brown trout (*Salmo trutta* L.), genomewide methylation changes were triggered after feeding on salt‐enriched diets for 2 days, and the largest methylation differentiation was observed at the fourth day after treatment (Morán et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0046){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Interestingly, our recent study showed that *Ciona* ascidians could respond to rapid changing environments in the methylation profile, such as after 1 hr of high temperature exposure or after 3 hr of low salinity challenge, and environmental changes increased intrapopulation methylation variation (Huang et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Many studies clearly showed that environment‐induced DNA methylation variation was heritable, thus such a type of DNA methylation variation can be relatively steadily maintained in populations (see the review by Verhoeven et al., [", "2016](#ece34504-bib-0076){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Among *Ciona* populations collected from a broad geographical scale, multiple methylation features among populations, including the large number of population‐private epiloci, the high variation of polymorphic epiloci, and high values of Shannon index among populations, suggest that local environments may leave detectable methylation signatures at the whole genome level, particularly under the circumstance that *Ciona* species geographically spread less than one century ago (Zhan et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0081){ref-type=\"ref\"}).", "\n\n4.2. ", "Remarkable methylation differentiation among populations {#ece34504-sec-0012}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn our study, significant population methylation differentiation was found among populations for both *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis*. ", "The remarkable methylation differentiation can be influenced by various factors, including genetic background, spontaneous epi‐mutations, environmental induction and natural selection, and drift (Richards, [2006](#ece34504-bib-0057){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Richards et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0059){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "For *C. robusta*, our results based on pRDA indicated that part of DNA methylation variation was explained by genetic variation. ", "In addition to separate mechanisms shaping and maintaining genetic and DNA methylation variation, genetic and stable DNA methylation variation can be shaped simultaneously by the same local environmental pressures or neutral processes, leading to the correlation between genetic and methylation patterns (Preite et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0052){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In the results of pRDA, more than 85% of the observed DNA methylation variation was not explained by available environmental factors and genetic variation, suggesting that the generation and/or maintenance of DNA methylation variation are complex processes and more variables including environmental and molecular ones may participate in such complex processes. ", "More local environmental factors may influence DNA methylation variation at the population level, leading to a high degree of DNA methylation differentiation among populations collected from different environments. ", "In addition, several recent studies suggest substantial genetic impacts on DNA methylation variation (Dubin et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0020){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Roadmap Epigenetics Consortium et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0061){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "However, the contribution of genetic variation to DNA methylation variation was not as high as expected in this study. ", "Two possible reasons may explain the observed patterns here: (a) genetic information based on 152 microsatellite markers was not enough to reflect the genomewide genetic variation among populations of *C. robusta*, and (b) two methods for both genetic and methylation analyses did not capture the same set of variation in the genome. ", "These two possible reasons may result in poor correlation between detected genetic and DNA methylation variation in multiple analyses.", "\n\nDNA methylation variation, at least part of it, can be independent from genetic variation in *C. robusta*. ", "The direct evidence supporting this view comes from our pRDA analysis. ", "In addition, the lowest population genetic differentiation was observed between two European populations AM (Arenys de Mar) and BL (Blanes), but the epigenetic pairwise Φ~PT~ value of this population pair was much higher than genetic differentiation estimators in both U and M profiles. ", "Although a slight discrepancy of population genetic patterns can be detected when different markers are used to characterize genetic differentiation, the patterns of variation still appeared to be congruent among different types of markers (e.g., Maguire, Peakall, & Saenger, [2002](#ece34504-bib-0044){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "These two lines of evidence suggest that genetic component alone cannot explain the patterns observed in this study, and environmental factors played a role in shaping DNA methylation differentiation among populations.", "\n\nThe autonomous proportion of DNA methylation variation can be generated either randomly or environmentally induced, and both types can be environment‐related (van der Graaf et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0074){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Hagmann et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0028){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In a clonal fish *Chrosomus eosneogaeus*, random DNA methylation variation has been recorded in natural populations to cope with unpredictably changing environments (Leung et al., [", "2016](#ece34504-bib-0040){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Studies on *Arabidopsis thaliana* showed that the stochastic changes in environment‐related methylation could be maintained over several generations and the accumulation of DNA methylation variance finally led to differentiation among populations (van der Graaf et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0074){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Hagmann et al., [", "2015](#ece34504-bib-0028){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Schmitz et al., [", "2011](#ece34504-bib-0063){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Stress‐related methylation differentiation has been documented in experimental populations (Gao et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Huang et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Morán et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0046){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Verhoeven et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0075){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "The stability of stress‐related DNA methylation variation varied from several hours to several generations (Herman, Spencer, Donohue, & Sultan, [2014](#ece34504-bib-0030){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Huang et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "If the same advantageous phenotype arose every generation repeatedly by transient methylated modifications, such changes are expected to contribute to the interpopulation methylation differentiation in different environments (Schulz et al., [", "2014](#ece34504-bib-0065){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "The environment‐related DNA methylation variation may have an effect to maximize individual fitness to local ecological conditions. ", "Studies of three acroporid corals showed that DNA methylation variation may influence their tolerance to the thermal stress and ocean acidification (Dimond & Roberts, [2016](#ece34504-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "In wild baboons *Papio cynocephalus*, a large number of differentially methylated regions were found near metabolism‐related genes, suggesting the epigenetic regulation for catering to different resource availability (Lea et al., [", "2016](#ece34504-bib-0037){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "For invasive species, recent works showed the correlation between methylation differentiation and diverse phenotypes in different invaded habitats, suggesting the potential role of DNA methylation variation in shaping different phenotypes to respond to varied environmental stresses (Gao et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Richards et al., [", "2012](#ece34504-bib-0060){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Despite that only a small proportion of DNA methylation variation was explained solely by collected environmental factors, fitness effects of some loci may be sufficient to make *Ciona* populations adapt to local environments. ", "Our previous study also showed that a limited number of CpG loci and/or genes were involved in environmental adaptation (Huang et al., [", "2017](#ece34504-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}).", "\n\n4.3. ", "Environment‐related epiloci {#ece34504-sec-0013}\n--------------------------------\n\nWe detected that subepiloci of *C. robusta* (4.0%) and *C. intestinalis* (2.4%) significantly correlated with changes of environmental factors by SAM. ", "Similarly, 14 epiloci (4.5%) were identified to significantly correlate with ecoclimatic variables in the study of Orchids *Dactylorhiza* (Paun et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0049){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "However, the proportion of environmental‐related subepiloci in our study was much less than that in red grouse *Lagopus lagopus scotica* associated with gastrointestinal parasite load (13.6%; Wenzel & Piertney, [2014](#ece34504-bib-0079){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Likewise, 12% of polymorphic epiloci in *Spartina alterniflora* were found to be correlated with oil exposure (Robertson, Schrey, Shayter, Moss, & Richards, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0062){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "The different ratios among studies may result from the difference of stresses and degree of stresses. ", "In concert, findings in related studies indicated that environmental factors modulated the establishment and maintenance of methylation modifications to specific stress‐related genes (Paun et al., [", "2010](#ece34504-bib-0049){ref-type=\"ref\"}; Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Although epiloci related with temperature and salinity in *C. robusta* and *C. intestinalis* were identified, it was still unknown whether these environment‐related epiloci were identical in certain groups responding to temperature or salinity in this study. ", "This comparison cannot be clarified by using fragments acquired from MSAP, because fragments from different species with the same sizes may represent different sequences (Caballero et al., [", "2008](#ece34504-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}), even they are the products of the same selective primers.", "\n\nIn this study, subepiloci with significant methylation differentiation among populations were identified by BAYESCAN, which may be involved in local adaptation (Foll & Gaggiotti, [2008](#ece34504-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "The overlap at subepiloci of SAM with BAYESCAN suggests that these environment‐related subepiloci may contribute to the divergence of methylation pattern among populations. ", "This hypothesis was confirmed by another specific study in populations of *C. robusta*, where we detected the correlation between methylation patterns of key genes and environmental factors (Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "Significant correlation was observed between methylation levels and water temperature at several CpG sites in heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), while one CpG site in Na^+^‐K^+^‐2Cl^−^ cotransporter (NKCC) showed significant association with salinity (Pu & Zhan, [2017](#ece34504-bib-0054){ref-type=\"ref\"}). ", "As the technique of MSAP can only produce anonymous fragments with unknown genetic contexts, we cannot identify whether the outliers detected in these two studies play a consistent role in the process of response to environmental changes. ", "All these results demonstrated that varied local environments may have important influence on the methylation patterns in populations. ", "Therefore, we infer that DNA methylation may enhance invaders' adaptive capacity to different habitats by extending the flexibility of a genotype to respond differentially under variable environmental conditions.", "\n\n4.4. ", "Technical issues {#ece34504-sec-0014}\n---------------------\n\nMSAP is a method based on PCR amplification of selected restriction fragments, which can be affected by both methylation modifications and genetic mutations of restriction sites. ", "Therefore, MSAP data matrices inevitably include part of genetic information. ", "The ambiguous definition of type IV fragments in MSAP makes it difficult to distinguish between genetic and methylation variation. ", "Although the polymorphism level of epiloci and population methylation differentiation may be affected by the mixed genetic variation, the role of local environmental factors in shaping DNA methylation variation can still be inferred from results of pRDA and SAM analyses. ", "In order to reduce the confusion in data interpretation between type II and type III, the \"Mixing Scoring 1\" approach was used in our study to combine both type II (HPA+/MSP−) and type III (HPA−/MSP+) as methylated epiloci. ", "The use of this strategy resulted in more conservative results but some degree of loss of methylation variation among individuals. ", "As MSAP has its technical disadvantages (Schulz et al., [", "2013](#ece34504-bib-0064){ref-type=\"ref\"}), whole epigenome sequencing‐based methods are needed in future studies to obtain more accurate epigenetic information.", "\n\nAUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS {#ece34504-sec-0016}\n====================\n\nA.Z. conceived the study; P.N. and A.Z. designed the experiment. ", "P.N. conducted the experiments and analyzed the data; S.L., Y.L., W.X., and X.H. did both laboratory and field works; P.N. and A.Z. wrote the manuscript, and all authors contributed to the revisions; all authors reviewed and commented on the manuscript.", "\n\nDATA ACCESSIBILITY {#ece34504-sec-0017}\n==================\n\nAll raw MSAP data and transformed MSAP data for both species, and raw SSRs data for *C. robusta* used in this study have been deposited into Dryad (<https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.q8v97>).", "\n\nThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31622011; 31772449) to AZ, and Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Science (2018054) to SL.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nObjective C Data Caching on iOS\n\nI am pulling data from an API and then building out my data objects with it. ", " I want to cache this data for the future. ", " I have been storing the string from the api in NSUserDefaults and then re-parsing it each time the app loads. ", " This works, but it really seems like the wrong way to go about it. ", " \nHow can I do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nHave you noticed the NSCache?", "\n\nAn NSCache object is a mutable collection that stores key-value pairs, similar to an NSDictionary object. ", "The NSCache class provides a programmatic interface to adding and removing objects and setting eviction policies based on the total cost and number of objects in the cache...\n\nA:\n\nPersonally I'm quite fond of the EGOCache classes, I use them quite a lot in my projects:\nhttps://github.com/enormego/EGOCache\nThe classes are easy to use, I used to have my own classes with a similar design, but these are just more well-rounded, so I decided to stick with them (don't wanna reinvent the wheel).", "\n\nA:\n\nThere are many different solutions to this problem and there is no \"right\" way to do it. ", "A few popular options are:\n\nCore Data - Apple's framework for persistence. ", "Very performant, but more difficult.", "\nSQLite - Fast and flexible, but bare bones.", "\nPlists - Basically writing a file to disk, you have to read and write manually.", "\nNSUserDefaults - The lightest weight \"key-value\" option.", "\n\nI would encourage you to read up on all four and see which one works best for you.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Born from a curse that allows her kind to shift from human to wolf, Kalysia won the genetic lottery. ", "She is the offspring of an original, born to lead and bound by her duty to produce an heir to continue their bloodline she must leave the only life she has ever known to take part in The Lunam Ceremony. ", "This ancient ritual will solidify her place in the pack and determine who she will love for the rest of her life. ", "There’s just one problem – Kalysia doesn’t believe in love.", "\n\nThat changes when she falls into the hands of Dillan Dukes. ", "The attraction is undeniable. ", "The connection unbreakable. ", "He is everything love at first site is supposed to be, suddenly her future doesn’t look that bad.", "\n\nUnwilling to give up hope on going to college and having the life her and Dillan fantasize about outside the pack, she reluctantly takes on the role as pack leader. ", "When an unexpected proposal is made that will grant both Dillan and Kalysia their freedom she is willing to put her ego, and her heart aside, to make her dream come true.", "\n\nOne night.", "\n\nOne act of selflessness.", "\n\nFor the life she’s always dreamt about.", "\n\nOnly things are not what they seem.", "\n\nCan Kalysia and Dillan find happily ever after with the consequences of that night haunting them forever?", "\n\nWill one fateful night destroy Kalysia’s future along with the future of the pack?", "\n\nA loud boom rattles the windows in the building and I hit the floor. ", "It sounds like a bomb has gone off, but I hear laughing and the music comes back on. ", "It was just fireworks. ", "I make my way back downstairs and out the back door. ", "I’ll hide in the woods. ", "By the time the ceremony starts and Layla notices I’m missing, it will be too late to find me.", "\n\nI see Bonnie and Jessie carrying out the white garments. ", "It’s almost time. ", "I move towards the woods and I spot Cassie looking for me. ", "I flatten myself against the wall and slide across it until I reach the end of the building. ", "I round the corner and take off in a full sprint towards the woods. ", "I make it three steps and then I trip.", "\n\nThat hurt. ", "I spit dirt from my mouth as I push myself up to a sitting position. ", "I look down at my knee and hear someone laughing. ", "When I turn my head, I see Dillan Dukes leaning against the wall.", "\n\n“Slow down there, speedy,” he quips.", "\n\nIn moments like this, there is nothing you can say. ", "All you can do is laugh. ", "I burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter. ", "Dillan joins me on the ground.", "\n\n“Are you laughing with me or at me?” ", "I finally ask.", "\n\n“A little of both.” ", "His voice is deep and sexy. ", "He smells like sage and cigarettes. “", "I’m Dillan, by the way.” ", "He holds his hand out to me and I shake it.", "\n\n“I know who you are. ", "I’m Kalysia.”", "\n\n“I know who you are.” ", "He smiles and turns my hand over. “", "Don’t worry about this.” ", "He swipes his fingers across the scrapes on my palm. “", "After Lunam, you’ll be all healed.”", "\n\n“So I’ve heard,” I say as Dillan springs off the ground and helps me up.", "\n\nWe stand face to face in silence. ", "I feel his heart beating between us and suddenly something sparks inside of me. ", "This time the burning begins in my chest. ", "My breathing becomes erratic. ", "I taste his breath on my tongue, and I want to kiss him. ", "I edge forward until we are chest to chest. ", "He steps back. ", "I reach for his hand, and he pulls away.", "\n\n“Kalysia, we can’t,” he whispers into the space between us. “", "Lunam is beginning.” ", "He brushes his lips across my hand and walks away.", "\n\nAuthor Bio:\n\nNicole was born and raised in California. ", "She claims to be a San Francisco native, however she’s lived in both Northern and Southern California. ", "She credits her creativity to the fact that she attended 12 schools between kindergarten and her senior year in high school. ", "Her nomadic childhood allowed her to reinvent herself often. ", "Some might say she was a liar. ", "While others see the stories she told as a coping mechanism. ", "Twelve schools, in six cities, in twelve years – give her a break. ", "Today she channels her storytelling ability into writing novels. ", "Long story short – kids that lie become writers." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\nTorus Earth (2014) - mef\nhttp://www.aleph.se/andart/archives/2014/02/torusearth.html\n======\nchairmanwow\nWhat a fascinating premise. ", "Kudos to the author for doing such a thoughtful\nanalysis. ", "His technique for arriving at the cross-sectional shape is\nespecially interesting. ", "I would have never considered that the optimal cross-\nsectional shape to have been anything other than a circle.", "\n\nI wonder if it would be possible to orbit the ring in the axial plane, around\na single arm of the torus? ", "Or even in a lemniscate, intersecting the inner\nLagrange point?", "\n\n------\nlainon\nPrevious discussion:\n\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7182822](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7182822)\n\n------\nhawski\nIt would be great to see a simulation how it would look like from the surface.", "\nIt has a great game-world potential.", "\n\n~~~\ncronjobma\nExactly my thoughts. ", "Combine that with VR and you'd have an interesting way of\nvisualising this stuff.", "\n\n------\nSomeone\n_”There is a central unstable Lagrange point at the middle of the hole”_\n\nSo, why would Ringworld (an enormous toroidal planet with a relatively small\nsun (a sun similar to our sun, which weighs 6E24 kg, Ringworld would weigh 300\ntimes that, at 2E27 kg) at its center) be stable?", "\n\n~~~\nakkartik\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld#Errors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld#Errors)\n\n------\nalexozer\nI wonder how many millennia it will be before we can trivially terraform one\nof these from another planet for fun. ", "Just deploy a hoard of self-replicating\nautonomous robots and sit back for ten years. ", "Might need some carefully-\norchestrated nuclear detonations to increase the average gravitational\npotential, though.", "\n\n------\nmacawfish\nSo bizarre, I was just fantasizing about this possibility the other day. ", "Then\nhere is this detailed analysis that just pops right up!", "\n\n------\npgreenwood\nThe ring system of Saturn (and others) aren't a bad start.", "\n\n------\nunsignedint\nIn other word: is a 2D role playing game map feasible or not.", "\n\n~~~\ntgb\nBut there you usually have a \"flat torus\" which cannot exist in euclidean\nspace. ", "I.e. the distances between points in a PacMan style world are such that\nthe loops around the world are always the same size. ", "That's not the case for a\ntoroidal planet as in this article: the inner equator is much smaller than the\nouter one. ", "Moreover, the flat torus has zero curvature and no surface (of\nfinite extent) that lies inside our space can have zero curvature everywhere.", "\nThe argument for that is remarkably elegant: suppose you have a surface in\nspace. ", "Pick any point as an \"origin\". ", "Then since our surface is assumed to be\nfinitely large, there must be a point on it furthest from the origin. ", "But then\nthe surface at this point is tangent to a sphere centered at the origin and in\nfact must lie entirely on the inside of the sphere. ", "But then it curves at\nleast as much as the sphere and hence has positive curvature at that point.", "\n\nSo you'll never stumble across a PacMan world in all your travels across all\nthe galaxies. (", "Interestingly, PacMan's world can be embedded into a\nhypersphere sitting in 4-dimensional space.)", "\n\n~~~\nscrumper\nI thought it does have curvature (like a non-flat torus), but that curvature\nis in effect compressed into 'singularities' at the corners.", "\n\n~~~\ntgb\nIt's possible to hide curvature in singularities like that, but that's not the\nclassical \"grid with wrap-around on the top and bottom\" you see in video\ngames. ", "In particular, there's nothing \"special\" about the corners - you can\nstill go up/down/left/right at them. ", "In essence, you could recenter the grid\naround any point without changing anything so the corners only _look_ special\nbut aren't.", "\n\nThe torus actually needs total curvature 0 (the beautiful Gauss-Bonnet theorem\nsays this and is true even for a torus that _cannot_ fit in 3 dimensional\nspace), which means you'd need some \"singularities\" with negative curvature\nand some with positive curvature to cancel out. ", "But clearly all the corners in\nthe torus are the same! ", "So there's no way to hide the right curvature in them.", "\n\n~~~\nscrumper\nAha yes I see. ", "I needed to think more carefully about total curvature. ", "I have\nbeen doing a bit more reading on this, really a fascinating area. ", "Thanks for\nthe pointers.", "\n\n------\njlebrech\nand those who live on there would have a head start on knowing the shape of\ntheir planet, well those on the inside at least would.", "\n\n------\nmangecoeur\nFascinating, and great to imagine that given the sheer number of start in the\nknown universe, there is a chance that somewhere out there such a thing exists\nright now.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "Long-term electroencephalographic monitoring for diagnosis and management of seizures.", "\nLong-term electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring is the process of recording an EEG for a prolonged period in order to document epileptic seizures or other episodic disturbances of neurologic function. ", "Indications for long-term EEG monitoring include diagnosis of a seizure disorder (epilepsy), classification of seizure types in patients with epilepsy, and localization of the epileptogenic region of the brain. ", "Methods used for long-term EEG monitoring include prolonged analog or digital EEG, prolonged analog or digital ambulatory EEG, and prolonged analog or digital video-EEG monitoring with telemetry. ", "Each of these methods has distinct advantages and disadvantages, particularly relative to storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data. ", "Long-term EEG monitoring is useful in the management of patients with epilepsy and in the diagnosis of a seizure disorder. ", "For most patients, inpatient long-term EEG monitoring is best performed in a specialized epilepsy-monitoring unit, which can provide a safe environment and both educational and psychosocial support. ", "The choice of the most appropriate method of long-term monitoring for a specific clinical situation is best made by an epileptologist or a neurologist at an epilepsy center." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0.004739336492890996, 0.015306122448979591, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.005025125628140704, 0 ]

[ "/*\n * This file is part of the TrinityCore Project. ", "See AUTHORS file for Copyright information\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it\n * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the\n * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your\n * option) any later version.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT\n * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "See the GNU General Public License for\n * more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along\n * with this program. ", "If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n */\n\n/* ScriptData\nSDName: Boss_the_black_stalker\nSD%Complete: 95\nSDComment: Timers may be incorrect\nSDCategory: Coilfang Resevoir, Underbog\nEndScriptData */\n\n#include \"ScriptMgr.h\"\n#include \"ObjectAccessor.h\"\n#include \"ScriptedCreature.h\"\n#include \"the_underbog.h\"\n\nenum Spells\n{\n SPELL_LEVITATE = 31704,\n SPELL_SUSPENSION = 31719,\n SPELL_LEVITATION_PULSE = 31701,\n SPELL_MAGNETIC_PULL = 31705,\n SPELL_CHAIN_LIGHTNING = 31717,\n SPELL_STATIC_CHARGE = 31715,\n SPELL_SUMMON_SPORE_STRIDER = 38755\n};\n\nenum CreatureIdS\n{\n ENTRY_SPORE_STRIDER = 22299\n};\n\nclass boss_the_black_stalker : public CreatureScript\n{\npublic:\n boss_the_black_stalker() : CreatureScript(\"boss_the_black_stalker\") { }\n\n CreatureAI* GetAI(Creature* creature) const override\n {\n return GetTheUnderbogAI<boss_the_black_stalkerAI>(creature);\n }\n\n struct boss_the_black_stalkerAI : public ScriptedAI\n {\n boss_the_black_stalkerAI(Creature* creature) : ScriptedAI(creature), Striders(creature)\n {\n Initialize();\n InAir = false;\n }\n\n void Initialize()\n {\n Levitate_Timer = 12000;\n ChainLightning_Timer = 6000;\n StaticCharge_Timer = 10000;\n SporeStriders_Timer = 10000 + rand32() % 5000;\n check_Timer = 5000;\n LevitatedTarget.", "Clear();\n LevitatedTarget_Timer = 0;\n }\n\n uint32 SporeStriders_Timer;\n uint32 Levitate_Timer;\n uint32 ChainLightning_Timer;\n uint32 StaticCharge_Timer;\n ObjectGuid LevitatedTarget;\n uint32 LevitatedTarget_Timer;\n bool InAir;\n uint32 check_Timer;\n SummonList Striders;\n\n void Reset() override\n {\n Initialize();\n Striders.", "DespawnAll();\n }\n\n void EnterCombat(Unit* /*who*/) override { }\n\n void JustSummoned(Creature* summon) override\n {\n if (summon && summon->GetEntry() == ENTRY_SPORE_STRIDER)\n {\n Striders.", "Summon(summon);\n if (Unit* target = SelectTarget(SELECT_TARGET_RANDOM, 1))\n summon->AI()->AttackStart(target);\n else\n if (me->GetVictim())\n summon->AI()->AttackStart(me->GetVictim());\n }\n }\n\n void JustDied(Unit* /*killer*/) override\n {\n Striders.", "DespawnAll();\n }\n\n void UpdateAI(uint32 diff) override\n {\n if (!", "UpdateVictim())\n return;\n\n // Evade if too far\n if (check_Timer <= diff)\n {\n float x, y, z, o;\n me->GetHomePosition(x, y, z, o);\n if (!", "me->IsWithinDist3d(x, y, z, 60))\n {\n EnterEvadeMode();\n return;\n }\n check_Timer = 1000;\n } else check_Timer -= diff;\n\n // Spore Striders\n if (IsHeroic() && SporeStriders_Timer <= diff)\n {\n DoCast(me, SPELL_SUMMON_SPORE_STRIDER);\n SporeStriders_Timer = 10000 + rand32() % 5000;\n } else SporeStriders_Timer -= diff;\n\n // Levitate\n if (!", "LevitatedTarget.", "IsEmpty())\n {\n if (LevitatedTarget_Timer <= diff)\n {\n if (Unit* target = ObjectAccessor::GetUnit(*me, LevitatedTarget))\n {\n if (!", "target->HasAura(SPELL_LEVITATE))\n {\n LevitatedTarget.", "Clear();\n return;\n }\n if (InAir)\n {\n target->AddAura(SPELL_SUSPENSION, target);\n LevitatedTarget.", "Clear();\n }\n else\n {\n target->CastSpell(target, SPELL_MAGNETIC_PULL, true);\n InAir = true;\n LevitatedTarget_Timer = 1500;\n }\n }\n else\n LevitatedTarget.", "Clear();\n } else LevitatedTarget_Timer -= diff;\n }\n if (Levitate_Timer <= diff)\n {\n if (Unit* target = SelectTarget(SELECT_TARGET_RANDOM, 1))\n {\n DoCast(target, SPELL_LEVITATE);\n LevitatedTarget = target->GetGUID();\n LevitatedTarget_Timer = 2000;\n InAir = false;\n }\n Levitate_Timer = 12000 + rand32() % 3000;\n } else Levitate_Timer -= diff;\n\n // Chain Lightning\n if (ChainLightning_Timer <= diff)\n {\n if (Unit* target = SelectTarget(SELECT_TARGET_RANDOM, 0))\n DoCast(target, SPELL_CHAIN_LIGHTNING);\n ChainLightning_Timer = 7000;\n } else ChainLightning_Timer -= diff;\n\n // Static Charge\n if (StaticCharge_Timer <= diff)\n {\n if (Unit* target = SelectTarget(SELECT_TARGET_RANDOM, 0, 30, true))\n DoCast(target, SPELL_STATIC_CHARGE);\n StaticCharge_Timer = 10000;\n } else StaticCharge_Timer -= diff;\n\n DoMeleeAttackIfReady();\n }\n };\n\n};\n\nvoid AddSC_boss_the_black_stalker()\n{\n new boss_the_black_stalker();\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\n// +build aix darwin dragonfly freebsd linux netbsd openbsd solaris\n\npackage unix\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"sort\"\n\t\"sync\"\n\t\"syscall\"\n\t\"unsafe\"\n)\n\nvar (\n\tStdin = 0\n\tStdout = 1\n\tStderr = 2\n)\n\n// Do the interface allocations only once for common\n// Errno values.", "\nvar (\n\terrEAGAIN error = syscall.", "EAGAIN\n\terrEINVAL error = syscall.", "EINVAL\n\terrENOENT error = syscall.", "ENOENT\n)\n\nvar (\n\tsignalNameMapOnce sync.", "Once\n\tsignalNameMap map[string]syscall.", "Signal\n)\n\n// errnoErr returns common boxed Errno values, to prevent\n// allocations at runtime.", "\nfunc errnoErr(e syscall.", "Errno) error {\n\tswitch e {\n\tcase 0:\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase EAGAIN:\n\t\treturn errEAGAIN\n\tcase EINVAL:\n\t\treturn errEINVAL\n\tcase ENOENT:\n\t\treturn errENOENT\n\t}\n\treturn e\n}\n\n// ErrnoName returns the error name for error number e.\nfunc ErrnoName(e syscall.", "Errno) string {\n\ti := sort.", "Search(len(errorList), func(i int) bool {\n\t\treturn errorList[i].num >= e\n\t})\n\tif i < len(errorList) && errorList[i].num == e {\n\t\treturn errorList[i].name\n\t}\n\treturn \"\"\n}\n\n// SignalName returns the signal name for signal number s.\nfunc SignalName(s syscall.", "Signal) string {\n\ti := sort.", "Search(len(signalList), func(i int) bool {\n\t\treturn signalList[i].num >= s\n\t})\n\tif i < len(signalList) && signalList[i].num == s {\n\t\treturn signalList[i].name\n\t}\n\treturn \"\"\n}\n\n// SignalNum returns the syscall.", "Signal for signal named s,\n// or 0 if a signal with such name is not found.", "\n// The signal name should start with \"SIG\".", "\nfunc SignalNum(s string) syscall.", "Signal {\n\tsignalNameMapOnce.", "Do(func() {\n\t\tsignalNameMap = make(map[string]syscall.", "Signal)\n\t\tfor _, signal := range signalList {\n\t\t\tsignalNameMap[signal.name] = signal.num\n\t\t}\n\t})\n\treturn signalNameMap[s]\n}\n\n// clen returns the index of the first NULL byte in n or len(n) if n contains no NULL byte.", "\nfunc clen(n []byte) int {\n\ti := bytes.", "IndexByte(n, 0)\n\tif i == -1 {\n\t\ti = len(n)\n\t}\n\treturn i\n}\n\n// Mmap manager, for use by operating system-specific implementations.", "\n\ntype mmapper struct {\n\tsync.", "Mutex\n\tactive map[*byte][]byte // active mappings; key is last byte in mapping\n\tmmap func(addr, length uintptr, prot, flags, fd int, offset int64) (uintptr, error)\n\tmunmap func(addr uintptr, length uintptr) error\n}\n\nfunc (m *mmapper) Mmap(fd int, offset int64, length int, prot int, flags int) (data []byte, err error) {\n\tif length <= 0 {\n\t\treturn nil, EINVAL\n\t}\n\n\t// Map the requested memory.", "\n\taddr, errno := m.mmap(0, uintptr(length), prot, flags, fd, offset)\n\tif errno !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, errno\n\t}\n\n\t// Slice memory layout\n\tvar sl = struct {\n\t\taddr uintptr\n\t\tlen int\n\t\tcap int\n\t}{addr, length, length}\n\n\t// Use unsafe to turn sl into a []byte.", "\n\tb := *(*[]byte)(unsafe.", "Pointer(&sl))\n\n\t// Register mapping in m and return it.", "\n\tp := &b[cap(b)-1]\n\tm.Lock()\n\tdefer m.Unlock()\n\tm.active[p] = b\n\treturn b, nil\n}\n\nfunc (m *mmapper) Munmap(data []byte) (err error) {\n\tif len(data) == 0 || len(data) !", "= cap(data) {\n\t\treturn EINVAL\n\t}\n\n\t// Find the base of the mapping.", "\n\tp := &data[cap(data)-1]\n\tm.Lock()\n\tdefer m.Unlock()\n\tb := m.active[p]\n\tif b == nil || &b[0] !", "= &data[0] {\n\t\treturn EINVAL\n\t}\n\n\t// Unmap the memory and update m.\n\tif errno := m.munmap(uintptr(unsafe.", "Pointer(&b[0])), uintptr(len(b))); errno !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn errno\n\t}\n\tdelete(m.active, p)\n\treturn nil\n}\n\nfunc Read(fd int, p []byte) (n int, err error) {\n\tn, err = read(fd, p)\n\tif raceenabled {\n\t\tif n > 0 {\n\t\t\traceWriteRange(unsafe.", "Pointer(&p[0]), n)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif err == nil {\n\t\t\traceAcquire(unsafe.", "Pointer(&ioSync))\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\nfunc Write(fd int, p []byte) (n int, err error) {\n\tif raceenabled {\n\t\traceReleaseMerge(unsafe.", "Pointer(&ioSync))\n\t}\n\tn, err = write(fd, p)\n\tif raceenabled && n > 0 {\n\t\traceReadRange(unsafe.", "Pointer(&p[0]), n)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// For testing: clients can set this flag to force\n// creation of IPv6 sockets to return EAFNOSUPPORT.", "\nvar SocketDisableIPv6 bool\n\n// Sockaddr represents a socket address.", "\ntype Sockaddr interface {\n\tsockaddr() (ptr unsafe.", "Pointer, len _Socklen, err error) // lowercase; only we can define Sockaddrs\n}\n\n// SockaddrInet4 implements the Sockaddr interface for AF_INET type sockets.", "\ntype SockaddrInet4 struct {\n\tPort int\n\tAddr [4]byte\n\traw RawSockaddrInet4\n}\n\n// SockaddrInet6 implements the Sockaddr interface for AF_INET6 type sockets.", "\ntype SockaddrInet6 struct {\n\tPort int\n\tZoneId uint32\n\tAddr [16]byte\n\traw RawSockaddrInet6\n}\n\n// SockaddrUnix implements the Sockaddr interface for AF_UNIX type sockets.", "\ntype SockaddrUnix struct {\n\tName string\n\traw RawSockaddrUnix\n}\n\nfunc Bind(fd int, sa Sockaddr) (err error) {\n\tptr, n, err := sa.sockaddr()\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\treturn bind(fd, ptr, n)\n}\n\nfunc Connect(fd int, sa Sockaddr) (err error) {\n\tptr, n, err := sa.sockaddr()\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\treturn connect(fd, ptr, n)\n}\n\nfunc Getpeername(fd int) (sa Sockaddr, err error) {\n\tvar rsa RawSockaddrAny\n\tvar len _Socklen = SizeofSockaddrAny\n\tif err = getpeername(fd, &rsa, &len); err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn anyToSockaddr(fd, &rsa)\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptByte(fd, level, opt int) (value byte, err error) {\n\tvar n byte\n\tvallen := _Socklen(1)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), &vallen)\n\treturn n, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptInt(fd, level, opt int) (value int, err error) {\n\tvar n int32\n\tvallen := _Socklen(4)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), &vallen)\n\treturn int(n), err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptInet4Addr(fd, level, opt int) (value [4]byte, err error) {\n\tvallen := _Socklen(4)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value[0]), &vallen)\n\treturn value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptIPMreq(fd, level, opt int) (*IPMreq, error) {\n\tvar value IPMreq\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPMreq)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptIPv6Mreq(fd, level, opt int) (*IPv6Mreq, error) {\n\tvar value IPv6Mreq\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPv6Mreq)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptIPv6MTUInfo(fd, level, opt int) (*IPv6MTUInfo, error) {\n\tvar value IPv6MTUInfo\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPv6MTUInfo)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptICMPv6Filter(fd, level, opt int) (*ICMPv6Filter, error) {\n\tvar value ICMPv6Filter\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofICMPv6Filter)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptLinger(fd, level, opt int) (*Linger, error) {\n\tvar linger Linger\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofLinger)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&linger), &vallen)\n\treturn &linger, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptTimeval(fd, level, opt int) (*Timeval, error) {\n\tvar tv Timeval\n\tvallen := _Socklen(unsafe.", "Sizeof(tv))\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&tv), &vallen)\n\treturn &tv, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptUint64(fd, level, opt int) (value uint64, err error) {\n\tvar n uint64\n\tvallen := _Socklen(8)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), &vallen)\n\treturn n, err\n}\n\nfunc Recvfrom(fd int, p []byte, flags int) (n int, from Sockaddr, err error) {\n\tvar rsa RawSockaddrAny\n\tvar len _Socklen = SizeofSockaddrAny\n\tif n, err = recvfrom(fd, p, flags, &rsa, &len); err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tif rsa.", "Addr.", "Family !", "= AF_UNSPEC {\n\t\tfrom, err = anyToSockaddr(fd, &rsa)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\nfunc Sendto(fd int, p []byte, flags int, to Sockaddr) (err error) {\n\tptr, n, err := to.sockaddr()\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\treturn sendto(fd, p, flags, ptr, n)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptByte(fd, level, opt int, value byte) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), 1)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptInt(fd, level, opt int, value int) (err error) {\n\tvar n = int32(value)\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), 4)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptInet4Addr(fd, level, opt int, value [4]byte) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value[0]), 4)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptIPMreq(fd, level, opt int, mreq *IPMreq) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(mreq), SizeofIPMreq)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptIPv6Mreq(fd, level, opt int, mreq *IPv6Mreq) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(mreq), SizeofIPv6Mreq)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptICMPv6Filter(fd, level, opt int, filter *ICMPv6Filter) error {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(filter), SizeofICMPv6Filter)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptLinger(fd, level, opt int, l *Linger) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(l), SizeofLinger)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptString(fd, level, opt int, s string) (err error) {\n\tvar p unsafe.", "Pointer\n\tif len(s) > 0 {\n\t\tp = unsafe.", "Pointer(&[]byte(s)[0])\n\t}\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, p, uintptr(len(s)))\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptTimeval(fd, level, opt int, tv *Timeval) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(tv), unsafe.", "Sizeof(*tv))\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptUint64(fd, level, opt int, value uint64) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), 8)\n}\n\nfunc Socket(domain, typ, proto int) (fd int, err error) {\n\tif domain == AF_INET6 && SocketDisableIPv6 {\n\t\treturn -1, EAFNOSUPPORT\n\t}\n\tfd, err = socket(domain, typ, proto)\n\treturn\n}\n\nfunc Socketpair(domain, typ, proto int) (fd [2]int, err error) {\n\tvar fdx [2]int32\n\terr = socketpair(domain, typ, proto, &fdx)\n\tif err == nil {\n\t\tfd[0] = int(fdx[0])\n\t\tfd[1] = int(fdx[1])\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\nvar ioSync int64\n\nfunc CloseOnExec(fd int) { fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) }\n\nfunc SetNonblock(fd int, nonblocking bool) (err error) {\n\tflag, err := fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\tif nonblocking {\n\t\tflag |= O_NONBLOCK\n\t} else {\n\t\tflag &= ^O_NONBLOCK\n\t}\n\t_, err = fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flag)\n\treturn err\n}\n\n// Exec calls execve(2), which replaces the calling executable in the process\n// tree. ", "argv0 should be the full path to an executable (\"/bin/ls\") and the\n// executable name should also be the first argument in argv ([\"ls\", \"-l\"]).", "\n// envv are the environment variables that should be passed to the new\n// process ([\"USER=go\", \"PWD=/tmp\"]).", "\nfunc Exec(argv0 string, argv []string, envv []string) error {\n\treturn syscall.", "Exec(argv0, argv, envv)\n}\n\n// Lutimes sets the access and modification times tv on path. ", "If path refers to\n// a symlink, it is not dereferenced and the timestamps are set on the symlink.", "\n// If tv is nil, the access and modification times are set to the current time.", "\n// Otherwise tv must contain exactly 2 elements, with access time as the first\n// element and modification time as the second element.", "\nfunc Lutimes(path string, tv []Timeval) error {\n\tif tv == nil {\n\t\treturn UtimesNanoAt(AT_FDCWD, path, nil, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)\n\t}\n\tif len(tv) !", "= 2 {\n\t\treturn EINVAL\n\t}\n\tts := []Timespec{\n\t\tNsecToTimespec(TimevalToNsec(tv[0])),\n\t\tNsecToTimespec(TimevalToNsec(tv[1])),\n\t}\n\treturn UtimesNanoAt(AT_FDCWD, path, ts, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "A new study discovers that when one does things to purposely shun or banish others, they actually end up being equally distressed by the experience.", "\n\n“In real life and in academic studies, we tend to focus on the harm done to victims in cases of social aggression,” said co-author Dr. Richard Ryan, professor of clinical and social psychology at the University of Rochester. “", "This study shows that when people bend to pressure to exclude others, they also pay a steep personal cost. ", "Their distress is different from the person excluded, but no less intense.”", "\n\nInvestigators wanted to learn the source of the distress among the perpetrators. ", "They discovered that complying with instructions to exclude another person leads most people to feel shame and guilt, along with a diminished sense of autonomy, said graduate student and co-autor Nicole Legate.", "\n\nThe results also showed that inflicting social pain makes people feel less connected to others.", "\n\n“We are social animals at heart,” said Legate. “", "We typically are empathetic and avoid harming others unless we feel threatened.”", "\n\nThe findings, published in the journal Psychological Science, point to the hidden price of going along with demands to exclude individuals based on social stigmas, such as being gay. ", "The study also provides insight into the harm to both parties in cases of social bullying.", "\n\nTo capture the dual dynamics of social rejection, the researchers turned to Cyberball, an online game developed to study ostracism.", "\n\nTo play the game, each participant tossed a ball with two other “players.” ", "Then, the participant is led to believe that the other players are controlled by real people from offsite computers.", "\n\nIn fact, the virtual players are part of the experiment and are pre-programmed to either play fair (share the ball equally) or play mean (exclude one player after initially sharing the ball twice).", "\n\nThe researchers randomly assigned 152 undergraduates to one of four game scenarios.", "\n\nIn the “ostracizer” group, one of the virtual players was programmed to exclude the other virtual player and the study participant was instructed to exclude the same player. ", "In a second set-up, the tables were turned.", "\n\nThis time the pre-programmed players froze out the study participant. ", "The study participant, who read instructions to throw the ball to other players, was left empty-handed for most of the game, watching the ball pass back and forth, unable to join in.", "\n\nBefore and following the online game, participants completed the same 20-item survey to assess their mood as well as their sense of autonomy, competence and relatedness.", "\n\nInvestigators say the study findings were consistent with earlier research on ostracism — that being shunned, even by faceless strangers in a computer game — was upsetting and lowered participant’s mood.", "\n\n“Although there are no visible scars, ostracism has been shown to activate the same neural pathways as physical pain,” said Ryan. ", "But complying with instructions to exclude others was equally disheartening, the data shows, albeit for different reasons.", "\n\nThis study suggests that the psychological costs of rejecting others is linked primarily to the thwarting of autonomy and relatedness.", "\n\nStudy authors believe this finding supports the theory of self-determination, which asserts that people across cultures have basic human needs for independence, competence, and relatedness and meeting these hard-wired needs leads to greater happiness and psychological growth.", "\n\nThe researchers also tested the separate effects of simply following instructions that did not involve ostracizing others.", "\n\nStudents directed to toss the ball equally to all players reported feeling less freedom than the “neutral” group that was allowed to play the game as they choose. ", "However, neither of these latter groups experienced the distress evidenced by players who complied in excluding others.", "\n\nThese new experiments build on the classic psychological theory that suggests people are willing to inflict pain on others when instructed to by an authority. ", "As in prior studies, only a small number of the participants in this current research refused to snub the other player.", "\n\nThe authors suggest that future investigations could explore the differences between individuals who comply with and those who defy pressure to harm others.", "\n\nSource: University of Rochester\n\nBeing Mean to Others Can Backfire" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "The arrival of 4,255 TEU m/v CPO Baltimore on Saturday July 15th marked a special occasion for Cagliari International Container Terminal, with the Sardinian hub welcoming the arrival of the first ever ship operated by Chinese COSCO Shipping Line.", "\n\nM/v CPO Baltimore is deployed in the jointly run NET/EMX, the latter only recently adding Cagliari to its port rotation, and now enabling CICT to have further connections with the East Med, and North European ports.", "\n\nThe crew, under the orders of Captain Marek Stanislaw Strzelka, was presented with the traditional crest by CICT planner Maurizio Defrassu, pictured together with Chief Officer Lukasz Michalski." ]

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[ "Hillary Clinton has agreed to attend the swearing-in ceremony of her Republican opponent President-elect Trump later this month, following widespread speculation that she and former President Bill Clinton would skip the inaugural activities.", "\n\nAides to the defeated Democratic presidential hopeful and ex-president told multiple outlets on Tuesday that both will be in attendance for Trump's inauguration on Jan. 20. ", "The report came less than an hour after former President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura, announced that they both plan to attend the ceremony.", "\n\nClinton suffered a bruising defeat in the November election that few saw coming and has kept a low profile, with the exception of previously scheduled public speaking engagements, since delivering her concession speech on Nov. 9. ", "The former secretary of state and her husband maintained a personal relationship with the president-elect and incoming first lady Melania Trump in the years leading up to 2016, though their friendship quickly dismantled over the course of the election cycle. ", "Trump and Clinton exchanged sharp barbs during their one-on-one debates and sought to paint each other as corrupt and unfit to serve as commander-in-chief.", "\n\nIn the two months since Trump's victory, Clinton backed vote recounts in a trio of battleground states she lost and urged intelligence officials to brief electors on Russia's cyberactivity ahead of the Electoral College vote on Dec. 19.", "\n\nThe Clintons' decision to attend the inauguration leaves George H.W. Bush as the only living ex-president who has yet to confirm his participation in the upcoming inaugural activities." ]

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[ "Stem cells (SCs) have been widely characterized as precursors that self-replicate with the ability to give rise to one or more cell types, known as potency. ", "Stem cells can be hierarchically classified as unipotent, multipotent, pluripotent and totipotent. ", "Unipotent stem cells can produce only one cell type (e.g. neurons), whereas multipotent ones can differentiate into several cell types (e.g. hematopoietic stem cells, HSCs). ", "An embryonic stem cell (ESC), derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the embryo is pluripotent as it can differentiate into cells of three germ layers, but not into trophoblastic cells, whereas the zygote is totipotent as it produces cells of embryonic as well as extra-embryonic tissue. ", "On the other hand, SCs also can be isolated from a variety of adult tissues sources such as bone marrow, skin, adipose tissues and many more. ", "However, these sources pose limitations which include lack of starting material, invasive procurement procedures, tedious processing techniques and most importantly, limited proliferative capacity due to their adult origin.", "\nAnother source originating from extra-embryonic tissue is Wharton's jelly (WJ) of human umbilical cord which has gained popularity due to its non-controversial source and abundance in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) population from its raw starting material as disclosed by McGuirk and Weiss, in Placenta, vol. ", "32, pages S304-10 (2011). ", "Further, WJ-MSCs share many properties with adult mesenchymal stem cells originated from bone marrow (BM-MSCs), but are generally considered as a more primitive population than the latter. ", "In fact, while they possess several characteristics of ESCs, they do not form teratomas upon transplantation and their research does not raise ethical or legal issues. ", "All these features open attractive perspectives for the propagation and engineering of WJ-MSCs for cell-based therapies.", "\nIn addition, they are also relatively easy to harvest and to process as compared to bone marrow or embryonic origin prior to ex vivo expansion as testified by C. C. Yang et al, in Plos One, vol. ", "3, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003336 (2008). ", "Another advantage of this source is that these cells have high proliferation rates, wide multi-potency, hypo-immunogenicity, do not induce tumorigenesis and have anti-tumor properties as claimed by C. Y. Fong et al, in Stem Cell Reviews, vol. ", "7, pages 1 to 16 (2011).", "\nThe potential of WJ-MSC was comprehensively investigated in which exposure towards exogeneous growth factors has shown to contribute to the formation of pre-chodrocytes cells as described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,919,702 by Purchio et al. ", "Further work to obtain enriched osteoprogenitor cells from Wharton's Jelly was conducted by Davies et al., ", "in their U.S. Patent application 2005/0148074. ", "Recently, Majumdar in WO2012131618 A1 has described the method of obtaining pooled WJ-MSCs for the purpose of producing an off-the-shelf product. ", "This was meant to serve as allogeneic MSC product for therapeutics application in large scale. ", "Though the idea is noteworthy, it should also be noted that genetic variability among donors is a confounding factor that requires serious attention.", "\nThough the allogeneic MSC that are being used in the transplantation have been thoroughly checked for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers, any variation especially in terms of genetic that may occur during the course of transplantation would be very difficult to identify and subsequently control. ", "In addition, having a pooled cell culture has another disadvantage as it might contribute to graft versus host disease in certain recipients thus requiring rigorous follow-up sessions which would be unnecessary if the cells were to have propagated from a single donor. ", "On the other hand, among the benefits of using cells isolated from single donor are reduced disease transmission, reduced alloimmunization and superior function and storage characteristics.", "\nTaking into consideration of all these hurdles, the present disclosure relates to a composition comprising of large scale expansion of WJ-MSC from a single donor for the purpose of allogeneic transplantation." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Using a recently developed analytical procedure, we determine the rate of magnetic reconnection in the “standard\" model of eruptive solar flares. ", "During the late phase, the neutral line is located near the lower tip of the reconnection current sheet, and the upper region of the current sheet is bifurcated into a pair of Petschek-type shocks. ", "Despite the presence of these shocks, the reconnection rate remains slow if the resistivity is uniform and the flow is laminar. ", "Fast reconnection is achieved only if there is some additional mechanism that can shorten the length of the diffusion region at the neutral line. ", "Observations of plasma flows by the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) on [*Hinode*]{} imply that the diffusion region is in fact quite short. ", "Two possible mechanisms for reducing the length of the diffusion region are localized resistivity and MHD turbulence.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Terry G. Forbes'\n- 'Daniel B. Seaton'\n- 'Katharine K. Reeves'\ntitle: 'Reconnection in the Post-Impulsive Phase of Solar Flares'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nAlthough most models of eruptive flares incorporate magnetic reconnection, they often do so in an ad hoc way. ", "For example, the analytical loss-of-equilibrium model of @lin00 and @reeves05 assumes that reconnection occurs at a neutral point located at the center of a post-eruption current sheet. ", "The model also assumes that the plasma flows into this current sheet at a constant Alfvén Mach number whose value is treated as a free parameter. ", "Even in numerical models, a realistic prescription of the reconnection process is often lacking because of inadequate numerical resolution of the current sheets in which reconnection occurs [@matthaeus81]. ", "Recently, we developed an analytical theory that predicts the reconnection rate and the location of the neutral point in both symmetric [@forbes13] and asymmetric configurations [@baty14]. ", "Quantitative comparisons with two-dimensional, resistive MHD simulations show that the theory successfully predicts the reconnection rate and the location of the neutral point to an accuracy of 5 to 10% as long as the simulation is carried out in the laminar regime [@baty14]. ", "Here we use this theory to replace the ad-hoc assumptions of @lin00 and @reeves05 with a prescription of the reconnection process that is physics based.", "\n\nThe analytic theory that we use predicts that Sweet-Parker reconnection [@parker57] occurs when the plasma resistivity is uniform and the magnetic field is symmetric [@forbes13]. ", "This kind of reconnection is too slow to account for the rapid energy release in flares unless the resistivity of the plasma in the corona is many orders of magnitude higher than expected [@priest02]. ", "However, if the resistivity is not uniform, or the field is not symmetric, then our theory predicts that Petschek-type reconnection [@petschek64] may occur. ", "Pairs of slow-mode shocks emanating outward from a diffusion region are a key feature of this kind of reconnection. ", "Whether the reconnection is fast or not depends upon the length of the diffusion region relative to the global scale of the erupting magnetic field. ", "In this paper we assume for simplicity that the resistivity is uniform. ", "Thus, any slow shocks that occur are due to the asymmetry of the magnetic field. ", "In the eruptive flare model that we consider the asymmetry is caused by the decrease of the coronal magnetic field with radial distance. ", "This decrease creates a vertical current sheet whose field is strong near the solar surface but weak at high altitude as shown in Figure 1. ", "This configuration is sometimes referred to as the “standard” model for the gradual phase of solar flares [@janvier14].", "\n\nThe magnetic field, ${\\bf B}$, in Figure 1 is prescribed by $$B_{y} + iB_{x} = {2 i A_{0} \\lambda (h^2 + \\lambda^2) \\sqrt{(z^2 + p^2) (z^2 + q^2)} \\over \\pi (z^2 - \\lambda^2) (z^2 + h^2) \\sqrt{(\\lambda^2+p^2) (\\lambda^2+q^2) }} \\; {\\mbox{\\rm for}} \\; |z-ih| \\geq r ,$$ where $z = x + iy$. Here $A_{0}$ is the magnitude of the vector potential at the origin, $\\lambda$ is the half-distance between the field sources at $y = 0$, $h$ is the height of the flux rope, $p$ is the height of the lower tip of the current sheet, and $q$ is the height of the upper tip. ", "The formula for the corresponding vector potential, ${\\bf A}(z)$ can be found in @reeves05. ", "Inside the flux rope ($|z-ih| < r$) the field is prescribed by a force-free solution due to @parker74. ", "The flux rope current, $I$, is related to $h$, $p$, and $q$ by $$I = {c \\lambda A_{0} \\over 2 \\pi h} {\\sqrt{(h^2-p^2) (h^2-q^2)} \\over \\sqrt{(\\lambda^2 + p^2) (\\lambda^2+q^2)}} ,$$ where $c$ is the speed of light. ", "Expression (2) comes from the requirement that the magnetic field at the tips of the current sheet be zero [@lin00].", "\n\nThe analytical theory we use also predicts the location of the magnetic neutral point within the current sheet. ", "In the absence of an imposed symmetry, predicting the location of the neutral point from theory is just as challenging as predicting the rate of reconnection. ", "Previously, @reeves05 assumed that the neutral point was located in the center of the flare current sheet, but, as we will show, this assumption is not valid because of the asymmetry introduced by the decrease of the solar magnetic field with height.", "\n\nIn the next section, we present the analytical theory that we use to describe the reconnection process in the post-eruption current sheet. ", "Then in section 3, we apply this theory to the loss-of-equilibrium model previously considered by @lin00 and @reeves05. ", "In section 4 we discuss the observational significance of our results, and then, in section 5 we present our conclusions.", "\n\nReconnection Rate and Location\n==============================\n\nTo incorporate the physics of the reconnection process into the eruptive flare model we use a method that simplifies the reconnection problem by averaging the resistive-MHD equations over the reconnection current sheet [@forbes13; @baty14]. ", "The idea of averaging the equations in this way was first considered by @vasyliunas75 over 40 years ago for an incompressible plasma, and 10 years later by @titov85a for a compressible one (see also @somov92). ", "Both of these previous studies obtained steady-state solutions for the field and flow within the current sheet, but it has only recently become evident that most of these solutions are structurally unstable and, therefore, unphysical [@forbes13]. ", "These unstable solutions contain an essential singularity at the stagnation point between the two reconnection-outflow jets. ", "However, in some circumstances solutions may exist that do not contain such a singularity. ", "These nonsingular solutions are structurally stable, and physically obtainable. ", "Typically what is required for the existence of such solutions is a spatial nonuniformity of some sort. ", "The nonuniformity may occur in the electrical resistivity of the plasma or in the external magnetic field outside the current sheet. ", "In the few cases where the analytical solutions have been compared with resistive MHD simulations, the discrepancies between the two range from 5% to 14% [@baty14].", "\n\nAlthough the general method for calculating the reconnection rate and location allows for a time-dependent magnetic field [@forbes13], a time-dependent analysis is not needed if we restrict our attention to the post-impulsive phase of the eruption. ", "As shown in Appendix A, time-dependent effects near the neutral point are negligible a few Alfvén time scales after the onset of the eruption. ", "The primary reason why the reconnection process becomes steady is that its rate and location are controlled by the geometry of the magnetic field just above the flare loops. ", "These loops change very slowly in time during the post-impulsive phase, so the reconnection process is quasi-steady during this period.", "\n\nFor a quasi-steady configuration the flow velocity, $V$, averaged across the thickness of the reconnection current sheet satisfies the differential equation [@titov85a; @titov85b; @somov92; @seaton09; @baty14]: $$I_{B} {\\partial V \\over \\partial y} + { V \\over B_{a}(y)} = {B_{a}(y) \\over 4 \\pi \\rho_{a} V} \\left(1-I_{B} { \\partial B_{a}(y) \\over \\partial y} {\\rho_{a} \\over \\rho}\\right) - {\\alpha B_{a}^2(y) \\over B_{asp}^3 I_{B} \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}} \\; {\\eta \\over \\eta_{sp}} \\; {\\rho \\over \\rho_{a}},$$ where $y$ is the coordinate along the length of the current sheet, $\\rho$ is the average density within the current sheet, $\\rho_{a}$ is the ambient density outside the current sheet, $\\eta$ is the magnetic diffusivity, and $\\eta_{sp}$ is the diffusivity at the location $y_{sp}$ of the stagnation point of $V$. The magnetic diffusivity, $\\eta$, is related to the electrical resistivity, $\\eta_{e}$, by $\\eta = \\eta_{e} c^2/4\\pi$ [@priest14]. ", "In general $\\eta$ may be a function of space, time, or any of the plasma variables. ", "Here we assume it is uniform, so $\\eta / \\eta_{sp} = 1$. $B_{a}(y)$ is the exterior component of the magnetic field parallel to the current sheet and just outside it. ", "In other words the $y$-component of the magnetic field at the location $x = a$ in Figure 1. ", "$B_{asp}$ is the value of $B_{a}(y)$ at $y_{sp}$. The functional form of $B_{a}(y)$ is initially determined using an external field model for an infinitely thin, static current sheet (e.g. @green65 [@syrovatskii71]). ", "If needed, $B_{a}(y)$ can be iterated to produce a more accurate expression once a solution for $V(y)$ is obtained (see Appendix A in @forbes13).", "\n\nThe parameter $\\alpha$ is defined by $$\\alpha = {\\eta_{sp} \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}} \\over M_{Asp}^2 B_{asp}} ,$$ where $M_{Asp}$ is the Alfvén Mach number of the inflowing plasma at $x = a$, $y = y_{sp}$, immediately upstream of the current sheet at the location of the stagnation point (cf. ", "Figure 1). ", "The parameter $\\alpha$ corresponds to the half-length of the diffusion region in the incompressible reconnection theory of Sweet and Parker [@parker57]. ", "Although our analysis here is compressible, $\\alpha$ still provides a reasonable estimate of the length scale, so we will refer to it as the diffusion-region-length scale. ", "However, it should be kept in mind that the actual length of the diffusion region depends weakly on several parameters such as the plasma beta and the functional form of $B_{a}$. The reconnection rate, $M_{Asp}$, is expressed in terms of $\\alpha$ as $$M_{Asp} = \\sqrt{{\\eta_{sp} \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}} \\over \\alpha B_{asp}}} .$$\n\nThe density, $\\rho$, of the plasma in the current sheet is given by $$\\rho = {\\gamma (B_{a}^2(y) + \\beta B_{0}^2) / (\\gamma - 1)\\over \\gamma \\beta B_{0}^2 / (\\gamma-1) - 4 \\pi \\rho_{a} V^2 + 2 J_{B} / I_{B}} \\; \\rho_{a} ,$$ where $\\gamma$ is the ratio of specific heats (i.e. 5/3), $\\beta = 8 \\pi p_{a} / B_{0}^2$ is the upstream plasma beta of the inflow region, and $B_{0} = A_{0} / \\lambda$, is the average of the vertical magnetic field at $y = 0$ from $x = 0$ to $\\lambda$. Finally, the functions $I_{B}$ and $J_{B}$ are defined as $$\\begin{aligned}\nI_{B}(y, y_{sp}) = \\int^y_{y_{sp}} {dy' \\over B_{a}(y')}, \\; \\; {\\mbox{\\rm and }} \\; J_{B}(y, y_{sp}) = \\int^y_{y_{sp}} B_{a}(y')dy' . ", "\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe corresponding solutions for the current-sheet thickness, $a(y)$, and the transverse field, $b(y)$, within the current sheet are given by the auxiliary equations: $$a(y) = {\\rho_{a} \\over \\rho V} {M_{Asp} B_{asp}^2 \\over \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}} I_{B} ,$$ and $$b(y) = {M_{Asp} B_{asp}^2 \\over V \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}} - {B_{a}(y) \\; \\eta \\over V a} .$$ The current density averaged across the sheet is $j = c B_{a}(y) / (4 \\pi a)$.\n\nSeveral assumptions are made in obtaining Equation (3) as follows:\n\n1. ", " The inflow Alfvén Mach number, $M_{Asp}$, is assumed to be much less than one. ", "This assumption allows the MHD equations to be expanded in terms of the small parameter $M_{Asp}$ (see @erkaev02 [@forbes13]). ", "Quantities like $a$, $u_{a}$, and $b$ are then of order $M_{Asp}$, and terms that are of second order or higher are neglected.", "\n\n2. ", " The external flow, $V_{a}$, parallel to the current sheet, is assumed to be negligible (i.e. of order $M_{Asp}$ or smaller). ", "This particular assumption is valid for Sweet-Parker and Petschek reconnection, but not necessarily for other types of reconnection such as flux pile up [@priest86].", "\n\n3. ", " The quantities $\\rho$, $V$, and $b$ are assumed to be nearly uniform in $x$ within the current sheet. ", "This assumption allows averages of a product, like $\\rho V$, to be expressed as a product of the individual averages of $\\rho$ and $V$.\n\n4. ", " The variation of quantities in the direction of the outflow is assumed to be relatively smooth so that gradient operator, $\\partial / \\partial y$, is of zero order in the expansion parameter, $M_{Asp}$.\n\n5. ", " The parallel magnetic field, $B_{y}$, within the current sheet is assumed to be of order $M_{Asp}$ or smaller.", "\n\n6. ", " The flow is assumed to be laminar and stable. ", "As we will discuss in Section 4, this assumption holds as long as the Lundquist number is less than $\\approx 10^4$.\n\n7. ", " The energy equation used to derive Equation (3) does not include losses due to thermal conduction or radiation.", "\n\nAlthough the present analysis neglects thermal conduction, we expect it to be important within the current sheet. ", "Thermal conduction drains thermal energy out of the sheet, which both cools and slows the plasma [@somov00; @seaton09]. ", "A numerical simulation by @yokoyama96 found that the reconnection rate increases only by about 20% when thermal conduction is added. ", "The lack of any dramatic change in the reconnection rate may be due to the fact that a nonuniform resistivity of fixed length was used to control the length of the diffusion region in their simulation. ", "We would expect that if a temperature-dependent resistivity model had been used instead, then thermal conduction would have had a major effect on the rate of reconnection.", "\n\nA comparison of the analytical solutions with resistive-MHD simulations shows that one of the larger sources of error is due to assumption 3. ", "In low beta plasmas there are density variations across the width of the current sheet that generate errors on the order of 5% to 10% in the reconnection rate and on the order of 3% in the location of the stagnation point [@baty14]. ", "A detailed derivation of Equation (3), as well as additional discussion of the assumptions used to obtain it, can be found in @seaton09, @forbes13, and @baty14.", "\n\nEquation (3) together with Equation (6) constitutes a first order differential equation for the outflow velocity, $V$. It is similar to the MHD nozzle equation that is often used to model astrophysical jets, except that it includes resistivity. ", "In the limit that $\\beta \\rightarrow \\infty$, the equation reduces to the one first derived by @vasyliunas75 for an incompressible plasma. ", "The constant of integration associated with Equation (3) is determined by the requirement that the solution contain a stagnation point (see @forbes13). ", "Once this condition is imposed, the integration constant is fixed, and Equation (3) yields a solution for $V$ in terms of the unknown constants $y_{sp}$ and $\\alpha$. Solutions of this type can be found in @titov85b, @somov87, and @somov92.", "\n\nWhat has not been realized until quite recently is that most solutions of Equation (3) are unphysical because they contain an essential singularity at the stagnation point. ", "In the time-dependent system, the singular solutions are structurally unstable and rapidly collapse [@forbes13]. ", "Most solutions are unstable, but stable solutions (i.e. nonsingular ones) may exist for special values of $y_{sp}$ and $\\alpha$. Nonsingular solutions typically occur when there is a nonuniformity of some sort in the system, for example, a nonuniform resistivity or a nonuniform $B_{a}$. The nonuniformity must be such that it generates a transverse field component, $b$. When the length scale of the nonuniformity is less than the length of current sheet, a Petschek-type configuration, with slow-mode shocks, appears [@forbes13].", "\n\nBecause the @reeves05 model assumes the gas pressure in the background corona is negligible, we set $\\beta = 0$ in Equation (6). (", "Recall that $\\beta$ is the ratio of the gas to magnetic pressure in the inflow region upstream of the current sheet.) ", "Also setting $\\gamma = 5/3$, we obtain $$\\rho = {5 B_{a}^2(y) \\over 4 J_{B}/I_{B} - 8 \\pi \\rho_{a} V^2}\\; \\rho_{a} ,$$ for the density within the current sheet. ", "To separate the nonsingular solutions from the singular ones, we expand $V$ and $B_{a}$ in power series centered on the stagnation point, $y_{sp}$: $$\\begin{aligned}\nV(y) = \\sum^\\infty_{n=1} {V_{n} (y-y_{sp})^n}, \\; \\; {\\mbox{\\rm and }} \\; B_{a}(y) = \\sum^\\infty_{n=0} B_{an}(y-y_{sp})^n . ", "\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Substitution of these series into Equations (3) to (6) with $\\beta = 0$ yields the first three terms: $$V_{1} = 4 B_{a0}/(5 \\alpha \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}) = 4B_{asp}/(5 \\alpha \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}) ,$$ $$V_{2} = -66 B_{a1}/(25 \\alpha \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}) ,$$ $$V_{3} = (-96 B_{a0}^2 + 462 \\alpha^2 B_{a1}^2 - 256 \\alpha^2 B_{a0} B_{a2})/(75 B_{a0} \\alpha^3 \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}) .$$ Requiring the series for $V$ to converge eliminates the singular solutions. ", "If the series converges, then $V$ is analytic at $y_{sp}$, and it can be approximated by a partial sum consisting of the first few terms of the series.", "\n\nA necessary condition for such convergence is that the coefficients for $V$ tend to zero as $n$ tends to infinity. ", "That is $$\\lim_{n \\to \\infty} V_{n} = 0 .$$ By contrast, singular solutions have coefficients that tend to infinity as $n \\rightarrow \\infty$ (see Appendix B of @forbes13). ", "If the series converges, the values of $\\alpha$ and $y_{sp}$ can be approximately determined by imposing the conditions that $V_{2m+1} = 0$ and $V_{2m} = 0$ where $m \\geq 1$. The first condition is for the odd terms and the second for the even ones. ", "In configurations where the exterior field model is symmetric (e.g. the @green65 and @syrovatskii71 models), only the first condition is needed since all the even terms in the series for $V$ will be zero. ", "The approximate values become increasingly more accurate as $m$ increases. ", "The lowest order approximation for the location of the stagnation point and the reconnection rate is obtained by setting $V_{2}$ and $V_{3}$ to zero. ", "The equation $V_{2} = 0$ immediately leads to\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\nB_{a1} = 0 \\nonumber ,\\end{aligned}$$\n\nor equivalently, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\frac{dB_{a}}{dy}\\Bigr|_{{y_{sp}}} = 0,\\end{aligned}$$ which means that $y_{sp}$ is approximately located at the pinch point, $y_{pp}$. The pinch point is defined as the location where $B_{a}(y)$ has a maximum, that is where $dB_{a}(y)/dy = 0$ and $d^2B_{a}(y)/dy^2 < 0$. At the pinch point the external magnetic field lines bow inward as shown in Figure 1b. ", "Thus, to lowest approximation, the stagnation point of the flow is located close to where one expects a neutral point to form, that is: $$y_{sp} \\approx y_{pp} .$$ Consequently, setting $V_{3}$ to zero yields $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha \\approx \\sqrt{-3B_{a0}/(8 B_{a2})} \\nonumber,\\end{aligned}$$ or, in terms of derivatives $$\\alpha \\approx \\sqrt{-3B_{app}/(4 B_{app}'')} ,$$ where $B_{app}''$ is the second derivative of $B_{a}$ evaluated at $y_{pp}$. Since $B_{app} > 0$, we see that a stable solution exists only if $B_{app}'' < 0$. This condition is always satisfied for the flare model current sheet. ", "Furthermore, we see that to lowest order the scale-length associated with the second derivative of $B_{a}$ at $y_{pp}$ determines the size of $\\alpha$.\n\nFrom Equation (1) the field, $B_{a}$, immediately exterior to the positive side ($x > 0$) of the current sheet in the Reeves & Forbes flare model is $$B_{a}(y) = \\lim_{x \\to 0} B_{y}(x,y) = {2 A_{0} \\lambda (h^2 + \\lambda^2) \\sqrt{(y^2 - p^2) (q^2 - y^2)} \\over \\pi (y^2 + \\lambda^2) (h^2 - y^2) \\sqrt{(\\lambda^2+p^2) (\\lambda^2+q^2) }} ,$$ where $p < y < q$. We now use this expression to evaluate the coefficients in Equations (11) and (12) for the two different cases shown in Figure 2. ", "The first case ($t = 14$) corresponds to a time early in the evolution of the flare model, and the second corresponds to a later time ($t = 40$). ", "For both cases the constant $\\lambda$ is $0.9695 \\lambda_{0}$ where $\\lambda_{0}$ is the length scale used to normalize quantities in the flare model (see Section 3). ", "For $t = 14$, $p = 0.280 \\lambda_{0}$, $q = 0.788 \\lambda_{0}$, $h = 2.461 \\lambda_{0}$. While for $t = 40$, $p = 1.213 \\lambda_{0}$, $q = 6.966 \\lambda_{0}$, $h = 16.612 \\lambda_{0}$. (The time is normalized with respect to the time scale, $t_{0}$, used in the flare model discussed in Section 3). ", "The top panels of Figure 2 show $B_{a}$ as function of $y$ for the two sets of parameters. ", "At the early time the length, $q - p$, of the current sheet is shorter than the distance $2 \\lambda_{0}$ between the photospheric source regions of the field, but at the later times it is significantly greater than this distance.", "\n\nTable 1 shows the values of $y_{sp}$ and $\\alpha$ that are obtained for different levels of approximation. ", "The top line of values are derived from Equations (14) and (16). ", "Subsequent values are obtained by setting the odd and even pairs of high-order coefficients to zero in the series expansion of $V$. For the early time ($t = 14$) the values of $y_{sp}$ and $\\alpha$ rapidly converge and are accurate to five significant figures when $n = 8$. However, for the late time ($t = 40$) the values of $y_{sp}$ and $\\alpha$ converge more slowly, reaching an accuracy of five significant figures only when $n = 13$. The slower rate of convergence is due to the greater asymmetry of the magnetic field in the current sheet.", "\n\nAlthough the values of $y_{sp}$ and $\\alpha$ in Table 1 are given to 5 significant figures, this does not mean that we have determined the reconnection rate and location to this degree of accuracy. ", "The one-dimensional nozzle equations are highly idealized, and they are unlikely to be accurate to more than 5% [@schreier82; @baty14]. ", "Therefore, we use a level of approximation that is consistent with the overall accuracy of the equations, namely the values obtained using $V_{3}$ & $V_{4} = 0$. Using these values we obtain the velocity curves shown in Figure 2. ", "The top two panels of Figure 3 show the solution for thickness, $a$, and the density, $\\rho$, of the current sheet for $t = 40$. These curves do not extend all the way to $p$ and $q$, because the assumption that the inflow Alfvén Mach number is small starts to break down as one approaches the nulls of $B_{a}$ at $p$ and $q$. The criterion used to define the location at which the expansion breaks down is $|da/dy| = 1/2$. If the slope of $a(y)$ becomes too steep, then the assumption that variations parallel to the current sheet are small compared to those across it, no longer holds.", "\n\n[rcccc]{} $V_{2} \\; \\& \\; V_{3} = 0$ & 0.55204 & 0.20909 & 1.93045 & 0.97722\\\n$V_{3} \\; \\& \\; V_{4} = 0$ & 0.55614 & 0.20841 & 1.76995 & 0.70734\\\n$V_{4} \\; \\& \\; V_{5} = 0$ & 0.55562 & 0.20047 & 1.76331 & 0.70938\\\n$V_{5} \\; \\& \\; V_{6} = 0$ & 0.55572 & 0.20045 & 1.76149 & 0.70296\\\n$V_{6} \\; \\& \\; V_{7} = 0$ & 0.55573 & 0.20055 & 1.76150 & 0.70162\\\n$V_{7} \\; \\& \\; V_{8} = 0$ & 0.55572 & 0.20055 & 1.76152 & 0.70244\\\n$V_{8} \\; \\& \\; V_{9} = 0$ & 0.55572 & 0.20055 & 1.76160 & 0.70254\\\n$V_{9} \\; \\& \\; V_{10} = 0$ & 0.55572 & 0.20055 & 1.76159 & 0.70257\\\n$V_{10} \\; \\& \\; V_{11} = 0$ & 0.55572 & 0.20055 & 1.76162 & 0.70262\\\n$V_{11} \\; \\& \\; V_{12} = 0$ & 0.55572 & 0.20055 & 1.76163 & 0.70261\\\n$V_{12} \\; \\& \\; V_{13} = 0$ & 0.55572 & 0.20055 & 1.76163 & 0.70260\\\n\nAlso shown in Figure 2 is the location of the stagnation point (vertical red line) and the diffusion region (salmon colored region). ", "The diffusion region is defined as the location where the diffusive electric field $\\eta B_{a}(y)/a(y)c$ is greater than the advective electric field $Vb/c$. The region where the reverse is true is defined as the advection region. ", "This region is shaded blue in Figure 2. ", "In the advection region the current sheet is bifurcated into slow-mode, Petschek-type shocks.", "\n\nAt $t = 14$, the current sheet consists almost entirely of the diffusion region. ", "Only near the tips of the sheet, where the current density approaches zero, does advection start to become significant. ", "However, this region is also where the expansion used to obtain the analytical solution breaks down. ", "Numerical simulations show that advection does dominate over diffusion at the tips of the current sheet, but the Petschek-type shocks are no longer present. ", "At the tips the outflowing plasma rapidly slows and spreads out into a larger region.", "\n\nSince the field is nearly symmetric at $t = 14$, the outflow is also symmetric despite the fact that the downward directed jet encounters the solar surface, while the upward jet does not. ", "In general the blockage of the outflow from the lower jet causes most of the plasma flowing into the current sheet to be deflected upwards so that the downward jet is suppressed [@forbes86; @murphy10; @murphy12]. ", "However, if the inflow has a plasma $\\beta \\ll 1$, the flow becomes supermagnetosonic with respect to the fast mode-wave speed. ", "In this case the downward jet is not suppressed. ", "Instead, it is terminated by a fast-mode shock, and the flow within the current sheet remains symmetric [@forbes86; @takasao15; @zenitani15]. ", "The bottom panel of Figure 3 shows the fast-mode Mach number, $M_{fm}$, of the outflow as function of $y$. The flow is supermagnetosonic in the regions where $M_{fm} > 1$. For Petschek reconnection with an inflow plasma of zero $\\beta$, the predicted value of $M_{fm}$ is $[2/(\\gamma-1)]^{1/2}$ [@soward82; @forbes86]. ", "For $\\gamma = 5/3$ this gives $M_{fm} = 3^{1/2} \\approx 1.73$, which is close to the maximum value in Figure 3.", "\n\nAt $t = 40$ the configuration of the fields and flows is noticeably asymmetric. ", "Most of the current sheet lies above the stagnation point, and there is an extended region of slow-mode shocks above the upper tip of the diffusion region. ", "The diffusion region itself is distributed asymmetrically around the stagnation point, although its overall length is still of order $2\\alpha$, the diffusion region scale length. ", "Note also that the stagnation point, $y_{sp}$, lies slightly below the pinch point, $y_{pp}$ (i.e. the maximum of $B_{a}(y)$) and the neutral point, $y_{np}$, (i.e. $b = 0$) lies below the stagnation point (cf. ", "@murphy12).", "\n\nWe gain further insight into the behavior of the system by considering the analytical solutions obtained by substituting the model expression for $B_{a}$ into Equations (14) and (16). ", "Because the solution of Equation (14) for the stagnation point leads to a complicated cube root, we make an additional simplifying approximation, namely that $h$ is large compared to both $\\lambda$ and $y$ (i.e. $h \\rightarrow \\infty$). ", "In which case: $$B_{a}(y) \\approx { 2 A_{0} \\lambda \\sqrt{(y^2-p^2) (q^2-y^2)}\\over \\pi (y^2 + \\lambda^2) \\sqrt{(\\lambda^2 + p^2) (\\lambda^2 + q^2)}}.$$ This expression provides a good approximation for $B_{a}$ in the vicinity of the lower portion of the current sheet, especially at late times. ", "With this approximation we obtain: $$y_{sp} \\approx \\sqrt{p^2\\lambda^2 + q^2 \\lambda^2 + 2p^2q^2 \\over 2\\lambda^2 + p^2 + q^2},$$ for the location of the stagnation point and $$\\alpha \\approx {\\sqrt{3} \\; (\\lambda^2 + p^2) (\\lambda^2+q^2) (q^2-p^2) \\over \\sqrt{4(2\\lambda^2 + p^2 + q^2)^3 (\\lambda^2 q^2 + 2q^2p^2 + \\lambda^2p^2)}},$$ for the length scale of the diffusion region.", "\n\nIf the current sheet is short enough, the decrease of the external field $B_{a}(y)$ with height becomes negligible. ", "For such a configuration the field and flow is symmetric relative to the midpoint of the sheet, and $B_{a}(y)$ should correspond to the Green-Syrovatskii model which is of the form $B_{a}(y) = k \\sqrt{L^2-y^2}$, where $k$ is a constant and $L$ is the half-length of the current sheet [@green65; @syrovatskii71]. ", "When $q-p \\ll p$ this condition is met, and Equation (18) reduces to $$B_{a}(y) \\approx {4 A_{0} \\lambda p \\sqrt{L^2-y_{*}^2} \\over \\pi (\\lambda^2 + p^2)^2},$$ where $L = (q-p)/2$ and $y^* = y-y_{sp}$. For this field $$y_{sp} \\approx (q+p)/2,$$ corresponding to the midpoint of the current sheet, and $$\\alpha \\approx \\sqrt{3} \\; L/2 \\approx \\sqrt{3} \\; (q-p)/4,$$ which indicates that the diffusion region extends nearly the entire length of the current sheet. ", "The requirement that $q-p \\ll p$ means that the current sheet has to be much shorter than the height, $p$, in order for the reconnection to be of the symmetric, Sweet-Parker type. ", "Although such a short current sheet may occur during the impulsive phase, both observations [@webb03; @reeves11; @lin15] and simulations (e.g. @linker01) show that the current sheet in the post-impulsive phase is typically much longer than the height of the flare loops. ", "Therefore, we expect the falloff of the solar magnetic field with height to have a significant effect on reconnection in the post-impulsive phase.", "\n\nFor a long current sheet (i.e. $q \\rightarrow \\infty$) Equations (19) and (20) further simplify to $$y_{sp} \\approx \\sqrt{\\lambda^2 + 2p^2},$$ $$\\alpha \\approx \\sqrt{3/4}\\; (\\lambda^2 + p^2)/\\sqrt{\\lambda^2 + 2p^2}.$$ We see from Equation (24) that the altitude of the stagnation point never becomes very high. ", "When $p$ is small, the altitude is approximately $\\lambda$, the length scale of the surface magnetic field, and when $p$ is large, it is approximately $\\sqrt{2}p$, an altitude that is only slightly higher than the altitude of the flare loops. (", "In fact $\\sqrt{2}p$ overestimates the height. ", "As one can see from Table 1, the value obtained from the most accurate approximation is about 9% smaller.)", "\n\nFrom Equation (25) we also see that the diffusion region length scale, $\\alpha$, is about $0.9 \\lambda$ when $p$ is small and about $0.6 p$, when $p$ is large. ", "Thus, the length of the diffusion region predicted by this analysis is relatively large, on the order of the geometrical scale length of the field. ", "Despite the presence of the slow shocks, the reconnection rate, as prescribed by Equation (5), remains close to the Sweet-Parker rate of a current sheet whose length is on the order of $\\lambda$ or $p$, whichever is the larger. ", "Thus, the reconnection rate remains slow. ", "In order to have the fast reconnection we typically associate with Petschek reconnection, the diffusion region needs to be many times smaller than the global scale length of the field, but in our analysis the diffusion region remains large if the resistivity is uniform.", "\n\nFlare Model Dynamics\n====================\n\nIn this section we reconsider the analytical models of @reeves05 using the reconnection theory presented in the previous section. ", "This model prescribes a scenario for the evolution of the magnetic field shown in Figure 1(a). ", "This configuration develops after a loss of equilibrium is triggered by slowly pushing the source regions at $\\pm \\lambda$ together. ", "At the start of the eruption, the flux rope is located close to the solar surface, and no neutral point exists below it. ", "As the flux rope moves upward, the neutral point appears at the surface and the vertical current sheet starts to grow. ", "Reconnection of field lines within this sheet causes it to detach from the surface, so that closed magnetic loops are formed below it. ", "The length of the current sheet is determined by how fast the flux rope moves upwards and by how fast reconnection occurs.", "\n\nThe flare model parameters $h$, $q$, $p$, and $r$, shown in Figure 1, are determined as functions of time, $t$, by invoking magnetic flux conservation, total energy conservation, and force balance within the flux rope. ", "Finally, to close the system of equations a prescription is needed for the reconnection rate. ", "The two conservation laws are based on the model’s assumption that there is no injection of magnetic flux or energy during the short time scale of the eruption. ", "Conservation of flux yields the condition $$A(0, h-r) = {A_{0}\\over \\pi} \\left[ 2 \\ln {\\left(2 \\lambda_{0} \\over r_{0}\\right)} + {\\pi \\over 2} \\right] ,$$ where $A$ is the magnitude of the vector potential given by equation two in @reeves05 and equation 30 in @lin00. ", "The right-hand side of Equation (26) is a constant. ", "Setting $A(0, h - r)$ to a constant means that the magnetic field is frozen at the surface of the flux rope, so field lines cannot emerge from, or be absorbed into it. ", "To facilitate comparison with the previous publications, the right-hand side of Equation (26) is evaluated at the location $\\lambda_{0}$ where the flux-rope current, $I$, reaches a maximum during its pre-eruption evolution. ", "The maximum occurs just before the flux rope reaches the critical point, so that $\\lambda$ at the time of eruption is slightly less than $\\lambda_{0}$. The constant $r_{0}$ is the radius of the flux rope at $\\lambda = \\lambda_{0}$.\n\nConservation of energy requires $$W_{\\rm{ME}} + W_{\\rm{KE}} + W_{\\rm{TE}} = {\\left(A_{0} \\over \\pi \\right)}^2 \\; \\left[ \\ln {\\left(2 \\lambda_{0} \\over r_{0}\\right)} + {3 \\over 4} \\right],$$ where $W$ indicates energy per unit length. ", "The right-hand side of Equation (27) is the magnetic energy of the configuration per unit length at $\\lambda = \\lambda_{0}$ (see equation 15 in @reeves05). ", "$W_{\\rm{KE}}$ is the kinetic energy of the flux rope per unit length, namely $$W_{\\rm{KE}} = m_{f} \\; \\dot{h}^2 / 2,$$ where $m_{f}$ is the mass of the flux rope per unit length and $\\dot{h}$ is the flux rope velocity. ", "$W_{\\rm{TE}}$ is a measure of the energy per unit length that is available for heating the flare plasma. ", "It is defined as the Poynting flux into the current sheet integrated over time and the length of the sheet. ", "That is $$W_{\\rm{TE}} = {c \\over 2\\pi} \\int^q_{p}{\\int^t_{t_{n}} {E B_{a} \\; dt \\; dy}}.$$\n\nThe free magnetic energy, $W_{\\rm{ME}}$, is computed by calculating the work done by the flux rope during the eruption. ", "The force per unit length on the flux rope can be expressed as the sum of an internal force and an external force $${\\bf F_{B}} (h) = {1 \\over c} \\int \\! \\! ", "\\int {\\bf j_{f}} \\times {\\bf B_{f}} \\; d \\sigma + {1 \\over c} \\int \\! \\! ", "\\int {\\bf j_{f}} \\times {\\bf B_{e}} \\; d \\sigma.$$ Here $\\sigma$ is the region occupied by the flux rope, ${\\bf j_{f}}$ is the flux-rope current density, and ${\\bf B_{f}}$ and ${\\bf B_{e}}$ are the magnetic fields due to the internal current of the flux rope and the external currents outside the flux rope, respectively. ", "We assume $\\sigma$ is small enough to make the external field ${\\bf B_{e}}$ effectively uniform within the flux rope. ", "We also assume that if $\\sigma$ is sufficiently small, the internal configuration of the flux rope will remain close to an equilibrium state during the eruption. ", "With these assumptions the internal state of the flux rope satisfies the force-free field condition $${\\bf j_{f}} \\times {\\bf B_{f}} = {\\bf 0} ,$$ and the external force that accelerates the flux rope upwards is prescribed by $${\\bf F_{B}} = IB_{e}{\\bf \\; \\hat{y}}/c .$$\n\nThe free magnetic energy is, then $$W_{\\rm{ME}} = {1 \\over c} \\int^\\infty_{h} {I(h') B_{e}(h') \\; dh'},$$ where $I$ is given by Equation (2). ", "Integration of Equation (31) over the area of the flux rope leads to the condition [@isenberg93; @forbes95] $$r I \\approx r_{0}I_{0},$$ where $I_{0}$ is the current at $\\lambda = \\lambda_{0}$, when the current is at its maximum value.", "\n\nFinally, to close the system of equations we need to prescribe the electric field in the current sheet as a function of time. ", "To lowest order in the expansion, this electric field is uniform within the current sheet. ", "Using Faraday’s equation we can write it in terms of the magnitude of the vector potential as $$\\partial A_{cs} / \\partial t = -\\; cE_{cs},$$ where $A_{cs}$ and $E_{cs}$ are the values of $A$ and $E$ at $x = 0$ for $p < y < q$. The model of @reeves05 arbitrarily assumes that $$cE_{cs} = M_{A0} B_{a}^2(y_{1/2})(4\\pi \\rho_{a})^{-1/2},$$ where $y_{1/2} = (p+q)/2$ is the midpoint of the current sheet, $M_{A0}$ is the inflow Alfvén Mach number at $y_{1/2}$, and $ \\rho_{a}$ is the ambient plasma density of the corona. ", "In the Reeves & Forbes model, $M_{A0}$ is a free parameter that is constant in time and in the range between 0 and 1. ", "We now replace this ad-hoc expression with one that is based on the physical reconnection model of the previous section. ", "Replacing $M_{A0}$ by $M_{A}$ from Equation (5) and $y_{1/2}$ by $y_{sp}$, we obtain $$cE_{cs} = (\\eta/\\alpha)^{1/2} B_{a}^{3/2}(y_{sp}) (4\\pi \\rho_{a})^{-1/4},$$ where to the lowest order of approximation, $y_{sp}$ and $\\alpha$ are given by Equations (19) and (20). ", "Because the lowest order approximation leads to significant errors ($\\sim 30$ %) when the configuration is highly asymmetric, we use interpolating functions obtained by setting $V_{3}$ and $V_{4}$ to zero in place of Equations (19) and (20). ", "The improved accuracy in the calculation of $\\alpha$ and $y_{sp}$ is shown in Table 2.", "\n\nEquations (2), (26), (27), (34), and (35), together with the subsidiary Equations (28), (29), (33), and (37), determine the evolution of the flare model parameters $I$, $h$, $q$, $p$, and $r$ as functions of time. ", "To obtain a specific solution, we need to specify the magnetic diffusivity, $\\eta$. This quantity can be expressed in terms of the dimensionless Lundquist number $$\\mathrm{Lu} = V_{A\\lambda} {\\lambda_{c} \\over \\eta} = {A_{0} \\over \\pi \\eta} \\; {1 \\over \\sqrt{4 \\pi \\rho_{a}}},$$ where $V_{A\\lambda} = B_{\\lambda}/(4 \\pi \\rho_{a})$, $B_{\\lambda} = A_{0} / (\\pi \\lambda_{c})$, $\\lambda_{c}$ is $\\lambda$ at the loss of equilibrium point, and $\\rho_{a}$ is the ambient plasma density in the corona. ", "With this definition Lu is invariant during the eruption, whereas the more standard definition based on the length of the current sheet is not.", "\n\n[ccccccc]{} $\\alpha$ & 14 & 0.2006 & 0.2001 & 0.3 % & 0.2076 & 3.5 %\\\n$y_{sp}$ & 14 & 0.5557 & 0.5284 &$-4.9$ % & 0.5410 & $-2.6$ %\\\n$\\alpha$ & 40 & 0.7026 & 0.6826 & $-2.8$ % & 0.9443 & 34.4 %\\\n$y_{sp}$ & 40 & 1.7596 & 1.7171 & $-2.4$ % & 1.9131 & 8.7 %\\\n\nFigure 4 shows the trajectories obtained for $r_{0} / \\lambda_{0} = 0.1$, $\\rho_{a} / \\rho_{0} = 6.46 × 10^{-5}$, $m_{0}/(\\lambda_{0} m_{f}) = 4$, and Lu = 18517 where $m_{0}$ is the mass of the flux rope. ", "The most noticeable difference between these trajectories and the previous ones of @reeves05 is the low altitude of the stagnation point (red line). ", "At late times it lies just above the top of the flare loops rather than at the midpoint $(q + p)/2$ (dashed line). ", "The location of the neutral point is even lower, since it lies below the stagnation point (cf. ", "Figure 2). ", "The lengths in Table 2 and Figure 4 are normalized to $\\lambda_{0}$. The time in Figure 4 is normalized to a scale time based on the length, $\\lambda_{0}$, and the velocity $V_{0} = B_{0} \\rho_{0}^{-1/2} = A_{0} (\\lambda_{0} / m_{0})^{1/2}$.\n\nFigure 5 shows the corresponding reconnection rate as measured by the electric field (Figure 5a) and the inflow Alfvén Mach number (Figure 5b) at $y_{sp}$. The dashed curves show the results obtained by @reeves05 using a constant inflow Alfvén Mach number of 0.025. ", "The solid curves show the results of the new reconnection model. ", "The new model also contains a free, or loosely specified, parameter, namely Lu, so we need to be careful when comparing these two models to distinguish between the physical differences of the models and those caused by using different reconnection rates. ", "In order to do this we select a value of Lu = 18517, so that the amount of reconnected flux at the last time shown in Figure 4 (i.e. $t = 46$) is the same for both the old and new models. ", "The effect of this constraint is to force the area under the curves for $E$ to be the same. ", "The principal difference between the new model and the old one is that the inflow Alfvén Mach now varies with time. ", "$M_{A}$ is very large when the magnetic neutral point first appears at $t = 10.6$, and then drops rapidly to a nearly constant value of about 0.0315 by $t = 20$. Thus, the assumption of the previous model that $M_{A}$ is roughly constant is a reasonably good approximation during the late phase of the evolution. ", "The main deficiency of the old model is that it places the reconnection site at too high an altitude. ", "This higher position also causes the reconnection site to propagate upwards at too fast a speed. ", "In the new model the reconnection site is always located a relatively short distance above the top of the flare loops, and it propagates upward at roughly the same speed that they do.", "\n\nOne of the main goals of the previous work by Reeves & Forbes was to determine the energy output predicted by the two-dimensional model as a function of time. ", "Figures 6 and 7 show the energy and power output by the new model for the same parameters used in Figures 4 and 5. ", "The decrease in the free magnetic energy (ME) shown in Figure 6 is essentially the same as before, but the “thermal” flare energy release (TE) is about double the old one. (", "Recall that TE is the integrated Poynting flux into the current sheet.) ", "This increase is due to the fact that the reconnection site in the new model remains at low altitude rather than rocketing up to high altitudes as before. ", "The magnetic field at the lower altitude is significantly stronger than at the higher one, so the Poynting flux is now greater than before. ", "However, the percentage of this Poynting flux that is channeled downward is much smaller than before because most of the current sheet now lies above the neutral and stagnation points. ", "Even though the thermal energy has doubled, the amount of this energy channeled downward is so reduced that the net downward energy is less than half of what it was before.", "\n\nThe effect of the new model’s low altitude neutral point is shown in Figure 8. ", "At early times the percentage of power directed downward in the new model is about 60% compared to 40% for the old model, but these percentages rapidly reverse. ", "By $t = 46$ only about 15% of the thermal power is directed downward. ", "This low value significantly reduces the energy channeled into the flare ribbons, a reduction that favors the estimate by @klimchuk96 that only about one percent of the energy released by magnetic reconnection is needed to create the flare ribbons. ", "However, it should be kept in mind that the distinction between upward and downward directed energy flows becomes somewhat moot in three-dimensions. ", "In the fully three-dimensional versions of this model [@titov99; @isenberg07; @kliem12] all of the field lines remain attached to the solar surface so that distinction between up and down transfers into a distinction between the energy transferred to different regions of the solar surface.", "\n\nA key feature of the new reconnection model is the prediction of slow-mode shocks lying above the stagnation point of the flow during the post-impulsive phase. ", "A simulation by @mei12 that does in fact exhibit such shocks is shown in Figure 9. ", "At late times, when the current sheet has become quite long, an extended set of slow-mode, Petschek-type shocks are seen above the stagnation point. ", "Other simulations do not typically see these shocks because their current sheets are too short. ", "Unfortunately, quantitative comparison between the new reconnection model and the Mei et al. ", "simulation is not possible for two reasons. ", "First, the Mei et al simulation uses a density model that decreases with height, whereas the model presented in Section 2 does not. ", "Second, the simulation uses a Lundquist number on the order of $10^4$. At this value the assumption of laminar flow starts to break down. ", "For values of Lu greater than about $10^4$ the Sweet-Parker diffusion region becomes unstable to tearing [@loureiro07; @tenerani16], and by the time shown in Figure 9, numerous magnetic islands have started to form. ", "Their appearance causes the external field, $B_{a}$, to deviate markedly from the simple form given by Equation (17). ", "The formation of islands inhibits the formation of extended, slow shocks [@innocenti15]. ", "Nevertheless, the tendency for the upper set of slow shocks to form is still evident.", "\n\nAnother feature of the reconnection model of Section 2 that is supported by the @mei12 simulation is the location of the stagnation point (indicated by “$S$” in panel (b) of Figure 9). ", "Despite the presence of multiple neutral points, only a single stagnation point occurs in the current sheet. ", "The presence of a single stagnation point means there is just one upward directed jet and one downward directed jet. ", "These outflows are produced by a principal neutral point (indicated by “$PX$” in panel (b) of Figure 9 that dominates the dynamics of the current sheet. ", "The location of the stagnation point, and of the principal neutral point associated with it, are within about 20% of the location predicted by the reconnection model. ", "At the time shown in Figure 9, the top of the flare loop system is at $y = 3.7$. Based on Equation (24) we would expect $y_{sp}$ to occur at a height of about 6 in Figure 9. ", "This value is somewhat larger than the 5.0 that actually occurs in the simulation. ", "In any case it is clear that at late times the stagnation point and associated neutral point do not occur at the midpoint of the current sheet as assumed by @reeves05.", "\n\nRelevance to Observations\n=========================\n\nWithin the last ten years observations of current sheets formed in the wake of erupting solar flares have greatly improved [@ciaravella08; @lin15; @reva16; @seaton17]. ", "Within the current sheets small features are sometimes observed that move at high speeds (100 to 500 km s$^{-1}$) in a manner suggestive of reconnection outflow jets [@savage10; @kumar13; @takasao12]. ", "The true nature of the features remains unknown at the present time. ", "Some features appear to be regions of low density with a three-dimensional, loop-like geometry [@savage12], while other features appear to be regions of enhanced density that look more like magnetic islands. ", "The low density, downward moving features also generate oscillatory wakes that may be due to a Raleigh-Taylor-type instability [@guo14; @innes14].", "\n\nParticularly intriguing are the moving features observed by the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) on [*Hinode*]{} for an eruption that occurred on 2008 April 9. ", "This event, known as the “Cartwheel” event, produced an extended current-sheet like structure that lasted for many hours [@savage10]. ", "Within this structure small features could be seen moving downward at low altitudes and upwards at high altitudes as shown in Figure 10(a). ", "The movement of these features was quite rapid, ranging between 80 to 180 km s$^{-1}$, a speed that is much faster than the slow, upward motion ($< 2$ km s$^{-1}$) of the flare loop system. ", "A remarkable aspect of the features is that they are already moving at their maximum velocity the moment they are first observed. ", "The only obvious change in speed occurs in the downward moving features, which decelerate as they approach the top of the flare loop system. ", "The minor fluctuations that are seen in the position of the features with time are most likely due to observational uncertainties. ", "The upward moving features do not show any change in speed in so far as one can tell from the few observations that are available. ", "It is possible to follow some individual upward moving features from the XRT field of view into the field of view of the Large Aperture Solar Coronagraph (LASCO) on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory [@savage10; @schanche16].", "\n\nIf we assume that the features move with the plasma, then their motion implies the existence of downward and upward directed jets with nearly constant velocity within the current sheet. ", "Furthermore, the region where the jets are accelerated must be shorter than the resolution limit of the XRT. ", "For such faint, rapidly moving features this limit is on the order of $10^4$ km. ", "Evidence for a short, sub-resolution diffusion region is also implied by the observation of the trajectories in Figure 10(a) labeled “disconnection event”. ", "Here two density-enhancement features simultaneously appear very close to one another, but one moves upwards, while the other moves downwards. ", "Because of three-dimensional projection effects, it is difficult to obtain an accurate estimate of the distance between the two features when they first appear, but it is probably less than $10^4$ km.", "\n\nThe observed flow within the current sheet more closely resembles what we expect to see for Petschek reconnection rather than Sweet-Parker reconnection. ", "If the entire sheet were a simple Sweet-Parker current sheet we would expect to see flows steadily accelerating from zero at the stagnation point to something close to the ambient Alfvén speed at the tips of the current sheet. ", "Furthermore, we would expect the stagnation point to occur in the middle of the current sheet and to propagate rapidly upwards as the current sheet lengthens in time. ", "Instead we see what suggests a very small diffusion region located near the lower tip of the current sheet and just above the flare loops. ", "The apparent upward motion of the inferred diffusion region is similar to that of the flare loops themselves (cf. ", "Figure 4).", "\n\nDespite some similarities, the trajectories in Figure 10(a) do not really match the expected trajectories from the reconnection model discussed in the previous sections. ", "Although the model predicts the existence of Petschek-like shocks above the stagnation point, it predicts a rather lengthy diffusion region. ", "Below the stagnation point this diffusion region extends all the way to the lower tip of the current sheet. ", "Thus below the stagnation point, the model predicts that we should see the flow being accelerated as it moves from the stagnation point to the lower tip of the current sheet as shown in Figure 10(b). ", "An even lengthier acceleration region is predicted to occur above the stagnation point. ", "Since there is no indication of such regions in the observations, we conclude that it is unlikely that the length of the diffusion region is determined solely by the geometry of the magnetic field as the model assumes. ", "Some additional physical process is needed to create a much smaller diffusion region. ", "Two likely candidates are the existence of a nonuniform resistivity and the onset of turbulence within the current sheet. ", "First we consider the possibility of nonuniform resistivity.", "\n\nMany analytical and numerical treatments of magnetic reconnection assume that the resistivity is uniform and constant in time. ", "There is, however, no physical theory to support this assumption. ", "The assumption of uniformity is usually made for reasons of simplicity and because there is no generally accepted method for calculating the flare plasma’s resistivity. ", "Reliable resistivity formulas do exist for collisional plasmas [@spitzer62; @braginskii65], but these are unlikely to be valid in the low density, high-electric-field environment of a flare [@holman85].", "\n\nSeveral simulations have been done using hypothetical, anomalous resistivity models. ", "@ugai07 and @yokoyama01 have used anomalous resistivity models of the form $\\eta = k_{d} (V_{d} - V_{c})$ for $V_{d} > V_{c}$, and $\\eta = 0$ for $V_{d} \\leq V_{c}$. Here $V_{d} = |j / \\rho|$, is the electron drift speed, $j$ is the current density, $k_{d}$ is a constant, and $V_{c}$ is a threshold velocity for the onset of a current-driven instability. ", "Another model that has been used is $\\eta = k_{j} (j-j_{c})^2$ for $|j| > j_{c}$, and $\\eta = 0$ for $j \\leq j_{c}$. The parameter $k_{j}$ is a constant, and again $j_{c}$ is a threshold for the onset of the instability that creates the anomalous resistivity. ", "Since the parameters $k_{d}$, $k_{j}$, $V_{c}$, and $j_{c}$ are poorly known, these models do little to constrain the values of $\\eta$ that might occur in flares. ", "However, they do provide a way to localize the resistivity to a small region. ", "The value of $j$ within the flare current sheet has its maximum value close to the pinch-point, so by setting the value of $V_{c}$ or $j_{c}$ to an appropriate value, one can confine the anomalous resistivity to a small region. ", "If we were to incorporate such a mechanism into the analysis of Section 2, then the principal effect would be to shorten the length of the diffusion region without significantly changing the location of the stagnation point (cf. ", "@baty14). (", "Note that for a localized resistivity the nozzle equation we use here breaks down if the diffusion region is too short. ", "See Appendix A in @forbes13.)", "\n\nTwo-fluid MHD theory provides a different approach to enhancing resistivity in a localized region. ", "This theory includes the additional effect of the Hall term, ${\\bf j \\times B}/nec$, where $n$ is the particle density and $e$ is the electron’s charge. ", "The presence of this term can lead to rapid reconnection with an effective diffusion region whose size is on the order of the ion-inertial length [@ma96]. ", "As in the Petschek model, the current sheet outside the diffusion region is bifurcated, although here the bifurcation is due to whistler waves rather than slow-mode waves [@cassak05].", "\n\nThe importance of the Hall term and other kinetic effects for flare reconnection is difficult to assess. ", "A justification for including it is the fact that a flare’s inductive electric field is many orders of magnitude greater than the Dreicer electric field [@holman85; @qiu02]. ", "The existence of such a strong electric field means that particle collisions within the flare plasma are not frequent enough to prevent the generation of runaway electrons. ", "Consequently, kinetic effects such as the Hall term become important. ", "On the other hand, the ion-inertial length in the corona is only about 10 meters, more than six orders of magnitude smaller than the scale size of a large flare ($> 10^4$ km). ", "The small-scale structure of the Hall diffusion region with its associated whistler waves is not stable over such a large scale [@daughton06]. ", "So it seems unlikely that the large-scale current structures of flares are directly produced by micro-scale kinetic processes.", "\n\nLarge-scale, MHD turbulence is another mechanism that can localize the diffusion region. ", "Analytical studies and numerical simulations have established that the simple Sweet-Parker current sheet is unstable to magnetic tearing when the Lundquist number, $S$, exceeds $ \\sim 10^4$ [@loureiro07; @bhattacharjee09; @tenerani16]. ", "Since the inflow Alfvén Mach number, $M_{A} = S^{-1/2}$ in Sweet-Parker theory, the Sweet-Parker current sheet is unstable for any value of $M_{A}$ less than about 0.01. ", "Once instability occurs, the current sheet no longer consists of a single sheet whose narrow width restricts the plasma flow. ", "Instead, it consists of large-scale magnetic islands that permit a much greater flow of plasma through the sheet. ", "Consequently, the length of the diffusion region at the principal neutral point (cf. ", "Figure 9) is limited to a relatively short region within the current sheet, much as it is in Petschek reconnection. ", "A simulation by @shibayama15 shows localization of the diffusion region by a combination of magnetic islands and Petschek-type shocks.", "\n\nAn attractive feature of the turbulence model is that it also provides a possible explanation for why moving features are seen within the current sheet [@mckenzie13]. ", "Although the exact nature of these features is not fully understood [@schanche16], it is tempting to think they are the three-dimensional equivalents of the magnetic islands that occur in the @mei12 simulation (see also @barta08). ", "Figure 11 shows the trajectories of these islands within the current sheet. ", "The simulation trajectories close to the stagnation point at $y_{sp}$, have the expected shape for a flow that is being accelerated. ", "As the islands move out of the diffusion region, their trajectories become more linear, which is also as expected. ", "However, many of the islands do not form until the flow in which they are embedded, is outside the diffusion region. ", "Recently, @mei17 have completed a fully three-dimensional simulation of the eruptive flare model. ", "In this 3D simulation an extended set of slow shocks still forms above the diffusion region, but the islands in the lower part of the current sheet are replaced by flux tubes that extend out of the plane of Figure 9. ", "The tubes form distorted cylinders that meander within the plane of the current sheet (see figure 4 in @mei17).", "\n\nAnother mechanism that might be responsible for creating a short diffusion region is viscosity. ", "A simulation by @baty09 demonstrates that a nonuniform viscosity can create a Petschek-type configuration even when the resistivity is uniform. ", "It may be possible to incorporate such a viscosity into Equation (3), but the details of how to do this have yet to be worked out. ", "The transport of momentum by viscosity into the upstream region can create a double-layered structure because the thickness of the current layer and the outflow layer need not be the same [@craig05; @reeves10; @craig12].", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nThe analytical flare model considered in this paper contains a feedback loop between a loss-of-equilibrium mechanism and magnetic reconnection. ", "Slow evolution of magnetic sources at the solar surface causes a coronal flux rope to lose its equilibrium. ", "Once equilibrium is lost, the flux rope is ejected upwards, and a vertical current sheet forms beneath it. ", "Reconnection acts to remove the current sheet and to liberate the free magnetic energy associated with the flux rope’s current. ", "Without reconnection the flux rope cannot escape and the amount of energy liberated is on the order of 1%, or less [@forbes94]. ", "Without the loss of equilibrium a current sheet never forms, and reconnection never occurs.", "\n\nPrevious incarnations of the model (e.g. @lin00 [@reeves05]) treated the reconnection in an ad hoc manner by simply assuming that the inflow Alfvén Mach number at the midpoint of the current sheet was constant in time. ", "The constant was treated as a free parameter that could be adjusted to match observations. ", "Here we have replaced this ad hoc treatment with one that is based on physical principles. ", "These principles are distilled into the reconnection-nozzle Equation (3). ", "This equation was first derived in its incompressible form ($\\beta \\rightarrow \\infty$) by @vasyliunas75 and extended to include compressible plasmas by @titov85a [@titov85b]. ", "Although the equation has been known for sometime, only within the last few years has it been understood how to apply it to actual problems [@forbes13; @baty14].", "\n\nA significant difference between the new reconnection model and the old one is the location of the neutral point. ", "Now it is located near the lower tip of the current sheet, just above the flare loops, instead of at the sheet’s midpoint. ", "The neutral point and nearby stagnation point are located slightly below the pinch-point of the magnetic field (cf. ", "Equation 24). ", "Another important difference is that Petschek-type, slow-mode shocks appear above the neutral point during the post-impulsive phase of the eruption. ", "However, under the assumption of uniform resistivity and laminar flow, the reconnection remains slow (cf. ", "Equations 5 & 25). ", "This slowness is due to the fact that Sweet-Parker diffusion region remains large, on the order of the height of the flare loops. ", "Thus, despite the presence of slow-mode shocks, the reconnection rate is closer to the slow Sweet-Parker rate than the fast Petschek rate. ", "Our results imply that the key to obtaining fast reconnection lies in reducing the length of the diffusion region. ", "One way the reduction might be accomplished is for the resistivity to be enhanced in the region where the current density is its strongest. ", "Another way is for the diffusion region to become unstable and turbulent when its length exceeds a critical length.", "\n\nIt is possible, at least in principle, to distinguish the diffusion region from the rest of the current sheet by measuring the velocity of the outflowing plasma as function of distance. ", "Within the diffusion region plasma accelerates from zero at the stagnation point up to a maximum speed on the order of the Alfvén speed of the ambient corona. ", "In the rest of the current sheet the velocity is constant or decreases slightly as the tips are approached (Figure 2). ", "Observations of flow features within a current sheet observed by the XRT on [*Hinode*]{} show no indication of an acceleration region. ", "Flow features are already moving at a nearly their maximum velocity as soon as they are detected. ", "The only changes in speed that are observed are the deceleration of the downward directed flows as they approach the top of the flare loops (Figure 10a). ", "We infer, therefore, that the diffusion region must be smaller than the resolution limit of the XRT. ", "For these faint and fast moving features this limit is about $10^4$ km. ", "The observed flow more closely resembles that expected for Petschek-type reconnection than Sweet-Parker reconnection. ", "A similar conclusion was reached by @vrsnak09 using observations from LASCO.", "\n\nFuture improvements in X-ray and EUV telescopes might eventually make it possible to use flow measurements to differentiate between various reconnection models. ", "For example, if macro-scale turbulence is present in the current sheet, then it might be possible to see the velocity fluctuations associated with it [@mckenzie13]. ", "At the present time, only a few events exhibit features that can be tracked within flare current sheets [@cecere15; @schanche16].", "\n\nD. B. Seaton’s contributions were supported by a grant from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under grant agreement No. ", "284461 (Project eHeroes, www.eheroes.eu). ", "K. K. Reeves’ contributions were supported by NSF-SHINE grant AGS-1723425.", "\n\nApplicability of Steady-State Reconnection Equations\n====================================================\n\nAlthough the flare model discussed in Section 3 is inherently time dependent, it is possible to use steady-state equations to calculate the reconnection rate if the evolution of the field near the stagnation point is sufficiently slow. ", "We can determine a necessary condition for this requirement by employing the time-dependent reconnection analysis of @forbes13. ", "In that study the time-dependent reconnection rate is determined by a system of three differential equations. ", "One of these equations is the $y$-component of Faraday’s equation averaged across the current sheet, namely: $$\\partial a / \\partial t = u_{a} + bV/B_{a} + \\eta / a.$$ Although the analysis of @forbes13 is incompressible, the same equation holds for the time-dependent compressible system. ", "Because the reconnection rate is determined by the conditions near the stagnation point, we evaluate Equation (A1) at $y_{sp}$ to obtain: $$\\partial a_{sp} / \\partial t = u_{asp} + \\eta / a_{sp} .$$ For time-dependent effects to be completely negligible at the stagnation point, we require that $|\\partial a_{sp} / \\partial t| \\ll |u_{asp}|$, or more precisely we require that $|\\partial a_{sp} / \\partial t|$ be smaller than $|u_{asp}|$ by an order of magnitude in the expansion parameter $M_{A}$. In other words $$|(\\partial a_{sp} / \\partial t) / u_{asp}| < M_{Asp} .$$ If this condition is met, then $u_{asp} \\approx - \\eta / a_{sp}$ to first order in the expansion. ", "Therefore, the condition for a steady-state in the vicinity of the stagnation point is\n\n$$R < M_{Asp} ,$$\n\nwhere the ratio $R$ is defined as $$R = {\\partial u_{asp} \\over \\partial t} {\\eta \\over u_{asp}^3} = {\\partial (M_{Asp} B_{asp}) \\over \\partial t} \\; {\\eta \\; 4 \\pi \\rho_{a} \\over M_{Asp}^3 B_{asp}^3}.$$ Figure 12 shows $R$ and $M_{Asp}$ as functions of time for the case shown in Figure 4. ", "The shaded region shows the interval from $t = 10.56$ to $t = 11.90$ when the inequality (A4) is not satisfied and time effects are important. ", "Before 10.56, the current sheet has not yet formed. ", "After 11.90, time dependent effects are of second order in the expansion parameter $M_{A}$.\n\nAlthough the lower tip of the current sheet near $p$ can be treated as a quasi-steady structure after $t = 11.90$, the upper tip near, $q$, cannot. ", "As evident in Figure 4, $q$ moves at about half the speed of the flux rope at $h$. Depending on the choice of parameters, the speed at which $h$ moves can exceed the ambient Alfvén velocity. ", "If one evaluates Equation (A1) near $q$ instead of near $p$, the left-hand side is not small. ", "The reason that it is possible to use the steady-state equation, even though the overall current sheet is not steady, is due to the fact that the nozzle equation, whether steady-state or time-dependent, is an advective equation with the characteristic speed $V$. Information propagates outwards from the stagnation point, and no information propagates backwards from the tips towards the stagnation point [@forbes13]. ", "If the nozzle equation breaks down because of the onset of instabilities, for example, then the situation is no longer so simple.", "\n\nBárta, M., Vršnak, B., & Karlický, M. 2008, A&A, 477, 649 Baty, H., Priest, E. R., & Forbes, T. G. 2009, PhPl, 16, 060701 Baty, H., Forbes, T. G., & Priest, E. R. 2014, PhPl, 21, 112111 Bhattacharjee, A., Huang, Y. -M., Yang, H., & Rogers, B. 2009, PhPl, 16, 112102 Braginskii, S. I. 1965, Transport Processes in a Plasma, Vol. ", "1 (New York: Consultants Bureau) Cassak, P. A., Shay, M. A., & Drake, J. F. 2005, PhRvL, 95, 235002 Cécere, M., Zurbriggen, E., Costa, A., & Schneiter, M. 2015, ApJ, 807, 6 Ciaravella, A., & Raymond, J. C. 2008, ApJ, 686, 1372 Craig, I. J. D. & Litvinenko, Y .E. 2012, ApJ, 747, 16 Craig, I. J. D., Litvinenko, Y .E., & Senanayake, T. 2005, A&A, 433, 1139 Daughton, W., Scudder, J., & Karimabadi, H. 2006, PhPl, 13, 072101 Erkaev, N. V., Semenov, V. S., & Biernat, H. K. 2002, Nonlinear Processes Geophys., ", "9, 131 Forbes, T. G. 1986, ApJ, 305, 553 Forbes, T. G., & Priest, E. R. 1995, ApJ, 446, 377 Forbes, T. G., Priest, E. R., & Isenberg, P. A. 1994, SoPh, 150, 245 Forbes, T. G., Priest, E. R., Seaton, D. B., & Litvinenko, Y. E. 2013, PhPl, 20, 052902 Green, R. M. 1965, in Solar and Stellar Magnetic fields, ed. 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", "Series), 34, 136 Soward, A. M. & Priest, E. R. 1982, JPlPh, 28, 335 Spitzer, L. 1962, Physics of Fully Ionized Gases (New York: Interscience) Syrovatskii, S. I. 1971, Sov. ", "Phys. ", "JETP (Engl. ", "Transl.), ", "33, 933 Takasao, S., Asai, A., Isobe, H., & Shibata, K. 2012, ApJ, 745, L6 Takasao, S., Matsumoto, T., Nakamura, N., & Shibata, K. 2015, ApJ, 805, 112 Tenerani, A., Velli, M., Pucci, F., Landi, S., & Rappazzo, A. F. 2016, JPlPh, 82, 535820501 Titov, V. S. 1985a, Magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature solar plasma, MS Thesis: Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (in Russian) Titov, V. S. 1985b, in Physics of Solar Flares, ed. ", "B. V. Somov (Moscow: IZMIRAN), 141 Titov, V. S., & Démoulin, P. 1999, A&A, 351, 701 Ugai, M. 2007, PhPl, 14, 102904 Vasyliunas, V. M. 1975, Rev. Geophys., ", "13, 303 Vršnak, B., Poletto, G., Vujić, E., et al. ", "2009, A&A, 499, 905 Webb, D. F., Burkpile, J., Forbes, T. G., & Riley, P. 2003, JGR, 108, 1440 Yokoyama, T., & Shibata, K. 1996, in Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Atmosphere, eds. ", "R. D. Bentley and J. T. Mariska (ASP Conference Series Vol. ", "111), 274 Yokoyama, T., & Shibata, K. 2001, ApJ, 549, 1160 Zenitani, S. 2015, PhPl 22, 032114\n" ]

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[ "Never Been in Love\n\n\"Never Been in Love\" is the final single by American pop rock band Cobra Starship. ", "It features vocals from Swedish dance-pop duo Icona Pop. ", "The song was the band's first single since their 2012 single “1Nite (One Night)“. ", " \"Never Been in Love\" borrowed a prominent piano melody from Fatboy Slim's 1999 single \"Praise You\".", "\n\nComposition\n\"Never Been in Love\" is a dance pop and pop rock song that lasts for three minutes and forty two seconds. ", "The song is set in common time with a tempo of 121 beats per minute is in the key of C major, with a chord progression of C-G-D, and Bb-F-C-G in the bridge and outro.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2014 songs\nCategory:Songs written by Norman Cook\nCategory:Songs written by John Ryan (musician)\nCategory:Cobra Starship songs\nCategory:Songs written by Ricky Reed" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nEntity Framework / MVC Remove Item from Collection\n\nWhat are some ways I can delete an item from a collection? (", "I am using MVC 4 and EF.)", "\nAs an example:\npublic class Birthday\n{\n public string Name { get; set; }\n\n public virtual ICollection<Gift> Gifts { get; set; }\n}\n\npublic class Gift\n{\n public string Name { get; set; }\n\n public double Price { get; set; }\n}\n\nI'm using Editing a variable length list, ASP.NET MVC 2-style to create a dynamic list of Gifts.", "\nThe example is shows how to \"Delete\" a row. ", " This will delete the row from the page and the correct Gifts are sent to the controller.", "\nWhen I update the Birthday / Gifts everything new is updated properly, but anything deleted is still there.", "\nSo my question is what are some preferred ways to remove Gifts? ", " \nTwo ways I've thought of already:\n\nGet a Birthday from the DB and compare the Gifts removing as needed. ", " I don't love this idea because it seems heavy handed.", "\nUse WebApi / Ajax and delete the Gift from the list and the DB when the user pushes the delete link. ", "I like this better than #1 but does this put too much business logic in the presentation layer?", "\n\nI'm guessing that other people have had this similar problem and have a clever solution I haven't thought of yet.", "\nThanks in advance!", "\n\nA:\n\nMake a Gifts api controller. ", "\nLet it have a Delete method accepting an Id of whatever type your Id is.", "\nAnd do something like this in it:\npublic class GiftsController: ApiController\n{\n public void Delete(Guid Id)\n {\n var context = new MyContext();\n var giftToDelete = context.", "Gifts.", "FirstOrDefault(g=> g.Id == Id);\n if(giftToDelete !", "= null)\n {\n context.", "Gifts.", "Remove(giftToDelete);\n context.", "SaveChanges();\n }\n }\n}\n\nMake sure you make a DELETE request to this api in your JS delete function.", "\nYou may also replace the body of this method with some Service.", "DeleteGift(Id) if you're too concerned about doing things in the right place.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nc++ class typecasting operator overloading problem\n\nThese are sources that work:\nMyString.h\n#pragma once\n\nclass CMyString {\n public:\n CMyString();\n CMyString(const CMyString &rhs);\n CMyString(const char* param);\n ~CMyString();\n\n private:\n char* m_pszData;\n int m_nLength;\n\n public:\n int setString(const char* pszParam);\n const char* getString() const;\n void release();\n CMyString& operator=(const CMyString &rhs);\n operator char*() const;\n};\n\nMyString.cpp\n#include \"MyString.h\"\n#include <iostream>\n#include <cstring>\n\nCMyString::CMyString() : m_pszData(NULL), m_nLength(0) {\n}\n\nCMyString::CMyString (const CMyString &rhs) : m_pszData(NULL), m_nLength(0) {\n this->setString(rhs.getString());\n}\n\nCMyString::CMyString (const char* pszParam) : m_pszData(NULL), m_nLength(0) {\n setString(pszParam);\n}\n\nCMyString::~CMyString() {\n release();\n}\n\nint CMyString::setString(const char* pszParam) {\n release();\n if(pszParam == NULL)\n return 0;\n m_nLength = strlen(pszParam);\n if(m_nLength == 0)\n return 0;\n m_pszData = new char[m_nLength + 1];\n strncpy(m_pszData, pszParam, m_nLength);\n\n return m_nLength;\n}\n\nconst char* CMyString::getString() const {\n return m_pszData;\n}\n\nvoid CMyString::release() {\n if(m_pszData !", "= NULL)\n delete[] m_pszData;\n\n m_pszData = NULL;\n m_nLength = 0;\n}\n\nCMyString &CMyString::operator = (const CMyString &rhs) {\n if(this !", "= &rhs)\n this->setString(rhs.getString());\n\n return *this;\n}\n\nCMyString::operator char*() const { return m_pszData; }\n\nStringCtrlSample.cpp\n#include \"MyString.h\"\n#include <iostream>\nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid testFunc(const CMyString &strParam) {\n cout << strParam << endl;\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n\n CMyString strData(\"Hello\");\n cout << strData.getString() << endl;\n\n ::testFunc(strData);\n ::testFunc(CMyString(\"World\"));\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nI tried operator overloading about char*() without \"const\" keyword at MyString.h and MyString.cpp but printed error at compiling. ", "ex) operator char*();\nCan someone explain me the difference about adding \"const\" keyword at the end of char*()?", "\n\nA:\n\nIn this function:\nvoid testFunc(const CMyString &strParam) {\n cout << strParam << endl;\n}\n\nstrParam is a const-reference to a CMystring, so you can only call const-qualified method on it:\n// Not const-qualified overload\noperator char*()\n\n// const-qualified overload\noperator char*() const\n\nWithin a const-qualified method, you cannot modify non-mutable attributes or call non-const methods, which guarantees that your object is not \"modified\" (at least it should not be from an external point of view).", "\nNote that you should likely convert to const char* from the const-qualified method, otherwise it would be possible to do this:\nvoid testFunc(const CMyString &strParam) {\n // I am modifiying the underlying char array of const variable\n static_cast<char*>(strParam)[0] = '\\0';\n}\n\nSo your conversion operator should be:\noperator const char*() const;\n\n" ]

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[ "2002 Stanford Cardinal football team\n\nThe 2002 Stanford Cardinal football team represented Stanford University in the 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season. ", "In head coach Buddy Teevens's first season at Stanford, the Cardinal won only two games, ending the season with a 2–9 record, the school's worst since a 1–10 season in 1983.", "\n\nThe team played their home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California and competed in the Pacific-10 Conference.", "\n\nSchedule\n\nRoster\n\nCoaches\n\nGame Summaries\n\nat Boston College\n\nSan Jose State\n\nat Arizona State\n\nat Notre Dame\n\nWashington State\n\nArizona\n\nat UCLA\n\nat Oregon\n\nUSC\n\nOregon State\n\nat California\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Stanford Cardinal football seasons\nStanford\nStanford Cardinal" ]

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[ "HIV infection and reproductive health in teenage women orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS in Zimbabwe.", "\nAIDS has increased the number of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) in sub-Saharan Africa who could suffer detrimental life experiences. ", "We investigated whether OVCs have heightened risks of adverse reproductive health outcomes including HIV infection. ", "Data on HIV infection, sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms and pregnancy, and common risk factors were collected for OVCs and non-OVCs in a population survey of 1523 teenage children in eastern Zimbabwe between July 2001 and March 2003. ", "Multivariate logistic regression was used to test for statistical association between OVC status, adverse reproductive health outcomes and suspected risk factors. ", "Amongst women aged 15-18 years, OVCs had higher HIV prevalence than non-OVCs (3.2% versus 0.0%; p = 0.002) and more common experience of STI symptoms (5.9% versus 3.3%; adjusted odds ratio = 1.75, 95% CI 0.80-3.80) and teenage pregnancy (8.3% versus 1.9%; 4.25, 1.58-11.42). ", "OVCs (overall), maternal orphans and young women with an infected parent were more likely to have received no secondary school education and to have started sex and married, which, in turn, were associated with poor reproductive health. ", "Amongst men aged 17-18 years, OVC status was not associated with HIV infection (0.5% versus 0.0%; p = 1.000) or STI symptoms (2.7% versus 1.6%; p = 0.529). ", "No association was found between history of medical injections and HIV risk amongst teenage women and men. ", "High proportions of HIV infections, STIs and pregnancies among teenage girls in eastern Zimbabwe can be attributed to maternal orphanhood and parental HIV. ", "Many of these could be averted through further female secondary school education. ", "Predicted substantial expanded increases in orphanhood could hamper efforts to slow the acquisition of HIV infection in successive generations of young adults, perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty and disease." ]

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[ "I love Disney and have been known to watch a show or two on the Disney Channel. ", "It’s clean viewing and entertaining for kids as well as parents. ", "It creates an environment for bonding while watching a show together as opposed to using the TV as a babysitter. ", "Those same wholesome characters are making it into board games thanks to companies like Wonder Forge with titles that incorporate hot franchises like Vampirina. ", "We featured Disney Junior Vampirina Spin Go Round Game in our guide to games for young kids and we’re happy to provide a copy to one of our readers. ", "Enter to win Vampirina Spin Go Round in Day 93 of our 150+ Days of Giveaways and introduce board games to your little ones!", "\n\n150+ Days of Giveaways – Day 93 – Vampirina Spin Go Round Game\n\n" ]

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[ "**PURPOSE:** Polysomnography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of obstructive apnea in infants with Robin Sequence. ", "However, its routine use is limited by cost and availability. ", "The purpose of our study was to determine whether night-time pulse oximetry (oximetry), an inexpensive and widely available technology, could be used as a surrogate for polysomnography in identifying obstructive apnea in infants with Robin Sequence.", "\n\n**METHODS:** We reviewed all polysomnographies done in infants with Robin Sequence treated at the Montreal Children's Hospital. ", "We extracted the following standard data: Central Apnea Index and Mixed Obstructive Apnea Hypopnea Index (MOAHI) from polysomnography data and Desaturation Index (drops≥4%/hour, DI4%) from the oximetry done at the time of polysomnography. ", "Symptoms of obstructive apnea were assessed with a standard questionnaire. ", "A MOAHI≤5 was used to separate infants with no/mild obstruction from those with moderate/severe obstruction (MOAHI\\>5).", "\n\n**RESULTS:** We reviewed 39 polysomnographies (26 infants, age: 12.2 ± 4.8 months). ", "Central apnea with a mild decrease in oxygenation was a frequent occurrence. ", "All infants with a DI4%\\<7 events/hour (22 studies) and no significant snoring had no or mild obstructive apnea on polysomnography. ", "In patients with DI4%\\>7 events/hour, 53% had moderate or severe obstruction. ", "In the remaining infants, central events with desaturation predominated.", "\n\n**CONCLUSION:** In Robin Sequence, oximetry can identify those infants with no or mild obstructive apnea thereby decreasing the demand for polysomnography. ", "With a DI4%\\>7 events/hour, polysomnography is required to differentiate between obstructive and central events.", "\n\n**R. Galli:** None.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n\t<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n\t<link rel=\"shortcut icon\" type=\"image/ico\" href=\"http://www.datatables.net/favicon.ico\">\n\t<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=2.0\">\n\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../../../../examples/resources/syntax/shCore.css\">\n\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../../../../examples/resources/demo.css\">\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\" src=\"../../../../examples/resources/syntax/shCore.js\"></script>\n\t<script type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\" src=\"../../../../examples/resources/demo.js\"></script>\n\n\t<title>Responsive examples - Initialisation</title>\n</head>\n\n<body class=\"dt-example\">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<section>\n\t\t\t<h1>Responsive example <span>Initialisation</span></h1>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Responsive can be run on a DataTable in a number of different ways:</p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"markdown\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>By adding the class <code>responsive</code> or <code>dt-responsive</code> to the <code class=\"tag\" title=\"HTML tag\">table</code></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>Using the <a href=\"//datatables.net/extensions/responsive/reference/option/responsive\"><code class=\"option\" title=\n\t\t\t\t\t\"Responsive initialisation option\">responsive<span>R</span></code></a> option in the DataTables initialisation</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<li>Use the <code>$.fn.dataTable.", "Responsive</code> constructor.</li>\n\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<p>This set of examples demonstrates these initialisation options.</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</section>\n\t</div>\n\n\t<section>\n\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gradient\"></div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"liner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"toc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"toc-group\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"./index.html\">Basic initialisation</a></h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"toc\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"./className.html\">Class name</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"./option.html\">Configuration option</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"./new.html\">`new` constructor</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"./ajax.html\">Ajax data</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li><a href=\"./default.html\">Default initialisation</a></li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"epilogue\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Please refer to the <a href=\"http://www.datatables.net\">DataTables documentation</a> for full information about its API properties and methods.<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tAdditionally, there are a wide range of <a href=\"http://www.datatables.net/extras\">extras</a> and <a href=\"http://www.datatables.net/plug-ins\">plug-ins</a>\n\t\t\t\t\twhich extend the capabilities of DataTables.</p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"copyright\">DataTables designed and created by <a href=\"http://www.sprymedia.co.uk\">SpryMedia Ltd</a> &#169; 2007-2015<br>\n\t\t\t\t\tDataTables is licensed under the <a href=\"http://www.datatables.net/mit\">MIT license</a>.</p>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t</section>\n</body>\n</html>" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to the field of digital data management and more particularly to a system for data backup applications.", "\n2.Description of the Prior Art\nDigital content, represented by digital data files of various file types, is rapidly replacing other forms of content. ", "Documents, presentations, photos, movies, and music, for example, are increasingly produced and stored digitally. ", "A problem for many individuals and organizations is that digital content, typically stored on a computer hard drive, can be poorly organized and needs to be archived to be protected against accidental loss. ", "For example, digital photo files on a personal computer (PC) are likely to be found in numerous folders—photos transferred from a digital camera are stored in one set of folders, photos received as e-mail attachments are stored in other folders, and photos downloaded from websites are stored in still other folders.", "\nOne approach to archiving digital content is to periodically backup all of the data files on the computer, preserving the existing organizational structure. ", "While this technique is effective to preserve digital content against accidental loss, the technique has several shortcomings. ", "For one, the resulting copy is no better organized than the original, so misplaced or disorganized content remains misplaced or disorganized. ", "Also, backing up all data files requires substantial memory capacity to copy numerous files that are otherwise already preserved elsewhere. ", "Application specific files, for example, originally loaded onto the computer from a compact disk (CD) are already archived on the CD and therefore do not need to be backed up.", "\nThe necessary storage capacity for a complete backup can be obtained with writable data storage media, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), however, these require device installation and software set-up when first connected to a system. ", "In order to complete these steps, a user may have to provide information about the existing system, which the user may not readily know. ", "Also, the user may have to make decisions regarding the configuration of the device and the software. ", "The number of steps involved with installation and set-up, as well as the complexity of some of the steps, dissuades many users from bothering with backup applications. ", "The expense of a writable data storage media with enough capacity to perform a complete backup can also dissuade users from performing complete backups. ", "Furthermore, some users, having bought and installed the necessary storage capacity, are dissuaded from performing frequent backups due to the length of time the system is tied up during complete backup.", "\nAlternately, a user can manually select a set of files from a directory and copy the selected files to a storage device. ", "While this alternative may allow usage of a smaller memory device that does not require installation and set-up steps, manually selecting files is time-consuming. ", "Also, manually selecting files creates the possibility of an accidental omission of some files.", "\nWhat is needed, therefore, is the ability to selectively backup digital content in a manner that is both inexpensive and convenient." ]

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[ "Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of respiratory airways in humans. ", "Clinically, in hypersensitive persons the inflammation causes periodical fits of coughing, difficulties in breathing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and chest pain. ", "Inflammation makes respiratory airways more sensitive to irritation caused by allergens, chemical irritants, tobacco smoke, cold air and effort. ", "Respiratory airways subjected to these irritants become oedematous, contracted, filled with mucus and hypersensitive.", "\nThe pathogenesis of asthma is complex and includes the interaction of inflammatory cells, mediators as well as of the tissue and cells of respiratory airways. ", "In asthmatic process an early phase and a late phase of response are distinguished. ", "Allergic diseases as well as allergen-induced asthma are characterised by the synthesis of a specific type of IgE antibody. ", "Immediately after the inhalation of allergens, complexes of allergens and allergen-specific IgE's are bound to a high affinity IgE receptor (Fcε receptor type I) present on basophils, mastocytes and eosinophils. ", "By the binding to the receptor an activation of signal transfer cascade occurs, which results in: 1. ", "de novo synthesis of proinflammatory genes (e.g. interleukin-4 and interleukin-5), 2. ", "exocytosis of the content of cytoplasm granules—degranulation.", "\nThe granules contain inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4, and proteins such as major basic protein and mieloperoxidase. ", "These inflammatory mediators co-operate in the processes of vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, triggering and control of the inflammatory process and activation of the cells and damage to the inflamed tissue. ", "These processes form the early asthmatic response. ", "The inhibition of degranulation may prevent the symptoms and arrest the inflammation progress, which has been proven by the clinical use of degranulation inhibitors (sodium chromoglycate, nedochromyl sodium and ketotifen).", "\nThe late asthmatic response includes a permanent obstruction of air passages, a hyperactivity of the bronchi and a development of inflammation changes including the accumulation of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the respiratory system. ", "The accumulation of inflammatory cells results from a harmonized interaction of lymphokines (TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5), adhesion molecules on the surface of leukocytes (integrins) and endothelial cells (selectins), and of chemokines (eotaxin, RANTES). ", "The role and significance of T-lymphocytes in asthma were confirmed by the existence of an increased number of activated CD4+ T-cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and in bronchial biopsies of patients suffering from asthma. ", "Two subpopulations of CD4+ cells differ with regard to the profile of cytokines they secrete. ", "Th 1 cells secrete IL-2, IL-3, GM-CSF, INF-γ. ", "An activation of Th 1 cells is important in the defence of the host against intracellular organisms, viruses and neoplasms. ", "Investigations have demostrated that, in asthma, the Th 2 cell response prevails with an increased expression of IL-5 that is important in the formation of eosinophilic infiltration typical of allergic inflammation.", "\nMorphologic changes occurring in asthma include an infiltration of the bronchi by inflammation cells (mastocytes, T-lymphocytes and eosinophils are the key executive cells), a clogging of respiratory airways by a secrete, interstitial oedema and increased microcirculation permeability. ", "On the basis of pathohistological findings it has been established that eosinophil infiltration is specific and differentiates asthma from other types of inflammation.", "\nIn the control of asthma two types of medicaments exist, symptomatic ones and basic ones. ", "The symptomatic medicaments include short-acting bronchodilators such as β2-agonists, anticholinergics, theophilin, which rapidly relax the contracted respiratory airways and alleviate the acute symptoms. ", "The basic medicaments include antiinflammatory drugs and long-acting bronchodilators. ", "Antiinflammatory drugs alleviate and prevent the inflammation reaction and they include inhalation corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, and inhalations of sodium chromoglycate and of nedochromil sodium.", "\nSteroid antiinflamatory compounds are still considered to be the most effective medicaments in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and conditions such as asthma. ", "The good potency and efficacy of said type of medicaments are, however, accompanied by numerous undesired side effects such as disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism, of calcium resorption, of the secretion of endogeneous corticosteroids and of physiological functions of the hypophysis, of the suprarenal gland core and of the thymus. ", "In the literature (WO 94/13690, WO 94/14834, WO 92/13872 and WO 92/13873) so-called “soft” steroids or hydrolysable corticosteroids with local action are described. ", "Their systemic, undesired effect is reduced due to the instability of the “soft” steroids in serum, where the active steroid is rapidly hydrolyzed to an inactive form. ", "However, a steroid without negative side effects in long-term use still has to be found.", "\nSome compounds of coumarin class (U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,200,577; 4,263,299; 4,731,375; 5,428,038) show antiallergic action in the prevention and treatment of various allergic diseases such as allergic asthma, allergic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis or enteritis, allergic conjunctivitis or allergic eczema.", "\nThere are also known more complex dimer and tetramer derivatives of hydroxycoumarin asymmetrically bound by a central alkyl or aryl linker, which demonstrate anti-HIV action (Zhao, H. et al., ", "J. Med. ", "Chem. ", "1997, 40, 242–249). ", "Similar anti-HIV action is also shown by several products of condensation of hydroxycoumarins possessing more than one hydroxy group per coumarin unit with aromatic or aliphatic mono- or dialdehydes (U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,100,409 and WO 03/029237)." ]

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[ "In active steering systems, in particular for the rear axle of motor vehicles, the camber or track of the wheels can be set by way of an actuator so that by controlling the actuator the driving behavior of the motor vehicle can be actively influenced.", "\nDE 39 28 135 A1 discloses a generic wheel suspension for motor vehicles. ", "The wheel carrier of the wheel suspension has a wheel-side support member which pivotally supports the vehicle wheel, and an axle-side support member, between which an actuator is connected as an intermediate element. ", "The actuator is a hydraulic actuating cylinder here which is supported on the one hand on a bearing bracket of the wheel carrier and on the other hand with its piston rod it presses against the external anti-friction bearing race of a wheel bearing, as a result of which the wheel bearing together with the vehicle wheel executes a pivoting motion around a hinge center in order to change the toe-in or toe-out angle or the camber angle of the pertinent vehicle wheel.", "\nThe arrangement of the actuator known from DE 39 28 135 A1 between the bearing bracket and the wheel bearing is mechanically complex and takes up a large amount of installation space, with correspondingly high weight. ", "The overall high weight of the wheel suspension is especially disadvantageous since the wheel carrier is an unsprung mass. ", "Moreover, the bearings provided between the support members and the intermediate element in the bearing sites are configured such that they can accommodate not only axial compression forces, but also axial tensile forces and radial forces. ", "Bearings designed in this way have unduly large installation volumes under the limited installation space conditions in the region of the wheel carrier.", "\nThe object of the invention consists in making available a wheel suspension with an active steering system which is located in the wheel suspension in a manner which is mechanically simple and favorable to installation space." ]

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[ "I am “The times they are a-changin’”\n\nIn this link, Professor Norman Geras of Normblog has steered us to the poll asking: “Which Bob Dylan song are you?”", "\nThe poll is created by Technochick, who suggests that she is “My Back Pages.” ", "By the clues on her link, she’s a Commie who thinks she’s smarter now than in her pre-Commie days. ", "As Norm implies, and as might be inferred from her apparent politics, the poll is stronger in concept than in execution. ", "Professor Geras, incidentally, is “Tangled Up in Blue.”" ]

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[ " COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE\n FIRST DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT HOUSTON\n\n ORDER OF STAY AND ABATEMENT FOR BANKRUPTCY\n\nAppellate case name: Francisco Corpus and Maria Castillo v. Victor Hugo Barrera, et al.", "\n\nAppellate case number: 01-18-00137-CV\n\nTrial court case number: 04-DCV-135,959\n\nTrial court: 268th District Court of Fort Bend County\n\n Appellants have filed a Notice of Bankruptcy Proceeding informing this court that (1) one\nof the appellees, Pete Arriaga, filed a petition for relief under Chapter 13 of Title 11, United States\nCode, in Case 16-30201-H5-13 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of\nTexas; and (2) the bankruptcy remains pending. ", "It is ordered that this appeal is stayed. ", "See 11\nU.S.C. § 362(a) (providing filed bankruptcy petition operates as automatic stay of actions against\ndebtor or debtor’s property). ", "It is further ordered that this appeal is abated, treated as a closed case,\nand removed from this Court’s active docket.", "\n\n Until the parties notify the Court that the bankruptcy has been concluded and move to\nreinstate the case, the Court will take no further action other than to receive and hold any\ndocuments tendered during the period of suspension. ", "See TEX. ", "R. APP. ", "P. 8.2. ", "Appellants are\nordered to provide this Court with a status report regarding the bankruptcy within 30 days of this\norder.", "\n\n Unless a party successfully moves to reinstate or sever, this appeal will be an inactive case\non the Court’s docket. ", "See TEX. ", "R. APP. ", "P. 8.3.", "\n\n It is so ORDERED.", "\n\nJudge’s signature: /s/ Harvey Brown\n Acting individually\n\nDate: August 23, 2018\n\f" ]

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[ "Role of protease activated receptor-2 expression in renal interstitial fibrosis model in mice.", "\nThe role of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in the renal tubulointerstitial lesion induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was explored. ", "Mice were sacrificed on the day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 after UUO. ", "The expression of PAR-2 mRNA and protein and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) protein in tubulointerstitium was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry at each time point, respectively. ", "The results showed that the PAR-2 expression in renal tubulointerstitium was increased progressively starting from 24 h to the day 14 post-ligation, and it was significantly associated with the relative volume of interstitium and the positive area of alpha-SMA. ", "PAR-2 was mainly expressed in renal tubule epithelial cells, especially in proximal tubular cells. ", "It also located in renal capillary ansa, interstitial infiltrate cells and fibroblasts. ", "It was concluded that PAR-2 was active in interstitial and tubular cells in the early phase of fibrotic process and played an important role in mediating the tubulointerstitial lesion after UUO." ]

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[ "[Patient care always starts with an encounter].", "\nPatient care always starts with an encounter Being a doctor is essentially a moral enterprise and all kinds of care begin with the encounter with the patient. ", "This encounter occurs at the intersection of the patient's need for assistance and the doctor's professional knowledge. ", "The meeting can be characterised by paternalism, autonomy or participation. ", "It is important to regard the patient as a person and explore his or her perceptions, apprehensions and expectations early in the meeting. ", "All decisions in medicine rely on both facts and values. ", "It is, therefore, important that both the doctor's and the patient's values and preferences are out in the open. ", "The medical encounter is always asymmetrical, which necessitates that the power perspective be acknowledged." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to programatically create a WordPress post from a custom PHP application?", "\n\nI have a WordPress 3.9.1 site on domain1.com. ", "I also have a custom PHP 5 site on domain2.com. ", "These two sites are on separate servers, but could be hosted on the same server if needed (although not preferred). ", "My goal is to create a WP post in PHP from domain2.com to domain1.com. ", "I've done some research on the WordPress APIs and it looks like I can use XML-RPC or install some plugins that expose web services. ", "I'm having trouble finding good code examples of how to do this. ", "Also, I'm looking for the best practices on how to accomplish this task. ", "Desired approach would be to create the WP post via a web services, preferably REST.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could read this great article: http://code.tutsplus.com/articles/xml-rpc-in-wordpress--wp-25467\nIt describes how you can post something via XML-RPC in OOP style.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Light Display Controlled by String Quartet Member’s Minds\n\nTake a journey into the mind of a musician. ", "England’s Ligeti Quartet was looking for a way to better express the complexity of György Ligeti’s music, the group’s bread and butter. ", "So the musicians equipped themselves with Mindwave headsets, which detect their EEG brainwaves, while also tracking meditation and attention levels. ", "From there, the data was incorporated into visualizers for each musician and projected around them. ", "The result is the creative expression of each musician’s brain function during the performance.", "\n\nAndrea Foresi, who led the team who designed the project, shared his thoughts on it in a recent interview: “In the end, the film is a great testament to the power of the collective creative mind and a reminder that all any creative wants to do is bring inspiring and original ideas to life.” ", "Watch the film below." ]

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[ "Interdisciplinary treatment for a patient with open-bite malocclusion and amelogenesis imperfecta.", "\nAmelogenesis imperfecta (AI) comprises a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of conditions that affect the dental enamel, occasionally in conjunction with other dental, oral, and extraoral tissues. ", "The aim of this case report is to describe an interdisciplinary treatment of hypoplastic AI associated with a severe open bite. ", "The treatment consisted of surgical, orthodontic, periodontal, prosthetic and restorative management, establishing good chewing function, dental esthetics and facial harmony." ]

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[ "after exhaustive searching and much representation via lawyers we have concluded that this domain of the above mentioned is not likened to nor represents any domain found and if the said mentioned above is a duplication of a domain owned or paid for by an unknown buyer we hold no liability as to the use of this domian nor the consequential liabilities therein mentioned should this be taken further therein and we hereby hold nio liability to the said domain thereof and herein of this day and hour of the said mentioned" ]

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[ "A prominent activist in the 2011 Egyptian uprising has been released from prison after serving a three-year sentence, his lawyer said.", "\n\nAhmed Maher, a symbol of the revolution that toppled former President Hosni Mubarak, was released on Thursday.", "\n\nHis wife, Reham Ibrahim, welcomed his release in a Facebook post, saying: \"We will make up for what we missed,\" expressing disbelief over her husband's return home.", "\n\nMaher was charged in 2013 for attending a protest in defiance of a law banning public gatherings not pre-authorised by the Interior Ministry.", "\n\nHe will continue the remainder of his sentence, which is expected to last for another three years, under surveillance in his Cairo home.", "\n\nOne of Maher's lawyers, Mohamed Gaheen, said: \"The purpose of the probation period is to watch criminals after they finish their prison terms, but it has never been used before against political prisoners.\"", "\n\nREAD MORE: Egypt issues arrest order for two activists\n\nMaher, 36, used his activism via social media as a cofounder of the April 6 youth movement to rally Egyptian youth in the demonstrations that resulted in Mubarak stepping down in February 2011.", "\n\nWith the military takeover that followed two and half years later, which overthrew the elected Islamist president, the new government issued a ban on all unauthorised demonstrations.", "\n\nThe law on protests says the Interior Ministry must be notified of any public gathering of more than 10 people at least three days in advance.", "\n\nThe law allowed security forces to step up force and to issue verbal warnings to protesters, use water cannon or tear gas and birdshot against demonstrators.", "\n\nThe current government under President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi has waged a large-scale crackdown on opposition over the past few years, including Islamist supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi, and other secular activists.", "\n\nIt is uncertain whether Maher will be able to return to activism given the current political climate.", "\n\nREAD MORE: Egypt outlaws anti-Mubarak April 6 movement\n\nMaher was convicted along with prominent activists and cofounders of the movement Mohammed Adel and Ahmed Douma. ", "Each was fined and sentenced to three years in prison. ", "While Adel will end his sentence in one month, Douma is serving a life sentence in another case and is awaiting an appeal in April.", "\n\nFounded in 2008 with calls for democratic change and social justice through methods including civil disobedience, the April 6 movement later became one of the influential groups in the uprising that overthrew former President Morsi.", "\n\nTarek al-Awadi, a lawyer also serving in Maher's case, said that local police assigned with monitoring him, would have wide discretion over his treatment.", "\n\n\"If they decide to put a lot of pressure on him, humiliate him and treat him like they treat thieves and drug dealers, they could order him to spend each night of the coming three years at the police station,\" al-Awadi said." ]

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[ "Management\n\nLynn Christiansen Esquer, Principal\n\nLynnis an expert practitioner in social media advertising, marketing and public relations, and a former newspaper journalist and editor. ", "Before founding SocialProse, she was the Marketing Director at The Open Group, the world’s leading IT standards organization. ", "Lynn’s previous experience includes her work at PR agency Peppercomm San Francisco; her executive role at full-service marketing agency Shennum Green, Inc.; and vice president of client services at e-agency, Inc. In her previous life as a journalist, Lynn was a reporter and editor at The Contra Costa Times, The Oakland Tribune, The Californian, and other publications in the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles regions. ", "She founded the Central Coast Press Club to provide media support and continuing education for television and print journalists and public relations professionals in the Monterey County/Santa Cruz County region. ", "Currently, in addition to her activities at SocialProse, Lynn serves on the Board of Directors of a video media startup, DigNit; and is editing a series of e-books on politics." ]

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[ "35 F.3d 566\nNOTICE: Sixth Circuit Rule 24(c) states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Sixth Circuit.", "Danny Ray MEEKS, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.W. Jeff REYNOLDS; Howard G. Cook; Michael Dutton, Defendants,David Mills; Roger Duncan; Matt Haynes; Tom Kirk,Defendants-Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "93-6089.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.", "\nAug. 15, 1994.", "\n\n1\nBefore: JONES and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges, and HOOD, District Judge.*", "\n\nORDER\n\n2\nThis pro se Tennessee prisoner appeals a district court order granting summary judgment in favor of defendants and dismissing his civil rights complaint filed under 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1983. ", " The case has been referred to a panel of the court pursuant to Rule 9(a), Rules of the Sixth Circuit. ", " Upon examination, this panel unanimously agrees that oral argument is not needed. ", " Fed.", "R.App.", "P. 34(a).", "\n\n\n3\nSeeking monetary and injunctive relief, Danny Ray Meeks maintained that his security classification was changed from minimum to close and that he was transferred to another institution in violation of his rights of due process.", "\n\n\n4\nDefendants filed a motion for summary judgment in which they asserted, in part, that a state prisoner in Tennessee has no protected interest in any particular security classification or in placement in any particular institution. ", " The district court determined that Meeks failed to allege the loss of a protected right. ", " Summary judgment was granted in favor of the defendants.", "\n\n\n5\nUpon review, we conclude that summary judgment was proper because there exists no genuine issue of material fact and defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ", " See Moore v. Philip Morris Cos., ", "8 F.3d 335, 339 (6th Cir.1993).", "\n\n\n6\nFirst, material facts are not in dispute. ", " Prison authorities received information that Meeks was plotting to escape and that he had threatened to kill a Tennessee agent. ", " In reliance on this information, defendants initiated the reclassification and transfer. ", " Meeks was not provided an opportunity to challenge the transfer or reclassification before they were made effective. ", " Although the parties dispute the veracity of the allegations underlying the transfer and reclassification, the dispute is not genuine. ", " See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). ", " That is, whether the allegations are false, as claimed by Meeks, does not provide a basis upon which the jury could return a verdict in his favor. ", " See id. at 248.", "\n\n\n7\nDefendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ", " Meeks is not entitled to relief under 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1983 because he has not alleged the loss of a protected property or liberty interest. ", " See Newell v. Brown, 981 F.2d 880, 883 (6th Cir.1992), cert. ", "denied, 114 S.Ct. ", "127 (1993). ", " In general, a prisoner has no federal constitutional right to be placed in a particular prison or a particular security classification. ", " Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 225 (1976). ", " However, through substantive limitations on discretion of state officials, a state may create a federally cognizable interest in classification or institutional assignment. ", " See Kentucky Dep't of Corrections v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 462 (1989). ", " The policies in effect at the time of Meeks's reclassification and transfer do not include limitations on discretion sufficient to create a liberty interest.", "\n\n\n8\nAccordingly, the district court's order is affirmed. ", " Rule 9(b)(3), Rules of the Sixth Circuit.", "\n\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Joe Hood, U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting by designation\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Differences Between a Female and Male Brain\n\nYou’ve heard it all before, the battle between the sexes, the dating game, the he-says-she-says chronicles, all of this stuff relates to the differences between males and females. ", "In a society where gender equality is often put to the test in the workplace, in relationship clashes and marriage dynamics, has anyone bothered to think about what makes males different from females? ", "The answer, of course, has to do with more than just the psychological profile but something deeper–the biological makeup of the brain itself. ", "Little do we know that our every action towards the opposite sex is motivated not only by our experiences and personal beliefs, but by something that’s hardwired into our brains depending on whether we’re male or female. ", "In order to understand ourselves and the opposite sex better, it’s imperative that we delve into the inner mechanisms of the male and female brain. ", "Some differences significantly affect our behavior while others don’t.", "\n\nFirst, males have larger brains than females. ", "You shouldn’t take this as a sign that males are superior to females in terms of thought processes; however, the increased brain mass of males is designed to accommodate the extra body mass. ", "A larger brain does a better job of controlling the muscle groups which are more extensive in males than in females.", "\n\nSecondly, each sex tends to specialize in a certain brain hemisphere. ", "Most males have dominant left-brain hemispheres, while women tend to have balanced left-and-right brain hemispheres. ", "As a result, females score better in communication and are superior in intuition than males. ", "The dominance of the left-brain hemisphere in males makes them less adept in social matters. ", "Have you ever heard of EQ before? ", "A long time ago, IQ, or intelligence quotient, was thought to be the best measure of a person’s intelligence until EQ, or emotional quotient, came along, that is. ", "EQ determines a person’s skill at handling emotional matters such as relationships. ", "Females tend to score better at EQ and express their emotional problems readily, while males have difficulty sensing non-verbal, emotional cues. ", "The sharp difference between EQs leads to petty fights and major arguments between the sexes. ", "Also, the balanced use of both brain hemispheres makes women adept at language learning, while males find it difficult because they favor the left hemisphere.", "\n\nThirdly, males score higher in math than females. ", "They’re better at all mathematical fields, especially in geometry. ", "The reason for this lies in males’ larger, inferior parietal lobule, an area of the brain that deals with numerical tasks.", "\nAnother factor that contributes to the higher EQ of females has to do with the fourth difference–the deep limbic system. ", "Females have a more extensive deep limbic system as compared to males, and this makes them better at emotional expression. ", "However, this is a double-edged sword because it also makes women susceptible to depression.", "\n\nHave you ever heard the saying that “males will always be greater navigators than women”? ", "It’s true, and its supported by a significant brain fact. ", "The parietal region is denser in the female brain, and this makes it a challenge for females to excel in spatial reasoning. ", "As a result, males have greater depth perception and road awareness skills. ", "This may also be the reason why males are better at playing computer games, which demands a good deal of visual and spatial cognition.", "\n\nSummary:\n\nMales have larger brains than females. ", "This is due to their greater body mass.", "\n\nMales favor the left hemisphere while females utilize both hemispheres. ", "This makes females better at communication, learning languages, and EQ.", "\n\nMales have a larger, inferior parietal lobule than females, accounting for their superior mathematical skills.", "\n\nFemales have a more extensive deep limbic system than males, helping them greatly in emotional expression but also making them vulnerable to depression.", "\n\nFemales are burdened by a denser parietal region which makes them inferior to males in terms of spatial and visual cognition.", "\n\n1 Comment\n\nLeave a Response\n\nPlease note: comment moderation is enabled and may delay your comment. ", "There is no need to resubmit your comment.", "\n\nNotify me of followup comments via e-mail\n\nWritten by : Celine.", "\nand updated on November 18, 2012\n\nArticles on DifferenceBetween.net are general information, and are not intended to substitute for professional advice. ", "The information is \"AS IS\", \"WITH ALL FAULTS\". ", "User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. ", "You agree that we have no liability for any damages." ]

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[ "Development and characterization of Thy*IκBα-SI transgenic mice.", "\nWe developed and characterized a new transgenic model where NF-κB activity is inhibited only in mature neurons. ", "Transgenic mouse strain Thy*IκBα-SI was created using trans-dominant super inhibitor NF-κB (IκBα-SI), which is a multimutant form of IκBα inhibitory protein cloned into specific neutral Thy-1.2 cassette. ", "Detailed molecular analysis showed that the transgene and its product (IκBα-SI protein) are expressed in the nervous system of transgenic mice. ", "In situ hybridization showed that Thy*IκBα-SI in the nervous system is expressed exclusively in neurons. ", "The developed model provides wide opportunities for studying functional role of NF-κB in mature neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system in vivo." ]

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[ "Pitch CampingCard ACSI\n\nPitch for the discount tariff of CampingCard ACSI. ", "The campsite determines what pitches are available for that tariff. ", "The CampingCard tariff includes a car and camping equipment, two persons, a dog, electricity (max. ", "6A or 4 kWh per day) and a shower a day per person." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an optical scanning device used as an optical system for writing, and an image forming apparatus, such as a printer, a facsimile machine and a copier, provided with the optical scanning device.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nAn optical scanning device in which a polygon mirror is rotated with a motor and a laser light beam is irradiated to polygonal reflective surfaces of the polygon mirror for scanning is used in an image forming apparatus such as a copier and a laser printer.", "\nWhen such optical scanning device is mounted in an image forming apparatus, a deviation of a main scanning direction of the laser light beam irradiated from the optical scanning device to a photoconductive drum is finely adjusted to ensure the perpendicularity of an image to the photoconductive drum. ", "Conventionally, a folding mirror provided in the optical scanning device has been adjusted for such fine adjustment. ", "However, especially in a color image forming apparatus, it has been necessary to adjust a plurality of folding mirrors in the optical scanning device for respective colors. ", "Therefore, operations of assembling an image forming apparatus have been complicated and taking a long time, thereby causing a disadvantage in the aspect of manufacturing costs.", "\nTherefore, various configurations to do easy correction of a deviation of a laser light-beam in an optical scanning device have been devised. ", "For example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. ", "2004-170755 (D1) discloses a color image forming apparatus in which a deviation and distortion of an image bearing member is detected by using a detected registration misalignment for respective colors, and a laser light is irradiated at a timing and an exposure amount to correct the deviation and distortion and eliminate the registration misalignment.", "\nFurther, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. ", "2001-242671 (D2) discloses an image forming apparatus in which each set of a photoconductive drum and a scanner of a plurality of imaging units is made in a pressed contact with a frame member to thereby accurately position the plurality of imaging units without performing any adjustment of the relative positional relationship therebetween.", "\nHowever, the configuration disclosed in the D1 reference needs a detector for detecting a registration misalignment and a mechanism for adjusting the scanning timing and exposure amount of a laser light beam, consequently having a complicated control mechanism. ", "Further, in the configuration disclosed in the D2 reference, the positional relationship between the photoconductive drum and the scanner is dependent on the accuracy in dimensions of the frame member, thus causing a problem that the positional relationship adjustment cannot be accomplished when the frame member is deformed." ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nadd your own caption\n\nsees someone with a full beer shoves them in the pit" ]

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[ "What's happenin', everyone? ", "I'm interested in finding out what you folks out there think about my music and my profile in general, in regards to it showcasing my musicianship/style/etc. ", "I notice I get a lot of views on my profile when I post musician ads but I don't get too many responses. ", "I don't know if I'm overwhelming musicians or what. ", "I'm quite confident in my material, though I'm certainly not an egotistical musican whatsoever. ", "With so many amazing musicians out there, it's impossible for me not to remain humble, you know? ", "Anyway, if any of you can find the time to preview my music and profile in general (I have some YouTube videos up in addition to a fairly informative, \"About\" section).", "\n\nCool...beautiful and very mellow at times and then there's the heavier stuff.. all very nice. ", "Why arent you using some of those cool licks in your vids on the recordings though??? ", "Very interesting stuff your teaching.... I'm gonna try and use that cool diminished \"trick\" in my shredding technique\n\nYou did a great job filling out your profile, uploading multiple tracks and videos. ", "But I gotta say: the first thing I read is \"Influences,\" and leaving it too open like that, I have no clue what you're REALLY into.", "\n\nYea, many musicians listen to very diverse types and styles of music, but there's only a few that make you pick up your instrument and play, right?", "\n\nOh and I like the recordings IMO, Heavy Groove needs more distortion, so it doesn't sound MIDI-ish.", "\n\nStephen,\nYou may not believe this, but the other day at work, I was daydreaming about those poly meter metal bands you turned us old guys onto last year!", "\n\nSounds like you've been keeping busy. ", "I didn't yet listen to all of your new material, but what I sampled sounds good to me! (", "I'll check them out closer later,as time permits)\n\nConcerning your profile, if you have the goods, there's no reason to be humble. ", "I think you lay out what you do pretty well, it seems to me that anyone interested in doing something serious is likely to contact you sooner or later.", "\n\nPhrAiLGuitarist wrote:What's happenin', everyone? ", "I'm interested in finding out what you folks out there think about my music and my profile in general, in regards to it showcasing my musicianship/style/etc. ", "I notice I get a lot of views on my profile when I post musician ads but I don't get too many responses. ", "I don't know if I'm overwhelming musicians or what. ", "I'm quite confident in my material, though I'm certainly not an egotistical musican whatsoever. ", "With so many amazing musicians out there, it's impossible for me not to remain humble, you know? ", "Anyway, if any of you can find the time to preview my music and profile in general (I have some YouTube videos up in addition to a fairly informative, \"About\" section).", "\n\nThen I started watching your videos and I was like, \"Holy crap, this guy can play!\"", "\n\nSo I'd say this - you're are obviously really, really skilled with your guitar and you should be proud of your chops. ", "But that skill isn't translating to your songwriting. ", "You need to really work on your ability to take an idea and explore it; go somewhere with it! ", "Expand on those ideas. ", "Take them somewhere. ", "Instead of repeating the same pattern over and over, take that initial pattern and start building variations off it. ", "See where those variations take you. ", "See what other ideas & patterns you can come up with that you could join with that initial idea. ", "And then start working on composition. ", "Start working on the answer to the question, \"How do I take all these related ideas and put them together in a way that sounds like a musical journey?\"", "\n\nCrip2Nite wrote:Cool...beautiful and very mellow at times and then there's the heavier stuff.. all very nice. ", "Why arent you using some of those cool licks in your vids on the recordings though??? ", "Very interesting stuff your teaching.... I'm gonna try and use that cool diminished \"trick\" in my shredding technique\n\nThanks for the kind words, man! ", "Definitely use whatever you find useful from my videos; that's what they're there for! ", "I'm actually surprised that I haven't seen anyone implement that diminished pattern yet (though I know I'm certainly not the first). ", "I was working on Michael Romeo's (of Symphony X fame) string skip + tap diminished lick and stumbled upon that method I use, which felt more natural since I can't do the whole string skip + tap thing without getting a ton of string noise. ", "lol. ", "Anywho, the reason I don't play lead over any of my material is because I typically write fairly complex riffs that change keys often (I didn't post any of those samples because that's not the stuff I'm looking to do in a band context) and I'm a by-ear player, so it takes me FOREVER to sit down and figure out the right notes to solo over certain progressions. ", "I'll get around to learning even the most basic of theory one day, but I just find it sooooooo boring to sit down and do what it really takes to learn theory the way I would REALLY want to learn it. ", "Does that make sense? ", "=)\n\nAndragon wrote:You did a great job filling out your profile, uploading multiple tracks and videos. ", "But I gotta say: the first thing I read is \"Influences,\" and leaving it too open like that, I have no clue what you're REALLY into.", "\n\nYea, many musicians listen to very diverse types and styles of music, but there's only a few that make you pick up your instrument and play, right?", "\n\nOh and I like the recordings IMO, Heavy Groove needs more distortion, so it doesn't sound MIDI-ish.", "\n\nIn regards to my list of influences, I just recently edited my profile and shortened the list to what you see now. ", "I had a TON of bands up there and I do mean a TON. ", "It's almost a double-edged sword for me to truly list ALL of my influences, because it gets to a point where it's ridiculously long, but then if I try to edit the list for the sake of brevity, it feels like I'm pigeonholing myself into select genres. ", "I'll work on editing it a bit more to give a little more insight, though. ", "I appreciate the opinion. ", "I'm in the middle of working on finding a good tone and getting better with production, so the distortion should come off less MIDI-ish. ", "That recording was recorded with my Digitech RP-7 and it's only capable of so much. ", "Now that I have a Line 6 POD X3 Live, I hope to nail some excellent tone!", "\n\nHowlinJ wrote:Stephen,You may not believe this, but the other day at work, I was daydreaming about those poly meter metal bands you turned us old guys onto last year!", "\n\nSounds like you've been keeping busy. ", "I didn't yet listen to all of your new material, but what I sampled sounds good to me! (", "I'll check them out closer later,as time permits)\n\nConcerning your profile, if you have the goods, there's no reason to be humble. ", "I think you lay out what you do pretty well, it seems to me that anyone interested in doing something serious is likely to contact you sooner or later.", "\n\nHang in there and welcome back to the forum,Howlin'\n\nHey, man! ", "I'm glad you enjoyed some of those bands. ", "I've been finding out about more of them ever since; there are some great bands out there, let me tell ya. ", "The latest one I've been digging on is Cloud Kicker. ", "It's just one dude and he's got 2 albums you can download for free! ", "Check out his stuff here (there is also a link somewhere to download his albums on this page): http://www.myspace.com/cloudkickeruk\n\nYou know, I have a great time doing the shred thing when I'm sitting at home or in a guitar store or sitting online jamming with my friends, but I actually find much more enjoyment doing the rhythm thing! ", "Even though I have hardly any experience behind a kit, I feel like a drummer. ", "I've always naturally gravitated towards the drums when I listen to music and I feel rhythm a lot more than anything else, so... even though I've worked hard to be able to play lead, it's really been for my own self-amusement than anything. ", "Where one guy may look at me and think I'm pretty good, I'm still looking at all the players I'll never be even remotely as good as. ", "lol. ", "That's pretty much a major part of why I remain humble. ", "That may be the wrong mindset, but... as long as I feel like there are tons of others better than me, I've always got something to strive for!", "\n\nThen I started watching your videos and I was like, \"Holy crap, this guy can play!\"", "\n\nSo I'd say this - you're are obviously really, really skilled with your guitar and you should be proud of your chops. ", "But that skill isn't translating to your songwriting. ", "You need to really work on your ability to take an idea and explore it; go somewhere with it! ", "Expand on those ideas. ", "Take them somewhere. ", "Instead of repeating the same pattern over and over, take that initial pattern and start building variations off it. ", "See where those variations take you. ", "See what other ideas & patterns you can come up with that you could join with that initial idea. ", "And then start working on composition. ", "Start working on the answer to the question, \"How do I take all these related ideas and put them together in a way that sounds like a musical journey?\"", "\n\nAnyway, that's my take.", "\n\nHey there, dude. ", "I appreciate your constructive criticism! ", "While I definitely agree with you that most of those ideas probably come off as boring, they're the barebones of essentially what I would personally like to hear if I were checking out a profile like my own. ", "I've got a pretty fair amount of fully-composed, recorded songs, but they're not the types of ideas I want to do in a band context. ", "Essentially, I would like for someone to hear the barebones ideas I put up there and without any preconceived notions, be moved enough to at least come up with some ideas in their head as to how they can enhance or accentuate the music with their instrument. ", "Maybe I should add that to my profile so as to be a little more specific since I definitely see where you're coming from.", "\n\nI've struggled with the idea of putting up a fully-composed and recorded tune of mine since I do feel like it would be a pretty accurate representation of me as a player, but not necessarily what I want to do in a band context. ", "That's when I decided to keep the audio samples mostly rhythmic and melodic while relying on my videos to show, \"hey, here are some other facets to me as a guitar player and a musician.\" ", "That was essentially my approach. ", "Just as shocked as you were when going from listening to my samples to watching my videos, you would probably be equally as shocked if I posted some of my full compositions. ", "Not that they're so amazing or anything, but they're definitely much different than just little ideas like I have posted on my profile. ", "Perhaps I will consider posting one, though. ", "You've shown me that it may behoove me to do as such to gain a little more exposure or draw some messages in I might not have received otherwise. ", "Thanks again for your opinion!", "\n\nZXYZ wrote:NOW I know how the shredders do it!! ", "Good vids, man\n\nhahaha, thanks, bro. ", "I appreciate the compliment! ", "=)\n\nrepressthecadence wrote:I really like the ideas you've got going in a few of those. ", "Really nice.", "\n\nOh, by the way, way to play in Drop C. We do, too!", "\n\nThanks, man. ", "I appreciate you taking the time to listen! ", "Yeah, I've been messing with dropped B tuning these days. ", "It works with some things but doesn't with others. ", "I like to find the balance of heaviness and emotional context. ", "Sometimes, the emotion of something I wrote in C just doesn't come across in B, and vice versa. ", "I haven't taken a look at your profile yet, but if you have any samples, I'll be sure to check them out here shortly!", "\n\nThanks, man. ", "I appreciate the compliment! ", "Unfortunately, Charlotte, NC isn't the greatest place for finding musicians interested in exactly what I'd like to do. ", "I've lived here my whole life and I've played with quite a number of musicians here. ", "It's so difficult to find the right combination of guys, you know? ", "Actually, one of my best friends who used to sing in a band we had formed before he moved to Florida is from WV, hahaha. ", "Thanks again for the compliment, dude!", "\n\nJ-HALEY wrote:Awesome stuff!", "\n\nThanks for checkin' the stuff out, man! ", "I really appreciate it!", "\n\nThanks again to everyone for taking the time to check out the stuff on my profile. ", "I appreciate all the comments/opinions/criticism/etc.!", "\n\nStephen, I know what you mean. ", "How bout listing the genres you're most likely to venture into and name 1-2 artists from each. ", "That shouldn't be exhaustingly long.", "\nThat's not a major deal though. ", "You're talented and along with hard work, you should be able to find musicians sooner than you expect." ]

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[ "Analysis of discrepancies between VCG and ECG interpretation of anterior wall myocardial infarction.", "\nIn 247 cases in which an old anterior myocardial infarction (MI) was suspected and in which SVEC III-lead system vectorcardiograms (VCGs) and matching conventional 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were available, records were analyzed to investigate the diagnostic agreement or discrepancy between the two techniques. ", "The frequency of agreement (155 cases) exceeded the frequency of disagreement (92 cases), but the frequency of disagreement even with lumped subgroups was high. ", "Eighty percent of this disagreement was between positive VCG and negative ECG diagnostic consensus. ", "The positive MI group by ECG diagnosis showed smaller R waves and larger S waves and larger S waves in leads V2 and V3 and smaller R/S ratios in leads V2 and V4 than the negative MI groupe by ECG, while small R waves or QS patterns and large S waves in just lead V1 were the only positive finding in the positive MI group by VCG. ", "The important VCG characteristic for positive MI diagnosis was abnormal posterior deviation of the initial QRS vectors. ", "The high incidence of discrepancies shown by positive VCG and negative ECG diagnoses resulted from the fact that, in spite of the presence of a fairly well developed R wave in precordial leads, the initial QRS vectors were displaced posteriorly. ", "In 8 of 18 cases classified into negative VCG and positive ECG diagnostic group, poor R wave progression did not necessarily result in the posterior displacement of the initial QRS vectors. ", "In contrast to the difficulties in applying ECG criteria for anterior MI (variability of QRS patterns in precordial leads), an orthogenal VCG (representing the phasic changes in the depolarization process) seems to clarify the equivocal situation in the ECG diagnosis of MI." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Binding of the fluorescein derivative eosin Y to the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier: characterization of the adenine nucleotide binding site.", "\nAs the SH-reactive fluorescein derivative eosin-5-maleimide (EMA) specifically labels Cys159 in the second loop facing the matrix space (loop M2) of the ADP/ATP carrier in bovine heart submitochondrial particles [Majima, E., Koike, H., Hong, Y.-M., Shinohara, Y., and Terada, H. (1993) J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "268, 22181-22187], we studied the interaction of non-SH-reactive eosin Y, an analog of EMA, with the carrier under various conditions to characterize its binding. ", "Eosin Y was found to inhibit ADP transport by binding to loop M2 in submitochondrial particles, but not in mitochondria. ", "Its Ki for transport (0.33 microM) was found to be very similar to its Kd (0.53 microM) for specific binding to the carrier. ", "Bound eosin Y was displaced by the transport substrates ADP and ATP, but not by untransportable GTP, suggesting that eosin Y bound to the specific binding site of ADP and ATP. ", "The three-dimensional structure and electrostatic features of eosin Y were very similar to those of ADP, and the hydrophobic property and divalent charge of eosin Y were very important for its binding to the carrier. ", "Based on these results, the features of the binding site of the transport substrates are considered." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/**\n * @file\n * @copyright 2013 Michael Aufreiter (Development Seed) and 2016 Yahoo Inc.\n * @license Licensed under {@link https://spdx.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause-Clear.html BSD-3-Clause-Clear}.", "\n * Github.js is freely distributable.", "\n */\n\nimport Requestable from './Requestable';\n\n/**\n * Issue wraps the functionality to get issues for repositories\n */\nclass Issue extends Requestable {\n /**\n * Create a new Issue\n * @param {string} repository - the full name of the repository (`:user/:repo`) to get issues for\n * @param {Requestable.auth} [auth] - information required to authenticate to Github\n * @param {string} [apiBase=https://api.github.com] - the base Github API URL\n */\n constructor(repository, auth, apiBase) {\n super(auth, apiBase);\n this.__repository = repository;\n }\n\n /**\n * Create a new issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/#create-an-issue\n * @param {Object} issueData - the issue to create\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n createIssue(issueData) {\n return this._request('POST', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues`, issueData);\n }\n\n /**\n * List the issues for the repository\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/#list-issues-for-a-repository\n * @param {Object} options - filtering options\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n listIssues(options) {\n return this._requestAllPages(`/repos/${this.__repository}/issues`, options);\n }\n\n /**\n * List the events for an issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/events/#list-events-for-an-issue\n * @param {number} issue - the issue to get events for\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n listIssueEvents(issue) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/${issue}/events`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * List comments on an issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/comments/#list-comments-on-an-issue\n * @param {number} issue - the id of the issue to get comments from\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n listIssueComments(issue) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/${issue}/comments`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * Get a single comment on an issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/comments/#get-a-single-comment\n * @param {number} id - the comment id to get\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n getIssueComment(id) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/comments/${id}`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * Comment on an issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/comments/#create-a-comment\n * @param {number} issue - the id of the issue to comment on\n * @param {string} comment - the comment to add\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n createIssueComment(issue, comment) {\n return this._request('POST', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/${issue}/comments`, {body: comment});\n }\n\n /**\n * Edit a comment on an issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/comments/#edit-a-comment\n * @param {number} id - the comment id to edit\n * @param {string} comment - the comment to edit\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n editIssueComment(id, comment) {\n return this._request('PATCH', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/comments/${id}`, {body: comment});\n }\n\n /**\n * Delete a comment on an issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/comments/#delete-a-comment\n * @param {number} id - the comment id to delete\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n deleteIssueComment(id) {\n return this._request('DELETE', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/comments/${id}`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * Edit an issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/#edit-an-issue\n * @param {number} issue - the issue number to edit\n * @param {Object} issueData - the new issue data\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n editIssue(issue, issueData) {\n return this._request('PATCH', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/${issue}`, issueData);\n }\n\n /**\n * Get a particular issue\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/#get-a-single-issue\n * @param {number} issue - the issue number to fetch\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n getIssue(issue) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/issues/${issue}`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * List the milestones for the repository\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/milestones/#list-milestones-for-a-repository\n * @param {Object} options - filtering options\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n listMilestones(options) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/milestones`, options);\n }\n\n /**\n * Get a milestone\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/milestones/#get-a-single-milestone\n * @param {string} milestone - the id of the milestone to fetch\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n getMilestone(milestone) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/milestones/${milestone}`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * Create a new milestone\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/milestones/#create-a-milestone\n * @param {Object} milestoneData - the milestone definition\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n createMilestone(milestoneData) {\n return this._request('POST', `/repos/${this.__repository}/milestones`, milestoneData);\n }\n\n /**\n * Edit a milestone\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/milestones/#update-a-milestone\n * @param {string} milestone - the id of the milestone to edit\n * @param {Object} milestoneData - the updates to make to the milestone\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n editMilestone(milestone, milestoneData) {\n return this._request('PATCH', `/repos/${this.__repository}/milestones/${milestone}`, milestoneData);\n }\n\n /**\n * Delete a milestone (this is distinct from closing a milestone)\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/milestones/#delete-a-milestone\n * @param {string} milestone - the id of the milestone to delete\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n deleteMilestone(milestone) {\n return this._request('DELETE', `/repos/${this.__repository}/milestones/${milestone}`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * Create a new label\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/labels/#create-a-label\n * @param {Object} labelData - the label definition\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n createLabel(labelData) {\n return this._request('POST', `/repos/${this.__repository}/labels`, labelData);\n }\n\n /**\n * List the labels for the repository\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/labels/#list-all-labels-for-this-repository\n * @param {Object} options - filtering options\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n listLabels(options) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/labels`, options);\n }\n\n /**\n * Get a label\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/labels/#get-a-single-label\n * @param {string} label - the name of the label to fetch\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n getLabel(label) {\n return this._request('GET', `/repos/${this.__repository}/labels/${label}`, null);\n }\n\n /**\n * Edit a label\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/labels/#update-a-label\n * @param {string} label - the name of the label to edit\n * @param {Object} labelData - the updates to make to the label\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n editLabel(label, labelData) {\n return this._request('PATCH', `/repos/${this.__repository}/labels/${label}`, labelData);\n }\n\n /**\n * Delete a label\n * @see https://developer.github.com/v3/issues/labels/#delete-a-label\n * @param {string} label - the name of the label to delete\n * @return {Promise} - the promise for the http request\n */\n deleteLabel(label) {\n return this._request('DELETE', `/repos/${this.__repository}/labels/${label}`, null);\n }\n}\n\nmodule.exports = Issue;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Belica, Osilnica\n\nBelica (; ) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Osilnica in southern Slovenia. ", "The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.", "\n\nThere is a small chapel-shrine in the settlement dedicated to the Virgin Mary. ", "It dates to the second half of the 19th century.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBelica on Geopedia\n\nCategory:Populated places in the Municipality of Osilnica" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nIn multicellular organisms, homeostasis results from a dynamic balance between cell proliferation and degenerescence \\[[@B1-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Cells proliferate, differentiate and fulfill particular functions, then undergo programmed apoptosis and are finally cleared by phagocytosis. ", "At each stage of these processes, cells are subjected to a variety of stimulations and release submicron fragments from the cell membrane. ", "Several terms have been used to describe these membrane fragments, such as microparticles (MPs), secretory vesicles, microvesicles, ectosomes or exosomes, depending on the context in which they are studied and what particular properties are investigated \\[[@B2-ijms-15-14348],[@B3-ijms-15-14348],[@B4-ijms-15-14348],[@B5-ijms-15-14348],[@B6-ijms-15-14348],[@B7-ijms-15-14348],[@B8-ijms-15-14348],[@B9-ijms-15-14348],[@B10-ijms-15-14348],[@B11-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Indeed, a wider consensus as to the nomenclature still needs to be reached in this area \\[[@B2-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Because different studies use different criteria to describe various MPs, the comparison turns out to be difficult and the nomenclature often becomes inconsistent. ", "In this article, we collectively refer to the vesicles released from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as MSC-MPs, which may be the most commonly used term at the moment, but not necessarily the most precise one.", "\n\nMSCs derived from adult bone marrow are multipotent and have a limited, but robust potential to differentiate into mesenchymal cell types, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes, with negligible risk of teratoma formation. ", "MSCs present several therapeutically advantageous features, such as easy isolation and acquisition, fast expansion in culture, feasibility of autologous transplantation and their significant paracrine effects. ", "MSCs have various potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and are currently under clinical trials to treat a wide range of diseases. ", "Notably, recent studies have suggested that the beneficial effects of MSCs do not result from their differentiation, but from the activation of a protective mechanism. ", "This speculation has been supported by the fact that MPs produced from MSCs inhibit apoptosis and fibrosis, potentiate regenerative effects, stimulate mitosis and differentiation of tissue-intrinsic progenitor cells \\[[@B12-ijms-15-14348]\\] and modulate the immune response \\[[@B13-ijms-15-14348]\\].", "\n\nIn this review, we have summarized the nature of MSC-MPs and discussed the potential mechanism through which MSC-MPs act on target cells and the experimental evidence suggesting their roles in clinical therapies. ", "The possibility for engineered MSC-MPs to be used as therapeutic agents has also been discussed.", "\n\n2. ", "Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)\n====================================================\n\nMSCs were originally identified by Friedenstein and his colleagues as the primary transplantable components of the bone marrow microenvironment and necessary for the maintenance of definitive hematopoiesis \\[[@B14-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "More specifically, Friedenstein *et al*. ", "defined MSCs as fibroblastic and mesodermally-derived cells that are clonogenic and adherent \\[[@B14-ijms-15-14348],[@B15-ijms-15-14348],[@B16-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "The clonogenic expansion, which was measured in terms of colony forming unit-fibroblast, was presumably the mechanism through which the marrow microenvironment could survive through myeloablative conditioning and facilitate hematopoietic reconstitution. ", "Their original studies revealed several characteristics of MSC, which are still the primary hallmarks.", "\n\n3. ", "Therapeutic Potential of MSCs\n================================\n\n3.1. ", "Therapeutic Applications of MSCs\n-------------------------------------\n\nMSCs can be isolated from different sources, particularly bone marrow and adipose tissues. ", "They can differentiate into various cell types of the mesodermal germ layer. ", "Two main characteristics of MSCs make them a good candidate for therapeutic applications. ", "At first, they can enter the blood circulation and home in to the sites of damaged and cancerous tissues, where MSCs can release a multitude of trophic factors. ", "In addition, MSCs have the ability to suppress the immune system through various mechanisms. ", "Essentially, both properties of MSCs can be exploited in the field of regenerative medicine and the development of cancer therapies.", "\n\n### 3.1.1. ", "MSCs in Tissue Regeneration\n\nThe MSCs have various effects on cell functions, such as multi-differentiation, immunosuppression and immune privilege. ", "Unlike embryonic stem cells (ESCs), there is no ethical issue for the use of MSCs. ", "These unique advantages make MSCs a promising cell source for cytotherapy. ", "MSCs have been employed in an increasing number of clinical studies to enhance tissue regeneration following the injuries of both skeletal damage, such as bone \\[[@B17-ijms-15-14348],[@B18-ijms-15-14348],[@B19-ijms-15-14348]\\], cartilage \\[[@B20-ijms-15-14348]\\], spinal cord injuries \\[[@B21-ijms-15-14348],[@B22-ijms-15-14348]\\] and non-skeletal diseases, such as type I diabetes mellitus \\[[@B23-ijms-15-14348],[@B24-ijms-15-14348]\\], Crohn's diseases \\[[@B25-ijms-15-14348],[@B26-ijms-15-14348]\\] and post myocardial infarction \\[[@B27-ijms-15-14348],[@B28-ijms-15-14348]\\].", "\n\n### 3.1.2. ", "MSCs in Tumor Therapy\n\nIn this rapidly expanding field, more and more concerns have been raised about the interrelationship between tumor and stem cells. ", "Tumor cells induce the migration of MSCs to the tumor site through secretion of some specific factors \\[[@B29-ijms-15-14348],[@B30-ijms-15-14348],[@B31-ijms-15-14348],[@B32-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "This ability of MSCs to home in to tumor sites has been exploited to develop different types of cancer therapies. ", "Thus, MSCs have been successfully used as the vehicles to efficiently deliver oncolytic viruses into tumors and their metastatic sites in xenograft models of breast carcinoma \\[[@B33-ijms-15-14348]\\], glioma \\[[@B34-ijms-15-14348],[@B35-ijms-15-14348]\\] and ovarian cancer \\[[@B36-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Importantly, the efficiency of this type of therapy has been proven in infant patients with metastatic neuroblastoma refractory to front-line therapies \\[[@B37-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "The ability for MSCs to specifically reside in multiple tumors makes them extremely attractive for directed cancer therapy. ", "However, MSCs are not simple inert vectors, but active cells. ", "It is well known that the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the main tumor mass may result in classical therapeutical failures \\[[@B38-ijms-15-14348],[@B39-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Increasing evidence suggests that sarcomas could be good examples of the CSC model, and MSCs might be the target cells for the transforming mutations that give rise to these types of tumors. ", "Thus, several types of human sarcomas have been reproduced *in vivo* through the over-expression of specific fusion oncoproteins in MSCs \\[[@B40-ijms-15-14348],[@B41-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "In addition, CSCs displaying MSC properties have been recently identified in Ewing's sarcoma \\[[@B42-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Taken together, these findings suggest that MSCs may contribute to the tumor microenvironment and can be exploited as the target cell of therapy for tumors with mesenchymal origin (especially sarcomas). ", "In conclusion, MSCs can be a foe or friend of cancer. ", "More detailed studies about the roles of MSCs in cancer progression will undoubtedly lead to a safer and more effective clinical anticancer therapy in the future.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Limitations of MSC Therapy\n-------------------------------\n\nThe use of MSCs to treat human diseases has raised several concerns in the past decade. ", "There have been several challenges identified in this area. ", "The challenges related to transplanted MSCs include senescence-induced genetic instability, immune-mediated rejection or loss of function and limited cell survival \\[[@B43-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "The major problem in the clinical applications of MSCs is their potential malignant transformation. ", "The production of a sufficient number of MSCs for clinical use requires a consistent *in vitro* expansion, which may lead to their spontaneous transformation \\[[@B44-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Furthermore, genetic manipulations of MSCs for the treatment of different diseases can *per se* increase the oncogenic potential of the cells, because the transgenes may be tumorigenic and/or cause disruptions in the genome. ", "MSCs have been found in a number of tumors, including gastric adenocarcinoma \\[[@B45-ijms-15-14348]\\], lipoma \\[[@B46-ijms-15-14348]\\] and osteosarcoma \\[[@B47-ijms-15-14348]\\], strongly suggesting their involvement in tumor development. ", "In addition, various studies indicate that MSCs are the potential sources of tumor-associated fibroblasts \\[[@B48-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "For these reasons, any application of MSCs in the clinical setting should be cautiously evaluated.", "\n\nCompared with cell therapy with MSCs, the therapeutical application of MPs has more advantages. ", "MSC-MPs, for example, are more preservable and stable \\[[@B49-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "They induce stronger signaling \\[[@B50-ijms-15-14348]\\], and their functions do not exhaust over time \\[[@B51-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Moreover, MSC-MPs have no risk of aneuploidy \\[[@B52-ijms-15-14348],[@B53-ijms-15-14348]\\], immune rejection or teratoma formation after *in vivo* allogeneic administration \\[[@B54-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Hence, the idea of mass produced \"universal donor\" stem cells for the treatment of diseases will be a promising therapeutic strategy through the application of MSC-MPs as an accessory therapeutic derivation of MSCs.", "\n\n4. ", "Characterization of MSC-MPs\n==============================\n\nMPs are the fragments of cell membranes released by stimulated or apoptotic cells, such as stem cells, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes and lymphocytes, ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 μm, and are yet to be clearly defined. ", "A number of triggers, which induce cell activation, apoptosis and MP formation, have been identified, including cytokines (such as tumor-necrosis factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6)), thrombin and endotoxin, shear stress and hypoxia \\[[@B55-ijms-15-14348],[@B56-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "To explore the underlying mechanism of MSC-MP formation, for example, apoptosis of rat bone marrow MSC was induced by either hypoxia or serum-free starvation, followed by the analysis of the subcellular structures in the supernatants. ", "The results showed that MSC could release MPs in response to hypoxia or culture with serum-free medium, and the amount of these membrane MPs was around a 15-fold increase compared with those in unstimulated cells. ", "This study provides some novel information about the mechanisms underlying the formation of MSC-MPs \\[[@B57-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Two distinct mechanisms involving membrane remodeling and cytoskeleton disruption have been proposed for the production and shedding of the majority of cell derived-MPs, which helps us better understand the MSC-MP formation \\[[@B58-ijms-15-14348],[@B59-ijms-15-14348],[@B60-ijms-15-14348],[@B61-ijms-15-14348],[@B62-ijms-15-14348],[@B63-ijms-15-14348],[@B64-ijms-15-14348],[@B65-ijms-15-14348],[@B66-ijms-15-14348],[@B67-ijms-15-14348],[@B68-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Although the exact mechanism remains to be illustrated, MSC-MPs have become a novel potential therapeutic tool.", "\n\nMSC-MPs, the secreted bi-lipid membrane vesicles of endosomal origin \\[[@B69-ijms-15-14348]\\], contain a wide range of biomolecules: proteins (signal transduction and effector proteins, receptors, cytoskeleton), lipids and even nucleic acids (mRNA, microRNA or miRNA and DNA) \\[[@B70-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "The protein and lipid components of MSC-MPs are important parameters to determine their biological effects. ", "As a bi-lipid membrane vesicle, MSC-MPs have the capacity not only to carry a large cargo load, but also to protect the contents from chemicals or degradative enzymes. ", "The protein and RNA in MSC-MPs, for example, can be protected from degradation by trypsin and RNase, as long as the lipid membrane is not compromised \\[[@B49-ijms-15-14348],[@B71-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Lai *et al*. ", "also found that storage of MSC-MPs without the addition of potentially toxic cryopreservatives at −20 °C for six months did not compromise their protective effects or their biochemical activities \\[[@B69-ijms-15-14348]\\]. [", "Figure 1](#ijms-15-14348-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} summarizes the composition and potential properties of a canonical MP. ", "Despite the interest raised by MSC-MPs for their potential roles in physiological and pathological conditions and their possible applications in the treatment of various diseases, only a few studies have been conducted on the nucleic acids and protein contents of MSC-MPs.", "\n\n{#ijms-15-14348-f001}\n\n4.1. ", "Nucleic Acids\n------------------\n\nSeveral studies have revealed the presence of different types of nucleic acids in MSC-MPs, suggesting that MSC-MPs could transfer genetic materials to other target cells \\[[@B71-ijms-15-14348],[@B72-ijms-15-14348],[@B73-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "The presence of some specific miRNAs has been reported within MSC-MPs by Collino *et al*. ", "\\[[@B72-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "In these studies, a comparative miRNA profiling was performed with arrays using bone marrow and tissue-specific MSCs and their respective MPs. ", "The authors found that some miRNAs were present in both MPs and their original cells. ", "It is interesting to note that some miRNAs are selectively sorted into the MPs, which were undetectable in the cells. ", "However, some other miRNAs are present only in the cells and not in the MPs. ", "These observations suggest a specific mechanism controlling the sorting of miRNAs in MSC-MPs. ", "Moreover, MSC-MPs have been shown to contain precursor miRNAs, as well \\[[@B71-ijms-15-14348]\\], and their abnormal expression seems to be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and cancer \\[[@B74-ijms-15-14348],[@B75-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "In addition, MPs contain mRNA for the proteins, such as the receptors of specific growth factors. ", "For instance, MPs released by bone marrow MSCs contain mRNA for the insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor \\[[@B73-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "In an *in vitro* model of renal toxic injury induced by cisplatin, the transfer of the IGF-1 receptor mRNA through MPs has been shown to increase the proliferation of damaged proximal tubular cells \\[[@B73-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Taken together, all of this evidence implies that MSC-MPs may act as the vectors of genetic-related messages between cells.", "\n\n4.2. ", "Proteins\n-------------\n\nBesides the nucleic acids in MSC-MPs, the proteome is equally important in terms of the functions of MSC-MPs. ", "However, only one study has been conducted so far to characterize the protein composition of MSC-MPs in detail. ", "By characterizing the contents of bone marrow MSC-MPs, Kim *et al.* ", "\\[[@B76-ijms-15-14348]\\] identified 730 MP proteins, among which there were some mediators controlling self-renewal and differentiation. ", "Interestingly, their analysis revealed a number of surface markers, such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-B and the plasminogen activator urokinase receptor (PLAUR), signaling molecules of the RAS-MAPK (RRAS/NRAS, MAPK1 and VAV2), RHO (GNA13) and CDC42 (GNG12 and CDC42) pathways. ", "In addition, they include cell adhesion molecules and additional MSC antigens that support a possible role for MSC-MPs in tissue regeneration through their effects on MSC migration \\[[@B76-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "According to these findings, MSC-MPs appear to hold many characteristics of the MSCs themselves and may be important for the functions of these adult stem cells *in vivo*.", "\n\n4.3. ", "Lipids\n-----------\n\nThe structure analysis has revealed that MP is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer \\[[@B77-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "The phospholipid composition of MPs from healthy people consists mainly of phosphatidyl choline (approximately 60%), with the remainder composed of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine \\[[@B78-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Notably, externalization of phosphatidylserine provides an efficient platform for the assembly of blood coagulation enzymes, leading to the activation of the coagulation cascade \\[[@B79-ijms-15-14348]\\].", "\n\n5. ", "Therapeutic Potential of MSC-MPs\n===================================\n\n5.1. ", "Intercellular Communication and Phenotypic Change\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nCells communicate and exchange information by several different methods, including the secretion of soluble factors, the intercellular exchange of organelles and cell-to-cell adhesion contact through nanotubular structures \\[[@B80-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Recent studies have proposed that MPs, the cell-derived small circular membrane vesicles, represent an additional mechanism underlying cell-to-cell communication \\[[@B81-ijms-15-14348],[@B82-ijms-15-14348]\\], since these vesicles have the ability to transfer proteins and functional genetic material, such as RNA, to other cells, as discussed earlier \\[[@B83-ijms-15-14348],[@B84-ijms-15-14348],[@B85-ijms-15-14348],[@B86-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "It is therefore possible that MSCs also transfer bio-active lipids, proteins and nucleic acids to the target cells via MPs. ", "Supportively, the transfer of MSC-MPs induces phenotypic and functional changes in the recipient cells that promote the activation of regenerative programs. ", "For instance, MSCs release a significant amount of MPs containing mRNA with multiple specific differentiative and functional properties, as well as selected patterns of mature miRNAs \\[[@B54-ijms-15-14348],[@B72-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "These nucleic acids can be transferred via MPs to the target cells to induce their functional and phenotypic changes. ", "This observation engenders the possibility that stem cells may exert their biological effects by delivering genetic information and altering the gene expression of target cells through the MP-mediated transfer of mRNA and miRNA. ", "In addition, it has been demonstrated that MPs released from human MSCs and liver stem cells also contain ribonucleoproteins involved in the intracellular trafficking of RNA, suggesting that it is possible to dynamically regulate and compartmentalize RNAs by MPs derived from human adult stem cells of mesenchymal origin \\[[@B72-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "The mechanisms underlying MP-mediated cell-cell communication have been proposed in [Figure 2](#ijms-15-14348-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n{#ijms-15-14348-f002}\n\n5.2. ", "Therapeutic Applications of MSC-MPs\n----------------------------------------\n\nMPs derived from MSCs could represent a novel potential therapeutic tool. ", "Given that MPs deliver bioactive cargo and exert significant effects on the target cells, the use of MPs as a treatment approach has been exploited in several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases and cancer.", "\n\n### 5.2.1. ", "Cardiovascular Disease\n\nThe potential use of MSC-MPs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases has recently been reported by Lai *et al*. ", "\\[[@B69-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "In a mouse model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, the authors previously demonstrated the therapeutic activity of MPs isolated from the ESC-derived MSCs \\[[@B49-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "They concluded that the secretion of protective MPs is a general property and perhaps a predominant function of MSCs and probably related to the supporting role of the stromal cells. ", "Considering the limitations and costs related to the use of ESC and the large number of cells required for MP production, the same authors also generated Myc-immortalized ESC-derived MSCs and demonstrated that MPs derived from these cells still display their original cardioprotective activity \\[[@B87-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Those results suggest that MSC-MPs may be developed as a therapeutic tool for cardioprotection in the near future.", "\n\n### 5.2.2. ", "Renal Disease\n\nThere have been many applications of MSCs in the treatment of kidney diseases, in which MSCs could prevent the process of deterioration or reduce injury following toxic or ischemic events or affect kidney diseases through other repair processes \\[[@B73-ijms-15-14348],[@B88-ijms-15-14348],[@B89-ijms-15-14348],[@B90-ijms-15-14348],[@B91-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Recently, it has been demonstrated that MPs released from MSCs favor renal repair in non-lethal toxic and ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). ", "MSC-MPs may be a paracrine mechanism for cell-to-cell communication with reversing function after kidney injury. ", "For example, MPs derived from human MSCs stimulated proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells *in vitro* and were found to be as effective as MSCs in accelerating functional and morphological recovery from glycerol-induced AKI in immunodeficient mice \\[[@B72-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "A recent study has also examined the effect of MSC-MPs in a model of kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in immunocompetent rats \\[[@B72-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "It showed that a single administration of MPs derived from adult MSCs immediately after the induction of IRI protects rats against AKI and chronic kidney disease development \\[[@B92-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "In the *in vivo* model, MPs seem to exert renal protection by limiting the extent of injury due to their significant reduction of tubular cell apoptosis and significant stimulation of the proliferation and survival of tubular cells. ", "These effects of MPs suggest that they limit the initial renal injury and may also protect the kidney from the development of chronic injury. ", "In conclusion, MPs released from MSCs may mimic the effects of the original cells, suggesting that MSC-MPs could be exploited as a new therapeutic approach for renal regeneration.", "\n\n### 5.2.3. ", "Cancer\n\nAlthough evidence has been provided to support the protective and beneficial roles of MSC-MPs in tissue repair, it has been reported that MSC-MPs have dual effects on tumor growth: promoting angiogenesis and tumor initiation and inhibiting the progression of established tumors. ", "Recent studies demonstrated that MPs are an integral component of intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment. ", "Investigators found that MSC-MPs inhibited cell cycle progression and induced the apoptosis of HepG2 and Kaposi's cells, as well as the necrosis of Skov-3 cells. ", "They demonstrated that MSC-MPs induce the *in vitro* cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or necrosis of different tumor cell lines and inhibit the growth of established tumors *in vivo* \\[[@B93-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "MP administration may have some advantages with respect to MSCs, because MPs inhibit the cell cycle progression of tumor cells without the risk of MSC differentiation into stromal fibroblasts that may favor tumor growth \\[[@B94-ijms-15-14348],[@B95-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "Instead, bone marrow MSC-MPs have been shown to support tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse xenograft model of gastric carcinoma, and the pro-angiogenic effect has been ascribed to the increase of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in cancer cells \\[[@B96-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "This finding is not completely unexpected, since MSCs have been reported to have various tumor-promoting effects \\[[@B94-ijms-15-14348]\\]. ", "This highlights once more that we must be cautious when evaluating the risks related to the use of MSCs or MSC-MPs in anticancer therapy.", "\n\n6. ", "Engineered MSC-MPs for Therapy\n=================================\n\nAlthough MSC-MPs have both positive and negative effects on diseases, profound therapeutic effects have been observed for felicitously engineered MSC-MPs. ", "In order to exploit MSC-MPs as therapeutic agents, it is necessary to produce them on a large scale. ", "There are several possible ways to produce and modify MSC-MP composition. ", "At first, MPs for applications in clinical therapies can be isolated from MSCs. ", "It is possible to establish MP-producing cell lines for this purpose; Secondly, MP-producing cell lines could be transduced with special genes to over-express: (1) proteins that prevent target cells in injured tissues from apoptosis and that stimulate the proliferation of residual cell populations (Notch ligands or stem cell factor); or (2) factors that effectively induce angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, stromal cell-derived factor 1 or fibroblast growth factor 2); Thirdly, it is our speculation that MPs derived from cells in hypoxic conditions will be rich in mRNAs and miRNAs to promote angiogenesis. ", "Furthermore, MP-producing cell lines can be rich in mRNA and miRNA species, which will promote regeneration after delivery to the injured tissues; Finally, we speculate that MP-producing cell lines could be rich in components to help their tropism better match the injured organ and prolong MP retention in the injured tissues. ", "In summary, the release of MPs from founder cells can be enhanced by proper manipulation of culture conditions, and MPs can be custom-engineered to make them more suitable for therapy.", "\n\n7. ", "Prospects and Conclusions\n============================\n\nMPs, once thought of merely as cell debris, now seem to influence a diverse series of physiological (such as cell communication and stem cell plasticity) and pathological processes (such as the spread of disease and the repair of injured tissues). ", "Given that MPs mimic MSC properties, MSC-MPs might be developed to improve current clinical trial outcomes that use adult cells. ", "While the use of MSC-MPs in regenerative medicine and anti-cancer treatment has a promising future, further investigation is required in several areas: (1) the stimuli and the molecular pathways that regulate the assembly of the biologically active molecules within MSC-MPs; (2) the potential application of MSC-MPs as diagnostic tools in different pathological conditions; (3) the strategies to reduce MP formation and/or to remove unwanted MPs from circulation; and (4) the exploitation of the therapeutic potential of MSC-MPs through modifying the phenotype and function of target cells.", "\n\nIn conclusion, to further explore the potential clinical use of MSC-MPs, much more studies and multidisciplinary investigations (biology, regenerative medicine and engineering) are needed to better understand these emerging concepts.", "\n\nThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371161 and 81173047 for D.-F.L.), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan (12JJ5068 for D.-F.L.) and the Postgraduate Technology Innovation Project of Hunan (CX2014B366 for X.T.).", "\n\nX.T. wrote the draft. ", "Y.-Z.G. helped with the literature search. ", "P.W. helped with the revision. ", "D.-F.L. and X.-L.Z. revised and proofed the manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

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[ "Sean Harrington, owner of\n\nin downtown Detroit, says he was arrested on false accusations he hit an employee and forced to spend 24-hours behind bars before he was charged with misdemeanor assault.", "\n\nHarrington\n\nhis holding cell was smeared with vomit and diarrhea, comparing it to \"a gulag.\"", "\n\nPolice say Harrington hit and employee after accusing him of stealing. ", "Harrington says video surveillance footage shows otherwise.", "\n\nBecause he was locked up for less than 48 hours, police spokesman John Roach told the Free Press, \"I don't see any problem at all with the actions that were taken.\"'", "\n\nIn 2003, The U.S. Department of Justice and the City of Detroit agreed to two consent decrees related to unlawful conditions of confinement in Detroit Police Department holding cells and unlawful use of force by DPD officers.", "\n\nThe decrees were supposed to expire in 2008 if both sides had met requirements, but Detroit hasn't, and Harrington's said he'll contact the federal monitor overseeing the reforms.", "\n\nHarrington is due in court today on the misdemeanor assault charge." ]

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[ "\n\nAlcatel-Lucent Open Sources its API Management Engine - javinpaul\nhttp://java.dzone.com/articles/alcatel-lucent-open-sources\n\n======\nraphinou\nHere's a link to the homepage: <http://apigrove.net/> and to the repo:\n<https://github.com/apigrove/apigrove>\n\n------\nzurn\nThis article sounds like there's a movement among CIO/marketing types to\nhijack the well-defined technical term \"API\".", "\n\nedit: I just spent a while googling and I still have no handle on what they're\ntalking about. ", "From the terminology I've deduced out that it's culturally\nrelated to the SOA/WSDL stuff that is frequently used in the \"enterprise\nworld\" to add byzantine complexity to machine to machine communications over\nport 80.", "\n\n------\nryanslade\nThe source is available here: <https://github.com/apigrove/apigrove>\n\n" ]

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[ "Oracle successfully executes the query and simply ignores the temporal validity clause. ", "If someone accidentally drops your time dimension your application won’t notice and you get wrong results all the time until you have to analyze it because it became an issue (which will probably be very soon).", "\n\nIn my opinion the correct behaviour in this situation would be returning an error, as it is the case when you have an already existing time dimension on the table but use a non-existing one in the query. ", "I already filed a bug in MOS to ask whether this is a bug or a design decision and I will keep this post updated on the outcome." ]

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[ "Little Gringley consists of just a few cottages and farms and I doubt it has changed a great deal in over 150 years. ", "There isn't a church in Little Gringley so we were left guessing where the locals would be buried since Little Gringley seemed to be equidistant as the crow flies between Grove and Clarborough.", "\n\nUpdates:\n2007-08-06 I finally found the time to visit the Church of Saint Saviour, Retford, Nottinghamshire, take some photographs and explore the attached cemetery. ", "Photographs are in the Gallery.", "\n\nMy grandfather was Mr Frank Bush who was born at Bush Cottage, Little Gringley on 3rd August 1877. ", "His parents were Joseph and Sarah Bush (nee Woodhead). ", "They are both buried in the churchyard at Clarborough Church. ", "I have lots more information about the Bush family of Little Gringley if anyone is interested.", "\n\nKeith, thanks for your comment. ", "I was in the area this weekend so I paid a brief visit to St. Saviours. ", "I took some photographs and inspected some of the headstones. ", "Could not find any with the family names I’m looking for: ALLEN and LITTLEWOOD.", "\n\nLittle Gringley\nSubmitted by Keith Johnson on Wed, 2006-11-29 14:47\n\nI would suggest you try (if you haven't already) the churchyard of St Saviours (Retford) for burials from Little Gringley.", "\nRegards Keith\n\nPost navigation\n\n2 thoughts on “Little Gringley, Nottinghamshire”\n\nHaving done a complete history of the Allen family from Little Gringley to Clarborough thence to Woodsetts in South Yorks and Worksop in Nottinghamshire. ", "I find that my wife is a direct descendant to Fanny Allen born 1803 Little Gringley whose father was David Allen of the same place born 1766. ", "Jarvis Allen who came from the same strain settled in Woodsetts and his descendants were a Joy Allen born 1941 at Woodsetts and she was a acquaintance of mine in the mid 1950s but I did not know that she was a relative of my wife as nor did she,in fact Joy is cousin 5x removed from my wife.", "Fanny Allen went on to marry a Benjamin Peacock at Ordsall about 1824 and had 5 children and after the death of her husband in 1850 she moved to Worksop where she died 1877 and buried at Worksop Priory.", "I hope these few snippets of information are of some help.", "Regards Ron Bartlett\n\nMy father in laws father was William Allen and his father was John Allen. ", "I have traced the Allens back through various David's and Johns to the 1600s. ", "All lived around Little Gringley and Clarborough. ", "I have birth dates but not death dates and also the women they married. ", "William Allen was the youngest of 12 so there are a lot of branches! ", "Looks like the next stop is St. Saviour's" ]

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[ "Please make a donation to support Gunter's Space Page.", "\nThank you very much for visiting Gunter's Space Page. ", "I hope that this site is useful and informative for you.", "\nIf you appreciate the information provided on this site, please consider supporting my work by making a simple and secure donation via PayPal. ", "Please help to run the website and keep everything free of charge. ", "Thank you very much.", "\n\nPioneer 12 (Pioneer Venus Orbiter, PVO)\n\nThe Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO, Pioneer 12) was inserted into an elliptical orbit\naround Venus on 4 December 1978. ", "The Orbiter was a flat cylinder 2.5 m in diameter and\n1.2 m high. ", "All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end of\nthe cylinder, except the magnetometer, which was at the end of a 4.7 m boom. ", "A solar array\nextended around the circumference of the cylinder. ", "A 1.09 m despun dish antenna provided S\nand X-band communication with Earth.", "\n\nFrom Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, periapsis was held between 142 and 253 km (at\n17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements. ", "The\nspacecraft was in a 24 hour orbit with an apoapsis of 66,900 km. ", "Thereafter, the periapsis\nwas allowed to rise (to 2290 km at maximum) and then fall, to conserve fuel. ", "In 1991 the\nRadar Mapper was reactivated to investigate previously inaccessible southern portions of\nthe planet. ", "In May 1992 Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the\nperiapsis was held between 150 and 250 km until the fuel ran out and atmospheric entry\ndestroyed the spacecraft the following August." ]

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[ "I attended the town hall on the status of Quesnel’s multi-centre project this week and listened to MP Dick Harris make a comment that got my Scottish dander up.", "\n\nBoth Mr. Harris and I were asked to respond to a question from the floor about what we were doing to advance the multi-centre proposal.", "\n\nIn Mr. Harris’ initial answer he spoke about the lack of a specific “program” that would enable him to try and secure Federal dollars for the $30 million initiative. ", "He also explained that the province generally takes the lead role in determining what projects get funded.", "\n\nI stated I had no issue with Mr. Harris’ accurate reflection of how the current one-third arrangement works and the critical role the province plays, but pointed out that it is the “program” approach to funding community projects that is the problem.", "\n\nWhy do we have to wait for “senior” levels of government to design a program that we must then adapt our needs to in order to get our tax money back? ", "Why can’t we simply get projects funded that meet our needs based on a good business case and proposal?", "\n\nI also restated my argument that we should get more fully funded projects in our region – just like Vancouver got a fully funded convention centre and a new roof over BC place.", "\n\nMr. Harris’ response was that the Federal government couldn’t fund $10 million here without a program — because lots of other communities would want the same and suddenly the Federal government would be spending a billion dollars on community projects all over Canada.", "\n\nBut, he presented this argument as if spending a billion on community projects would be fiscally irresponsible — that’s what got my dander up!", "\n\nI pointed out that I felt it was fiscally irresponsible to spend $1.2 billion plus on the G8/G20 summits. ", "Rather than a fake lake and over-the-top security for politicians to wring their hands about the sorry state of the global economy (mostly as a result of their poor leadership I might add) I’d sooner see that billion dollars go to community projects all over Canada, especially rural Canada!", "\n\nThe priorities of both the Federal and Provincial governments are skewed to urban, global and corporate interests to the detriment of taxpayers and rural communities. ", "It’s time they stopped spending money on mega-projects and photo ops and started focusing on good public services and community development – which is what we pay taxes for in the first place." ]

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[ "Following the release of Genesis Series 001 in “Automatic” featuring AlunaGeorge, the ever-mysterious Zhu is here with a preview of the second track in the series, “As Crazy As It Gets.”", "\n\nPunchy basslines, plucked guitar, and steady percussion come together to provide one hell of a background for the lush vocal combination of Zhu and Kesmandi. ", "The beat sounds like it should be a score for some cool & funky cartoon before Zhu and Kesmandi come in with chilling vocals. ", "Stream the preview below and keep an eye out for the full to drop soon!", "\n\nZhu x Kesmandi – As Crazy As It Gets (Genesis Series 002) | Preview\n\nSTAY IN THE KNOW! ", "SIGN UP FOR THE RUN THE TRAP NEWSLETTER\n\nZhu\n\nSoundcloud | Twitter | Facebook\n\n—\n\nPreview Zhu’s Forthcoming Single, “As Crazy As It Is”" ]

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[ "Enhanced field emission from H2 plasma-treated alpha-Fe2O3 nanowires.", "\nHematite (alpha-Fe2O3) nanowires were synthesized by the thermal oxidation of Fe-Ni alloy grids at 900 degrees C. The effects of hydrogen (H2) plasmas on the morphology and field emission properties of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) nanowires were investigated. ", "Many nanocrystallites with sharp tips were found to be produced on the surface of the originally smooth nanowires after H2 plasmas treatment. ", "Field emission measurements demonstrated that the treated alpha-Fe2O3 nanowires possessed much better performance with turn-on field of approximately 3.7 V/microm at 0.1 microA/cm2 of current density, compared with the as-grown samples." ]

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[ "Syracuse basketball signee guided Glens Falls to New York football, basketball state titles.", "\n\nJoe Girard - 2018-19 Male Athlete of the Year 5,891 views 1:17 Video: 2018-19 MaxPreps Male Athlete of the Year\n\nNew York's Joe Girard III honored after winning basketball, football state titles.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJoe Girard III is a two-time New York Gatorade Player of the Year, two-time MaxPreps All-American, two-time football state champion and a basketball state champion.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nHe caps off his incredible high school career with one more accolade — 2018-19 MaxPreps Male High School Athlete of the Year.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe 6-foot-2 Syracuse basketball signee earned the honor after a monster senior year that saw him score 1,457 points and lead Glens Falls (N.Y.) to its first state championship on the hardwood.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nOn the gridiron this season, the quarterback guided the Indians to their second state championship in three seasons.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\"It meant everything (winning a state title),\" Girard said. \"", "I was able to help bring Glens Falls their first state title in football as a sophomore and we won it again this year. ", "I just had one thing left to do before I graduated. ", "I had to do it. ", "Winning the first state title in basketball and then winning the federation title on top of that, it meant the most to me.\"", "\n\n\n\n\n\nGirard shattered the state basketball scoring mark with 4,763 career points, passing the 2,946 points from 2009 Lincoln (Brooklyn, N.Y.) graduate and current Los Angeles Lakers guard Lance Stephenson. ", "Girard's finished 10th on high school basketball's all-time scoring list.", "\n\n\n\n\"That's just crazy,\" Girard said about being the 10th all-time leading scorer. \"", "Especially being from New York where you are only allowed to play a set number of games each season. ", "It is kind of amazing, definitely a huge credit to my teammates, my family, my coaches and really the whole Glens Falls community for supporting us and allowing us the ability to play basketball in the fashion we did. ", "Most of that accolade goes to them, honestly.\" \"", "That's just crazy,\" Girard said about being the 10th all-time leading scorer. \"", "Especially being from New York where you are only allowed to play a set number of games each season. ", "It is kind of amazing, definitely a huge credit to my teammates, my family, my coaches and really the whole Glens Falls community for supporting us and allowing us the ability to play basketball in the fashion we did. ", "Most of that accolade goes to them, honestly.\"", "\n\n\n\n\n\nHis stats aren't the only thing that sets Girard apart. ", "He's a dog on the court. ", "He's a winner. ", "He has a competitive edge, that win-at-all-costs mentality.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I was born to win. ", "That is what my coaches instilled in me at a young age and a lot of people say they can see it,\" he said. \"", "I hate losing, it fuels me to win. ", "Even in pickup games I can't stand to lose.\"", "\n\nGraphic by Ryan Escobar\n\nKnown primarily for his basketball prowess, Girard was a lethal threat on the football field as well this year. ", "Passing for 314 yards and producing four touchdowns in the state championship game, he led the Indians to a 55-32 victory over previously unbeaten Batavia.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nHe averaged 243 passing yards per game while completing 62.5 percent of his throws. ", "He tallied 3,162 yards and 37 touchdowns through the air, ran for 419 yards and 13 more touchdowns, and added three punt return scores.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThe three-year starter at quarterback finished his career with 6,715 passing yards and 87 touchdowns through the air. ", "He also accounted for 29 rushing touchdowns, six punt return scores and three interceptions returned for touchdowns over the course of his football career.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommitted to Syracuse to play basketball, Girard didn't completely close the door on a return to the football field.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Before my junior year of high school is when I considered both. ", "Tulane, UMass and Penn State recruited me in both sports,\" he said. \"", "I still love playing football and at one point I gave strong consideration to playing both sports. ", "Right now, I am 100 percent committed to basketball, but I can't speak for what the future holds.\"", "\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile Girard III's resume was stood out, the finalists for the award put together extremely impressive seasons.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJerrion Ealy led Jackson Prep (Jackson, Miss.) to state titles in football and baseball with 2,762 all-purpose yards and 40 touchdowns on the gridiron. ", "He was also selected in the 31st round of the MLB Draft by the Arizona Diamondbacks, but previously announced his intentions to honor his Ole Miss commitment as a two-sport athlete.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJalen Suggs of Minnehaha Academy (Minneapolis) , only a junior, has to be a front-runner to win the award next season after leading the Red Hawks to state titles in football and basketball. ", "He produced 1,578 passing yards and 604 rushing yards with 20 touchdowns in football and averaged 23.3 points, 6.3 assists and 4.7 rebounds per contest on the hardwood.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUltimately Girard was a step above the rest.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHe is the first high school basketball player to average 48 or more points per game in a season twice, dropping 50 points per game as a junior and 48.6 per game as a senior.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nHis senior year was one for the history books. ", "In 30 games, he notched 26 40-point performances, 15 50-point games and a New York Section II record 69-point outing.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nGirard was able to accomplish those numbers on the big stage, finishing with 50 points and hitting the game-tying 3-pointer late in regulation and the game-winning shot as time expired in overtime in the Indians' 75-74 state title victory over Lowville.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Among those who rejected offers last year, only to receive new and more favorable ones in the past two months, were: Julius Jenkins, the 17-year-old triggerman in a botched 1993 robbery that left store clerk Francisco Azcona dead; Atil Finney, one of Jenkins' codefendants; Asim Mack, who was 17 in 1995 when he participated in a grocery-store robbery in which a codefendant shot and killed 25-year-old shop clerk Reuben Sweeney; and Phillip Pratt, who was 17 when he shot and killed 17-year-old Dwayne Allen in the street, \"because he didn't respond when Pratt gestured at him to come here,\" according to a 1996 news report." ]

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[ "/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more\n * contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file distributed with\n * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.", "\n * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0\n * (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n * the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\npackage org.apache.spark.deploy.k8s\n\nimport java.io.", "File\n\nimport com.google.common.base.", "Charsets\nimport com.google.common.io.", "Files\nimport io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.{ConfigBuilder, DefaultKubernetesClient, KubernetesClient}\nimport io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.", "Config.autoConfigure\nimport io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.utils.", "HttpClientUtils\nimport okhttp3.Dispatcher\n\nimport org.apache.spark.", "SparkConf\nimport org.apache.spark.deploy.k8s.", "Config._", "\nimport org.apache.spark.internal.", "Logging\nimport org.apache.spark.internal.config.", "ConfigEntry\nimport org.apache.spark.util.", "ThreadUtils\n\n/**\n * Spark-opinionated builder for Kubernetes clients. ", "It uses a prefix plus common suffixes to\n * parse configuration keys, similar to the manner in which Spark's SecurityManager parses SSL\n * options for different components.", "\n */\nprivate[spark] object SparkKubernetesClientFactory extends Logging {\n\n def createKubernetesClient(\n master: String,\n namespace: Option[String],\n kubernetesAuthConfPrefix: String,\n clientType: ClientType.", "Value,\n sparkConf: SparkConf,\n defaultServiceAccountToken: Option[File],\n defaultServiceAccountCaCert: Option[File]): KubernetesClient = {\n val oauthTokenFileConf = s\"$kubernetesAuthConfPrefix.$OAUTH_TOKEN_FILE_CONF_SUFFIX\"\n val oauthTokenConf = s\"$kubernetesAuthConfPrefix.$OAUTH_TOKEN_CONF_SUFFIX\"\n val oauthTokenFile = sparkConf.getOption(oauthTokenFileConf)\n .map(new File(_))\n .orElse(defaultServiceAccountToken)\n val oauthTokenValue = sparkConf.getOption(oauthTokenConf)\n KubernetesUtils.requireNandDefined(\n oauthTokenFile,\n oauthTokenValue,\n s\"Cannot specify OAuth token through both a file $oauthTokenFileConf and a \" +\n s\"value $oauthTokenConf.\")", "\n\n val caCertFile = sparkConf\n .getOption(s\"$kubernetesAuthConfPrefix.$CA_CERT_FILE_CONF_SUFFIX\")\n .orElse(defaultServiceAccountCaCert.map(_.getAbsolutePath))\n val clientKeyFile = sparkConf\n .getOption(s\"$kubernetesAuthConfPrefix.$CLIENT_KEY_FILE_CONF_SUFFIX\")\n val clientCertFile = sparkConf\n .getOption(s\"$kubernetesAuthConfPrefix.$CLIENT_CERT_FILE_CONF_SUFFIX\")\n val dispatcher = new Dispatcher(\n ThreadUtils.newDaemonCachedThreadPool(\"kubernetes-dispatcher\"))\n\n // Allow for specifying a context used to auto-configure from the users K8S config file\n val kubeContext = sparkConf.get(KUBERNETES_CONTEXT).filter(_.nonEmpty)\n logInfo(\"Auto-configuring K8S client using \" +\n kubeContext.map(\"context \" + _).getOrElse(\"current context\") +\n \" from users K8S config file\")\n\n // Start from an auto-configured config with the desired context\n // Fabric 8 uses null to indicate that the users current context should be used so if no\n // explicit setting pass null\n val config = new ConfigBuilder(autoConfigure(kubeContext.getOrElse(null)))\n .withApiVersion(\"v1\")\n .withMasterUrl(master)\n .withWebsocketPingInterval(0)\n .withRequestTimeout(clientType.requestTimeout(sparkConf))\n .withConnectionTimeout(clientType.connectionTimeout(sparkConf))\n .withOption(oauthTokenValue) {\n (token, configBuilder) => configBuilder.withOauthToken(token)\n }.withOption(oauthTokenFile) {\n (file, configBuilder) =>\n configBuilder.withOauthToken(Files.toString(file, Charsets.", "UTF_8))\n }.withOption(caCertFile) {\n (file, configBuilder) => configBuilder.withCaCertFile(file)\n }.withOption(clientKeyFile) {\n (file, configBuilder) => configBuilder.withClientKeyFile(file)\n }.withOption(clientCertFile) {\n (file, configBuilder) => configBuilder.withClientCertFile(file)\n }.withOption(namespace) {\n (ns, configBuilder) => configBuilder.withNamespace(ns)\n }.build()\n val baseHttpClient = HttpClientUtils.createHttpClient(config)\n val httpClientWithCustomDispatcher = baseHttpClient.newBuilder()\n .dispatcher(dispatcher)\n .build()\n new DefaultKubernetesClient(httpClientWithCustomDispatcher, config)\n }\n\n private implicit class OptionConfigurableConfigBuilder(val configBuilder: ConfigBuilder)\n extends AnyVal {\n\n def withOption[T]\n (option: Option[T])\n (configurator: ((T, ConfigBuilder) => ConfigBuilder)): ConfigBuilder = {\n option.map { opt =>\n configurator(opt, configBuilder)\n }.getOrElse(configBuilder)\n }\n }\n\n object ClientType extends Enumeration {\n import scala.language.implicitConversions\n val Driver = Val(DRIVER_CLIENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT, DRIVER_CLIENT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT)\n val Submission = Val(SUBMISSION_CLIENT_REQUEST_TIMEOUT, SUBMISSION_CLIENT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT)\n\n protected case class Val(\n requestTimeoutEntry: ConfigEntry[Int],\n connectionTimeoutEntry: ConfigEntry[Int])\n extends super.", "Val {\n def requestTimeout(conf: SparkConf): Int = conf.get(requestTimeoutEntry)\n def connectionTimeout(conf: SparkConf): Int = conf.get(connectionTimeoutEntry)\n }\n\n implicit def convert(value: Value): Val = value.asInstanceOf[Val]\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Uncommon opportunistic yeast bloodstream infections from Qatar.", "\nEleven uncommon yeast species that are associated with high mortality rates irrespective of antifungal therapy were isolated from 17/187 (201 episodes) pediatric and elderly patients with fungemia from Qatar. ", "The samples were taken over a 6-year period (January 2004-December 2010). ", "Isolated species included Kluyveromyces marxianus, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Lindnera fabianii, Candida dubliniensis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Candida intermedia, Pichia kudriavzevii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Clavispora lusitaniae, Candida pararugosa, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus. ", "Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry provided correct identifications compared with molecular analysis testing of the same isolates. ", "Low minimal inhibitory concentrations were found when isavuconazole and voriconazole were used for all uncommon yeast species evaluated in this study. ", "Resistance to antifungal drugs was low and remained restricted to a few species." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Applications of Lawesson's reagent in the synthesis of naturally occurring steroids and terpenoids.", "\nSteroids and terpenoids are among the most biologically significant classes of natural products possessing a variety of biological activities. ", "The replacement of one or more oxygen atoms in a steroid or terpenoid molecule by a heteroatom affects the chemical properties of that particular steroid or terpenoid, and that replacement often results in alterations of its biological properties, which is sometimes valuable. ", "One possible modification is the thionation that could have some influence on such activity. ", "Among the various thionating reagents, Lawesson's reagent was found to be most suitable and showed versatile properties, including chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance. ", "In this review, we present the role of Lawesson's reagent in the synthesis of thioanalogues of natural steroids and terpenoids." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Tamoya ohboya\n\nTamoya ohboya, also known as the Bonaire banded box jellyfish, is a species of box jellyfish formally described in 2011. ", "Tamoya ohboya was discovered by a biologist and educator, William Gillan. ", "In order to name the newly discovered species, Coalition on the Public Understanding of Science organized an online competition, which was won by the high school marine biology teacher Lisa Peck, who explained her winning entry saying: \"I bet ‘Oh Boy’ is the first thing said when a biologist or layman encounters the Bonaire Banded Box Jellyfish.\" ", "It is the first species of the genus Tamoya to be discovered in over 100 years. ", "The International Institute for Species Exploration included it in a list of Top Ten New Species in 2011.", "\n\nThe species was discovered in the waters of the Dutch Caribbean islands (then part of the Netherlands Antilles). ", "There have been roughly 70 confirmed sightings since 1989, approximately 45 of which took place in the waters of Bonaire and the rest off the shores of Mexico, St Lucia, Curacao, Barbados, Honduras and St Vincent. ", "The most closely related species of Tamoya ohboya live in the waters of Brazil and the south-eastern United States of America. ", "It is characterized by a deep stomach, densely spread cnidocysts and banded tentacles whose color ranges from reddish-orange to dark brown. ", "Tamoya ohboya is hard to collect due to its fast swimming and ungregarious nature. ", "Its ecology is still relatively unknown, but it is presumed that it is a daylight predator whose prey includes small crustaceans and fish.", "\n\nLike other box jellyfish, Tamoya ohboya is highly venomous. ", "Since 1989, three people have reported being stung by Tamoya ohboya, which led to intense pain, skin damage and, in one of the cases, hospitalization. ", "Its head is shaped like a plastic bag.", "\n\nThe number of people stung by Tamoya ohboya is likely higher than the three reported above. ", "Three people were stung by what was believed to be Tamoya ohboya in Barbados over two days around November 3, 2018.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cubozoa\nCategory:Animals described in 2011\nCategory:Fauna of the Caribbean" ]

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[ "\nScientists use an atomic clock to measure the height of a mountain - montrose\nhttp://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-atomic-clock-gravity-20180212-story.html\n======\n_rpd\nThe innovation here is that they made the atomic clock portable enough to be\ntaken to the top of a mountain, so that they could use the difference in clock\nspeed to calculate the height by general relativity.", "\n\n~~~\nprogrammarchy\nA portable vacuum chamber. ", "Pretty cool. ", "So unlike a pressure altimeter, this\ncould also work in space. ", "And unlike a radar altimeter, you don't need a\ndirect line of sight to the surface.", "\n\nAlthough seems like the measurement could also be distorted by large masses\nlike the moon...\n\n~~~\nmikeash\nUnfortunately, you still need some communication with the outside world. ", "To\nthe local observer, the clock will run at the same rate no matter where you\nare. ", "Only distant clocks will change.", "\n\n~~~\n7952\nI wonder if you could measure the difference between two clocks on the same\ncraft at a distance from one another. ", "The strength of gravity follows the\ninverse square law so presumably the difference in time between the two points\nwill change also.", "\n\n~~~\nmikeash\nThat should work, and give you the local gravitational gradient, which would\ncorrespond to the altitude. ", "You might want four arranged in a tetrahedron so\nyou don’t need to orient them.", "\n\n------\nprewett\nThe article said that this was the first time atomic clocks were taken out of\nthe lab to do this experiment, but definitely not the first time:\n\n[http://www.leapsecond.com/great2005/tour/](http://www.leapsecond.com/great2005/tour/)\n\nMy favorite part is where he notes that with kids everything has to be exactly\nequal: \"three kids, three clocks, three sodas.\" ", "My somewhat fuzzy arguments\nwith my brothers make me think he is a wise man.", "\n\n------\nwesturner\nQuantum_clock#More_accurate_experimental_clocks:\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_clock#More_accurate_ex...](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_clock#More_accurate_experimental_clocks)\n\n> In 2015 JILA evaluated the absolute frequency uncertainty of their latest\n> strontium-87 optical lattice clock at 2.1 × 10−18, which corresponds to a\n> measurable gravitational time dilation for an elevation change of 2 cm (0.79\n> in) on planet Earth that according to JILA/NIST Fellow Jun Ye is \"getting\n> really close to being useful for relativistic geodesy\".", "\n\nAFAIU, this type of geodesy isn't possible with 'normal' time structs. ", "Are\nnanoseconds enough?", "\n\n\"[Python-Dev] PEP 564: Add new time functions with nanosecond resolution\"\n[https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-\ndev/2017-October/14...](https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-\ndev/2017-October/149944.html)\n\n~~~\ninteleng\nThe thread you linked makes a good point: there isn't really any reason to\ncare about the actual time, only the relative time. ", "These sorts of clocks just\nuse 256- or 512-bit counters; it's not like they're having overflow issues.", "\n\n------\nsebtoast\nI am confused, I always thought that moving faster makes time go slower but\nthe article says this:\n\n\"For example, a clock on top of a tall mountain — far from the center of the\nEarth — will move a tiny bit faster than a clock at the base of that mountain,\nwhere the gravity is stronger. ", "It's not a mechanical error. ", "Time itself\nactually passes faster at the top of the mountain.\"", "\n\nFrom what I can understand from the Wikipedia article is that time does go\nslower the faster you move: \"Special relativity indicates that, for an\nobserver in an inertial frame of reference, a clock that is moving relative to\nhim will be measured to tick slower than a clock that is at rest in his frame\nof reference.\"", "\n\nI did a little search and half the sites I saw said one thing and the other\nhalf said the opposite.", "\n\nWould anyone mind explaining like I'm five? ", "Or maybe share a trustworthy\nsources I could read on the subject?", "\n\nThanks.", "\n\n~~~\nctdonath\n[paraphrasing]\n\nAcceleration is a kind of speed. ", "The more you're accelerating in a given\ndirection, the faster you're going - even if there's something stopping you.", "\nGravity makes you accelerate - even if there's ground stopping you from moving\n\"down\". ", "So the higher the gravity, the higher the acceleration, so the higher\nyour (instantaneous) speed, so time goes slower for you relative to other\nthings not moving/accelerating as much.", "\n\nIf you're really close to a black hole, with LOTS of gravity, time will pass\nreally slowly for you relative to most everything else - even if something is\npreventing you from actually falling in.", "\n\nAt the top of a mountain, gravity is lower. ", "You're farther away from most of\nthe Earth. ", "Less gravity (however minute) means less acceleration means less\n(instantaneous) speed means time traveling relatively faster (or, well, not as\nslow as further downhill).", "\n\nIn space, far far away from everything, and so long as you're kinda averaging\na speed of 0 relative to everything else, time ticks by the fastest (relative\nto most everything else).", "\n\nSo if you build two clocks that are practically perfectly in sync, and you\nmove one to the bottom of a mountain, and one to the top, and then bring them\nback together, you can measure the tiny difference between them caused by one\n(the one from the top of the mountain) experiencing time faster than the other\n(from the bottom).", "\n\n~~~\nliberte82\nHow much slower is time at the surface of the sun?", "\n\n~~~\nmdturnerphys\n\" . . . ", "a clock on the surface of the sun will accumulate around 66.4 fewer\nseconds in one year [than would a distant observer's clock].\"", "\n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation)\n\n------\ntimb07\nA similar experiment (but to only detect the effect of altitude, not to\nmeasure it) was done about 12 years ago, described here:\n[http://www.leapsecond.com/great2005/](http://www.leapsecond.com/great2005/)\n\n------\nbtilly\nI wouldn't think this would be exceptional as a way to measure altitude.", "\n\nHowever it is exceptional as a way to measure gravity differences arising from\nstuff inside of the Earth. ", "See [https://academo.org/demos/gravity-\nmap/](https://academo.org/demos/gravity-map/) for a picture of how that varies\nover the Earth.", "\n\n(Though you wouldn't be measuring the strength of gravitational pull directly.", "\nYou would be measuring the gravitational potential. ", "The strength of gravity is\nthe gradient of the potential field.)", "\n\n~~~\nmarknadal\nWhy is the Indonesia area so red on that map?", "\n\nI get that other red spots have tall mountains... but why Indonesia?", "\n\n~~~\nwahern\n\n Continental crust is less dense than marine crust. ", "So just\n because the Himalayas are tall, they also displace denser\n mantle below, so they don’t contribute much more to\n gravitational pull.", "\n \n The Andes and Indonesia are strong subduction zones. ", "Besides\n the crust on the surface, there’s another layer of (dense\n oceanic) crust below adding to the pull.", "\n \n -- Darren #44 comment at http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/03/31/the-earths-lumpy-gravity/\n \n\nSee, also, the following paper, which catalogs how the angle of subduction\neffects the gravimetric profile.", "\n\n \n \n Harabaglia, Paolo & Doglioni, Carlo. (", "1998). ", "Topography and\n gravity across subduction zones. ", "Geophysical Research\n Letters - GEOPHYS RES LETT. ", "25. ", "703-706. ", "10.1029/98GL00137.", "\n\n------\ntahw\nHow the hell did they measure clock speed if the passage of time itself is\ndifferent?", "\n\n~~~\nphyzome\n\"Dear tahw, what time and date is it over there? ", "Please write back. ", "I shall\nwrite again next month. ", "Sincerely, phyzome\"\n\n...\n\n\"Dear tahw, over the past year, I have noticed something interesting in our\ncorrespondences -- more hours have passed on your end than mine, on average. ", "I\nbelieve our clocks are ticking at different rate. ", "Yours, phyzome\"\n\n(except measuring number of ticks, as communicated over fiber optics, and\npossibly with other tricks to cancel out communication lag)\n\n------\n_adamb\n\"It didn't work as nicely as we hoped, but we learned a lot and it's a start,\"\nLisdat said. \"", "Sometimes you just have to begin, and then you can figure out\nhow to improve.\"", "\n\nGood sentiment to live/work by.", "\n\n~~~\ncr0sh\n> Good sentiment to live/work by.", "\n\nDefinitely. ", "I've found in my personal life that just getting started on\nsomething can be the hardest part about any given task (whether something\nphysical, or implementing an idea as code or something like that). ", "But once\nyou get rolling on it, things tend to come along easier.", "\n\nYou might not reach the end, things might fail (sometimes spectacularly), or\nthings will change midstream and you might not end up where you had planned.", "\nRegardless, though, the journey can end up being better than the original\ngoal.", "\n\n...you just have to begin.", "\n\n------\nnyc111\nIs it possible that they measured the distance not height to the reference\nclock? ", "It takes time for the signal to travel to the reference clock. ", "But I’m\nnot sure about the exact geometry.", "\n\n~~~\nChuckMcM\nI would guess that one would send a clock signal (think of it as a square wave\nat a very precise frequency) and measure the phase shift between the two\nclocks. (", "also very precisely)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "Q:\n\nExcel: Set background color of cell and text color with rgb\n\nI'm write a program that change font and background color due to user request. ", "after received backgroundColorData and textColorData \ni did like to change colors due to user request but i feel there is a better way to make it then what i choose to do (my code is maybe repeating itself)\nother issue i didn't find an answer for is how to make textColor/backgroundColor more \"red\" or more \"blue\"\n Select Case backgroundColorData\n Case Is = \"Black\"\n Selection.", "Interior.", "Color = RGB(0, 0, 0)\n Case Is = \"Red\"\n Selection.", "Interior.", "Color = RGB(255, 0, 0)\n Case Is = \"Blue\"\n Selection.", "Interior.", "Color = RGB(0, 0, 255)\n Case Is = \"White\"\n Selection.", "Interior.", "Color = RGB(255, 255, 255)\n End Select\n\n Select Case textColorData\n Case Is = \"Black\"\n Selection.", "Font.", "Color = RGB(0, 0, 0)\n Case Is = \"Red\"\n Selection.", "Font.", "Color = RGB(255, 0, 0)\n Case Is = \"Blue\"\n Selection.", "Font.", "Color = RGB(0, 0, 255)\n Case Is = \"White\"\n Selection.", "Font.", "Color = RGB(255, 255, 255)\n End Select \n\nAny help would be appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nSub tester()\n\n Dim backgroundColorData As String, textColorData As String\n\n backgroundColorData = \"Blue\"\n textColorData = \"White\"\n\n With Selection\n .Interior.", "Color = NameToRgb(backgroundColorData)\n .Font.", "Color = NameToRgb(textColorData)\n End With\n\nEnd Sub\n\n'map a color name to an rgb value\nFunction NameToRgb(sName As String) As Long\n Dim arrNames, arrRGB, v\n arrNames = Array(\"black\", \"red\", \"blue\", \"white\")\n arrRGB = Array(RGB(0, 0, 0), RGB(255, 0, 0), _\n RGB(0, 0, 255), RGB(255, 255, 255))\n\n v = Application.", "Match(LCase(sName), arrNames, 0)\n If Not IsError(v) Then\n NameToRgb = arrRGB(v - 1)\n Else\n NameToRgb = vbBlack 'default...\n End If\nEnd Function\n\nIf you want to find an exact color value for something \"more red\", set the background in a cell to the color you want, select the cell, then in the VB editor Immediate pane type:\n? ", "Selection.", "Interior.", "Color \n\nCopy the number and use that in place of your RGB() value\nEDIT: OK now I see what you mean about making a cell more red...\nSub MoreRed(c As Range)\n Dim R As Long, G As Long, B As Long, clr As Long\n\n clr = c.Interior.", "Color\n B = clr \\ 65536\n G = (clr - B * 65536) \\ 256\n R = clr - B * 65536 - G * 256\n 'Debug.", "Print R, G, B\n R = Application.", "Min(R + 20, 255) 'more red...\n c.Interior.", "Color = RGB(R, G, B)\nEnd Sub\n\n" ]

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[ "By Natasha Gilbert of Nature magazine\n\nKenya is expected to become the fourth African country to allow the commercial production of transgenic crops.", "\n\nThe country's National Biosafety Authority is due to publish long-awaited regulations governing the cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops in open fields for research and commercial purposes. ", "Kenya follows Burkina Faso, Egypt and South Africa in giving commercial production of GM organisms the go-ahead.", "\n\nKenya's agricultural researchers say the move could not come soon enough, as the absence of regulations was stalling research.", "\n\n\"Without the regulations, projects can't move forward into unconfined trials where crops are released into the environment and their performance is tested under different climatic and soil conditions,\" says Simon Gichuki, crop scientist and head of the biotechnology centre at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) in Nairobi.", "\n\nPest-resistant cotton\n\nThe first transgenic crop likely to be put forward for approval for open trials and commercial release is Bt cotton--which has added genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium, making the plant produce toxins that confer resistance to some insect pests.", "\n\nA Bt cotton variety is being developed for Kenyan farmers at KARI. ", "According to the regulations it will take a minimum of three months to get the green light for environmental release after permission is sought from the authorities.", "\n\nNext in line will be Bt maize (corn), also being developed by scientists at KARI, says Gichuki. ", "Other crops undergoing confined field trials include virus-resistant sweet potatoes and drought-resistant maize, he says.", "\n\nKenya passed a biosaftey law in 2009 which allowed the commercial production of transgenic crops in principle. ", "These regulations set out the details of how the law will be implemented, including rules governing experimental lab work and confined field trials, and the import, export and in-country transport of GM products.", "\n\nFor example, when seeking permission to release a transgenic product into the environment or place it on the market, applicants must submit a risk assessment and set out all the uses of the GM crop to the Kenyan biosafety authority. ", "The authority will screen the submissions for accuracy and completeness and must make a decision within 90 and 150 days. ", "The authority must inform the public of all applications for environmental release by, for example, publishing notices in a least two widely circulated newspapers, the draft regulations say.", "\n\nSetting regulations\n\nPermission for environmental release is granted for a period of 10 years, after which consent must be re-sought. ", "Once a product has been released for 20 years with no reported risks to human health and the environment, it can continue to be released or placed on the market without further approval.", "\n\nBreach of the regulations could result in a fine of up to 20 million Kenyan shillings (around US$221,000) or imprisonment for up to 10 years.", "\n\nFrancis Nang'ayo, an ecologist and regulatory affairs manager at the African Agriculture Technology Foundation based in Nairobi, describes the regulations as \"precautionary but facilitating the development of biotechnology\".", "\n\n\"Biotechnology has the potential to help solve some agricultural and health problems in Kenya. ", "So it should be harnessed, but safely,\" he explains.", "\n\nFor example, Kenya is suffering from a shortage of maize, in part because a drought has destroyed large swathes of local farmers' crops. ", "Without the regulations, Kenya is unable to import the white variety of maize Kenyans like to eat as the majority of this is transgenic, says Gichuki.", "\n\nNang'ayo says Kenyan farmers are keen to adopt new technologies, including transgenic crops, that will enable them to produce greater volumes for less money.", "\n\nDissident voices\n\nBut not everyone is in favor. ", "Anne Wanjiku Maina, advocacy coordinator for the African Biodiversity Network, an anti-GM group based in Thika, Kenya, believes the patenting of seeds is \"unethical\" and \"undermines farmers' rights to save seeds\".", "\n\n\"Our public research institutions must shift their focus back to farmers' needs rather than support the agenda of agribusiness,\" she said to Nature.", "\n\nKenya has the strongest economy in east Africa and will set an example to other countries in the continent, including Nigeria and Ghana which are taking steps to improve national provision for biotechnology and biosaftey.", "\n\n\"If Kenya succeeds it will have an impact on others to follow,\" says Getachew Belay, biotechnology policy adviser for the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)--a regional trade block. ", "Belay is leading efforts to create common biosafety rules between COMESA member countries. (", "See 'Transgenic harvest')\n\nThis article is reproduced with permission from the magazine Nature. ", "The article was first published on July 11, 2011." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes haproxy buffer tcp request body when backend is down?", "\n\nI am using haproxy 1.6.4 as TCP(not HTTP) proxy.", "\nMy clients are making TCP requests. ", "They do not wait for any response, they just send the data and close the connection.", "\nHow haproxy behaves when all back-end nodes are down?", "\nI see that (from the client point of view) haproxy is accepting incomming connections.", "\nHaproxy statistics show that front-end has status OPEN, he is accepting connections.", "\nNumber of sessions and bytes-in increases for frontend, but not for back-end (he is DOWN).", "\nIs haproxy buffering incoming TCP requests, and will pass them to the back-end once back-end is up?", "\nIf yes, it is possible to configure this buffer size? ", "Where data is buffered (in memory, disk?)", "\nIs this possible to turn off front-end (do not accept incoming TCP connections) when all back-end nodes are DOWN?", "\nEdit:\nwhen backend started, I see that\n * backend in-bytes and sessions is equal to front-end number of sessions\n * but my one and only back-end node has fever number of bytes-in, fever sessions and has errors.", "\nSo, it seems that in default configuration there is no tcp buffering.", "\nData is accepted by haproxy even if all backend nodes are down, but this data is lost.", "\nI would prefer to turn off tcp front-end when there are no backend servers- so client connections would be rejected. ", "Is that possible?", "\nedit:\nhaproxy log is\n\nJul 15 10:02:32 172.17.0.2 haproxy[1]: 185.130.180.3:11319\n [15/Jul/2016:10:02:32.335] tcp-in app/ -1/-1/0 0 SC \\0/0/0/0/0\n 0/0 908\n\nmy log format is\n\n%ci:%cp\\ [%t]\\ %ft\\ %b/%s\\ %Tw/%Tc/%Tt\\ %B\\ %ts\\ \\%ac/%fc/%bc/%sc/%rc\\ %sq/%bq\\ %U\n\nWhat I understand from log:\n\nthere are no backeend servers\ntermination state SC translates to\nS : the TCP session was unexpectedly aborted by the server, or the\n server explicitly refused it.", "\nC : the proxy was waiting for the CONNECTION to establish on the\n server. ", "The server might at most have noticed a connection attempt.", "\n\nA:\n\nI don't think what you are looking for is possible. ", "HAproxy handles the two sides of the connection (frontend, backend) separately. ", "The incoming TCP connection is established first and then HAproxy looks for a matching destination for it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The effective treatment of metastases is a challenge for any cancer treatment. ", "For immunotherapy to be beneficial in the treatment of metastatic disease, the immune system must recognize tumor cells throughout the body, which can be achieved by inducing a systemic immune response or through the creation of memory T cells following recognition of a primary tumor.", "\nMany cytokines have been intensively investigated as potential anticancer agents. ", "Among the many cytokines evaluated, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been shown to exhibit strong antitumor activities. ", "IL-12 can upregulate the proliferation and maturation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, induce production of IFN-γ, inhibit angiogenesis, and upregulate expression of accessory molecules such as HLA. ", "Unfortunately, delivery of IL-12 in the form of recombinant protein results in severe toxicity and adverse side effects, including death. ", "Therefore, gene therapy strategies for delivery of IL-12 have been explored such as the use of viral vectors, gene gun, microspheres, direct injection of plasmid, and electroporation.", "\nThe antitumor potential of IL-12 has been reported in numerous immunotherapy studies. ", "The proposed antitumor mechanisms of IL-12 include effects on the immune system such as the induction of IFN-γ, upregulation of T cells, and proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells. ", "In addition, IL-12 inhibits angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. ", "This wide range of effects on the immune system as well as antiangiogenic properties results in a potentially potent antitumor treatment. ", "Unfortunately, preclinical and clinical trials using systemic administration of recombinant IL-12 demonstrated potential adverse side effects. ", "Administration of recombinant I1-12 locally or systemically has been reported to induce potent antitumor activity in a variety of murine tumor models, causing regression of established tumors. ", "However, in these studies, repeated delivery of recombinant IL-12 on a daily basis was required to achieve the maximal therapeutic activity, and was also usually associated with a dose-dependent toxicity. ", "The use of gene therapy for the delivery of IL-12, by gene gun, resulted in fewer side effects than recombinant protein therapy. ", "Several studies using viral and nonviral gene delivery techniques have reported success in slowing and/or preventing tumor growth. ", "However, these studies have had limited success in demonstrating complete regression of the poorly immunogenic B16.F10 melanoma and subsequent resistance to challenge.", "\nIn vivo electroporation is a gene delivery technique that has been used successfully for efficient delivery of plasmid DNA to many different tissues. ", "Studies have reported the administration of in vivo electroporation for delivery of plasmid DNA to B16 melanomas and other tumor tissues. ", "Although systemic administration of recombinant IL-12 revealed its antitumor potential, expression of IFN-gamma at the tumor site has been shown to be critical for successful tumor regression. ", "Systemic and local expression of a gene or cDNA encoded by a plasmid can be obtained with administration of in vivo electroporation. ", "Use of in vivo electroporation enhances plasmid DNA uptake in tumor tissue, resulting in expression within the tumor, and delivers plasmids to muscle tissue, resulting in systemic cytokine expression.", "\nIt has been shown that electroporation can be used to transfect cells in vivo with plasmid DNA. ", "Recent studies have shown that electroporation is capable of enhancing delivery of plasmid DNA as an antitumor agent. ", "Electroporation has been administered for treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas, adenocarcinoma, breast tumors, squamous cell carcinoma and B16.F10 melanoma in rodent models. ", "The B16.F10 murine melanoma model has been used extensively for testing potential immunotherapy protocols for the delivery of IL-12 and other cytokines either as recombinant protein or by gene therapy.", "\nIts wide range of effects on the immune system and its antiangiogenic properties make IL-12 an excellent candidate for use an as immunotherapeutic agent. ", "Because of its potential toxicity, it is important to give careful consideration to the delivery method of IL-12. ", "In vivo electroporation is a safe, nontoxic delivery system and has been used for efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and plasmid DNA, including plasmids encoding IL-12.", "\nElectroporation mediated in vivo delivery of the murine interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene in an expression plasmid has been shown to provide antitumor and antimetastasis activity. ", "Various protocols are known in the art for the delivery of plasmid encoding 11-12 utilizing in vivo electroporation for the treatment of cancer. ", "The protocols known in the art describe in vivo electroporation mediated cytokine based gene therapy, both intratumor and intramuscular, utilizing low-voltage and long-pulse currents. ", "Prior art methods have identified these low-voltage levels to be less than 300V and long pulses to be in the area of 50 ms. ", "Rationalization for the use of low-voltage levels and long pulse lengths for the delivery of plasmid encoding IL-12 for the treatment of tumors is based on well-known principles of electroporation and electrochemotherapy. ", "It is known that electric pulses with moderate electric field intensity can cause temporary cell membrane permeabilization, which may then lead to rapid genetic transformation and manipulation in a wide variety of cells types including bacteria, yeasts, animal and human cells, and so forth. ", "Conversely, electric pulses with high electric field intensity can cause permanent cell membrane breakdown and tissue damage. ", "All prior art methods describing the administration of an electroporation protocol for delivery of IL-12 to the target tissue are based on the application of low-voltage, long length pulses. ", "These treatment protocols known in the art have not been effective in demonstrating acceptable cure rates for tumors, including B16.F10 melanoma tumors. ", "Additionally, the known treatment protocols have been unable to demonstrate improved long-term subject survival rates.", "\nAccordingly, what is needed in the art is an electroporation protocol for the delivery of a plasmid encoding a therapeutic protein that will provide substantially improved results in the regression of cancer tumors while also substantially improving the long-term survival rates." ]

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[ "ing order.", "\n19, 3, 1, -5\nSort 0.4, -336/13, 0, 5 in ascending order.", "\n-336/13, 0, 0.4, 5\nPut 7, -4, 0 in increasing order.", "\n-4, 0, 7\nSort -6, 5, 0.2, 2/11, 72 in descending order.", "\n72, 5, 0.2, 2/11, -6\nSort -2, 2, -13/185, -4 in increasing order.", "\n-4, -2, -13/185, 2\nSort 88, -2/3, -1/6 in ascending order.", "\n-2/3, -1/6, 88\nSort -0.18, -5, 37 in ascending order.", "\n-5, -0.18, 37\nSort -1, -4, -241, 3.", "\n-241, -4, -1, 3\nSort 0, -1, -20, -2/5 in descending order.", "\n0, -2/5, -1, -20\nSort 2/9, 3/4, -4/7, -0.0864 in decreasing order.", "\n3/4, 2/9, -0.0864, -4/7\nSort -2, 11, 6, 1, 9 in decreasing order.", "\n11, 9, 6, 1, -2\nPut 5, 11, -101, -2 in decreasing order.", "\n11, 5, -2, -101\nSort 4, 3, -10 in ascending order.", "\n-10, 3, 4\nSort 15, 5, -1, -3, -5 in increasing order.", "\n-5, -3, -1, 5, 15\nSort 38, 4, -3, -0.02 in decreasing order.", "\n38, 4, -0.02, -3\nPut -20, 5, -8 in decreasing order.", "\n5, -8, -20\nPut 0.5, -2/7, 35.9 in ascending order.", "\n-2/7, 0.5, 35.9\nSort 9, 0, 16.", "\n0, 9, 16\nSort 2/11, 4, 5, 0.3 in decreasing order.", "\n5, 4, 0.3, 2/11\nPut 4/13, -2, 1.2 in descending order.", "\n1.2, 4/13, -2\nSort 0.2, 0.03, -9/4, -6, -0.1 in decreasing order.", "\n0.2, 0.03, -0.1, -9/4, -6\nSort 5, -16, 3, -2 in increasing order.", "\n-16, -2, 3, 5\nPut -3, 3, -4, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 3, -3, -4\nPut -1, -4/5, 1, 0.8 in decreasing order.", "\n1, 0.8, -4/5, -1\nPut 0.2, -5, -2, 3, -1 in decreasing order.", "\n3, 0.2, -1, -2, -5\nSort -13, -4, 1, 2, -2 in descending order.", "\n2, 1, -2, -4, -13\nSort -10, 0, -0.5, 1/7 in descending order.", "\n1/7, 0, -0.5, -10\nPut 1, -50, -3 in ascending order.", "\n-50, -3, 1\nPut 3/19, -5/2, -2/13 in increasing order.", "\n-5/2, -2/13, 3/19\nPut -2, 2, -28 in decreasing order.", "\n2, -2, -28\nPut 4, -15, 5, -5 in increasing order.", "\n-15, -5, 4, 5\nSort -29, 4, -3/5, 0.3 in increasing order.", "\n-29, -3/5, 0.3, 4\nPut 2/7, 1, 2, 0.07 in ascending order.", "\n0.07, 2/7, 1, 2\nSort 4, -26, -5, 1 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 1, -5, -26\nSort 1/4, 1, -0.4, 4 in descending order.", "\n4, 1, 1/4, -0.4\nSort -21, 3, -2, -5.", "\n-21, -5, -2, 3\nSort -0.5, 2, -9/8.", "\n-9/8, -0.5, 2\nPut 0.4, -0.078, -2/5 in descending order.", "\n0.4, -0.078, -2/5\nPut -1/4, 3, -0.01, 1, 0.03 in descending order.", "\n3, 1, 0.03, -0.01, -1/4\nSort -0.5, -1/7, 4/89 in increasing order.", "\n-0.5, -1/7, 4/89\nPut 26, -0.2, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n26, 4, -0.2\nPut 1, -1, -15, 3 in ascending order.", "\n-15, -1, 1, 3\nSort 16, -4, 12, -5 in decreasing order.", "\n16, 12, -4, -5\nPut 4, -50.7, 0.3 in ascending order.", "\n-50.7, 0.3, 4\nPut 7, 2, -2/3, 0.3 in increasing order.", "\n-2/3, 0.3, 2, 7\nSort 81, -0.5, -28 in descending order.", "\n81, -0.5, -28\nSort 197, -2, 4/7, -1.", "\n-2, -1, 4/7, 197\nPut 2/5, -1/6, 2/17, 4087 in increasing order.", "\n-1/6, 2/17, 2/5, 4087\nSort -4, 14, -16, 3, -3/5 in decreasing order.", "\n14, 3, -3/5, -4, -16\nSort 2, -3, -642, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 2, -3, -642\nPut 1, 57, 0 in ascending order.", "\n0, 1, 57\nPut 1265, -5, -1 in increasing order.", "\n-5, -1, 1265\nPut 2/17, -0.2, 0, -1/8 in descending order.", "\n2/17, 0, -1/8, -0.2\nPut -4, -5, -9, 20, -1 in descending order.", "\n20, -1, -4, -5, -9\nPut 7/4, 1/2, -3/5 in descending order.", "\n7/4, 1/2, -3/5\nPut -1, 5, 2, -5, 58 in ascending order.", "\n-5, -1, 2, 5, 58\nSort -2, -26, 5, 152 in ascending order.", "\n-26, -2, 5, 152\nPut -4/9, -297, 1, -3 in decreasing order.", "\n1, -4/9, -3, -297\nSort 2, 3, -30, 0 in decreasing order.", "\n3, 2, 0, -30\nPut -8, 5, -5 in decreasing order.", "\n5, -5, -8\nPut 5, -3, -8 in decreasing order.", "\n5, -3, -8\nSort 6, 1, -1, -3, -9 in ascending order.", "\n-9, -3, -1, 1, 6\nSort -6, 0.2, -0.4 in descending order.", "\n0.2, -0.4, -6\nPut -40, -2, 0 in increasing order.", "\n-40, -2, 0\nSort 5, 0.01, 0.08 in decreasing order.", "\n5, 0.08, 0.01\nPut -0.42, -5, -1, 3 in increasing order.", "\n-5, -1, -0.42, 3\nSort 4, 3, -11 in increasing order.", "\n-11, 3, 4\nSort -13, -3/4, 4, 2/13, 3 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 3, 2/13, -3/4, -13\nPut 14, -0.3, 0.3, -1 in increasing order.", "\n-1, -0.3, 0.3, 14\nSort 5, -9, 7, -3.", "\n-9, -3, 5, 7\nPut 5, 3, 2786 in descending order.", "\n2786, 5, 3\nPut -11, -3, 9, -2 in increasing order.", "\n-11, -3, -2, 9\nPut 2, 5, 1470, 3 in increasing order.", "\n2, 3, 5, 1470\nSort 19, -1, -12, -7, -3 in decreasing order.", "\n19, -1, -3, -7, -12\nPut 974, -4, 10, -3, -1 in increasing order.", "\n-4, -3, -1, 10, 974\nSort 17, -17, -11 in descending order.", "\n17, -11, -17\nSort 20, 3, -4, -5 in ascending order.", "\n-5, -4, 3, 20\nSort -10, -19, -1, 0.", "\n-19, -10, -1, 0\nSort 0.5, -4, -2.7, 0 in decreasing order.", "\n0.5, 0, -2.7, -4\nPut -2/11, 670, -1 in increasing order.", "\n-1, -2/11, 670\nPut 4/5, -1, 0.2, 31 in decreasing order.", "\n31, 4/5, 0.2, -1\nSort 32, -4, 41.", "\n-4, 32, 41\nSort 4, 1, 18, -7 in descending order.", "\n18, 4, 1, -7\nSort 0, 6, -1, 4 in descending order.", "\n6, 4, 0, -1\nSort -5, 3, -11, -3 in increasing order.", "\n-11, -5, -3, 3\nPut 2, -0.4, 3/35, 2/3, -2 in descending order.", "\n2, 2/3, 3/35, -0.4, -2\nSort -0.3, 2, 1/6, -1.3.", "\n-1.3, -0.3, 1/6, 2\nPut 0.01, 18, -3, 0.5 in decreasing order.", "\n18, 0.5, 0.01, -3\nSort 2, -4, -10, 1.", "\n-10, -4, 1, 2\nPut -3781, 1, -4, -2 in increasing order.", "\n-3781, -4, -2, 1\nSort 2/5, 2/3, -0.1, 1/2 in ascending order.", "\n-0.1, 2/5, 1/2, 2/3\nSort 0, -8/27, 0.8, 3 in ascending order.", "\n-8/27, 0, 0.8, 3\nPut -1/4, -2, 2, 0.029, 0.8 in decreasing order.", "\n2, 0.8, 0.029, -1/4, -2\nPut -5, -30, 3, 5, 1 in decreasing order.", "\n5, 3, 1, -5, -30\nPut -5, 2, -108, 4 in descending order.", "\n4, 2, -5, -108\nSort -2, 1.4, -0.4, 5 in decreasing order.", "\n5, 1.4, -0.4, -2\nPut 3, -5, -3, -0.1, -12 in increasing order.", "\n-12, -5, -3, -0.1, 3\nSort -272, 3, 4, -2 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 3, -2, -272\nSort 1, -210, 0, -5, 4 in descending order.", "\n4, 1, 0, -5, -210\nSort 0, 4, -38.", "\n-38, 0, 4\nSort 0.09, -3, 2/11, -5 in descending order.", "\n2/11, 0.09, -3, -5\nSort 2, 4, -2/7, 2/31 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 2, 2/31, -2/7\nPut -224, 0.08, -4, 5 in ascending order.", "\n-224, -4, 0.08, 5\nSort -1, 84, 4.", "\n-1, 4, 84\nPut 2, -61, -2 in increasing order.", "\n-61, -2, 2\nSort 2/5, 0.2, -1, -5 in decreasing order.", "\n2/5, 0.2, -1, -5\nSort -71, 3, -8, 0 in decreasing order.", "\n3, 0, -8, -71\nSort 1, 0, -5, 7, -231 in descending order.", "\n7, 1, 0, -5, -231\nPut 2/27, 7, 0, -0.5, -2 in decreasing order.", "\n7, 2/27, 0, -0.5, -2\nSort 3, 1.3, -1/3, 0.2 in descending order.", "\n3, 1.3, 0.2, -1/3\nSort 2/5, 1/9, -0.7 in ascending order.", "\n-0.7, 1/9, 2/5\nSort 3, 4, -5, 5 in descending order.", "\n5, 4, 3, -5\nSort -34/3, 3, -0.4, -0.5, 0 in increasing order.", "\n-34/3, -0.5, -0.4, 0, 3\nSort -23, -2, 5, 3 in decreasing order.", "\n5, 3, -2, -23\nSort 3, 1/4, -25 in increasing order.", "\n-25, 1/4, 3\nPut -4, -2, 78, 3, 2 in decreasing order.", "\n78, 3, 2, -2, -4\nSort 1, 3, -0.2, -0.3.", "\n-0.3, -0.2, 1, 3\nSort 17, 5, -4, 4 in descending order.", "\n17, 5, 4, -4\nPut 1, 2, 4, 14, -2 in descending order.", "\n14, 4, 2, 1, -2\nPut 5, 9, -12, -1, 11 in decreasing order.", "\n11, 9, 5, -1, -12\nSort 204, 0, 1, -5.", "\n-5, 0, 1, 204\nPut -5, 0.34, -76 in ascending order.", "\n-76, -5, 0.34\nPut 1, 5, 45, 4 in descending order.", "\n45, 5, 4, 1\nSort -0.2, 3, 68.2 in increasing order.", "\n-0.2, 3, 68.2\nSort -2/5, 11, 0.2, -2, 3.", "\n-2, -2/5, 0.2, 3, 11\nSort 1, 4, -4, -1, -14 in increasing order.", "\n-14, -4, -1, 1, 4\nSort -1, 0.128, 0.5 in ascending order.", "\n-1, 0.128, 0.5\nSort -1, -4, 4, -5 in ascending order.", "\n-5, -4, -1, 4\nPut -0.02, -8, 9, -3 in decreasing order.", "\n9, -0.02, -3, -8\nSort 5, 2, -1, -480 in descending order.", "\n5, 2, -1, -480\nSort -4, 2/5, 3, 1, 4 in descending order.", "\n4, 3, 1, 2/5, -4\nSort 0, -53, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 0, -53\nSort -10, 0.4, -2, -0.3 in decreasing order.", "\n0.4, -0.3, -2, -10\nSort 3, 4, -26, 8, 5 in decreasing order.", "\n8, 5, 4, 3, -26\nSort 0, -5, 5, 2, 1276 in ascending order.", "\n-5, 0, 2, 5, 1276\nSort -1/6, -0.25, 53 in descending order.", "\n53, -1/6, -0.25\nPut 4, -57, -2, -4, -5 in increasing order.", "\n-57, -5, -4, -2, 4\nSort 4, 2, -93 in descending order.", "\n4, 2, -93\nPut 0.4, -3, -2.7 in decreasing order.", "\n0.4, -2.7, -3\nSort 3, -5, 20580 in increasing order.", "\n-5, 3, 20580\nPut 6, 276, -2, 4 in descending order.", "\n276, 6, 4, -2\nPut -1, 8, 2, -4 in decreasing order.", "\n8, 2, -1, -4\nPut 0, -6, -2, -98 in descending order.", "\n0, -2, -6, -98\nSort -1, 3, 2/7, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 3, 2/7, -1\nPut -3, 25, 17, 0 in increasing order.", "\n-3, 0, 17, 25\nSort 2/9, -0.5, 4, -19 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 2/9, -0.5, -19\nSort 2.2, -1/14, 1/6, 0.4 in decreasing order.", "\n2.2, 0.4, 1/6, -1/14\nSort -3, 6, -37 in descending order.", "\n6, -3, -37\nSort -11, 0, -24, 4 in increasing order.", "\n-24, -11, 0, 4\nSort -2, -7, -11.", "\n-11, -7, -2\nSort 1" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "No. ", "2 North Carolina 18, No. ", "1 Duke 17: Marcus Holman (Gilman) scored four goals, including the game-winner with 1:28 left in the game, as the host Tar Heels (11-3) beat the third-seeded Blue Devils (11-5) in the second ACC tournament semifinal.", "\n\nNo. ", "16 Lehigh 15, Colgate 7: David DiMaria had three goals and the Hawks (11-4) went on an 8-0 run for 26 minutes to beat the Raiders (8-6) in a Patriot League semifinal.", "\n\nNo. ", "18 Bucknell 12, Army 9: Chase Bailey had four goals to lead the Bison (12-3) past the Black Knights (8-5) in a Patriot League semifinal.", "\n\nBucknell faces Lehigh on Sunday at 3 p.m. for the championship.", "\n\nNational women\n\nNo. ", "3 North Carolina 16, Boston College 6: The host Tar Heels (14-2) outscored the Eagles (12-7) 10-3 in the second half of an ACC tournament semifinal." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "1976 in the United States\n\nEvents from the year 1976 in the United States. ", "Major events include the election of Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale as President and Vice-president of the United States over incumbent Gerald Ford and his running mate, Bob Dole; Apple Computer and Microsoft incorporated; and the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that Karen Ann Quinlan could be disconnected from her ventilator.", "\n\nIncumbents\n\nFederal Government \n President: Gerald Ford (R-Michigan)\n Vice President: Nelson Rockefeller (R-New York)\n Chief Justice: Warren E. Burger (Minnesota)\n Speaker of the House of Representatives: Carl Albert (D-Oklahoma)\n Senate Majority Leader: Mike Mansfield (D-Montana)\n Congress: 94th\n\nEvents\n\nJanuary\n January 5 – Beatles associate Mal Evans is fatally shot by police amid a disturbance at his Los Angeles home.", "\n January 11 – 1976 Flyers-Red Army game: The Philadelphia Flyers play the Soviet Red Army team, the Red Army left the ice for a portion of the game and the Flyers won 4–1\n January 15 – Would-be Gerald Ford presidential assassin Sara Jane Moore is sentenced to life in prison.", "\n January 18 – Super Bowl X: The Pittsburgh Steelers defeat the Dallas Cowboys 21–17 at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida.", "\n January 19 – Jimmy Carter wins the Iowa Democratic Caucus.", "\n January 27 – The United States vetoes a United Nations resolution that calls for an independent Palestinian state.", "\n January 30 – Live from Lincoln Center debuts on PBS.", "\n\nFebruary\n February 5 – Nearly 2,000 students become involved in a racially charged riot at Escambia High School in Pensacola, Florida; 30 students are injured in the 4-hour fray.", "\n February 11 – Clifford Alexander, Jr. is confirmed as the first African-American Secretary of the United States Army.", "\n\nMarch\n March 1 – Bradford Bishop allegedly murders five of his family members in Bethesda, Maryland. ", "The crime goes undiscovered for 10 days and the suspect is never caught. ", "In 2014, he is placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.", "\n March 9–11 – Two coal mine explosions claim 26 lives at the Blue Diamond Coal Co. Scotia Mine in Letcher County, Kentucky.", "\n March 17 – Rubin \"Hurricane\" Carter is arrested in New Jersey.", "\n March 20 – Patty Hearst is found guilty of armed robbery of a bank.", "\n March 27 – The first 4.6 miles of the Washington Metro subway system opens.", "\n March 31 – The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that persistent vegetative state patient in the Karen Ann Quinlan case can be disconnected from her ventilator. ", "She remains comatose and dies in 1985.", "\n\nApril\n\n April 1 \nConrail (Consolidated Rails Corporation) is formed by the U.S. government, to take control of 13 major Northeast Class-1 railroads that had filed for bankruptcy protection. ", "Conrail takes control at midnight, as a government-owned and operated railroad until 1986, when it is sold to the public.", "\nApple Computer Company is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.", "\n April 13 – The United States Treasury Department reintroduces the two-dollar bill as a Federal Reserve Note on Thomas Jefferson's 233rd birthday as part of the United States Bicentennial celebration.", "\n\nMay\n May 11 – U.S. President Gerald Ford signs the Federal Election Campaign Act.", "\n May 24 – Washington, D.C. Concorde service begins.", "\n May 25 – U.S. President Gerald Ford defeats challenger Ronald Reagan in three Republican presidential primaries: Kentucky, Tennessee and Oregon.", "\n May 30 – Indianapolis 500-Mile Race: Johnny Rutherford wins the (rain-shortened) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or 255 miles (408 km).", "\n\nJune\n June 2 – A car bomb fatally injures Arizona Republic reporter Don Bolles.", "\n June 5 – The Teton Dam collapses in southeast Idaho in the U.S., killing 11 people.", "\n June 13 – Savage thunderstorms roll through the state of Iowa spawning several tornadoes, including an F-5 tornado that destroys the town of Jordan, Iowa.", "\n June 16 – Francis E. Meloy, Jr., the newly appointed United States Ambassador to Lebanon, is assassinated in Beirut.", "\n June 17 – The National Basketball Association and the American Basketball Association agree on the ABA-NBA merger.", "\n June 20 – Hundreds of Western tourists are moved from Beirut and taken to safety in Syria by the U.S. military, following the murder of the U.S. ambassador to Lebanon.", "\n\nJuly\n\n July 3 – Gregg v. Georgia: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the death penalty is not inherently cruel or unusual and is a constitutionally acceptable form of punishment.", "\n July 4 \nUnited States Bicentennial: From coast to coast, the United States celebrates the 200th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.", "\nThe Puerto Rican Socialist Party leads 50,000 marchers in Philadelphia to demand a \"Bicentennial Without Colonies\" and independence for Puerto Rico.", "\n July 6 – The first class of women is inducted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.", "\n July 15\n Jimmy Carter is nominated for U.S. President at the Democratic National Convention in New York City.", "\n Twenty-six Chowchilla schoolchildren and their bus driver are abducted and buried in a box truck within a quarry in Livermore, California. ", "The captives dig themselves free after 16 hours. ", "The quarry-owner's son and two accomplices are arrested for the crime.", "\n July 18 Nadia Comaneci makes history by becoming the first gymnast to score a perfect 10 for her routine on the uneven bars at the Montreal Olympics.", "\n July 20\n Viking program: The Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars, taking the first close-up color photos of the planet's surface.", "\n American criminal Gary Gilmore is arrested for murdering two men in Utah.", "\n July 26 – In Los Angeles, Ronald Reagan announces his choice of liberal U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker as his vice presidential running mate, in an effort to woo moderate Republican delegates away from President Gerald Ford.", "\n July 29 – In New York City, the \"Son of Sam\" pulls a gun from a paper bag, killing 1 and seriously wounding another, in the first of a series of attacks that terrorize the city for the next year.", "\n July 31\nNASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1.", "\nThe Big Thompson River in northern Colorado floods, destroying more than 400 cars and houses.", "\n\nAugust\n\n August 1 – The Seattle Seahawks and Tampa Bay Buccaneers play their first football game.", "\n August 2 – A gunman murders Andrea Wilborn and Stan Farr and injures Priscilla Davis and Gus Gavrel, in an incident at Priscilla's mansion in Fort Worth, Texas. ", " T. Cullen Davis, Priscilla's estranged husband and one of the richest men in Texas, is tried and found not guilty in 1977.", "\n August 4 – The first recognized outbreak of Legionnaires' disease kills 29 at the American Legion convention in Philadelphia.", "\n August 7 – Viking program: Viking 2 enters into orbit around Mars.", "\n August 18 – At Panmunjom, North Korea, 2 United States soldiers are killed while trying to chop down part of a tree in the Korean Demilitarized Zone which had obscured their view.", "\n August 19 – U.S. President Gerald Ford edges out challenger Ronald Reagan to win the Republican Party presidential nomination in Kansas City.", "\n\nSeptember\n\n September 3 – Viking program: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars\n September 6 \nCold War: Soviet Air Force pilot Lt. ", "Viktor Belenko lands a MiG-25 jet fighter at Hakodate, on the island of Hokkaidō in Japan, and requests political asylum from the United States.", "\nFrank Sinatra brings Jerry Lewis's former partner Dean Martin onstage, unannounced, at the 1976 Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in Las Vegas, Nevada, reuniting the comedy team for the first (and only) time in over 20 years.", "\n September 17 – The space shuttle Enterprise is rolled out of a Palmdale, California hangar.", "\n September 21 – Orlando Letelier is assassinated in Washington, D.C. by agents of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.", "\n September 24 – Patricia Hearst is sentenced to 7 years in prison for her role in a 1974 bank robbery (an executive clemency order from U.S. President Jimmy Carter will set her free after only 22 months).", "\n\nOctober\n October 6 – In San Francisco, during his second televised debate with Jimmy Carter, U.S. President Gerald Ford stumbles when he declares that \"there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe\" (there is at the time).", "\n October 13 – The United States Commission on Civil Rights releases the report, Puerto Ricans in the Continental United States: An Uncertain Future, that documents that Puerto Ricans in the United States have a poverty rate of 33 percent in 1974 (up from 29 percent in 1970), the highest of all major racial-ethnic groups in the country (not including Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory).", "\n October 18 – Ford officially launches volume production of Fiesta car at its Valencia plant.", "\n October 19 – The Copyright Act of 1976 extends copyright duration for an additional 20 years in the United States.", "\n October 20 – The Mississippi River ferry MV George Prince is struck by a ship while crossing from Destrehan, Louisiana to Luling, Louisiana, killing 78 passengers and crew.", "\n October 21 – The Cincinnati Reds sweep the New York Yankees in four games to win the 1976 World Series.", "\n\nNovember\n\n November 2 – U.S. presidential election, 1976: Jimmy Carter defeats incumbent Gerald Ford, becoming the first candidate from the Deep South to win since the Civil War.", "\n November 15 – The first megamouth shark is discovered off Oahu in Hawaii.", "\n November 25 – In San Francisco, The Band holds its farewell concert, The Last Waltz.", "\n November 26 – Microsoft is officially registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.", "\n\nDecember\n December 8 \nThe Congressional Hispanic Caucus is established by the five Latinos in the United States Congress: Herman Badillo of New York, E. de la Garza and Henry B. Gonzalez of Texas, Edward R. Roybal of California, and the nonvoting Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, Baltasar Corrada del Rio.", "\nHotel California by The Eagles is released.", "\n December 20 – Richard J. Daley, Mayor of Chicago for 21 years, dies while in office.", "\n\nUndated\n California's sodomy law is repealed.", "\n The New Jersey State Legislature passes legislation legalizing casinos in the shore town of Atlantic City commencing in 1978. ", "After signing the bill into law, Governor Brendan Byrne declares \"The mob is not welcome in New Jersey!\" ", "referring to the Mafia's influence at casinos in Nevada.", "\n\nOngoing\n Cold War (1947–1991)\n Détente (c. 1969–1979)\n Capital punishment suspended by Furman v. Georgia (1972–1976)\n 1970s energy crisis (1973–1980)\n\nBirths\n January 2 – Phil Radford, environmental, clean energy and democracy leader\n January 4 – Ted Lilly, baseball player\n January 6 \n Danny Pintauro, actor\n Johnny Yong Bosch, actor, voice artist, martial artist, and musician\n January 10 – Adam Kennedy, baseball player\n January 13 – Michael Peña, actor and musician\n January 20 – Michael Myers, American football player\n January 21 – Mike Daisey, monologist, author and actor\n January 27\n Clint Ford, voice actor\n Fred Taylor, American football player\n January 29 – Chris Castle, singer-songwriter and guitarist\n February 17 – Scott Williamson, baseball player and coach\n March 10 – Christa Pike murderer and the youngest woman to be sentenced to death in the USA during the post-Furman period\n March 20 – Chester Bennington, lead singer of Linkin Park (died 2017)\n March 22 – Reese Witherspoon, actress, producer and entrepreneur\n March 23 – Jayson Blair, disgraced New York Times reporter known for plagiarism and fabrication\n March 24 – Peyton Manning, American football player\n March 26 – Amy Smart, actress and fashion model\n April 2 – Evan McMullin, CIA operations officer\n April 16\n Phil Baroni, mixed martial artist and wrestler\n Kelli O'Hara, actress and singer\n April 18 – Melissa Joan Hart, actress, producer, and director\n April 20 – Joey Lawrence, actor, musician, and game show host\n June 8 – Eion Bailey, actor\n June 19 – Scott Avett, singer-songwriter, banjo player, guitarist and pianist\n June 20 – Rob Mackowiak, baseball player and coach\n July 15 – Gabriel Iglesias, comedian, actor and producer\n July 24 – Rashida Tlaib, politician\n August 11 – Will Friedle, actor, voice actor, writer and comedian\n August 17 – Scott Halberstadt, former actor\n October 4 – Alicia Silverstone, actress\n November 5 – Ben Quayle, lawyer and politician\n November 19 – Jack Dorsey, computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur\n December 20 – Aubrey Huff, baseball player and radio host\n\nDeaths\n\n January 21 – John Gould Moyer, naval officer, 31st Governor of American Samoa (born 1893)\n January 23 – Paul Robeson, bass baritone (born 1898)\n January 31 – Ernesto Miranda, defendant in Miranda v. Arizona (born 1941)\n February 1 – George Whipple, scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (born 1878)\n February 12 - Sal Mineo, film actor in Rebel Without a Cause (born 1939)\n February 22 – Florence Ballard, singer (The Supremes) (born 1943)\n March 15 – Jo Mielziner, set and lighting designer (born 1901)\n March 19 – Josef Albers, Modernist painter (born 1888 in Germany)\n April 5 - Howard Hughes, American business magnate, aviator pilot and film producer (born 1905)\n April 9 – Phil Ochs, protest singer and songwriter (born 1940)\n June 6 – J. Paul Getty, industrialist (born 1892)\n June 20 – Lou Klein, baseball player and coach (born 1918)\n August 26 – Lotte Lehmann, soprano (born 1888 in Germany)\n August 28 - Anissa Jones, TV child actress who played 'Buffy Davis' in the late 60s-early 70s sitcom Family Affair (born 1958) \n September 10 – Dalton Trumbo, screenwriter and novelist (born 1905)\n October 9 - Bob Moose, baseball player (born 1947 - died on his 29th birthday)\n October 15 – Carlo Gambino, mafioso (born 1902 in Italy)\n November 11 – Alexander Calder, sculptor (born 1898)\n November 28 – Rosalind Russell, film actress (born 1907)\n December 2 – Danny Murtaugh, baseball player and manager (born 1917)\n December 12 – Jack Cassidy, actor and singer (born 1927)\n\nSee also \n 1976 in American television\n List of American films of 1976\n Timeline of United States history (1970–1989)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a method for preparing antigens comprising a peptide-protein complex and to a method for preparing antibodies using the antigens.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nAn antigen is a substance which stimulates a living organism to produce a specific antibody and react therewith specifically. ", "That is, an antigen is a substance which has an antigenicity capable of forming an antibody in vivo and an immunoreactivity capable of reacting with the antibody in vitro. ", "Representative examples of antigens are foreign proteins, such as bacteria, viruses, various toxins, etc. ", "On the other hand, an antibody is a substance produced in a living organism, e.g., mammals, etc., ", "due to the stimulation of an antigen and is present mainly in blood sera, in particular, in the .gamma.-globulin fraction in blood sera. ", "Antibodies can react with antigens in vitro or in vivo.", "\nAntigens have on the surface thereof one or more determinant groups which can react with antibodies and antibodies have on the surface thereof one or more reacting groups which can combine with the determinant group(s). ", "These two substances have a complementary spatial structure to each other called by Ehrlich a \"key and key hole relationship\" to which the specificity between antigens and antibodies is ascribable.", "\nMost of the naturally found antigens are considered to have on the surface thereof a mosaic of various determinant groups and specific antibodies are considered to be produced corresponding to the respective determinants.", "\nThe antigen-antibody reaction occurring between antigens having common determinant groups and the corresponding antibodies is termed a \"cross-reaction\" or \"group reaction.\"", "\nAn antigen-antibody reaction comprises a first step in which the antigen combines with a corresponding antibody in a very short time (e.g., 20 seconds) even at low temperatures, e.g., 0.degree. ", "C. to form a conjugater, and a second step in which the conjugates thus obtained combine with each other to cause agglutination which can be observed visually.", "\nOne of the characteristics of an antigen-antibody reaction is high specificity and such reaction has widely been utilized in the diagnosis of various diseases.", "\nThe determination of hormones has conventionally been conducted using an immunoreaction, i.e., an antigen-antibody reaction, as is well known in the art.", "\nPancreatic glucagon is one of the physiological pancreatic hormones which plays an important role in the uptake and metabolism of sugars and has the following amino acid sequence ##STR2##\nQuantitative determination of pancreatic glucagon has recently attracted much attention in the fields of diagnosis, pathology and the like since the determination of the level of pancreatic glucagon in blood makes it possible to diagnose various diseases or pathological states, for example, diabetes, etc.", "\nThe conventional method for determining pancreatic glucagon has been performed using a radioimmunoassay method (hereinafter referred to as RIA method) in which antibodies obtained using pancreatic glucagon per se or antigens which contain pancreatic glucagon as a hapten are employed. ", "This RIA method is successful to some extent. [", "see Unger et al: Proc. ", "Soc. ", "Exp. ", "Biol. ", "Med. ", "102, 621 (1959)]\nHowever, as research in the art proceeds the presence of glucagon-like substances which behave immunologically in a manner similar to pancreatic glucagon has been discovered in the digestive tract or gut of mammals and such is named \"gut-GLI.\" [", "See Sutherland et al: J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "175, 663, (1964) and Unger et al.: ", "Metabolism, 15, 865 (1966)] and it has also been discovered that the antibodies obtained using pancreatic glucagon per se or antigens which contain pancreatic glucagon as a hapten cross react not only with pancreatic glucagon but also with gut-GLI's so that they are non-specific to pancreatic glucagon. ", "In other words in determining pancreatic glucagon using the RIA method, the above-described known antibodies give values which include values ascribable to the reaction with gut-GLI's resulting in a failure to provide a diagnostically exact determination.", "\nIt has recently been reported that pancreatic glucagon-specific antibodies were obtained by change using the same antigen as described above [see Diabetes, 17 (Suppl. ", "1), 321 (1968)].", "\nHowever, it is also reported that these antibodies which are called \"G 58\" and \"30 K\" can be obtained only by chance and very rarely [see Saishin Igaku (Newest Medicine) 30 (11) p 1901 (1975) and Heading, L.G.: Horm. ", "Metab. ", "Res., ", "1, 87-88 (1969)]. ", "Therefore, the method for preparing antibodies using an antigen which contains pancreatic glucagon as a hapten has poor reproducibility and is not practically acceptable.", "\nOn the other hand, the structure-function relationship of glucagon has been investigated [see Assan et al.: ", "Diabetes, 21, 843, (1972)] by synthesizing various peptides related to glucagon, i.e., C.sub.1 to C.sub.23 fragments, and determining their biological activity using the increase in blood sugar level as an indicator. ", "Further, investigations were made on antigenic sites in the glucagon molecule using a glucagon-specific antibody \"K 47\" and a glucagon-non-specific antibody \"PVP 8\" leading to the assumption that there are at least two antigenic sites in the glucagon molecule and that one of these antigenic sites is present in the C-terminal portion, in particular the C.sub.23 -C.sub.29 fragments, of the glucagon molecule.", "\nInstead of progress in the investigation of the mechanism of the immunological behavior of glucagon or gut-GLI as above, however, no reports on the development of practically acceptable antibodies have been made.", "\nAs stated above, known antibodies are either non-specific to pancreatic glucagon or can be obtained with poor reproducibility so that development of techniques which can be used to produce antibodies with specificity to pancreatic glucagon on an industrial scale is strongly desired." ]

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[ "Elvis stitch is given a fun, and funky, stylized look as an adorable key chain!", "\n\nHot Topic exclusive!", "\n\n1 1/2\" tall\n\nImported\n\nBy Funko\n\nPayPal/Venmo is currently not accepted on Presale and Backorder items." ]

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[ "As drug use rises, so does syphilis: Report An uptick in the disease could be linked to increased drug use, researchers say.", "\n\nPublic health officials grappling with record-high syphilis rates around the nation have pinpointed what appears to be a major risk factor: drug use.", "\n\n“Two major public health issues are colliding,” said Dr. Sarah Kidd, a medical officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and lead author of a new report issued Thursday on the link between drugs and syphilis.", "\n\nThe report shows a large intersection between drug use and syphilis among women and heterosexual men. ", "In those groups, reported use of methamphetamine, heroin and other injection drugs more than doubled from 2013 to 2017.", "\n\nThe data did not reveal the same increases in drug use among gay men with syphilis, the group with the highest rates of the disease.", "\n\nResearchers said the results suggest that drug use — and the risky sexual behaviors associated with it — may be driving some of the increase in syphilis transmission among heterosexuals.", "\n\nPeople who use drugs are more likely to engage in unsafe sexual behaviors, which put them at higher risk for sexually transmitted diseases, experts said. ", "The CDC also saw increases in syphilis among heterosexuals during the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s, and use of the drug was associated with higher syphilis transmission.", "\n\n“The addiction takes over,” said Patricia Kissinger, an epidemiology professor at Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine.", "\n\nFor example, people using drugs may avoid condoms, have multiple sex partners or exchange sex for drugs or money — all significant risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases, said Dr. Sara Kennedy, medical director of Planned Parenthood Northern California.", "\n\n“I think it’s impossible to eradicate syphilis and congenital syphilis unless we are simultaneously addressing the meth-use and IV-use epidemic,” Kennedy said.", "\n\nSyphilis rates are setting records nationally. ", "They jumped by 73 percent overall and 156 percent for women from 2013 to 2017. ", "The highest rates were reported in Nevada, California and Louisiana.", "\n\nSyphilis — which had been nearly eradicated before its resurgence in recent years — is treatable with antibiotics, but if left untreated it can lead to organ damage and even death. ", "Congenital syphilis, which occurs when a mother passes the disease to her unborn baby, can lead to premature birth and newborn deaths.", "\n\nThe study’s authors analyzed syphilis cases from 2013 to 2017 and determined which patients had also reported using drugs. ", "They discovered methamphetamine was the biggest problem: More than one-third of women and one-quarter of heterosexual men with syphilis reported using methamphetamine within the previous year.", "\n\nSubstance use among both populations was highest in 13 Western states and lowest in the Northeast. ", "In California, methamphetamine use by people with syphilis nearly doubled for women and heterosexual men from 2013 to 2017, according to the California Department of Public Health.", "\n\nThe intersecting epidemics of sexually transmitted infections and substance abuse make it harder to identify and treat people with syphilis because drug use makes people less likely to go to the doctor and to report their sexual partners, Kidd said.", "\n\nPregnant women also may be reluctant to seek prenatal care and get syphilis testing and treatment because of concerns their doctor will report the drug use.", "\n\nTo stem the transmission of syphilis, the CDC urges more collaboration between programs that address STDs and programs that treat substances abuse.", "\n\nDrug use is an “incredibly huge contributing factor” to somebody getting an STD and transmitting it, said Jennifer Howell, sexual health program coordinator for the health district in Washoe County, Nev.\n\n“Everybody needs to see that we are dealing with a lot of the same clients,” she said.", "\n\nFresno County has the highest rate of congenital syphilis in California. ", "Its health department analyzed 25 cases of congenital syphilis in 2017 and determined that more than two-thirds of the mothers were using drugs, said Joe Prado, the county’s community health division manager.", "\n\nThe county has started offering STD testing for people entering inpatient drug treatment facilities, Prado said. “", "That’s our opportunity to get them screened,” he said.", "\n\nThose who return for the results are offered incentives such as gift cards. ", "The county also gives people in drug treatment a care package that contains condoms and education materials about sexually transmitted infections, Prado said.", "\n\nThe city of Long Beach sends a mobile clinic to drug treatment facilities, where it provides HIV testing, said Dr. Anissa Davis, the city’s health officer. ", "She said Long Beach hopes to expand services to include screening for other sexually transmitted infections.", "\n\nAlthough increased collaboration between drug treatment providers and STD clinics is essential, it’s not always easy because they traditionally have not worked together, said Kissinger of Tulane.", "\n\n“The STI people are hyperfocused on STIs and the substance abuse people are focused on substance abuse,” she said. ", "It is an “opportunity lost” if people in drug treatment aren’t screened for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections, she added.", "\n\nFighting the rising rates of syphilis will also require more resources, said Dr. Jeffrey Klausner, a professor of medicine and public health at UCLA.", "\n\n“The STD workforce has almost entirely disappeared,” he said. “", "While policies could be put in place that require syphilis testing, those policies also have to come with resources.”" ]

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[ "1. ", "NZXT Crafted Series Design: NZXT's latest addition to the Crafted Series takes cues from gaming culture with elegant curves and a newly designed clear side panel\n\n2. ", "Spacious Interior and Solid Construction: Built from solid .88mm and 1.00mm steel, the Guardian 921 gives the user ample space for large, high-end video cards and space for up to four internal hard drives\n\n3. ", "Constant Temperature Monitoring: Three temperature probe monitoring system allows the user to constantly gauge thermals within the system at all times to prevent overheating\n\n6. ", "Updated Design: The all new Guardian 921 RB features a bottom mounted PSU, CPU heatsink cutout, and an extra slot for a 140mm fan at the top for more cooling performance. ", "The all new Guardian 921 RB comes in both red/blue LED combinationsMODEL: GUARDIAN 921 RB\n\nNZXT celebrates the rebirth of the Guardian 921 with the renewed Guardian 921 RB. ", "Expanded upon its predecessor, Guardian 921 RB reflects the gamer design, structural integrity, and temperature monitoring system of the original while displaying a wide range of new features to complete the system builder's dream budget case. ", "New features include a bottom oriented power supply mount, CPU heatsink cutout, and an extra 140mm fan slot. ", "Game beyond your limits with Guardian 921 RB." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a device for the continuous creation of a bainite structure in a carbon steel, particularly in a strip steel.", "\nTempering of carbon steel, particularly of strip steel, using a pass-through method, is a method for influencing the strength properties of strip steel that is frequently practiced. ", "In this connection, the strip steel is first hardened, by means of heating with subsequent cooling, in corresponding pass-through devices, and afterwards changed with regard to its impact resistance, by means of annealing followed by cooling. ", "In this connection, the heat required for tempering both during hardening and during annealing can be introduced into the strip steel in different ways, for example by means of inductive heating, conductive methods, or also by passing the strip steel through hot baths or gas flames. ", "In this connection, how the heat is introduced into the strip steel and how it is conducted out of the strip steel again during cooling has a significant influence on the material properties of the strip steel that are adjusted. ", "Very many different possibilities for influencing the material properties of the strip steel result from the structure conversions and the speed of the heating and cooling processes, respectively, and the holding times at established temperatures and structures that are placed between them. ", "Frequently, carbon steels are used as the material for such strip steel.", "\nA particularly preferred structure in the tempering of carbon steels is the so-called bainite. ", "The bainite structure has very good properties with regard to the processability of work pieces having such a bainite structure, and is therefore required in a great number of industrial applications, particularly also as a relatively thin sheet-metal material or the like. ", "In this connection, the production of such a bainite structure must be followed very closely with regard to the treatment temperature, in order to bring about the desired structure not just as an approach, but rather in the entire structural structure of such a carbon steel. ", "Thus, the production of a pure bainite structure, in particular, is a metallurgically complicated and error-prone procedure. ", "It is of particular importance, in this connection, that after the carbon steel is austenitized, the creation of the bainite structure is guaranteed with precise adherence to isothermal conditions, so that no other structure components that impair the bainite structure are maintained in the carbon steel. ", "A simple purpose of use, which makes few demands on the quality of the bainite structure, is the production of packaging strips.", "\n2. ", "The Prior Art\nDepending on the quality of the bainite that is required, different production devices and therefore also process managements are fundamentally known for the production of different bainite structures. ", "Thus, it is known from U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,632,301 B2, for example, to pass a strip steel through a metal melt bath for quenching after austenitizing, and to clean the strip of residues of the metal bath, at least for the most part, after the strip steel has been passed through the metal bath, whereupon the strip is passed and deflected in a chamber, in meander form, in which chamber the isothermal conversion of the carbon steel to the bainite structure takes place. ", "A disadvantage of this method of procedure is that the properties of the carbon steel with regard to bainite formation are worsened by means of the many windings of the carbon steel in the isothermal conversion unit, and also, the planarity of such strips decreases.", "\nOther methods for the production of a bainite structure are known, which bring about a conversion of the carbon steel entirely in a metal bath or the like, which means that the pass-through length and thus the metal bath itself must have very great dimensions, and therefore high fixed costs for filling the bath with metal or salt, and problems in the temperature expansion of this salt bath are brought about." ]

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[ "Lead Upturn 2015: Master Plan\n\nLead Upturn 2015 〜Master Plan〜 (stylized as Lead Upturn 2015 〜MASTER PLAN〜) is the twelfth concert video released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. ", "The video was released on December 16, 2015. ", "It charted at #53 on the Oricon DVD charts and #57 on the Blu-ray charts.", "\n\nDue to having no corresponding album, the group performed various songs from throughout their career, including \"Night Deluxe\" (2004) and \"Love Magic\" (2005).", "\n\nInformation\nLead Upturn 2015 〜Master Plan〜 is the twelfth concert video released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead on December 16, 2015. ", "It charted at #53 on the Oricon DVD charts and #57 on the Oricon Blu-ray charts, remaining on the charts for one week and two weeks, respectively.", "\n\nThe video was released on both DVD and Blu-ray, with each edition harboring different content. ", "The bonus content on the DVDs featured their encore songs \"Sunnyday\" and \"It's My Style\", while the content on the Blu-ray featured the encore songs \"It's My Style\" and \"Night Deluxe\".", "\n\nThis would be their last tour to not have a corresponding studio album, whereas their following concert would correspond with their The Showcase album.", "\n\nThe tour featured new dancer show-hey, while DJ HIRORON took charge of the musical production for the first time in six years. ", "For the performances, the group performed various songs throughout their career, including \"Virgin Blue\" from 4 (2006) and \"Extreme girl\" from Brand New Era (2004). ", "The majority of songs performed were songs post-2012, which the group had recorded as a three-member unit after the graduation of their group leader, Hiroki Nakadoi.", "\n\nThe performance utilized on the DVD and Blu-ray was of their September 5, 2015 performance at Nakano Sun Plaza in Nakano, Tokyo.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\"Fairy tale\"\n\"Extreme girl\"\n\"Super Disco\"\n\"Still\"\n\"Upturn\"\n\"Burning up!\"", "\n\"Real Live\"\n\"Gimme Your Love\"\n\"I don't give a damn\"\n\"Change myself\"\n\"Hungry Sniper\"\n\"stringe\"\n\"My One\"\n\"Akeneiro Somaru Koro Ni\"\n\"Love Magic\"\n\"Virgin Blue\"\n\"Omoide Breaker\"\n\"Can't Stop Loving You\"\n\"Speechless\"<ENCORE>\n\"Sunnyday (DVD bonus track)\n\"Night Deluxe\" (Blu-ray bonus track)\n\"It's My Style\"\n\nCharts (Japan)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLead Official Site\n\nCategory:2015 video albums\nCategory:2015 live albums\nCategory:Live video albums\nCategory:Lead (band) video albums\nCategory:Albums recorded at Nakano Sun Plaza" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there any way to change the value of an object property dynamically? ", "JavaScript\n\nI am pretty sure I am doing something wrong, but still is there any way I can set a value according to the window size?", "\nHere is a sample code:\nvar setNewValue;\n$(window).resize(function() {\n if($(window).width() < 768) {\n setNewValue = \"less\";\n } else {\n setNewValue = \"more\";\n }\n});\n\nvar createObject = function(property) {\n this.property = property;\n this.showProperty = function() {\n document.write(this.property);\n };\n};\n\nvar example = new createObject(setNewValue);\nexample.showProperty();\n\n// undefined\n\nA:\n\nvar createObject = function(property) {\r\n return {\r\n property: property,\r\n getProperty: function() {\r\n return this.property;\r\n }\r\n };\r\n};\r\n\r\nvar example = createObject();\r\n\r\n$(window).resize(function() {\r\n example.property = $(window).width() < 768 ? \"", "less\" : \"more\";\r\n document.write(example.getProperty());\r\n});\n<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n404 when submitting form data to sql database\n\nI keep submitting form input or attempting to do so I get a 404 with this PHP at the end of the url its in the top of the php snippit I am unsure if that is a clue to the issue. ", "I have the action linked to insert.php I am unsure what is going on. ", "Everything to me looks correct. ", "But obviously its not. ", "I've made sure the header('location: index.html') is correct. ", "As another post suggested. ", "Here is my code \nHTML\n<!", "Doctype html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<title>Sign Up</title>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/live/app-d159020cbe.min.css\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/live/core-89ce772293.min.css\">\n</head>\n<body>\n <div class=\"containsignuptext\">\n <p>We believe the developer community is stronger togeather, We believe it takes the right community for us to reach the next stage in the future we believe in adding real tools to developers tool belts.</p>\n </div>\n <form action=\"insert.php\" method=\"POST\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" role=\"form\" id=\"loginForm\">\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <label for=\"login_email\" class=\"sr-only\">Full Name</label>\n <input class=\"form-control input-lg\" id=\"fullname\" placeholder=\"Full Name\" required=\"required\" name=\"fullname\" type=\"text\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <label for=\"login_email\" class=\"sr-only\">Username</label>\n <input class=\"form-control input-lg\" id=\"username\" placeholder=\"Username\" required=\"required\" name=\"username\" type=\"text\">\n </div>\n </div>\n <div>\n <label for=\"login_email\" class=\"sr-only\">Email</label>\n <input class=\"form-control input-lg\" id=\"email\" placeholder=\"Email\" required=\"required\" name=\"email\" type=\"text\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <label for=\"login_password\" class=\"sr-only\">Password</label>\n <input class=\"form-control input-lg\" id=\"password\" placeholder=\"Password\" required=\"required\" name=\"password\" type=\"password\">\n <div>\n <label for=\"login_email\" class=\"sr-only\">Codelangs</label>\n <input class=\"form-control input-lg\" id=\"codelang\" placeholder=\"Code Language You Like the Most\" required=\"required\" name=\"codelangs\" type=\"text\">\n </div>\n <button method=\"POST\" type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-lg btn-primary btn-block ladda-button\" data-style=\"zoom-in\" type=\"submit\" name=\"insert\">\n <span class=\"ladda-label\">Get Hacking</span>\n </button>\n </form>\n</body>\n</html>\n\nPHP\n<?", "php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?", "> \n\nI get that in the url idk if it helps the rest is the inser.php code.", "\n<?", "php\n$servername = \"localhost\";\n$username = \"Placeholder\";\n$pass = \"FakeForShow\";\n$dbname = \"sign up new\";\n\n$fullname=$_POST['fullname'];\n$username=$_POST['username'];\n$email=$_POST['email'];\n$password=$_POST['password'];\n$codelangs=$_POST['codelangs'];\n\n// Create connection\n$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $pass, $dbname);\n// Check connection\nif ($conn->connect_error) { \n die(\"Connection failed: \" . ", "$conn->connect_error);\n}\n\n$sql = \"INSERT INTO newusers (fullname, username, password, email, codelang)\nVALUES ( '$fullname', '$username', '$email', '$password', '$codelangs');\";\n\nif ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {\n header(\"location: index.html\");\n} \nelse {\n echo \"Error: \" . ", "$sql . \"", "<br>\" . ", "$conn->error;\n}\n\n?", ">\n\nA:\n\nThis might help you.", "\nThe HTML Code : index.php \n<!", "Doctype html>\n<html>\n <head>\n <title>Sign Up</title>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/live/app-d159020cbe.min.css\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/live/core-89ce772293.min.css\">\n </head>\n <body>\n <div class=\"containsignuptext\">\n <p>We believe the developer community is stronger togeather, We believe it takes the right community for us to reach the next stage in the future we believe in adding real tools to developers tool belts.</p>\n\n </div>\n <form action=\"insert.php\" method=\"POST\" accept-charset=\"UTF-8\" role=\"form\" id=\"loginForm\">\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <label for=\"login_email\" class=\"sr-only\">Username</label>\n <input class=\"form-control input-lg\" id=\"username\" placeholder=\"Username\" required=\"required\" name=\"username\" type=\"text\">\n </div>\n <!-- ", "Other form elements-->\n <button method=\"POST\" type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-lg btn-primary btn-block ladda-button\" data-style=\"zoom-in\" type=\"submit\" name=\"insert\">\n <span class=\"ladda-label\">Get Hacking</span>\n </button>\n </form>\n\n </body>\n</html>\n\nThe PHP Code : insert.php\n<?", "php\n$servername = \"localhost\";\n$db_username = \"DB_USER_NAME\";\n$db_pass = \"DB_USER_PASSWORD\";\n$dbname = \"DB_NAME\";\n\n$username = $_POST['username'];\n// Other POST elements\n\n$conn = new mysqli($servername, $db_username, $db_pass, $dbname);\n\nif ($conn->connect_error) {\n die(\"Connection failed: \" . ", "$conn->connect_error);\n}\n\n$sql = \"INSERT INTO newusers (username) VALUES ('$username');\";\n\nif ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {\n header(\"location: index.php\");\n} else {\n echo \"Error: \" . ", "$sql . \"", "<br>\" . ", "$conn->error;\n}\n?", ">\n\nYou can add more form elements, Javascript Validations etc as per your requirement.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to data caching database queries and more particularly to query processing in an in memory data grid (IMDG).", "\nDescription of the Related Art\nDatabase query processing refers to the receipt and execution of data queries against a database. ", "Flat file databases generally process queries in accordance with a key used to locate matching records and to return the matching records to the requestor. ", "To the extent that data is to be culled from different related records, a series of queries are required to located different keys in different database tables so as to ultimately return the desired set of data. ", "Relational databases improve upon flat file databases by permitting the logical joining together of different tables so as to execute a single query against the joined set of tables in order to produce a desired set of data.", "\nAn in memory data grid (IMDG) is a highly distributable form of a database that permits parallel processing across a set of disparately located computing devices. ", "The use of an IMDG permits substantial parallelization of database operations and, in consequence, efficient utilization of unused processing resources in each host computing device supporting the IMDG. ", "To the extent that data in the IMDG is highly distributed, relational database concepts cannot be effectively applied. ", "Thus, though highly scalable, database operations in an IMDG are substantially granular and numerous in comparison to that of a traditional relational database.", "\nTraditional database technologies, including flat file and relational database technologies make extensive use of caching to enhance the performance of database queries. ", "As it is well-known, caching is a predictive concept in which previously retrieved data resulting from one or more queries can be stored in local memory and returned, when applicable, to a requestor without requiring the re-execution of the queries against the database. ", "Typical algorithms for determining when data is to be cached (and also evicted from the cache) includes the most frequently used algorithm and the most recently used algorithm, to name two examples.", "\nThe IMDG, however, does not make use of traditional caching, principally because of the unpredictable number of nodes in the grid supporting the IMDG and the fragmented nature of data queries across the different nodes of the IMDG. ", "Further, to the extent that numerous small queries can be required to achieve a single relational query in the IMDG, the process of caching and cache retrieval can become unwieldy. ", "Finally, unlike the circumstance in a relational database where the ultimate data retrieved and returned to the requestor can be readily related to the underlying query, the cascade of requisite small queries to achieve a single query results in an IMDG can cloud the connection between individual, small query results and the ultimate desired query." ]

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[ "Advertising\n\nOK, I see. ", "We were talking about 2 different things I guess.", "\n> I write it here again:\n>\n> with the patch:\n> best: 9.7G reclaimed\n> worst: 16G reclaimed\n>\n> without:\n> best: 35G reclaimed\n> worst: 136G reclaimed\n>\n> Or you asking about something else? ", "If so, I don't understand what you\n> want.", "\nWell, those numbers do not tell us much, right? ", "You have 4 concurrent\nreaders each an own 1G file in a loop. ", "The longer you keep running that\nthe more pages you are reclaiming of course. ", "But you are not comparing\nthe same amount of work.", "\nMy main concern about the patch is that it might over-reclaim a lot if\nwe have workload which also frees memory rahther than constantly add\nmore easily reclaimable page cache. ", "I realize such a test is not easy\nto make.", "\nI have already said that I will not block the patch but it should be at\nleast explained why a larger batch makes a difference.", "\n--\nMichal Hocko\nSUSE Labs" ]

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[ "Computer systems, or other data processing systems, include integrated circuit devices having a subset of memory in which data is changed more often than data in other subsets of the memory. ", "The subset of memory that is more frequently changed tends to fail to due the effects of the great number of change cycles it undergoes.", "\nA wide variety of endurance enhancement techniques are known to attempt to decrease the potential for failure of the memory cells. ", "For example, redundant memory cells are provided so that if one memory cell fails, another memory cell will take over and provide the required data. ", "Also wear leveling techniques are known in the art.", "\nMost endurance enhancement techniques operate at the block level rather than the bit level. ", "Counters are often used to keep track of the total number of erase/program cycles of a block and then to switch to a redundant block before the first block fails or to occasionally switch blocks to even out the wear.", "\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,000,006 to Bruce et al., ", "a total-write-counter field indicates a total number of write-erase cycles of the block and an incremental-write-counter field indicates an incremental number of write-erase cycles since a wear-leveling operation for the block. ", "The total and incremental numbers must exceed thresholds for wear leveling for the block change to occur.", "\nSome techniques operate at the bit level. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,803,707 to Cordan, Jr. uses an extra memory cell as a backup and writes to both memory cells each time a writing operation is to occur. ", "If one cell fails, the other cell ensures that the data is not lost. ", "However, overall endurance is only marginally improved, since both cells wear at about the same rate.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,157,570 to Nachumovsky reduces wear by avoiding unnecessary erasing of unchanged bits when a new byte is to be written. ", "Since, on average, only one-half of the bits have changes, endurance is doubled. ", "However, a byte write operation is considerably more complicated, because for each bit the existing and new states must first be compared, then a decision made as to whether it needs to be programmed.", "\nIt is an object of the present invention to provide a method and system to enhance the endurance of a memory cell or memory cells of an integrated circuit at the bit level.", "\nIt is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of managing a sequence of reading and writing data in a storage system." ]

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