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[ "Martin Roth\n\nMartin Roth may refer to:\n\n Sir Martin Roth (psychiatrist) (1917–2006), British psychiatrist\n Martin Roth (television writer) (1924–2000), American scriptwriter, creator of Ark II\n Martin Roth (museum director) (1955–2017), German museum director\n Martin Roth (artist) (born 1977), Austrian Artist living in New York City" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.023952095808383235 ]	0.023952	5
[ "'use strict';\n\nvar META_SCHEMA_ID = 'http://json-schema.org/draft-06/schema';\n\nmodule.exports = function (ajv) {\n var defaultMeta = ajv._opts.defaultMeta;\n var metaSchemaRef = typeof defaultMeta == 'string'\n ? { ", "$ref: defaultMeta }\n : ajv.getSchema(META_SCHEMA_ID)\n ? { ", "$ref: META_SCHEMA_ID }\n : {};\n\n ajv.addKeyword('patternGroups', {\n // implemented in properties.jst\n metaSchema: {\n type: 'object',\n additionalProperties: {\n type: 'object',\n required: [ 'schema' ],\n properties: {\n maximum: {\n type: 'integer',\n minimum: 0\n },\n minimum: {\n type: 'integer',\n minimum: 0\n },\n schema: metaSchemaRef\n },\n additionalProperties: false\n }\n }\n });\n ajv.", "RULES.all.properties.implements.push('patternGroups');\n};\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0.0018115942028985507, 0 ]	0.001517	5
[ "Recent days because of the complicated situation in the Middle East and the Arab World there is a kind of fear that appeared among the world’s population and especially people who are eager to learn Arabic which is displayed by avoiding visiting these countries, included Jordan. ", "But in case of Jordan, we ensure that the situation is stable here and the safety is on the highest level.", "\nAccording to the popular tourism website escapehere.com, Jordan leads in the list of the safest places to travel in the Middle East (http://www.escapehere.com/destination/the-7-safest-places-to-travel-in-the-middle-east/4/).", "\nBy the way, the famous “Forbes” marked Jordan as a good and safe place for tourists and described it as “an oasis of calm in the region”, recalling the famous sights of the country (http://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2016/05/24/where-is-safe-for-tourists-in-the-middle-east/2/#63d7c76a33aa).", "\nSo if you wish to study Arabic and do not want to postpone this activity, we strongly recommend you to visit Jordan and improve your Arabic here, with us.", "\nWelcome and make yourself at home!" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.0033444816053511705, 0, 0 ]	0.00278	5
[ "---\nabstract: 'Chern–Weil and Chern–Simons theory extend to certain infinite-rank bundles that appear in mathematical physics. ", "We discuss what is known of the invariant theory of the corresponding infinite-dimensional Lie groups. ", "We use these techniques to detect cohomology classes for spaces of maps between manifolds and for diffeomorphism groups of manifolds.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Steven Rosenberg${}^1$'\nbibliography:\n- 'Paper2.bib'\ntitle: 'Chern–Weil theory for certain infinite-dimensional Lie groups'\n---\n\n[^1]\n\nTo Joe Wolf, with great appreciation\n\nKey words: Chern–Weil theory, Chern–Simons theory, infinite-rank bundles, mapping spaces, diffeomorphism groups, families index theorem.", "\n\nMSC (2010) codes: Primary: 22E65; Secondary: 58B99, 58J20, 58J40\n\n[Introduction]{}\n====================\n\nThe purpose of this survey is to emphasize algebraic aspects of Chern–Weil and Chern–Simons theory in infinite dimensions. ", "The main open questions concern the classification or even existence of nontrivial Ad-invariant functions on the Lie algebra of some infinite-dimensional Lie groups that naturally appear in differential geometry and mathematical physics. ", "These groups include gauge groups of vector bundles, diffeomorphism groups of manifolds, groups of bounded invertible pseudodifferential operators, and semidirect products of these groups. ", "They typically appear as the structure groups of manifolds of maps between manifolds (e.g., in string theory) and in the setup of the Atiyah–Singer families index theorem. ", "In effect, this article is a plea by a geometer for help from the experts in Lie groups.", "\n\nAs reviewed in Section 2, Chern–Weil theory is a well-established procedure to pass from an Ad-invariant polynomial $p$ on the Lie algebra of a finite-dimensional Lie group $G$ defined over a field $k$ to an element $c_p\\in H^(BG,k)$, the cohomology of the classifying space $BG$. For the classical compact connected groups over $\\C$, this correspondence is an isomorphism. ", "For a $G$-bundle $P\\to B$ classified by a map $f:B\\to BG$, the class $c_p(P) = f^c_p\\in H^(B,\\C)$ is by definition the characteristic class of $P$ associated to $p$. For $G = U(n), SO(n)$, these are the Chern classes and Pontrjagin classes, respectively. ", "They are used extensively in differential geometry, algebraic geometry and differential topology. ", "Characteristic classes are obstructions to bundle triviality, i.e., they vanish on trivial bundles. ", "When a Chern class of a bundle vanishes, the precise obstruction information for that class is unavailable, but there is a chance to obtain more refined geometric information. ", "To begin, one can directly construct a de Rham representative $C_p(P)$ of $c_p(P)$ from a connection on $P$; this is often also called Chern–Weil theory. ", "The advantage of the geometric approach is that one can in theory, and sometimes in practice, explicitly compute this de Rham representative from knowledge of the curvature of the connection.", "\n\nIf $C_p(P)$ vanishes pointwise, a very strong condition, then there is a secondary or Chern–Simons class $TC_p(P)\\in H^(B,\\C/\\Z)$. As opposed to the topologically defined Chern classes, the Chern–Simons classes depend on the choice of connection, and so are inherently geometric objects. ", "When defined, the Chern–Simons classes are obstructions to a trivial bundle admitting a trivialization by flat sections of a connection. ", "Thus the secondary classes are more subtle and correspondingly harder to work with than with the primary/Chern classes. ", "They notably appear as the generators of the integer cohomology of the classical groups.", "\n\nInfinite-dimensional manifolds such as loop spaces $LM$ of manifolds and mapping spaces ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ between manifolds occur frequently in mathematical physics. ", "Here the structure group of the tangent or frame bundle is an infinite-dimensional Lie group, the gauge group of a finite rank bundle. ", "More generally, a finite rank bundle $E\\to M$ over the total space of a fibration $M\\to B$ of manifolds, the setup of the Atiyah–Singer families index theorem, naturally leads to an infinite rank bundle $\\calE\\to B$ with a more complicated structure group. ", "In light of physicists’ intriguing formal manipulations with path integrals, in particular their quick non-rigorous proofs of the Atiyah–Singer index theorem using loop spaces [@atiyah], it is natural to look for a good theory of characteristic classes of infinite rank vector bundles.", "\n\nThere are several immediate pitfalls. ", "The fiber of such a bundle, an infinite-dimensional vector space, comes with many inequivalent norm topologies, in contrast to finite-dimensional vector spaces. ", "As a result, the topology of the fiber has to be specified carefully. ", "If the topology is compatible with a Hilbert space structure on the model fiber $\\calH$, it is tempting to take as structure group $GL(\\calH)$, the group of bounded invertible operators with bounded inverse. ", "However, unlike in finite dimensions, $GL(\\calH)$ is contractible, so every $GL(\\calH)$ bundle is trivial. ", "This kills the theory of Chern classes in this generality.", "\n\nOf course, $GL(\\calH)$ contains many interesting subgroups with nontrivial topology. ", "In particular, if a subgroup $G$ consists of determinant class operators, then one can try to form the characteristic classes associated to the invariant polynomial $\\Tr( A^k)$ for $A$ in the Lie algebra of trace class operators; after all, for finite rank complex bundles, these polynomials form a generating set for the algebra of $U(n)$-invariant polynomials. ", "However, in infinite dimensions, these classes are generally noncomputable, in the sense that operator traces are rarely given by e.g., integrals of pointwise calculable expressions. ", "In particular, it will usually be impossible to tell if these Chern classes vanish or not. ", "Notice that we are not even considering the more difficult topological approach of working with $BG$.\n\nIn summary, in infinite dimensions we do not expect a version of Chern–Weil theory that applies to all bundles. ", "Instead, we should look for naturally occurring structure groups with nontrivial topology, and we should look for computable Ad-invariant functions.", "\n\nAs with the example $\\Tr(A^k)$, traces on the Lie algebra of a group give rise to invariant functions. ", "For gauge groups, a wide class of traces is known and these “tend to be\" computable. ", "However, the determination of all invariant functions is open. ", "This gives us a theory of characteristic classes on mapping spaces, the subject of Section 3, and allows us to determine some nontrivial cohomology of mapping spaces.", "\n\nThis theory is not as geometric as desired, in the sense that natural connections on mapping spaces are not compatible with a gauge group, but instead are ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-connections for a larger group ${\\Psi_{0}^}$ of pseudodifferential operators. ", "This larger group has fewer traces, which in fact have been classified. (", "An excellent reference for pseudodifferential operators and traces is [@scott].) ", "Again, it is not known if there are Ad-invariant functions not arising from traces.", "\n\nIt turns out that the Pontrjagin classes vanish for ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, so we are forced to consider secondary classes. ", "In Section 4 we discuss Chern–Simons classes for loop spaces. ", "We use these classes to show that $\\pi_1({\\diff}(S^2\\times S^3))$ is infinite, where ${\\diff}(S^2\\times S^3)$ is the diffeomrophism group of this 5-manifold. ", "This result is new but not unexpected, and is given more as an illustration of potential applications of these techniques.", "\n\nIn Section 5 we discuss characteristic classes associated to $\\diff(Z)$, the group of diffeomorphisms of a closed manifold $Z$. As pointed out by Singer, there is no known theory of characteristic classes for ${\\diff}(Z)$-bundles. ", "Specifically, there are no known nontrivial Ad-invariant functions on Lie$({\\diff}(Z)).$ Instead, we outline a method to detect elements of $H^({\\diff}(G),\\C)$ for classical Lie groups $G$. This is cheating somewhat, as in finite-dimensional bundle theory we want the cohomology of classifying spaces like $BU(n)$, not of $U(n)$ itself. ", "Of course, $H^(BU(n),\\C)$ is related to $H^(U(n),\\C)$ by transgression arguments dating back to Borel. ", "It is completely unclear if these arguments can be formulated in infinite dimensions, so the results of this section are baby steps towards understanding characteristic classes for diffeomorphism groups.", "\n\nIn Section 6, we discuss the setup of the families index theorem of Atiyah–Singer. ", "As recognized by Atiyah and Singer and used by Bismut, this theorem can be restated in terms of an infinite rank superbundle $\\calE$. We discuss constructing a theory of characteristic classes on these bundles. ", "Here the structure group $\\G$ contains both a gauge group and the group ${\\diff}(Z)$. Having a very large group makes it easier to find Ad-invariant functions in principle, but again we know of no nontrivial invariant functions. ", "Nevertheless, we can define characteristic classes of $\\calE$ for certain connections due to Bismut. ", "We discuss an attempt to construct a proof of the families index theorem using characteristic classes on $\\calE.$ While there are serious gaps in the argument, it is very intriguing that a semidirect product $\\G\\ltimes {\\Psi_{0}^}$ naturally appears as a structure group. ", "Thus the work in this last section is in some sense is a culmination of the techniques in the previous sections.", "\n\nThe determination of the algebra of invariants for Lie groups is a classical topic with a very 19${}^{\\rm th}$ century feel. ", "In highlighting the obvious, namely the central role of these Lie-theoretic questions in Chern–Weil theory, I’m reminded of Moliere’s M. Jourdain, who discovers that he has been speaking prose all his life without knowing it. ", "In any case, I hope this article spurs interest in extending this classical theory to infinite-dimensional settings of current interest in geometry and physics.", "\n\nIt is a pleasure to thank Andrés Larrain-Hubach, Yoshiaki Maeda, Sylvie Paycha, Simon Scott and Fabián Torres-Ardila for many helpful conversations on this subject.", "\n\n[General comments on Chern–Weil theory]{}\n=============================================\n\nLet $G$ be a finite-dimensional Lie group, and let $\\calP_G$ be algebra of ${\\rm Ad}_G$-invariant polynomials from ${{\\mathfrak g}}= {\\rm Lie}(G)$ to $\\C.$ In its more abstract form, Chern–Weil theory gives a map $${{\\rm cw}}:\\calP_G\\to H^(BG,\\C).$$ Since $G$-bundles $E\\to B$ are classified by elements $f\\in [B,BG]$, the set of homotopy classes of maps from $B$ to $BG$, a polynomial $p\\in \\calP_G$ gives rise to a characteristic class $c_p(E) = f^{{\\rm cw}}(p)\\in H^(B,\\C).$\n\nFor compact connected groups, the suitably normalized map ${\\rm cw}$ is a ring isomorphism to $H^(BG,\\Z)$ [@dieu] (see Ch. ", "3, Section 4 for references to Borel’s original work), [@dupont], with the corresponding characteristic classes called Chern classes for $G= U(n)$ and Pontrjagin classes for $G = SO(n).$ Since the adjoint action is given by conjugation for classical groups, for any $k\\in \\Z^+$ the polynomials $A\\mapsto \\Tr(A^k)$ are in $\\calP_G$. For $U(n)$, the corresponding characteristic classes are the k${}^{\\rm th}$ components of the Chern character (up to normalization). ", "It is a classical result of invariant theory that these polynomials generate $\\calP_{U(n)}$. We note that the k${}^{\\rm th}$ Chern class is given by the trace of the transformation induced by $A$ on $\\Lambda^k(\\C^n)$; since this transformation is usually also denoted by $A^k$, it is easy to confuse the two uses of $\\Tr(A^k).$\n\n\\[remark1\\] If a group $G$ is linear, i.e., there is an embedding $i:G\\to GL(N,\\C)$ for some $N$ (or equivalently, $G$ admits a finite-dimensional faithful representation), then an ${{\\rm Ad}_G}$-invariant function on ${{\\mathfrak g}}$ corresponds to a $i(G)$-conjugation invariant functional on $di({{\\mathfrak g}}).$ The functionals $A\\mapsto \\Tr(A^k)$ certainly work, but there may be other invariant functions if $i(G)$ has “small enough\" image in $GL(N,\\C)$. For example, the Pfaffian ${\\rm Pf}(A)$ is an invariant polynomial for $A\\in SO(n)$ which is not in the algebra generated by the $\\Tr(A^k)$; while $\\det(A)$ is in this algebra, the Pfaffian satisfies $({\\rm Pf}(A))^2 = \\det(A).$\n\nThis abstract approach to characteristic classes is not very useful in practice, both because $BG$ tends to be far from a manifold, and because classifying maps are hard to find. ", "However, the classifying space approach certainly is powerful. ", "For example, if a bundle is trivial, then it is classified by a constant map, and so it immediately follows that its characteristic classes vanish. (", "For $U(n)$, the converse almost holds: if a hermitian vector bundle $E$ has vanishing Chern classes, then some multiple $kE$ is trivial. ", "The proof is nontrivial.)", "\n\nThere are alternative approaches to constructing e.g., Chern classes, one topological and one geometric. ", "The topological approach constructs the highest Chern class $c_n(E)$ of a rank-$n$ complex vector bundle and then iteratively constructs the lower Chern classes by passing to a flag bundle [@huse; @milnor]. ", "Since our bundles will have infinite rank, it’s hard to get started on this approach.", "\n\nAt this point, we once and for all pass from principal $G$-bundles to vector bundles with $G$ as structure group, although the former case is somewhat more general. ", "Thus we are assuming that $G$ is linear, and a $G$-bundle denotes a vector bundle with structure group $G$.\n\nSince the topological approach seems unpromising, we follow the geometric method. ", "If $B$ is a paracompact manifold, then it admits a partition of unity, so $G$-bundles over $B$ admit $G$-connections. (", "Finite-dimensional manifolds and even Banach manifolds are paracompact). ", "$c_p(E)$ is then the de Rham cohomology class $[p(\\Omega)]$ of $p(\\Omega)$, where $\\Omega$ is the ${{\\mathfrak g}}$-valued curvature two-form of the connection, and $p(\\Omega)$ involves wedging of forms and the Lie bracket in ${{\\mathfrak g}}$ in a natural way. ", "The Ad-invariance of $p$ is used crucially to show that $p(\\Omega)$ is closed and that its cohomology class is independent of the connection. ", "This material is standard, and can be found in e.g., [@BGV; @chern; @rosenberg]. ", "In summary,\n\n\\[CWtheorem\\] Let $p$ be an Ad${}_G$-invariant $\\C$-valued power series on ${{\\mathfrak g}}$. Let $E\\to B$ be a bundle over a manifold $B$ with structure group $G$, and let $\\nabla$ be a $G$-connection with curvature $\\Omega.$ Then\n\n\\(i) $p(\\Omega)$ is a closed even degree form on $B$.\n\n\\(ii) The de Rham cohomology class $[p(\\Omega)]\\in H^{}(B,\\C)$ is independent of the choice of $\\nabla.$\n\nOften, the power series of interest are in fact polynomials of some degree $k< {\\rm dim}(B)/2$, in which case $[p(\\Omega)]\\in H^{2k}(B, \\C)$. In particular, for $U(n)$, the classes on a complex bundle $E$ associated to $(2\\pi i)^{-1} \\Tr(A^k)$ are denoted by $c_k(E)$ and are called the k${}^{\\rm th}$ [Chern classes]{}; the normalization ensures that they are in fact integral classes. ", "The [Pontrjagin classes]{} of a real finite rank bundle $F$ are by definition the Chern classes of the complexification $F\\otimes \\C$, corresponding to the embedding of $SO(n)$ into $U(n)$. On $U(n)$, the most important example of a power series is the exponential function $e^A$; the corresponding Chern class is called the [Chern character]{}. ", "In index theory, other power series like the $\\hat A$-genus naturally occur, although all these are truncated to polynomials at the dimension of the manifold. ", "On infinite rank bundles over infinite-dimensional manifolds, there is no reason to truncate, so the use of power series is more natural.", "\n\nThe advantage to the geometric approach is that the de Rham representative $p(\\Omega)$ is pointwise computable on $B$. For example, a trivial complex bundle has vanishing Chern classes. ", "From the geometric construction, we can conclude more: a bundle with a nonvanishing Chern class does not admit a flat connection. ", "This is a stronger statement precisely because there are nontrivial bundles $E$ with flat connections; these have a discrete structure group.", "\n\nFor noncompact finite-dimensional Lie groups, the situation is not so clean. ", "For $G = GL(n,\\R)^+$, the connected group of orientation-preserving elements of $GL(n,\\R)$, ${\\rm cw}$ is not surjective. ", "For $G$ is homotopy equivalent to $SO(n)$, so the universal Euler class, the element $e\\in H^n(BSO(n), \\Z)$ corresponding to the Pfaffian in $\\calP_{SO(n)}$, is also an element of $H^n(BGL(n,\\R)^+,\\Z).$ However, since the Pfaffian is not $GL(n,\\R)^+$-invariant, $e$ is not in the image of ${\\rm cw}$ on $\\calP_{GL(n,\\R)^+}.$\n\nIt is clear that parts of geometric Chern–Weil theory carry over to infinite-dimensional Lie groups, especially since tricky questions about the topology of these Lie groups can often be avoided. ", "For example, let $G$ be the group of invertible transformations of a fixed Hilbert space of the form $I + A$, where $A$ is trace class. ", "Since all such operators are bounded, it is not hard to show that $G$ is indeed a Lie group, with Lie algebra given by the set of trace class operators. ", "Certainly the first Chern class $c_1(E) = [\\Tr(\\Omega)]\n\\in H^2(B,\\C)$ exists for any connection on a $G$-bundle $E\\to B$. Here $\\Tr$ refers to the operator trace. ", "However, this Chern class is not computable except in special cases. ", "In particular, we do not expect to be able to tell if this class is nonzero or not. ", "By restricting $A$ to lie in higher Shatten classes, we can construct higher but similarly noncomputable Chern classes, as discussed in [@Seg].", "\n\nMaking sense of Lie groups of unbounded operators on a Hilbert space is difficult, particularly since the exponential map may have a sparse image. ", "For finite rank bundles, one can take a default position by considering bundles for classical groups as $GL(n,\\C)$-bundles. ", "Since $GL(n,\\C)$ deformation retracts onto $U(n)$, the topological theory of characteristic classes is the same for the two groups. ", "In fact, the geometric theory is the same, as the Ad-invariant polynomials are the same for the two groups. ", "Of course, for other linear groups the situation can be more complicated.", "\n\nBy analogy, in infinite dimensions we might begin with $GL(\\calH)$, the group of bounded invertible operators with bounded inverses on a real or complex Hilbert space $\\calH$. As an open subset of the set of bounded endomorphisms of $\\calH$, $GL(\\calH)$ is a Lie group [@Omori]. ", "However, this group has trivial Chern–Weil theory. ", "For by Kuiper’s Theorem, the unitary group $U(\\calH)$ and hence $GL(\\calH)$ is contractible in the norm topology. ", "Thus $BGL(\\calH)$ has the homotopy type of a point, so all $GL(\\calH)$ bundles are trivial. (", "$U(\\calH)$ should not be confused with the group $U(\\infty) = \\lim_{\\to}U(n)$, which has nontrivial topology by Bott periodicity.)", "\n\nThis problem of having a large contractible structure group is a key feature of infinite dimensions. ", "As an example of its annoying presence, we can use $GL(\\calH)$ to “ruin\" Chern–Weil theory for finite rank bundles. ", "For example, if we embed $GL(n,\\C)$ into $GL(N,\\C)$ as an upper left block for $N >n$, then we can extend a rank-$n$ complex bundle $E$ to a rank-$N$ bundle with essentially the same transition functions. ", "Since this amounts to adding a trivial $(N-n)$-rank bundle to $E$, the Chern classes are unchanged. ", "However, if we embed $GL(n,\\C)$ into $GL(\\calH)$, then the extended bundle and any characteristic classes become trivial. (", "We can cook up a similar example in finite dimensions: Let $E\\to S^1$ be the $\\Q$-bundle which is trivial over $(0,2\\pi)$ and with $(0,q)$ glued to $(2\\pi, 2q).$ Then $E$ is nontrivial as a $\\Q$-bundle, but becomes trivial when extended to an $\\R$-bundle.)", "\n\nFrom these examples, we see that we should consider infinite rank bundles whose structure group is a subgroup of $GL(\\calH)$ with nontrivial topology. ", "Fortunately, there are several well-known infinite-dimensional manifolds with a good Chern–Weil theory of characteristic classes.", "\n\nMapping Spaces and their characteristic classes\n===============================================\n\nThe topological setup\n---------------------\n\nLet $N^n, M^m$ be smooth, oriented, compact manifolds. ", "Fix $s_0 \\gg 0$, and let ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ be the functions $f:N \\to M$ of Sobolev class $s_0$ (denoted $f\\in H^{s_0}$). ", "Here we fix covers $\\{(U_\\alpha, \\phi_\\alpha)\\}, \\{(V_\\beta, \\psi_\\beta)\\}$ of $N, M$, respectively, and we are imposing that $\\psi_\\beta f\\phi_\\alpha^{-1}:\\R^n\\to \\R^m$ is of Sobolev class $s_0$ for all $\\alpha, \\beta.$ ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ is a smooth Banach manifold [@eells], and the smooth structure is independent of the choice of covers.", "\n\nWe could work with the space of smooth maps from $N$ to $M$ as a Fréchet manifold, but this is technically more difficult. ", "In particular, the implicit function theorem, which is used repeatedly in the foundations of manifold theory, is not guaranteed to hold for Fréchet manifolds. ", "This is a little lazy, as the implicit function theorem holds for tame Fréchet manifolds [@Hamilton] such as ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, but we choose to work with Sobolev spaces just to keep the notation down.", "\n\nThe easiest examples of mapping spaces are free loop spaces $LM$ ($N = S^1$) and in particular free loop groups $LG$. The most natural bundles are the tangent bundles $TLM, TLG$. Just as in finite dimensions, $TLG$ is canonically trivial, so we do not expect characteristic classes for loop groups.", "\n\nTo develop a theory of characteristic classes of $TLM$, we should determine its structure group and look for Ad-invariant functions. ", "A tangent vector in $TLM$ at a loop $\\gamma$ should be the infinitesimal information in a family of loops $s\\mapsto \n\\gamma_s(\\theta)$, for $\\theta\\in S^1$ and $s\\in (-\\epsilon, \\epsilon).$ The infinitesimal information is $\\{ \\dot\\gamma(\\theta)=(d/ds)\|_{s=0}\\gamma_s(\\theta): \\theta\\in S^1\\}$. This is a vector field along $\\gamma$, i.e., a section of $\\gamma^TM\\to S^1$; the pullback bundle has the effect of distinguishing tangent vectors $\\dot\\gamma(\\theta_0), \\dot\\gamma(\\theta_1)$ where $\\gamma(\\theta_0) = \\gamma(\\theta_1).$ Conversely, given a Riemannian metric on $M$, the exponential maps $\\exp_{\\gamma(\\theta)}:T_{\\gamma(\\theta)}M\n\\to M$ combine to take a vector field along $\\gamma$ to a loop. ", "Taking care of the analytic details, we get $T_\\gamma LM = \\Gamma(\\gamma^TM)$, where we take $H^{s_0}$ sections of $\\gamma^TM.$ Since $M$ is oriented, $\\gamma^TM$ is a trivial rank-$m$ real bundle over $S^1$ denoted $\\calR^m = \\calR^m_\\gamma$. The trivialization is not canonical, so $TLM$ need not be trivial, and we have a hope of constructing characteristic classes.", "\n\nWe now show that the structure group of $TLM$ is a group of gauge transformations. ", "This structure group is determined by the differentials of the transition functions of $LM$. Fix a Riemannian metric on $M$. Call $s\\in T_\\gamma LM$ short if $\\exp_{\\gamma(\\theta)} s(\\theta)$ is inside the cut locus of $\\gamma(\\theta)$ for all $\\theta.$ Let $U_\\gamma$ be the neighborhood of $\\gamma$ in $LM$ consisting of the all exponentials along $\\gamma$ of short loops. ", "These neighborhoods give an open cover of $LM$. On $U_{\\gamma_0}\\cap U_{\\gamma_1}$, the transition functions are given by fiberwise invertible nonlinear maps $\\Gamma\\calR^m\\to\\Gamma\\calR^m$. Since $\\Gamma\\calR^m$ is a vector space, the differentials of the transition maps at a $v\\in \\calR^n$ can be naturally identified with invertible linear maps on $\\calR^m$ which act fiberwise. ", "Thus the structure group is the group of $H^{s_0}$ bundle automorphisms of $\\calR^m$, i.e., the gauge group $\\calG(\\calR^n).$ (Strictly speaking, we should take the gauge group of $\\calG(T\\calR^n)$, but this has the same homotopy type as $\\calG(\\calR^n).$)\n\nThe general case of ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ is similar. ", "The path components of ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ are in bijection with $[N,M]$. Pick a path component $X_0$ and $f:N\\to M$ in $X_0.$ Then for all $g\\in X_0$, $T_g{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}\\simeq \\Gamma(f^TM\\to N)$ noncanonically. ", "$f^TM$ need not be trivial, but as above the structure group on $X_0$ is $\\calG(f^TM).$ For convenience, we always complexify real bundles, so the structure group is $\\calG(f^TM\\otimes \\C).$ From now on, we often omit the $\\otimes\\ \\C$ term.", "\n\nIn summary, $T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ is a gauge bundle, or $\\calG$-bundle for short.", "\n\nNow that the structure group of $T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ has been determined, we look for ${\\rm Ad}_\\calG$-invariant functions on ${{\\mathfrak g}}$. Here ${{\\mathfrak g}}= {\\rm Lie}(\\calG) = {\\rm End}(f^TM)$ is the vector space of $H^{s_0-1}$ bundle endomorphisms of $f^TM.$ Since the Lie group and Lie algebra act fiberwise on $f^TM$, the adjoint action of $\\calG$ on ${{\\mathfrak g}}$ is fiberwise conjugation: ${\\rm Ad}(A)(b) = AbA^{-1}$. For fixed Riemannian metrics on $N$ and $M$, $f^TM$ inherits an inner product, and we can set $$c_k:\\calG(f^TM)\\to \\C,\\ \\ c_k(A) = \\int_N \\tr(A^k)\\ {{\\rm dvol}}_N.$$ Note that the trace depends on the metric on $M$. This is clearly Ad-invariant, so we can define $$c_k(X_0) = [c_k(\\Omega)]\\in H^{2k}(X_0, \\C)\n\\label{cherngauge}$$ for $\\Omega$ the curvature of any gauge connection on $T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}.$ We will usually just write $c_k({{\\rm Maps}(N,M)})$ $\\in H^{2k}({{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}, \\C).$ Some examples of these “gauge classes\" will be computed in Section 3.3.", "\n\nThe reader familiar with characteristic classes may be appalled that we are omitting the usual normalizing constants which in finite dimensions guarantee that Chern classes have integral periods. ", "In infinite dimensions, there is no known topological method of producing integral characteristic classes, so there is no natural normalization.", "\n\nThere are certainly many other Ad-invariant functions. ", "For any smooth function $h:N\\to \n\\C$, $c_{k,h}(A) = \\int_N h\\cdot \\tr(A^k)\\ {{\\rm dvol}}_N$ is Ad-invariant. ", "Letting $h$ approach a delta function, we see that for every distribution $h\\in \\calD(N)$, $h(\\tr(A^k))$ is Ad-invariant. ", "Although it is overkill, this fits in with the finite-dimensional situation, where the structure group $GL(n,\\C)$ is the gauge group of the bundle $\\C^n\\to $, where $$ is a point, and $h\\in \\calD()$ must be multiplication by a constant.", "\n\n[Open question:]{} Determine all ${\\rm Ad}_\\calG$-invariant analytic functions on $\n{{\\mathfrak g}}.$\n\nSince $\\calG$ is dense in ${{\\mathfrak g}}$, solving this question includes finding all the traces on ${{\\mathfrak g}}$, i.e., linear functions $t:{{\\mathfrak g}}\\to \\C$ with $t(ab) = t(ba)$ for all $a,b\\in {{\\mathfrak g}}.$ This is in turn equivalent to computing the Hochschild cohomology group $HH^0({{\\mathfrak g}}, \\C)$, which should be feasible. ", "This is interesting even in the loop group case, where we are asking for $HH^0(L{{\\mathfrak g}}, \\C)$, where ${{\\mathfrak g}}$ is now the Lie algebra of the compact group $G$.\n\nFor an overview of a large class of Ad-invariant functions on $L{{\\mathfrak g}}$ with applications to integrable systems, see [@sts].", "\n\nThe geometric setup\n-------------------\n\nSince we are taking a geometric approach to characteristic classes, we should see if the natural geometry on ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ is compatible with the structure group $\\calG$. In fact, it is not, as we now explain.", "\n\nFor simplicity, we will just consider loop spaces $LM^m$. The parameter $\\theta$ always denotes the loop parameter, so $LM = \\{\\gamma(\\theta): \\theta\\in S^1, \\gamma(\\theta)\n\\in M\\}$ for $\\gamma$ of Sobolev class $s_0.$\n\nFix a Riemannian metric on $M$ and fix $s\\in [0,s_0]$. Define an $H^s$ inner product on $T_\\gamma LM$ by $$\\langle X, Y\\rangle_{\\gamma,s} = \\int_{S^1} \\langle X_{\\gamma(\\theta)}, (I+\\Delta)^{s}Y_\n{\\gamma(\\theta)}\\rangle_{\\gamma(\\theta)} \\ d\\theta.", "\n$$ Here $\\Delta = D^D$, with $D = \\frac{D}{d\\gamma} = \\gamma^\\nabla^{M}$ the covariant derivative along $\\gamma$, or equivalently the $\\gamma$-pullback of the Levi-Civita connection $\\nabla^M$ on $M$. The role of the positive elliptic operator $(I+\\Delta)^s$ is to count roughly $s-(m/2)$ derivatives of the vector fields, by the so-called basic elliptic estimate. ", "Thus the larger the $s$ and $s_0$, the closer we are to modeling the smooth loop space. ", "In particular, the $L^2$ metric (i.e., $s=0$), while independent of a choice of $s$ and hence natural, is too weak for many situations. (", "For example, the absolute version of the Chern–Simons classes discussed in Section 4 are multiples of $s$, and hence vanish at $s=0.$)\n\nThis $H^s$ metric gives rise to a Levi-Civita connection $\\nabla^{s}$ on $LM$ by the Koszul formula $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{two} \n2\\langle\\nabla^s_YX,Z\\rangle_s &=&\\ X\\langle Y,Z\\rangle_s +Y\\langle X,Z\\rangle_s\n-Z\\langle X,Y\\rangle_s\\\\\n&&\\qquad \n+\\langle [X,Y],Z\\rangle_s+\\langle [Z,X],Y\\rangle_s -\\langle[Y,Z],X\\rangle_s,\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ but only if the right-hand side is a continuous linear functional of $Z\\in T_\\gamma LM$. Note that this continuity is not an issue in finite dimensions.", "\n\nWe will consider loop groups as an example. ", "First, recall that for a finite-dimensional Lie group $G$ with a left-invariant metric, there is a global frame for $TG$ consisting of left-invariant vector fields $X_i$. For such vector fields, the Kozul formula simplifies, since the first three terms on the right-hand side of (\\[two\\]) vanish. ", "In particular, one can determine $\\nabla_{X_j}\nX_i$ in terms of the structure constants of $G$. Since any vector field on $G$ can be written as $X = f^iX_i$ for $f_i\\in C^\\infty(G)$, the Leibniz rule then determines $\\nabla_YX$ completely for any $X, Y.$\n\nFor loop groups $LG$, we can take an infinite basis $\\{X_i\\}$ of $T_{e}LG = L{{\\mathfrak g}}$, by e.g., taking Fourier modes with respect to a chosen basis of ${{\\mathfrak g}}.$ We can extend these to left-invariant vector fields. ", "A calculation first due to Freed [@Freed] gives $$\\label{three}\n2\\nabla^s_XY=[X,Y]+ (I+\\Delta)^{-s}[(I+\\Delta)^{s}X,Y]\n+(I+\\Delta)^{-s}[X,(I+\\Delta)^{s}Y],$$ for $X, Y$ left-invariant. ", "The reader is encouraged to rework this calculation, which just uses that $(I + \\Delta)^s$ is selfadjoint for the $L^2$ inner product. ", "There are technical issues here, such as checking that the right-hand side of (\\[three\\]) stays in $H^{s_0}$, and that applying the Leibniz rule to infinite sums $f^iX_i$ also stays in $H^{s_0}.$ Since the $X_i$ are so explicit, these issues can be resolved.", "\n\nIn (\\[three\\]), $(I+\\Delta)^s$ is a differential operator if $s\\in \\Z^+$ and is a classical pseudodifferential (${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$) operator otherwise. ", "In any case, $(I +\\Delta)^{-s}$ is always pseudodifferential. ", "The critical Sobolev dimension for $LG$ is $1/2$, since loops need to be in $H^{(1/2)+\\epsilon}$ to be continuous, so we will always assume $s> 1/2.$ As an operator on $Y$ for fixed $X$, $\\nabla^s_XY$ has order zero: the first order differentiations in the first and third terms on the right-hand side of (\\[three\\]) cancel (as seen by a symbol calculation), and the second term has order $-2s+1$.\n\nThese technical calculations are really quite crucial. ", "On general principles, the connection one-form and the curvature two-form take values in the Lie algebra of the structure group. ", "So calculating these forms tells us for which structure group $G$ our connection is a $G$-connection. ", "For the curvature two-form $$\\Omega^s(X,Y)=\\nabla^s_X\\nabla^s_Y-\\nabla^s_Y\\nabla^s_X-\\nabla^s_{[X,Y]},$$ we can always say that $\\Omega^s\\in \\Lambda^2(LG, {\\rm End}(T_\\gamma LG))$ by default, but the vector space ${\\rm End}(T_\\gamma LG)$ is too big to be useful. ", "After all, ${\\rm End}(T_\\gamma LG)$ could only be the Lie algebra of ${\\rm Aut}(T_\\gamma LG)$, all technical issues aside. ", "Without further restrictions, this group contains both bounded and unbounded operators, so its topology is unclear.", "\n\nThus without some detailed computations, the setup would be too formal. ", "However, since $\\nabla^s$ is built from zero order ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s, $\\Omega^s$ also takes values in zero order ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s. ", "That is good news, since order zero ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$ are bounded operators on $T_\\gamma LG$ with any $H^s$ norm. ", "Moreover, the vector space ${\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}$ of classical ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s of integer order at most zero is the Lie algebra of ${\\Psi_{0}^}$, the Lie group of invertible classical zeroth order ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s [@paychasurvey]. (", "Inverses of elements in ${\\Psi_{0}^}$ are automatically bounded.) ", "Note that ${\\Psi_{0}^}\\supset \\calG(\\calR^n)$, since gauge transformations are (zero-th order) multiplication operators.", "\n\nThus by just working out the connection and curvature, we see that it is natural to extend the structure group from the gauge group $\\calG$, which was good enough for the topology of $LG$, to ${\\Psi_{0}^}$, which is needed to incorporate the Levi-Civita connection.", "\n\nBefore leaving the loop group case, we note that Freed proved that $\\Omega^s$ actually takes values in ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s of order at most $-1.$ By some careful calculations, sharp results have been obtained:\n\n[@andres], [@MRT] If $G$ is abelian, the curvature two-form $\\Omega^s$ for $LG$ takes values in ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s of order $-\\infty$ for all $s \\geq 1.$ If $G$ is nonabelian, the curvature two-form takes values in ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s of order $-\\infty$ for $s=1$ and order $-2$ for $s>1.$ These results are also valid for the based loop groups $\\Omega G.$\n\nThe case $s=1$ is known to be special: for complex groups $G$, $\\Omega G$ is a Kähler manifold for the $s=1$ metric [@Seg]. ", "The proposition again singles out this case, and applies to all finite-dimensional Lie groups. ", "One proof that the curvature has order $-\\infty$ involves showing that the map $\\alpha:L{{\\mathfrak g}}\\mapsto L{{\\mathfrak g}}[[\\xi^{-1}]]$ (which appears in integrable systems as the space of formal nonpositive integer order ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s on the trivial bundle $E = S^1\\times\n{{\\mathfrak g}}\\to S^1$) given by $\\alpha(X) = \\sum_{\\ell=0}^\\infty \\frac{(-1)^\\ell}{i^\\ell}\n(\\partial_\\theta X )\\xi^{-\\ell}$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism. ", "It would be interesting to know how this representation of $L{{\\mathfrak g}}$ on the $H^s$ sections of $E$ fits into the general theory of loop group representations.", "\n\nWe now consider (\\[two\\]) for general loop spaces $LM$. Now all six terms on the right-hand side contribute unless $M$ is parallelizable. ", "For $s\\in \\Z^+$, after some simplifications, we end up with terms that take $\\theta$ derivatives of $Z$ (e.g., $(I+\\Delta)^s Z$). ", "This apparently obstructs the right-hand side from being a linear functional in $Z$ in the $H^s$ norm, but we can integrate by parts $2s$ times over $S^1$ to remove this problem. ", "As a result, the Levi-Civita connection exists in this case. ", "In contrast, for $s\\not\\in \\Z^+$, trying to integrate by parts involves the infinite symbol asymptotics $\\sigma(I + \\Delta)^s \\sim \\sum_{k=0}^\\infty \\sigma_{-k}(I+\\Delta)^s$ of the ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$ $(I+\\Delta)^s$, and so does not terminate. ", "To make a long story short, the Levi-Civita connection does not exist.", "\n\n[@MRT] Let $M$ be a Riemannian manifold. ", "Then the Levi-Civita connection for the $H^s$ metric on $LM$ exists for $s\\in \\Z^+ \\cup \\{0\\}.$ If $M$ is not parallelizable, then the Levi-Civita connection does not exist for $s\\not\\in \\Z^+\\cup \\{0\\}.$\n\nThis demonstrates the perils of geometry in infinite dimensions. ", "A similar result should hold for ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ but has not been worked out.", "\n\nNow that the structure group ${\\Psi_{0}^}= {\\Psi_{0}^}(f^TM\\to N)$ has naturally appeared, we can formulate the notion of principal ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundles and associated vector bundles for general ${\\Psi_{0}^}(E\\to N)$. To see that the theory of ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundles is topologically distinct from the theory of $\\calG$-bundles, we should show that $\\calG$ is not a deformation retract of ${\\Psi_{0}^}$. This is probably true, as for $A\\in{\\Psi_{0}^}$, the top order symbol $\\sigma_0(A)$ lives in $\\calG(\\pi^E\\to S^N)$, which does not retract onto $\\calG(E\\to N).$ It would be good to work this out.", "\n\nTo summarize, the geometry of ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ leads us to extend the structure group from a gauge group to a group of ${\\Psi_{0}^}$. In contrast, putting a metric on a complex finite rank bundle leads to a reduction of the structure group $GL(n,\\C)$ to $U(n)$.\n\nCharacteristic classes for ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThe immediate issue is to find all Ad-invariant functions for ${\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}= {\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}(f^TM\\to N).$ Since this algebra is larger than the gauge algebra ${{\\mathfrak g}}= {\\rm End}(f^TM)$, we expect fewer invariants. ", "As a start, we know we can build invariants from traces. ", "In this setting the traces have been classified, as we explain.", "\n\nRecall that the Wodzicki residue of a ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$ $A$ acting on sections of a bundle $E\\to N^n$ is defined by $$\\label{four} {{\\rm res}^{\\rm w}}:{\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}\\to{{\\mathbb C}},\\ {{\\rm res}^{\\rm w}}(A) = \n(2\\pi)^{-n}\\int_{S^N}\n \\tr\\ \\sigma_{-n}(A)(x, \\xi)\n\\ d\\xi\\ {{\\rm dvol}}(x),$$ where $S^N$ is the unit cosphere bundle. ", "For dim$(N)>1$, the Wodzicki residue is the unique trace on the full algebra of ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s up to scaling, although the facts that it is a trace and is unique are not obvious [@fgl; @scott]. (", "The issue for $N= S^1$, the loop space case, is that the unit cosphere bundle is not connected, but this case has been treated in [@ponge].) ", "In particular, the integrand $ \\tr\\ \\sigma_{-n}(A)(x, \\xi)$ is not a trace, so we cannot apply distributions to the integrand to get other traces. ", "The Wodzicki residue vanishes on ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s which do not have a symbol term of order $-n$, so it vanishes on ${{\\mathfrak g}}$, on all differential operators, and on all classical operators of noninteger order. ", "The Wodzicki residue is orthogonal to the operator trace, in the sense that operators of order less than $-n$ are trace class but have vanishing Wodzicki residue. ", "Just to reassure ourselves that this trace is nontrivial, for any first order elliptic operator $D$ on sections of $E$, $\\sigma_{-n}(I+D^D)^{-n/2}(x, \\xi) = \|\\xi\|^{-n}$, so ${{\\rm res}^{\\rm w}}(I+D^D)^{-n/2}\n= {\\rm vol}(S^N)\\neq 0.$\n\nThe Wodzicki residue is the higher dimensional analogue of the residue considered by Adler, van Moerbeke and others in the study of the KdV equation and flows on coadjoint orbits of loop groups [@adler; @guest]. ", "The Ad-invariant functions becomes integrals of motion, and are used to study the complete integrability of this system.", "\n\nOn the subalgebra ${\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}$, there are more traces. ", "The leading order symbol trace is defined by $$\\label{five}\n\\Tr^{\\rm lo}(A) = \n(2\\pi)^{-n}\\int_{S^N}\n \\tr\\ \\sigma_{0}(A)(x, \\xi)\n\\ d\\xi\\ {{\\rm dvol}}(x).$$ Since $\\sigma_0(AB) = \\sigma_0(A)\\sigma_0(B)$ for $A, B\\in {\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}$, the integrand is a trace, and so any distribution on $S^N$ applied to the function $\\sigma_0(A)\\in C^\\infty\n(S^N)$ is a trace.", "\n\n[@L-P] For dim$(N) >1,$ all traces on ${\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}$ are of the form $$A\\mapsto c\\cdot {{\\rm res}^{\\rm w}}(A) + C(\\tr\\sigma_0(A))$$ for some $c\\in \\C$ and $C\\in \\calD(S^N)$.\n\nThe proof is an impressive calculation in Hochschild cohomology.", "\n\nFor $\\alpha <0$, the set of ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s of order at most $\\alpha$ is a subalgebra of the full ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$ algebra. ", "In [@L-N], the traces on these subalgebras are classified.", "\n\nNow that we know what the traces are, we can define two types of characteristic classes for ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundles for ${\\Psi_{0}^}= {\\Psi_{0}^}(F\\to Z)$ with $Z$ closed and $F$ a complex bundle.", "\n\nThe k${}^{\\rm th}$ Wodzicki–Chern class ${c_k^{\\rm w}}(\\calE)$ of the ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundle $\\calE\\to \\calM$ admitting a ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-connection $\\nabla$ is the de Rham cohomology class $[{{\\rm res}^{\\rm w}}(\\Omega^k)]\\in H^{2k}(\\calM, \\C)$, where $\\Omega$ is the curvature of $\\nabla.$ The k${}^{\\rm th}$ leading order symbol class ${c_k^{\\rm lo}}(\\calE)$ is the de Rham class $[\\Tr^{\\rm lo}(\\Omega^k)].$\n\nNote that if $\\nabla$ is in fact a gauge connection, then ${c_k^{\\rm lo}}(\\calE)$ is a multiple of the gauge classes in (\\[cherngauge\\]), since for gauge connections the symbol is independent of the cotangent variable $\\xi.$\n\nFor ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, we easily get ${c_k^{\\rm w}}({{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}) \n\\stackrel{\\rm def}{=} {c_k^{\\rm w}}(T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}\\otimes \\C) = 0$. For $T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ is a gauge bundle admitting a gauge connection. ", "The curvature form of this connection takes values in ${\\rm End}(f^TM)$ and so has vanishing Wodzicki residue.", "\n\nIn contrast, it is shown in [@lrst] that ${c_k^{\\rm lo}}({{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}) = {\\rm vol}(S^N)\\cdot \\ev_n^c_k(TM)$, where the evaluation map $\\ev_n:\n{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}\\to M$ is given by $\\ev_n(f) = f(n)$ for a fixed $n\\in N.$ With some work, this can be extended to:\n\n\\[propprobe\\] Let ${{\\rm Maps}_f(N,M)}$ denote the connected component of an element $f\\in{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ for $M$ connected. ", "Let $F \\to M$ be a rank-$\\ell$ complex bundle with $c_k(F)\\neq 0.$ Then $$0\\neq {c_k^{\\rm lo}}(\\pi_\\ev^F)\\in H^{2k}({{\\rm Maps}_f(N,M)}, {{\\mathbb C}}).$$\n\nThus we can use the leading order symbol classes to show that ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ has roughly as much cohomology as $M$ does. ", "Of course, ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ should have much more cohomology. ", "Setting $M = BU(\\ell)$, we get\n\n\\[last theorem\\] [@lrst] Let $E\\to N$ be a rank-$\\ell$ hermitian bundle. ", "There are surjective ring homomorphisms from $H^(B\\calG(E),\\C)$ and $H^(B{\\Psi_{0}^}(E),\\C)$ to the polynomial algebra $H^(BU(\\ell), {{\\mathbb C}}) = {{\\mathbb C}}[c_1(EU(\\ell)),\\ldots, c_\\ell(EU(\\ell))].$\n\nThis is to our knowledge the first (incomplete) calculation of the cohomology of $B{\\Psi_{0}^}$, which is needed for a full understanding of the theory of characteristic classes. ", "Even for the gauge group, these results seem to be new, although more precise results are known for specific 4-manifolds $N^4$ of interest in Donaldson theory. ", "In contrast, the homotopy groups of (a certain stabilization of) ${\\Psi_{0}^}$ and hence of $B{\\Psi_{0}^}$ have been completely computed in [@rochon].", "\n\nIn summary, the study of traces on ${\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}$ yields two types of characteristic classes, the Wodzicki–Chern classes and the leading order symbol classes, but only the latter are nontrivial. ", "Note that we have not addressed the question of finding Ad-invariant functions not associated to traces.", "\n\n[Open Question:]{} Determine all ${\\rm Ad}_{{\\Psi_{0}^}}$-invariant functions on ${\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}.$\n\nSecondary classes on ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundles\n===========================================\n\nIn this section we discuss secondary or Chern–Simons classes in infinite dimensions. ", "This material is taken from [@lrst2; @lrst; @MRT].", "\n\nIt is useful to think of the Wodzicki–Chern classes as purely infinite-dimensional constructions: if $\\calE\\to \\calM$ is a ${\\Psi_{0}^}(E^\\ell\\to )$-bundle with $$ just a point, then $\\calE$ is a finite-rank bundle and the only “${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s\" are elements of $GL(\\ell,\n\\C)$, so there is no Wodzicki residue. ", "In contrast, the leading order symbol Chern classes reduce to the usual Chern classes in this case.", "\n\nWe have already seen applications of the leading order symbol Chern classes. ", "The Wodzicki–Chern classes are poised to detect the difference between ${\\Psi_{0}^}$- and $\\calG$-bundles. ", "For as with ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, ${c_k^{\\rm w}}(\\calE) = 0$ if $\\calE$ admits a reduction to a $\\calG$-bundle. ", "Thus if we can find a single ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundle $\\calE$ with ${c_k^{\\rm w}}(\\calE) \\neq 0$ for some $k$, then ${\\Psi_{0}^}$ cannot have a deformation retraction to $\\calG.$\n\nHowever, this approach has completely failed to date.", "\n\nFor any ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundle $\\calE$ over a paracompact base, ${c_k^{\\rm w}}(\\calE) = 0$ for all $k$.\n\nThis conjecture holds if either (i) the structure group of $\\calE$ reduces from $\\Psi_0^$ to the group ${\\rm Ell}^$ of invertible zeroth order ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s with leading symbol the identity [@lrst], or (ii) $\\calE$ admits a bundle map via fiberwise Fredholm zeroth order ${\\Psi{\\rm DO}}$s to a trivial bundle [@lrst2].", "\n\nThe proof of (i) uses the fact that ${\\rm Ell}^$ has the homotopy type of invertible operators of the form identity plus smoothing operator, and these operators have vanishing Wodzicki residue.", "\n\nFor (ii), we first note that this condition always holds for finite-rank bundles. ", "The proof follows the structure of the heat equation proof of the families index theorem (FIT) for superbundles [@Bismut2]. ", "One takes a superconnection $\\nabla$ on $\\calE$ and modifies it to $B_t = \\nabla + t^{1/2}A$, where $A$ is a zero-th order odd operator on each fiber. ", "The Wodzicki–Chern character of $\\calE$ has representative $\\exp(-B_t^2)$ for any $t \\geq 0.$ As $t\\to\\infty$, $B_t$ becomes concentrated on the finite rank index bundle for $A^A$, and so the Wodzicki–Chern character vanishes. ", "This implies that all the Wodzicki–Chern classes vanish.", "\n\n\\[althoughalmostall\\] Although almost all details have been omitted, this proof is much quicker than the heat equation proofs of the FIT, and for good reason. ", "In the FIT proofs, one is trying to compute the Chern character of the index bundle in terms of characteristic classes by comparing the $t\\to 0$ and $t\\to \\infty$ limits of heat operators. ", "The $t\\to\\infty$ limit is relatively easy, and is mimicked in the proof outlined above. ", "However, because one essentially wants to use the operator trace, the construction of the appropriate $B_t$ is much more delicate, in order to have a well-defined limit at $t=0$. Once again, we see the strong contrast between the operator trace and the Wodzicki residue.", "\n\nThe vanishing of the Wodzicki–Chern classes is not the end of the story, as it is in fact the prerequisite to defining secondary classes. ", "Let $\\nabla_0, \\nabla_1$ be connections on a ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundle with local connection one-forms $\\omega_0, \\omega_1$ and curvature $\\Omega_0, \\Omega_1$. Then just as for finite-rank bundles, as even forms $$\\label{4.0}{c_k^{\\rm w}}(\\Omega_1) - {c_k^{\\rm w}}(\\Omega_0) = \nd{CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla_1,\\nabla_0),$$ with the odd form ${CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla_1, \\nabla_0)$ given by $$\\label{5.1}\n{CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla_1,\\nabla_0) = \\int_0^1 {{\\rm res}^{\\rm w}}[(\\omega_1-\\omega_0)\\wedge \\overbrace{\\Omega_t\\wedge ...\\wedge \\Omega_t}^{k-1}]\n\\ dt,$$ where $$\\omega_t = t\\omega_0+(1-t)\\omega_1,\\ \\ \\Omega_t = d\\omega_t+\\omega_t\\wedge\\omega_t.$$ Here we are just lifting the finite-dimensional formula from [@chern Appendix], replacing the matrix trace with the Wodzicki residue. (", "\\[4.0\\]) is precisely the explicit formula showing that the Wodzicki–Chern class is independent of connection, and so is the ${\\Psi_{0}^}$ version of the proof of Theorem \\[CWtheorem\\] (ii).", "\n\n(\\[4.0\\]) shows that ${CS^{\\rm w}}_k$ determines a $2k-1$ cohomology class if the Wodzicki–Chern forms for $\\nabla_0, \\nabla_1$ vanish pointwise. ", "This holds in all cases we have been able to compute.", "\n\n[Open question:]{} Do Wodzicki–Chern forms always vanish pointwise?", "\n\nIf this is the case, then the theory of secondary classes for ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundles based on the Wodzicki residue produces cohomology classes in odd degrees.", "\n\nFor finite-rank bundles $E\\to N$, the corresponding classes are called Chern–Simons classes $CS_k(\\nabla_0, \\nabla_1)\\in H^{2k-1}(N,\\C)$, when they exist. ", "In contrast to the Chern classes, which are defined via the geometric Chern–Weil theory but have topological content, these “relative\" Chern–Simons classes really do depend on the choice of two connections, and so are geometric objects. ", "There is an “absolute\" version of Chern–Simons classes $CS_k(\\nabla)\\in H^{2k-1}(N, \n\\C/\\Z)$ that only uses one connection but takes values in a weaker coefficient ring [@C-S].", "\n\nThe k${}^{\\rm th}$ Wodzicki–Chern–Simons (WCS) class associated to connections $\\nabla_0, \\nabla_1$ on a ${\\Psi_{0}^}$-bundle $\\calE\\to \\calM$ is the cohomology class of ${CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla_1,\\nabla_0)$ in $H^{2k-1}(\\calM, \\C)$, provided this form is closed.", "\n\nIn finite dimensions there are two ways to assure that characteristic forms for $E\\to N$ vanish: either use a flat connection, or pick a form whose degree is larger than the dimension of $N$ or the rank of $E$. For example, if $E$ is trivial, it admits a flat connection $\\nabla$, so we can define $CS_k(\\nabla, g^{-1}\\nabla g)$ for any gauge transformation $g$. The dimension restriction is only useful to define $CS_{r}$ for dim$(N)= 2r-1$; this was used very effectively by Chern–Simons [@C-S] and Witten [@witten] to produce invariants of 3-manifolds.", "\n\nFor ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ with $M$ parallelizable, a fixed trivialization of $TM$ leads to a global trivialization of $T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$. A gauge transformation $g$ of $TM$ induces a gauge transformation of $T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, so one has an element ${CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla, g^{-1}\\nabla g)$ $\\in H^{2k-1}({{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}, \\C).$\n\n[Open question:]{} Is ${CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla, g^{-1}\\nabla g)$ ever nonzero?", "\n\nAlthough the dimension restriction on $N$ looks incapable of generalization to\\\n${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, an examination of the representative ${{\\rm res}^{\\rm w}}((\\Omega^s)^k)$ of ${c_k^{\\rm w}}$ for the $H^s$ metric ($s\\in\\N$) shows that this form vanishes pointwise for $2k > {\\rm dim}(M)$, as in (\\[5.4\\]) below. ", "Thus we always get a secondary class ${CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla_1, \\nabla_0)\\in H^{2k-1}({\\rm Maps}(N, M^{2k-1}), \\C)$ associated to the $s=1, 0$ metrics on ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ determined by fixed metrics on $N, M$.\n\nFor simplicity, we go back to the loop space case $LM$. Because the $L^2$ (or $s=0$) connection is so easy to treat – its connection one-form is just the one-form for the Levi-Civita connection on $M$ – the local formula for $\n{CS^{\\rm w}}_k = {CS^{\\rm w}}_k(\\nabla_1, \\nabla_0)$ really is explicitly computable [@MRT Prop. ", "5.4]: as a $(2k-1)$- form on $T_\\gamma LM$, $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{5.4}\n\\lefteqn{CS^{\\rm w}_{k}(X_1,...,X_{2k-1}) }\\\\\n&=&\n\\frac{2}{(2k-1)!} ", "\\sum_{\\sigma} {\\rm sgn}(\\sigma) \\int_{S^1}\\tr[\n(-\\Omega^M(X_{\\sigma(1)},{\\dot\\gamma})\n-2\\Omega^M(\\cdot,{\\dot\\gamma})X_{\\sigma(1)}) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\qquad \n\\cdot\\ (\\Omega^M)^{k-1}(X_{\\sigma(2)},\\ldots,X_{\\sigma(2k-1)} )],\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\sigma$ is a permutation of $\\{1,\\ldots,2k-1\\}$ and $\\Omega^M$ is the curvature of the Levi-Civita connection on $M$. The tangent vectors $X_i$ are vector fields in $M$ along $\\gamma$, so we see that this form will vanish if $2k-1> {\\rm dim}(M).$\n\nWe would like to use ${CS^{\\rm w}_k}$ to detect odd cohomology in $H^(LM,\\C).$ We need a test cycle in degree $2k-1$. The natural candidate is $M$ itself, thought of as the set of constant loops. ", "However, for these loops ${\\dot\\gamma}= 0$, so (\\[5.4\\]) vanishes. ", "Instead, assume that $M$ admits an $S^1$-action $a:S^1\\times M\\to M.$ This induces a map $\n\\tilde a:M\\to LM$ by $\\tilde a(m)(\\theta) = a(\\theta, m).$ Dropping the tilde, the action now produces a test cycle $a_[M]\\in H_{2k-1}(LM, \\Z)$, where $[M]$ is the fundamental class of $M$, which is assumed orientable. (", "For the trivial action, $a_[M]$ is $M$ as constant loops.)", "\n\nIf $\\int_{a_[M]} {CS^{\\rm w}_k}= \\int_M a^{CS^{\\rm w}_k}$ is nonzero, then ${CS^{\\rm w}_k}\\neq 0$ in the cohomology of $LM$. The computation of the integral is frustrating: it always vanishes in the easiest case ${\\rm dim}(M) = 3$; in higher dimensions, most explicit Riemannian metrics come with large continuous symmetry groups, and in all examples we get $ \\int_{a_[M]} {CS^{\\rm w}_k}= 0$, although we cannot prove a general vanishing theorem. ", "Fortunately, there is a family $g_t, t\\in (0,1),$ of Sasaki–Einstein metrics on $S^2\\times S^3$ due to [@gdsw] which is explicit enough and has enough symmetry to make the integral calculation feasible but which is not “too symmetric.\" ", "In particular, this construction gives a metric fibration $S^1\\to S^2\\times S^3\\to S^2\\times S^2$ generalizing the Hopf fibration, so we get a circle action by rotating the fiber. ", "The calculations can be done in closed form by Mathematica${}^\\copyright$. We get $\\int_{a_[M]} {CS^{\\rm w}_k}\\neq 0$, and so with a little work we conclude that $H^5(L(S^2\\times S^3), \\C)$ is infinite.", "\n\nA circle action $a$ on $M$ also induces $\\tilde a: S^1\\to {{\\diff}}(M)$ by $\\tilde a(\\theta)(m) = a(\\theta, m)$, so we get an element of $\\pi_1({{\\diff}}(M)).$ It is easy to check that $\\int_{a_[M]} {CS^{\\rm w}_k}\\neq 0$ implies $\\pi_1({{\\diff}}(M))$ is infinite. ", "In particular, $\\pi_1({{\\diff}}(S^2\\times S^3))$ is infinite.", "\n\nWe tend to trust the computer calculations, as in the $t\\to 0$ limit the metric $g_t$ becomes a metric on $S^5$ and the integral explicitly vanishes. ", "This matches with the known result that $\\pi_1({{\\diff}}(S^5))$ is finite. ", "On the other hand, up to factors of $\\pi$, the integrals calculated are always rational; this needs further explanation.", "\n\n\\(i) While there is nothing in theory to stop us from computing WCS classes for ${{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, in practice the number of computations necessary to compute the Wodzicki residue of an operator on $N^n$ increases exponentially in $n$. So while computations are feasible for loop spaces and ${\\rm Maps}(\\Sigma^2, M)$, the setting for string theory, one needs a very good reason to do computations on higher-dimensional source manifolds.", "\n\n\\(ii) These results are too specific. ", "If one can show that the Wodzicki–Chern forms always vanish pointwise, then a much more robust theory of WCS classes would be available.", "\n\nCharacteristic classes for diffeomorphism groups\n================================================\n\nThe search for characteristic classes associated to the diffeomorphism group of a closed manifold $X$ can be interpreted in two ways: (i) ${{\\diff}}(X)$ is an open subset of ${\\rm Maps}(X,X)$, and so as in Section 3 characteristic classes can be used to detect elements of $H^({{\\diff}}(X), \\C)$; (ii) certain infinite rank bundles have ${{\\diff}}(X)$ as part of their structure group. ", "In this section we consider the first question, and in Section 6 we treat (ii).", "\n\nFirst, the proof that cohomology classes for ${\\rm Maps}(X,X)$ are detected by characteristic classes of $X$ (Prop.", " \\[propprobe\\]) does not carry over to ${{\\diff}}(X)$. Indeed, the proof should break down, since as in finite dimensions the Lie group ${{\\diff}}(X)$ admits a flat connection and so has vanishing leading order symbol classes. (", "As usual, there are technicalities about the Lie group structure on ${{\\diff}}(X)$, which are most easily treated by considering $H^s$ diffeomorphisms.) ", "Thus we expect to find only secondary classes. ", "We now outline a method that may produces odd degree classes in $H^({\\diff}(X), \\C)$. The cohomology ring $H^(U(n),\\Z)$ is generated by suitably normalized Chern–Simons classes, as the standard forms $\\tr((g^{-1}dg)^{2k-1})$ built from the Maurer–Cartan form $g^{-1}dg$ are the Chern–Simons forms for $c_k$ associated to the flat connection $\\nabla$ on the trivial bundle $U(n) \\times {\\mathfrak gl}(n, \\C)$ and to the gauge equivalent connection $g^{-1}\\nabla g$ [@mis-r-t]. ", "Here we think of $g$ as the gauge transformation $M\\mapsto g\\cdot M$ for $M\\in {\\mathfrak gl}(n,\\C).$ There are similar results for other classical linear groups; see e.g., [@Seg Ch. ", "4.11] and the Bourbaki references therein, [@c-e], particularly the references to the original work of Hopf, and [@hatcher Ch. ", "3D] for a modern treatment for $SO(n)$. Moreover, a certain average of these forms along loops in $G$ give generators for $H^(LG, \\Z)$ [@Seg].", "\n\nIn finite dimensions, identifying the Maurer–Cartan form with a gauge transformation requires an embedding $G\\to GL(N,\\C).$ For $G={\\diff}(X)$, we can embed $i:G\\to GL(\\Gamma(\\calC^N))$, where $\\calC^N = X\\times \\C^N$ is the trivial bundle over $X$, $GL$ refers to bounded operators with bounded inverses, and $\\Gamma(\\calC^N)$ refers to $H^s$ sections. ", "The embedding is given by $i(\\phi)(s)(x) = s(\\phi^{-1}x).$ Now $\\phi$ makes sense as a gauge transformation of the trivial bundle ${\\diff}(X)\\times \\Gamma(\\calC^N)$ via $s\\mapsto i(\\phi)(s).$\n\nWe can now define the Maurer–Cartan form $\\phi^{-1}d\\phi$ for $\\phi\\in {\\diff}(X)$. As in Section 4, we will get secondary classes in $H^{\\rm odd}({\\diff}(X), \\C)$ associated to the trivial connection $\\nabla$ and $\\phi^{-1}\\nabla\\phi$ once we pick an ${\\rm Ad}_G$-invariant function on ${\\rm Lie}({\\diff}(X)) $. ", "Since a family of diffeomorphisms $\\phi_t$ starting at the identity has infinitesimal information $\\dot\\phi_0$, a vector field on $X$, we have ${\\rm Lie}({\\diff}(X))= \\Gamma(TX).$ The adjoint action of a diffeomorphism $\\phi$ on a vector field $V$ is easily seen to be $V\\mapsto \\phi_V$.\n\n[Open Question:]{} Find a nontrivial ${\\rm Ad}_{{\\diff}(X)}$-invariant function on the set of ($H^s$) vector fields on a closed manifold $X$.\n\n\\(i) Because the adjoint action is not by conjugation, finding a trace on $\\Gamma(TX)$ does not produce secondary classes. ", "It seems to be an open question whether there exist any nontrivial traces on $\\Gamma(TX)$ for general $X$. If $X=G$ is itself a compact linear Lie group, there are many traces on $T_I{\\diff}(G) = \n\\Gamma(TG)$. Namely, a vector field $V$ on $G$ is just a $ {{\\mathfrak g}}$-valued function on $G$, so for any distribution $f\\in \\calD(G)$, $f(\\tr(V))$ is a trace. ", "This case needs further work.", "\n\n\\(ii) There is another context in which this Open Question comes up. ", "${\\diff}(X)$ is the structure group for fibrations $X\\to M \\to B$ of manifolds with fibers $X$, so characteristic classes associated to ${\\diff}(X)$ would be obstructions to the triviality of a fibration, just as ordinary characteristic classes as obstructions to the triviality of principal $G$-bundles.", "\n\nThus this general approach to secondary classes for ${\\diff}(X)$ is unavailable at present. ", "However, for $X=G$ a compact linear Lie group, we can detect odd degree classes in $H^({\\diff}(X),\\C)$ using finite rank bundles. ", "Let $\\alpha:G\\to{\\diff}({G})$ be the embedding $g\\mapsto L_g$, for $L_g$ left translation by $g$. The trivial rank bundle $\\calC_1^N = {\\diff}({G})\\times {\\mathfrak gl}(N,\\C)$ admits the gauge transformation $\\phi\\in{\\diff}({G})\\mapsto (M\\mapsto \\phi(e)M)$. This gauge transformation, also denoted by $\\phi$, restricts to the gauge transformation $g$ on $\\alpha(G)\\subset {\\diff}(G)$ since $L_g(e) = g.$ The bundle $\\calC_1^N$ has the trivial connection $\\nabla_1$. The gauge transformed connection $\\nabla_1^\\phi = \\phi^{-1}\\nabla_1\\phi$ has the global connection one-form $\\phi^{-1}d\\phi$, which restricts to $g^{-1}dg$ on $\\alpha(G).$ On the finite-rank bundle $\\alpha(G)$, we use the ordinary matrix trace to define Chern–Simons forms $$CS^{2k-1}(\\nabla_1,\\nabla_1^\\phi) = \\tr ( (\\phi^{-1}d\\phi)^{2k-1}).$$ We can also define Chern–Simons classes for $\\nabla^g$ on $\\calC^N$ by the same formula. ", "A straightforward calculation gives $$\\int_{\\alpha(z_{2k-1})} CS^{2k-1}(\\nabla_1, \\nabla_1^\\phi) =\n \\int_{z_{2k-1}} CS^{2k-1}(\\nabla,\\nabla^g)$$ for any $(2k-1)$-chain $z_{2k-1}$ on $G$. This implies\n\n[@mis-r-t] For any compact linear group $G$, the map $\\alpha:G\\to{\\diff}\n ({G})$, $g\\mapsto L_g$, induces a surjection $\\alpha^: H^({\\diff}({G}),\\R)\\to H^(G,\\R).$\n\nDualizing this result, we see that the real homology of $G$ injects into the homology of ${\\diff}(G)$. As with mapping spaces, we expect nontrivial homology in infinitely many degrees, but these techniques only give information up to dim$(G)$.\n\nCharacteristic classes and the Families Index Theorem\n=====================================================\n\nAs explained below, the families index theorem (FIT) is a generalization of the Atiyah–Singer index theorem. ", "Infinite rank superbundles $\\calE$ naturally appear in the setup of the FIT. ", "In this section we discuss how a theory of characteristic classes on $\\calE$ may give insight into the FIT. ", "In particular, the relevant structure group incorporates aspects of gauge groups, diffeomorphism groups, and the group ${\\Psi_{0}^}$ of pseudodifferential operators discussed in previous sections. ", "This section is based on [@lprs].", "\n\nThe bundle $\\calE$ was explicitly mentioned by Atiyah and Singer [@AS-IV] as a topological object, but was not used in their proof. ", "Bismut [@Bismut2] used $\\calE$ as a geometric object, in that he constructed what is now called the Bismut superconnection on $\\calE$. Bismut did not define characteristic classes for $\\calE$, because he did not need them: the fine details of his proof take place on the sections of a finite rank bundle, the model fiber of $\\calE$ (see Remark \\[bproof\\]). ", "In this section we try to define characteristic classes directly on $\\calE$. The hope, not yet realized, is that not only is $\\calE$ a proper setting for the FIT, but that a proof of the FIT can take place on $\\calE.$ We recall the basic setup, inevitably leaving out a slew of technicalities. ", "Let $Z\\to M\\stackrel{\\pi}{\\to} B$ be a fibration of closed connected manifolds, and let $E, F\\to M$ be finite rank bundles. ", "Set $Z_b = \\pi^{-1}(b)$, $E_b = E\|_{Z_b}, F_b = F\|_{Z_b}.$ Assume that we have a smoothly varying family of elliptic operators $D_b:\\Gamma(E_b)\\to \\Gamma(F_b).$ Although the dimensions of the kernel and cokernel of $D_b$ need not be continuous in $b$, the index ind$(D_b) = {\\rm dim\\ ker}(D_b) - {\\rm dim\\ coker}(D_b)$ is constant. ", "It is therefore plausible and indeed true that the virtual bundle IND$(D) = \n[{\\rm ker}(D_b)] - [{\\rm coker}(D_b)]\\in K(B)$ is well defined.", "\n\nAlthough the FIT can be stated entirely within K-theory, it is easier to state it as an equality in cohomology. ", "The Chern character $ch:K(B)\\otimes\\Q\\to H^{\\rm ev}(B, \\Q)$ is an isomorphism, and the FIT identifies $ch({\\rm IND}(D))$ with an explicit characteristic class built from the symbols of the $D_b.$\n\nEven the case where $B=\\{b\\}$ is a point is highly nontrivial. ", "In this case, $$ch({\\rm IND}(D))= {\\rm ind}(D_b)\\in H^0(\\{b\\}, \\Q) = \\Q$$ (of course the index is an integer). ", "Identifying the corresponding characteristic class gives the “ordinary\" Atiyah–Singer index theorem, which generalizes Riemann–Roch type theorems for smooth varieties and the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem. ", "Thus in the appearance of a base parameter space, the FIT is a smooth version of Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorems.", "\n\nRather than discussing the characteristic classes built from the symbols of general $D_b$, we will discuss the particular case of families of coupled Dirac operators; in fact, a K-theory argument shows that proving the FIT for coupled Dirac operators implies the full FIT. (", "Coupled Dirac operators are discussed in e.g., [@l-m].) ", "So assume that $M$ and every fiber $Z_b$ are orientable and spin in a compatible way, and that $E = S^+\\otimes K, F = S^-\\otimes K$, where $S^{\\pm}$ are the spinor bundles for $M$ and $K$ is yet another bundle over $M$. Put a metric on $M$; the restriction of the metric to each $Z_b$ defines a Dirac operator on $S^{\\pm}_b$. Put a connection $\\nabla^K$ on $K$. This induces connections $\\nabla_b$ on each $K_b$, and gives a family of coupled Dirac operators ${\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K} = {\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla_b}: E_b\\to F_b.$\n\nLet $\\hat A(M)$ be the $\\hat A$-genus of $M$, and let $\\int_Z$ denote integration over the fiber (i.e., capping with $Z$ as a class in $H_(M, \\Q)).$\n\n(FIT) $ch({\\rm IND}({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^\\nabla)) = \\int_Z \\hat A(M)\\cup ch(K)$ in $H^{\\rm ev}(B, \\Q).$\n\nIf $\\pi_!:K(M)\\to K(B)$ is the analytic pushforward map, which by definition sends $H$ to ${{\\rm IND}}({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^H})$, then the FIT can be restated as the commutativity of the diagram $$\\begin{CD} K(M)@>{ch}>> H^{\\rm ev}(M,\\Q)\\\\\n@V{\\pi_!}VV @VV{\\int_Z \\hat A\\ \\cup\\ (\\cdot)} V\\\\ \nK(B)@>{ch}>> H^{\\rm ev}(B, \\Q).\\\\\n\\end{CD}$$\n\nAs in the last section, the structure group of the fibration is ${\\diff}(Z)$, but there is more going on. ", "The bundle $E\\to M$ pushes down to the infinite rank bundle $\\pi_E = \\calE\n\\to B$, where the fiber $\\calE_b$ is the smooth sections of $E_b$. (Thus $\\calE$ is the sheaf theoretic pushdown of the sheaf $\\Gamma(E).$) It is easy to check that $\\calE_b$ is modeled on $\\Gamma(F)$ for some bundle $F\n\\stackrel{p}{\\to} Z$ of rank equal to rank$(E)$.\n\nThe structure group of $\\calE$ is $$\\label{strgp}\n\\G = \\left\\{ \n\\begin{CD} F@>{f}>> F\\\\\n@V{p}VV @V{p}VV\\\\ \nZ@>{\\phi}>> Z\\\\\n\\end{CD} : \\phi\\in {\\diff}(Z), f\|_{F_{z}}\\ {\\rm a\\ linear\\ isomorphism}\\right\\}.$$ This just says that when fibers of $M$ are glued by a diffeomorphism of $Z$ over $b\\in B$, $E_b$ must be glued by a bundle isomorphism. ", "$\\G$ is called ${\\diff}(Z,F)$ in [@AS-IV]. ", "These transition maps act pointwise on $\\Gamma(F)$ (within a fixed Sobolev class), the model space for the fibers of $\\calE$, by $$\\label{action}\ns\\mapsto fs\\phi^{-1},\\ \\ {\\rm i.e.,}\\ \\ s\\mapsto [z\\mapsto f(z)(s(\\phi^{-1}(z)))].$$ We note that this equation defines a faithful action of $\\G$ on $\\Gamma(F)$, which is a Hilbert space once we fix a Sobolev class of sections. ", "The tangent space to $\\G$ at a pair $(\\phi, f)$ is given by [@Omori]: $$T_{(\\phi, f)} \\G = \n\\left\\{ \\begin{CD} F@>{s}>> f^TF\\\\\n@V{p}VV@V{f^p_}VV\\\\ \nZ@>{V}>> \\phi^TZ\\\\\n\\end{CD} : s\|_{F_{z}} \\ {\\rm linear}\\right\\}.$$ This follows from thinking of $\\phi$ as an element of ${\\rm Maps}(Z,Z)$ and similarly for $f$, and calculating as in previous sections. ", "In particular, the Lie algebra ${{\\mathfrak g}}=T_{(id, id)}\\G$ is $$\\label{one}\n{{\\mathfrak g}}= \n\\left\\{ \\begin{CD} F@>{s}>> TF\\\\\n@V{p}VV@V{p_}VV\\\\ \nZ@>{V}>> TZ\\\\\n\\end{CD} : s\|_{F_{z}} \\ {\\rm linear}\\right\\}.$$\n\nThe difficulty of implementing Chern–Weil theory is the following:\n\n[Open question:]{} Find a nontrivial ${\\rm Ad}_{\\G}$-invariant function on ${{\\mathfrak g}}.$\n\n\\[remark2\\] (i) The subgroup of $\\G$ where $\\phi$ is the identity is precisely the gauge group $\\calG(F)$ of $F$, so we are looking for generalizations of the invariant functions in Section 3. ", "The structure group restricts to $\\calG(F)$ if the fibration $Z\\to M\\to B$ is trivial. ", "In particular, if the fibration is $N\\to {{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}\\times N \\to {{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$ and $E = \\ev^TM\\to{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}$, then $\\calE$ is precisely $T{{\\rm Maps}(N,M)}.$\n\n\\(ii) As a subcase of (i), fix a compact group $G$, let $E$ be a trivial $G$-bundle, and let $S^1\\to M = B\\times S^1\\to B$ be a trivial circle fibration. ", "Then $\\calG(F)$ is the loop group $LG$. This so-called caloron correspondence between $G$-bundles over $M$ and $LG$-bundles over $B$ is discussed thoroughly in [@m-v] and goes back to work of Garland and Murray [@g-m]. ", "In particular, characteristic classes for $LG$-bundles are constructed by Murray and Vozzo in [@m-v]; the characteristic classes treated below reduce to the Murray–Vozzo classes in this case.", "\n\nWe can avoid answering the Open Question and still define characteristic classes in a restricted sense. ", "We first recall the construction of a connection on $\\calE$ due to Bismut [@Bismut2]. ", "Let $HM$ be a complement to the vertical bundle $VM = {\\rm ker}\\ \\pi_$ in $TM.$ For example, if we have chosen a metric on $M$, we can take $HM =(VM)^\\perp.$ Recall that $E\\to M$ has a connection $\\nabla^E$; for a given hermitian metric on $E$, we may assume that $\\nabla^E$ is a hermitian connection. ", "The Bismut connection $\\nabla = \\nabla^B$ on $\\calE\\to B$ is defined by $$\\label{bisconn1}\n\\nabla_X r(b)(z) = \\nabla^E_{X^H} \\tilde r(b,z),$$ where $X\\in T_bB, r\\in\\Gamma(\\calE), z\\in \\pi^{-1}(b)$, $X^H$ is the horizontal lift of $X$ to $HM_{(b,z)}$, and $\\tilde r\\in \\Gamma(E)$ is defined by $\\tilde r(b,z) = r(b)(z).$ (Here we abuse notation a little by writing $(b,z)$, which assumes that a local trivialization of $\nZ\\to M\\to B$ has been given.)", "\n\n\\[bproof\\] We outline Bismut’s heat equation proof of the FIT. ", "Bismut first adjusts $\\nabla^B$ to be unitary with respect to the $L^2$ hermitian metric on $\\calE$. He then modifies the new connection in a nontrivial way to form a superconnection $\\nabla_t$ on $\\calE$ for $t>0.$ The “curvature\" two-form $\\nabla_t^2$ acts fiberwise on $\\calE$, just as for finite rank bundles, and takes values in smoothing (and hence trace class) operators. ", "As $t\\to\\infty$, the form-valued operator trace $\\Tr(\\nabla_t^2)$ converges to a representative of the Chern character of the index bundle; this step is not too difficult in light of the original heat equation proof of the index theorem. ", "As $t\\to 0,$ $\\Tr(\\nabla_t^2)$ converges nontrivially to the differential form representative of the right hand side of the FIT. ", "It is not hard to show that the two limits differ by an exact form, so their cohomology classes are the same.", "\n\nThis is called the local form of the FIT, since the proof generates the specific characteristic forms in the right cohomology class.", "\n\nThe (easy) Bismut connection fits into the Atiyah–Singer framework as follows:\n\n[@lprs] \\[bisconn\\] The Bismut connection is a $\\G$-connection. ", "In a fixed local trivialization, the connection one-form assigns to $X\\in T_bB$ the pair $(V,s)\\in {{\\mathfrak g}}$, where $V = \n\\dot\\phi_t(0) = X^H$ and $s(v)_{(b,z)} = (d/dt)_{t=0}\\Vert_{0,t}(z) v.$\n\nHere the parallel translation $\\Vert_{0,t}$ for the Bismut connection is thought of as a bundle isomorphism of $F$ via a local trivialization. ", "The proof directly shows that the holonomy of the Bismut connection lies in $\\G$.\n\nThis suggests that if we can define the Chern character for connections on $\\calE$ for the coupled Dirac operator case (i.e., $\\calE$ is the superbundle associated to $(S^+\\otimes K)$\\\n$ \\oplus\\ (S^-\\otimes K)$ ), then we could try to prove the local FIT by showing\n\n\\(i) For the (easy) Bismut connection on $\\calE$, the representative differential form $ch(\\Omega^B)$ of the Chern character $ch(\\calE)$ equals $\\int_Z \\hat A(\\Omega^M) ch(\\Omega^K)$, where $\\Omega^M$ is the curvature of the Levi-Civita connection for the metric on $M$, and $\\Omega^K$ is the curvature of the connection on $K.$\n\n\\(ii) There exists a connection on $\\calE$ for which $ch(\\calE) = ch({{\\rm IND}}({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K})) \\in H^{\\rm ev}(B, \\Q).$\n\nSince the Chern character should be independent of the connection on $\\calE$, this would give the FIT.", "\n\nAs we will now see, step (i) fails, but in a very precise way.", "\n\nFor a fixed hermitian connection $\\nabla^E$ on $E$, the associated Bismut connection has curvature two-form $\\Omega^B$ taking values in ${{\\mathfrak g}}$, so we can write $\\Omega^B(X,Y) = (V, s)$ for $X, Y\\in T_bB$, $V\\in \\Gamma(TZ)$, and $s\\in \\Gamma(TF).$ With respect to a local trivialization, we can consider $s\\in\\Gamma(TE_b).$ The connection $\\nabla^E$ induces a connection on $E_b$, or equivalently gives a splitting $TE_b = VE_b\\oplus HE_b.$ The vertical component $(\\Omega^B)^v = s^v\\in VE_b$ can naturally be identified with a map $s^v:E_b\\to E_b$. Since $s$ covers $V$, it easily follows that $s^v\\in {\\rm End}(E_b),$ i.e., $s^v$ is a fiberwise endomorphism of $E_b.$ Thus we can create forms $$\\label{cwf}\nb\\mapsto c_k(\\Omega^B_b) = \\int_Z\\tr ((\\Omega_b^B)^{v})^k\\in \\Lambda^{2k-{\\rm dim}(Z)}(B).$$ We claim that these forms are closed and have de Rham class independent of the choice of $\\nabla$ on $E$. To see this, first note that it is well known and not difficult to compute that the Bismut connection on $\\calE$ has curvature $$\\label{Bcurv}\\Omega^B(\\xi_1, \\xi_2) = \\nabla^E_{T( \\xi_1^H, \\xi_2^H)}+ R^E(\\xi_1^H, \\xi_2^H),$$ with $T( \\xi_1^H, \\xi_2^H) = [\\xi_1, \\xi_2]^H - [\\xi_1^H, \\xi_2^H]$ and $R^E$ the curvature of $\\nabla^E$. Moreover, the first term on the right-hand side of (\\[Bcurv\\]) is horizontal and the second term is vertical with respect to the splitting of $TE_b$. Thus $(\\Omega^B)^v \n = R^E.$ Then for $k=1$ for simplicity, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{cw}\nd_B\\int_Z\\tr(\\Omega^B)^v &=& \\int_Z d_M\\tr (R^E)\n= \\int_Z \\tr \\nabla^{\\rm Hom}(R^E)\\nonumber\\\\\n&=& \\int_Z\\tr [\\nabla, R^E]\\nonumber\n= 0.\\end{aligned}$$ The equality $d_M \\tr(R^E) = \\tr \\nabla^{\\rm Hom}(R^E)$ is an easy calculation using the fact that $R^E$ is skew-hermitian, and the last line uses the Bianchi identity.", "\n\nThus we have constructed characteristic classes, and in particular a Chern character, for the restricted class of Bismut connections without finding ${\\rm Ad}_\\G$-invariant functions on ${{\\mathfrak g}}.$ Note that in the case of Remark \\[remark2\\], these classes reduce to the classes discussed in Section 3, since for gauge transformations $\\Omega = \\Omega^v.$\n\nThe Chern character of the infinite rank superbundle associated to a family of coupled Dirac operators is $$\\label{FITrhs}\nch(\\calE) = \\int_Z ch(R^E) = \\int_Z ch(\\Omega^{S^+-S^-})\\cup ch(\\Omega^K).$$ Since we have $ch(\\Omega^{S^+-S^-})$ and not $\\hat A(\\Omega^M)$, this is not what we wanted!", "\n\nDespite this failure, we now see what we can do with step (ii). ", "We want to mimic the usual “cancellation of nonzero eigenspaces\" in the heat equation proof of the index theorem, i.e., we want a connection that respects the splitting $$(S^+\\otimes K)_b= {\\ker}({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}_b) \\oplus \\ker_+^\\perp,$$ where $\\ker_+^\\perp$ equals $( {\\ker}({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}_b))^\\perp$, and similarly for $S^-\\otimes K.$ This perpendicular component is spanned by the eigensections of ${\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K} = {\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}_+$ with nonzero eigenvalues, and ${\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}$ is an isomorphism between these eigenspaces. ", "For this connection, we expect that $ch(\\ker_+^\\perp) = ch(\\ker_-^\\perp)$ as forms computed with respect to this split connection. ", "This would imply $$\\label{FITlhs} ch({{\\rm IND}}({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K})) = ch(\\ker({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}_+)) + \nch(\\ker_+^\\perp) - ch( \\ker({\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}_-))\n - ch(\\ker_-^\\perp)\n= ch(\\calE).$$ This would finish (ii).", "\n\nThe natural choice for such a connection is given by orthogonally projecting the Bismut connection to the kernel and its perpendicular complement. ", "The problem is that the isomophism ${\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}_+: ({\\rm ker}{\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}_+)^\\perp\\to ({\\rm ker}{\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}_-)^\\perp$ is not a $\\G$-isomorphism, since ${\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}_+$ is far from an element of $\\G$. However, we can replace $D = {\\partial \\! \\! \\! ", "/}^{\\nabla^K}_+$ with its unitarization $D^u = D/\|D^D\|^{1/2}$ on these complements. ", "$D^u$ is a zero order invertible pseudodifferential operator, precisely the type of operator treated in Section 4.", "\n\nThis motivates extending the structure group to a semidirect product $\\tilde \\G = \\G\\ltimes {\\Psi_{0}^}$, with $\\G$ acting on ${\\Psi_{0}^}$ by conjugation. ", "We have to extend our definition of characteristic classes from $\\G$ to $\\tilde \\G$, but this is straightforward based on the earlier work: for a $\\tilde \\G$-connection with curvature $\\tilde \\Omega = \n(V, s, B)\\in \\tilde {{{\\mathfrak g}}}$ (so $B\\in {\\Psi_{\\leq 0}}$), we consider expressions like $$\\int_{Z_b} \\tr((s^{v^{\\nabla_b}})^k){{\\rm dvol}}_{M/B} + \\int_{Z_b}\\tr ((\\sigma_0(B))^k).$$ It is now straightforward to check that (\\[FITlhs\\]) holds. ", "However, we are not claiming that the Chern character form for this projected connection in (\\[FITlhs\\]) is closed. ", "Even if it is, we are definitely not claiming that it is cohomologous to the Chern character form in (\\[FITlhs\\]), as this would give the wrong formula for the FIT.", "\n\nDespite the glaring problems with these arguments, we see that when we try to prove the FIT directly on $\\calE$, the extended structure group $\\tilde \\G$ naturally occurs.", "\n\nRecall that the starting point for Donaldson theory is the moduli space $\\calA/\\calG$, where $\\calA = \\calA(F)$ is the space of connections on $F$ and $\\calG = \\calG(F)$ is the gauge group. ", "The action of $\\calG$ on $\\calA$, $g\\cdot \\nabla = \ng\\nabla g^{-1}$, extends to an action of $\\G$ by $(\\phi, f)\\cdot\\nabla = f(\\phi^{-1})^\\nabla\nf^{-1}$, since for $\\phi= Id,$ $f$ is a gauge transformation.", "\n\nThus it is natural to consider the moduli space $\\calA/ \\G$. However, this space seems to be a fat point in the following sense.", "\n\n[@lprs] The orbit of a generic connection is dense.", "\n\nAn example of a nongeneric connection is a flat connection. ", "As justification for the conjecture, it can be shown that the normal space to the $ \\G$-orbit $\\calO_\\nabla$ in the $L^2$ metric on $T_\\nabla\\calA = \\Lambda^1(Z,{{\\rm End}}(F))$ is $$\\{\\alpha\\in \\Lambda^1(Z,{{\\rm End}}(F)): \\nabla^\\alpha = 0\\ {\\rm and}\\ R^F(\\cdot, V)_z \\perp \\alpha_z, \\forall\nz\\in Z, \\forall V\\in T_zZ\\}.$$ (The equation $\\nabla^\\alpha = 0$ is the equation for the normal space to the gauge orbit of $\\nabla$.) It is plausible that for a generic connection, the curvature equation $R^F(\\cdot, V)_z \\perp \\alpha_z$ and its higher covariant derivatives form an overdetermined system of equations, and so has only the zero solution. ", "We expect standard gauge theory techniques to help prove the conjecture.", "\n\n[^1]: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ", "Email: sr@math.bu.edu.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }	[ 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0.012461059190031152, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0.002652519893899204, 0.003875968992248062, 0, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.005235602094240838, 0.010309278350515464, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0.0038910505836575876, 0.007017543859649123, 0, 0, 0, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0.004291845493562232, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.009478672985781991, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0.01327433628318584, 0, 0.030120481927710843, 0.005706134094151213, 0.008602150537634409, 0.0008319467554076539, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.0038314176245210726, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.013986013986013986, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0071174377224199285, 0.0196078431372549, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0.00390625, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.005025125628140704, 0.016260162601626018, 0.011661807580174927, 0, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0.005657708628005658, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0032258064516129032, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0.003948667324777887, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004357298474945534, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.003875968992248062, 0.0042643923240938165, 0.002717391304347826, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0.003367003367003367, 0.004106776180698152, 0.010810810810810811, 0, 0.003875968992248062, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0.0022026431718061676, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.005797101449275362, 0, 0.002277904328018223, 0, 0, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.023255813953488372, 0.007407407407407408, 0.012345679012345678, 0.0016366612111292963, 0.00338409475465313, 0, 0, 0.003003003003003003, 0.010101010101010102, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0.011135857461024499, 0, 0, 0.0027548209366391185, 0.004081632653061225, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.004672897196261682, 0, 0.007556675062972292, 0.0035211267605633804, 0.015384615384615385, 0.009523809523809525, 0.0025575447570332483, 0.00625, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.0035714285714285713, 0.06, 0, 0.020202020202020204, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0, 0.016129032258064516, 0.006622516556291391, 0.0043859649122807015, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0, 0, 0.0025940337224383916, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0.012658227848101266, 0.005681818181818182, 0.007575757575757576, 0.003590664272890485, 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0.0074487895716946, 0.007042253521126761, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0.003205128205128205, 0, 0.0022123893805309734, 0.00423728813559322, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0.003745318352059925, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008368200836820083, 0.00546448087431694, 0.015748031496062992, 0.006993006993006993, 0.0028089887640449437, 0.001976284584980237, 0, 0.0027624309392265192, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.007177033492822967, 0.012987012987012988, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.007462686567164179, 0.0056022408963585435, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0.0030120481927710845, 0.007142857142857143, 0.008771929824561403, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0.0041753653444676405, 0.08571428571428572, 0.0136986301369863, 0.015873015873015872, 0.015105740181268883, 0.002898550724637681, 0.023255813953488372, 0.010666666666666666, 0.0056022408963585435, 0.006968641114982578, 0, 0.0030120481927710845, 0.0091324200913242, 0.015706806282722512, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.0066815144766146995, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0.004201680672268907, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0.00684931506849315, 0.002898550724637681, 0.010256410256410256, 0.03496503496503497, 0, 0.0027442371020856204, 0.00911854103343465, 0, 0.009302325581395349, 0.030927835051546393, 0.013888888888888888, 0.08571428571428572, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.029411764705882353, 0.06666666666666667, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.043478260869565216, 0.045454545454545456, 0.030303030303030304, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0, 0, 0.002207505518763797, 0.008620689655172414, 0.012195121951219513, 0.005780346820809248, 0.015625, 0.004830917874396135, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.0015384615384615385, 0, 0.03260869565217391, 0.045454545454545456, 0 ]	0.006283	5
[ "import { connectSearchBox } from 'react-instantsearch-core';\nimport SearchBox from '../components/SearchBox';\n\n/*\n The SearchBox component displays a search box that lets the user search for a specific query.", "\n * @name SearchBox\n * @kind widget\n * @propType {string[]} [focusShortcuts=['s','/']] - List of keyboard shortcuts that focus the search box. ", "Accepts key names and key codes.", "\n * @propType {boolean} [autoFocus=false] - Should the search box be focused on render?", "\n * @propType {boolean} [searchAsYouType=true] - Should we search on every change to the query? ", "If you disable this option, new searches will only be triggered by clicking the search button or by pressing the enter key while the search box is focused.", "\n * @propType {function} [onSubmit] - Intercept submit event sent from the SearchBox form container.", "\n * @propType {function} [onReset] - Listen to `reset` event sent from the SearchBox form container.", "\n * @propType {function} [on] - Listen to any events sent from the search input itself.", "\n @propType {node} [submit] - Change the apparence of the default submit button (magnifying glass).", "\n * @propType {node} [reset] - Change the apparence of the default reset button (cross).", "\n * @propType {node} [loadingIndicator] - Change the apparence of the default loading indicator (spinning circle).", "\n * @propType {string} [defaultRefinement] - Provide default refinement value when component is mounted.", "\n * @propType {boolean} [showLoadingIndicator=false] - Display that the search is loading. ", "This only happens after a certain amount of time to avoid a blinking effect. ", "This timer can be configured with `stalledSearchDelay` props on <InstantSearch>. ", "By default, the value is 200ms.", "\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox - the root div of the widget\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-form - the wrapping form\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-input - the search input\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-submit - the submit button\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-submitIcon - the default magnifier icon used with the search input\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-reset - the reset button used to clear the content of the input\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-resetIcon - the default reset icon used inside the reset button\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-loadingIndicator - the loading indicator container\n * @themeKey ais-SearchBox-loadingIcon - the default loading icon\n * @translationkey submitTitle - The submit button title\n * @translationkey resetTitle - The reset button title\n * @translationkey placeholder - The label of the input placeholder\n * @example\n * import React from 'react';\n * import algoliasearch from 'algoliasearch/lite';\n * import { InstantSearch, SearchBox } from 'react-instantsearch-dom';\n \n const searchClient = algoliasearch(\n * 'latency',\n * '6be0576ff61c053d5f9a3225e2a90f76'\n * );\n \n const App = () => (\n * <InstantSearch\n * searchClient={searchClient}\n * indexName=\"instant_search\"\n * >\n * <SearchBox />\n * </InstantSearch>\n * );\n */\n\nexport default connectSearchBox(SearchBox);\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.009478672985781991, 0.02097902097902098, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.02, 0.02, 0.011363636363636364, 0.009900990099009901, 0.011363636363636364, 0.008771929824561403, 0.009615384615384616, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0.012279355333844973 ]	0.009258	5
[ "The FBI agent brother of an NYPD cop accused in a murder-for-hire plot killed himself while out of town with other agents, law-enforcement sources told The Post on Wednesday.", "\n\nSalvatore “Sal” Cincinelli, 41, was found with at least one gunshot wound inside the Container Bar in Austin, Texas, when cops arrived there shortly before midnight on July 16 in response to a report of gunfire, a spokeswoman for the Austin Police Department said.", "\n\nThe incident is being investigated as suicide, the spokeswoman said. ", "She wouldn’t elaborate.", "\n\nCincinelli was a former Wall Street trader who joined the FBI in 2011 and led financial-crime investigations in New York City before being promoted to the bureau’s headquarters in Washington, DC, according to biographical information posted online.", "\n\nHis younger sister, NYPD cop Valerie Cincinelli, 35, was busted by the FBI in May for allegedly scheming to have her estranged husband killed amid a bitter divorce. ", "She’s being held without bail.", "\n\n“She is absolutely devastated by the passing of her brother and best friend, and this is certainly adding to the stress of her current situation,” defense lawyer James Kousouros told The Post.", "\n\nA since-deleted obituary said that Cincinelli died on July 17, and was buried in the Holy Rood Cemetery in Westbury, LI, on Monday following a funeral at St. Anthony’s Church in Oceanside.", "\n\nIn 2012, he was among several FBI agents interviewed by Reuters for a report on Wall Streeters who quit high-paying jobs to investigate financial crimes.", "\n\n“Some of my friends said, ‘Are you crazy? ", "Have you lost your mind?’” ", "he said.", "\n\nCincinelli also said his wife was initially furious with his decision because she was worried about his safety and unhappy with the FBI’s lengthy training programs.", "\n\nThe FBI declined to comment on his death." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.011494252873563218, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0, 0.004, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.021052631578947368, 0.012903225806451613, 0, 0, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0.023255813953488372 ]	0.006985	5
[ "A genome-wide screen for association in Hungarian multiple sclerosis.", "\nAlthough the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not fully understood, substantial evidence points to the involvement of genetic factors. ", "We report on a genome-wide screen for disease association in the Hungarian population using 5532 microsatellite markers. ", "These markers were typed in DNA pools that consisted of 88 MS patients (cases), and 128 unrelated controls. ", "Based on a stringent selection criterion, we obtained 33 markers suggesting association with the disease." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "/\n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n * the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on\n * an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.", "\n \n Copyright 2012-2020 the original author or authors.", "\n /\npackage org.assertj.core.api.duration;\n\nimport static org.assertj.core.api.", "Assertions.assertThat;\nimport static org.assertj.core.error.", "ShouldHaveDuration.shouldHaveHours;\nimport static org.assertj.core.util.", "AssertionsUtil.assertThatAssertionErrorIsThrownBy;\nimport static org.assertj.core.util.", "FailureMessages.actualIsNull;\n\nimport java.time.", "Duration;\n\nimport org.assertj.core.api.", "ThrowableAssert.", "ThrowingCallable;\nimport org.junit.jupiter.api.", "DisplayName;\nimport org.junit.jupiter.api.", "Test;\n\n/\n @author Filip Hrisafov\n */\n@DisplayName(\"DurationAssert hasHours\")\nclass DurationAssert_hasHours_Test {\n\n @Test\n void should_pass_if_duration_has_matching_hours() {\n // GIVEN\n Duration duration = Duration.ofHours(4L);\n // WHEN/THEN\n assertThat(duration).hasHours(4L);\n }\n\n @Test\n void should_fail_when_duration_is_null() {\n // GIVEN\n Duration duration = null;\n // WHEN\n ThrowingCallable code = () -> assertThat(duration).hasHours(5L);\n // THEN\n assertThatAssertionErrorIsThrownBy(code).withMessage(actualIsNull());\n }\n\n @Test\n void should_fail_if_duration_does_not_have_matching_hours() {\n // GIVEN\n Duration duration = Duration.ofHours(10L);\n // WHEN\n ThrowingCallable code = () -> assertThat(duration).hasHours(15L);\n // THEN\n assertThatAssertionErrorIsThrownBy(code).withMessage(shouldHaveHours(duration, 10L, 15L).create());\n }\n\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.007246376811594203, 0.006557377049180328, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.023809523809523808, 0.00772626931567329 ]	0.007775	5
[ "10 U.S. Code § -\n\n(a) Notification Required.— ", "The Secretary concerned shall provide notification of the hospitalization of any member of the armed forces evacuated from a theater of combat and admitted to a military treatment facility within the United States to the appropriate Members of Congress.", "\n\n(b) Appropriate Members.— ", "In this section, the term “appropriate Members of Congress”, with respect to the member of the armed forces about whom notification is being made, means the Senators representing the State, and the Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner of the House of Representatives representing the district, that includes the member’s home of record or a different location as provided by the member.", "\n\n(c) Consent of Member Required.— ", "The notification under subsection (a) may be provided only with the consent of the member of the armed forces about whom notification is to be made. ", "In the case of a member who is unable to provide consent, information and consent may be provided by next of kin." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.021739130434782608, 0.003952569169960474, 0, 0.012755102040816327, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.005492	5
[ "The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.", "\nKnown systems used to control operations of aluminum processing baths can include electrical circuits closed when a crust breaking tool breaks an aperture through the hardened upper crust formed on the bath and either encounters a layer of alumina, or the molten layer of aluminum below the layer of alumina. ", "The aperture formed through the crust is necessary to permit feeding new alumina material into the bath. ", "When the electrical circuit closes, a signal is created which directs the crust breaking tool to retract from the crust layer. ", "An example of such a system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,649,035 to Horstmann et al. ", "A drawback of such systems occurs when crust material forms on the crust breaking tool or corrosive effects of the bath prevent completion of the electrical circuit.", "\nIn this situation, the crust breaking tool can remain in the bath for an undesirable length of time which can further damage the crust breaking tool, or render the detection system inoperative, which prevents feeding of the alumina material, or identification of how many feed events have occurred. ", "A further drawback is the crust breaking tool is generally driven by a system using high pressure air. ", "The longer the crust breaking tool is suspended, the greater volume of high pressure air is required, which increases operating costs of the system and may increase the number of air compressors and air dryers required for operation." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "Low level design\n\nIn the software business we tend to speak of design as though it\nonly exists at the highest level, and precedes all construction not\nto be revisited. ", "How often have you heard \"The design phase is done.\"?", "\nNot coincidentally, we speak of implementation in the opposite voice,\nand \"high level implementation\" is not a commonly heard phrase.", "\n\nWhat might we mean by low level design and be able to distinguish\nthe meaning from low level implementation?", "\n\nWhat's the problem?", "\n\nAs is probably obvious from the content of this site, I spend a lot\nof my time working fearlessly near the bare metal of Linux and UNIX. ", "My\ncode calls a lot of operating system functions, and for the most part\nthey are quite regular and predictable in their behavior. ", "For example,\nthe read function, described this way in section 2 of the man\npages:\n\nssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);\n\nThe description of normal operation is described as\n\"On success, the number of bytes read is returned (zero indicates end of file),\nand the file position is advanced by this number. ", "On error, -1 is returned,\nand errno is set appropriately.\"", "\n\nread represents the type of low level design principle that might\nbe described as functions return the number of successful operations, and provide\nnegative values to indicate errors. ", "I am comfortable with this, and it is\neasy to remember and logical.", "\n\nYou do not have to look very far in the documentation to see that this\nprinciple is hardly observed with any consistency. ", "Yes, write works\nexactly the same way as read, but if you are reading and writing you probably\nhave the good sense to call close when you are done.", "\n\nHow does close work?", "\n\"close() returns zero on success. ", "On error, -1 is returned, and errno\nis set appropriately.\"", "\nThe opposite low level design principle of return zero for OK is even more\nwidespread within the worlds where X is the final letter.", "\n\nGuidelines for a solution\n\nHere are my suggestions:\n\nFor functions that return an integer of some type, decide on what is meant\nby positive numbers, zero, and negative numbers. ", "My suggestion implies that where it is\nreasonable to do so, all return values should have sign.", "\n\nDecide on value semantics or reference semantics, and loudly call out the\nexceptions to your chosen principle.", "\n\nIt does not matter how the functions in a source code file are organized,\nbut order them the same way in all files. ", "Alphabetic can be good or bad, and\nthere are alternatives.", "\n\nEither freeze on a version of the language you are using, or roll all the\ncode to each new version as it comes out.", "\n\nOrder the parameters of a function consistently: for example sources\ncome before destinations, and optional or defaulted parameters are only at the end.", "\n\nUse the entire language, and express the programming in the most direct\nand unambiguous way possible. ", "There is a lot to be said for brevity.", "\n\nUnfortunately, the above priniciples are incomplete, and each one could\neasily be expanded into a longer article. ", "Additionally, there is very little\nevidence that anyone agrees with me, at least not if the code written by other\nprogrammers is a guide to any sense of intuitive adoption by the hoi polloi.", "\nBut ... failure to have some operating principles of low level design turns\nevery programming exercise into an Easter egg hunt; if you are writing the\ncode, then you are hiding the eggs, and if you are maintaining the code you are doomed to\ncrush them with your shoes." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037174721189591076 ]	0.001565	5
[ "A number of applications require the ability to measure flow rate in a pipe. ", "Examples include water meters, gas meters, industrial process control, etc. ", "Often, flow measurement systems involve the use of angled acoustic ports to mount ultrasonic transducers. ", "Such angled acoustic ports, however, create turbulence in the flow of the medium in the pipe which thereby causes measurement errors." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "bob bobwood wrote:Right found some .aiff files on CM115.Renamed as .aif, played in FLStudio and in Windows Media Player just fine.", "\n\nSo I thought why not go the whole hog and rename it .wav and that plays fine in Windows Media Player but is a no go in FLStudio.", "Back to batch conversion for that.", "\n\nMy guess is you can't actually change the format after the fact just by removing a letter or changing it anymore than changing the .pdf document simply by changing the letters to dfp would change the fact that it is still a pdf, just might not be able to open it. ", "It's still what it is when it was made. ", "Just my guess. ", "The main thing for me is apparently it didn't matter aif or aiff.", "\n\nbob bobwood wrote:Right found some .aiff files on CM115.Renamed as .aif, played in FLStudio and in Windows Media Player just fine.", "\n\nSo I thought why not go the whole hog and rename it .wav and that plays fine in Windows Media Player but is a no go in FLStudio.", "Back to batch conversion for that.", "\n\nMy guess is you can't actually change the format after the fact just by removing a letter or changing it anymore than changing the .pdf document simply by changing the letters to dfp would change the fact that it is still a pdf, just might not be able to open it. ", "It's still what it is when it was made. ", "Just my guess. ", "The main thing for me is apparently it didn't matter aif or aiff.", "\n\nSome software will open supported files with incorrect extensions because they check the internal file header to determine the actual format instead of checking out only the extension like other software do. ", "Hopefully this clears up the last remaining mysteries for you guys.", "\n\nbob bobwood wrote:Right found some .aiff files on CM115.Renamed as .aif, played in FLStudio and in Windows Media Player just fine.", "\n\nSo I thought why not go the whole hog and rename it .wav and that plays fine in Windows Media Player but is a no go in FLStudio.", "Back to batch conversion for that.", "\n\nMy guess is you can't actually change the format after the fact just by removing a letter or changing it anymore than changing the .pdf document simply by changing the letters to dfp would change the fact that it is still a pdf, just might not be able to open it. ", "It's still what it is when it was made. ", "Just my guess. ", "The main thing for me is apparently it didn't matter aif or aiff.", "\n\nSome software will open supported files with incorrect extensions because they check the internal file header to determine the actual format instead of checking out only the extension like other software do. ", "Hopefully this clears up the last remaining mysteries for you guys.", "\n\nMicrosoft Windows introduced the inane concept of the 8.3 naming convention. ", "So all \"Windows\" extensions can only be 3 characters long - hence, .jpg, .wav, .aif. ", "Unx convention simply stated there could be no SPACES in filenames, but would often use a 4 character extension. - ", ".jpeg, .html, and, of course, .aiff (Apple Interchangeable File Format)\n\nThe data represented in these files, whether .aif or .aiff is the same. ", "If the program was hard-coded to only accept the X.3 format, all one need do is (batch) rename each extension to fit the convention.", "\n\nHowever, converting a WAV (Windows Audio Video) file to AIF does* require conversion via a utility, such as ffmeg.", "\n\nI would have hoped that after 30 years programmers would have learned that users shouldn't have to be bothered with this stuff.", "\n\nhueynym wrote:Microsoft Windows introduced the inane concept of the 8.3 naming convention. ", "So all \"Windows\" extensions can only be 3 characters long - hence, .jpg, .wav, .aif. ", "Unx convention simply stated there could be no SPACES in filenames, but would often use a 4 character extension. - ", ".jpeg, .html, and, of course, .aiff (Apple Interchangeable File Format)\n\nThe data represented in these files, whether .aif or .aiff is the same. ", "If the program was hard-coded to only accept the X.3 format, all one need do is (batch) rename each extension to fit the convention.", "\n\nHowever, converting a WAV (Windows Audio Video) file to AIF does* require conversion via a utility, such as ffmeg.", "\n\nI would have hoped that after 30 years programmers would have learned that users shouldn't have to be bothered with this stuff.", "\n\nHope this helps...\n\nBest explanation since trying to figure this out Hueynym. ", "I put this in a text for future reference.", "Great answer. ", "Thanks alot!", "\n\nThanks all, now if only I could remember why aiff wouldn't load and which program it was. ", "Could have been Data Becker Studio on Win98.Anyway I avoided aiff files until I found aif files did play but probably only after I'd moved onto XP.", "\n\nAnd completely off topic but suddenly remembered, I lost a pub quiz (£10 and a gallon of beer) because the quizmaster asked what NASA stood for.", "He would only accept North American Space Agency. ", "Prick. ! ", "And when Pluto was still considered the ninth planet, he would not accept that Neptune was the furthest planet from the Sun at the time he asked the question, which was the late 90's. ", "Golf playing prick !" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.023076923076923078, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.017094017094017096, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.017094017094017096, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0.00684931506849315, 0.02, 0.1111111111111111, 0.005434782608695652, 0 ]	0.006953	5
[ "Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Women's half marathon\n\nThe women's half marathon at the 2013 Summer Universiade was held on July 12, 2013.", "\n\nMedalists\n\nIndividual\n\nTeam\n\nResults\n\nIndividual standing\n\nTeam standing\n\nReferences\nResults\nTeam medalists\nTeam ranking\n\nHalf\nCategory:2013 in women's athletics" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "Malkovich menswear line in Italy US actor takes 'Technobohemian' range to Tuscany\n\n(ANSA) - Florence, January 11 - American actor and director John Malkovich on Monday launched the second installment of his latest adventure into the world of fashion and design, 'Technobohemian'.", "\n\n\n\nSpeaking at a conference in Florence, he provided an overview of his Autumn/Winter 2010-2011 collection. ''", "Technobohemian is a clothing line dedicated to the modern man,'' said the actor, best known for his parts in Dangerous Liaisons (1088) and Being John Malkovich (1999).", "\n\n\n\n''For the next winter collection, I have used dark tones, in line with autumnal colours. ''", "There is not just one single material in the designs but I will use yarn that is organic and environmentally friendly''. ", "Malkovich promised a more in-depth foretaste of the collection would go on display in Prato, with a range of photographs and preparatory drawings. ", "The weeklong exhibition, which opens in the Pecci Museum on Tuesday, are part of plans to make the Tuscan town the base for his range, the 56-year-old actor said. ''", "Tuscany is a center of fashion,'' he explained. ''", "You can find everything here: the fabrics, the expertise and the ability to bring together all the elements that make up an outfit''.", "\n\n\n\nA showroom devoted to Technobohemian range - Roqk Bazar - will open in Prato later this month. ", "Set amid medieval buildings in the historic centre of the town, Piazza San Marco, Roqk Bazar will span a 600 square meter space and will also host cultural events. ", "The online showroom, Roqk Net, will go live the same day, while a second Roqk centre will open in Shanghai, China, this March. ", "Technobohemian, which aims to combine the sharp, sleek edge of urban wear with a more comfortable, relaxed feel, is the second clothing line for Malkovich, who released another menswear line, Uncle Kimono, in 2002. ", "Malkovich released his first, all-white Technobohemian collection last June. ", "Like the latest venture, the Spring-Summer 2010 range combined smart tailoring with a relaxed, casual, elegance, which the actor says is critical to his vision. ", "Asked about the inspiration for his ideas, the actor cited his films. ''", "These have allowed me to learn about different kinds of peoples and different realities,'' he said, adding that his travels had also played a role. '", "Constantly Being Born Clothes and Pencil Dreams', the exhibition in Prato, can be visited until January 17." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.007168458781362007, 0.009009009009009009, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0, 0.013605442176870748, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.012195121951219513, 0.007874015748031496, 0.009302325581395349, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364 ]	0.005369	5
[ "Planning Blog\n\nSunday, August, 05, 2012\n\nQualify for your MOJO ribbon by reading a Planning article this fall, then commenting on it. ", "Find out more. ", "Sign up now.", "\n\nQuote of the Week\n\nWe're next headed away from hard, confined definitions of learning timeframes. ", "We're trying to change from the old agricultural cycle—or whatever it is that semesters are currently based on, because nobody really knows—to cycles based on learning outcomes. ", "That might mean a course could take two years and other courses could take three weeks. ", "How can we allow students to individualize their learning in a structured institution? ", "We're looking to use technology and analytics to help us move into a much less constrained time structure." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000933	5
[ "2008–09 Meistriliiga (ice hockey) season\n\nThe 2008–09 Meistriliiga season was the 19th season of the Meistriliiga, the top level of ice hockey in Estonia. ", "Five teams participated in the league, and HK Stars Tallinn won the championship.", "\n\nRegular season\n\nPlayoffs\n\nSemifinals \n Narva PSK – HK Stars Tallinn 1:2 (4:3, 2:7, 0:3)\n Tartu Välk 494 – Kohtla-Järve Viru Sputnik 0:2 (4:5, 4:6)\n\n3rd place \n Tartu Välk 494 – Narva PSK 7:2\n\nFinal \n HK Stars Tallinn – Kohtla-Järve Viru Sputnik 3:1 (4:5 n.P., 6:4, 11:0, 7:2)\n\nExternal links\nSeason on hockeyarchives.ru\n\nMeistriliiga\nMeistriliiga\nCategory:Meistriliiga (ice hockey) seasons" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0 ]	0.002151	5
[ "Runner-approved recipes to help you fuel better, run faster and feel awesome.", "\n\nDownload your FREE recipe bundle!", "\n\nRunning is already hard enough; don't complicate it further with poor nutrition. ", "These recipes--sweet and savory--each contain an ingredient that can help boost a runner's endurance and recovery time. ", "Plus, they're a cinch to make. ", "You'll spend more time out on the roads, and less in the kitchen. (", "And the bundle contains a bonus fourth recipe!)" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "Len McCluskey re-elected as Unite general secretary\n\nLen McCluskey re-elected as Unite general secretary\n\nMembers of Britain’s largest union, Unite, have re-elected Len McCluskey as the union’s general secretary for a further five years, it was announced today (Sunday 14 April).", "\n\nOver 64 per cent of members taking part in the election backed Len McCluskey who was first elected general secretary of Unite in 2010 over his rival Jerry Hicks.", "\n\nCommenting, Unite general secretary Len McCluskey said: “I’m deeply honoured that members have once again put their faith in me to lead their union.", "\n\n“We are living in extraordinary times with workers facing unprecedented attacks on their living standards and their rights at work. ", "Thanks to this government of millionaires, work is becoming less secure and austerity threatens the social fabric of our great nation.", "\n\n“Now more than ever working people need a union which will stand up for them. ", "Unite is that union, a modern progressive union fighting for ordinary people and strengthening their voice at work, in parliament and in our communities.", "\n\n“From construction and the London buses, to the food industry and car manufacturing, Unite members have shown what can be achieved when working people stand together with the backing of a modern union.", "\n“And in the NHS our membership is growing as workers seek a strong voice to defend what we as a people have built, paid for and value.", "\n\n“Unified and freed from the distraction of an internal election in 2015, I pledge to focus my energies on the fighting for members and defeating this Tory-led government.”" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.021505376344086023, 0.018404907975460124, 0.013333333333333334, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0 ]	0.007217	5
[ "Q:\n\njava8 Collectors.toMap() limitation?", "\n\nI am trying to use java8's Collectors.toMap on a Stream of ZipEntry. ", "It may not be the best idea because of possible exceptions occuring during the processing, but I guess it ought to be possible.", "\nI am now getting a compile error (type inference engine I guess) which I don't understand.", "\nHere's some extracted demo code:\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.util.", "Map;\nimport java.util.stream.", "Collectors;\nimport java.util.zip.", "ZipEntry;\nimport java.util.zip.", "ZipFile;\n\npublic class TestMapCollector {\n\n private static class MyObject {\n }\n\n public static void main(String[] argv) throws IOException {\n try (ZipFile zipFile = new ZipFile(\"test\")) {\n Map<String, MyObject> result = zipFile.stream()\n .map(ZipEntry::getName)\n .collect(Collectors.toMap(f -> \"test\", f -> new MyObject()));\n }\n }\n}\n\nThis code builds as-is, however it doesn't build if you just comment the .map(ZipEntry::getName) line. ", "As if the toMap collector could work if the input is a stream of String but not if the input is a stream of ZipEntry?", "\nFor reference, here is the beginning of the build error, it's quite obscure:\nno suitable method found for collect(Collector<Object,CAP#1,Map<String,MyObject>>)\n method Stream.<R#1>collect(Supplier<R#1>,BiConsumer<R#1,? ", "super CAP#2>,BiConsumer<R#1,R#1>) is not applicable\n (cannot infer type-variable(s) R#1\n (actual and formal argument lists differ in length))\n method Stream.<R#2,A>collect(Collector<? ", "super CAP#2,A,R#2>) is not applicable\n (cannot infer type-variable(s) R#2,A,CAP#3,T#2,K,U\n (argument mismatch; Collector<CAP#2,CAP#4,Map<Object,Object>> cannot be converted to Collector<? ", "super CAP#2,CAP#4,Map<Object,Object>>))\n where R#1,T#1,R#2,A,T#2,K,U are type-variables:\n R#1 extends Object declared in method <R#1>collect(Supplier<R#1>,BiConsumer<R#1,? ", "super T#1>,BiConsumer<R#1,R#1>)\n T#1 extends Object declared in interface Stream\n R#2 extends Object declared in method <R#2,A>collect(Collector<? ", "super T#1,A,R#2>)\n A extends Object declared in method <R#2,A>collect(Collector<? ", "super T#1,A,R#2>)\n T#2 extends Object declared in method <T#2,K,U>toMap(Function<? ", "super T#2,? ", "extends K>,Function<? ", "super T#2,? ", "extends U>)\n K extends Object declared in method <T#2,K,U>toMap(Function<? ", "super T#2,? ", "extends K>,Function<? ", "super T#2,? ", "extends U>)\n U extends Object declared in method <T#2,K,U>toMap(Function<? ", "super T#2,? ", "extends K>,Function<? ", "super T#2,? ", "extends U...\n\nA:\n\nThe problem seems to be due to the fact that the stream type uses wild cards - not sure if this is expected behaviour. ", "A workaround would be:\nzipFile.stream().map(ZipEntry.class::cast) //or .map(z -> (ZipEntry) z)\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.03225806451612903, 0.005859375, 0.008547008547008548, 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0.015, 0.011363636363636364, 0.013071895424836602, 0.011764705882352941, 0.03488372093023256, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0.02564102564102564, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0.02564102564102564, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.010416666666666666 ]	0.025053	5
[ "// Copyright (c) Microsoft. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Licensed under the MIT license. ", "See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.", "\n\n#ifndef STDBOOL_H\n#define STDBOOL_H\n\n#define __bool_true_false_are_defined\t1\n\n#define HAS_STDBOOL\n\n#ifndef __cplusplus\n\ntypedef unsigned char bool;\ntypedef bool _Bool;\n\n#define false\t0\n#define true\t1\n\n#endif /* __cplusplus /\n\n#endif / STDBOOL_H */\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.003968253968253968 ]	0.013492	5
[ "Blog Archive\n\nThursday, May 24, 2012\n\nblackrasslin podcst, episode 33\n\nAnother one, another one. ", "You fucking with this? ", "Please let ya boy know! ", "This week we had a lot to go over: Over The Limit results, the fallout from Over The Limit on the following night's Raw, and a slew of news, from the latest on John Cena's divorce to programming changes in both TNA and WWE. ", "Jam packed, with a grip of fly music to boot. ", "You already." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0.022321428571428572, 0, 0 ]	0.005438	5
[ "A system on a programmable chip (SOPC) includes one or more integrated circuits that may be programmed to perform one or more logic functions. ", "One type of SOPC may be implemented using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). ", "The FPGA may include an array of logic blocks. ", "These logic blocks can include, for example, input/output Blocks, Random Access Memory Blocks (BRAMs), multipliers, Digital Signal Processing blocks (DSPs), processors, clock managers, Delay Lock Loops (DLLs), Multi-Gigabit Transceivers (MGTs), and so forth.", "\nEach logic block typically includes both programmable interconnect and programmable logic. ", "The programmable interconnect typically includes a large number of interconnect lines of varying lengths interconnected by Programmable Interconnect Points (PIPs). ", "The programmable interconnect and the programmable logic are typically programmed by loading a stream of configuration data into internal configuration memory cells that define how the logic blocks are configured. ", "The configuration data may be read from a configuration memory, such as an external programmable read-only memory (PROM) or external Flash memory. ", "The collective states of the individual memory cells then determine the function of the FPGA.", "\nAs FPGAs grow in size and capability, the amount of configuration memory used to configure the logic blocks also increases. ", "This configuration memory may be expensive and may also require additional space on a board on which the SOPC is implemented. ", "For example, the Flash memory may be costly and also may consume a large amount of board area." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0.02127659574468085, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425 ]	0.006431	5
[ "Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Fused Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Aziridines: aza-Darzens Reaction of Cyclic Imines with α-Halogenated Ketones Catalyzed by Bifunctional Phosphonium Salt.", "\nThe first enantioselective aza-Darzens reaction of cyclic imines with α-halogenated ketones was realized under mild reaction conditions by using amino-acid-derived bifunctional phosphonium salts as phase-transfer promoters. ", "A variety of structurally dense tri- and tetrasubstituted aziridine derivatives, containing benzofused heterocycles as well as spiro-structures, were readily synthesized in high yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 d.r. ", "and >99.9 % ee). ", "The highly functionalized aziridine products could be easily transformed into different classes of biologically active compounds." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0.010582010582010581, 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003005	5
[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <title></title>\n <script src=\"./dist/vue.js\"></script>\n</head>\n<body>\n <div id=\"a\">\n <input v-model=\"message\" />\n <button v-on:click=\"increase\">Increase</button>\n <p v-text=\"message\"></p>\n </div>\n <script>\n new Vue({\n el: \"#a\",\n data: {\n message: 1\n },\n methods: {\n increase () {\n this.message += 1\n }\n }\n })\n </script>\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.0021008403361344537 ]	0.00105	5
[ "Bukunzi\n\nBukunzi, also known as Mbirizi, was a small kingdom located in the extreme southwest of what is now Rwanda. ", "The kings of Bukunzi were renowned throughout the region for the legendary control of the rain. ", " Located east of the Ruzizi River, Bukunzi was apparently founded by members of the Shi royal family, who fled into political exile following a family dispute. ", "Luhwinja, another small polity, is thought to have emerged from Bukunzi. ", " Located southeast of Lake Kivu, its historical ties were to the west with Bushi. ", "Through the eighteenth and nineteenth century, it had close ties to Ngweshe, one of the most powerful of the Shi states. ", "Bukunzi remained apart from the central Rwandan court until the military campaign led by colonial Belgium merged it into the central court in 1925, along with other small kingdoms located west of the Rwandan kingdom, such as Kingogo, Bushiru, and Busozo. ", "The area of the former Bukunzi kingdom is now part of Rusizi District in Rwanda.", "\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n\n \n \n\nCategory:Rwandan monarchy\nCategory:Former monarchies of Africa\nCategory:Geography of Rwanda\nCategory:1925 disestablishments\nCategory:Former countries in Africa" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.017094017094017096, 0.010416666666666666, 0.00625, 0.0273972602739726, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.00784313725490196, 0, 0.004830917874396135 ]	0.009559	5
[ "I agree to the terms and conditions of the Privilege Club Programme. ", "I also agree to receiving communications by email, post, SMS or social media about my membership account, offers and news from Qatar Airways and Privilege Club, Privilege Club partner offers and market research from time to time.", "\n\nWe use cookies to improve your experience, to remember your preferences and to show you offers based on your interests as detailed in our Cookie policy. ", "By continuing to use qatarairways.com, you accept our use of cookies. ", "Click here to change your preferences.", "\n\nBook a flight to Algiers with Qatar Airways\n\nBook a flight to Algiers with Qatar Airways and you’ll be introduced to a charismatic and charming city, boasting one of the most beautiful coastlines in the world. ", "Algeria’s coastal capital is a charismatic and charming city, with one of the most picturesque shorelines in the world. ", "If you are looking for a sedentary break mixed with rich cultural exposure, Algiers offers the perfect venue.", "\n\nThe aromatherapy delivered by the blended scents of coffee, mimosa and pine, cannot be overestimated. ", "And the Ottoman palaces and white colonial buildings that line the harbour add to the elsewhere atmosphere that makes Algiers so alluring.", "\n\nAlgiers is also relatively free of tourists, allowing you to soak up local life without having to battle through crowds. ", "Fly to Algiers for an opportunity to explore a glorious city before it becomes a destination hotspot.", "\n\nAlgiers’ bustling, world-famous Kasbah, its 14th-century Great Mosque and the nearby independence monument Maqam Echahid, are just the beginning; relax in Le Jardin d’Essai du Hamma, and then head for the coast, where natural beauty reigns.", "\n\nA trip to Algiers demands exploration of the Kasbah – a bustling warren of shops, cafés and monuments. ", "Here, the smell of coffee mingles with the pungent aromas of spices sold from the shops tucked away in the twisting streets. ", "The Kasbah is also the place to find one of the last remaining examples of 14th-century architecture, in the imposing Great Mosque of Algiers.", "\n\nNearby is Maqam Echahid, an exquisite monument built in the shape of three, upstanding palm leaves. ", "It was built in 1982, in commemoration of the Algerian War of Independence. ", "For a serene intermission, head for Le Jardin d’Essai du Hamma, a beautiful recreation area designed for people-watching.", "\n\nSending postcards from Algiers is an experience in itself, as the post office (La Grande Poste d’Alger) is an architectural wonder, worthy of its own postcard.", "\n\nTravel to Algiers and enjoy its lovely beaches. ", "This is where the locals go to socialize, and you will also find the crumbling remains of fishermen’s houses – reminders of a time when people virtually lived on the water.", "\n\nThe crystal blue of the Mediterranean also offers a superb opportunity for water-sports, with exceptional visibility for snorkelling and scuba diving.", "\n\nHowever, if you would prefer to stay dry, there are several theatres throughout the city, where you can catch a traditional play. ", "You’ll also find plenty of museums, where you can learn more about the history and culture of the Algerian people.", "\n\nGourmands are unlikely to be disappointed on a trip to Algiers. ", "National cuisine is the result of many influences, from the Romans and the Turks, to the more recent French and Spanish.", "\n\nWhite bean stews, lamb sausages, honeyed pastries and sugared dates are all in store. ", "If you are visiting during Ramadan, you will find many cafés and restaurants serving bourek (a-meat-filled pastry) and chorba (a vegetable soup often served at breakfast).", "\n\nAlgiers is packed with street markets, giving you the opportunity to buy handmade goods at negotiable prices. ", "Haggling is a way of life in the Kasbah and the markets, so be prepared for some spirited negotiation.", "\n\nAlgerian markets are famous for carpets, which are of outstanding quality. ", "But there are also a generous selection of other goods, such as jewellery, leatherware and finely dyed baskets. ", "Because music takes such a central role in Algerian culture, you will find some stalls selling lutes and other musical instruments.", "\n\nHowever, if you are in search of high-end retail, then your trip to Algiers should include a visit to its traditional souqs and modern shopping malls. ", "In both, you will find national brands, as well as international labels.", "\n\nEssential facts about Algiers\n\nEnjoy a hassle-free journey with all the information you need to know before your trip" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.014492753623188406, 0.008733624454148471, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003277	5
[ "Q:\n\nI want to save data into sql server from eclips is there any solution?", "\n\nI want to save data into sql server from eclips is there any solution?", "\nIs it possible with web service or json..\ni have made one asp.net website and made web service for method...and cath that data into eclips by json...so now how to cath data from elips?", "\n\nA:\n\nI am used belove code for get data from asp.net SOAP webservice in android try this\n public static String SOAP_NAMESPACE = \"http://myweb.com/\";\npublic static String SOAP_METHOD_GetQuestionAnswer = \"GetQuestionAnswer\";\n\n// GetQuestionAnswer Method\npublic static String GetQuestionAnswer(String GameIDValue, String QuestionIDValue) {\n String responce = null; \n\n SoapObject request = new SoapObject(SOAP_NAMESPACE, SOAP_METHOD_GetQuestionAnswer);\n\n PropertyInfo GameID = new PropertyInfo();\n PropertyInfo QuestionID = new PropertyInfo();\n\n GameID.setName(\"gameid\");\n GameID.setValue(GameIDValue);\n\n QuestionID.setName(\"queid\");\n QuestionID.setValue(QuestionIDValue);\n\n request.addProperty(GameID);\n request.addProperty(QuestionID);\n\n SoapSerializationEnvelope envelope = new SoapSerializationEnvelope(SoapEnvelope.", "VER11);\n envelope.dotNet = true;\n envelope.setOutputSoapObject(request);\n HttpTransportSE aht = new HttpTransportSE(SOAP_URL);\n try {\n aht.call(SOAP_ACTION_GetQuestionAnswer, envelope);\n SoapPrimitive LoginResult;\n LoginResult = (SoapPrimitive)envelope.getResponse();\n System.out.println(\"=================GetQuestion Results: \"+LoginResult);\n System.out.println(LoginResult.toString());\n responce = LoginResult.toString();\n } catch (IOException e) {\n // TODO Auto-generated catch block\n e.printStackTrace();\n } catch (XmlPullParserException e) {\n // TODO Auto-generated catch block\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\n return responce;\n}\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.004705882352941176, 0.0027624309392265192 ]	0.001494	5
[ "Q:\n\njavascript \"or\" statement\n\nI use the following to fire a js function:\n$(document).ready(function() {\n $('.gl a').do_this({\n\nSo any link within div class .gl activates function do_this.. simple\nNow, i also want to fire the same function on another div link too, can I do something like:\n( $('.gl a') OR $('.gm a') ).do_this({\n\nTried all combinations but not working as yet, or do i simply have to duplicate the whole thing for the other class?", "\n\nA:\n\nUse Multiple selectors like so:\n$('.gl a, .gm a');\n\nThis will work if either one is present, or if both are present; I'm assuming this is what you want. ", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "For NSA leaker Snowden, Venezuela or elsewhere?", "\n\nPassengers board Tuesday Moscow-Havana flight\n\nIvan Sekretarev / Associated Press\n\nPassengers boarding Tuesday's Moscow-Havana Aeroflot flight, the route fugitive NSA leader Edward Snowden is likely to take if he accepts an asylum offer from Venezuela. ", "It remained unclear days after Snowden was offered refuge in several Latin American countries where he would go or how any plane carrying him could avoid travel through U.S. or allied air space.", "\n\nPassengers boarding Tuesday's Moscow-Havana Aeroflot flight, the route fugitive NSA leader Edward Snowden is likely to take if he accepts an asylum offer from Venezuela. ", "It remained unclear days after Snowden was offered refuge in several Latin American countries where he would go or how any plane carrying him could avoid travel through U.S. or allied air space. (", "Ivan Sekretarev / Associated Press)\n\nBoth Venezuela and Cuba want to get their hands on the 85-year-old Posada, accused of orchestrating the 1976 terrorist bombing of a Cuban airliner in which all 73 on board died.", "\n\nThe U.S. government has for years refused a Venezuelan extradition request for Posada, a Cuban-born Venezuelan citizen who lives in the supportive Cuban exile community of South Florida that applauds his longtime mission to kill former Cuban President Fidel Castro.", "\n\nU.S. administrations back to the Nixon era have turned a blind eye to — and at times encouraged — Posada’s anti-communist militancy, partly to court the Cuban exile constituency that can sway swing-state Florida in presidential elections.", "\n\nBut faced with the prospect of bringing former NSA contractor Snowden to justice and putting an end to the embarrassing disclosures of U.S. government surveillance, President Obama could make the political calculus that delivering Posada to Caracas would be a fair exchange.", "\n\nEven if Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro fulfills his offer to protect Snowden, analysts point out that Maduro won’t be in power forever. ", "And Snowden, 30, is almost certain to outlive the leftists’ shaky grip on the leadership in politically turbulent Venezuela.", "\n\nMaduro is one of three Latin American leaders to offer Snowden asylum and an escape from the diplomatic no-man’s land in which he has been living for 18 days at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo Airport. ", "Presidents Evo Morales of Bolivia and Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua have also said Snowden would be welcome to shelter in their countries.", "\n\nCuban President Raul Castro, brother of the revolutionary leader that Posada has targeted for decades, has made sympathetic noises about Snowden’s plight. ", "But Havana has stopped short of offering a haven for Snowden, who is accused of leaking classified information.", "\n\nLike Venezuela, Cuba has unresolved diplomatic issues with the United States. ", "Four of five Cubans convicted of espionage in 2001 remain in U.S. prisons serving long terms for spying on anti-Castro exile groups like those aligned with Posada. ", "Getting back the “Five Heroes,” as they are known in Cuba, has been a cause celebre for the Castro regime. ", "Also, the Cuban government holds U.S. citizen Alan Gross, convicted two years ago of illegally importing and installing telecommunications equipment in Cuba without government approval.", "\n\nAlthough the possibility of trading the four remaining spies for Gross has presumably been considered, the White House might be more keen to get Snowden, whose leaks have continued since he outted himself as the source of revelations that the NSA gathers data on billions of phone calls, emails and texts worldwide.", "\n\nExperts familiar with the thorny relationships between Washington and leftist-ruled Latin American countries see Snowden’s security in Venezuela as potentially short-lived.", "\n\n“The first thing he has to ask himself about any country he’s considering for asylum is what do they want from the United States and what leverage does the United States have over them,” said Peter Kornbluh, a senior analyst on Latin America at the National Security Archive, an independent documentation research center in Washington.", "\n\nVenezuela wants Posada extradited, said Kornbluh, who has extensively researched the Posada case. “", "But on the other hand, coming to a deal with the United States for a swap like that would undermine the nationalist credentials of a country that stood up and agreed on principle to let him come.”", "\n\nThe open question, Kornbluh said, is how much Maduro wants to move toward the political center and court better U.S. ties to shore up an economy in crisis despite enviable oil wealth.", "\n\nCharles Shapiro, a former U.S. ambassador to Venezuela who is president of the Institute of the Americas, says he takes the Latin American leaders at “face value” in their offers of asylum. ", "What is more perplexing, he said, is how Snowden could travel from Moscow to Caracas without the plane entering U.S. or allied airspace.", "\n\nWhite House spokesman Jay Carney told reporters Tuesday that the Obama administration has conveyed \"to every country that might be considered a destination for Snowden\" that he should attempt to travel nowhere other than to the United States.", "\n\nMiguel Tinker Salas, a professor of Latin American history at Pomona College, sees little prospect of Maduro swapping Snowden for Posada. ", "But he points out that Maduro won a narrow victory over opposition candidate Henrique Capriles in an April election to succeed President Hugo Chavez, who died in March. ", "And opposition leaders have vowed to organize a recall of Maduro within three years, opening the possibility of regime change in the near future.", "\n\nSnowden would be better served taking asylum in Bolivia, Tinker Salas said, as Morales appears more firmly in power and less susceptible to U.S. pressure than the other Latin American leaders who have put out the welcome mat.", "\n\nSnowden was offered asylum by Morales on Saturday as the Bolivian president vented his outrage over an incident last week in which four European countries denied his plane entry into their airspace because of rumors that Snowden was on board.", "\n\n“That was a slap in the face of everybody in Latin America” that has spurred a fresh anti-imperialist frenzy in the region, said Daniel Hellinger, an international relations professor at Webster University in Missouri.", "\n\n\"There is little doubt that it will set back relations between Venezuela and the United States, which had been showing signs of improvement,” Hellinger said. “", "I do not think Maduro will use Snowden as a pawn at all. ", "More dangerous for Snowden is the prospect, given the close election in April, that Maduro might be recalled within a few years.”" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.02127659574468085, 0.01568627450980392, 0, 0.01744186046511628, 0, 0.004672897196261682, 0.00749063670411985, 0.004166666666666667, 0.010869565217391304, 0.02097902097902098, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0.014814814814814815, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.005405405405405406, 0.012618296529968454, 0.005747126436781609, 0.005934718100890208, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.010810810810810811, 0.010416666666666666, 0.007352941176470588, 0.012295081967213115, 0.02142857142857143, 0.01775147928994083, 0.006896551724137931, 0.00881057268722467, 0.004098360655737705, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0.007751937984496124 ]	0.009221	5
[ "North Carolina News Station Warns about Counterfeit Prescription Drugs for Sale Online\n\nMay 9, 2017\n\nA Greensboro, North Carolina news station,WFMY News2, is warning viewers that the Internet is filled with fake online pharmacies that sell counterfeit drugs. ", "In the television segment accompanying the story, WFMY shared surveillance images of a suspected drop-shipper posting up to 80 packages of counterfeit medications a day.", "\n\nThe U.S. Postal Inspector WFMY spoke to described the state of the medication being shipped, “They were receiving packages with pills in them that were in ziploc bags, they weren’t marked with what they were, they had no instructions with them.” ", "In the accompanying video, he also demonstrates clearly that the medication packages had no instructions, did not list side-effects, nor warnings of any kind. ", "Many were shipped in plain plastic bags.", "\n\nA search warrant executed at the drop-shipper’s home turned up numerous pills, credit card numbers, and a variety of passports.", "\n\nThe WFMY report points out that genuine online pharmacies require valid prescriptions, but according to the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP), 89% of illegal online pharmacies do not require a prescription. ", "Failure to require a prescription is, in their words, “a big red flag.”", "\n\nYou can still save money when shopping for your medication. ", "Try these suggestions for saving money safely:\n\nGoodRX.com can help you buy finding the lowest price on your particular medication. ", "Try their easy-to-use search engine to find a safe source for the medication you need at a local pharmacy..\n\nNeedyMeds has a wealth of resources available for finding prescription discounts on your needed medication. ", "They also offer a drug discount card that provides broad-based medication discounts at participating pharmacies." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.007722007722007722, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0, 0, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0.004608294930875576, 0 ]	0.001734	5
[ "Caldicott (surname)\n\nCaldicott is a surname. ", "Notable people with the surname include:\n\nDavid Caldicott, Irish medical doctor\nFiona Caldicott, British psychiatrist\nJohn Caldicott (1828–1895), Anglican priest\nHelen Caldicott (b. 1938), Australian physician\nJohn Moore Caldicott, Rhodesian politician\n\nSee also\nCaldecott (surname)" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.044444444444444446, 0.02127659574468085 ]	0.032861	5
[ "The role of molecular markers and tumor histological type in central lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.", "\nTo look for genetic mutations that might predict central compartment lymph node metastasis (LNM) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) using strict criteria for N0 and N1 disease. ", "We identified patients with PTC from our institution's pathology archives. ", "Strict criteria were used for assessing the presence or the absence of central neck LNM. ", "Disease was classified as N0 only if a comprehensive ipsilateral and pretracheal central neck dissection was performed and if pathological analysis revealed no evidence of LNM. ", "Primary tumor samples were analyzed for a panel of known or suspected PTC-associated molecular markers, including BRAF, RET -PTC, KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, PIK3CA, and their variants. ", "Academic medical center. ", "Three hundred eighty-nine patients with PTC. ", "Molecular mutations in tumors with and without LNM. ", "Of 389 identified cases, 209 fit the inclusion criteria, with 158 classified as node positive (N1) and 51 as node negative (N0). ", "The follicular variant histological type was present in 7 of 158 N1 tumors (4.4%) and 24 of 51 N0 tumors (47.1%) and thus was strongly associated with lack of central neck metastasis in this study (odds ratio, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.14). ", "Predictive factors for central LNM included extracapsular extension, angiolymphatic invasion, and higher T stage (T3 and T4). ", "The BRAF mutation was more prevalent in the classic PTC histological type than the follicular variant. ", "None of the molecular marker mutations that were analyzed in this study, including the BRAF mutation, predicted LNM in classic PTC. ", "Positive risk factors for central LNM include male sex, extracapsular extension, angiolymphatic invasion, and advanced T stage. ", "The follicular variant histological type has a significantly lower incidence of central neck metastasis. ", "In contrast to recent studies, the BRAF mutation was not significantly associated with central neck LNM from PTC when using a strict definition of a central neck dissection." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.005649717514124294, 0.017045454545454544, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.00423728813559322, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248 ]	0.005423	5
[ "{\n \"assigned_to_str\": \"Paul Mannes\", \n \"case_name\": \"Unknown Case Title - Adversary Proceeding\", \n \"cause\": \"\", \n \"court_id\": \"mdb\", \n \"date_converted\": null, \n \"date_discharged\": null, \n \"date_filed\": \"2010-05-21\", \n \"date_terminated\": null, \n \"demand\": \"\", \n \"docket_entries\": [\n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-08-06\", \n \"description\": \"Status Letter/Report Joint Status Letter Report and Request for Rescheduled Status Conference Filed by Susan Jaffe Roberts. (", "Roberts, Susan) (Entered: 08/06/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"10\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019919849\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-07-23\", \n \"description\": \"BNC Certificate of Mailing - Hearing. ", "This document shows ONLY the persons noticed by the Clerk by paper mailing. ", "Additional persons noticed by the Clerk by electronic means using CM/ECF are viewed by clicking the silver ball NEXT TO THE UNDERLYING PLEADING (related document(s)8 Notice of Status Conference/Hearing). ", "No. ", "of Notices: 4. ", "Service Date 07/23/2010. (", "Admin.) (", "Entered: 07/24/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"9\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019747884\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-07-21\", \n \"description\": \"Notice of Status Conference/Hearing (related document(s)1 Notice of Removal filed by Plaintiff Metamorphix, Inc). ", "Status hearing to be held on 8/12/2010 at 10:00 AM at Courtroom 3-D, Greenbelt - Judge Mannes. (", "McKenna, S) (Entered: 07/21/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"8\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019707408\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-07-20\", \n \"description\": \"Hearing Held (related document(s)1 Notice of Removal filed by Plaintiff Metamorphix, Inc). ", "CONTINUED TO 8/12/10 AT 10:00 am on MANNES docket. (", "McKenna, S) (Entered: 07/21/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"7\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019707390\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-06-21\", \n \"description\": \"Notice Certification of Filing of State Court Documents Filed by Metamorphix, Inc. (related document(s)1 Notice of Removal filed by Plaintiff Theresa Brady). (", "Roberts, Susan) (Entered: 06/21/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"6\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019347800\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-05-28\", \n \"description\": \"Answer to Complaint Filed by Edwin Quattlebaum. (", "Daneman, David) (Entered: 05/28/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"5\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019076984\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-05-28\", \n \"description\": \"Answer to Complaint and Notice of Filing of Case in Bankruptcy Court Filed by Metamorphix, Inc.. (Roberts, Susan) (Entered: 05/28/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"4\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019076804\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-05-27\", \n \"description\": \"BNC Certificate of Mailing - Hearing. ", "This document shows ONLY the persons noticed by the Clerk by paper mailing. ", "Additional persons noticed by the Clerk by electronic means using CM/ECF are viewed by clicking the silver ball NEXT TO THE UNDERLYING PLEADING (related document(s)2 Notice of Status Conference/Hearing). ", "No. ", "of Notices: 5. ", "Service Date 05/27/2010. (", "Admin.) (", "Entered: 05/28/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"3\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019064394\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-05-25\", \n \"description\": \"Notice of Status Conference/Hearing (related document(s)1 Notice of Removal filed by Plaintiff Metamorphix, Inc). ", "Status hearing to be held on 7/20/2010 at 10:00 AM at Courtroom 3-D, Greenbelt - Judge Mannes. (", "Meany, T) (Entered: 05/25/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"2\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019022159\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }, \n {\n \"date_filed\": \"2010-05-21\", \n \"description\": \"(02 (Other (e.g. other actions that would have been brought in state court if unrelated to bankruptcy))) Notice of Removal by Metamorphix, Inc. (Attachments: 1 Notice of Filing of Removal2 Local Rule 7003-2 Disclosure3 Exhibit 14 Exhibit 25 Exhibit 36 Cover Sheet - CD) (McKenna, S) (Entered: 05/24/2010)\", \n \"document_number\": \"1\", \n \"pacer_doc_id\": \"092019015635\", \n \"pacer_seq_no\": null\n }\n ], \n \"docket_number\": \"10-00346\", \n \"jurisdiction\": \"\", \n \"jury_demand\": \"\", \n \"mdl_status\": \"\", \n \"nature_of_suit\": \"02 Other (e.g. other actions that would have been brought in state court if unrelated to bankruptcy)\", \n \"parties\": [\n {\n \"attorneys\": [\n {\n \"contact\": \"Whiteford, Taylor & Preston, LLP\\nSeven Saint Paul Street\\nBaltimore, MD 21202\\n410-347-8700\\n\", \n \"name\": \"Peter D. Guattery\", \n \"roles\": [\n \"LEAD ATTORNEY\"\n ]\n }, \n {\n \"contact\": \"Whiteford, Taylor & Preston\\n7 Saint Paul Street\\nBaltimore, MD 21202\\n(410) 347-8700\\nFax : 410-223-4345\\nEmail:\\n\", \n \"name\": \"Susan Jaffe Roberts\", \n \"roles\": []\n }\n ], \n \"date_terminated\": null, \n \"extra_info\": \"Attn: Dr. Edwin Quattlebaum\\n8000 Virginia Manor Road\\nBeltsville, MD 20705\", \n \"name\": \"Metamorphix, Inc.\", \n \"type\": \"Plaintiff\"\n }, \n {\n \"attorneys\": [\n {\n \"contact\": \"Bishop, Daneman, et al.\\n1400 S. Charles Street\\nBaltimore, MD 21230\\n(410) 385-5383\\nFax : (410) 385-1514\\nEmail:\\n\", \n \"name\": \"David Daneman\", \n \"roles\": []\n }\n ], \n \"date_terminated\": null, \n \"extra_info\": \"4061 Powder Mill Road\\nSte. 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[ "Telford packaging firm ordered to pay £6,000 over solvents use\n\nA packaging business in Telford has been ordered to pay nearly £6,000 for operating a plant using volatile organic solvents without a permit.", "\n\nSubscribe to our daily newsletter\n\nWZ Packaging Ltd, based at Halesfield 18\n\nWZ Packaging Ltd, based at Halesfield 18, appeared at Shropshire Magistrates Court where it pleaded guilty to breaking the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2016.", "\n\nThe court heard that, between November last year and March this year, the company used solvents and released volatile organic compounds into the air as part of its production process.", "\n\nWZ Packaging was fined £4,000 and ordered to pay £1,804 in costs and a victim surcharge of £170.", "\n\nLast year, the company was fined £20,000 after it pleaded guilty to operating without an environmental permit.", "\n\nThe firm appeared before Shropshire magistrates in September and pleaded guilty to operating without an environmental permit.", "\n\nThe company was fined £30,000, reduced to £20,000 because it pleaded guilty.", "\n\nIt was also ordered to pay £1517.14 in costs and a £170 victim surcharge.", "\n\nIn addition, the court ordered WZ Packaging to apply for an environmental permit by October last year and have its pollution control equipment, known as ‘regenerative thermal oxidisation’ plant, operational by November last year.", "\n\nAdvertising\n\nAction\n\nThis equipment limits the harmful solvent emissions from the use of solvent based inks used in printing.", "\n\nSpeaking at the time, Councillor Richard Overton, Telford & Wrekin Council’s cabinet member for enforcement, said: “It is regrettable that Telford & Wrekin Council had to take this action against the company.", "\n\n“Our public protection team tried to support the business and gave them enough time to comply with the regulations but they could not get their house in order.", "\n\nAdvertising\n\n“The council had to act to protect the environment and public health.”", "\n\nDealing with environmental permits and air quality are just some of the many issues tackled by Telford & Wrekin Council’s public protection team.", "\n\nA spokesman for the company said it had invested and progressed with all works towards compliance, therefore the fine was reduced to the minimum.", "\n\nIt said it had now been compliant for more than two months and was looking forward to working with the council to close the matter." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.004878048780487805, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0 ]	0.00284	5
[ "A Year in Review, 2013 Exploration in Chocolate\n\nLast year I didn’t quite find enough time to do a proper (numeric) end of year and I always regret that. ", "If I don’t take this very small window, this eye of our seasonal storm, to make note of our accomplishments for the year then I may not.", "\n\nThose who have followed us this long know that we like being open and honest with who we are. ", "It is amazing to think that 6 years ago this upcoming March we started this little venture. ", "My, my, my how things change, grow, and surprise you.", "\n\nFirst Our Thanks\n\nFor the past two years we’ve had during peak season a small squad of volunteers that sweep in and give us their time. ", "We laugh, rub elbows, eat enough chocolate to give anyone a buzz and just have a good time. ", "We wouldn’t be able to accomplish what we have done without their help.", "\n\nApril\n\nBrad\n\nDonna\n\nKathy\n\nMary\n\nMatthew\n\nMichaele\n\nPage\n\nTamela\n\nRick\n\nIf you would like to be on our roll call for some volunteer work sign up on our Volunteer List.", "\n\nOur First Intern\n\nWe also had a first this year, an intern. ", "She was determined, hard working, down to earth and just fun to be around. ", "She slugged it out with us so well we decided to hire her and are appreciative. ", "Welcome and thanks Abby.", "\n\nA new arrival to our intern program is Emily. ", "Coming in during our peak season isn’t easy but it is appreciated.", "\n\nPeople Matter, Part-Timers\n\nWe couldn’t handle expansion without bringing new, brave souls on board. ", "Especially during the holiday season. ", "We got some fantastic help from some new part-time and seasonal helpers. ", "A big thanks–\n\nAllyson\n\nJamie\n\nLell\n\nNatalie\n\nTristan\n\nA Tale of Chocolate, Confections, and Cakes\n\nI really enjoy putting together our sales figures for the year. ", "Not for the cash counting, because I can assure you we take so little and reinvest so much that it’s going to take years for us to really be profitable. ", "That’s just the way business is, if you follow the romantic notions they will lead you astray. ", "We are a family of incredibly hard workers. ", "We demand a lot of ourselves but you don’t get anywhere in this life by just watching it go by. ", "I like to go through this exercise because Chef Bill, the family and everyone should know how much happiness we spread through our efforts. ", "We’ve come a long way and our numbers help show the picture. ", "The last time I was able to do this was in 2011.", "\n\n27,000 Chocolate Truffles\n\nWhat do you get with 845 pounds of chocolate truffles? ", "A lot of smiling faces. ", "As our shop has entrenched itself we’ve grown our product line and have started to shrink our truffle line. ", "Variety is the spice of life.", "\n\nEntering our first juried exhibitions this year we took home a America’s Silver for our Cardamom Chocolate Truffle. ", "For a first timer we’re pretty stoked and looking forward to trying even harder next time.", "\n\n500 pounds of Chocolate Solids\n\nChocolate, tempered milk, dark, white. ", "Shaped into lollies, bunnies, skeletons, and more. ", "Out of 500 pounds we created 26,000 chocolate shapes over the year. ", "It’s even hard for us to imagine.", "\n\n9,000 Caramels\n\n5,525 Bon Bons\n\nThey aren’t called good-goods for nothing. ", "Robin was on a whirlwind this year crafting quite an array of tasty filled bon bon treats. ", "I don’t think she’s slowing down any time soon, so enjoy the ride.", "\n\n1,550 pounds of Chocolate Barks\n\nWhether you liked it salty, sweet, fruity, or spicy, I worked on a number of chocolate barks filled with an array of delicious ingredients. ", "2014 is going to have a few newcomers as well so be on the watch.", "\n\nOh the boon and bane of our family. ", "We make some really killer toffee. ", "Late in 2012 I spent 3 months working out a recipe and style of toffee. ", "You liked it. ", "A lot of people liked it. ", "Taking my small recipe and expanding it to larger and larger batches has gotten quite dangerous for us. ", "Coming soon to our family is some new equipment which will give us less burns and more satisfaction for your satisfaction. ", "In the meantime though, we love you so much we hurt ourselves. ", "Hehe!", "\n\nOur product line has grown and so has the list to go through, for the remainder I’ll just simplify.", "\n\nCraft Chocolate Bars: 610\n\n90 Cakes, 250 Cake Slices, 100 Chocolate Tortes\n\nBirthday, anniversary, weddings, and more. ", "We love to be a part of a party.", "\n\nThe list could go on but that’s most of it. ", "All in all we crafted a plethora (yea.. great word) of chocolates, confections and cakes. ", "Doting on them and then herding them to you for enjoyment.", "\n\n2014, Chocolate Conquest\n\nThe new year lay before us. ", "We’ve expanded our stores and now occupy an area of South Charlotte. ", "Some equipment choices will help us manage growing demand. ", "New treats and offerings are being developed. ", "We listen, and listen, and listen to your ideas and are working on putting them in motion. ", "We’re still small, still agile, and this year will probably be a record setting year of work but we feel great about it.", "\n\nThank You\n\nI say it a lot because it’s often forgotten or not heard. ", "We are where we are because people like you trust us, love us, and want to see our family succeed. ", "Each year doesn’t get any easier. ", "Becoming established takes a grueling amount of work and time, but when you come in and support us, smile, laugh and share with us, it is all worthwhile.", "\n\nWe’re growing up. ", "It was a fabulous 2013 and we are ready for what lay ahead in 2014. ", "Thank you.", "\n\nTwitter Carousel\n\nAuthor Andy\n\nAndy is a jack-of-all trades. ", "Technologist, designer, super palate enabled crazy individual. ", "He is like a madman helping The Secret Chocolatier reach new heights and when he's not doing that, or entertaining his new son, he might be falling out of nearly perfect airplanes." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0 ]	0.002255	5
[ "By this Friday, some of you may be able to walk through the doors of your loved ones nursing home again to talk to them in person." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0 ]	0	5
[ "6/22/11\n\nhappy birthday to my boyfriend/room-mate/best bud jesse. ", "he's hating that he's twenty-eight today, but i've tried numerous times to explain to him that he looks like a teenager. ", "here's to twenty-eight years of awesomeness, plus another million more to come. ", "i have declared today universal jesse day. ", "celebrate. ", "celebrate hard." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "{% include \"includes/auth/janrain/signIn_traditional.html\" with message='It looks like you are already verified. ", "If you still have trouble signing in, you probably need a new confirmation link email.' %}", "\n\nDewhurst said SB5 passed 19-10, but with all the ruckus and noise, he couldn’t hear the proceedings, and now “I can’t sign the bill” so it can go to Gov. Rick Perry.", "\n\nUpdated at 2:45 a.m.\n\nSenate Bill 5 did not pass in time and will not be sent to the governor, two Democratic senators said after senators of both parties met privately in a room off the Senate floor for almost an hour.", "\n\nThe time stamp showing the vote completed after midnight was a deciding factor.", "\n\n“This will not become law,” said Sen. John Whitmire, D-Houston.", "\n\nMuch of the discussion was over how to word a statement on the vote in the official journal. ", "Some senators wanted to list the vote total, others wanted to note the disruption, Whitmire said.", "\n\nSenators were streaming onto the floor shortly before 3 a.m. in anticipation of an announcement.", "\n\nUpdated at 1:10 a.m.\n\nSen. Wendy Davis, speaking to a large and adoring crowd gathered outside the Senate door, thanked her supporters.", "\n\n“Today was democracy in action,” she told the crowd. “", "You all are the voices we were speaking for from the floor.”", "\n\nHer words were greeted with screaming applause that grew into an organized chant: “Wendy! ", "Wendy!”", "\n\nSpeaking a few minutes earlier with reporters, Davis said the effort was worth it, even if its results were ambiguous.", "\n\n“My back hurts,” she said. “", "And I don’t have a whole lot of words left.”", "\n\nDavis also said she did not believe the vote on Senate Bill 5 was proper, and she predicted some kind of response, perhaps a court challenge, would be coming. “", "Constitutionally, we are not to take votes or have any other action after midnight,” she said.", "\n\nThe Texas Legislative Service, the online presence of the Legislature, originally listed SB5 as having passed on “6-26-13,” or after midnight. ", "Shortly after 1 a.m., however, the listing was changed to reflect passage before midnight.", "\n\nIn the meantime, senators are still milling around on the floor. ", "The Senate never officially adjourned.", "\n\nUpdated at 12:48 a.m.\n\nDemocratic senators are continuing to insist that the vote on Senate Bill 5 was completed after the special session ended at midnight, invalidating passage.", "\n\nRepublican senators are just as insistent that the vote was legitimate and that the bill is on its way to Gov. Rick Perry.", "\n\nThe vote began at 11:45 p.m. For the next 15 minutes — far longer, actually — spectators in the gallery overlooking the Senate floor unleashed a tremendous and sustained scream that drowned out every effort to establish order. ", "With so many loud protesters outside the chambers, apparently there weren’t enough DPS troopers available, and spectators were escorted out very slowly.", "\n\nWith the initial vote stymied, senators were called up front to vote again shortly before midnight. ", "While that vote was still underway, Sens. ", "Royce West and Juan “Chuy” Hinojosa, both Democrats, began holding up their cell phones to show that they read “12:00.”", "\n\nAsked if the bill passed, Sen. Kirk Watson, D-Austin, said: “I don’t think it was, but who would know?”", "\n\nSen. Dan Patrick, R-Houston, predicted the vote was good.", "\n\n“I’m informed that we began that vote prior to midnight,” Patrick said. “", "I believe as long as a vote starts before midnight, you can pass a bill.”", "\n\nEfforts continue to locate a time-stamped copy of the vote.", "\n\nUpdated at 12:25 a.m.\n\nOver the sustained and screaming protests from spectators in the gallery, the Texas Senate tried to vote on a divisive abortion bill with only minutes to spare in the special session after Republicans managed to break a nationally watched filibuster by Sen. Wendy Davis.", "\n\nThe deafening screams drowned out the vote results and any appeal for order as troopers slowly emptied the gallery. ", "Some had to be dragged away.", "\n\nEven after midnight, it was not apparent whether a vote had been taken or if the bill had passed.", "\n\nRepublicans said it passed 17-12. ", "Several Democrats said midnight had passed while the vote was still being taken.", "\n\nDavis’ filibuster had passed the 10-hour mark, and the Fort Worth Democrat was still going strong, when Republicans were able to stop her from speaking with a ruling that she had violated the Senate’s filibuster rules for a third time. ", "Lt. ", "Gov. David Dewhurst’s ruling shortly after 10 p.m. cleared the way for a simple majority of the Republican-led body to vote to halt a filibuster that had gained national attention, including recognition from President Barack Obama.", "\n\nDewhurst’s ruling prompted many in the spectators’ gallery erupted in anger, with shouts of “Shame!” ", "giving way to sustained chants of “Let her speak!” ", "All business in the Senate was halted for several minutes until order could be restored and a large group of spectators ordered to leave the gallery.", "\n\nThat was nothing compared to the ruling that cut off all debate, leading to a final vote on Senate Bill 5.", "\n\nState Sen. Kirk Watson, D-Austin, had appealed the ruling, and upset Democratic senators rose to make a series of parliamentary inquiries, working to draw out the debate until the special session ended at midnight.", "\n\nRepublicans moved to cut off debate, with Sen. Robert Duncan, D-Lubbock, who was leading the Senate, declined to recognize several Democrats’ calls to be recognized to speak. ", "Pandemonium followed.", "\n\nDavis had launched her filibuster of Senate Bill 5 at 11:18 a.m. Wearing pink tennis shoes and a much-debated back brace, she needed to talk for 12 hours and 42 minutes to block a vote on the bill.", "\n\nUpdated at 10:10 p.m.\n\nThe point of order by Sen. Donna Campbell was ruled to be good shortly after 10 p.m., all but ending the filibuster by Sen. Wendy Davis.", "\n\nIt was the third rules violation ruled against Davis. ", "That allows the Senate to vote on whether to stop the filibuster by a simple majority in the Republican-dominated Senate.", "\n\nThe ruling was greeted by shouts of dismay from many in the orange-glad audience.", "\n\n“Let her speak,” they loudly chanted for several minutes, bringing the Senate to a standstill until Department of Public Safety officers cleared many from the gallery.", "\n\nSen. Kirk Watson, D-Austin, moved to appeal the ruling by Dewhurst.", "\n\nUpdated at 9:50 p.m.\n\nAs Sen. Wendy Davis’s filibuster has passed the 10-hour mark, Sen. Donna Campbell, R-New Braunfels, has made an objection, saying Davis has strayed from the subject of the abortion bill by talking about the pre-abortion sonogram requirement passed in the Legislature in 2011.", "\n\nThe motion is being debated out of earshot at the front desk.", "\n\nDavis has operated for the last several hours under two rules violations, with one more needed before the GOP senators can stop her from speaking.", "\n\nDavis has shown no sign of flagging. ", "In fact, she has refused to take questions from three Republican senators, including Campbell. ", "When Davis declined to engage, Campbell asked, “Even to a female and a physician?”", "\n\nThe crowd waiting to get in to the Senate gallery winds down from the Capitol’s third floor, to its second floor, down to the first floor and splits down two hallways in the first floor. ", "The filibuster has also drawn national attention, including a tweet from President Barack Obama: ““Something special is happening in Austin tonight. #", "StandWithWendy.”", "\n\nUpdated at 7:19 p.m.: The Texas Senate has just voted to give Sen. Wendy Davis a second warning that her filibuster could soon end, because she put on a back-support brace with the assistance of another senator an hour ago.", "\n\nThe vote was 17-11, along party lines.", "\n\nDavis needs to filibuster until midnight to stop a controversial and politically charged anti-abortion bill.", "\n\nThe next time a point of order is raised, the Senate will vote on whether to end the filibuster, said Sen. Tommy Williams, R-The Woodlands, who raised the objection to the back brace.", "\n\nUpdated at 6:40 p.m.: Lt. ", "Gov. David Dewhurst has just stopped Sen. Wendy Davis’ filibuster over a question of whether she was allowed to put on a back-support brace an hour ago, with the help of another senator.", "\n\nHe said he plans to let the Senate vote on whether to allow the assistance. ", "That probably means a vote along party lines, meaning Davis’ talking will be one warning from its end. ", "Senators get two wa rnings before the Senate can vote to end the filibuster.", "\n\nDavis is a Democrat in the GOP-controlled Senate.", "\n\nSen. Tommy Williams, R-The Woodlands, raised the parliamentary objection to the brace, which occurred as other senators were conferring with Lt. ", "Gov. David Dewhurst on a previous parliamentary objection raised by Republicans.", "\n\nStatesman.com has photos in its online gallery of Sen. Rodney Ellis, D-Houston, helping Davis put on the brace. ", "GOP senators said they viewed the photos to confirm that Davis put on the brace.", "\n\nA vote is upcoming.", "\n\nUpdated at 5:45 p.m.: Sen. Wendy Davis has received one warning to stay on topic in her filibuster.", "\n\nIf she receives two more warnings, it will require a vote of the Senate to determine whether to end the filibuster. ", "Approval takes a simple majority.", "\n\nUpdated at 5:30 p.m.: Sen. Robert Nichols, R-Jacksonville, unsuccessfully tried twice to stop the filibuster by asserting that Sen. Wendy Davis, D-Fort Worth, had strayed from discussing SB 5. ", "Lt. ", "Gov. David Dewhurst just warned Davis to stay on topic.", "\n\nUnder Senate rules, a filibustering senator can receive three warnings before she or he can be forced to stop talking.", "\n\nEarlier: With tensions running high on both sides, state Sen. Wendy Davis continued a dramatic filibuster Tuesday afternoon designed to block passage of a controversial and politically charged anti-abortion bill.", "\n\nBecause the special legislative session will end at midnight, the Fort Worth Democrat could succeed if she continues talking on Senate Bill 5 — a move that would block a mandate by top state Republican leaders to pass the measure during the special legislative session.", "\n\nAt a time when the national Republican Party has made abortion a key issue, Tuesday’s filibuster quickly attracted a national following — through social media, streaming video from the Senate and in e-mails and press releases from advocates on both sides.", "\n\nLeaders in the GOP-controlled Senate who want the bill to pass said at mid-afternoon they were considering invoking a little-used rule to end the filibuster with a vote, a move that other Republicans had earlier vowed not to use. ", "They planned to let Davis talk the day out — as long as she stays within the rules for such speeches, with no leaning on her desk or no pausing or straying off the subject.", "\n\nThere was no immediate indication when the move might take place.", "\n\nDavis said she intended to talk until midnight.", "\n\nDavis’ filibuster could also kill two other important measures still pending: a transportation-funding resolution and a bill on the penalty for 17-year-olds who commit capital murder.", "\n\nLt. ", "Gov. David Dewhurst chose not to bring up those measures before Senate Bill 5, even though Democrats had said publicly they would lend the support needed to pass them. ", "A Dewhurst spokesman has not responded to a request for comment.", "\n\nIf the measures do not pass, Dewhurst earlier said he expects that Gov. Rick Perry will call the Legislature back into a second special session. ", "That did little to dissuade the vocal opposition from Democrats and others, including protesters who have packed the Capitol at various times since the House debate occurred on Sunday.", "\n\nWearing pink Mizuno tennis shoes, Davis began the filibuster at 11:18 a.m., when Dewhurst interrupted the author of Senate Bill 5, the anti-abortion bill, as he was explaining its provisions and asking the Senate to accept a tougher House-passed version that some GOP leaders believe will close most abortion clinics in Texas.", "\n\nDewhurst asked Davis if she intended to filibuster, as she had announced on Monday. ", "She said yes, and immediately began talking in opposition to the bill.", "\n\nAs Davis entered the chamber before the debate began, she was cheered by dozens of protesters wearing orange t-shirts who were standing-room-only in the gallery. ", "Dewhurst quickly admonished them that outbursts could get them ejected by state troopers stationed around the perimeter of the gallery.", "\n\nDavis began her speech by blasting Republican leaders at the statehouse for using the special session to advance a political agenda at the cost of women’s health. ", "Not only did the Senate allow the bill to be debated without the two-thirds support that is traditionally required, she said, but political ambitions of some leaders have taken priority over the best interests of Texas.", "\n\nShe called it “a raw abuse of power.”", "\n\n“The reality of this bill is not to make women safer … it’s to force the closure of facilities across the state of Texas that would provide proper care to women,” Davis said.", "\n\n“Partisanship and ambition are not unusual in a state capitol … (but) right here, in Texas, right now, it has risen to a level of profound irresponsibility and the raw abuse of power. ", "The actions intended by our state’s leaders hurt Texas; they hurt Texas women and their families.”", "\n\nTuesday’s filibuster was the second of Davis’ Senate career, and is likely to trigger increased speculation that Davis could be a future candidate for governor or other statewide office. ", "She is currently running for reelection to her Senate seat.", "\n\nTwo years ago, in what was believed to be one of the shortest filibusters in Texas Senate history, Davis talked for just over an hour and 20 minutes to kill a school-finance bill she opposed.", "The bill passed anyway in a special session that began the next day.", "\n\nThe Texas filibuster record: 43 hours in 1977 by then-Sen. Bill Meier of Euless, who was trying to defeat a bill on workplace injury claims. ", "The bill passed immediately after Meier sat down from his talk-a-thon.", "\n\nSince the first Texas Legislature met in 1846, there have been more than 100 filibusters, according to state archives in the Legislative Reference Library.", "\n\nFor the first hour of Davis’ filibuster Tuesday, most senators — Republicans and Democrats — stayed in their seats listening to her remarks. ", "They then began filtering out into the senators’ lounge to eat lunch, where several GOP senators said a strategy was being explored to stop Davis’ speech later today so SB 5 and the remaining bills can be passed.", "\n\nIn the seats ringing the Senate chamber floor sat an array of Texas House members: Democrats who unsuccessfully tried to stop passage of SB 5 on Sunday and Monday, and Republicans who strongly supported it. ", "Both sides said they expect Perry will likely call lawmakers back into another special session if the bills die because of the filibuster.", "\n\nSen. Kirk Watson, D-Austin, the chairman of Senate Democrats, said Davis, a mother of two and an outspoken advocate on women’s issues, led the filibuster because of her involvement in women’s health care.", "\n\n“There’s an assault on women in this state and this legislation is a prime example of that,” Watson said. “", "It’s important that a woman who’s the mother of two daughters will be the one standing. ", "We will all be there providing assistance and help.”", "\n\nFor supporters of SB 5, Tuesday’s filibuster was upsetting, even maddening. ", "At mid-afternoon, conservative Republican lawmakers from Tarrant County were poised to deliver 84,610 blank pages of pink and light-blue paper to Davis’ office representing lives lost to abortions in 2011.", "\n\n“It is my hope and prayer that Senator Davis would recognize all of the letters that will never be written due to the tragedy of abortion today,” said state Rep. Jonathan Stickland, R-Bedford.", "\n\nMary Hartwick, a Georgetown mother of two grown children and grandmother of six, echoed the sentiment: “This is not about politics. ", "It is not about filibusters. ", "It is about the death of unborn children. ", "It has to stop.”", "\n\nAs Tuesday’s filibuster progressed, the gallery remained full — mostly with abortion rights supporters who oppose SB 5. ", "Despite occasional outbursts and light applause as Davis read from letters from women who opposed SB 5, the crowd was mostly quiet.", "\n\nAt one point, at midafternoon, after spectators applauded and hissed, Sen. Tommy Williams, R-The Woodlands, had Dewhurst read a Senate rule that allows the Legislature to imprison for 48 hours anyone who disrupte the proceedings.", "\n\nAbout 12:40 p.m., a demonstrator in the gallery began yelling about abortions being genocide. ", "Mike Bradford of Austin was quickly ousted by troopers, but was not arrested.", "\n\n“Abortions disproportionately affect African-Americans, and I see all these white women here opposing this (bill),” he told reporters outside the gallery. “", "They are killing innocent lives. ", "Someone needs to say that. ", "That’s why I am here.”" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0.011976047904191617, 0.00904977375565611, 0, 0.03076923076923077, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.013793103448275862, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.008064516129032258, 0.004366812227074236, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0.009523809523809525, 0.01694915254237288, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.006779661016949152, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.008658008658008658, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0.009259259259259259, 0.009259259259259259, 0.011299435028248588, 0, 0.01507537688442211, 0.012422360248447204, 0.017857142857142856, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0.011834319526627219, 0.028985507246376812, 0.013377926421404682, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.02564102564102564, 0.010526315789473684, 0.024390243902439025, 0.005291005291005291, 0.013333333333333334, 0.0625, 0.008888888888888889, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.010810810810810811, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.01282051282051282, 0.009708737864077669, 0.013157894736842105, 0.058823529411764705, 0.006802721088435374, 0.0125, 0.017543859649122806, 0.025, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.010256410256410256, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.008333333333333333, 0.004672897196261682, 0.0036900369003690036, 0.007782101167315175, 0.008620689655172414, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.005405405405405406, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.015625, 0.02040816326530612, 0.005434782608695652, 0.021341463414634148, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0.01694915254237288, 0.010362694300518135, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.012738853503184714, 0.006993006993006993, 0.009433962264150943, 0.009569377990430622, 0.007246376811594203, 0.014563106796116505, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0.010309278350515464, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.017316017316017316, 0, 0.025974025974025976, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.008277	5
[ "About the мovie dating a girl with a baby:\n\nWhich is a lot of nonsense. ", "Just be there for her. ", "You could start dating this woman, establish a wicked sex life, laugh together, have a bunch of fun dates , and then get vetoed by a 4-year-old.", "\n\nA random phone call or text to see how her day is going is a great gesture that will break up the monotony of her day and will put a smile on her face. ", "Very well, then — proceed with caution, but only after you also think about one more issue. ", "Remember milestones her children are nearing.", "\n\nComments:\n\nRui_freitas27.10.2019 at 01:06\n\nRecognize That Dating a Woman with Children Can Be Different Than Dating a Person without Children Dating a woman with children may be similar to dating anyone else in some ways, however, it should be acknowledged that a woman with children will have other priorities. ", "Also consider online counseling for couples. ", "In fact, the solution is really simple: stay out of it. ", "There are a ton of online dating sites out there full of gorgeous people who aren't also parents.", "\n\nFuckthatsgoodcrack04.11.2019 at 19:23\n\nBeautiful woman with great ass and a pussy made for licking, sucking, fucking; and small breasts which i like.", "\n\nOldengl29.10.2019 at 03:51\n\nI like the acting in the beginning. ", "First time a dialogue in porn had caught my interest\n\nStripperName28.10.2019 at 06:37\n\nJe me sent moins seul d'un coup a aller chercher la video\n\nGirlsinbikini28.10.2019 at 06:00\n\nOMG ty baby, i am so happy that you could feel this energy s2\n\nCarlPops28.10.2019 at 13:43\n\nI just squirted all over me and my bed. ", "I am soaked head to toe and my bed is dripping\n\nYudgenS27.10.2019 at 01:06\n\nDoes this sound like a fun time? ", "Try Match. ", "Take the first step today. ", "She will never be over it and wants the benefits of a boyfriend with no strings attached.", "\n\nGustavoGallegos0127.10.2019 at 01:06\n\nOffer to cover the cost of a babysitter. ", "Structuring some dates this way may also help the child accept you. ", "Email Discuss This! ", "Going at a pace that allows you to learn more about yourself, your partner, and the family dynamics will help both of you decide if this is a good fit.", "\n\nElderly1727.10.2019 at 01:06\n\nAs long as your definition of a great relationship can expand to include dealing with infant diarrhea, a potentially angry ex-husband, canceled dates, and being judged by a temperamental child. ", "Having a child is like navigating portions of calm in between storms of activity. ", "Get to know her before making judgments about her sexual preferences. ", "Step 5 Deal with the details of the situation. ", "In exchange for giving his oldest son permission to date, he handwrote question prompts about creating close relationships and asked his son to answer them." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0031847133757961785, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003205128205128205, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.05, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.00631	5
[ "/\n Copyright 2019 Ververica GmbH.\n \n Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n \n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n \n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n /\n\npackage com.ververica.statefun.flink.core.logger;\n\nimport java.util.", "ArrayDeque;\nimport javax.annotation.", "Nullable;\nimport javax.annotation.concurrent.", "NotThreadSafe;\nimport org.apache.flink.core.memory.", "MemorySegment;\nimport org.apache.flink.core.memory.", "MemorySegmentFactory;\nimport org.apache.flink.core.memory.", "MemorySegmentSource;\n\n@NotThreadSafe\nfinal class MemorySegmentPool implements MemorySegmentSource {\n static final int PAGE_SIZE = 64 1024;\n\n private final ArrayDeque<MemorySegment> pool;\n private final long inMemoryBufferSize;\n private long totalAllocatedMemory;\n\n MemorySegmentPool(long inMemoryBufferSize) {\n this.pool = new ArrayDeque<>();\n this.inMemoryBufferSize = inMemoryBufferSize;\n }\n\n @Nullable\n @Override\n public MemorySegment nextSegment() {\n MemorySegment segment = pool.pollFirst();\n if (segment !", "= null) {\n return segment;\n }\n //\n // no segments in the pool, try to allocate one.", "\n //\n if (!", "hasRemainingCapacity()) {\n return null;\n }\n segment = MemorySegmentFactory.allocateUnpooledSegment(PAGE_SIZE);\n totalAllocatedMemory += PAGE_SIZE;\n return segment;\n }\n\n void release(MemorySegment segment) {\n if (totalAllocatedMemory > inMemoryBufferSize) {\n //\n // we previously overdraft.", "\n //\n segment.free();\n totalAllocatedMemory -= PAGE_SIZE;\n return;\n }\n pool.add(segment);\n }\n\n int getSegmentSize() {\n return PAGE_SIZE;\n }\n\n void ensureAtLeastOneSegmentPresent() {\n if (!", "pool.isEmpty()) {\n //\n // the next allocation would succeeded because the pool is not empty\n //\n return;\n }\n if (hasRemainingCapacity()) {\n //\n // the next allocation would succeeded because the total allocated size is within the allowed\n // range\n //\n return;\n }\n //\n // we overdraft momentarily.", "\n //\n MemorySegment segment = MemorySegmentFactory.allocateUnpooledSegment(PAGE_SIZE);\n totalAllocatedMemory += PAGE_SIZE;\n pool.add(segment);\n }\n\n private boolean hasRemainingCapacity() {\n return totalAllocatedMemory + PAGE_SIZE <= inMemoryBufferSize;\n }\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.011494252873563218, 0.006329113924050633, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.017241379310344827, 0.013108614232209739, 0, 0, 0.003115264797507788, 0, 0.0028011204481792717, 0.0036231884057971015 ]	0.007164	5
[ "Can we define the optimal sequence of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant nonsmall cell lung cancer?", "\nThe most common mechanism of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is acquisition of the T790M gatekeeper mutation. ", "Third-generation EGFR TKIs irreversibly inhibit EGFR mutants (EGFRm), especially T790M, while sparing wild-type EGFR. ", "There are several third-generation EGFR TKIs under development, including osimertinib, CO-1686 (rociletinib), HM61713 (olmutinib), ASP8273, and EGF816. ", "These third-generation EGFR TKIs have shown promising efficacy with favorable toxicity profiles in the management of advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with an acquired T790M mutation (EGFR). ", "In the present review, we will discuss the evolving treatment landscape of EGFRm NSCLC. ", "The LUX-Lung 7 study demonstrated superior progression-free survival, time-to-treatment failure, and objective response rate with afatinib versus gefitinib, but no significant overall survival improvement in TKI-naïve EGFRm NSCLC patients. ", "In EGFRm NSCLC patients harboring T790M after treatment with first-generation or second-generation EGFR TKIs, third-generation EGFR TKIs showed robust efficacy with tolerable toxicity. ", "The updated results of phase I studies have demonstrated encouraging activity of first-line osimertinib in patients with EGFRm NSCLC. ", "Following progression with first-generation or second-generation EGFR TKIs, osimertinib was recently approved for the treatment of EGFR NSCLC. ", "Encouraging early results with osimertinib have sparked interest in first-line treatment of EGFRm NSCLC, and head-to-head comparison studies of third-generation versus first-generation EGFR TKIs are being developed." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.01, 0.011363636363636364, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0.006993006993006993, 0.004651162790697674 ]	0.006177	5
[ "Friday, July 29, 2016\n\n2016 North West Deuce Days - Sunday July 23- The Big Show (Part 3)\n\nWell, all good things must come to an end. ", "After a long day of checking out some of the nicest cars around and walking a total of 14kms, we fired up the old banger and headed for our 6 o'clock ferry reservation. ", "Below is a shot of my son as we wait in the line up to board.", "\n\nThis is what it looks like from the passenger seat of the car as we load up on the ferry to head home and get some needed rest from our little vacation.", "\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\nAbout Me\n\nOfficially I have been in the automotive trade for twenty years. ", "But I started tinkering with engines at a very early age. ", "I have had an obsession with anything that involves internal combustion starting with the outboards on my Grandfathers fishing boats to leading to dirt bikes and early VWs and hot rods.", "\nDuring my 20 years in the trade I spent five years at a VW/Audi/Honda high performance shop before moving into a role as a diagnostic technician at a very busy small shop in Langley. ", "I also spent a brief period at the dealer level.", "\nI have recently moved into a role as an Automotive Instructor." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.015873015873015872 ]	0.002674	5
[ "Amino acid residues in third intracellular loop of melanocortin 1 receptor are involved in G-protein coupling.", "\nTo delineate domains essential for G-protein coupling in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), we mutated polar and basic residues to alanine at eleven positions in the putative third intracellular loop and determined consequent changes in the ligand binding and generation of second messenger cAMP. ", "Results demonstrate that ligand binding affinity was not affected by any of the mutations. ", "However, every mutant displayed reduced functional response as compared to the wild type receptor. ", "Replacement of residues (K226, R227, Q228, R229, H232, Q233 and K238) present in second half of third intracellular loop resulted in an almost complete loss of functional response. ", "The results have demonstrated that the amino acid residues present in C-terminal portion of third intracellular loop of MC1R are involved in coupling to G-protein and that a region of four amino acids, K226-R227-Q228-R229 is essential for coupling of MC1R to G-protein." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016574585635359115, 0.007434944237918215 ]	0.004002	5
[ "Q:\n\nAutocomplete with jquery ajax?", "\n\nRight now I am populating a dropdown div of an input with data on an unordered list on afterauth.php with this code (on keyup of the input):\n$(\"#dropdown\").load(\"../invites/afterauth.php\");\n\nAll this code does is when i type into the input, it loads the data in a nice list in the dropdown div.", "\nI need to be able to do a bit more:\nFirst, I want the data that drops down to act as an \"autocomplete\" for the characters being entered in the input. ", " So if I begin typing \"ac\" into the input, data from afterauth.php such as \"actual\" and accept\" will show in the dropdown.", "\nSecond, I want to limit the data shown on the dropdown list to 6 items, and again, I'm confused on how to do that.", "\nThanks!", "\n\nA:\n\n$(\"#dropdown\").autocomplete('../invites/afterauth.php',{key:value});\n\nkey and value pair should be as per ajax call.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.0033783783783783786, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000422	5
[ "Core indicators of quality in practice education placements in allied health and social care professions: a scoping review protocol.", "\nThe objectives of this scoping review are: i) to explore quality practice education placements from the perspective of allied health stakeholders including students and professional organizations, and to conceptually map the evidence within a quality framework; and ii) to identify any gaps in the literature.", "The researchers seek to answer the specific research question: what are the core indicators of quality in practice education as reported by stakeholders across allied health and social care professions?" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "Food abundance and weather influence habitat-specific ranging patterns in forest- and savanna mosaic-dwelling red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius).", "\nPrimates that live in predominantly forested habitats and open, savanna mosaics should exhibit behavioral responses to differing food distributions and weather. ", "We compared ecological constraints on red-tailed monkey ranging behavior in forest and savanna mosaic environments. ", "Intraspecific variation in adaptations to these conditions may reflect similar pressures faced by hominins during the Plio-Pleistocene. ", "We followed six groups in moist evergreen forest at Ngogo (Uganda) and one group in a savanna-woodland mosaic at the Issa Valley (Tanzania). ", "We used spatial analyses to compare home range sizes and daily travel distances (DTD) between sites. ", "We used measures of vegetation density and phenology to interpolate spatially explicit indices of food (fruit, flower, and leaves) abundance. ", "We modeled DTD and range use against food abundance. ", "We modeled DTD and at Issa hourly travel distances (HTD), against temperature and rainfall. ", "Compared to Issa, monkeys at Ngogo exhibited significantly smaller home ranges and less variation in DTD. ", "DTD related negatively to fruit abundance, which had a stronger effect at Issa. ", "DTD and HTD related negatively to temperature but not rainfall. ", "This effect did not differ significantly between sites. ", "Home range use did not relate to food abundance at either site. ", "Our results indicate food availability and thermoregulatory constraints influence red-tailed monkey ranging patterns. ", "Intraspecific variation in home range sizes and DTD likely reflects different food distributions in closed and open habitats. ", "We compare our results with hypotheses of evolved hominin behavior associated with the Plio-Pleistocene shift from similar closed to open environments." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.021739130434782608, 0.018867924528301886, 0.025, 0.03125, 0, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0 ]	0.009088	5
[ "Hillary speeches reveal a pro-war corporatist elitist\n\nOn October 15, WikiLeaks released emails from Clinton campaign Chair John Podesta that contained full transcripts from three speeches Hillary Clinton gave to Goldman Sachs. ", "The speeches, which Clinton refused to release during the Democratic primaries, confirmed what millennials and progressives fear most about her—that she is a war mongering, pro-Wall Street elitist.", "\n\nIn the second presidential debate, Clinton affirmed her support for a no-fly zone in Syria. ", "In April, White House Security Adviser Ben Rhodes criticized the idea, as it would divert resources away from fighting ISIS. ", "In a 2013 interview with TheNew York Times, General Martin E. Dempsey estimated 70,000 ground troops would be needed to enact and maintain a no-fly zone in Syria, with those estimates likely much higher now that Russia is involved in the conflict, and could risk direct military conflict with Russian forces.", "\n\nThough Clinton supporters have cited saving civilian lives as a reason for supporting a no-fly zone in Syria, during a June 2013 speech to Goldman Sachs, Clinton admitted creating one would cause a lot of casualties in Syria. “", "To have a no-fly zone you have to take out all of the air defense, many of which are located in populated areas,” she said. “", "So our missiles, even if they are standoff missiles so we’re not putting our pilots at risk—you’re going to kill a lot of Syrians. ", "So all of a sudden this intervention that people talk about so glibly becomes an American and NATO involvement where you take a lot of civilians.”", "\n\nRegarding China, Clinton described an argument she had with Chinese officials about the Pacific Ocean: “We liberated it, we defended it. ", "We have as much claim to all of the Pacific. ", "And we could call it the American Sea, and it could go from the West Coast of California all the way to the Philippines.” ", "Later in the discussion, Clinton added “we’re going to ring China with missile defense. ", "We’re going to put more of our fleet in the area.”", "\n\nClinton also complained that covertly intervening in foreign affairs isn’t as easy as it used to be. “", "My view was you intervene as covertly as is possible for Americans to intervene,” Clinton said. “", "We used to be much better at this than we are now. ", "Now, you know, everybody can’t help themselves. ", "They have to go out and tell their friendly reporters and somebody else: ‘Look what we’re doing and I want credit for it,’ and all the rest of it.”", "\n\nHer foreign policy record is a frequently-cited complaint from progressives who oppose Clinton’s perpetuation of endless war. ", "Under her service as secretary of state, weapons exports from the United States to foreign governments substantially increased, while Clinton supported several disastrous regime changes abroad.", "\n\nBut wait, there’s more. ", "In her speeches regarding the 2008 economic recession, Clinton sided with Wall Street. ", "For years, there has been a public outcry to prosecute top executive bankers for the fraudulent and illegal behaviors that caused the 2008 economic recession, but instead of any repercussions, the big banks received big bailouts and impunity. ", "Clinton demonstrated that she was okay with that in her speeches.", "\n\n“There’s nothing magic about regulations, too much is bad, too little is bad. ", "How do you get to the golden key, how do we figure out what works? ", "And the people that know the industry better than anybody are the people who work in the industry,” Clinton said during an October 2013 speech to Goldman Sachs.", "\n\nClinton claimed the backlash and resentment toward Wall Street was a “misunderstanding” and said banks weren’t performing as well as they could out of fear of regulations. “", "There are so many places in our country where the banks are not doing what they need to do because they’re scared of regulations,” she said. ", "Clinton then said Dodd-Frank was enacted for “political reasons.” ", "Had these speeches been exposed during the Democratic primaries, they would have had severely negative implications, and undermined Clinton’s self-portrayal as a presidential candidate who will rein in Wall Street.", "\n\nPodesta’s emails revealed the top administration positions for Barack Obama’s presidency in 2008 were nearly entirely outlined by then-Citigroup executive Michael Froman. ", "Clinton and the Democratic Party have received millions of dollars in campaign contributions from Wall Street firms in 2016. ", "Her ties to Wall Street and dubious campaign contributions suggest Wall Street’s impunity and influence in government will only worsen under a Clinton presidency. ", "This is in addition to the militaristic rhetoric from Clinton, likely to continue perpetuating U.S. engagement in military conflicts abroad." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.021929824561403508, 0.005076142131979695, 0.010638297872340425, 0.024, 0.006493506493506494, 0.013100436681222707, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.004672897196261682, 0.011560693641618497, 0.016, 0.006134969325153374, 0.007142857142857143 ]	0.007235	5
[ "CHESAPEAKE CRAB SKIFF\n\nA fast and stable boat that can carry a real load\n\nBased on traditional crabbing skiff documentation by Howard Chapelle, this has proven to be a fast and stable boat that can carry a real load. ", "While primarily a sailing skiff, she is reasonably handy under oars and easily driven with a tiny outboard. ", "She also display good manners when towed.", "\n\nAs Mike O’Brien said in his WoodenBoat design review, “Doug Hylan has drawn a striking skiff that looks sharp in any company.” ", "Plans are on four sheets: Lines and offsets, construction, leg o’ mutton sail plan and sprit sail plan." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.009216589861751152, 0, 0, 0.015503875968992248, 0 ]	0.004944	5
[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a relatively uncommon, malignant, head and neck cancer that is found worldwide but is highly prevalent in South China and Southeast Asia [@pone.0109951-Wu1]. ", "It frequently occurs in the Guangdong area, China, where the annual incidence reaches 25 cases per 100,000 [@pone.0109951-Busson1]. ", "A combination of radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy is now the standard treatment for NPC. ", "However, the 5-year survival rate is only 50--60% due to the frequency of distant metastasis and local recurrence and the long-term secondary effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy [@pone.0109951-Xu1]. ", "In addition, these methods may sometimes cause severe acute toxicity and even increased incidence of late complications without obvious survival benefits [@pone.0109951-Xiao1]. ", "Currently, the use of natural, synthetic or biologic chemicals has been considered as effective cancer chemopreventions in the prevention, suppression or delay of the carcinogenesis process [@pone.0109951-Huang1].", "\n\nThe plant Rabdosia serra (R. serra), which is called Xihuangcao in Chinese, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries as a characteristic plant resource in south China. ", "The genus R. serra is well known for its antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities [@pone.0109951-China1], is a rich source of diterpenoids and is widely distributed in China. ", "It has been shown that some chemicals isolated from this plant have inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. ", "The strong cytotoxicities of diterpenoids isolated from R. serra, such as nodosin, oridonin and lasiokaurin, against human cancer cells were verified in previous investigations. ", "Diterpenoid could effectively reduce the accumulation of COX-2 protein to exhibit cytotoxicity against cancer cells [@pone.0109951-Fang1]. ", "It also has been shown that diterpenoids (quercetin and oridonin) derived from I. Japonicus exerted its anticancer properties by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathways [@pone.0109951-Nitoda1]-[@pone.0109951-Cui1]. ", "Additionally, it is known that effusanin C inhibits inflammatory responses via blocking NF-κB signaling in monocytes [@pone.0109951-Kim1].", "\n\nCOX-2 is an inducible enzyme that plays a critical role in multiple pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, tissue injury, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis [@pone.0109951-Sinicrope1], [@pone.0109951-Singh1]. ", "COX-2 is chronically overexpressed in many premalignant, malignant, and metastatic human cancers, and its expression is tightly controlled by the binding of multiple transactivators such as NF-κB. The transcription factor NF-κB includes two important members: p50 and p65. ", "NF-κB regulates the transcription of a large number of genes, particularly those involved in immune, inflammatory and antiapoptotic responses [@pone.0109951-Ghosh1]. ", "The well-known anti-inflammatory substances such as glucocorticoids or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert at least a portion of their effects by inhibiting NF-κB activity [@pone.0109951-DeBosscher1]--[@pone.0109951-Yamamoto1].", "\n\nIn this study, we isolated and identified effusanin E from R. Serra and analyzed its anticancer activity and elucidated the underlying mechanisms of its antitumor activities in NPC cells.", "\n\nResults {#s2}\n=======\n\nIsolation and identification of effusanin E from R. serra {#s2a}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nEffusanin E was purified and characterized according to our previous report [@pone.0109951-Lin1] and obtained as a white, amorphous powder. ", "HPLC analysis showed that the compound purified from R. Serra was pure ([Fig. ", "1A](#pone-0109951-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The mass spectrum (MS) and ^1^H and ^13^C NMR assays identified the chemical structure of the compound as effusanin E ([Fig. ", "1B](#pone-0109951-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Based on our data previously reported [@pone.0109951-Lin1], the amount of effusanin E ranked second to rosmarinic acid and higher than other diterpenoids in R. serra, so effusanin E was one of the main substance from R. Serra [@pone.0109951-Lin1]. ", "The data of mass spectrum and ^1^H and ^13^C NMR of effusanin E were indicated below. ", "Positive ESI MS m/z 387.1 \\[M+Na\\]^+^; ^1^H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d~6~): δ: 6.36 (1H, s, OH-7), 6.06 (1H, d, J = 10.3 Hz, OH-6), 5.78 (1H, s, H-17a), 5.50 (1H, s, H-17b), 5.34 (1H, d, J = 6.3 Hz, OH-11), 5.16 (1H, d, J = 4.5 Hz, OH-1), 4.33 (1H, m, H-11), 4.06 (1H, d, J = 10.4 Hz, H-20a), 3.87 (1H, dd, J = 1.74 Hz, J = 10.4 Hz, H-20b), 3.66 (1H, m, H-1), 3.58 (1H, dd, J = 5.9 Hz, J = 10.2 Hz, H-6), 3.10 (1H, dd, J = 4.1 Hz, J = 9.9 Hz, H-13), 2.60 (1H, m, H-12e), 2.12 (1H, d, J = 12.4 Hz, H-14e), 1.89 (1H, dd, J = 4.2 Hz, J = 12.4 Hz, H-14a), 1.54 (2H, m, H2-2), 1.43-1.38 (2H, m, H-3e and H-9), 1.24-1.19 (2H, m, H-3a and H-12a), 1.13 (1H, d, J = 5.6 Hz, H-5), 1.03 (3H, s, Me-18), 1.00 (3H, s, Me-19); ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d~6~): δ: 210.8 (C-15), 153.3 (C-16), 116.7 (C-17), 94.9 (C-7), 73.3 (C-6), 72.5 (C-1), 63.7 (C-20), 62.5 (C-11), 60.6 (C-5), 59.4 (C-8), 56.9 (C-9), 42.0 (C-10), 39.4 (C-3), 34.3 (C-13), 34.2 (C-4), 33.1 (C-19), 27.9 (C-2), 26.9 (C-14), 22.6 (C-18).", "\n\n![", "Purification and identification of effusanin E from R. serra.\\\n(A) HPLC analysis of effusanin E. (B) The structure of effusanin E (EFE). (", "C) Human CNE1 and CNE2 were treated with effusanin E (EFE) at 3.9--500 µM for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. ", "The viability of the cells was determined using the MTS assay. ", "Cells treated with the vehicle control (DMSO) were used as the reference group, with its cell viability set at 100%. ", "The percent cell viability of each treatment group was calculated relative to that of cells treated with the vehicle control. ", "The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. \\* ", "represent P\\<0.05.](pone.0109951.g001){#pone-0109951-g001}\n\nEffusanin E inhibited cell proliferation {#s2b}\n----------------------------------------\n\nThe effect of effusanin E on the proliferation of NPC cells was investigated using MTS and colony formation assays. ", "The result of the MTS assay showed that CNE1 and CNE2 cell viabilities were inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of effusanin E while normal cell line NP69 cell viability was not affected ([Fig. ", "1C](#pone-0109951-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, NPC cells became round, shrunken and detached from adjacent cells after 24 hours of treatment with effusanin E ([Fig. ", "2A](#pone-0109951-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To evaluate the long-term effects of effusanin E on NPC cell proliferation, colony formation was also carried out. ", "The colony size ([Fig. ", "2B](#pone-0109951-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and number ([Fig. ", "2C](#pone-0109951-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were reduced by effusanin E in a dose-dependent manner. ", "These results indicate that effusanin E inhibits cancer cell proliferation.", "\n\n![", "Effusanin E inhibits proliferation of NPC cells in vitro.\\\n(A) The cell morphology changes of human CNE1 and CNE2 cells after treatment with effusanin E (EFE) at 125 µM or 250 µM. (B) Colony formation assay of human CNE1 and CNE2 cells treated with effusanin E (EFE) at 3.1--25.0 µM. Cells were cultured as indicated in 6-well plates and treated with effusanin E for 10 days. ", "After treament, the cells were dyed with crystal violet and took pictures. (", "C) The number of colony formation assay. ", "The grown colonies of colony formation assay were scored. ", "The data are presented as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. \\* ", "represent P\\<0.05.](pone.0109951.g002){#pone-0109951-g002}\n\nEffusanin E induced apoptosis {#s2c}\n-----------------------------\n\nTo determine whether the cytotoxic effect of effusanin E was mediated via apoptosis, annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was performed. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "3A](#pone-0109951-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Fig. ", "3B](#pone-0109951-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the percentage of apoptotic NPC cells increased from approximately 0.8% to 20.3% in CNE1, and from 0.0% to 20.2% in CNE2 after treatment with effusanin E from 0 µM to 250 µM.\n\n![", "Effusanin E induced apoptosis.\\\n(A) Effusanin E (EFE) induced NPC cells apoptosis. ", "Apoptosis was analyzed using TUNEL-based, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and was represented by the relative percentages of TUNEL-positive cells versus those of DMSO-treated cells. (", "B) The percentages of apoptotic cells were calculated. (", "C) Western blotting of cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP proteins in NPC cells. ", "Total proteins isolated from the indicated cells were blotted with antibodies as labeled, and GAPDH was used as a control for sample loading.](pone.0109951.g003){#pone-0109951-g003}\n\nWe speculated that effusanin E affected the level of apoptotic genes. ", "We therefore measured the expression of cleaved caspase-3/9 and cleaved PARP as well as pro- caspase-3/9 and PARP, and found that the expression of these apoptotic, cleaved proteins were increased significantly while the expression of pro-caspase-3/9 and PARP were decreased in NPC cells that were treated with effusanin E ([Fig. ", "3C](#pone-0109951-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nEffusanin E inhibited COX-2 expression and promoter activity {#s2d}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nCOX-2 is an inducible enzyme that plays a critical role in multiple pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, tissue injury, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. ", "Effusanin E has antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. ", "Therefore, we verified that effusanin E inhibited COX-2 expression and found that effusanin E decreased the expression of COX-2 ([Fig. ", "4A](#pone-0109951-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n![", "Effusanin E affects activity of the COX-2 pathway.\\\n(A) NPC cells were pretreated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (2 µg/ml) for 8 hours then treated with effusanin E at 125 µM and 250 µM (EFE 125 µM or EFE 250 µM). ", "At 24 hours after treatment, COX-2 protein expression was determined by western blotting. (", "B) NPC cells were transfected with a luciferase expression vector containing a COX-2 5-flanking fragment for 8 hours and treated with effusanin E (EFE) at the indicated doses. ", "At 24 hours after treatment, COX-2 promoter activities were determined. (", "C) The effect of effusanin E was inhibited by an inhibitor of COX-2 in NPC cells. ", "NPC cells were treated with celecoxib (CB) (20 µM or 50 µM) for 8 hours followed by effusanin E at 125 µM and 250 µM (EFE 125 µM or EFE 250 µM) for up to 24 hours or 48 hours. ", "At the indicated time points, the cells were analyzed using the MTS assay. ", "The data are presented as the mean ± S.D. of three separate experiments. \\* ", "represent P\\<0.05.](pone.0109951.g004){#pone-0109951-g004}\n\nWe first determined the effects of effusanin E on COX-2 promoter activity. ", "We transfected NPC cells with a luciferase expression vector containing a 459-bp, COX-2 5-flanking fragment. ", "The results indicated that the promoter activity was comparably inhibited by effusanin E in a dose-dependent manner in CNE2 cells ([Fig. ", "4B](#pone-0109951-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nTo validate the role of effusanin E in regulating COX-2 signaling, we analyzed the effect of effusanin E on inhibition of cell proliferation by celecoxib, which is a COX-2-selective inhibitor. ", "Pretreatment of the cells with this COX-2-selective inhibitor (20 µM or 50 µM) dramatically affected the effusanin E-mediated inhibition of proliferation at 24 hours and 48 hours after treatment ([Fig. ", "4C](#pone-0109951-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nEffusanin E inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway {#s2e}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nMany studies have demonstrated that diverse inflammatory processes are regulated through NF-κB signaling. ", "NF-κB pathways are known to promote proinflammatory cytokine gene expression, and previous studies showed that COX-2 expression is tightly controlled by the binding of multiple transactivators such as NF-κB. We further examined whether the inhibition of COX-2 signaling by effusanin E was mediated through NF-κB signaling in NPC cells. ", "We determined the expression of p50/p65. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "5A](#pone-0109951-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, effusanin E effectively blocked the expression of p50 but did not alter the expression of p65. ", "We then pretreated NPC cells with PDTC (100 µM), a NF-κB-selective inhibitor, after effusanin E had been added at 125 µM and 250 µM for 8 hours. ", "After 24 hours or 48 hours, the cell viabilities of the PDTC-alone and PDTC with effusanin E-treated cells were nearly the same. ", "The results indicated that effusanin E significantly altered PDTC-mediated inhibition of NF-κB signaling ([Fig. ", "5C](#pone-0109951-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n![", "Effusanin E affects the activity of the NF-κB pathway.\\\n(A) Effusanin E inhibited the expression of p50 and p65. ", "NPC cells were treated with DMSO (basal) or LPS (2 µg/ml) for 8 hours followed by effusanin E treatment at125 µM or 250 µM (EFE 125 µM or EFE 250 µM) for up to 24 hours. ", "At the indicated time points, the cells were detected by Western blot analysis. (", "B) The binding of p50 and p65 NF-κB to the biotin-labeled, COX-2 promoter probe was analyzed by streptavidin-agarose pulldown assays, and the levels of p50 and p65 protein expression were detected by Western blot analysis. (", "C) The effect of effusanin E was inhibited by an inhibitor of NF-κB in NPC cells. ", "NPC cells were treated with PDTC (100 µM) for 8 hours followed by effusanin E at 125 µM and 250 µM (EFE 125 µM or EFE 250 µM) treatment for up to 24 hours or 48 hours. ", "At the indicated time points, the cells were analyzed using the MTS assay. (", "D) The effect of effusanin E was blocked by an activator of NF-κB. NPC cells were treated with LPS (2 µg/ml) or ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) (100 µM) for 8 hours followed by effusanin E at125 µM or 250 µM (EFE 125 µM or EFE 250 µM) treatment for up to 24 hours or 48 hours. ", "At the indicated time points, the cells were analyzed using the MTS assay. (", "E) Analysis of the reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 by immunofluorescence imaging (IFI). ", "CNE1 and CNE2 cells were treated with effusanin E at 125 µM (EFE) or PDTC (100 µM) or PDTC (100 µM) for 8 hours followed by effusanin E at 125 µM (PDTC + EFE), and NF-κB nuclear translocation in CNE1 and CNE2 cells was determined by immunofluorescence imaging analysis. \\* ", "represent P\\<0.05.](pone.0109951.g005){#pone-0109951-g005}\n\nNF-κB/COX-2 can be activated by LPS; therefore, we evaluated the effect of effusanin E on NF-κB/COX-2 activated by LPS. ", "We pretreated NPC cells with LPS (2 µg/ml) for 8 hours and then with effusanin E at 125 µM and 250 µM. 24 hours or 48 hours later, the effect of effusanin E was strongly blocked at a concentration of 125 µM, which was consistent with the effect by LPS, and cell viabilities of cells treated with effusanin E and LPS at 250 µM were higher than those treated with effusanin E alone (250 µM) ([Fig. ", "5D](#pone-0109951-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results showed that the effect of effusanin E toward NPC cells was greatly offset by LPS.", "\n\nWe then found reduced nuclear translocation of p65 in NPC cells by immunofluorescence imaging ([Fig. ", "5E](#pone-0109951-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Therefore, we determined whether the effusanin E-induced suppression of cell proliferation and COX-2 expression was mediated by inhibition of the binding of NF-κB to the COX-2 promoter in NPC cells. ", "We analyzed the binding of p50 and p65 NF-κB to a biotin-labeled, 479-bp COX-2 promoter region that corresponded to its 5-flanking sequence by streptavidin-agarose pulldown assays, and we confirmed that the expression of p50/p65 was decreased ([Fig. ", "5B](#pone-0109951-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results indicated that effusanin E suppressed COX-2 promoter activity by inhibiting p50/p65 binding to the COX-2 promoter, thus leading to decreased cell survival, and proliferation of NPC cells. ", "These results demonstrate the antitumor effects that are exerted by effusanin E through the modulation of the NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathways in Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas.", "\n\nEffusanin E inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model {#s2f}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo directly evaluate the effect of effusanin E on tumors in vivo, tumor growth of CNE2 cells in nude mice were tested using a tumor xenograft model. ", "When the tumors became palpable (∼200 mm^3^), the mice were treated with either a vehicle control or effusanin E at 10.0 mg/kg/d or 30.0 mg/kg/d for 30 days. ", "The results showed that tumor growth was decreased and slower after effusanin E treatment when compared with the vehicle control. ", "During the analysis, no significant weight changes in the mice were observed ([Fig. ", "6B](#pone-0109951-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results suggest that effusanin E did not induce significant weight loss and had no obvious toxicity. ", "Greater and heavier in vivo tumor formation and volume were observed in the control mice compared to mice treated with effusanin E ([Fig. ", "6A](#pone-0109951-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "After the mice were sacrificed, the tumors were removed from the mice and pictures were taken. ", "The weight of the tumors was showed in [Fig. ", "6C](#pone-0109951-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Thus, effusanin E was able to inhibit the growth of NPC tumor in vivo. ", "Furthermore, the expression of COX-2 and p50 were downregulated in the tumor, while the expression of p65 did not alter ([Fig. ", "6D](#pone-0109951-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}), these results are consistent with cell study.", "\n\n![", "Effusanin E suppressed tumor growth in a human NPC nude mice model.\\\n(A) Tumor volumes measured in situ and images of the mice that were treated with the negative control (20 µl DMSO and 80 µl PBS) or effusanin E (EFE) at the indicated doses. ", "The mice were randomly separated into three groups and treated with the negative control or effusanin E, and the tumor volumes were measured every other day. (", "B) Weight changes of the nude mice were measured after treatment every other day. (", "C) The weight of the tumors from the mice and images of tumors that were removed from the mice. ", "After the mice were sacrificed, the tumors were removed from the mice and pictures were taken. (", "D) Representative Western blot showing the expression of COX-2, p50 and p65 in the tumors from nude mice. ", "C1, C2 and C3 represent tumor 1, tumor 2 and tumor 3 from negative control. ", "L1, L2 and L3 represent tumor 1, tumor 2 and tumor 3 from effusanin E-treated mice at 10 mg/kg/d. H1, H2 and H3 represent tumor 1, tumor 2 and tumor 3 from effusanin E-treated mice at 30 mg/kg/d. \\* represent P\\<0.05.](pone.0109951.g006){#pone-0109951-g006}\n\nDiscussion {#s3}\n==========\n\nIn this study, we demonstrate that effusanin E inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of NPC cells in vitro. ", "Our study showed that effusanin E inhibited NF-κB signaling, furthermore, effusanin E reduced the tumor volume and weight of treament mice compared with the control group. ", "In detail, effusanin E inhibited the p50 protein level and reduced nuclear translocation of p65. ", "Pretreatment with a NF-κB-selective inhibitor had an additive effect on the effusanin E-mediated inhibition of proliferation and the nuclear translocation of p65, while pretreatment with LPS abrogated the effusanin E-mediated inhibition of proliferation. ", "We also found that effusanin E suppressed COX-2 promoter activity and inhibited p50/p65 binding to the COX-2 promoter, thus leading to decreased cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. ", "Also effusanin E stimulated PARP, caspase-3 and -9 cleavages. ", "To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrated effusanin E-exerted antitumor effects through the modulation of NF-κB signaling pathways and induced apotosis in NPC cells.", "\n\nThe use of celecoxib is associated with a significant decrease in many cancer risk, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma. ", "However, the long-term use of high-dose celecoxib might be limited owing to cardiovascular side effects [@pone.0109951-Liu1]. ", "In this study, we found that effusanin E, extract from a Chinese herb, could reduce celecoxib dose and potentiate the growth-inhibitory effect in NPC cells.", "\n\nThe expression of COX-2 plays a key role in inflammatory disorders and cancers [@pone.0109951-Wang1]. ", "COX-2 expression is strongly correlated with prognosis in some cancers [@pone.0109951-Kang1]. ", "COX-2 inhibition may result in cell-growth suppression and apoptosis. ", "A core promoter region that lies within 500 bp from the COX-2 transcription start site harbors several regulatory elements, notably the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein enhancer element and NF-κB binding sites, which are essential for COX-2 promoter activity in response to inflammatory signals [@pone.0109951-Deng1]. ", "The most abundant NF-κB dimer is the p65/p50 heterodimer followed by the p50/p50 and the p65/p65 homodimer complexes [@pone.0109951-Hayden1], [@pone.0109951-Mankan1]. ", "Aberrant regulation of NF-κB affects all six hallmarks of cancer through the regulation of genes that are associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, tumor promotion, inflammation and the suppression of apoptosis [@pone.0109951-Baud1]. ", "Currently, a large number of natural compounds have been reported as NF-κB inhibitors [@pone.0109951-Karin1], [@pone.0109951-Newman1]. ", "It is known that oridonin, ponicidin (two 7,20-epoxy-ent-kaurenoids), xindongnin A and xindongnin B (two C-20-nonoxygenated-ent-kauranoids) could be potential inhibitors of NF-κB transcription activity by inhibiting the NF-κB DNA-binding activity and the expression of its downstream target COX-2 [@pone.0109951-Leung1], this finding was consistent with our results . ", "It is well known that p65 is a critical transactivation subunit of NF-κB [@pone.0109951-Schmitz1], [@pone.0109951-Ballard1], and our study showed that effusanin E apparently blocked with translocation of p65, which is supported by the report that oridonin, ponicidin, and kamebakaurin have an impact on the translocation of p65 to different degrees. ", "It also had been reported that diterpenoids (oridonin) derived from I. Japonicus exert its anti-cancer properties by regulating NF-κB signaling pathways [@pone.0109951-Nitoda1]--[@pone.0109951-Cui1], which support our result suggesting that diterpenoids are a new class of NF-κB inhibitor. ", "Moreover, it is known that effusanin C inhibits inflammatory responses via blocking NF-κB signaling in monocytes [@pone.0109951-Kim1], which confirms that effusanin E could inhibit tumor cells by targeting NF-κB. To confirm the COX-2/NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in the effusanin E-mediated inhibition of cell viability, we pretreated the cells with COX-2 or NF-κB inhibitor (CB or PDTC) for 8 h, and then treated with effusanin E for 24 h. The results showed that the combined treatment of CB or PDTC with effusanin E did not significantly increase the inhibition of cell viability as compared with the effusanin E alone. ", "This maybe because pretreatment with CB or PDTC effectively abrogated or completely blocked the COX-2 and NF-κB signaling, and while effusanin E (125 µM or 250 µM) was added after CB or PDTC treatment, effusanin E at this concentration could not function to inhibit cell viability by suppressing the COX-2 and NF-κB signaling. ", "These results suggested that effusanin E inhibits tumor cell growth partially through the inhibition of the NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathway in NPC cell signaling pathways. ", "R. serra is famous for its antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, and effusanin E, a compound from natural herb, inhibited NPC cells via disrupting NF-κB signaling and induced apotosis in NPC cells, meanwhile, effusanin E significantly suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model of NPC cells without obvious toxicity, moreover, the expression of p50 and COX-2 were downregulated in the tumors of nude mice, which are consistent with cell study, so these findings evidenced the antitumor activities of R. serra. ", "However, the upstream of NF-κB remains unknown, and needs further study to research. ", "We also selected the 500-bp COX-2 promoter probe which included two conserved NF-κB-binding sites and found that effusanin E decreased the binding of NF-κB on the COX-2 promoter. ", "We will use ChIP assays to confirm this in our further study.", "\n\nIn summary, this report is to study the anticancer mechanism of effusanin E from R. serra, and the results showed that effusanin E suppresses nasopharyngeal carcinoma growth by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. ", "Therefore, effusanin E is a promising natural compound for assisting NPC treatment. ", "Furthermore, this study confirms that Xihuangcao, an herbal tea, is capable of anticancer activity.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s4}\n=====================\n\nEthics Statement {#s4a}\n----------------\n\nThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sun Yatsen University Cancer Center. ", "The aerial parts of R. serra were collected from Luofu mountain (GPS coordinates: 23.29522, 114.105266), Huizhou, Guangdong, China on September 14th, 2011, and were authenticated by Professor Huagu Ye of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, where voucher specimens (voucher specimen number 21373) were kept. ", "R. serra leaf was separated from stem, cleanly washed without any damage, and sun-dried and ground into fine powder by laboratory mill (FW100, Taisite Instrument Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China). ", "And this study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. ", "The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Sun Yat-Sen University (Permit Number: SCXK (yue) 2008--0002). ", "All efforts were made to minimize suffering. ", "The nude mice were employed for tumorigenicity analysis. ", "No specific permissions were required for these locations/activities. ", "In addition, the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species.", "\n\nCell lines and cell culture {#s4b}\n---------------------------\n\nThe human nasopharyngeal high differentiated squamous epithelium carcinoma cell (CNE1), human nasopharyngeal low differentiated squamous epithelium carcinoma cell (CNE2) lines and normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69 were provided by Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center (China) and were cultured in DMEM medium (Invitrogen, US) that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (HyClone, Logan, UT) and were maintained in an incubator with a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO~2~ at 37°C.", "\n\nReagents {#s4c}\n--------\n\nAmmonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC), celecoxib (CB) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). ", "Effusanin E was purified from R. serra by column chromatography in our previous study. ", "The purity of the compound exceeds 95%.", "\n\nPlant material {#s4d}\n--------------\n\nThe aerial portions of R. serra were collected from Luofu mountain (GPS coordinates: 23.29522, 114.105266), Huizhou, Guangdong, China on September 14^th^, 2011, and were authenticated by Professor Huagu Ye of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, where voucher specimens (voucher specimen number 21373) were kept. ", "R. serra leaf was separated from stem, cleanly washed without any damage, and sun-dried and ground into fine powder by laboratory mill (FW100, Taisite Instrument Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China). ", "No specific permissions were required for these locations or activities. ", "In addition, the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species.", "\n\nCell viability assay {#s4e}\n--------------------\n\nThe cell viability was determined using the MTS assay. ", "Cells were plated in 96-well plates (2000 cells/well) and were treated with the tested samples at the indicated doses. ", "At 24, 48 or 72 hours after treatment, 10 µl of MTS was added into each well, and the cell viability was determined at 490 nm.", "\n\nCellular morphology observation {#s4f}\n-------------------------------\n\nCells were treated with effusanin E at the indicated doses. ", "After 24 hours, cellular morphology was observed using an Olympus microscope that was fitted with a digital camera.", "\n\nColony formation assay {#s4g}\n----------------------\n\nCells were seeded into a 6-well culture dish (800 cells/well). ", "After incubation for 24 hours, effusanin E was added to the cells. ", "Once colony formation was observed visually, the cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed for 30 min at room temperature with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with Crystal Violet Staining Solution for 10 min. ", "Subsequently, the cells were washed an additional two times with PBS. ", "Colonies of \\>50 cells were counted and analyzed using a microscope, and the plate colony formation efficiency was calculated using the following formula: plate colony formation efficiency = (number of colonies/number of cells inoculated) ×100%.", "\n\nApoptosis assay {#s4h}\n---------------\n\nThe effusanin E-treated cells (2×10^4^) were stained with AnnexinV-FITC using an Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit (Invitrogen, USA). ", "The cells were washed twice in PBS and re-suspended in binding buffer. ", "The suspension (100 µl) was then stained with 5 µl of Annexin V-FITC and gently vortexed and incubated in the dark for 15 minutes at room temperature. ", "Last, 10 µl of Propidium Iodide (PI) was added, and the suspension was incubated in the dark for 5 minutes at room temperature. ", "After the addition of 400 µl of binding buffer to each tube, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (Cytomics FC500 Flow Cytometry; Beckman Coulter).", "\n\nWestern blot analysis {#s4i}\n---------------------\n\nCells were treated with effusanin E at the indicated doses for 24 hours, and cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis using antibodies for GAPDH, p50 and p65 NF-κB (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and antibodies for caspase-3, caspase-9, PARP, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved PARP and COX-2 from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA).", "\n\nThe tumor of nude mice were dissected and homogenized, then the sample of protein were subjected to Western blot analysis using antibodies for GAPDH, p50 and p65 NF-κB from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, USA) and COX-2 from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).", "\n\nValidation of the regulation of COX-2 and NF-κB signaling by effusanin E {#s4j}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo validate the role of effusanin E in regulating NF-κB signaling, the effect of effusanin E on the PDTC- (a NF-κB-selective inhibitor), celecoxib- (a COX-2-selective inhibitor) or LPS-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation was analyzed. ", "NPC cells plated in 96-well plates (2000 cells/well) were pretreated with PDTC (100 µM), celecoxib (20 µM or 50 µM) or LPS (2 µg/mL) for 8 hours and then treated with effusanin E at 125 µM or 250 µM. After treatment for 24 hours, cell viability was determined using MTS analysis.", "\n\nAnalysis of reduced nuclear translocation of p65 by immunofluorescence imaging (IFI) {#s4k}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nCells were seeded in six-well chamber slides at a density of 1×10^5^ cells per well and treated with effusanin E (125 µM) or PDTC or PDTC followed by effusanin E at 125 µM. After 24 hours, the cells were washed in PBS, fixed at room temperature with 4% paraformaldehyde, and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100. ", "Immunofluorescence staining was performed according to standard procedures. ", "Briefly, the treated cells were first stained with the anti-p65 antibody followed by incubation with FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody and co-staining with DAPI.", "\n\nAnalysis of promoter activity {#s4l}\n-----------------------------\n\nA promoter region of the human COX-2 gene (459 bp) and its fragment deletions were cloned into the luciferase reporter vector pGL3. ", "COX-2 promoter activity was determined by transient expression of the luciferase vectors in cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). ", "Luciferase activity was measured using an assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA).", "\n\nDNA--protein binding by streptavidin-agarose pulldown assay {#s4m}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTransactivator binding to COX-2 core promoter probes were determined using a streptavidin-agarose pulldown assay as previously described [@pone.0109951-Deng2]. ", "A 479-bp, biotin-labeled, double-stranded probe corresponding to the COX-2 promoter sequence (−30 to −508) was used for the experiments, and DNA-bound NF-κB was analyzed by Western blotting.", "\n\nAnimal assays {#s4n}\n-------------\n\nThis study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. ", "The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Sun Yat-Sen University (Permit Number: SCXK (yue) 2008-0002). ", "All efforts were made to minimize suffering. ", "The nude mice were employed for tumorigenicity analysis. ", "Male, nude mice, 4-5 weeks old, weighting 17--22 g were housed in filter-capped cages kept in a sterile facility and maintained in a specific, pathogen-free barrier system. ", "CNE2 cells were harvested by 0.25% trypsinization, washed twice with sterile PBS and resuspended at a concentration of 1×10^7^ cells/ml. ", "CNE2 cells (100 µl) were injected subcutaneously into the flank of nude mice, and the mice were randomly assigned to receive either 20 µl DMSO and 80 µl PBS (control; 5 mice) or effusanin E (10 mg/kg/d or 30 mg/kg/d, 20 µl effusanin E solution and 80 µl PBS; 10 mice). ", "Treatment was administered through intraperitoneal injection, and tumor growth was measured after the injection and then every day. ", "The tumor volume (V) was monitored by measuring its length (L) and width (W) with calipers and calculated using the following formula: V = (L×W^2^)×0.5. ", "Photographs were taken 16 days after the injection. ", "Finally, animals were euthanized by CO~2~ asphyxiation.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#s4o}\n--------------------\n\nThe significance was evaluated by the paired t test, and \\* represent P\\<0.05, they were considered to be a statistically significant difference between the treatment and control groups. ", "SPSS 11.0 software was used for all statistical analysis. ", "All the experiments were performed three times, and the mean values and standard deviations were calculated.", "\n\nThe authors thank Dr. Tiebang Kang (Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center) for helpful comments on the article.", "\n\n[^1]: Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: M. Zhuang LL WD M. Zhao. ", "Performed the experiments: M. Zhuang HQ DS JW YT. ", "Analyzed the data: M. Zhuang LL WD. ", "Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WD M. Zhao. ", "Wrote the paper: M. Zhuang LL WD.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0.008888888888888889, 0.007575757575757576, 0.010526315789473684, 0.004901960784313725, 0.005649717514124294, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0, 0.014388489208633094, 0.009302325581395349, 0.014492753623188406, 0.00847457627118644, 0.007326007326007326, 0.012048192771084338, 0.012396694214876033, 0.010471204188481676, 0.0034129692832764505, 0.025, 0, 0.008, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.02240325865580448, 0, 0.02, 0.02654867256637168, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.011278195488721804, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.043478260869565216, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0.02, 0.0136986301369863, 0.034482758620689655, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0.01834862385321101, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.017045454545454544, 0.013333333333333334, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0.020689655172413793, 0.015503875968992248, 0.026785714285714284, 0, 0, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.023809523809523808, 0.01282051282051282, 0.020689655172413793, 0.01282051282051282, 0.019801980198019802, 0.02564102564102564, 0.027777777777777776, 0.012626262626262626, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.004, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0.005681818181818182, 0.0035335689045936395, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.004901960784313725, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0.00784313725490196, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.00641025641025641, 0.009615384615384616, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.00821917808219178, 0.017964071856287425, 0.007874015748031496, 0.022222222222222223, 0.008064516129032258, 0.008571428571428572, 0.017241379310344827, 0.006339144215530904, 0.012232415902140673, 0.011695906432748537, 0.009041591320072333, 0.011764705882352941, 0.0111731843575419, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0.00909090909090909, 0.005291005291005291, 0.011695906432748537, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.007936507936507936, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0.00966183574879227, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.014084507042253521, 0.006622516556291391, 0.0078125, 0.013157894736842105, 0.004694835680751174, 0.0035971223021582736, 0.010075566750629723, 0.014336917562724014, 0.008113590263691683, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.0375, 0.0034482758620689655, 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0.014598540145985401, 0.011152416356877323, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.0273972602739726, 0.02, 0.027777777777777776, 0.01694915254237288, 0.030303030303030304, 0 ]	0.008353	5
[ "Q:\n\nLoad CSS file from assets to a WebView with custom HTML and predefined Base URL\n\nI need to load some HTML that I construct at runtime into a WebView and apply a CSS file to it placed in the assets directory. ", "And I already have a base URL that I need to provide to the webview's loadDataWithBaseURL function.", "\nCode Snippet (not applying CSS file):\nStringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer();\nbuff.append(\"<head>\");\nbuff.append(\"<link rel=\\\"stylesheet\\\" type=\\\"text/css\\\" href=\\\"file:///android_asset/my_css_file.css\\\"/>\");\nbuff.append(\"</head>\");\nbuff.append(\"<div class=\\\"announcement-header\\\">\");\nbuff.append(\"HEADER\");\nbuff.append(\"</div>\");\nbuff.append(\"<div class=\\\"announcement-separator\\\"></div>\");\nbuff.append(\"<div class=\\\"announcement\\\">\");\nbuff.append(\"CONTENT\");\nbuff.append(\"</div>\")\nWebView.loadDataWithBaseURL(MY_BASE_URL, buff.toString(), \"text/html\", HTTP.UTF_8, null);\n\nI've looked at these 2 similar issues Issue 1 & Issue 2, but my case is slightly different as I cant give file:///android_asset/ as the base url to the loadDataWithBaseURL function.", "\nAny ideas how I can apply the CSS file in this case ?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you want to intercept some of the requests from WebView you can do so by overriding shouldInterceptRequest() in WebViewClient like this:\n public WebResourceResponse shouldInterceptRequest (final WebView view, String url) {\n if (URLUtil.isFileUrl(url) && url.contains(\".css\")) {\n return getCssWebResourceResponseFromAsset();\n } else {\n return super.shouldInterceptRequest(view, url);\n }\n }\n\nThere is already an excellent detailed answer here https://stackoverflow.com/a/8274881/1112882\nHOWEVER\nYou can not access local file if your base url is not local because of security reasons. ", "So give relative path to your css and then intercept the request. ", "\nI would suggest using a pattern to differentiate b/w actual relative and custom relative paths. ", "e.g. use android_asset/my_css_file.css instead of my_css_file.css and modify shouldInterceptRequest() accordingly to always intercept requests starting from android_asset.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.014150943396226415, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0.018518518518518517, 0.004709576138147566, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.004741	5
[ "Transcompiler\n\nUpdated: 07/12/2017 by Computer Hope\n\nA transcompiler, also known as a source-to-source compiler or transpiler, is a special type of compiler that converts the source code of a program into another language. ", "It can also be used to process a program written in an older version of a programming language, and convert it to a newer version of the same language.", "\n\nAdditional transcompiler information\n\nMany programming languages begin as transcompiled languages. ", "For example, the earliest versions of C++ did not have a native compiler. ", "Instead, C++ programs were transcompiled to the C programming language, and then changed over to binary using existing C compilers. ", "Another use of transcompilation is to convert code that has already been compiled into the source code of another language. ", "One example of this is Emscripten, a transcompiler which converts C and C++ programs compiled with LLVM into JavaScript." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666 ]	0.003022	5
[ "Supreme Court of Civil Judicature of New South Wales\n\nThe Supreme Court of Civil Judicature of New South Wales was a court established in the early 19th century in the colony of New South Wales. ", "The colony was subsequently to become a state of Australia in 1901. ", "The court had jurisdiction to deal with civil disputes where the amount in dispute in the colony was more than £50 sterling. ", "The Supreme Court of New South Wales replaced the court in 1823 when the Supreme Court was created by the Third Charter of Justice.", "\n\nBackground\nThe British government established the colony of New South Wales primarily as a penal colony with the intention of encouraging later settlement. ", "Captain Arthur Phillip was appointed as the colony's first governor and did much to ensure the colony survived and transformed into a modern colonial outpost \nNotwithstanding its beginnings as a penal colony, it soon prospered as a booming agricultural and mercantile colony. ", "With the increased prosperity came the need for better access to forms of civil justice. ", "Systems for the resolution of commercial disputes are an important part of the common law tradition in British based legal systems, particularly with the establishment of the rule of law.", "\n\nThe British authorities foresaw the need for a civil judicial system when the colony was first established. ", "A court styled the \"Court of Civil Jurisdiction\" was established by the First Charter of Justice as well as a Court of Vice-Admiralty pursuant to letters patent from the High Admiralty in Great Britain. ", "The Governor of New South Wales would also in time authorise magistrates (the common name for justices of the peace in the colony at the time) to determine smaller debt claims that were taking up the time of these original civil courts. ", "Author Hilary Golder points to research that magistrates were in fact dealing with small debt claims as early as 1789, one year after the commencement of the colony.", "\n\nEllis Bent, the first barrister appointed as Deputy Judge Advocate for the colony, made recommendations to Governor Lachlan Macquarie for the establishment of new civil courts. ", "This was to reflect the changing nature of society in New South Wales from a penal colony to a trading colony. ", "Bent's recommendation also reflected the public sentiment in New South Wales that it was time for a legally qualified judge to head a superior court in the colony, rather than a military officer who happened to have legal qualifications. ", "Macquarie supported this. ", "Whilst not all of Bent's recommendations were taken up, a Select Committee of the House of Commons reporting on the question of transportation to the colonies made similar recommendations. ", "Eventually the British authorities arranged for new charters to issue for the reform of the civil courts and it is possible that the new courts were established in response to the Rum Rebellion in 1807 and 1808.", "\n\nConstitution\nThe British authorities introduced three new civil courts into the colony. ", "They were the Governors Court which had jurisdiction over civil claims in New South Wales and a Lieutenant Governor's Court to deal with civil claims in Van Diemen's Land. ", "Each court was limited to the value of fifty pounds sterling.", "\n\nFor claims over fifty pounds, a new court styled the \"Supreme Court of Civil Judicature\" was established. ", "This court was commonly known as the \"Supreme Court\", a usual practice in British colonies according to author and judge William Windeyer. ", "The court was created by letters patent dated 4 February 1814 issued by King George III the reigning sovereign of England at the time. ", "It was composed of a judge (who was appointed by the British authorities, and two magistrates (the common name used for justices of the peace at the time) appointed by the Governor of New South Wales. ", "The judge was the presiding officer. ", "Alternatively, the court could be constituted by just the judge and one of the two magistrates appointed by the governor.", "\n\nThe court had jurisdiction to hear and determine actions summarily relating to land, houses, debt, contract, trespass, and just about any other common law or equitable cases over the value of £50 sterling. ", "One defect in the Court was the ability for a governor to possibly \"stack\" the court. ", "Sir John Wylde, the last judge-advocate for the colony and the last judge of this court, noted in a report to the British authorities that there was such a possibility of appointing laymen with no legal knowledge to the court. ", "Biographer R. J. Mckay suggests that Governor Thomas Brisbane had in fact attempted to do this.", "\n\nSittings of the court under Jeffery Bent\nJeffery Bent, the first judge of the court, arrived in Sydney by boat on 28 July 1814 with great expectations. ", "Governor Lachlan Macquarie had high hopes for Bent. ", "However, Bent refused to come ashore until he was honoured with a salute appropriate to his status. ", "Macquarie authorised an appropriate salute with gunfire and Bent disembarked. ", "Bent was subsequently sworn in as a judge on 12 August 1814.", "\n\nAfter being sworn in, Bent refused to open his court until proper facilities were put in place for his use. ", "Bent and Macquarie argued over the proper place to hold the court. ", "Bent sought the use of the southern wing of the general hospital for use of the court and for judge's chambers. ", "However, Macquarie had already allocated these for medical uses. ", "Macquarie instead provided the southern wing and central area of the hospital. ", "The matter was eventually decided by the British authorities which came down in favour of Macquarie.", "\n\nAt the end of 1814, the new court house which Macquarie had authorised to be built had been completed. ", "However, Bent refused to sit until there were proper lawyers who could appear in his court. ", "The \"lawyers\" in New South Wales at that time were all ex-convicts who had been transported to New South Wales for their crimes. ", "As a result of their punishment, they were struck off from the roll of lawyers in England and therefore not eligible to practise as a lawyer. ", "Prior to Bent leaving for Sydney, Bent had recommended that two lawyers from England be assisted to Sydney. ", "They were William Henry Moore and Frederick Garling. ", "Whilst Moore had arrived in the colony on 27 January 1815, Garling's ship had been delayed until August 1815.", "\n\nIt therefore appeared likely that the court would not sit until late in 1815. ", "In April 1815, Macquarie then attempted to recommend the appointment of George Crossley and Edward Eagar to Bent. ", "Both Crossley and Eagar were ex-convict lawyers. ", "Crossley was a colourful one as well. ", "However, Bent railed against Macquarie, alleging inference with matters judicial. ", "Macquarie was powerless to act, as Bent's commission did not require him to obey Macquarie's directions.", "\n\nBent decided to open court on 1 May notwithstanding the absence of Garling. ", "Macquarie nominated two magistrates to sit with Bent. ", "They were William Broughton and Alexander Riley. ", "After a number of stormy interactions between them and Bent, Broughton and Riley were of the view that ex-convict lawyers should be admitted temporarily to appear before the court until Garling had arrived. ", "Bent, furious that his views were being disregarded, refused to sit on the bench, thereby effectively preventing the court from sitting.", "\n\nThis refusal, with other difficulties mounting between Macquarie and the two Bents, led to Macquarie writing to the British authorities asking for both of the Bents to be removed, to which Lord Bathurst agreed in January 1816. ", "Whilst Bathurst agreed that ex-convicts should not practise, he also took the view that the absence of the sittings of the court was more serious an issue that admitting ex-convicts, and that the court should actually sit.", "\n\nBent decided to resume sitting on 5 October 1816 when Garling ceased acting as Deputy Judge Advocate. ", "However, Bent deferred this resumption until 1 December 1816. ", "Macquarie at his wits' end decided to cancel the appointments of the two magistrates to sit on the court. ", "This effectively prevented Bent from resuming the sittings. ", "However, Bent decided to issue a warrant for the arrest of Riley. ", "The provost-marshal declined to execute, and eventually Macquarie was to issue a declaration that Bent was \"'positively and absolutely removed from his appointment as Judge of the Supreme Court in, and a magistrate of this Territory\".", "\n\nSittings of the court under Barron Field\n\nBarron Field was appointed as the replacement for Bent in May 1816. ", "Field's arrival in the colony signified that the court would actually start sitting. ", "However, Field's independence was to prove questionable. ", "Soon after his arrival, he instructed an English attorney practising in the colony to sue for the sum of £424 owed to a London merchant who had given Field his power of attorney. ", "This was unusual as Field was a litigant in his own court and would have therefore decided his own case. ", "Unfortunately for Field, whilst he was naturally successful in his action, the English attorney didn't transfer the money recovered to Field. ", "Field then sued the attorney for the sum. ", " Field further threatened to strike the attorney off the roll of attorneys (or in other words, disbar him) if the money wasn't paid. ", "Even when the attorney provided the money, Field still struck off the attorney. ", "Royal Commissioner John Thomas Bigge was later to criticize Field for the latter action.", "\n\nField's term as judge was not to improve. ", "Field attempted to admit as an attorney a convict who had been struck off in England for numerous offences. ", "Field then also ruled that pardoned convicts were unable to hold property, sue or give evidence in any Court. ", "This was particularly resented, as the colony at that time was made up largely of ex-convicts who had served their sentences in the penal colony. ", "Commissioner Bigge commented upon this by saying 'The convict part of the population of New South Wales view Mr Justice Field's administration of the law with sentiments of dissatisfaction. ", "The free classes of the population … equally apprehend the effects of his violent and unforgiving temper, as well as of his personal prejudices, upon his future decisions … In my opinion, Mr Justice Field does not possess that degree of temper and deliberation necessary to conduct the judicial business of such a Colony'. ", "Bigge was to eventually recommend the abolition of the court and that Field should not be appointed to the new Supreme Court.", "\n\nSittings in Van Diemen's Land\n\nField was the first superior court judge to sit in Van Diemen's Land, which was to eventually become the State of Tasmania. ", "This occurred in January 1819. ", "The settlement had been hampered by the lack of sittings of a superior court. ", "Most suitors had to structure cases so that they could be brought in the Lieutenant Governor's Court, a court which was limited to £50. ", "For cases over that amount, suitors would have to make an arduous journey from Hobart to Sydney. ", "At the time, the journey took weeks or even months in the treacherous waters off the eastern coast of Australia.", "\n\nField was welcomed into \"HobartTown\" after his journey from Sydney with a thirteen gun salute by the Lieutenant-Governor of the settlement. ", "The first sittings of the court was preceded by a parade of Field in his ceremonial robes with all of the settlement's magistrates. ", "As it was the English Queen's birthday, a twenty one gun salute was also given. ", "A building in the settlement was converted into a court room for the sittings.", "\n\nThe following year in 1820, Field held further sittings in Hobart. ", "On this occasion, both Field and Judge Advocate Wylde held civil and criminal courts in Van Diemen's Land. ", "In the latter case, Field constituted the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, the first time that court sat in Hobart.", "\n\nSittings under John Wylde\n\nBigge's recommendation was for the court to be abolished. ", "He also recommended that Field not be reappointed to any new court created in New South Wales. ", "Field as a consequence sailed immediately for England in the Competitor in February 1824. ", "He did not wait for the arrival of a successor nor for the establishment of the new court. ", "Biographer Currey suggests that Field effectively \"deserted his post\", which would effectively mean that Field was the first judge in Australia to do so. ", "\n\nIronically, John Wylde who had nominated Field for the position of judge in the first place, graciously stepped in and volunteered to Governor Thomas Brisbane that he should act as judge in the absence of Field. ", "Brisbane accepted this gesture, although it would seem that Brisbane was happy to see both Field and Wylde leave the colony. ", "Accordingly, Wylde was sworn in as judge on 23 March 1824. ", "He continued to act in the role until the new Supreme Court of New South Wales opened under Francis Forbes on 17 May 1824.", "\n\nRules of court\nThe Rules and Orders of the court were drawn up by Field rather than Bent. ", "The rules followed the procedures in use at the time in England in superior courts. ", "This marked a departure from earlier courts in New South Wales where formality had been minimised to some extent due to the colonial conditions at the time. ", "Equity proceedings used the traditional parchments. ", "Longer and more complex documents became the norm under the Court. ", "This led to criticisms that the Court was being bogged down in legal procedures rather than doing justice to the case.", "\n\nAfter the abolition of the Court, the Chief Justice of the new Supreme Court, Francis Forbes, remarked that the changes introduced by Field in the Rules were prone to being badly received by the public. ", "Forbes said that the public \"might be excused for believing,[that the rules] were not so operative in facilitating the ends of justice, as in filling the pockets of the practitioners\" This was particularly a concern as lawyers in those days were paid by number of words written, and longer and more complex documents allowed steeper legal fees to be charged.", "\n\nAbolition\n\nThe court's workload was light. ", "Between April 1817 and January 1821 Bigge reported that the Court dealt with 165 actions at law and 13 suits in equity. ", "Bigge's recommendation was that this court, the Governors Court and the Lieutenant Governor's Court should be abolished and replaced with two new superior courts. ", "Subsequently, the court was abolished in 1823 after being in existence for some nine years, but effectively only sitting for seven years. ", "It was replaced by two new Supreme Courts in New South Wales and in Van Diemens Land. ", "Both courts were to be statutory courts established by Letters Patent dated 13 October 1823. ", "Those letters were authorised by the British Parliament through the passing of the New South Wales Act 1823 (UK).", "\n\nAppeals\nThere was provision for an appeal to the Governor of New South Wales. ", "The governor was assisted by the Judge-Advocate of the colony. ", "Where the amount in dispute did not exceed £3,000, the governor's decision was final and there was no further provision for appeal. ", "If the amount exceeded £3,000, then there was a right of further appeal to the Privy Council. ", "In some situations, the appellant had to give security to the value of at least double the amount in dispute before appealing. ", "Of course, there was the expectation of extensive delay in pursuing a further appeal as a journey back to England would be required to litigate the matter.", "\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nCategory:Former New South Wales courts and tribunals\nAustralia" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.010256410256410256, 0, 0, 0.022900763358778626, 0, 0.0036231884057971015, 0, 0, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0.014388489208633094, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.004405286343612335, 0.021052631578947368, 0.012987012987012988, 0.019230769230769232, 0.01, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.01, 0.009523809523809525, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0.03773584905660377, 0.01834862385321101, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.019230769230769232, 0.01282051282051282, 0.018518518518518517, 0.04081632653061224, 0.00966183574879227, 0, 0.017467248908296942, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.01282051282051282, 0.026785714285714284, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0.0030959752321981426, 0.016, 0.01910828025477707, 0, 0, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.028985507246376812, 0.018691588785046728, 0.017543859649122806, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0.014018691588785047, 0.008, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.00847457627118644, 0.014634146341463415, 0.002793296089385475, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.010752688172043012, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.007479	5
[ "// <auto-generated />\nusing System;\nusing Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore;\nusing Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Infrastructure;\nusing Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Metadata;\nusing Microsoft.", "EntityFrameworkCore.", "Storage.", "ValueConversion;\nusing Microsoft.eShopOnContainers.", "BuildingBlocks.", "IntegrationEventLogEF;\n\nnamespace Ordering.", "API.Infrastructure.", "IntegrationEventMigrations\n{\n [DbContext(typeof(IntegrationEventLogContext))]\n partial class IntegrationEventLogContextModelSnapshot : ModelSnapshot\n {\n protected override void BuildModel(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)\n {\n#pragma warning disable 612, 618\n modelBuilder\n .HasAnnotation(\"ProductVersion\", \"2.2.3-servicing-35854\")\n .HasAnnotation(\"Relational:MaxIdentifierLength\", 128)\n .HasAnnotation(\"SqlServer:ValueGenerationStrategy\", SqlServerValueGenerationStrategy.", "IdentityColumn);\n\n modelBuilder.", "Entity(\"Microsoft.eShopOnContainers.", "BuildingBlocks.", "IntegrationEventLogEF.IntegrationEventLogEntry\", b =>\n {\n b.Property<Guid>(\"EventId\")\n .ValueGeneratedOnAdd();\n\n b.Property<string>(\"Content\")\n .IsRequired();\n\n b.Property<DateTime>(\"CreationTime\");\n\n b.Property<string>(\"EventTypeName\")\n .IsRequired();\n\n b.Property<int>(\"State\");\n\n b.Property<int>(\"TimesSent\");\n\n b.Property<string>(\"TransactionId\");\n\n b.HasKey(\"EventId\");\n\n b.ToTable(\"IntegrationEventLog\");\n });\n#pragma warning restore 612, 618\n }\n }\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.05660377358490566, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.03125, 0, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0, 0.001838235294117647, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0.0013568521031207597 ]	0.013992	5
[ "Gbenko Airport\n\nGbenko Airport is an airstrip serving Banankoro in Guinea. ", "It is north of Banankoro, near the village of Gbenko.", "\n\nThe Gbenko non-directional beacon (Ident: GK) is located on the field.", "\n\nSee also\n\nTransport in Guinea\nList of airports in Guinea\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOpenStreetMap - Gbenko Airport\n OurAirports - Gbenko Airport\n \n Gbenko Airport\n Google Earth\n\nCategory:Airports in Guinea" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0.013888888888888888, 0 ]	0.008102	5
[ "Apasionados de la música, melómanos, fanáticos y coleccionistas ¡sois bienvenidos en Fnac!. ", "Si te gusta la música clásica, española, rap, música electrónica, jazz o pop rock, podrás encontrar aquí tu música preferida en CD o vinilo. ", "Crea tu propia discografía con los últimos lanzamientos, ediciones especiales, discos firmados y vinilos exclusivos que tenemos para tí. ", "Además si tienes alguna duda, puedes consultar con nuestros expertos en música Fnac.", "\n\nRevive la emoción de las canciones que te hacen vibrar desde The Beatles o David Bowie a los nuevos sonidos de los festivales de este año. ", "Desde tus auriculares, altavoces y tocadiscos o tu equipo de alta fidelidad, baila tu música favorita y apréndete las letras mientras espera para ver a tu banda preferida en su próximo concierto." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.010869565217391304, 0.02127659574468085, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0.014184397163120567, 0.010256410256410256 ]	0.011864	5
[ "BY Herschel Smith\n\n8 years, 8 months ago\n\nThat’s what Josh Horwitz would have you believe. ", "Actually, the Huffington Post can’t get their narrative straight. ", "Five days before publishing Horwitz’ piece they published the narrative that background checks of firearms spiked in 2011 and especially towards the end of the year. ", "But let’s note that consistency isn’t the stock and trade of the Huffington Post and move on.", "\n\nWhile noting that background checks for firearms had increased, Josh points out that “Thousands of background checks each year result in denials” … “Background checks are performed under a number of circumstances that do not involve gun sales, for example, when an individual pawns a weapon and later redeems it” … “In some states, a concealed handgun permit exempts permit holders from having to undergo additional background checks when they purchase new firearms,” and so on the explanation goes.", "\n\nThat these same exceptions and caveats existed prior to 2011 and also effected data from the previous years (assumed to the same extent unless and until proven otherwise) is irrelevant to Josh. ", "What matters is selling the narrative. ", "But Josh must have missed the memoranda, and presumably there isn’t really any better witness than firearms dealers. ", "A sampling (albeit anecdotal) follows.", "\n\nThere has been an increase in both the sale of firearms and in concealed handgun permit requests in Gaston County, North Carolina, in 2011.", "\n\nIn Kernersville, North Carolina, firearms sales were up as much as 15% over the previous year.", "\n\nAt Adventure Outdoors in the Atlanta suburb of Smyrna, twice as many firearms were sold last month as they did in December of 2010.", "\n\nIn Elkhart, Indiana, Midwest Gun Exchange is seeing a lot of first time families and women becoming involved in the shooting sports and self defense.", "\n\nIn Tucson, Arizona, there are record-setting sales for firearms to women.", "\n\nAt Second Amendment Sports in Bakersfield, California, firearms sales were up 25% from the previous year.", "\n\nIn and around Cleveland, Ohio, local firearms dealers say their sales have been up from anywhere between 20 and 40 percent. ", "A large part of the surge in gun sales has been by women who want to learn how to shoot and defend themselves.", "\n\nIn Fort Worth, Texas, sales of firearms to women have been “through the roof” according to dealers.", "\n\nIn Yakima, Washington, firearms sales climbed by a quarter over the holidays compared to last year.", "\n\nThe Gun Center in Frederick, Maryland, had its best December in 25 years in business — “and not by a little,” owner Bill Kelley said.", "\n\nAt Sharpshooters in Lubbock, Texas, they have seen their handgun sales increase by 10 to 15 percent over the past year.", "\n\nSales of firearms to women in Permian Basin, Texas, have doubled.", "\n\nYou see, Josh Horwitz relied on data supplied by the highly biased Violence Policy Center for his analysis. ", "But he is using the data to attempt to dispute a tidal wave of evidence that the second amendment is alive and well with American citizens.", "\n\nIt isn’t clear what Horwitz is attempting to do with his analysis. ", "Perhaps he intends to substantiate the constant assertions by his organization and the Brady Campaign that the NRA “owns” the Congress, and always uses scare tactics to convince people to give more and more of their money to the NRA in order to protect the second amendment – that the real threat isn’t gun control advocates, and in fact, there are fewer gun owners in America. ", "The real threat is the NRA. ", "Perhaps that’s his aim, although it’s an odd, forced, stilted and uncompelling argument.", "\n\nThen there are those like me who believe that until recently (in American Rifleman magazine), Wayne LaPierre and Chris Cox have undersold and soft pedaled the message. ", "They seem to have just recently hit their stride, but this just goes to show that not all of us propagate NRA conspiracy theories or fall prey to them. ", "Many of us are out ahead of them waiting for them to catch up. ", "If the NRA is Horwitz’ target, his analysis fails miserably. ", "If not, then no one knows why he wrote the analysis in the first place. ", "Besides, if there are fewer and fewer gun owners in America, then there is far less need for gun control laws, another unintended consequence of Horwitz’ argument." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.02197802197802198, 0.015151515151515152, 0.006024096385542169, 0.010752688172043012, 0.001996007984031936, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.007936507936507936, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.01764705882352941, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0.03278688524590164, 0, 0.006134969325153374 ]	0.006782	5
[ "// SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0-or-later OR BSD-2-Clause)\n/\n libfdt - Flat Device Tree manipulation\n * Copyright (C) 2016 Free Electrons\n * Copyright (C) 2016 NextThing Co.\n /\n#include \"libfdt_env.h\"\n\n#include <fdt.h>\n#include <libfdt.h>\n\n#include \"libfdt_internal.h\"\n\n/\n overlay_get_target_phandle - retrieves the target phandle of a fragment\n * @fdto: pointer to the device tree overlay blob\n * @fragment: node offset of the fragment in the overlay\n \n overlay_get_target_phandle() retrieves the target phandle of an\n * overlay fragment when that fragment uses a phandle (target\n * property) instead of a path (target-path property).", "\n \n returns:\n * the phandle pointed by the target property\n * 0, if the phandle was not found\n \t-1, if the phandle was malformed\n /\nstatic uint32_t overlay_get_target_phandle(const void fdto, int fragment)\n{\n\tconst fdt32_t val;\n\tint len;\n\n\tval = fdt_getprop(fdto, fragment, \"target\", &len);\n\tif (!", "val)\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\tif ((len !", "= sizeof(val)) \|\| (fdt32_to_cpu(val) == (uint32_t)-1))\n\t\treturn (uint32_t)-1;\n\n\treturn fdt32_to_cpu(val);\n}\n\n/\n overlay_get_target - retrieves the offset of a fragment's target\n * @fdt: Base device tree blob\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @fragment: node offset of the fragment in the overlay\n * @pathp: pointer which receives the path of the target (or NULL)\n \n overlay_get_target() retrieves the target offset in the base\n * device tree of a fragment, no matter how the actual targeting is\n * done (through a phandle or a path)\n \n returns:\n * the targeted node offset in the base device tree\n * Negative error code on error\n /\nstatic int overlay_get_target(const void fdt, const void fdto,\n\t\t\t int fragment, char const pathp)\n{\n\tuint32_t phandle;\n\tconst char path = NULL;\n\tint path_len = 0, ret;\n\n\t/* Try first to do a phandle based lookup /\n\tphandle = overlay_get_target_phandle(fdto, fragment);\n\tif (phandle == (uint32_t)-1)\n\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADPHANDLE;\n\n\t/ no phandle, try path /\n\tif (!", "phandle) {\n\t\t/ And then a path based lookup /\n\t\tpath = fdt_getprop(fdto, fragment, \"target-path\", &path_len);\n\t\tif (path)\n\t\t\tret = fdt_path_offset(fdt, path);\n\t\telse\n\t\t\tret = path_len;\n\t} else\n\t\tret = fdt_node_offset_by_phandle(fdt, phandle);\n\n\t/\n\t* If we haven't found either a target or a\n\t* target-path property in a node that contains a\n\t* __overlay__ subnode (we wouldn't be called\n\t* otherwise), consider it a improperly written\n\t* overlay\n\t/\n\tif (ret < 0 && path_len == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\tret = -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t/ return on error /\n\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\treturn ret;\n\n\t/ return pointer to path (if available) /\n\tif (pathp)\n\t\tpathp = path ? ", "path : NULL;\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n\n/*\n overlay_phandle_add_offset - Increases a phandle by an offset\n * @fdt: Base device tree blob\n * @node: Device tree overlay blob\n * @name: Name of the property to modify (phandle or linux,phandle)\n * @delta: offset to apply\n \n overlay_phandle_add_offset() increments a node phandle by a given\n * offset.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success.", "\n * Negative error code on error\n /\nstatic int overlay_phandle_add_offset(void fdt, int node,\n\t\t\t\t const char name, uint32_t delta)\n{\n\tconst fdt32_t val;\n\tuint32_t adj_val;\n\tint len;\n\n\tval = fdt_getprop(fdt, node, name, &len);\n\tif (!", "val)\n\t\treturn len;\n\n\tif (len !", "= sizeof(val))\n\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADPHANDLE;\n\n\tadj_val = fdt32_to_cpu(val);\n\tif ((adj_val + delta) < adj_val)\n\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_NOPHANDLES;\n\n\tadj_val += delta;\n\tif (adj_val == (uint32_t)-1)\n\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_NOPHANDLES;\n\n\treturn fdt_setprop_inplace_u32(fdt, node, name, adj_val);\n}\n\n/*\n overlay_adjust_node_phandles - Offsets the phandles of a node\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @node: Offset of the node we want to adjust\n * @delta: Offset to shift the phandles of\n \n overlay_adjust_node_phandles() adds a constant to all the phandles\n * of a given node. ", "This is mainly use as part of the overlay\n * application process, when we want to update all the overlay\n * phandles to not conflict with the overlays of the base device tree.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_adjust_node_phandles(void fdto, int node,\n\t\t\t\t\tuint32_t delta)\n{\n\tint child;\n\tint ret;\n\n\tret = overlay_phandle_add_offset(fdto, node, \"phandle\", delta);\n\tif (ret && ret !", "= -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\treturn ret;\n\n\tret = overlay_phandle_add_offset(fdto, node, \"linux,phandle\", delta);\n\tif (ret && ret !", "= -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\treturn ret;\n\n\tfdt_for_each_subnode(child, fdto, node) {\n\t\tret = overlay_adjust_node_phandles(fdto, child, delta);\n\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n overlay_adjust_local_phandles - Adjust the phandles of a whole overlay\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @delta: Offset to shift the phandles of\n \n overlay_adjust_local_phandles() adds a constant to all the\n * phandles of an overlay. ", "This is mainly use as part of the overlay\n * application process, when we want to update all the overlay\n * phandles to not conflict with the overlays of the base device tree.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_adjust_local_phandles(void fdto, uint32_t delta)\n{\n\t/\n\t Start adjusting the phandles from the overlay root\n\t /\n\treturn overlay_adjust_node_phandles(fdto, 0, delta);\n}\n\n/\n overlay_update_local_node_references - Adjust the overlay references\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @tree_node: Node offset of the node to operate on\n * @fixup_node: Node offset of the matching local fixups node\n * @delta: Offset to shift the phandles of\n \n overlay_update_local_nodes_references() update the phandles\n * pointing to a node within the device tree overlay by adding a\n * constant delta.", "\n \n This is mainly used as part of a device tree application process,\n * where you want the device tree overlays phandles to not conflict\n * with the ones from the base device tree before merging them.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_update_local_node_references(void fdto,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tint tree_node,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tint fixup_node,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tuint32_t delta)\n{\n\tint fixup_prop;\n\tint fixup_child;\n\tint ret;\n\n\tfdt_for_each_property_offset(fixup_prop, fdto, fixup_node) {\n\t\tconst fdt32_t fixup_val;\n\t\tconst char tree_val;\n\t\tconst char name;\n\t\tint fixup_len;\n\t\tint tree_len;\n\t\tint i;\n\n\t\tfixup_val = fdt_getprop_by_offset(fdto, fixup_prop,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t &name, &fixup_len);\n\t\tif (!", "fixup_val)\n\t\t\treturn fixup_len;\n\n\t\tif (fixup_len % sizeof(uint32_t))\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\ttree_val = fdt_getprop(fdto, tree_node, name, &tree_len);\n\t\tif (!", "tree_val) {\n\t\t\tif (tree_len == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\t\treturn tree_len;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfor (i = 0; i < (fixup_len / sizeof(uint32_t)); i++) {\n\t\t\tfdt32_t adj_val;\n\t\t\tuint32_t poffset;\n\n\t\t\tpoffset = fdt32_to_cpu(fixup_val[i]);\n\n\t\t\t/\n\t\t\t * phandles to fixup can be unaligned.", "\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t Use a memcpy for the architectures that do\n\t\t\t * not support unaligned accesses.", "\n\t\t\t /\n\t\t\tmemcpy(&adj_val, tree_val + poffset, sizeof(adj_val));\n\n\t\t\tadj_val = cpu_to_fdt32(fdt32_to_cpu(adj_val) + delta);\n\n\t\t\tret = fdt_setprop_inplace_namelen_partial(fdto,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t tree_node,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t name,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t strlen(name),\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t poffset,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t &adj_val,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t sizeof(adj_val));\n\t\t\tif (ret == -FDT_ERR_NOSPACE)\n\t\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tfdt_for_each_subnode(fixup_child, fdto, fixup_node) {\n\t\tconst char fixup_child_name = fdt_get_name(fdto, fixup_child,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t NULL);\n\t\tint tree_child;\n\n\t\ttree_child = fdt_subnode_offset(fdto, tree_node,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfixup_child_name);\n\t\tif (tree_child == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\t\tif (tree_child < 0)\n\t\t\treturn tree_child;\n\n\t\tret = overlay_update_local_node_references(fdto,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t tree_child,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t fixup_child,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t delta);\n\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n overlay_update_local_references - Adjust the overlay references\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @delta: Offset to shift the phandles of\n \n overlay_update_local_references() update all the phandles pointing\n * to a node within the device tree overlay by adding a constant\n * delta to not conflict with the base overlay.", "\n \n This is mainly used as part of a device tree application process,\n * where you want the device tree overlays phandles to not conflict\n * with the ones from the base device tree before merging them.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_update_local_references(void fdto, uint32_t delta)\n{\n\tint fixups;\n\n\tfixups = fdt_path_offset(fdto, \"/__local_fixups__\");\n\tif (fixups < 0) {\n\t\t/* There's no local phandles to adjust, bail out /\n\t\tif (fixups == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\t\treturn 0;\n\n\t\treturn fixups;\n\t}\n\n\t/\n\t * Update our local references from the root of the tree\n\t /\n\treturn overlay_update_local_node_references(fdto, 0, fixups,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t delta);\n}\n\n/\n overlay_fixup_one_phandle - Set an overlay phandle to the base one\n * @fdt: Base Device Tree blob\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @symbols_off: Node offset of the symbols node in the base device tree\n * @path: Path to a node holding a phandle in the overlay\n * @path_len: number of path characters to consider\n * @name: Name of the property holding the phandle reference in the overlay\n * @name_len: number of name characters to consider\n * @poffset: Offset within the overlay property where the phandle is stored\n * @label: Label of the node referenced by the phandle\n \n overlay_fixup_one_phandle() resolves an overlay phandle pointing to\n * a node in the base device tree.", "\n \n This is part of the device tree overlay application process, when\n * you want all the phandles in the overlay to point to the actual\n * base dt nodes.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_fixup_one_phandle(void fdt, void fdto,\n\t\t\t\t int symbols_off,\n\t\t\t\t const char path, uint32_t path_len,\n\t\t\t\t const char name, uint32_t name_len,\n\t\t\t\t int poffset, const char label)\n{\n\tconst char symbol_path;\n\tuint32_t phandle;\n\tfdt32_t phandle_prop;\n\tint symbol_off, fixup_off;\n\tint prop_len;\n\n\tif (symbols_off < 0)\n\t\treturn symbols_off;\n\n\tsymbol_path = fdt_getprop(fdt, symbols_off, label,\n\t\t\t\t &prop_len);\n\tif (!", "symbol_path)\n\t\treturn prop_len;\n\n\tsymbol_off = fdt_path_offset(fdt, symbol_path);\n\tif (symbol_off < 0)\n\t\treturn symbol_off;\n\n\tphandle = fdt_get_phandle(fdt, symbol_off);\n\tif (!", "phandle)\n\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND;\n\n\tfixup_off = fdt_path_offset_namelen(fdto, path, path_len);\n\tif (fixup_off == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\tif (fixup_off < 0)\n\t\treturn fixup_off;\n\n\tphandle_prop = cpu_to_fdt32(phandle);\n\treturn fdt_setprop_inplace_namelen_partial(fdto, fixup_off,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t name, name_len, poffset,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t &phandle_prop,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t sizeof(phandle_prop));\n};\n\n/\n overlay_fixup_phandle - Set an overlay phandle to the base one\n * @fdt: Base Device Tree blob\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @symbols_off: Node offset of the symbols node in the base device tree\n * @property: Property offset in the overlay holding the list of fixups\n \n overlay_fixup_phandle() resolves all the overlay phandles pointed\n * to in a __fixups__ property, and updates them to match the phandles\n * in use in the base device tree.", "\n \n This is part of the device tree overlay application process, when\n * you want all the phandles in the overlay to point to the actual\n * base dt nodes.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_fixup_phandle(void fdt, void fdto, int symbols_off,\n\t\t\t\t int property)\n{\n\tconst char value;\n\tconst char label;\n\tint len;\n\n\tvalue = fdt_getprop_by_offset(fdto, property,\n\t\t\t\t &label, &len);\n\tif (!", "value) {\n\t\tif (len == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_INTERNAL;\n\n\t\treturn len;\n\t}\n\n\tdo {\n\t\tconst char path, name, fixup_end;\n\t\tconst char fixup_str = value;\n\t\tuint32_t path_len, name_len;\n\t\tuint32_t fixup_len;\n\t\tchar sep, endptr;\n\t\tint poffset, ret;\n\n\t\tfixup_end = memchr(value, '\\0', len);\n\t\tif (!", "fixup_end)\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\t\tfixup_len = fixup_end - fixup_str;\n\n\t\tlen -= fixup_len + 1;\n\t\tvalue += fixup_len + 1;\n\n\t\tpath = fixup_str;\n\t\tsep = memchr(fixup_str, ':', fixup_len);\n\t\tif (!", "sep \|\| sep !", "= ':')\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\tpath_len = sep - path;\n\t\tif (path_len == (fixup_len - 1))\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\tfixup_len -= path_len + 1;\n\t\tname = sep + 1;\n\t\tsep = memchr(name, ':', fixup_len);\n\t\tif (!", "sep \|\| sep !", "= ':')\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\tname_len = sep - name;\n\t\tif (!", "name_len)\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\tpoffset = strtoul(sep + 1, &endptr, 10);\n\t\tif ((endptr !", "= '\\0') \|\| (endptr <= (sep + 1)))\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\tret = overlay_fixup_one_phandle(fdt, fdto, symbols_off,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpath, path_len, name, name_len,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tpoffset, label);\n\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t} while (len > 0);\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n overlay_fixup_phandles - Resolve the overlay phandles to the base\n * device tree\n * @fdt: Base Device Tree blob\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n \n overlay_fixup_phandles() resolves all the overlay phandles pointing\n * to nodes in the base device tree.", "\n \n This is one of the steps of the device tree overlay application\n * process, when you want all the phandles in the overlay to point to\n * the actual base dt nodes.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_fixup_phandles(void fdt, void fdto)\n{\n\tint fixups_off, symbols_off;\n\tint property;\n\n\t/ We can have overlays without any fixups /\n\tfixups_off = fdt_path_offset(fdto, \"/__fixups__\");\n\tif (fixups_off == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\treturn 0; / nothing to do /\n\tif (fixups_off < 0)\n\t\treturn fixups_off;\n\n\t/ And base DTs without symbols /\n\tsymbols_off = fdt_path_offset(fdt, \"/__symbols__\");\n\tif ((symbols_off < 0 && (symbols_off !", "= -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)))\n\t\treturn symbols_off;\n\n\tfdt_for_each_property_offset(property, fdto, fixups_off) {\n\t\tint ret;\n\n\t\tret = overlay_fixup_phandle(fdt, fdto, symbols_off, property);\n\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/\n overlay_apply_node - Merges a node into the base device tree\n * @fdt: Base Device Tree blob\n * @target: Node offset in the base device tree to apply the fragment to\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n * @node: Node offset in the overlay holding the changes to merge\n \n overlay_apply_node() merges a node into a target base device tree\n * node pointed.", "\n \n This is part of the final step in the device tree overlay\n * application process, when all the phandles have been adjusted and\n * resolved and you just have to merge overlay into the base device\n * tree.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_apply_node(void fdt, int target,\n\t\t\t void fdto, int node)\n{\n\tint property;\n\tint subnode;\n\n\tfdt_for_each_property_offset(property, fdto, node) {\n\t\tconst char name;\n\t\tconst void prop;\n\t\tint prop_len;\n\t\tint ret;\n\n\t\tprop = fdt_getprop_by_offset(fdto, property, &name,\n\t\t\t\t\t &prop_len);\n\t\tif (prop_len == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_INTERNAL;\n\t\tif (prop_len < 0)\n\t\t\treturn prop_len;\n\n\t\tret = fdt_setprop(fdt, target, name, prop, prop_len);\n\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\tfdt_for_each_subnode(subnode, fdto, node) {\n\t\tconst char name = fdt_get_name(fdto, subnode, NULL);\n\t\tint nnode;\n\t\tint ret;\n\n\t\tnnode = fdt_add_subnode(fdt, target, name);\n\t\tif (nnode == -FDT_ERR_EXISTS) {\n\t\t\tnnode = fdt_subnode_offset(fdt, target, name);\n\t\t\tif (nnode == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_INTERNAL;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif (nnode < 0)\n\t\t\treturn nnode;\n\n\t\tret = overlay_apply_node(fdt, nnode, fdto, subnode);\n\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\n/*\n overlay_merge - Merge an overlay into its base device tree\n * @fdt: Base Device Tree blob\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n \n overlay_merge() merges an overlay into its base device tree.", "\n \n This is the next to last step in the device tree overlay application\n * process, when all the phandles have been adjusted and resolved and\n * you just have to merge overlay into the base device tree.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_merge(void fdt, void fdto)\n{\n\tint fragment;\n\n\tfdt_for_each_subnode(fragment, fdto, 0) {\n\t\tint overlay;\n\t\tint target;\n\t\tint ret;\n\n\t\t/\n\t\t * Each fragments will have an __overlay__ node. ", "If\n\t\t * they don't, it's not supposed to be merged\n\t\t /\n\t\toverlay = fdt_subnode_offset(fdto, fragment, \"__overlay__\");\n\t\tif (overlay == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\n\t\tif (overlay < 0)\n\t\t\treturn overlay;\n\n\t\ttarget = overlay_get_target(fdt, fdto, fragment, NULL);\n\t\tif (target < 0)\n\t\t\treturn target;\n\n\t\tret = overlay_apply_node(fdt, target, fdto, overlay);\n\t\tif (ret)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int get_path_len(const void fdt, int nodeoffset)\n{\n\tint len = 0, namelen;\n\tconst char name;\n\n\tFDT_RO_PROBE(fdt);\n\n\tfor (;;) {\n\t\tname = fdt_get_name(fdt, nodeoffset, &namelen);\n\t\tif (!", "name)\n\t\t\treturn namelen;\n\n\t\t/ root? ", "we're done /\n\t\tif (namelen == 0)\n\t\t\tbreak;\n\n\t\tnodeoffset = fdt_parent_offset(fdt, nodeoffset);\n\t\tif (nodeoffset < 0)\n\t\t\treturn nodeoffset;\n\t\tlen += namelen + 1;\n\t}\n\n\t/ in case of root pretend it's \"/\" /\n\tif (len == 0)\n\t\tlen++;\n\treturn len;\n}\n\n/\n overlay_symbol_update - Update the symbols of base tree after a merge\n * @fdt: Base Device Tree blob\n * @fdto: Device tree overlay blob\n \n overlay_symbol_update() updates the symbols of the base tree with the\n * symbols of the applied overlay\n \n This is the last step in the device tree overlay application\n * process, allowing the reference of overlay symbols by subsequent\n * overlay operations.", "\n \n returns:\n * 0 on success\n * Negative error code on failure\n /\nstatic int overlay_symbol_update(void fdt, void fdto)\n{\n\tint root_sym, ov_sym, prop, path_len, fragment, target;\n\tint len, frag_name_len, ret, rel_path_len;\n\tconst char s, e;\n\tconst char path;\n\tconst char name;\n\tconst char frag_name;\n\tconst char rel_path;\n\tconst char target_path;\n\tchar buf;\n\tvoid p;\n\n\tov_sym = fdt_subnode_offset(fdto, 0, \"__symbols__\");\n\n\t/* if no overlay symbols exist no problem /\n\tif (ov_sym < 0)\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\troot_sym = fdt_subnode_offset(fdt, 0, \"__symbols__\");\n\n\t/ it no root symbols exist we should create them /\n\tif (root_sym == -FDT_ERR_NOTFOUND)\n\t\troot_sym = fdt_add_subnode(fdt, 0, \"__symbols__\");\n\n\t/ any error is fatal now /\n\tif (root_sym < 0)\n\t\treturn root_sym;\n\n\t/ iterate over each overlay symbol /\n\tfdt_for_each_property_offset(prop, fdto, ov_sym) {\n\t\tpath = fdt_getprop_by_offset(fdto, prop, &name, &path_len);\n\t\tif (!", "path)\n\t\t\treturn path_len;\n\n\t\t/ verify it's a string property (terminated by a single \\0) /\n\t\tif (path_len < 1 \|\| memchr(path, '\\0', path_len) !", "= &path[path_len - 1])\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADVALUE;\n\n\t\t/ keep end marker to avoid strlen() /\n\t\te = path + path_len;\n\n\t\tif (path !", "= '/')\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADVALUE;\n\n\t\t/* get fragment name first /\n\t\ts = strchr(path + 1, '/');\n\t\tif (!", "s) {\n\t\t\t/ Symbol refers to something that won't end\n\t\t\t * up in the target tree /\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tfrag_name = path + 1;\n\t\tfrag_name_len = s - path - 1;\n\n\t\t/ verify format; safe since \"s\" lies in \\0 terminated prop /\n\t\tlen = sizeof(\"/__overlay__/\") - 1;\n\t\tif ((e - s) > len && (memcmp(s, \"/__overlay__/\", len) == 0)) {\n\t\t\t/ /<fragment-name>/__overlay__/<relative-subnode-path> /\n\t\t\trel_path = s + len;\n\t\t\trel_path_len = e - rel_path - 1;\n\t\t} else if ((e - s) == len\n\t\t\t && (memcmp(s, \"/__overlay__\", len - 1) == 0)) {\n\t\t\t/ /<fragment-name>/__overlay__ /\n\t\t\trel_path = \"\";\n\t\t\trel_path_len = 0;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t/ Symbol refers to something that won't end\n\t\t\t * up in the target tree /\n\t\t\tcontinue;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/ find the fragment index in which the symbol lies /\n\t\tret = fdt_subnode_offset_namelen(fdto, 0, frag_name,\n\t\t\t\t\t frag_name_len);\n\t\t/ not found? /", "\n\t\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\t\tfragment = ret;\n\n\t\t/ an __overlay__ subnode must exist /\n\t\tret = fdt_subnode_offset(fdto, fragment, \"__overlay__\");\n\t\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\t\treturn -FDT_ERR_BADOVERLAY;\n\n\t\t/ get the target of the fragment /\n\t\tret = overlay_get_target(fdt, fdto, fragment, &target_path);\n\t\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t\ttarget = ret;\n\n\t\t/ if we have a target path use /\n\t\tif (!", "target_path) {\n\t\t\tret = get_path_len(fdt, target);\n\t\t\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t\t\tlen = ret;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tlen = strlen(target_path);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tret = fdt_setprop_placeholder(fdt, root_sym, name,\n\t\t\t\tlen + (len > 1) + rel_path_len + 1, &p);\n\t\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\n\t\tif (!", "target_path) {\n\t\t\t/ again in case setprop_placeholder changed it /\n\t\t\tret = overlay_get_target(fdt, fdto, fragment, &target_path);\n\t\t\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t\t\ttarget = ret;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tbuf = p;\n\t\tif (len > 1) { / target is not root /\n\t\t\tif (!", "target_path) {\n\t\t\t\tret = fdt_get_path(fdt, target, buf, len + 1);\n\t\t\t\tif (ret < 0)\n\t\t\t\t\treturn ret;\n\t\t\t} else\n\t\t\t\tmemcpy(buf, target_path, len + 1);\n\n\t\t} else\n\t\t\tlen--;\n\n\t\tbuf[len] = '/';\n\t\tmemcpy(buf + len + 1, rel_path, rel_path_len);\n\t\tbuf[len + 1 + rel_path_len] = '\\0';\n\t}\n\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nint fdt_overlay_apply(void fdt, void fdto)\n{\n\tuint32_t delta;\n\tint ret;\n\n\tFDT_RO_PROBE(fdt);\n\tFDT_RO_PROBE(fdto);\n\n\tret = fdt_find_max_phandle(fdt, &delta);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tgoto err;\n\n\tret = overlay_adjust_local_phandles(fdto, delta);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tgoto err;\n\n\tret = overlay_update_local_references(fdto, delta);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tgoto err;\n\n\tret = overlay_fixup_phandles(fdt, fdto);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tgoto err;\n\n\tret = overlay_merge(fdt, fdto);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tgoto err;\n\n\tret = overlay_symbol_update(fdt, fdto);\n\tif (ret)\n\t\tgoto err;\n\n\t/\n\t * The overlay has been damaged, erase its magic.", "\n\t /\n\tfdt_set_magic(fdto, ~0);\n\n\treturn 0;\n\nerr:\n\t/\n\t * The overlay might have been damaged, erase its magic.", "\n\t /\n\tfdt_set_magic(fdto, ~0);\n\n\t/\n\t * The base device tree might have been damaged, erase its\n\t * magic.", "\n\t */\n\tfdt_set_magic(fdt, ~0);\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.004615384615384616, 0.0031847133757961785, 0, 0.005791505791505791, 0.0030441400304414, 0.014619883040935672, 0, 0.004048582995951417, 0, 0.005244755244755245, 0, 0.003703703703703704, 0.008064516129032258, 0.009324009324009324, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0.0019267822736030828, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 0.002407704654895666, 0, 0.008305647840531562, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0.017045454545454544, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.006600660066006601, 0.0032258064516129032, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.015306122448979591, 0, 0.004819277108433735, 0, 0, 0.003355704697986577, 0, 0.003048780487804878, 0.0031446540880503146, 0, 0, 0, 0.0011467889908256881, 0.004914004914004914, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0.008101851851851851, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003413	5
[ "The end of the ‘90s was a time of healing for Korn vocalist Jonathan Davis. ", "After a decade of indulging his most dangerous and depraved rock 'n' roll fantasies and suffering a breakdown at the end of the ride, Davis decided to get sober and tone down his extracurricular activities. ", "In conjunction, Korn hired dedicated studio producer Brendan O’Brien to help them stay focused and work at peak efficiency. ", "The resulting album, Issues, came out on Nov. 16, 1999, and kept the band on an upward career arc.", "\n\n“I think Brendan was really important for helping us achieve the sounds we wanted on this record,” guitarist James “Munky” Shaffer told me in 1999. “", "He’s a workhorse and we needed someone like that to motivate us.”", "\n\nAs on their 1998 commercial triumph Follow the Leader, Korn maintained their core heaviness while incorporating a barrage of quirky guitar hooks and irresistible vocal melodies. ", "And once again, the band hit a nerve through a combination of staccato, down-tuned guitars, booming funk-driven bass lines, tortured vocals and experimental electronic embellishments.", "\n\n“When we’re working on something, our only goal is it’s gotta be great and it’s gotta still sound like Korn,” Shaffer said. “", "That’s the most important thing.”", "\n\n“We’re not gonna go off in some wacky new direction,” agreed fellow guitarist Brian “Head” Welch. \"", "When you listen to this record, you’re not gonna go back and ask, ‘Fuck man, who the hell is this?’ ", "You’re gonna get what you wanted to hear.”", "\n\nPerhaps Issues is best described as a variation on a theme. “", "Falling Away From Me” mined the same brooding, spacey territory as Follow the Leader’s “Freak on a Leash,” while “Hey Daddy” resurrects terrifying themes first addressed on Korn’s “Daddy,” and “Beg for Me,” which shifts from a creepy party song to a nightmarish demolition fest, is redolent of Life is Peachy’s “Swallow.”", "\n\n“We wanted totally heavy, killer guitar riffs that were kinda weird, but really slamming,” Welch said. “", "And they had to have a groove. ", "That was really super important.”", "\n\nLyrically, Davis addressed the mental anguish he was in before he got sober and started taking antidepressants. ", "In “Beg for Me,” he screams, “Everyone is looking at me / I can't get out of bed there is evil in my head / Everyone just let me be.”", "\n\n“I was taking the weight of the world on my shoulders and I started breaking down and freaking out,” Davis said. “", "I stopped drinking because I thought it would make me feel better, but it didn’t, and that’s when it really started to scare me. ", "I stayed in bed all the time because I couldn’t deal with the world.\"", "\n\nHe added, “I wouldn’t eat because I’d be afraid germs were gonna kill me. ", "I lost a lot of weight. ", "That’s when I went to a doctor and he gave me some drugs. ", "At first, I was afraid to take them because I didn’t know what they would do to me or how they would affect my creativity. ", "Then I started taking them and I felt so much better.”", "\n\nShaffer, Welch, bassist Reginald “Fieldy” Arvizu and drummer David Silveria started writing songs for Issues in early 1999. ", "In June, they entered the rehearsal studio with Davis to fine tune the material and the following month they began recording with O’Brien at A&M Studios in West Hollywood, Calif. It took approximately three months to track and mix the 16 songs on the record.", "\n\n“There were times when we second-guessed ourselves,” Davis said. “", "But when we heard the final mix we were all smiling and laughing. ", "We fucking loved it. ", "It’s harsh and brutal like a lot of our stuff, but we were really happy with the songs.”", "\n\nThe day before the album was released, Korn played Issues in its entirety at a special show at the legendary Apollo Theater in Harlem, N.Y. The show was a celebration of the joy they felt having completed the album, and the band was accompanied onstage by a choir and the New York City Police Department Pipes and Drums section. ", "Coming at the heart of the nu-metal revolution, Issues debuted at No. ", "1 on the Billboard album chart with more than 500,000 copies sold in its first week of release. ", "The disc has gone on to sell more than 5 million units in the United States alone, and a total of 13 million worldwide.", "\n\nThe first single, “Falling Away From Me,” reached No. ", "99 on the Singles chart, No. ", "7 on the Alternative Rock chart and No. ", "7 on the Mainstream Rock chart. “", "Make Me Bad” fared almost as well, hitting No. ", "9 at Alternative Rock and No. ", "7 at Mainstream.", "\n\nWhile Davis remained clean and sober in the wake of the success of Issues, other band members saw their popularity as an opportunity to up the ante on their rock 'n' roll indulgences, causing friction and turmoil that peaked years later with the departures of Welch and Silveria.", "\n\nLoudwire contributor Jon Wiederhorn is the co-author of Louder Than Hell: The Definitive Oral History of Metal, as well as the co-author of Scott Ian’s autobiography, I’m the Man: The Story of That Guy From Anthrax, and Al Jourgensen’s autobiography, Ministry: The Lost Gospels According to Al Jourgensen and the Agnostic Front book My Riot! ", "Grit, Guts and Glory." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.013157894736842105, 0.004830917874396135, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.019867549668874173, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.00546448087431694, 0.015748031496062992, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0.006230529595015576, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.007751937984496124, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0, 0.00906344410876133, 0.014285714285714285, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0.0035587188612099642, 0.020348837209302327, 0 ]	0.005848	5
[ "Course materials, for example, documents and other information resources that instructors make available to students, are traditionally kept in binders on a “reserve shelf” of a library. ", "Typical reserve materials consist of copies of previous exams, articles from scientific and trade journals, homework solutions, excerpts from books, and the like. ", "Generally, there is only one copy of a document placed on reserve. ", "Furthermore, such document is traditionally available only for in-library use, on a short-term loan basis.", "\nAn emerging solution to the limitations presented in traditional reserve mechanisms involve placing reserve materials on electronic reserve. ", "In fact, with the growth of the Internet, electronic document delivery and storage now extends far beyond course reserves to make all types of documents available electronically. ", "A significant fraction of the documents added to electronic databases, however, exist in an ink-on-paper format. ", "Those who administer such systems, for example, librarians, college faculty, and school teachers, are thus faced with the task of first converting these paper copies to electronic formats, and then transferring the computer file(s) to an Internet server used to house an electronic documents database.", "\nThe current two-step process for placing printed materials on electronic reserve is unsatisfactory for many users in that the process may be time-consuming and potentially confusing to an average (non-technical) teacher, librarian, or administrator. ", "Both the scanning and the file transfer steps require some, if not considerable, technical expertise. ", "Even someone skilled in the use of a scanner may sometimes struggle to create output files that are both of manageable size and of high display quality. ", "Many times, post-scanning image processing may be necessary to either reduce the size of the output files and/or make them more legible. ", "Such post-scanning image processing is time consuming and also requires some technical knowledge.", "\nAccordingly, there is a need for a system and method for automating the placement of documents into an electronic reserves system. ", "Such a system and method should preferably cater to the needs of people with little or no technical expertise to facilitate the electronic placement of such documents." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "Fewer Side Effects\n\nThough overweight dieters may think that obesity patients have the advantage with the options available to them, they may not feel the same way after learning about the side effects risk. ", "What many people don’t realize about pills like Phentermine is that they come with a high chance of side effects. ", "Those side effects can be mild and temporary, but there is also a risk of severe or even dangerous side effects. ", "Since this drug isn’t entirely unlike an amphetamine, you may feel your body become a bit more rushed and frantic. ", "People have reported a faster heartbeat, dizziness, as well as troubles with settling down. ", "You might find yourself fidgeting, and you will be unable to concentrate. ", "At the same time, some people’s blood pressure readings have risen to dangerous levels with pills like Phentermine.", "\n\nOn the other hand, overweight dieters taking non-prescription diet pills like Phentramin-D tablets do not report severe side effects. ", "They have increased energy and focus. ", "As a type of stimulant, these pills can be associated with sleep struggles, however that risk drops exponentially as long as the dieter follows the package directions.", "\n\nReadily Available\n\nWith Phentramin-D tablets, you don’t have to go to a doctor to find the diet pills you need. ", "You can simply order Phentramin-D online, which saves you time, money, and this will give you some privacy when it comes to your health needs. ", "Naturally, it’s a good idea to discuss your complete weight loss strategy with your doctor. ", "However, when it comes to buying these non-prescription pills, it’s your decision and your call. ", "You can order these pills online at any time and from anywhere. ", "You’re not limited to the hours or location of your local pharmacy. ", "Online prices are subject to competition, which lets you know that you can find the most affordable weight management pills for your needs.", "\n\nPhentermine vs Phentramin-D\n\nPhentramin-D can help support your weight loss efforts without the severe side effects nobody wants or needs. ", "Instead, you can enjoy living you great energy and focus. ", "Phentramin-D is a pill that’s easy to swallow." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000873	5
[ "Receive the latest national-international updates in your inbox\n\nMontCo Teenager Arrested for Allegedly Mailing Ricin\n\nAfter an hours-long standoff, 19-year-old Nicholas Helman was arrested at his Hatboro, PA home Wednesday. ", "He's accused of sending ricin to his ex-girlfriend's new boyfriend. ", "NBC10's Nefertiti Jaquez has the latest on the investigation. (", "Published Thursday, March 20, 2014)\n\nA suburban Philadelphia man was arrested on Wednesday after he allegedly sent a birthday card laced with ricin to the boyfriend of his ex-girlfriend.", "\n\nNicholas Todd Helman, 19, was arrested on Wednesday at his home on Byberry Street in Hatboro. ", "It was the second time he had been arrested this month in connection to the ricin-laced card, according to investigators.", "\n\nBack on March 7, Helman allegedly told his co-worker at a Target store in Warrington that he had sent a scratch-and-sniff birthday card laced with ricin to a man who was dating his ex-girlfriend.", "\n\nRicin is a poison found naturally in castor beans and can cause injury and even death if chewed, inhaled or swallowed. ", "Helman allegedly told his co-worker that he rubbed ground castor beans onto the inside of the card before sending it to his intended victim's mailbox on Olive Street in Warminster.", "\n\nOfficials say Helman claimed the substance would kill anyone who came into contact with it within four days.", "\n\nHelman's co-worker called police and Helman was taken into custody.", "\n\nHelman allegedly told police he coated the card with sodium hydroxide in an attempt to scare his ex-girlfriend so that they could reconcile their relationship. ", "Helman also allegedly sent threatening messages to his ex and her new boyfriend in November of last year, according to investigators.", "\n\nHelman was charged with harassment and later released on bail.", "\n\nPolice say they warned the intended victim and his family not to open their mail. ", "They then removed the envelope from the home.", "\n\nInvestigators later tested the substance on the card and determined that it was ricin.", "\n\nA hazmat team, SWAT team, police officers and officials with the FBI returned to Helman's home on Wednesday. ", "After a standoff that lasted several hours, Helman was led out of his apartment and to a police vehicle by officers clad in armor and hazmat gear.", "\n\nHe was arrested and charged with attempted murder.", "\n\nOfficials searched through Helman's home for any traces of the substance but determined that the scene was safe and clear.", "\n\nA friend of Helman, who did not want to be identified, says he was shocked when he learned of the allegations against him.", "\n\n\"I really couldn't imagine him doing something like that,\" he said. \"", "I've known him since Middle School. ", "He was an odd kid. ", "I would say he wasn't always the most social kid. ", "He was very tech savvy. ", "He was probably the smartest kid I've ever known but he never really applied himself.\"", "\n\nWith his second arrest in one month, the friend says he hopes Helman can turn his life around." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0.031746031746031744, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003768	5
[ "// Package connections provides libraries to work with network connections.", "\n// This library is divided in several components for specific usage.", "\npackage connections\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "Sam Bradford – The Arizona Cardinals moved past the Carson Palmer era toward Bradford. ", "After starting 29 of 32 games between 2015-2016, the QB was sidelined with a knee injury that limited him to only two starts last season." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.022988505747126436, 0 ]	0.011494	5
[ "Dame-Marie, Eure\n\nDame-Marie is a former commune in the Eure department in northern France. ", "On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sainte-Marie-d'Attez.", "\n\nPopulation\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Eure department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Former communes of Eure" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.018867924528301886 ]	0.010563	5
[ "Q:\n\nScala Slick generic table trait move out of DAO\n\nI have currently this code:\nclass UsersRepository @Inject()(protected val dbConfigProvider: DatabaseConfigProvider) extends HasDatabaseConfigProvider[JdbcProfile] {\n import driver.api._", "\n\n private val Users = TableQuery[UsersTable]\n\n def findByName(name: String): Future[Option[User]] =\n db.run(Users.filter(_.name === name).take(1).result.headOption)\n\n implicit val localDateTimeColumnType = MappedColumnType.base[LocalDateTime, Timestamp](\n d => Timestamp.from(d.toInstant(ZoneOffset.ofHours(0))),\n d => d.toLocalDateTime\n )\n\n trait GenericTable {\n this: Table[_] =>\n def id = column[Long](\"id\", O.PrimaryKey, O.AutoInc)\n def createdAt = column[LocalDateTime](\"created_at\")\n def updatedAt = column[LocalDateTime](\"updated_at\")\n }\n\n private class UsersTable(tag: Tag) extends Table[User](tag, \"User\") with GenericTable {\n\n def name = column[String](\"name\")\n def url = column[String](\"url\")\n\n def nameIndex = index(\"name_index\", name, unique = true)\n\n override def * = (id, createdAt, updatedAt, name, url) <> (User.tupled, User.unapply)\n }\n\n}\n\nHow can I now easily move the GenericTable trait out of the UsersRepository so that I can use it with other tables? ", "If I just move it out, then things like column, Table and O are not found anymore, because I loose the things from the driver import.", "\nI also would like to move the UsersTable definition itself out of the DAO/repository class. ", "I have the same problem in this case.", "\nThanks,\nMagnus\n\nA:\n\nProvider dbConfig in the trait as a no input parameter def\ntrait GenericTableProvider {\n val dbConfig: DatabaseConfig[JdbcProfile]\n import dbConfig.driver.api._", "\n\n trait GenericTable {\n this: Table[_] =>\n\n def id = column[Long](\"id\", O.PrimaryKey, O.AutoInc)\n def createdAt = column[LocalDateTime](\"created_at\")\n def updatedAt = column[LocalDateTime](\"updated_at\")\n }\n\n}\n\nand then use it as shown in the code snippet below.", "\nclass UsersRepository @Inject()(protected override val dbConfigProvider: DatabaseConfigProvider) \n extends HasDatabaseConfigProvider[JdbcProfile] \n with GenericTableProvider {\n\n import driver.api._", "\n\n private val Users = TableQuery[UsersTable]\n\n private class UsersTable(tag: Tag) extends Table[User](tag, \"User\") with GenericTable {\n\n def name = column[String](\"name\")\n def url = column[String](\"url\")\n\n def nameIndex = index(\"name_index\", name, unique = true)\n\n override def * = (id, createdAt, updatedAt, name, url) <> (User.tupled, User.unapply)\n }\n .....\n\n }\n\noverride def dbConfigProvider with a val dbConfigProvider\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.012552301255230125, 0.003937007874015748, 0, 0.021505376344086023, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0.009950248756218905, 0.004524886877828055 ]	0.006437	5
[ "Ancient philosophers\n\nPhilosophers justifying slavery\n\nThroughout history there have been people who attempted to justify slavery. ", "Many of them did so purely out of self-interest, in order to continue a barbaric trade, but some historical philosophers sought to justify slavery from the best intentions.", "\n\nAristotle\n\nThe great Greek philosopher, Aristotle, was one of the first. ", "He thought that slavery was a natural thing and that human beings came in two types - slaves and non-slaves.", "\n\nFor that some should rule and others be ruled is a thing not only necessary, but expedient; from the hour of their birth, some are marked out for subjection, others for rule... Aristotle, Politics\n\nSome people, he said, were born natural slaves and ought to be slaves under any circumstances. ", "Other people were born to rule these slaves, could use these slaves as they pleased and could treat them as property.", "\n\nNatural slaves were slaves because their souls weren't complete - they lacked certain qualities, such as the ability to think properly, and so they needed to have masters to tell them what to do.", "\n\nIt's clear that Aristotle thinks that slavery was good for those who were born natural slaves, as without masters they wouldn't have known how to run their lives.", "\n\nIn fact Aristotle seems to have thought that slaves were 'living tools' rather like domestic animals, fit only for physical labour.", "\n\nAnd indeed the use made of slaves and of tame animals is not very different; for both with their bodies minister to the needs of life. ", "Aristotle, Politics\n\nSlaves were not totally incapable of thought, but they only needed minimal amount of rational ability; just enough to understand and carry out their duties.", "\n\nSimilarly, slaves were not devoid of 'virtue', but once again, they only needed just enough to carry out their duties. ", "But that 'virtue' was enough for them to be treated as human beings.", "\n\nAristotle doesn't provide any sensible practical method of recognising natural slaves, and without that it's inevitable that some people will be made slaves who should not be.", "\n\nAristotle also had a category of 'legal slaves'; they weren't natural slaves but through bad luck - perhaps being taken prisoner in war - they just happened to be slaves at a particular time.", "\n\nAristotle argued that if the world was just, the legal slaves would be freed, and if any natural slaves were by chance free, they should be made slaves.", "\n\nPlato\n\nThe Greek philosopher Plato thought similarly that it was right for the 'better' to rule over the 'inferior'.", "\n\n...nature herself intimates that it is just for the better to have more than the worse, the more powerful than the weaker; and in many ways she shows, among men as well as among animals, and indeed among whole cities and races, that justice consists in the superior ruling over and having more than the inferior. ", "Plato, Gorgias\n\nHomer\n\nHomer seems to have thought that even if a person wasn’t inferior before they became a slave, enslaving them changed them in such a way as to make them a natural slave:" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.003389830508474576, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0.005235602094240838 ]	0.003186	5
[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?", ">\r\n<root xmlns=\"http://www.netallied.de/xsd2cppsax/tests\"\r\n xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\r\n xsi:schemaLocation=\"http://www.netallied.de/xsd2cppsax/tests t04.xsd\"\r\n >\r\n\t<!-- ", "root is empty -->\r\n</root>\r\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.014150943396226415, 0 ]	0.010681	5
[ "Украинский фильм \"Вулкан\" режиссера Романа Бондарчука завоевал Гран-при Международного фестиваля нового кино в городе Сплит (Хорватия).", "\n\nОб этом сообщила пресс-служба Госкино на своей странице в Facebook.", "\n\n\"По определению жюри фестиваля, \"Вулкан\" - это многослойная притча, с легкостью и горьковатым привкусом изображает реальность\", - говорится в сообщении.", "\n\nОтмечается, что \"Вулкан\" уже стал призером кинофестиваля \"Золотой абрикос\" (Армения), а также получил приз за лучшую режиссуру на Международном кинофестивале в Алматы.", "\n\nВ Киеве показ фильма состоится 21-го октября в кинотеатре \"Киев\" в рамках фестиваля Нового немецкого кино.", "\n\nОтметим, фильм \"Вулкан\" создавался совместно Украиной и Германией. ", "С украинской стороны производство фильма осуществила кинокомпания \"ТАТОФИЛЬМ\" (продюсер Елена Ершова) и ОО \"Юг\" (продюсер Дарья Аверченко) при поддержке Госкино.", "\n\nПо сюжету, Лукас переживает кризис среднего возраста. ", "Он работает переводчиком в офисе ОБСЕ и в составе мониторинговой миссии отправляется на границу с Крымом. ", "Серия странных совпадений оставляет Лукаса один на один с таинственной и хаотичной вселенной южной степи...\n\nВ этих странных местах, где люди находят счастье в простых вещах, где переплелись прошлое, настоящее и будущее, где каждый день может стать последним, Лукас начинает жизнь сначала.", "\n\nНапомним, Брюс Виллис в \"Стекле\" встретится с психопатом из \"Сплита\"." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0.005917159763313609, 0.009259259259259259, 0.028985507246376812, 0.006211180124223602, 0.03571428571428571, 0.009433962264150943, 0.02422145328719723, 0.014084507042253521 ]	0.014694	5
[ "Q:\n\nImport-through in Docker\n\nI've the main workbench folder (WORKDIR in Dockerfile) which contains the folder initialize with the file max_init.py. ", "The problem is that when I run the image, it cant import that module:\n File \"app.py\", line 1, in <module>\n from initialize.max_init import *\nImportError: No module named initialize.max_init\n\nDockerfile:\nFROM ubuntu:latest\nRUN apt-get update -y && \\\n apt-get install -y python-pip python-dev build-essential\nCOPY . ", "/workbench\nWORKDIR /workbench\nRUN pip install -r requirements.txt\nEXPOSE 8888\nEXPOSE 5000\nENTRYPOINT [\"python\"]\nCMD [\"app.py\"]\n\nI think that the problem is my lack of experience in Docker, but I cant find a solution by myself \nEdit: hierarchy:\nworkbench \n \|-- app.py\n \|-- initialize\n \|-- max_init.py\n\nA:\n\nDid you remember to write an __init__.py file in your initialize module folder? ", "Does it properly onboard your max_init.py file? ", "If you aren't familiar with the convention, explainers abounds.", "\n\nOfficial: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#packages\nFlask explainer that I found personally quite easy to grasp: http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/1.0/patterns/packages/\n\nEdit: I see from updates that this is indeed the problem. ", "You should be fine if you fix it...I don't even think you need to rebuild the docker image but I could be mistaken.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0.004889975550122249, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0 ]	0.004257	5
[ "Introduction {#sec1-1}\n============\n\nCerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders of the motor system, movement, and/or posture caused by interference with the developing or immature brain.\\[[@ref1]\\] Spasticity, one of the main signs of CP, is a serious issue that affects mobility, causing pain, disability, and interfering with daily activities. ", "Patients affected with CP suffer from abnormalities in gait and posture due to the damage of the motor nerve fibers that control muscle function, leading to unopposed muscular contraction and stiffness.\\[[@ref2][@ref3]\\] This condition is nonprogressive and can occur during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal life as the brain/central nervous system continues to develop throughout the first 5 years of life.\\[[@ref3]\\] The most common cause for CP is premature birth with very low birth weight (\\<1500 g), which is associated with brain hypoperfusion that can lead to brain ischemia, periventricular leukomalacia, and germinal matrix hemorrhage.\\[[@ref4][@ref5]\\]\n\nSpasticity causes impaired bone and muscle development, shortening of the muscles, and deformities in the affected limbs.\\[[@ref6]\\] It most commonly involves the muscles of the lower limbs including the muscles of the thighs, legs, and feet because the motor nerve fibers that innervate the lower limb muscles travel closer in proximity to the ventricles than the nerve fibers involved in the innervation of the upper limbs and thus are more prone to being affected by periventricular insults.\\[[@ref6]\\]\n\nThe overall prevalence of CP worldwide is 2.11/1000 live births.\\[[@ref7]\\] There is an established association between CP with spastic diplegia and preterm children with very low birth weight, and the number of patients diagnosed with spastic CP is growing due to advances in the medical field, especially the advances in neonatal intensive care that allowed for greater survival of preterm children with very low birth weight.\\[[@ref8]\\]\n\nSeveral treatment modalities are available for patients with CP. ", "The choice of treatment modality depends on the age of the patient, severity of the injury, clinical manifestations, and availability of expertise. ", "These modalities are classified into rehabilitative modalities, assistive devices, medical modalities, and surgical modalities. ", "Rehabilitative modalities include physiotherapy, occupational therapy (OT), and others such as speech and language therapy and swallowing therapy. ", "Assistive devices include walkers, braces, wheelchairs, orthotics, and prosthetics.\\[[@ref3]\\] Medical treatment includes oral muscle relaxants, intramuscular botulinum toxin injection, intrathecal/intravenous baclofen, and benzodiazepines. ", "Surgical modalities include orthopedic interventions and surgery, osteotomies, muscle and tendon lengthening, baclofen pump insertion, and selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR).\\[[@ref3]\\] These modalities have increased the survival rates among CP patients.", "\n\nSDR is one of the best modalities available for treating CP patients with spasticity, especially mobile spastic diplegia, with positive short-term and long-term outcomes.\\[[@ref9]\\] Although SDR has been shown to be efficacious in treating spastic patients, many neurologists and neurosurgeons are not well aware of the procedure, its indications, and expected outcomes. ", "SDR is performed in a limited number of centers around the world, and it requires effective communication of multidisciplinary teams from various specialties before, during, and after surgery to ensure good patient outcomes. ", "The aim of this study is to describe the collaborative multidisciplinary approach between neurosurgeons, neurophysiologists, and physiotherapists in performing SDR. ", "In addition, we delineate three illustrative cases in which SDR was performed.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec1-2}\n=====================\n\nPatients {#sec2-1}\n--------\n\nWe performed a retrospective review and analysis of the clinical records of patients who underwent SDR at the King Fahad Medical City (KFMC). ", "Our inclusion and exclusion criteria are described below and summarized in Tables [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "All patients were examined and treated in the Department of Neurosciences, KFMC. ", "All patients underwent the same preoperative workup, operation technique, and postoperative care, as described below. ", "The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and informed consent was obtained from the patients' guardians involved in the study.", "\n\n###### \n\nSDR patients' inclusion criteria\n\n![](", "AJNS-12-454-g001)\n\n###### \n\nSDR patients' exclusion criteria\n\n![](", "AJNS-12-454-g002)\n\nPatient demographics, including age, gender, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, neuroimaging, operation, sectioning rate, and intra- and post-operative complications were assessed. ", "Patients' outcomes were evaluated and compared to preoperative measurements based on clinical examination of power, tone (Ashworth scale), gait, and range of motion, as well as activities of daily living (ADL), gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), and gross motor function measure (GMFM) at 6, 12, and 24 months.", "\n\nSelection criteria {#sec2-2}\n------------------\n\nNot every CP patient with spasticity is a candidate for SDR. ", "Selection criteria are made in order to choose those that will benefit the most from the surgery. ", "The criteria we follow include, but are not limited to, the items in Tables [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "In our center, all patients must have strong lower extremity extensors, and patients' ability to stand should not be dependent on spasticity. ", "This is verified by asking the candidate to stand from squatting position at least 10 times consecutively. ", "Helping the candidate to stand against gravity by supporting the pelvic girdle during the test is permitted.", "\n\nThe procedure is not recommended if any of the criteria elements is not met or in the presence of any contraindication. ", "All SDR patients should be motivated to follow-up and cooperate postoperatively with an intensive rehabilitation program in order to facilitate their regain of muscle function and to attain better outcomes from the surgery. ", "We will only admit the candidate for surgery if an intensive inpatient rehabilitation bed is available for the patient for 6 weeks postoperatively, and if the patient\\'s family is willing to cooperate with the length of stay for the inpatient and the following outpatient rehabilitative programs. ", "The surgery is not indicated if the predominating manifestation of CP is dystonia, athetosis, ataxia, or if the trunk tone is not adequate to support walking. ", "In general, the patient should have an adequate cognitive status, and a stable psychological status.", "\n\nPreoperative workup {#sec2-3}\n-------------------\n\nA detailed medical history is obtained from the patient and his/her parents/guardian with focus on the perinatal events (gestational age, multiple or single birth, birth weight, hemorrhagic and ischemic events, infections, seizures). ", "The medical team should specifically inquire about any prior modality of treatment, e.g. intrathecal baclofen or orthopedic surgery. ", "A neurological examination is also performed to confirm the increased muscle tone and hyperactive reflexes. ", "In addition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, as well as X-rays of the hip and the spine, should be done in order to detect any abnormalities for which the procedure might be contraindicated, and to establish the baseline for the patient, which will aid in anticipating the outcomes. ", "Preoperatively, a comprehensive physiotherapy assessment is performed in order to establish the baseline and anticipate the outcomes for the patient. ", "This includes assessment of muscle tone, muscle length, functional mobility, GMFM, and GMFCS in addition to gait analysis, bracing assessment, and videotaping of the patient\\'s function in different activities. ", "Consent for the photography and videotaping of the patient is first obtained by the physiotherapist. ", "Depending on the patient\\'s ability, the following activities should be videotaped: Long sitting, half kneel to stand, or getting up from the floor by the child\\'s usual maneuver, squatting, walking forward and backward, running, and stair climbing. ", "Finally, the inpatient treating physiotherapist should conduct a preoperative teaching session with the patient\\'s parents/guardian to explain the process of care at the rehabilitation hospital, the importance of commitment to the postoperative regimen of intensive physiotherapy and continuation of care after discharge, rhizotomy precaution and positioning in bed for the first 6 weeks following surgery, and transferring and lifting techniques that should be followed.", "\n\nThe medical team should also explain the procedure to the patient and his/her family/guardian, answer their questions, and inform them about the need for intensive postoperative inpatient rehabilitation sessions, if needed. ", "The team also discusses the possible short- and long-term complications, the goals, and the expected outcomes of the procedure. ", "The anesthesia team explains the possible complications of the general anesthesia given during and after the surgery. ", "Consent should be signed by the child patient\\'s parents/guardian. ", "The anesthesia team would also see the patient on the day preceding the surgery to assess fitness for surgery.", "\n\nOn the day of the operation, the patient is given midazolam orally. ", "He/she is taken to the preparation room, where he/she is evaluated by the anesthesia team. ", "The patient is then transferred to the operation room. ", "The procedure involves neurosurgery, neurophysiology, physiotherapy, and anesthesia teams, and it takes around 4--5 hours to be performed. ", "Communication between the teams is essential during the surgery in order to have the best outcome for the patient.", "\n\nAnesthesia considerations {#sec2-4}\n-------------------------\n\nIn the operating room, the patient will be put into general anesthesia using fentanyl. ", "Endotracheal intubation is performed with the aid of an intermediate acting muscle relaxant like rocuronium. ", "A Foley\\'s catheter is also placed. ", "The patient\\'s general anesthesia is preserved with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), propofol, and fentanyl or remifentanyl. ", "Proper communication with anesthesia is extremely important to achieve successful results. ", "Avoidance of bolus doses and achieving a steady-state anesthesia are desired and communicated to the anesthesia team. ", "Long-acting neuromuscular blocking agents should be avoided due to their ability to alter the electromyography (EMG) activity. ", "Mild anesthesia is advantageous since it does not suppress muscular reflex responses. ", "Ankle clonus is a reliable sign to monitor the anesthesia effect. ", "The presence of this sign indicates good neurophysiological monitoring. ", "Additionally, electroencephalograhy (EEG) is used to identify excessive brain suppression by TIVA medications. ", "In our experience, a steady-state anesthesia with optimized doses of TIVA is what works best for the patients.", "\n\nIntraoperative neurophysiology preparation and monitoring {#sec2-5}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nNeurophysiological monitoring is a critical component in SDR procedures. ", "We have adopted a combination technique derived from Peacock et al.\\[[@ref10][@ref11]\\] as well as Phillips and Park\\[[@ref12]\\] techniques with minor changes, described below, to achieve greater precision and efficiency. ", "Among the most important modalities are the EMG, triggered EMG (TEMG) with standard single pulse method and with 50-Hz train method, transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs), and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). ", "Baseline signals are recorded before incision under optimum TIVA anesthetic regimen and communicated to the surgeon.", "\n\nWe utilize Cadwell Cascade Elite 32 Channel intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring device and place 1.5 m, 0.4 mm needle paired electrodes for EMG monitoring bilaterally on one of the upper limb muscles (most commonly brachioradialis), then the lower limbs muscles including, but not limited to, the iliopsoas, one of the adductors of the thigh (adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus), tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, extensor hallucis brevis, hamstrings (HAMS) bilaterally, as well as the anal sphincter \\[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "Most of the electrodes are placed while the patient is supine before switching him/her to the prone position. ", "Caution is always observed, and muscles with evident clinical spasticity are always included in the protocol in addition to the muscles mentioned before. ", "A tap-test is performed on each electrode to produce movement artifacts in order to verify that the electrodes are connected to the monitoring device and functioning properly, and impedance testing must show values under 5 kΩ to be acceptable \\[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\].", "\n\n![", "Sensory electrode placement for somatosensory evoked potential from posterior tibial nerve along with electromyography needle placement for various lower limb muscle roots (a and b). ", "Scalp electrode placement for somatosensory evoked potential recording electrodes along with transcranial motor evoked potentials stimulating electrodes (c). ", "Before collecting neurophysiology data, confirmation of good electrical setup with impedance check (all green) showing \\<5 kΩ impedance should be established (d)](AJNS-12-454-g003){#F1}\n\nTEMG contains two components (described below): (A) Identification of the threshold of each sensory root (single pulse technique). (", "B) 50-Hz train stimulation to the rootlets. ", "Grading is performed thoroughly for sectioning only after completing both components of TEMGs.", "\n\nIn TcMEP, the signals are recorded from the muscles upon stimulation of the motor cortex via scalp electrodes placed on the head using the 10/20 EEG electrode placement system \\[Figures [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "Our surgeons separate motor roots from sensory roots on the basis of anatomy, and no motor mapping is performed in SDR. ", "The neurophysiology team stimulates the motor cortex to acquire motor evoked potentials after each sensory rootlet sectioning, and communicates the results to the neurosurgeon, and a comparison is made to the baseline TcMEP responses. ", "Since the stimulation from the cortex is not specific to lower limb muscles only, a bite block should be used during motor stimulation in order to avoid any injury to the patient\\'s tongue due to stimulation of the muscles of mastication. ", "Care is observed to have a prior clinical history of the patient before conducting this test. ", "Certain conditions like a prior history of epilepsy, prior electrodes or grid placement in the brain, or presence of a cardiac pacemaker are clearly documented, and a safety benefit ratio is ascertained and discussed prior to conducting this test. ", "Normally, this test can be performed by experienced neurophysiologists without much concern in most patients.", "\n\n![", "Free running electromyographies showing root irritation at various cauda equina levels while the surgeon is working on the lower lumbar and sacral roots: anal sphincter irritation (I and II), right hamstring muscles irritation (III), right gastrocnemius muscle irritation (IV), and right extensor hallucis brevis irritation (V), the remaining muscles show no root irritation (a). ", "Identifying root threshold with single pulse technique showing triggered electromyogram responses at 3 mA on the left side (b). ", "Identifying and grading the rootlet with 50-Hz train technique showing sustained discharges on the left side at 3 mA (c). ", "Transcranial motor evoked potentials showing the presence of compound muscle action potentials confirming the integrity of specific motor roots (d)](AJNS-12-454-g004){#F2}\n\nFinally, recording SSEP is the least important, but still usable, modality used to test the spinal cord function intraoperatively in SDR. ", "We record the SSEPs from the somatosensory cortex through specific electrodes placed on the scalp upon electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves (most commonly the median nerve and the posterior tibial nerve) \\[[Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\].", "\n\nIntraoperative physiotherapist preparation and assessment {#sec2-6}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe patient is placed in Trendelenburg position in order to decrease the cerebrospinal fluid loss during the procedure. ", "The patient\\'s legs are covered with transparent drapes in order to allow the neurosurgeon and the physiotherapist to see the movements caused by electrical stimulation \\[[Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\].", "\n\n![", "Operating team setup in photographic (a) and schematic (b) representation: Physiotherapist (PT) is positioned behind the screen and transparent drapes (dotted lines) where she can visualize the surgeons (S) stimulating the rootlets and the surgeons are able to see the lower extremities moving. ", "The anesthetist (An) keeping the patient light enough for stimulation without moving or sensing the stimulations. ", "The neurophysiologist (NP) supervising the neurophysiology technicians (NT) as they stimulate and record results. ", "The team will concordantly interpret the results and make concurrent decisions on what nerve rootlets to rhizotomize. ", "The nurse (Ns) is in the lower left side of the patient](AJNS-12-454-g005){#F3}\n\nA place is arranged to accommodate the physiotherapist to stand comfortably behind the transparent drapes in order to palpate and observe the patient\\'s muscle contractions of the lower extremities during the rootlets electro-stimulation. ", "This increases the reliability of testing and helps in judging the congruity of the results. ", "It also aids in reaching the best decision on how many rootlets have to be cut \\[[Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\].", "\n\nSelective dorsal rhizotomy procedure {#sec2-7}\n------------------------------------\n\nA dose of antibiotics is given to the patient before making the skin incision. ", "Afterward, a skin incision is made from just above the second lumbar to just below the first sacral spinal level and narrow laminotomies (L2-S1) are done to reduce the risk of spinal instability postoperatively. ", "The dura is then opened and secured. ", "The arachnoid is also opened. ", "Then, the cauda equina is exposed just at the lower end of the conus down to the second sacral root as it exits the canal \\[[Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "Saline irrigation should be used with caution due to its ability to alter the EMG activity. ", "The roots are identified grossly through their exit through the transverse foramina of the vertebral segments, as well as by using electrical stimulation. ", "Sometimes, CP patients show alterations in the muscular innervation due to an existing pathology. ", "For example, the HAMS muscles are normally innervated by L5-S2, but in some CP patients, EMG activity is seen in the HAMS muscles upon L3 stimulation. ", "Classical anatomy with the standard known root innervations does not always exist in these patients.", "\n\n![", "The laminae (L) of L2-S1 are opened, wrapped in gauze and retracted superiorly. ", "Cauda equina (CE) is observed and arachnoid webs are released to identify and separate the ventral from the dorsal roots (a and b). ", "The dorsal sensory root (DR) easily separated from the ventral motor root (VR) using Sabbagh--Bunyan dissecting electrodes (Bl: Blade electrode, Bp: Ball-probe electrode). ", "The roots are uniting as they exit the spinal canal into the dural sleeve through the neural foramen (NF) (c). ", "The dorsal root is divided into five rootlets (R-a, R-b, R-c, R-d and R-e). ", "R-c and R-e (solid arrows) are selected for rhizotomy. ", "Bipolar cautery is performed and micro-scissors (Sc) are used to rhizotomize the selected rootlets. ", "This process is done one level and one side at a time (d)](AJNS-12-454-g006){#F4}\n\nOnce the segmental spinal roots are identified using anatomy and clear visualization, each spinal root is separated into dorsal sensory and ventral motor roots based on their structure and position \\[[Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "We do not stimulate the motor roots after separating them from the sensory roots in order to avoid exhausting the roots and anterior horns.", "\n\nThe threshold current, usually measured in milli-amperes, for each dorsal sensory root is identified by placing the root over two hooks of rhizotomy probes, Sabbagh--Bunyan Probes (525317 Inomed Medizintechnik GmbH), and stimulating the root by single pulse threshold identification technique. ", "This is better achieved by bipolar stimulation. ", "The threshold will be identified when a first repeatable and reliable response from the muscle(s) innervated by this root is noted. ", "Ideally, motor roots produce a more robust response upon receiving less current when compared to sensory roots. ", "Sensory roots should require higher threshold of electrical current to produce a compound muscle action potential (CMAP). ", "Gradual increase of electrical current with single pulse technique is used. ", "Each sensory root is stimulated, starting with 1 mA and gradually increasing until a reliable CMAP is observed \\[[Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "Interestingly, we have noticed even \\< 1 mA threshold occasionally in extremely spastic roots. ", "Each dorsal sensory root is graded upon the criteria described in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}, and we interpret the findings in combination with the results of sensory rootlet response grading after 50-Hz train stimulation of the rootlets, as described below. ", "The thresholds are recorded in an internally designed template and the muscles producing the CMAPs upon stimulation for each root are noted. ", "This is done to identify the severity of spasticity at each individual root level and helps in decision-making upon sectioning of rootlets in the steps described later. ", "Each sensory root is then separated into five (sometimes 3--8) sensory rootlets using the Sabbagh--Bunyan (525317 Inomed Medizintechnik GmbH) dissecting electrodes, blade electrode, and ball-probe electrode \\[[Figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "Sometimes, the sectioning process causes irritation to the rootlets and produces false positive EMG activity that may interfere with the assessment of the rootlet and its grading. ", "If this happens, irrigation of the area with body temperature saline will restore proper EMG recordings and enable the neurosurgeon to proceed safely. ", "Afterward, the sensory rootlets are placed, one by one, over the two hooks of the rhizotomy probes, where a train of impulses at 50-Hz is applied, increasing the intensity of the stimulus gradually until the threshold current for each sensory rootlet is established through monitoring the reflex activity from the muscles observed by the physiotherapist as well as a CMAP on the EMG monitoring window \\[[Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}\\]. ", "A train of 50-Hz stimulation is given to each sensory rootlet in order to determine the grade of the response according to the criteria in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "It is highly desirable, but not necessarily recommended, to repeat the train stimulation 2--3 times to confirm the grade of the response before sectioning. ", "Identification of sensory root threshold in the previous step helps here, as most sensory rootlets produce a response in this step at a higher current intensity. ", "For example, if left L4 root produced a response at 3 mA with single pulse stimulation on the left quadriceps femoris, then after sectioning left L4 root into rootlets, the rootlets would likely produce a response higher than 3 mA at 50-Hz train stimulation.", "\n\n###### \n\nModified Park and Phillips grading criteria\n\n![](", "AJNS-12-454-g007)\n\nPutting the patient\\'s clinical presentation into consideration, the rootlets generating a response activity of 0, 1+, or 2+ are left intact, while rootlets generating a response activity of 3+ or 4+ are sectioned. ", "The desirable sectioning percentage at each segment level is 40--60% with the exception of L4 level, where only up to 50% rootlet sectioning is performed in order to avoid causing permanent sensory loss postoperatively and also to minimize complications specifically related to quadriceps femoris muscle function.", "\n\nCareful observation is required to avoid cutting rootlets with increased sphincter activity, especially if it is coming from sacral rootlets. ", "Lumbar rootlets that show Grade 3+ or 4+ along with sphincter activity are sectioned with the exception of rootlets at L5 level. ", "In the first sacral segment level, the rootlets that show high-grade responses with sphincter coverage are spared, whereas rootlets that show minimal sphincter coverage at Grade 3+ or 4+ are cut.", "\n\nThe neurosurgeon performs the procedure of stimulating, dividing roots into rootlets, re-stimulating each rootlet and cutting the undesired rootlets in all levels on one side before moving to the other. ", "We usually start from right L2-S1 levels then progress upwards all the way to right L2 then progress downwards on the other side to left L2-S1 levels, or vice versa, for the sake of comfort, reliability, and having a systematic surgical technique. ", "Rootlets sectioning percentage should be calculated at each side. ", "Accordingly, an overall sectioning percentage is calculated for each patient. ", "Ankle clonus will be dramatically reduced after performing SDR on one side while it will still be preserved on the other side. ", "Therefore, it is considered a good sign for determining the effectiveness of the procedure intraoperatively. ", "The presence of ankle clonus after performing SDR on one side is an indication for neurophysiological re-assessment of the remaining rootlets for sectioning. ", "Communication between the neurophysiology team, the physiotherapy team, and the neurosurgery team is essential to facilitate precise decisions for rootlet sectioning or sparing, which will lead to the best outcome for the patient.", "\n\nIn case of bleeding from the cut of the rootlet fascicles, bipolar cautery should be used to control the bleeding. ", "4-0 monofilament nylon is used to close the dura in a running pattern. ", "The Trendelenburg position is reversed and the wound is closed in layers. ", "Shortly before waking up, the patient is given a bolus dose of morphine intrathecally, as well as rectal paracetamol.", "\n\nPostoperative care {#sec2-8}\n------------------\n\nAfter the operation, the patient should stay at least one night in the Intensive Care Unit. ", "The patient should feel an instant reduction in spasticity and tone of the involved limbs after the surgery. ", "The patient is given fentanyl, intravenous benzodiazepam, intrathecal bupivacaine, and morphine for pain management. ", "If the patient is vitally stable, he/she will be transferred to the ward 1 day after the surgery. ", "The patient will keep taking epidural morphine and bupivacaine, while fentanyl and benzodiazepam are discontinued. ", "The patient should start gentle physiotherapy in the bed and begin wearing ankle-foot orthosis. ", "On the 3^rd^ day after the surgery, the patient should start to sit out of the bed, and the physiotherapy team should follow-up with the patient. ", "The epidural catheter is removed on day three postoperatively. ", "The Foley catheter is removed 24 hours after the removal of the epidural catheter in order to reduce the incidence of transient urinary retention that is usually associated with removing the Foley catheter before the epidural catheter is removed. ", "One week after the surgery, if the patient has no complications, he/she is transferred to the rehabilitation ward to begin a 6-week course of intensive indoor physiotherapy and OT.", "\n\nResults {#sec1-3}\n=======\n\nCase I {#sec2-9}\n------\n\nA 9-year-old female diagnosed with CP was refractory to medical treatment and was subsequently selected as a candidate for SDR using the criteria in Tables [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Her preoperative assessment showed moderate spasticity (Ashworth II) with a power of 3 bilaterally. ", "The range of motion was 50° at the right popliteal angle, and 70° on the left side. ", "She was walking independently indoors with a low crouch gait with tip-toeing, feet inversion, and left femoral anteversion with fair balance and frequent falls; for outdoors, she was using a walker. ", "She was found to have a moderate dependency on her ADL evaluation. ", "She was GMFCS Level II, with a GMFM score of 85%. ", "She was operated with the surgical procedure described. ", "The percentages of rootlet sectioning were 43% and 48% on the right and left side, respectively, accounting for 46% of rootlets in total. ", "No intra- or post-operative complications were encountered. ", "Postoperatively, she improved and had a normal tone (Ashworth 0) with a power of 3+ bilaterally. ", "The range of motion at the right popliteal angle was normal and was 35° on the left side. ", "She was ambulating with a more upright gait, with a mild degree of crouching and bilateral intoeing, mainly due to femoral anteversion. ", "She had no more restrictions in her ADL and was completely independent, at GMFCS Level I. Physiotherapy follow-up was up to 2 years, showing gradual improvements in her GMFM score, which was found to be 88% at 6 months, 93% at 12 months, and 95% at 24 months follow-up. ", "The patient was doing well on her last follow-up visit 29 months postoperatively.", "\n\nCase II {#sec2-10}\n-------\n\nAn 8-year-old male known to have CP refractory to medical treatment was selected for SDR. ", "His preoperative assessment showed mild spasticity (Ashworth I) with a power of 3+ bilaterally. ", "The range of motion was 55° at the right popliteal angle, and 30° on the left side. ", "He was independent in walking but had a narrow base of support, mild crouching gait with left side intoeing, and no heel strike, with lumbar lordosis. ", "He was independent in his ADL. ", "He was GMFCS Level I, with a GMFM score of 96%. ", "The percentages of rootlet sectioning were 45% and 42% on the right and left side, respectively, accounting for 44% of rootlets in total. ", "No perioperative complications were encountered. ", "Postoperatively, he improved and had a normal tone (Ashworth 0) with a power of 4 and 4+ on the right and left side, respectively. ", "The range of motion at the right popliteal angle was normal bilaterally. ", "His gait improved, showing straight knees with a wider base of support and some degree of ankle dorsiflexion for the heel strike, no left side intoeing and reduced compensatory lumbar lordosis. ", "His ADL and GMFCS level were preserved. ", "Physiotherapy follow-up showed improvement in his GMFM score, which was found to be 98% at 6 months and 12 months follow-up. ", "The patient was lost to follow-up for his 24 months GMFM assessment. ", "On his last follow-up, 23 months postoperatively, he was doing well, with no complications.", "\n\nCase III {#sec2-11}\n--------\n\nA 6-year-old male diagnosed with CP which was refractory to medical treatment was selected to undergo SDR. ", "His preoperative assessment showed moderate spasticity (Ashworth II) with a power of 3 and 3+ on the right and left side, respectively. ", "The range of motion was 50° at the right and left popliteal angles. ", "He was walking independently but exhibited a mild crouch gait pattern with bilateral intoeing, partial foot contact, and genu valgum. ", "He was found to have a moderate dependency in his ADL. ", "He was GMFCS Level I, with a GMFM score of 93%. ", "The percentages of rootlet sectioning were 55% and 47% on the right and left side, respectively, accounting for 52% of rootlets in total. ", "No perioperative complications were encountered. ", "Postoperatively, he improved and had a normal tone (Ashworth 0) with a power of 4 bilaterally. ", "The range of motion at the right popliteal angle was 20°, and was 30° on the left side. ", "His gait was more upright with full foot contact but still no heel strike. ", "He became fully independent in his ADL, and his GMFCS level was preserved. ", "Physiotherapy follow-up showed overall improvement in his GMFM score, which was found to be 95% at 6 months. ", "At 12 months follow-up, the patient was found to have bilateral HAMS shortening, which greatly affected his gross motor ability and gait pattern. ", "He was crouching and scored 94% in GMFM. ", "This reduction was attributed to the poor compliance of the patient and his family with the home exercise program. ", "The patient underwent bilateral distal HAMS lengthening. ", "He showed significant improvement in his gait pattern and GMFM increased to 99% at 24 months follow-up. ", "The patient was doing well on his last follow-up visit 35 months postoperatively with no complications.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nSelective dorsal rhizotomy background {#sec2-12}\n-------------------------------------\n\nSDR is a neurosurgical procedure developed in order to reduce the spasticity and improve the mobility in spastic CP patients. ", "The procedure has evolved throughout history. ", "In 1898, after performing segmental dorsal rhizotomies in decerebrate cats, Sherrington noted that limb rigidity is a consequence of hyperactive reflexes resulting from the decrease in inhibitory signals coming from damaged motor nerve fibers.\\[[@ref13]\\] Abbe and Bennett were the first surgeons to perform dorsal rhizotomies in human patients in 1889.\\[[@ref14][@ref15]\\]\n\nDuring the years from 1908 to 1912, Dr. Harvey Cushing performed dorsal rhizotomies for a few patients to relieve their spasticity symptoms.\\[[@ref16]\\] In 1913, Foerster used Sherrington\\'s study and other neurosurgeons' studies as basis for improving the procedure. ", "He sectioned all sensory nerve roots to the lower limbs, which led to improvement in spasticity but also caused severe muscular weakness with complete loss of skin sensation and proprioception.\\[[@ref17]\\]\n\nIn 1967, Gros et al., ", "were the first to perform partial nonselective rhizotomies at each segmental level. ", "This led to a decrease in both the muscular weakness and loss of proprioception and skin sensation that were associated with the procedure.\\[[@ref18]\\]\n\nIn 1979, Fasano et al., ", "revolutionized the procedure by introducing intraoperative neurophysiological recording, which is still used nowadays.\\[[@ref19][@ref20]\\] They used an electrical stimulator and recorded the EMG responses of the lower limb muscles innervated by the stimulated nerve root. ", "The stimulator is composed of two electrodes (a cathode and an anode) located 1 cm apart from each other. ", "After separating the sensory nerve roots into rootlets and recording the electrical threshold (measured in milli-amperes) for each sensory root, they stimulated the rootlets and sectioned the ones that caused constant muscular activity contributing to the patient\\'s spasticity. ", "This technique enabled them to selectively cut the sensory nerve rootlets involved in the abnormally increased muscular activity, and it was associated with favorable results.\\[[@ref19][@ref20]\\]\n\nDuring the 1980s, Peacock and Arens refined criteria that helped the surgeons identify which rootlets are to be sectioned, and which ones are to be spared.\\[[@ref10][@ref11]\\] They changed the surgical approach to the lumbosacral roots from the extramedullary approach used by Fasano to the intraforaminal approach. ", "They continued using Fasano\\'s technique of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and popularized it in the United States as they published many papers describing the procedure.\\[[@ref10][@ref11]\\]\n\nFarmer et al., ", "at the Montreal Children\\'s Hospital and the Shriners Hospital for Children had most rigorously evaluated the benefit and the short-term and long-term outcomes of this procedure and documented significant positive findings from several functional perspectives.\\[[@ref4][@ref9][@ref21][@ref22][@ref23][@ref24]\\]\n\nPatients selection and surgical approaches {#sec2-13}\n------------------------------------------\n\nOptimal selection of patients is essential to maximize the benefits and reduce the risk of complications. ", "There are many criteria that have been established by different institutions to select the proper candidates for SDR.\\[[@ref11][@ref25][@ref26]\\] Our selection criteria is optimized to ensure the greatest benefit to the patients. ", "It is generally known that patients who are independent ambulators preoperatively will have better results than those who need assistive devices.\\[[@ref4]\\] In addition, a normal brain MRI may predict better gross motor skills improvement after surgery compared to patients who have periventricular leukomalacia. ", "Patients with hydrocephalus may have a less favorable prognosis after the procedure.\\[[@ref27]\\]\n\nVarious surgical techniques have been utilized by neurosurgeons over time. ", "Peacock and Arens applied SDR through complete laminectomy or laminotomy from the second lumbar to the fifth lumbar or first sacral level, and sometimes the second sacral level (L2-L5 or L2-S1/2), which enabled them to have a complete visualization of the cauda equina.\\[[@ref10]\\] This approach was used by others as well.\\[[@ref28]\\]\n\nThe group at the Montreal Children\\'s Hospital performed a L1-S2 narrow laminotomy for their patients, which enabled them to visualize the whole cauda equina.\\[[@ref28]\\] The laminotomy is closed at the end of the procedure as an attempt to reconstruct the posterior elements, knowing that there is a risk of developing scoliosis in the long-term follow-up postoperatively.\\[[@ref29]\\]\n\nFasano et al., ", "and Park et al., ", "used the conus exposure modality, which involves complete laminectomy at the level of T12-L1, enabling them to visualize the conus medullaris.\\[[@ref20][@ref30]\\] This approach requires a smaller surgical incision, and therefore decreases the risks of postsurgical infections, spinal instability, postsurgical pain, time of operation, and probably the surgical trauma to the rootlets.\\[[@ref31]\\] However, this approach does not facilitate the complete visualization of the cauda equina, and therefore does not aid in the selective identification of the nerve roots, which might be substituted for by utilizing electrophysiology.", "\n\nAt our institution, the neurosurgeons follow the lumbosacral laminotomy approach. ", "Narrow laminotomies from L2-S1 are made for better visualization of the cauda equina and the nerve roots exiting the transverse foramina. ", "The laminotomy is closed at the end of the operation.", "\n\nNeurophysiology monitoring {#sec2-14}\n--------------------------\n\nIntraoperative neurophysiology monitoring is imperative in SDR procedures. ", "Multiple modalities can be employed as we described above. ", "We perform extensive muscle EMG monitoring in order to ensure maximum root coverage, and our EMG recording technique helps us identify the severity of mechanical irritation during exposure and sectioning, besides identifying variations in myotomes. ", "Our surgeons separate motor roots from sensory roots on the basis of anatomy, and no motor mapping is performed in SDRs. ", "Motor roots are usually round, small, and ventral while sensory roots are dorsal, broad, and larger than motor roots. ", "After each sensory rootlet sectioning, the neurophysiology team acquires the TcMEPs, and a comparison is made to the baseline TcMEP responses. ", "This will reassure surgeons about the maintained integrity of pathways after each sectioning, and provide information to the neurosurgeon about any muscular motor loss, which can happen, sometimes, during the roots separation process where some motor fibers are carried along with the sensory ones. ", "Hence, the use of TcMEP monitoring helps the surgeons understand the overall neurophysiological picture and the integrity of the pathways and roots during the procedure. ", "The information gathered through this modality is helpful and more desirable than its absolute avoidance.", "\n\nWe also record SSEPs as an additional monitoring modality in SDR. ", "Having reliable SSEP recordings in spastic diplegia patients is uncommon, but SSEPs can be reliably obtained in some patients and in those cases, it can be of great benefit, especially when combined with the other monitoring modalities. ", "Performing a comparison between the upper limb median nerve SSEPs versus lower limb posterior tibial nerve SSEPs can help the surgeon in identifying and documenting a difference between the upper and lower limb sensory systems. ", "Ideally, the SSEPs show healthy, sharp morphology waves as the signals ascend from the peripheral nerves to the brain, but in CP patients this is not always the case. ", "Low amplitude and poor morphology on SSEP are usually due to the patient\\'s pathology. ", "This can also can be due to the presence of electrical noise caused by the EEG, scalp muscle EMG, or other electrical devices present in the operating room. ", "Most CP patients show poor morphology in this test, especially from the lower limb nerves. ", "Overall, considering the potential benefits of SSEP monitoring in a subset of patients, the ease of attaching SSEP electrodes to the patient, and that it does not hinder the surgeons during the surgery or require any change in anesthesia than already used for the other modalities, this test is performed in our patients but is not always helpful.", "\n\nThe key to successful utilization of intraoperative monitoring to select rootlets for sectioning is to recognize that individual patients differ greatly in the extent to which they demonstrate the different EMG patterns to train stimulation described above. ", "In our patients, sensory root stimulation/mapping with single pulse technique ranged between intensities of 0.20 mA from very spastic muscles/roots to up to 7 mA in relatively less spastic roots. ", "Similarly, 50-Hz train stimulation for rootlets stimulation intensities ranged between 0.5 and 15 mA. Careful dissection was especially followed in Grades 3 and 4. ", "The TcMEP stimulation in our patients resulted in CMAPs at voltages as low as 80--300 V.\n\nSince the original report of Fasano et al.,\\[[@ref20]\\] there have been many attempts to clarify the criteria used to determine which roots or rootlets should be sectioned. ", "Fasano proposed a straightforward criterion; there was either a single response to a 50-Hz train stimulation (normal), or extended response (abnormal). ", "Peacock et al.\\[[@ref10][@ref11]\\] found that this was overly simplified and potentially led to sectioning of more rootlets than necessary to achieve good clinical outcomes. ", "Thus, they identified at least eight different response patterns and gave each pattern a descriptive name, which has proven useful in communication between the surgeons and neurophysiologists. ", "The patterns were classified as decremental, squared, decremental squared, incremental, multiphasic, clonic, irregular, and sustained. ", "The first of these roughly corresponds to Fasano\\'s \"normal\" response, although rather than requiring only a single response to 50-Hz train stimulation, a decremental response only requires that the response amplitude continues to decline throughout the duration of the stimulus train. ", "The squared and decremental squared categories appear to represent what Fasano et al. ", "would have termed \"lack of inhibition,\" which they considered abnormal. ", "However, these are considered within the normal range of variation in Peacock\\'s scheme, and would thus be spared from sectioning. ", "The last five categories, which involve either increasing amplitude of the response during the stimulus train, more complex patterns of alternating excitation and inhibition, or discharges after the end of the stimulus, are all termed abnormal by Peacock et al., ", "as are any responses that spread to multiple segmental levels or involve bilateral responses, and would be candidates for sectioning.", "\n\nAs discussed above, we utilize a combination technique where we grade sensory roots response after single pulse stimulation in addition to grading sensory rootlet response after 50-Hz train stimulation, according to Philips and Park\\'s criteria. ", "This criterion does not distinguish among different categories of sustained response, as does Peacock\\'s, but relies primarily on the anatomical distribution of the responses. ", "Generally, nearly all rootlets producing three or four responses are sectioned, although at least one rootlet may be spared at each level.\\[[@ref28]\\] Mittal et al.\\[[@ref32]\\] have studied the reliability of responses to repeated train stimulation, using the grading scheme of Phillips and Park. ", "They found that 93% of dorsal rootlets had either no change or a change of only one grade between repeated stimulation runs. ", "They proposed their own algorithm for determining which rootlets to section, in which whole roots are first tested, and if the response is Grade 0, 1, or 2, the root is not subdivided and they move on to the next level. ", "If the entire root produces a Grade 3 or 4 response, then it is subdivided and each rootlet tested individually. ", "Only the rootlets that consistently produce a Grade 4 response are sectioned. ", "Overall, this produced a lesion rate of 51%. ", "Harper and Nelson\\[[@ref28]\\] also noted that they may section rootlets showing only one or two responses \"if they innervate muscles contributing to the patient\\'s spasticity, and all rootlets at that level have a similar grade.\" ", "They also note that \"the contraction strength perceived by the electrophysiologist may also be used to distinguish rootlets of the same grade. ", "Hence, after reviewing all of this data, a combination technique with grading both sensory roots and rootlets has been adapted.\\[[@ref33]\\] The use of intraoperative physiotherapeutic assessment of motor responses and response grade assignment helps in improving the team\\'s decision-making in terms of what rootlets to lesion.\\[[@ref32]\\]\n\nBenefits and outcomes {#sec2-15}\n---------------------\n\nAlmost all the patients with spastic diplegia and some patients with spastic quadriplegia have benefited from the procedure.\\[[@ref4][@ref9][@ref34][@ref35][@ref36][@ref37][@ref38]\\] Reduction of spasticity is what patients and their families expect as a means to an end, and many studies have documented that, but that does not guarantee functional improvement.\\[[@ref23][@ref34][@ref35]\\] After the surgery, patients have increased strength and range of motion in their affected limbs, which helps them in their daily activities.\\[[@ref34][@ref38][@ref39][@ref40][@ref41]\\] Patients who can ambulate without assistance had more benefit from SDR compared to patients who could ambulate with assistance or could not ambulate before the procedure.\\[[@ref4]\\] The procedure also avoids the progression of hip subluxation or dislocation, which is commonly seen in spastic CP patients.\\[[@ref42]\\] In addition, SDR seems to improve cognitive power, evident by marked improvement in language, attention, temperament, mood, and interaction with people in the affected children who seemed to be mentally challenged before the procedure.\\[[@ref43]\\]\n\nThere are validated methods that are useful in attempting to quantify changes in gross motor function in children with CP. ", "GMFM is one of the most widely used scales.\\[[@ref44][@ref45]\\] McLaughlin et al. ", "performed a meta-analysis looking at controlled trials comparing GMFM assessments of the patients who had rhizotomy in addition to physiotherapy with those who had physiotherapy alone, which showed significant improvement in the former group.\\[[@ref46]\\] Randomized controlled trials to date do not exceed 2 years of follow-up, and this may be a reason why no statistical difference was seen. ", "Mittal et al. ", "documented a significant persistent improvement in 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up GMFM scores, especially in dimensions reflecting lower extremity motor function.\\[[@ref21]\\] These findings are also consistent with our experience with our patients who underwent SDR in addition to physiotherapy. ", "Our patients demonstrated continuous benefit from the procedure over 24 months of follow-up.", "\n\nThe long-term durability of the procedure was evaluated in a study by the group in Montreal, and the durable benefit was shown in patients as far as 15 years postoperatively.\\[[@ref9]\\] Therefore, SDR is considered to be a great choice for the management of spastic CP patients.", "\n\nComplications {#sec2-16}\n-------------\n\nSDR is generally safe, and permanent complications after the surgery are rare. ", "However, some complications might occur during or after the surgery, and the patient and his/her parents/guardian should be informed about these complications before the surgery. ", "These complications include, but not are limited to, transient dysesthesias, numbness, tingling, transient urinary retention (frequent), back pain, headache, infections, pneumonia, bronchospasm, ileus, hemorrhage, cerebrospinal fluid leak from the surgical side, meningitis, fluid collection or seroma beneath the skin, incomplete reduction of the spasticity, muscle weakness, spinal deformities (scoliosis, kyphosis, hyperlordisis, spondylolisthesis), permanent hypoesthesia (rare), permanent urinary incontinence (rare), impotence, bladder and bowel dysfunction, spinal cord stenosis, risks associated with general and local anesthesia (rare), and the risk of death (extremely rare).\\[[@ref10][@ref23][@ref29][@ref47][@ref48][@ref49]\\] We have not encountered any intraoperative or postoperative complications in our patients, and they were all doing well at their subsequent follow-up assessments.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec1-5}\n==========\n\nSDR is a safe and effective procedure for patients with medically refractory spastic diplegia. ", "A multidisciplinary approach collaborating neurosurgery, neurophysiology, physiotherapy, and anesthesiology is needed to ensure good short-term and long-term outcomes in select patients suffering from spastic diplegia. ", "Using our collaborative approach resulted in functional and objective improvement in our patients, which was maintained over a long follow-up time with no complications. ", "Knowledge about the procedure, its indications, patients' selection, intraoperative monitoring, and outcomes may aid in helping a substantial number of patients that might benefit from such a procedure.", "\n\nFinancial support and sponsorship {#sec2-17}\n---------------------------------\n\nNil.", "\n\nConflicts of interest {#sec2-18}\n---------------------\n\nThere are no conflicts of interest.", "\n\nThe authors would like to thank Dr. Ayman A. Al Banyan for developing the KFMC SDR-Inclusion criteria, creating the multidisciplinary team, and helping in performing the surgeries. ", "We would like to acknowledge Dr. Reem Bunyan for co-creating the Sabbagh-Bunyan Rhizotomy Electrode Probes (525317 Inomed Medizintechnik GmbH) that were used in all the surgeries. ", "We would like to acknowledge the Rehabilitation hospital at King Fahad Medical City led by Dr. Ahmed Abu Abad for their guidance and for making it possible for patients to be in long-term inpatient rehabilitation.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0.0028735632183908046, 0.0059417706476530005, 0, 0, 0, 0.004149377593360996, 0.003952569169960474, 0.00804289544235925, 0.0044444444444444444, 0.006060606060606061, 0.01282051282051282, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.024691358024691357, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.02040816326530612, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0.022321428571428572, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.005084745762711864, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006269592476489028, 0, 0, 0.004081632653061225, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.0041841004184100415, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002631578947368421, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.006430868167202572, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003389830508474576, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0.013245033112582781, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.005555555555555556, 0.006622516556291391, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008097165991902834, 0.005555555555555556, 0.0037174721189591076, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004016064257028112, 0, 0.01088646967340591, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0.011029411764705883, 0, 0, 0.011695906432748537, 0.008968609865470852, 0.015503875968992248, 0.013043478260869565, 0.003194888178913738, 0.005780346820809248, 0.009446693657219974, 0, 0.006359300476947536, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.008032128514056224, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0, 0.022988505747126436, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0.002881844380403458, 0.0038461538461538464, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.0037735849056603774, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037735849056603774, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0.010033444816053512, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0, 0.013830426939266387, 0.023809523809523808, 0.002544529262086514, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.0077777777777777776, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.00546448087431694, 0.011111111111111112, 0.009389671361502348, 0 ]	0.003034	5
[ "Herbie Mann Live at Newport\n\nHerbie Mann Live at Newport is a live album by American jazz flautist Herbie Mann recorded at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1963 for the Atlantic label.", "\n\nReception\n\nAllMusic awarded the album 4 stars with its review by Scott Yanow calling it a \"well-played program\".", "\n\nTrack listing\n \"Soft Winds\" (Benny Goodman, Fred Royal) - 7:40\n \"Desafinado\" (Antônio Carlos Jobim, Newton Mendonça) - 7:39\n \"Samba de Orfeu\" (Luiz Bonfá) - 6:09\n \"Don't You Know\" (Ben Tucker) - 10:49 \t\n \"Garota de Ipanema\" (Jobim, Vinicius de Moraes) - 8:05\n\nPersonnel \nHerbie Mann - flute\nDave Pike - vibraphone\nDon Friedman - piano \nAttila Zoller - guitar\nBen Tucker - bass\nBobby Thomas - drums\nWillie Bobo, Carlos \"Patato\" Valdes - percussion (tracks 1, 3 & 4)\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1963 live albums\nCategory:Herbie Mann live albums\nCategory:albums produced by Nesuhi Ertegun\nCategory:Atlantic Records live albums\nCategory:Albums recorded at the Newport Jazz Festival" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.03333333333333333, 0.008771929824561403, 0.02373887240356083 ]	0.021948	5
[ "Peter Jackson Added More 'Violence and Suffering' to 'Lovely Bones' After Early Screenings\n\nFilmmaker Peter Jackson has never been shy about putting gore and violence into his movies. ", "Before becoming one of the best-known directors working today, the New Zealander was famous, or infamous, for a string of wacky, and very gory, horror comedies. ", "They called the genre \"splatstick.\"", "\n\nBut after he received an Oscar nod for 'Heavenly Creatures,' the film that introduced Kate Winslet to the world (thank you, Peter), Jackson backed off of the gore and embraced the big-time. ", "His 'Lord of the Rings' trilogy grossed nearly $3 billion dollars internationally and won dozens of Oscars, including Best Picture. ", "But at its heart, 'Lord of the Rings' was a redemptive tale, the hero's journey. ", "The films had their share of violence and suffering (poor Frodo), but violence and suffering wasn't the point.", "\n\nBut at a recent screening of his new film, 'The Lovely Bones' (based on Alice Sebold's best-selling novel), Jackson was taken aback when a character's death scene received a lackluster reception. \"", "They were simply not satisfied,\" Jackson said. \"", "They wanted far more violence.\" ", "Suddenly, the violence and the suffering were the point, and Jackson was quick to oblige. ", "The filmmaker went back into the editing room \"to basically add more violence and suffering ... to give people the satisfaction they needed.\"", "\nFilmmaker Peter Jackson has never been shy about putting gore and violence into his movies. ", "Before becoming one of the best-known directors working today, the New Zealander was famous, or infamous, for a string of wacky, and very gory, horror comedies. ", "They called the genre \"splatstick.\"", "\n\nBut after he received an Oscar nod for 'Heavenly Creatures,' the film that introduced Kate Winslet to the world (thank you, Peter), Jackson backed off of the gore and embraced the big-time. ", "His 'Lord of the Rings' trilogy grossed nearly $3 billion dollars internationally and won dozens of Oscars, including Best Picture. ", "But at its heart, 'Lord of the Rings' was a redemptive tale, the hero's journey. ", "The films had their share of violence and suffering (poor Frodo), but violence and suffering wasn't the point.", "\n\nBut at a recent screening of his new film, 'The Lovely Bones' (based on Alice Sebold's best-selling novel), Jackson was taken aback when a character's death scene received a lackluster reception. \"", "They were simply not satisfied,\" Jackson said. \"", "They wanted far more violence.\" ", "Suddenly, the violence and the suffering were the point, and Jackson was quick to oblige. ", "The filmmaker went back into the editing room \"to basically add more violence and suffering ... to give people the satisfaction they needed.\"", "\n\n'The Lovely Bones' stars Academy Award nominee (for 'Atonement') Saoirse Ronan as Susie, a 14-year-old girl who, after being brutally murdered, watches her mother and father from her new vantage point: heaven (or, as Sebold refers to it, \"the in between\"). ", "Played by Mark Wahlberg and Rachel Weisz, Susie's parents mourn and struggle to bring her killer to justice, and not necessarily the kind that involves the law.", "\n\nIt's unusual, and potentially risky, for a filmmaker to up the violence in a film. ", "Jackson acknowledged that it was important for his film to receive the Academy's PG-13 rating, rather than the more restrictive R. Many in Hollywood view PG-13 as the golden goose of ratings. ", "They feel that PG-13 films can reach the widest possible audience. ", "And a bigger audience means a bigger B.O. take, something that becomes particularly important when a film's budget gets anywhere over $50 million.", "\n\nJackson has made some epic films and spent equally epic amounts of money to make them. ", "The cost to make 'The Lovely Bones' is rumored at a relatively affordable $65 million. ", "So, will a more violent death tip 'The Lovely Bones' into the R camp? ", "We'll have to wait and see. ", "Jackson may well have to make one more trip to the editing room before his latest film hits theaters this December." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.016304347826086956, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.026041666666666668, 0.015151515151515152, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.021505376344086023, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.026041666666666668, 0.015151515151515152, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.010050251256281407, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.011583011583011582, 0.01875, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044 ]	0.008628	5
[ "In NK cells, eta2 integrin binding to ICAM family members is sufficient to promote not only adhesion to target cells, but also the polarization of intracellular lytic granules towards the target. ", "This feature enabled us to study the polarization of lytic granules in the absence of their release through degranulation, as well as 2 integrin signaling independently of inside-out signals from other receptors. ", "Using a proteomics approach, we identified a signaling network centered on an integrin-linked kinase (ILK)Pyk2Paxillin core that was required for granule polarization. ", "Downstream of ILK, the conserved Cdc42Par6 signaling pathway, which controls cell polarity, was activated and required for granule polarization. ", "Polarization of NK lytic granules toward target cells occurs in two distinct steps: granule convergence to the MTOC, followed by reorientation with the MTOC toward the site of contact with the target cell. ", "By measuring each step separately, we have found three signaling components that are required for the convergence step. ", "This work has revealed a greater signaling capacity of eta2 integrins than was previously appreciated, and delineates two connected signaling networks that are integrated to control integrin-dependent granule polarization in NK cells. ", "The unbiased mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis we performed with NK cells that had been stimulated through integrin LFA-1 resulted in the discovery of a complete signaling pathway that controls granule polarization toward the target cell. ", "In addition to a network of 11 proteins tested for a role in granule polarization, there were 12 orphan proteins with no known interactions. ", "The orphan protein with the highest score in the mass spectrometry analysis was cytohesin 4. ", "The four members of the cytohesin family carry a PH domain and a Sec7 domain with guanine exchange factor activity for members of the small GTPase Arf family. ", "While cytohesin 1 plays a role in inside-out signaling for eta2 integrin LFA-1, the function of cytohesin 4 is unknown. ", "Silencing of cytohesin 4 but not cytohesin 1 resulted in defective granule polarization. ", "To our knowledge, this is the first time a function has been attributed to cytohesin 4." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0, 0.00425531914893617, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.011494252873563218 ]	0.003906	5
[ "Background\n==========\n\nThe advantage of using a bioprosthetic valve over a mechanical valve is that it lowers the incidence of thrombosis, avoiding the need for anticoagulant medication in the long term.", "\n\nThe reported incidence of bioprosthetic valve thrombosis on routine echocardiography surveillance is approximately 6% \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "However, the occurrence of acute thrombosis of the bioprosthetic mitral valves during the early postoperative period is rare.", "\n\nWe experienced a rare case requiring an early reoperation for a thrombosis of the bioprosthetic valve.", "\n\nCase presentation\n=================\n\nA 59-year old Korean female was referred with shortness of breath. ", "She was diagnosed with moderate mitral stenosis (MS, valve area: 1.07 cm^2^ by 2D) and atrial fibrillation (AF). ", "Preoperative echocardiography showed a large left atrium (LA Volume Index: 81 ml / m^2^).", "\n\nShe underwent preservation of the sub-valvular apparatus of posterior leaflet of the mitral valve and replacement with a 25 mm Carpentier -- Edwards PERIMOUNT Plus bioprosthesis (Edwards Lifesciences, Inc.; Irvine, CA, USA) and a mini-Maze procedure. ", "Due to her history of hemorrhagic stroke, we selected the bioprosthetic valve in order to avoid anticoagulation. ", "Her body surface area (BSA) was 1.72 m^2^. The intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram after the first valve replacement shows no evidence of leaflet entrapment, and bypass weaning was uneventful.", "\n\nA post operative electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm. ", "On the first postoperative day, the patient was started on an anticoagulant with Coumadin, and an international normalized ratio (INR) of greater than 2 was reached on the sixth postoperative day. ", "Recovery was uneventful and on the second postoperative day, the patient was transferred to the ward. ", "After a transfer to the general ward, the patient complained of mild dyspnea on exertion; however, sinus rhythm was still present on an electrocardiogram. ", "On the 10th postoperative day, the patient began to complain of increasing dyspnea and general malaise. ", "During the next night, her symptoms worsened and developed into a left side pleural effusion and interstitial edema (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A transthoracic echocardiography detected a mean diastolic pressure gradient (MDPG) of 10 mmHg across the mitral valve, but no thrombus in LA. ", "The calculated pressure-half time (PHT) was 166 msec (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Clinically, evidence of MS was observed. ", "There was no underlying coagulation disorder. ", "The ejection fraction decreased from 57% to 46%, compared to the preoperative ejection fraction.", "\n\n![", "Chest x-ray. ", "Postoperative sixth day chest x-ray (A). ", "On the postoperative 12th day, chest x-ray showed interstitial edema (B).](1749-8090-8-185-1){#F1}\n\n![", "Transthoracic echocardiogram. ", "An increased mean diastolic pressure gradient of 10 mmHg after BVR (A). ", "Following reoperation, a comparable transthoracic image depicting normalization of mean gradient (B).](1749-8090-8-185-2){#F2}\n\nThe patient was started on intravenous diuretics and inotropics. ", "However, due to progressive decompensated heart failure, a repeat sternotomy was performed on the 14th postoperative day. ", "Intraoperatively, we observed a thrombus on the bioprosthetic valve and on the posterior left atrial wall (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, we noticed that the motion of the valve leaflet was slightly restricted. ", "The bioprosthetic valve was removed and replaced with a 27 mm ATS mechanical valve (ATS Medical, Inc.; Minneapolis, MN, USA). ", "Postoperatively, she showed an improvement of symptoms, and repeat echocardiography showed a MDPG of 3.7 mmHg, PHT of 69 msec, a well functioning prosthetic valve, and no sign of thrombosis. ", "She was discharged on Coumadin with an INR target of 2 to 2.5.", "\n\n![", "Thrombus is visible on the bioprosthetic valve.](1749-8090-8-185-3){#F3}\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nA few studies on the diagnostic characteristics and management of late bioprosthetic valve thrombosis have been reported.", "\n\nPatients with bioprosthetic aortic or mitral valve replacement have high risk of thromboembolism during the first 10 days \\[[@B2]\\]. ", "However, within two weeks postoperatively, the occurrence of a thrombosis in bioprosthetic mitral valves is very rare.", "\n\nSome precipitating factors of the thrombotic process include acting as an underlying coagulopathy, left ventricular dysfunction, low cardiac output, atrial fibrillation, large LA size, and prior history of thromboembolic events \\[[@B3]\\].", "\n\nA few cases involving the preservation of the mitral valve apparatus as a predisposing factor for bioprosthetic valve thrombosis have been reported because a complete preservation of the mitral valve apparatus during mitral replacement may lead to an increased incidence of early bioprosthetic thrombosis, although such incidences appear to be rare \\[[@B4]\\]. ", "However, a complication of mitral valve replacement, such as a left ventricular rupture could be prevented by maintaining the tethering effect of the intact subvalvular apparatus \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "In addition, there are isolated reports of bioprosthetic thrombosis after a complete valve excision \\[[@B3]\\].", "\n\nIncidence of thrombo-embolism associated with AF ablation is reported to be between 0% and 7%; therefore, the 2007 Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement recommends a minimum period of two months of warfarin anticoagulation \\[[@B6]\\]. ", "Although the policy of postoperative anticoagulation are different in each heart center, it took a long time for INR to reach 2.0 on the 6th postoperative day. ", "We should have taken care of more optimal anticoagulation. ", "The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines recommend an administration of warfarin for three months, following bioprosthetic valve replacement (BVR) \\[[@B7]\\]. ", "The risk is particularly high in the first few days after surgery, and many centers start UFH as soon as the risk of increased surgical bleeding is reduced (usually within 24 to 48 h) with maintenance of aPPT between 55 and 70 seconds. ", "After an overlap of UFH and warfarin for 3 to 5 days, UFH may be discontinued when INR reaches 2.0 to 3.0 \\[[@B7]\\].", "\n\nIn our case, the patient had a large LA size, and underwent posterior leaflet preservation and a mini-Maze procedure. ", "In this case, even though multiple factors are contributed to acute bioprosthetic thrombosis, we should keep up with current anticoagulation guidelines following the BVR and radioablative Maze procedure.", "\n\nFurther studies are needed in order to clarify the anticoagulation strategy after BVR.", "\n\nThrough this case, we also realized the importance of postoperative echocardiographic surveillance in high risk groups.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nThe occurrence of bioprosthetic valve thrombosis is uncommon. ", "However, there are some predisposing factors of bioprosthetic valve thrombosis; these include underlying coagulopathy, left ventricle dysfunction, AF, large LA size, prosthetic mismatch, and radioablative Maze procedure.", "\n\nTherefore, an anticoagulant medication should be maintained and echocardiographic surveillance should be considered for patients in high risk groups.", "\n\nConsent\n-------\n\nWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. ", "A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.", "\n\nCompeting interests\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nAuthors' contributions\n======================\n\nJK and TJ wrote the draft of the manuscript and obtained the written consent. ", "DL performed the literature review and participated in the manuscript writing and helped to the final writing of the paper and gave final approval of the manuscript. ", "All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThis work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No.2005-0049417).", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0, 0, 0.02654867256637168, 0, 0.003952569169960474, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.005235602094240838, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0.0045871559633027525, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.004166666666666667, 0.0027624309392265192, 0.005263157894736842, 0.00909090909090909, 0.0040650406504065045, 0.00625, 0, 0.02, 0.00423728813559322, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0 ]	0.004943	5
[ "A high school girls basketball coach in California has been suspended for a rare reason: Winning by too large a margin. ", "Arroyo Valley's Michael Anderson kept his foot on the gas pedal even as his team went up by 60 early in the game against a winless opponent.", "\n\nThe end result was brutal: A 161-2 beatdown.", "\n\nDecisive as it might be, it was far from impressive. ", "The coach was called by the school's athletic director and later told The Riverside Press-Enterprise that he had been suspended two games for what had happened.", "\n\n\n\nThe coach also expressed regret for his actions while suggesting that he didn't expect the game to get so far out of hand -- when he put in his bench players in the second half, he was surprised by their output.", "\n\nArroyo Valley applied a high-pressure full-court trap throughout the first half, ostensibly under the pretense of tuning up for tougher competition down the road. ", "By halftime, the score was 104-1.", "\n\nNevertheless, the opposing team's coach was not happy with the result, and he made sure his opinions were known. ", "He called the ethics of Anderson into question.", "\n\n\"People shouldn’t feel sorry for my team,\" opposing coach Dale Chung of Bloomington High told The Sporting News. \"", "They should feel sorry for his (Anderson’s) team, which isn’t learning the game the right way.\"", "\n\nThe Press-Enterprise reported that Arroyo Valley won its first game without Anderson. ", "It was also a blowout -- 80-19 over San Bernardino Indian Springs -- but not the extent of the one against Bloomington that triggered the uproar.", "\n\nMore High School Basketball: One-Handed High Schooler Turns Heads In Highlight Reel" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0.00625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.017241379310344827, 0.010526315789473684, 0.011363636363636364, 0.006896551724137931, 0 ]	0.00538	5
[ "With just days to go until the General Election, the bus containing Lord Prescott stopped off in Ironbridge today.", "\n\nLord Prescott was supporting Telford's Labour candidate Kuldip Sahota who welcomed him to the county along with dozens of Labour supporters.", "\n\nJohn Prescott in Ironbridge\n\nOn a warm and sunny day in Ironbridge, Lord Prescott made a speech praising the way the campaign was going and urged members to step up their efforts as polling day nears.", "\n\nHe hailed the party's manifesto as the best ever and criticised Theresa May for not wanting to debate with other party leaders.", "\n\nHe was on a tour of the region as Labour continues to try and drum up support from voters ahead of Thursday's election.", "\n\nLord Prescott was also visiting Cannock, Birmingham and Tamworth today.", "\n\nThe party sees Telford as a key seat after Tory candidate Lucy Allan ended Labour's David Wright's 14-year reign as MP for the constituency in 2015.", "\n\nAdvertising\n\nLord Prescott, who served as Tony Blair's deputy leader from 1994 to 2007, said: \"I think the campaign is going wonderful.", "\n\n\"Education and health have been damaged and Theresa May won't debate it. ", "Theresa May is not a woman to trust.", "\n\n\"Is this the best manifesto you have ever had? ", "We have the best manifesto. ", "It is far better than the one in 1997. ", "We are far clearer on the issues.", "\n\n\"Our manifesto is about the many, not the few. ", "What unites us is belief in fairness and justice.", "\n\nAdvertising\n\n\"Every vote is important as the other. ", "If you want Labour to come back here you have got to get out and vote and knock on people's doors.\"", "\n\nHe also attacked the press, claiming it had been \"bought off\" by Theresa May and her party.", "\n\nLord Prescott said it was his first visit back to Ironbridge since1997 and praised the iconic bridge.", "\n\nThe end of his speech was greeted with loud cheers and applause by Labour supporters.", "\n\nMr Sahota said: \"Let's go out and knock on doors and get rid of Lucy!\"", "\n\nOn a recent visit to the Shropshire Star office in Ketley, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn admitted that the Telford seat is being targeted for a Labour gain in this month's election.", "\n\nLast month Mr Corbyn cancelled his visit to Telford in the wake of the Manchester attack which killed 22 people." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.008771929824561403, 0.028169014084507043, 0.01485148514851485, 0, 0, 0.0136986301369863, 0.02, 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.011494252873563218, 0.013888888888888888, 0.022099447513812154, 0.008771929824561403 ]	0.006919	5
[ "Q:\n\nNeed help with binding Set with Spring MVC form\n\nI have been trying for last 3 days still i am not able to solve my problem\nI have Person Class\n@SuppressWarnings(\"rawtypes\")\n @OneToMany(cascade = CascadeType.", "ALL, fetch=FetchType.", "LAZY, mappedBy=\"person\")\n @JoinColumn(name=\"person_id\")\n public Set<Book> books = new HashSet<Book>();\n\nclass Book\n\nbook_id\nperson_id\n\nIn my JSP form i have\n<c:forEach items=\"${BookList}\" var=\"var1\" varStatus=\"counter\">\n <input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"books[${counter.index}].book_id\" value=\"${var1.book_id}\" >${var1.book_name}</input>\n </c:forEach>\n\nI am inserting the books in table depending upon the check boxes\nThe book list is populated from refrenceData model.", "\nCOntroller\n@RequestMapping(value = \"/persons/add\", method = RequestMethod.", "GET)\n public String getAdd(Model model) {\n logger.debug(\"Received request to show add page\");\n\n // Create new Person and add to model\n // This is the formBackingOBject\n model.addAttribute(\"personAttribute\", new Person());\n\n // This will resolve to /WEB-INF/jsp/addpage.jsp\n return \"hibernate/addpage\";\n }\n\n@RequestMapping(value = \"/persons/add\", method = RequestMethod.", "POST)\npublic String add(@Valid @ModelAttribute(\"personAttribute\") Person person, BindingResult result) {\n logger.debug(\"Received request to add new person\");\n\n if (result.hasErrors()) \n return \"hibernate/addpage\";\n else\n personService.add(person);\n\n // This will resolve to /WEB-INF/jsp/addedpage.jsp\n return \"hibernate/addedpage\";\n }\n\nNow if i have single Book object then this works ok and data is entered in DB but if i have set then it says invalid property book[1]\nAfter searching a lot on SO and Google i leart that i have two option\nPropertyEditor\nAutoPopulatingList\n\nI don't know how to use them in my case. ", "Can anyone help me , where do i have to use them and how to use it\n\nA:\n\nLook at this question Bind objects in a Set collection \nYou need to use another type of Collection. ", "I'd recommend to use a List instead of a Map. ", " When you send from the form a parameter with a name like:\nname=\"books[0].book_id\"\n\nSpringMVC will look in the property called books (which is a Set for you) and then it will try to get the first element by doing books.get(0). ", "Set don't have a get because Set has not an order. ", "\nFor the implementation of the list you can use AutoPopulatingList. ", "It is an implementation of a lazy List which will create an object if it doesn't exist. ", "For example if you invoke books[0].id and you haven't added a book in the position 0 of the list it will throw a NullPointerException, but if you use AutoPopulatingList it will create a new Book and addd it in that position if that position is empty.", "\npublic List<Book> books = new AutoPopulatingList<Book>(new ElementFactory<Book>() {\n @Override\n public Book createElement(final int index) throws ElementInstantiationException {\n //call the constructor as you need\n return new Book();\n } \n});\n\nif you you are going to instanciate it with the default constructor of Book (that is Book()), you can use a syntax like this one:\npublic List<Book> books = new AutoPopulatingList<Book>(Book.class);\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.014150943396226415, 0, 0.006355932203389831, 0.02666666666666667, 0.007194244604316547, 0.006051437216338881, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0.008438818565400843 ]	0.007544	5
[ "Movie Leader Optimus Prime in Package\n\nJust in are new images of the \"Transformers\" Movie Leader Optimus Prime in the package. ", "Get a look at the big clear shots of the the Leader class figure in the box front, back, sides and more in the Movie Database." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.015748031496062992, 0.007936507936507936 ]	0.011842	5
[ "Q:\n\nPreliminaryEstimate's Value resets to old value on saving with new value\n\nI am trying to edit and save the PreliminaryEstimate Value of a portfolio item through Estimation Board but it reset it back to the original value. ", "I am using PreliminaryEstimateValue in the board but when the card is moved, i reset the PreliminaryEstimate to new column value.", "\nvar store = Ext.create('Rally.data.wsapi.", "Store', {\n model: 'PreliminaryEstimate',\n fetch: ['ObjectID','ObjectUUID','VersionId','Description','Name','Value','CreationDate','Subscription','Workspace','RevisionHistory'],\n autoLoad: false,\n limit: Infinity,\n disableMetaChangeEvent: true\n });\nbeforecarddroppedsave: function (scope, card, type, sourceColumn, eOpts) {\ncard.record.data.", "PreliminaryEstimate = _.omit(_.filter(this.preliminaryEstimateStore.getRange(), function (pe) { return pe.data.", "Value === card.record.data.", "PreliminaryEstimateValue })[0]\n .data, ['Summary', 'creatable', 'deletable', 'updatable', '_CreatedAt', '_objectVersion', '_uuidRef']);\nthe options also has the new value. ", "It saves succesfully but the old value does not change to new\nhandleBeforeCardDroppedSave: function (options) {\n options.record.save({})\n Thanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you inspect the network traffic is it actually sending that value over the wire? ", " I'd try using the setter method rather than directly manipulating the data object. ", " My guess is that the record does not think it has any changes to save with the way your current code is written.", "\ncard.record.set('PreliminaryEstimate', '/preliminaryestimatevalue/12345');\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.006279	5
[ "Q:\n\nhow replace distinct characters + number with another distinct characters in regular expressions\n\nI want to put <_c0> or <_c1>... in place of _b0 or _b1... in a long string,foe example my text is look like:hi my friend _b0,are you ok _b1 and _b2...,my try is:\nvar u1 = item.text.replace(/_b/\\d/g, '<b>'\\d);\ntanx\n\nA:\n\nUse:\nstring.replace(/(_b\\d)/g , \"<$1>\")\n\nvar text = \"hi my friend _b0, are you ok _b1 and _b2...\";\r\nvar u1 = text.replace(/(_b\\d)/g , \"<$1>\");\r\nconsole.log(u1);\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.004140786749482402 ]	0.004141	5
[ "Activated blood coagulation factor X (FXa) induces angiogenic growth factor expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.", "\nTo determine the transcriptional regulation of the blood coagulation factor X (FX) in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and whether the effects of FXa on the chemotaxis and expression of angiogenic growth factors are mediated by autocrine growth factor signaling. ", "Alterations in gene expression and secretion of growth factors were determined by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. ", "Cellular proliferation and chemotaxis were investigated with a bromodeoxyuridine immunoassay and a Boyden chamber assay, respectively. ", "The gene expression of FX in RPE cells was increased by hypoxia and prostaglandin E(2), and decreased by blood serum, FXa, thrombin, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). ", "The serum-induced downregulation of FX was mediated by thrombin and TGF-β signaling. ", "FXa induced chemotaxis of RPE cells via activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. ", "FXa also induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), as well as release of VEGF, bFGF, and TGF-β1 from RPE cells. ", "The stimulatory effects of FXa on the expression of growth factors and secretion of VEGF were prevented by inhibition of the TGF-β activin receptor-like kinase, but not by the thrombin inhibitor hirudin. ", "FXa induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and Akt proteins. ", "FXa induces chemotaxis of RPE cells, as well as expression and release of angiogenic growth factors from RPE cells, including VEGF. ", "The effects of FXa on the expression and secretion of VEGF are mediated by autocrine/paracrine TGF-β signaling." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.0034965034965034965, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0.01834862385321101, 0.023529411764705882, 0.008064516129032258, 0.024291497975708502, 0.00980392156862745, 0.03225806451612903, 0.022727272727272728, 0.018018018018018018 ]	0.014722	5
[ "From Serious to Silly, Workplace Issues Have Been Focus\n\nIn its 65 years of publication, Personnel Journal has reported on a wide variety of workplace issues, from the serious to the silly. ", "Some samples follow:\n\n- 1932--Harold F. Clark of Columbia University surveyed lifetime earnings for an array of occupations in 1930 and reported two years later that doctors and lawyers topped his list and could expect to make $117,000 in their lifetimes. ", "Farmers, who were at the bottom of the list, could expect to reap $14,000 in the course of their lives.", "\n\nIn the middle of the spectrum came dentists, who could count on lifetime renumeration of $108,000; social workers, $57,000; journalists, $44,000; skilled laborers, $40,000; public school teachers, $30,000, and unskilled laborers, $20,000.", "\n\n- 1943--Not surprisingly, \"Girls in War Plants\" concerned an increase in personnel problems that its author tied to the influx of women in defense plants and the moral letdown that accompanies wars.", "\n\nHe complained of loose-talking girls; increased spending in saloons, cabarets, public dance halls and gambling houses; a lack of feminine modesty; surreptitious love-making and a rash of open flirting.", "\n\n- 1949--An article headlined \"Cheap Labor!\" ", "told of a company that hired dogs to help security guards patrol company land, but fired them after a union protest. ", "The report continued, \"Consequently it was not surprising to read of the Auckland, New Zealand, firm which is being sued by the Electrical Workers Union on the charge of unfair labor practice for employing a ferret to pull 600 feet of wire through a conduit.", "\n\n\"The trick saved the firm the cost of several weeks' work by electricians,\" the article said. \"", "The union charged the company with employing an unregistered worker, paying insufficient wages and for engaging an under-aged worker.\"", "\n\n- 1973--Personnel Journal ran a story headlined \"Young Executives: A Source of New Ethics?\" ", "that looked at whether the \"youth cult\" would bring a new brand of morality to the workplace. ", "The authors decided that business managers could breath easy, because \"they are not being invaded by a group of young, naive purists, who will threaten the ethics of the firm.\"", "\n\nAn accompanying editorial, however, said it all: \"Business students do not represent an upcoming influx of new ethical standards.\"" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.005263157894736842, 0.00390625, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003875968992248062, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.002226	5
[ "The Dragon Roost Island theme is one of the more popular themes from The Wind Waker. ", "It has seen a lot of covers on a large and small scale, and today we are sharing with you a particular interesting rendition. ", "The YouTube channel Nintendo Melodies has recently released a beautiful piano cover of this theme. ", "This isn’t your typical cover however. ", "This cover is an “improvisation,” which is a fancy way of saying the performer took a couple liberties and added some variation to the melody of the song.", "\n\nHonestly, the result is fantastic. ", "While the original version was more upbeat and evoked a feeling of exploration, this version is more soothing and calming. ", "We have featured another cover of this artist before, and hopefully we get to showcase more of their work in the future. ", "But why listen to me drone on and on about these amazing covers? ", "Check out them out for yourself! ", "Start by clicking on the video above and then head over to their channel for more Zelda goodies. ", "Also, let us know what you think of the covers in the comments below." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.020202020202020204, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.002664	5
[ " greatest common factor of 939052 and 26536?", "\n124\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 618915918 and 114?", "\n114\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 3206 and 5519129.", "\n1603\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 807710 and 37760?", "\n590\nCalculate the highest common factor of 2514094 and 176.", "\n22\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 48 and 62260620.", "\n12\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 3218006 and 418.", "\n22\nWhat is the highest common factor of 11232 and 336736?", "\n32\nWhat is the highest common factor of 550848 and 2292?", "\n12\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 24428690 and 130?", "\n130\nWhat is the highest common factor of 420 and 11858455?", "\n35\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 54530 and 69901.", "\n19\nWhat is the highest common factor of 412941832 and 17?", "\n17\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 101064570 and 1374?", "\n1374\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 754724 and 8812?", "\n4\nWhat is the highest common factor of 259191443 and 4354?", "\n2177\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 166309 and 15301.", "\n143\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 158641 and 220402.", "\n1211\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 19 and 56554469?", "\n19\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 6398462 and 186?", "\n62\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 146415468 and 265?", "\n53\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 3317060 and 184.", "\n92\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 1771224 and 93576?", "\n168\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 30052 and 68?", "\n4\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 253270 and 21571939?", "\n1333\nCalculate the highest common factor of 4592 and 831767.", "\n41\nCalculate the highest common factor of 1279260 and 3540.", "\n60\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 365688 and 792?", "\n72\nWhat is the highest common factor of 520 and 95613232?", "\n104\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 29925 and 367325.", "\n175\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 2886906 and 3982.", "\n22\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 5484686 and 10.", "\n2\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 231336601 and 31?", "\n31\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 7666 and 113714.", "\n2\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 1256 and 19991438.", "\n314\nCalculate the highest common factor of 31058127 and 81.", "\n27\nWhat is the highest common factor of 270 and 2505876480?", "\n270\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 684 and 14536908?", "\n36\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 175 and 58556855?", "\n35\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 1960 and 2834536?", "\n8\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 20578107 and 120208.", "\n7513\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 306 and 2971090.", "\n34\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 11580804 and 342?", "\n342\nCalculate the highest common factor of 4034802 and 418.", "\n38\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 76987 and 205243?", "\n167\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 385024 and 21949?", "\n47\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 1337013 and 144693?", "\n621\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 66 and 89599686?", "\n66\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 19392243 and 31096.", "\n3887\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 9 and 385663023.", "\n9\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 7365 and 260475?", "\n15\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 2830 and 69210.", "\n10\nWhat is the highest common factor of 562 and 51368767?", "\n281\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 18637560 and 80?", "\n40\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 1092 and 5160792.", "\n1092\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 19366148 and 15888.", "\n1324\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 158373 and 4095?", "\n9\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 3618 and 3546243?", "\n603\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 918720 and 12870.", "\n990\nCalculate the highest common factor of 20286490 and 490.", "\n490\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 22985916 and 26096.", "\n932\nCalculate the highest common factor of 184140 and 7185.", "\n15\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 25935 and 19045.", "\n65\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 202 and 155426?", "\n2\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 15 and 6951855.", "\n15\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 5873939796 and 7724.", "\n7724\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 630 and 5446960.", "\n10\nWhat is the highest common factor of 420 and 1829180?", "\n20\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 17010 and 5427810.", "\n810\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 153897828 and 3332?", "\n196\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 20270 and 517764718.", "\n4054\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 1830 and 48982390?", "\n610\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 48 and 13989616.", "\n16\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 51 and 231426406.", "\n17\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 410 and 1146400.", "\n10\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 14091502 and 76.", "\n38\nWhat is the highest common factor of 3849978 and 6534?", "\n726\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 516 and 20014737?", "\n129\nCalculate the highest common factor of 20007612 and 1188.", "\n36\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 36292169 and 146?", "\n73\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 127854 and 10026?", "\n18\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 9622 and 334679.", "\n17\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 516 and 18508834.", "\n86\nWhat is the highest common factor of 130 and 1342752?", "\n2\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 10521 and 1738212?", "\n21\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 14319 and 158412?", "\n129\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 656917777 and 823.", "\n823\nWhat is the highest common factor of 71 and 321257?", "\n1\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 214332 and 15636?", "\n12\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 58487 and 6626191?", "\n143\nCalculate the highest common factor of 14099 and 839431.", "\n23\nWhat is the highest common factor of 882060 and 91830?", "\n30\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 4625913 and 713.", "\n31\nWhat is the highest common factor of 168 and 23635976?", "\n56\nWhat is the highest common factor of 1225860 and 33?", "\n3\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 135529 and 70146?", "\n433\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 138591 and 2142?", "\n9\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 1076 and 3785287838?", "\n538\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 3944255 and 2199120?", "\n4165\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 52 and 35316788?", "\n52\nWhat is the highest common factor of 1928343 and 7?", "\n1\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 523513144 and 7256.", "\n7256\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 2970 and 135597990.", "\n330\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 331487 and 52.", "\n13\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 721 and 264747.", "\n7\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 27635 and 1750?", "\n5\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 2389655 and 201480?", "\n365\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 10 and 30763310?", "\n10\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 27290294 and 172?", "\n86\nWhat is the highest common factor of 11055033 and 1485?", "\n99\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 18424 and 3180208?", "\n376\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 4431522 and 456?", "\n114\nWhat is the highest common factor of 984238 and 1392947?", "\n8341\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 55011858 and 88?", "\n22\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 11692599 and 1724?", "\n431\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 8787895 and 119.", "\n17\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 314730 and 1512587?", "\n269\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 1339 and 275691?", "\n13\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 463980 and 2331148?", "\n2812\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 2790 and 34608710.", "\n310\nCalculate the highest common factor of 7082396 and 879.", "\n293\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 26905144 and 35.", "\n7\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 34088352 and 3?", "\n3\nWhat is the highest common factor of 39959127 and 158457?", "\n9321\nWhat is the highest common factor of 3342988 and 11308?", "\n44\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 16 and 46008440?", "\n8\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 26854305 and 21624.", "\n2703\nWhat is the highest common factor of 221993521 and 16878?", "\n2813\nCalculate the highest common factor of 1662 and 737544.", "\n6\nCalculate the highest common factor of 4567392 and 16.", "\n16\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 222360 and 66817?", "\n109\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 33117 and 940737?", "\n21\nWhat is the highest common factor of 9575 and 5855?", "\n5\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 210 and 332849230.", "\n70\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 33113115 and 1260.", "\n315\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 1771519 and 1088.", "\n17\nCalculate the hig" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000236	5
[ ".class public IL2C.ILConverters.", "Ldc_r4\n{\n\t.method public static float32 MaxValue() cil managed\n\t{\n\t\t.maxstack 1\n\t\tldc.r4 3.40282347e+038\n\t\tret\n\t}\n\n\t.method public static float32 MinValue() cil managed\n\t{\n\t\t.maxstack 1\n\t\tldc.r4 -3.40282347e+038\n\t\tret\n\t}\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.008968609865470852 ]	0.004484	5
[ "PROJECT SUMMARY The classic model of G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activation centers on ligand binding, G protein activation, and signal transduction via G protein-mediated signaling events. ", "This paradigm has been called into question however, with the finding that some ligands ?", "including endogenous ligands and therapeutic agents? ", "have a preference for beta-arrestin mediated pathways. ", "However, the information flow from receptor activation to signaling cascades and the mechanism of beta-arrestin signaling are not well understood. ", "This proposal will elucidate, at the molecular level, the fundamental mechanisms controlling ligand-specific induction of beta- arrestin signaling with two highly clinically relevant GPCRs, the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R) and the mu opioid receptor (MOR). ", "These human receptors bind the plant-derived cannabinoids and opioids leading to psychostimulant effects and reduction of pain. ", "Precise control of receptor activation and signaling is critical to obtain only the desired therapeutic results, however, and not the undesired side effects such as tolerance, drug abuse and dependence. ", "Substantial preliminary studies identified ligand-specific dwell times, i.e. the time receptors are clustered into clathrin coated pits with beta-arrestins before endocytosis, as a mechanism controlling beta-arrestin signaling. ", "This trafficking event can be chemically and genetically modulated to selectively control beta-arrestin signaling, providing novel therapeutic strategies. ", "This project will combine state-of-the-art live cell imaging technologies (total internal reflection fluorescence and spinning disk microscopies), and biochemical approaches to determine if ligand-specific dwell times are a general event controlling beta-arrestin signaling. ", "Multiple ligands for these receptors will be investigated in heterologous systems and in cells endogenously expressing the receptors. ", "Preliminary results in primary cultures strongly support our hypothesis that long dwell times correlate with beta-arrestin signaling. ", "The aims are to: (1) examine endocytosis of the CBR2 and MOR at the single endocytic pit level, and (2) define the impact on cellular mechanisms of CB2R and MOR mediated beta-arrestin signaling, including whether endocytic dwell times can modulate these pathways. ", "Results will provide a physiological role for the previously described variability in endocytic dwell times. ", "These findings may be extended to future drug discovery efforts, including for other GPCRs, to rationally design therapeutic agents with specific outcomes in areas intractable via current technology." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003875968992248062, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0 ]	0.000716	5
[ "Saturday, February 26, 2011\n\nAlthough this is primarily a knitting blog, every so often I wander off into other, less fibery, topics. ", "And today, I am going to editorialize a bit about citizenship--a subject that gets a fair amount of babble, but most people probably have no idea what being a US citizen really entails.", "\n\nYes, you can vote at a certain age. ", "Yes, you can earn money and collect Social Security in some cases. ", "Yup, you can serve in the Armed Forces if you wish. ", "But there is one, single inviolate privilege that US citizenship confers, and I would be willing to bet that few of you can name it. ", "But you will, of course, by the time you finish reading this post, and it may help you in dire circumstances at some point in your life.", "\n\nI took a short international trip last week, which was unremarkable and not worth even mentioning, except for the part where I deplaned at a United States airport and queued up for immigration. ", "For those US citizens who have never re-entered the country, suffice it to say that it invariably entails briefly standing on line, having your passport stamped, and then zipping off to another destination.", "\n\nThis time, however, when I disembarked, the immigration hall was filled with people--sitting, standing, lying down--hundreds and hundreds of people, waiting in eerie silence. ", "The lines stretched out of the hall, around corners, and, for all I know, back into jetways, stairs, elevators, and rooftops.", "\n\nNo lines moved towards the dozen or so immigration booths. ", "The only noticeable movement was the arrival of yet more deplaned passengers squeezing into a space that bore an uncanny resemblance to a gigantic Tokyo subway car at rush hour.", "\n\nAfter a few minutes, I queried an airport supervisor as to the problem, and was told that the relevant immigration computers were down, nationwide, and had been in this sad state for about six hours. ", "He had no idea when the network would come back online, and until that happened, the static occupants of the immigration hall would not be allowed to pass over the magic yellow line onto US soil.", "\n\nNow, people who know me well would imagine that I would pull out a book and immerse myself in the written word until the situation resolved itself. ", "But it seemed to me that this logjam was just plain wrong on many levels.", "\n\nWe pay the salaries of the people manning those booths. ", "More importantly, we do have real, unassailable rights under the Constitution, although we have lately been giving them away with depressing regularity. ", "The history of the United States rarely portrays the citizenry as a nation of sheep. ", "But when I looked around, I could see a vast assembly of ovines, waiting immobile for orders from Governmental Shepherds.", "\n\nAfter a few minutes of cogitation, I pulled out my blue US passport, waved it over my head, and opened my Big Mouth.", "\n\n\"Excuse me, but I am a citizen of the United States. ", "Under no circumstances may I be forbidden entry to this country while I carry a valid passport. ", "In fact, the US cannot turn any US citizen away, regardless of what might happen once that person touches US soil. ", "This Blue Sucker (fleegle waves passport again) entitles me to cross that yellow line, no questions asked.\"", "\n\nYou could have heard an ant sneeze in the silence. ", "The officers manning the immigration stations stared at me in astonishment--a two-legged sheep bleating constitutional truisms--something that these government workers had clearly never before encountered.", "\n\nA minute passed. ", "A supervisor finally climbed down from his chair and addressed the crowd:\n\n\"All people possessing Blue Suckers over here.\" ", "He pointed to four of the booths.", "\n\nAnd with that, everyone bearing a US Blue Sucker speedily proceeded through the booths, the immigration officers' stamps thumping away in triple time.", "\n\nI doubt that I will ever again receive a round of applause from hundreds of exasperated passengers, complete with dozens of pats on the back, a few wolf whistles, and many, many smiles. ", "The airport supervisor asked me if I was going to run for Congress. ", "Someone else asked if I was in immigration attorney. ", "Several people shook my hand.", "\n\nOn the down side, I suspect that citizens of other countries sporting Green, Red, and Purple Suckers are still milling about the hall, waiting for the IT geniuses in Washington to figure out who pulled what plug on which database.", "\n\nSo, in the words of Robert Frost:\n\nHome is the place where, when you have to go there, they have to take you in.", "\n\nI can't speak for other countries, but in the United States, the only perquisite of citizenship is that you must be admitted if you can show such proof. ", "It might be that you are arrested the moment you step on US soil, but you may not be denied entry, no matter what.", "\n\nThe moral of this little story is that sometimes, you can confront Homeland Security, and sometimes you can actually win. ", "Speak up. ", "Know your rights. ", "Welcome home.", "\n\nWednesday, February 16, 2011\n\nWell, I was certainly pleasantly surprised by the response to my last blog. ", "I figured about six people might want me to keep babbling about spinning, but there apparently are quite a few who enjoy the postings, so of course, I shall continue. ", "As every blogger knows, feedback keeps us going. ", "The last spinning post had four comments, so I figured that either (a) Harry was deleting posts just to be annoying or (b) everyone's head hit the keyboard in stupefaction when they saw Yet Another Spinning Post. ", "Clearly, the answer is (c).", "\n\nSo, now that I have explained things to everyone's satisfaction, let me respond to several readers, who requested the secret to Circular Honeycomb Brioche. ", "Here's the little neck warmer I made a using a strand of silk and a strand of cashmere:\n\nThe pattern is mildly tricky, but once you've run through one repeat, it's a no-brainer. ", "Please swatch carefully, though. ", "Brioche patterns are incredibly stretchy--you'll need a lot fewer stitches than you could possibly imagine.", "\n\nCast on an even number of stitches.", "\n\nRow 1: KnitRow 2: PurlRow 3: K1, K1 below, that is, knit into the stitch of the previous row. ", "Doing so unknits the stitch, so you will have the equivalent of a slipped stitch, thusly:\n\nRow 4: P1, Purl the next stitch with the slipped thread of the previous row, as shown below.", "\n\nRow 5: K1 below, K1Row 6: Purl the next stitch with the slipped thread of the previous row, P1\n\nRepeat rows 3-6.", "\n\nI realize that this pattern could be done by slipping stitches instead of knitting in the stitch below. ", "Many Brioche stitches are written using slips instead of belows. ", "Try it both ways and see which one you prefer.", "\n\nNext time, Harry will post about his exciting goat-herding class that he took in Albania, followed by a slide show of his whirlwind tour of Krasnoarmeisk, Myshkin, Putchezh, Kholui, Urupinsk, MariinskyPosad, Kirillov, Suzdal and Gus-Krustalnyi.", "\n\nHere ends my 300th post, and I want to thank all my readers from the bottom of my heart for your support and comments. ", "Harry doesn't have a heart, but he thanks you from the bottom of his purple iPod for electing him Ruler of the Known Universe. ", "Did you guys really do that?" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0, 0.004310344827586207, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.008064516129032258, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009389671361502348, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02032520325203252, 0.008264462809917356, 0.015748031496062992, 0 ]	0.0027	5
[ "Q:\n\nSyncing jQuery background and element animation\n\nI have illustrated my problem in the following Fiddle; http://jsfiddle.net/6CTMs/\nThe background of the wrapper is an image with a white hole in the middle. ", "This hole is then covered by the block element.", "\nNow I want to animate the background and the block moving up. ", "I'm simultaneously animating the background position (via the included background position animation plugin) and the top attribute of the block element.", "\nHowever, at least on my Chrome 21.0.1180.79 on Win7, these two animations are not entirely in sync. ", "It seems every other frame of animation, a white band (revealing a one-pixel high slice of the hole underneath) shows at the bottom, and every other frame it doesn't.", "\nHow can I avoid this?", "\nIncluding the background image in a child element and only animating the top attribute of that is not an option in my case. ", "I also can't make the element one pixel taller or any 'hack' like that - the dimensions and animations need to be precise.", "\nAs a sidenote, I think that this issue may perhaps be related to an earlier question of mine, which never fully got resolved.", "\nEDIT: I've forked the Fiddle here; http://jsfiddle.net/3r26H/1/ Seems to work but it looks like it leaves one pixel off at the end of the animation. ", "I also don't know if this creates new issues in non-Webkit browsers. ", "How kosher is this solution?", "\n\nA:\n\nAccording to this thread : JQuery synchronous animation it's impossible to sync two animations in JQuery. ", "What you can do through, is animate the whole thing \"by hand\", using requestAnimationFrame and making the right computations at each frame so that both elements are sync. ", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000714	5
[ "Roma - A teatro per imparare, giocando, l’arte della seduzione con la regia di uno psicoterapeuta A teatro per imparare l’arte della seduzione? ", "Perché no! ", "Certo, una cena a lume di candela sulla spiaggia di un qualche paradiso tropicale offre maggiori possibilità di riuscita di un pomeriggio a teatro o di una onesta cenetta al risparmio in qualche osteria romana. ", "La sfida non riguarda il luogo, ma l’atmosfera che si riesce a creare, perché quello che conta non è il posto, ma le persone che lo abitano. ", "Prestare attenzione all’altro paga. ", "A Roma sabato 11 novembre a Roma al Teatro Keiros (in via Padova 38/A) dalle 11 alle 17 lo psicoterapeuta Giovanni Porta farà salire sul palco voi, per sperimentare in tutta sicurezza come approcciare l’altro sesso. “", "Mi propongo durante il laboratorio di perseguire due principali obiettivi – spiega lo psicoterapeuta Giovanni Porta - In primo luogo, far sì che i partecipanti aumentino il proprio grado di consapevolezza circa le trappole in cui più frequentemente cadono durante il processo di seduzione. ", "Inoltre, far sperimentare loro qualche alternativa comportamentale interessante, magari recuperando un po’ dello spirito giocoso che tutti hanno sperimentato almeno qualche volta. ", "Mettersi in gioco per vedere davvero chi abbiamo davanti, serve e occorre farlo divertendosi con leggerezza, ma senza mai offendere, sperimentiamolo assieme. ", "Occorre imparare a capire chi ci sta di fronte ad entrare in sintonia con le persone nuove. ", "Questa è la base da cui parte tutto, anche la seduzione. ", "Se si vuole ottenere qualcosa, occorre svincolarsi dall’ansia del risultato. ", "Occorre capire quali sono le nostre caratteristiche che ci distinguono dagli altri, per valorizzarle e nello stesso tempo imparare a riconoscere cosa gli altri ci dicono, non solo a parole, ma anche con il linguaggio del corpo. ", "Alcune posture indicano fastidio, altre indifferenza, altre ancora interesse. ", "Le vedremo assieme”.", "\n\nLa seduzione è un gioco, un rituale che si pone nello spazio intermedio tra scherzo e serietà. ", "È dare forma all’attrazione che si prova per qualcuno, mescolando creatività e schemi sociali. ", "Si tratta di un gioco che richiede sicurezza ed inventiva. “", "Un rifiuto può sempre capitare, ma non bisogna scoraggiarsi. ", "Farne un dramma non serve. ", "Ti capiterà più e più volte di sentirti rispondere: No! – ", "spiega lo psicoterapeuta Giovanni Porta - …peggio ancora sono cose come: rimaniamo amici, sto cercando me stessa, sto ancora pensando a lui… C’è chi, per timidezza, per paura di un rifiuto, non entra neanche nel gioco, e si aggira nel proprio universo sociale ad occhi bassi, evitando sguardi difficili da reggere. ", "Altri giocano male le proprie carte, e magari si affidano a copioni fissi in cui si vede che stanno recitando, non riuscendo ad entrare in reale sintonia con la persona che hanno di fronte. ", "Si dicono cose del genere: a bella - hai freddo? ", "Se vuoi posso scaldarti io - mamma mia che sangue che mi fai… Sinceramente, ti sembra possibile che una donna possa reagire positivamente a frasi simili? ", "Penso proprio di no! ", "Tu come reagiresti? ", "Io girerei immediatamente i tacchi per allontanarmi. ", "Non hai neanche provato a capire chi sono. ", "Altre persone scelgono solo “prede” difficilissime, non notando nemmeno quelle più disponibili. ", "C’è poi chi non si piace abbastanza, e dunque fatica a mantenere il tono divertente e divertito di una situazione seduttiva. ", "Già, il divertimento. ", "Per riuscire nel gioco della situazione bisogna divertirsi nel giocare, trovare il modo di sentirsi leggeri e non attaccati alla conquista: sentirsi e lasciare liberi. ", "Altrimenti, diventa un gioco pesante e poco piacevole. ", "Divertirsi, cioè mettere da parte pensieri, paure e preoccupazioni e lasciar fluire un po’ dell’attrazione che si prova. ", "Non esiste una maniera corretta di sedurre, esistono tante maniere quante sono le persone. ", "Gli errori, o meglio, i comportamenti improduttivi in fatto di seduzione sono invece di solito sempre gli stessi. ", "In questo laboratorio, di natura esperienziale, tratteremo il tema della seduzione avvalendoci di metodologie psicologiche e teatrali. ", "Il lavoro si svolgerà in un teatro vero e proprio, che avremo a nostra intera disposizione”.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTi è piaciuto l'articolo? ", "Vuoi scriverne uno anche tu? ", "Inizia da qui!", "\n\n\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0.014218009478672985, 0.02127659574468085, 0.027777777777777776, 0.013824884792626729, 0.013793103448275862, 0.005555555555555556, 0.006329113924050633, 0.010869565217391304, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.021929824561403508, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0.010526315789473684, 0.03333333333333333, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.021052631578947368, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0.01818181818181818, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0.007407407407407408, 0.010869565217391304, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0 ]	0.012981	5
[ "package org.scalaide.ui.internal.editor\n\nimport scala.collection.mutable.", "Map\n\ntrait PreferenceProvider {\n private val preferences = Map.empty[String, String]\n\n def updateCache(): Unit\n\n def put(key: String, value: String): Unit = {\n preferences(key) = value\n }\n\n def get(key: String): String = {\n preferences(key)\n }\n\n def getBoolean(key: String): Boolean = {\n get(key).toBoolean\n }\n\n def getInt(key: String): Int = {\n get(key).toInt\n }\n}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.005154639175257732 ]	0.002577	5
[ "Gleaming Fisticuffs: The hard times of “Fighting”\n\nThe most subversive thing to do in the studio system farm teams is to make a good movie.", "\n\nWith his second feature, “Fighting,” writer-director Dito Montiel is a subversive. ", "Jesus, what a scrappy in-your-face, in-your-lap uncontrollable B-movie puppy dog he’s made with “Fighting,” a lovable, scrappy scamp, bold pastiche that romanticizes mean streets and meaner breaks. ", "His first feature, based on his 2003 memoir of growing up on the streets of Astoria, “A Guide To Recognizing Your Saints” (2006), was visually expressive, a bit arty and precious, but accomplished for a debut. ", "But finding one’s voice in other filmmaking grammars? ", "That shows talent to watch out for.", "\n\nShawn (Channing Tatum) is a knucklehead with a neat, short haircut. ", "He’s got a backstory you could put inside the cover of a matchbook. ", "Selling counterfeit goods among the vendors across from Radio City Music Hall, he gets into a turf fight and punches his way into making the acquaintance, or clutches, of Harvey (Terrence Howard), a second-rate street hustler, always “business ready for a business” with a blocky briefcase in hand. ", "His history extends to an ex-confederate, now bitter rival played by Luis Guzmán. ", "In the mix is Zulay (Zulay Henao), a waitress at a West Chelsea nightclub that Shawn takes a liking to; she figures neatly into the plot. (", "Zulay’s abuela, played by Altagracia Guzman from “Raising Victor Vargas,” has several peerless comic scenes as she pushily protects her granddaughter’s virtue.)", "\n\nHere’s a litany of likely influences on Montiel’s lovely lumpen-droll Cinderella tale: Robert Rossen and Abraham Polonsky’s boxing-and-ethics “Body & Soul” (1949); Walter Hill’s epigrammatic bare-fist boxing “Hard Times” (1975) as well as his Manhattan-as-battlefield “The Warriors” (1980); “Midnight Cowboy” (1970), with its eccentric relationship between two uprooted, uncentered men as well as its fabulous side characters; Scorsese and Spike Lee’s oft-fetishistic New York City location work; Abel Ferrara’s dank grime; and simply the teeming, peopled street life of Manhattan by night and day, captured in grain, bruise, verdigris. ", "Montiel likes aerial shots of the city with bombastic music. ", "Under the main titles, there are helicopter shots of the city at dusk, and at the very last, Montiel plants one on Manhattan, positioning his director’s credit smack between Momma Chrysler and Daddy Empire.", "\n\nThe credits are auspicious: cinematographer Steven Czapsky’s shot “The Thin Blue Line” and “Ed Wood”; production designer Therèsé DePrez’s work includes “High Fidelity,” “Swoon,” “I Shot Andy Warhol” and “Summer of Sam.” ", "Chicago-born co-writer Robert Munic made a likeable micro-indie, the airy-banter-filled “The Pros and Cons of Breathing,” in 1994. ", "And the result is gratifying, terrific termite tale-telling on detailed turf, with scenes that seethe and jangle, as restless as a hood’s left leg after a couple of cappuccinos and a Red Bull. ", "The dialogue waffles and flakes, with epigrams like in Hill’s for Strother Martin in “Hard Times,” which included, “One day a black cloud appeared on campus and I left under it.” “", "We’re in a $100,000 Mercedes, that’s where we are,” Howard says in his zoned, nasal intonation. ", "The dialogue gets the hesitations and artfully arrayed banalities of inarticulacy. “", "Smells like boxing ass in here.” “", "Don’t smile at nobody.” ", "Listen to the way Howard breaks up the words, “I’m from a place with culture. ", "Chicago. ", "I’m sure you got your own story” and there is a “my fault” throwaway before the second fight that’s as astutely delivered and placed as in theater. (", "That bout efficiently suggests the adversaries like Romans, standing above the space on backstairs, a Queens alley turned momentarily into gladiatorial arena.)", "\n\nCzapsky and DePrez detail every frame, but it’s the actors’ gestures and intonations that make “Fighting” so wildly entertaining. ", "Early on, there’s a shot of Howard through a diner window, daintily holding a quarter of a biscuit between thumb and forefinger and applying Tabasco. (", "And there’s a grace note of a throwaway line about the biscuits to come.) ", "When Shawn and Harvey first meet and are walking, the close-up on Shawn eddies in and out of focus. ", "Perfection. ", "Crappy sound mix of dialogue when four characters are in a car, focusing on them and not the “room tone” of the “space”: expressively off. ", "The fisticuffs have their own energy, the sound of blows landing with a splat-crack and krakSPLAT.", "\n\nA secret office in a tchotch-shop back room is behind a door adorned with a beach towel in the shape of a $100 bill. ", "A backdrop to the gangster’s desk is a black-and-white drawing from the perspective of lower Manhattan, the World Trade Center still standing bold and stark. ", "The climactic fight takes place approximately where the character’s head is against the piece of art. ", "That coming-to-blows in front of a crowd of venal rich plays out on a roof terrace overlooking the financial district, where several characters walked past Merrill Lynch’s iconic bull statue moments earlier, and Montiel makes his helicopter shot motif pay off as more than filler: coming from blocks away, the top of the building is lit golden, gleaming like a blazing scarab perched atop the city. ", "There’s a lot more expressiveness like this: the slightest aside pays off in Montiel’s gleeful, lyrical imagination." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.006688963210702341, 0.012195121951219513, 0.014388489208633094, 0.00625, 0.009389671361502348, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.013452914798206279, 0.015267175572519083, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.007575757575757576, 0.013245033112582781, 0, 0.02, 0, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0.005012531328320802, 0 ]	0.007108	5
[ "Prasetya Online\n\nUB News\n\nPolitical Science students champion a national debate contest in UNEJTwo students who registered on Study Program of Political Science of Faculty of Social and Political Science of Brawijaya University namely Ikhwanul Ma'arif Harahap and Wahyu Purnomo Aji succeeded to bring home the main trophy in a national debate event \"Agribusiness Fair\" at State Polytechnic of Jember on 5th May 2017.", "\n\nBoth strive to move forward to the final round competed from 12 selected teams. \"", "While talking, we tried hard to integrate our discussion substance with comprehensive data, and so our talks could be more weighted, in addition we also maintain our attitude with the interlocutors, although attitude is not included in judges' assessment criteria,\" Ikhwan explained. ", "He added that in the competition, attitude is important, it aims to make us remained to be able to appreciate the interlocutors when we were talked, by not degrading or mocking opponents, such positive ethics should remained to be exist in a competition.", "\n\nPreviously, several times Ikhwan and Wahyu were involved in debate competitions. \"", "I once joined in an English debate, but the system is different with system in Bahasa debate that I joined several days ago,\" Wahyu explained. ", "His colleague, Ikhwan confessed that a national debate they championed last week applied British Parliamentary, namely there are 4 teams consists of 2 people on each round. ", "Afterwards, 2 teams represented the government and 2 others represented opponents.", "\n\nBoth students known as participants who have selected from dozens of teams who registered online. ", "When asked, Ikhwan replied that he had no ideas on anything about agribusiness. \"", "Our basic is not from Agribusiness major, so we only prepared what it is for the theme to be determined tomorrow,\" Ikhwanul explained when interviewed on Monday (22/05/2017).", "\n\nDuring the debate competition, both got a theme on \"Agribusiness Revolution\" which made them confused. ", "All participants in the competition were known that they just had the theme when they already sat in the competition arena also each team were given 15 minutes time for case building.", "\n\n\"We got difficulties in several themes which we do not much understand but we were benefited from our position as Closing Government (CG) and Closing Opposition (CO) in the competition session,\" said Wahyu. ", "He presented that it is a great luck for the participants when being placed in a closing position. \"", "As participants remained merely to emphasize points submitted by the previous teams and added them,\" he explained further.", "\n\nKnown that the four entered final round along with three other teams from State University of Jember (UNEJ), Airlangga University and Brawijaya University (delegations from Faculty of Economics and Business). ", "Whereas marking criteria from the board of jury in the debate competition were manner, method, matter. ", "The three became important foundations when speakers want to deliver their arguments.", "\n\nWhen asked about impressions and messages, Wahyu mentioned that he had not expected to grab the first champion the competition. \"", "Certainly it is beyond words for my colleague and I, I can learn lots of things, got new knowledge and new friends,\" he said with a big smile when interviewed in the courtyard of Building A, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Brawijaya University. [", "Anata/Humas FISIP/Humas UB/trans. ", "Denok]" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.01201923076923077, 0, 0.0035211267605633804, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.006993006993006993, 0.011560693641618497, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0, 0.014354066985645933, 0, 0, 0.018957345971563982, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.00784313725490196, 0.058823529411764705, 0 ]	0.007983	5
[ "DMX, Jim Jones, Jadakiss Talk Father's Day\n\nFather's Day is this Sunday, June 15, and if you're like us, you're frantically searching the web at work, hoping Amazon has overnight service. ", "For the rappers in the above video, though, Father's Day means much more. ", "At the Rock the Bells press conference, we spoke with DMX, Jim Jones, Jadakiss, Prodigy, Erick Sermon, Sean Price and Hot 97 DJ Peter Rosenberg on the importance of the holiday and what message they have for all the fathers.", "\n\nAs you can see in the video above, the responses range from heartfelt (Jim Jones: Mines wasn't there, but when I got to see him, I thought he was Superman) to funny (Rosenberg: \"I am a father to a beautiful 2-year-old Corgi German Shepherd mix named Bear...last year, he took me out to brunch) to quizzical (DMX: \"They still have that?\")" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.03125, 0.014749262536873156 ]	0.016819	5
[ "Dennis Blair (comedian)\n\nDennis Blair (born February 21, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian.", "\n\nCareer\nHe is known for writing and appearing in the 1983 movie Easy Money, alongside his mentor, Rodney Dangerfield. ", "He wrote for Dangerfield for four years including sketches for his network specials and jokes for his act. ", "He provided the voice of Lem and Clem in the animated film Rover Dangerfield. ", "\n\nHe also wrote a Broadway show for Jackie Mason.", "\n\nBlair has served as the opening act for about 150 celebrity headliners, including comedians Rodney Dangerfield, Joan Rivers, Jackie Mason, and Alan King. ", "He toured for 20 years with George Carlin. ", "His days as an opening act to the stars prompted him to write a book about those experiences, titled Me First.", "\n\nBlair has appeared on over 50 television shows, including The Tonight Show.", "\n\nHe was a co-writer of the program for the 2005 and the 2006 Writers Guild Awards.", "\n\nBlair won the Charlie Award for best comedian in New York, and an Emmy Award for Confessions of a Standup\n\nHe is also a songwriter, having contributed the song \"Ordinary Man\" to the Easy Money soundtrack. ", "\nDennis and his songwriting partner John Durkin won the top-40 prize in \"The American Song Festival.\" ", "The duo won first place in the country music category of the Indie Music Channel's Radio Music Award for their song, \"She Stayed\".", "\n\nBlair produced the album Rappin Rodney, which was nominated for a Grammy. ", "He also co-wrote the album's title song.", "\n\nPersonal life\nBlair lives in Las Vegas, playing music and performing comedy in clubs, casinos, theatres and cruise ships. ", "His latest country songs are on iTunes and are played in many countries around the world.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nDennis Blair at Rooftop Comedy\nBio\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1955 births\nCategory:American stand-up comedians" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.03125, 0.01680672268907563, 0.009345794392523364, 0.02564102564102564, 0.02040816326530612, 0.03205128205128205, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.004830917874396135, 0.00980392156862745, 0.007692307692307693, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0.012269938650306749 ]	0.012925	5
[ "Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)\n\nClick to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)\n\nMarker has announced a safety recall for 2017-18 models of the popular Kingpin 10 and 13 bindings.", "\n\nAccording to a press release, “this voluntary recall is limited to 2017-2018 Kingpin models.", "\n\nSales of some models of recalled bindings began in 2017 and some in 2018. ", "Only the toe part of the bindings needs to be replaced. ", "These bindings are being recalled because the Pin in the toe part can break under rare circumstances. ", "This can result in reduced release/retention and leads to fall hazard.”", "\n\nTo tell if your Kingpin bindings are affected, Marker says to look for the Marker logo on the toe piece. ", "The bindings are also copper or gold in color.", "\n\nSkiers are encouraged to bring their bindings to an authorized Marker retailer for repair and replacement. ", "Marker also stated that “toe pieces of recalled bindings will be replaced at no charge.”", "\n\nTo learn more information about the recall and to see a complete list of the affected bindings, visit Marker’s website." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.01015228426395939, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.028037383177570093, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.011363636363636364, 0.008264462809917356 ]	0.007057	5
[ "Kainoa Lloyd\n\nKainoa Lloyd (born 21 May 1994) is a Canadian rugby union player who plays as a winger for the Toronto Arrows in Major League Rugby, the Ontario Blues in the Canadian Rugby Championship and Canada internationally.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1997 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Rugby union wing-forwards\nCategory:Rugby union centres" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.022026431718061675, 0 ]	0.011013	5
[ "Compassionate and self-image goals as interpersonal maintenance factors in clinical depression and anxiety.", "\nInterpersonal models of depression and anxiety have not examined the role of interpersonal goals in shaping relationships and symptoms. ", "Striving to promote/protect desired self-images (self-image goals) may undermine relationships and increase symptoms, whereas striving to support others (compassionate goals) may be protective, but clinical relevance is unknown. ", "We tested effects of compassionate versus self-image goals on interpersonal functioning and symptoms in clinically depressed and/or anxious participants (N = 47) during 10 days of experience sampling, over a 6-week follow-up, and in a dyadic relationship. ", "Participants reported higher conflict and symptoms on days that they most pursued self-image goals, but noted higher perceived support and lower symptoms when pursuing compassionate goals. ", "Goals prospectively predicted symptom changes 6 weeks later. ", "Lastly, informant-rated interpersonal goals predicted relationship satisfaction of both patients and significant others. ", "Results suggest the relevance of self-image and compassionate goals for the interpersonal maintenance of depression and anxiety." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5
[ "You are here\n\nDavid R. Francis\n\nThe US provides about one-third of the nearly $1.1 billion in aid to the Palestinians. ", "The Palestinians are the most foreign-aid dependent society on earth. ", "So the threat by the United States to cut off most aid to Palestine after its 3.6 million people last month elected the militant group Hamas into government, is foreboding. ", "Should Palestinians obtain an independent nation, its economic viability remains an open question. ", "But until then, under the 4th Geneva Convention of 1949, an occupying power is responsible for the welfare of those whose territory is being occupied. ", "Providing no aid, “Israel is not in compliance,” says Mr. Abunimah. ", "Read more about What aid cutoff to Hamas would mean" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.0196078431372549 ]	0.006928	5
[ "Relationship between cardiotonic effects and inhibition on cardiac sarcolemmal Na+,K+-ATPase of strophan-thidin at low concentrations.", "\nTo evaluate the effects of strophanthidin (Str) on cardiac contractile function and sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase activities in isolated guinea-pig hearts. ", "Isolated guinea-pig hearts were perfused through aorta in a Langendorff mode. ", "Heart rate (HR), left ventricular pressure (LVP), and first derivatives (+/-dp/dt(max)) of LVP were recorded by eight-channel physiological instrument. ", "Cardiac sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase activities were determined with colorimetry. ", "Str 0.1 nmol/L stimulated the Na+, K+-ATPase activities (P<0.05), but had no effect on HR, LVP, and +/-dp/dt(max). ", "Str 1 nmol/L increased +dp/dt(max) (P<0.05) and Na+, K+-ATPase activities (P<0.01). ", "Str 10 and 100 nmol/L significantly increased both LVP (P<0.05) and +dp/dt(max) (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and had no significant effects on Na+, K+-ATPase activities. ", "However, Str 1-100 micromol/L at first enhanced the LVP and +dp/dtmax (P<0.01), then reduced them resulting from irregular contraction, and effects of Str on Na+, K+-ATPase activities revealed a concentration-dependent inhibition (P<0.01). ", "The positive inotropic effects and irregular contraction produced by Str at higher concentrations result from the inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activities, and the positive inotropic effects of Str at lower concentrations are not related to the inhibition of the Na+, K+-ATPase activities." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0.01282051282051282, 0.013157894736842105, 0.025, 0.02608695652173913, 0.011904761904761904, 0.012422360248447204, 0.0125, 0.013888888888888888 ]	0.014077	5