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{ "text": "Legal drinking age - wikipedia Legal drinking age Jump to : navigation, search Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal regardless of age Minimum age of 25 years Minimum age of 21 years Minimum age of 20 years Minimum age of 19 years Minimum age of 18 years Minimum age of 17 years Minimum age of 16 years No regulation / no information The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume or purchase alcoholic beverages. These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors, addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed. The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries. These laws vary among different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances. Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places, with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK, which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ). Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks. Some Islamic nations prohibit Muslims, or both Muslims and non-Muslims, from drinking alcohol at any age. In other countries, it is not illegal for minors to drink alcohol, but the alcohol can be seized without compensation. In some cases, it is illegal to sell or give alcohol to minors. The following list indicates the age of the person for whom it is legal to consume and purchase alcohol. Kazakhstan, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Paraguay, Solomon Islands, India ( certain states ), the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ), Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ), Japan, Iceland, Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ), and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages, however some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Georgia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Morocco, and Western Sahara have the lowest set drinking ages. Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking Age Purchase age Algeria 18 Angola 18 Botswana 18 Burundi 16 No limit if accompanied by parents Cameroon 18 21 18 on the premises, 21 off the premises Cape Verde 18 Central African Republic 18 Comoros None Egypt 21 Equatorial Guinea None Eritrea 18 Ethiopia 18 Gabon 18 Gambia 18 Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau None Kenya 18 Lesotho 18 Libya Illegal Malawi 18 Mauritius 18 Morocco 18 Forbidden for Muslims Mozambique 18 Namibia 18 Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Republic of the Congo 18 Rwanda 18 Senegal None Seychelles 18 Somalia Illegal South Africa 18 The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person. South Sudan 18 Sudan Illegal Swaziland 18 Tanzania 18 Togo None Tunisia 18 Uganda 18 Western Sahara 16 Zambia 18 Zimbabwe 18 Americas ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Anguilla 16 Antigua and Barbuda 16 The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal. Argentina 18 Bahamas 18 Barbados 18 Those aged 10 -- 17 are allowed to consume alcohol provided they are with a parent or guardian. Belize 18 Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested. Bermuda 18 Bolivia 18 Brazil 18 British Virgin Islands 16 It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16. Canada 18 In Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec, the legal drinking age is 18. 19 In Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, the legal drinking age is 19. Cayman Islands 18 Chile 18 The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times. Colombia 18 Costa Rica 18 Cuba 16 Dominican Republic 18 Ecuador 18 El Salvador 18 Falkland Islands 18 Grenada 16 Guatemala 18 Guyana 18 Except 16 for wine or malt liquor to be consumed with a meal Haiti None Honduras 18 Jamaica None 18 Minors can drink if accompanied by parent or legal guardian as well as someone with permission from their parent or legal guardian. Mexico 18 A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume alcoholic beverages in Mexico. The drinking age however is n't strictly enforced, and IDs are barely requested. Nicaragua 18 Panama 18 Paraguay 20 According to Art. 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '', it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age. Furthermore, under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) Peru 18 Puerto Rico 18 The minimum age for the selling of any alcohol beverage is 18. Although a valid Puerto Rico license ID or passport is required as proof of age to buyers who look under the age of 18, it is generally not a common practice to ask for ID to enter a venue that sells alcohol or to sell you alcohol at other establishments. This law can be more enforced in some tourist areas and on foreigners visiting the island by some more exclusive hotels, bars, and upscale clubs. A few of the more exclusive venues in the tourist areas may have their own entrance rules regarding age including not allowing anyone under the age of 25 or 23 to enter and consume alcohol or change this depending on specific nights / events and restricted by gender / sex ( i.e. women over 18 allowed to enter but only men over 21 on that same night ). Trinidad and Tobago 18 Turks and Caicos Islands 18 United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of twenty - one. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, fifteen states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, seventeen states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining eighteen states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, thirty - one states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of twenty - one. By a judge 's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults eighteen to twenty years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise. The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents. Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail. See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay 18 Venezuela 18 Asia ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh Illegal for Muslims Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely. Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions, unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given, transferred or sold to another person. ''. Cambodia None China 18 Introduced in January 2006. Weakly enforced to not enforced. Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated. India 18 -- 25 ( varies between states ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland. Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority. Iraq 18 Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink. Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores. Macau None Malaysia 18 Will be increased to 21 on 1 December 2017 Maldives Illegal except for tourists, 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies. North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences. Pakistan Illegal Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities Philippines 18 Qatar 19 Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha. Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings. Singapore None ( Private places, sometimes with permission from parents / guardian ) 18 ( Public places e.g. bars and restaurants ) 18 Main Legislation Drinking alcohol is strictly forbidden in public places in reaction to 2013 Little India riot, after the Committee of Inquiry accepts the recommendations on 7 July 2014. For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age. South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19. Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol. Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking, or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious. One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18. A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars. Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations. Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies between states ). Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others. The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal ). It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public. Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam None Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up Europe ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out. Austria 16 Burgenland, Lower Austria and Vienna 16 for beer and wine 18 for distilled beverages Carinthia, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 %. Azerbaijan 18 Belarus 18 Belgium None 16 for beer and wine 18 for spirits Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to `` sell, serve, or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16. Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them. Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Bulgaria 18 Croatia 18 Cyprus 17 Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law. Denmark None 16 to buy alcohol < 16.5 % ABV 18 to buy alcohol ≥ 16.5 % ABV 18 to be served in restaurants, bars, discos etc. While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age. In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age. To be served alcoholic drinks in bars, discos, clubs, restaurants and any establishment serving alcoholic beverages one must be 18 years of age. By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation. If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification. This card is rarely used though since a passport or moped - licence can sometimes be used. Estonia 18 Finland 18 for possession and purchase of 1.2 -- 22 % ABV 20 for possession and purchase of 23 -- 80 % ABV 18 for all in bars, clubs and restaurants All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30. Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence. Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine. In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor 's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances. France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age, but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros. This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009. Georgia None 16 Germany None ( on private residence ) 16 ( in public ) ( 14 when accompanied by a custodial person ) for beer and wine 18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amount 16 for beer and wine 18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 16 / 18 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15 % ABV, or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV. Greece None 18 In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises. Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is. However, law allows alcohol possessed by a minor to be confiscated. Ireland None ( on private residence with permission from parents or guardians ) 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians. Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18. Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n. 189 / 2013 ). Kosovo None Latvia None 18 Liechtenstein 16 for wine, beer and cider 18 for spirits and spirit - based beverages. e.g. alcopops Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18. Lithuania 18 Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from having them. After 2018, January 1st, a new law will be put into place, changing the legal drinking age from 18 to 20. Luxembourg None 16 Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID. Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request. Moldova None 16 It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 16. There is no consumption age. Montenegro None 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014. However, many places have officially or unofficially retained a less strict regulation towards 16 - and 17 - year - olds. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not. Norway None 18 ( < 22 % ) 20 ( ≥ 22 % ABV ) Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them. Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products. Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas. Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age. Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21 - 25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors. Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws. Serbia 18 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors. Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015. Sweden None None ( less than 2.25 % ABV ) 18 ( bars and restaurants ), 18 ( 2.25 % -- 3.5 % ABV in food shops ), 20 ( Systembolaget shops ), See also : Alcohol in Sweden Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private `` in moderation ''. It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place. The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets. Switzerland None ( See notes ) 16 for fermented alcoholic drinks ( with less than 15 % ABV and natural wines with less than 18 % ABV ) ; 18 for spirits Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine. Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF. 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18. Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom 18 ( on licensed premises ) 16 ( beer, wine or cider with a meal on licensed premises ) 5 ( not on licensed premises ) None ( under medical supervision, or in an emergency ) 18 None ( liqueur confectionery ) Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult. It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age. It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency. Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. 18 ( in public without a meal or adult supervision ) 16 ( beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal ) 5 ( on private premises ) 18 16 ( beer, wine, cider or perry with a meal on licensed premises ) None ( liqueur confectionery ) Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18. Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal. It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age. Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18. Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID. Oceania ( edit ) Country / region De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age American Samoa 21 Australia 18 Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission. Fiji 18 The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009. Guam 21 Micronesia, Federated States of 21 New Zealand None 18 Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV. Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian. Northern Mariana Islands 21 Palau 21 Papua New Guinea 18 Samoa 21 Solomon Islands 21 Tokelau 18 Tonga 21 Vanuatu 18 See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Amethyst Initiative Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act Alcoholism National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Choose Responsibility Mature minor doctrine Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Legal drinking age controversy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. - International Center for Alcohol Policies ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Legal Age Limits ''. IARD. Retrieved 15 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Global Status Report : Alcohol Policy - Country Profiles ''. World Health Organization. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Alcohol - Somalia '' ( PDF ). WHO. 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Jump up ^ `` 379 / 2005 Sb. - o opatřeních k ochraně před škodami působenými tabákovými výrobky, alkoholem a jinými návykovými látkami ao změně souvisejících zákonů - Text předpisu - Portál veřejné správy ''. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Trestní zákoník ( zákon č. 40 / 2009 Sb. ) § 204 ''. Jump up ^ `` Trestní zákoník ( zákon č. 40 / 2009 Sb. ) § 201 ''. Jump up ^ Lenka Krbcová ( 23 September 2010 ). `` Policie : `` Máme vaše dítě. Pilo. '' ``. Vitalia.cz. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ AF Cecilie Lund Kristiansen. `` Butikker har styr på nye alkohol - regler '' ( in Danish ). Politiken.dk. Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Alcohol culture in Denmark ''. Alcoholcultureindenmark.webbyen.dk. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Lov om forbud mod salg af tobak og alkohol til personer under 16 år '' ( in Danish ). Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ Få unge har købt legitimationskort Archived 2011 - 11 - 27 at the Wayback Machine., Danmarks Radio, 01. July 2006 Jump up ^ `` Alkoholiseadus ''. Retrieved 28 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Alkoholilaki 1143 / 1994 - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö - FINLEX ® ''. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` If you look under 30, get your ID out ''. YLE News. 2012 - 10 - 12. Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21. Jump up ^ Rikoslaki 50a : 1 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Laki rikesakkorikkomuksista 756 / 2010 - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö - FINLEX ® ''. Retrieved 28 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Code de la santé publique - Article L3353 - 3 - Legifrance ''. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Code de la santé publique - Article L3342 - 1 - Legifrance ''. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ Law passed on 23 July 2009. Jump up ^ French Public Health Code, Art L3353 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Protection of Young Persons Act, Amendment by Article 3, Act ( PDF ). 31 October 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : Children and Young Persons ( Alcohol, Tobacco, and Gaming ) Act 2006 ( Gibraltar Laws ). 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Jump up ^ `` Proposition to Odelstinget rejecting the idea of holding minors criminally responsible for the purchase or consumption of alcohol ''. Regjeringen.no. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Alkoholloven § 8 - 13 ''. Jump up ^ `` Police : It 's okay to drink in public parks ''. Aftenposten. 2009 - 07 - 02. Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 03. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ `` USTAWA z dnia 26 października 1982 r. o wychowaniu w trzeźwości i przeciwdziałaniu alkoholizmowi. ( tekst jednolity : Dz. U. 2002 r. Nr 147 poz. 1231 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Polish ). Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30. Jump up ^ `` The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism. '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10. Jump up ^ `` 1 de Julho : nova legislação sobre o álcool ea vacina Prevenar em vigor ''. Público ( in Portuguese ). Retrieved 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Legea nr. 61 / 1991 ( Actualizata 2008 ), pentru sanctionarea faptelor de incalcare a unor norme de convietuire sociala, a ordinii si linistii publice '' ( in Romanian ). June 2011. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ Федеральный закон о государственном регулировании производства и оборота этилового спирта, алкогольной и спиртосодержащей продукции ( in Russian ). Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 11. Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08. Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age in Serbia ''. Jump up ^ `` Zákon č. 219 / 1996 Z. z. o ochrane pred zneužívaním alkoholických nápojov ao zriaďovaní a prevádzke protialkoholických záchytných izieb ''. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Zákon o ochrane pred zneužívaním alkoholických nápojov ao zriaďovaní a prevádzke protialkoholických záchytných izieb ''. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Asturias raises legal drinking age from 16 to 18 ''. ThinkSpain. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Systembolaget - Rules on selling ''. Systembolaget.se. Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16. Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Alkohollag ( 1994 : 1738 ) ''. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` 817.02 Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung Art. 11 ''. admin.ch. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ `` 680 Bundesgesetz über die gebrannten Wasser Art. 41 IV. 1. i. ''. admin.ch. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09. Jump up ^ `` 311.0 Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch vom 21. Dezember 1937 ( Stand am 1. Januar 2015 ) - Art. 411 '' ( PDF ). admin.ch ( in German ). Swiss Federal Council. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ `` 680 Bundesgesetz vom 21. Juni 1932 über die gebrannten Wasser ( Alkoholgesetz ) - Art. 57 ''. admin.ch ( in German ). Swiss Federal Council. Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Jugendschutz ''. bag.admin.ch. Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09. ^ Jump up to : `` Licensing Act 2003 section 150 ''. Retrieved 22 October 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Children and Young Persons Act 1933 ''. 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External links ( edit ) IARD International Alliance for Responsible Drinking ( hide ) Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School leaving Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Cartoon pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Map censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Military use of children Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Travel Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly International ownership International Waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_drinking_age&oldid=799685075 '' Categories : Alcohol law Drinking culture Juvenile law Law - related lists Lists by country Minimum ages Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Norsk Português اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017, at 06 : 38. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Legal drinking age", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Legal_drinking_age&amp;oldid=799685075" }

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{ "text": "Radio - frequency engineering - wikipedia Radio - frequency engineering Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Radio - frequency engineering Occupation Names Radio - frequency engineer Outside Broadcast Radio - frequency engineer Profession Description Competencies Technical knowledge, Management skills, Professionalism Education required Mathematics, Physics, Electronics, Information technology Fields of employment Radio, Television, Military Related jobs Technologist, Broadcast engineer, Engineering technician, Technical Operator Radio - frequency engineering is a subset of electrical engineering that deals with devices that are designed to operate in the radio frequency ( RF ) spectrum. These devices operate within the range of about 3 kHz up to 300 GHz. Radio - frequency engineering is incorporated into almost everything that transmits or receives a radio wave, which includes, but is not limited to, mobile phones, radios, Wi - Fi, and two - way radios. Radio - frequency engineering is a highly specialized field falling typically in one of two areas : providing or controlling coverage with some kind of antenna / transmission system generating or receiving signals to or from that transmission system to other communications electronics or controls. To produce quality results, an in - depth knowledge of mathematics, physics, general electronics theory as well as specialized training in areas such as wave propagation, impedance transformations, filters, microstrip circuit board design, etc. may be required. Because of the many ways RF is conducted both through typical conductors as well as through space, an initial design of an RF circuit usually bears very little resemblance to the final optimized physical circuit. Revisions to the design are often required to achieve intended results. Contents ( hide ) 1 Radio electronics 2 Duties 3 See also 4 References Radio electronics ( edit ) Radio electronics is concerned with electronic circuits which receive or transmit radio signals. Typically, such circuits must operate at radio frequency and power levels, which imposes special constraints on their design. These constraints increase in their importance with higher frequencies. At microwave frequencies, the reactance of signal traces becomes a crucial part of the physical layout of the circuit. List of radio electronics topics : RF oscillators : PLL, Voltage - controlled oscillator Transmitters, transmission lines, RF connectors Antennas, antenna theory, list of antenna terms Receivers, tuners Amplifiers Modulators, demodulators, detectors RF filters RF shielding, Ground plane PCB layout guidelines DSSS, noise power Digital radio Duties ( edit ) Radio - frequency engineers are specialists in their respective field and can take on many different roles, such as design, installation, and maintenance. Radio - frequency engineers require many years of extensive experience in the area of study. This type of engineer has experience with transmission systems, device design, and placement of antennas for optimum performance. A radio - frequency engineer at a broadcast facility is responsible for maintenance of the stations high - power broadcast transmitters and associated systems. This includes transmitter site emergency power, remote control, main transmission line and antenna adjustments, microwave radio relay STL / TSL links, and more. In addition, a radio - frequency design engineer must be able to understand electronic hardware design, circuit board material, antenna radiation, and the effect of interfering frequencies that prevent optimum performance within the piece of equipment being developed. See also ( edit ) Television portal Electronics portal Engineering portal Technology and applied sciences portal Broadcast engineering Overlap zone SPLAT! A software program for visualizing terrain and performing Longley - Rice path loss and coverage prediction using the Irregular Terrain Model. References ( edit ) Engineering Civil Architectural Construction Environmental Earthquake Geotechnical Hydraulic Mining Structural Transportation Mechanical Acoustical Aerospace Automotive Marine Mechatronics Railway Electrical Computer Control Electromechanics Electronics Microwaves Power Radio Frequency Telecommunications Chemical Biochemical Biological Molecular Petroleum Process Reaction Thermodynamics Transport phenomena Interdisciplinarity Audio Biomedical Ceramics Engineering mathematics Engineering mechanics Engineering science Fire Industrial Materials science Metallurgy Military Nanotechnology Nuclear Optical Photonics Privacy Robotics Security Systems List of engineering branches Category : Engineering Engineering portal Technology Outline of technology Outline of applied science Fields Agriculture Agricultural engineering Aquaculture Fisheries science Food chemistry Food engineering Food microbiology Food technology GURT ICT Nutrition Biomedical Bioinformatics Biological engineering Biomechatronics Biomedical engineering Biotechnology Cheminformatics Genetic engineering Healthcare science Medical research Medical technology Nanomedicine Neuroscience Neurotechnology Pharmacology Reproductive technology Tissue engineering Buildings and construction Acoustical engineering Architectural engineering Building services engineering Civil engineering Construction engineering Domestic technology Facade engineering Fire protection engineering Safety engineering Sanitary engineering Structural engineering Educational Educational software Digital technologies in education ICT in education Impact Multimedia learning Virtual campus Virtual education Energy Nuclear engineering Nuclear technology Petroleum engineering Soft energy technology Environmental Clean technology Clean coal technology Ecological design Ecological engineering Ecotechnology Environmental engineering Environmental engineering science Green building Green nanotechnology Landscape engineering Renewable energy Sustainable design Sustainable engineering Industrial Automation Business informatics Engineering management Enterprise engineering Financial engineering Industrial biotechnology Industrial engineering Metallurgy Mining engineering Productivity improving technologies Research and development Tribology IT and communications Artificial intelligence Broadcast engineering Computer engineering Computer science Financial technology Information technology Music technology Ontology engineering RF engineering Software engineering Telecommunications engineering Visual technology Web engineering Military Army engineering maintenance Electronic warfare Military communications Military engineering Stealth technology Transport Aerospace engineering Automotive engineering Naval architecture Space technology Traffic engineering Transport engineering Others Applied science Cryogenics Electro - optics Electronics Engineering geology Engineering physics Hydraulics Materials science Microfabrication Nanoengineering Engineering ( list ) Audio Biochemical Ceramic Chemical Polymer Control Electrical Electronic Entertainment Geotechnical Hydraulic Mechanical Mechatronics Optical Protein Quantum Robotics Animatronics Systems Components Infrastructure Invention Timeline Knowledge Machine Skill Craft Tool Gadget Scales Femtotechnology Picotechnology Nanotechnology Microtechnology Macro-engineering Megascale engineering History Prehistoric technology Neolithic Revolution Ancient technology Medieval technology Renaissance technology Industrial Revolution Second Atomic Age Jet Age Space Age Digital Revolution Information Age Theories and concepts Appropriate technology Collingridge dilemma Critique of technology Diffusion of innovations Disruptive innovation Dual - use technology Ephemeralization High tech Hype cycle Low - technology Mature technology Strategy of Technology Technicism Techno - progressivism Technocapitalism Technocentrism Technocracy Technocriticism Technoculture Technoethics Technoetic Technogaianism Technoliberalism Technolibertarianism Technological alliance Technological apartheid Technological change Technological convergence Technological determinism Technological escalation Technological evolution Technological fix Technological innovation system Technological momentum Technological nationalism Technological paradigm Technological rationality Technological revival Technological revolution Technological self - efficacy Technological singularity Singularitarianism Technological somnambulism Technological transitions Technological unemployment Technological utopianism Technology lifecycle Technology acceptance model Technology adoption lifecycle Technomancy Technopaganism Technorealism Technoromanticism Technoscience feminist Transhumanism Other Emerging technologies List Fictional technology High - technology business districts Kardashev scale List of technologies Philosophy of technology Ethics of technology Science, technology and society Technology dynamics Science and technology by country STEM fields Pre-STEM women STEAM fields Technology alignment Technology assessment Technology brokering Technology companies Technology demonstration Technology education Technical universities and colleges Technology evangelist Technology fusion Technology governance Technology integration Technology journalism Technology management Technology museum Technology policy Technology shock Technology strategy Technology and society Technology transfer Technophilia Technophobia Technoself Technosexual Technosignature Technostress Terotechnology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio-frequency_engineering&oldid=795960047 '' Categories : Radio spectrum Radio technology Waves Electromagnetic spectrum Broadcast engineering Electrical engineering Electronic engineering Broadcasting occupations Engineering occupations Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Polski Русский Shqip Slovenčina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017, at 16 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Radio-frequency engineering", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Radio-frequency_engineering&amp;oldid=795960047" }

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{ "text": "Greenhouse Academy - wikipedia Greenhouse Academy Jump to : navigation, search Greenhouse Academy Genre Teen drama Created by Giora Chamizer ( he ) Based on Ha - Hamama by Giora Chamizer Starring Ariel Mortman Finn Roberts Composer ( s ) Tal Yardeni & Roy Shakked Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 Production Executive producer ( s ) Orly Atlas Katz Udi Miron Osnat Saraga Tamara Rothenberg Dominique Bazay Producer ( s ) Noam Arazi Location ( s ) Israel Running time 21 -- 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Nutz Productions Release Original network Netflix Original release September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) External links Website Greenhouse Academy is a tween drama television series released by Netflix. Based on the Israeli television series The Greenhouse ( Ha - Hamama ), created by Giora Chamizer, the series was adapted for international audiences by Chamizer and Paula Yoo. The first season of the series was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017. The second season was released on Netflix on February 14, 2018. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Eight months after losing their astronaut mother in a rocket explosion, a brother and a sister enroll at a private boarding school for gifted future leaders. Separately, they join two competing houses within the school and become rivals. Soon, mysterious events draw kids from both competing houses into a secret investigation. The kids uncover a deadly plot to use earthquakes for monetary gain. Only by joining forces and working together will they be able to stop this scheme. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ariel Mortman as Hayley Woods Finn Roberts as Alex Woods Chris O'Neal as Daniel Hayward Dallas Hart as Leo Cruz Cinthya Carmona as Sophie Cardona Grace Van Dien as Brooke Osmond Benjamin Papac as Max Miller Jessica Amlee as Jackie Sanders BJ Mitchell as Parker Grant Aviv Buchler as Emma Geller Ishai Golan as Carter Woods Selina Giles as Ryan Woods Yiftach Mizrahi as Jason Osmond Nitsan Levartovsky as Suzanne McGill Parker Stevenson as Louis Osmond Nadine Ellis as Judy Hayward Yuval Yanai as Eric Simmons Reina Hardesty as Aspen Fairchild Recurring ( edit ) Efrat Dor as Michelle Wallace Natalie Berkowitz as Meredith Dean Gerber as Owen Jake Miller as Seth Stephanie Troyak as Tammy Amit Yagur as Becca Zvika Fohrman as Coach Davies Jonathan Miller as Kyle Maayan Bloom as Marcus Errol Trotman Harewood as David Diggs Iftach Ophir as Perry FBI Agent Aaron Kaplan as Brandon Thomas Production ( edit ) Greenhouse Academy is a Netflix original series based on the Israeli tween - drama The Greenhouse ( Ha - Hamama ), which ran on Nickelodeon Israel. Both versions were created by Giora Chamizer and produced by Nutz Productions, a subsidiary of Ananey Communications. Two seasons consisting of a total of 24 episodes were produced. The series was filmed in summer 2016 in Tel Aviv and at other locations in Israel. The first season was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017. On January 18, 2018, the official Greenhouse Academy Instagram account announced that Season 2 would be released on Netflix on February 14, 2018. Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Pilot '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Tamir Ginsburg as Tyler Shaw, Dan Mor as Sergeant Archer `` The Opening Challenge '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) `` Breaking and Entering '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) `` Private Screening '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 5 5 `` Black Smoke '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Dor Zweigenbaum as Dr. Schwartz 6 6 `` Captain Material '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 7 7 `` Swimming Lessons '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 8 8 `` The Outsider '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Omri Doron as JPL Security Guard 9 9 `` Steph '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger 10 10 `` Guilt - Free Cupcakes '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Guest starring : Herzl Tobey as Park Ranger 11 11 `` Great Scott '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 12 12 `` L.D.R. '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo September 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 13 `` Escape Mechanism '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 14 `` The Client '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 15 `` A Day Off '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 16 `` Meant to Be '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 17 5 `` Surfing Lessons '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 18 6 `` The Workshop '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 19 7 `` The Spiral '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 20 8 `` More Than a Hunch '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 21 9 `` A Born Leader '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 22 10 `` Kyle '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 23 11 `` Bad Decisions '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 24 12 `` Home '' Roee Florentin Giora Chamizer & Paula Yoo February 14, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oriana Schwindt ( July 27, 2016 ). `` Netflix Renews Chelsea Handler 's ' Chelsea, ' ' Lady Dynamite ' and Casts Jennifer Garner as a Llama ''. Variety. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21. Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( July 27, 2016 ). `` Jennifer Garner To Voice Mama Llama In Netflix Animated Series ; ' Greenhouse ' Tween Series Also Sets Cast -- TCA ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21. ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's New Releases Coming in Sept. 2017 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. August 23, 2017. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28. Jump up ^ Eric Volmers ( February 9, 2017 ). `` Mallory is back : Actress Jessica Amlee reprises role on Calgary - shot Heartland in two - episode arc ''. Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28. Last March, she landed a lead role in the Netflix original series, Greenhouse Academy... Amlee describes it as Harry Potter meets Degrassi. Over the summer, she shot Greenhouse Academy in Tel Aviv, playing a juvenile delinquent named Jackie who is recruited after showing a talent for robbing banks. Jump up ^ `` חשיפה ראשונה : מי יככבו בגרסה האמריקאית של `` החממה ''? ``. frogi.co.il. July 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Foster ( March 20, 2017 ). `` Israeli kids get TeenNick channel ''. Kidscreen. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Home -- About Ananey ''. Ananey Communications. Jump up ^ Jessica Steinberg ( September 6, 2017 ). `` Netflix launches ' Greenhouse Academy, ' remake of Sabra tween drama ''. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10. 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{ "text": "Twin Peaks ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Twin Peaks ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the 2017 TV series. For the original 1990 -- 1991 series, see Twin Peaks. Twin Peaks Genre Serial drama Horror Mystery Created by Mark Frost David Lynch Written by Mark Frost David Lynch Directed by David Lynch Starring Kyle MacLachlan Opening theme `` Falling ( Twin Peaks Theme ) '' Composer ( s ) Angelo Badalamenti Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mark Frost David Lynch Sabrina S. Sutherland Location ( s ) Washington California Paris, France Cinematography Peter Deming Editor ( s ) Duwayne Dunham Running time 53 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Rancho Rosa Partnership Production Lynch / Frost Production Distributor Showtime Networks Release Original network Showtime Original release May 21 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) -- September 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) Chronology Preceded by Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 91 ) Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 film ) External links Website www.sho.com/twin-peaks Twin Peaks, also known as Twin Peaks : The Return, is an American mystery drama television revival series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch. It is a continuation of the 1990 -- 91 ABC series of the same name. The limited series consists of 18 episodes and premiered on Showtime on May 21, 2017, following a world premiere on May 19, 2017, at The Theatre at Ace Hotel. The series was developed and written by Lynch and Frost over several years and directed by Lynch. An ensemble of returning and new cast members appear, led by original star Kyle MacLachlan. Set 25 years after the original Twin Peaks, the series focuses on a number of storylines, many of which are connected through association with FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper ( MacLachlan ). It takes place in a variety of locations in addition to the fictional Washington town of Twin Peaks, including Las Vegas and South Dakota. Showtime president David Nevins stated that `` the core of ( the series ) is Agent Cooper 's odyssey back to Twin Peaks ''. It garnered praise from critics, and Showtime reported that the series led to a record number of subscriptions to their streaming service. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background and development 1.2 Announcement 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 2 Cast 3 Episodes 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 7 Home media 8 Future 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) Background and development ( edit ) The first series of Twin Peaks, an American serial drama television series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch, premiered on April 8, 1990, on ABC. It was one of the top - rated series of 1990, but declining ratings led to its cancellation in 1991 after its second season. In subsequent years, Twin Peaks has often been listed among the greatest television dramas of all time. A prequel film directed by Lynch, Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me, was released in 1992. Lynch planned two more films that would have concluded the series ' narrative, but in 2001 stated that Twin Peaks was as `` dead as a doornail. '' In 2007, artist Matt Haley began work on a graphic novel continuation, which he hoped would be included in the `` Complete Mystery '' DVD box set. Twin Peaks producer Robert Engels agreed to help write it on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved the project ; Haley said : `` ( Engels ) and I had a number of discussions about what the story would be. I was keen to use whatever notes they had for the proposed third season. I really wanted this to be a literal ' third season ' of the show. '' Paramount Home Entertainment agreed to package it with the box set, also on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved. Though Frost approved the project, Lynch vetoed it, stating that he respected the effort but did not want to continue the story of Twin Peaks. In 2013, rumors that Twin Peaks would return were dismissed by Lynch 's daughter Jennifer Lynch ( author of The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer ) as well as by Frost. Cast member Ray Wise recounted what Lynch had said to him about a possible continuation : `` Well, Ray, you know, the town is still there. And I suppose it 's possible that we could revisit it. Of course, ( your character is ) already dead... but we could maybe work around that. '' In January 2014, a casting call for a `` Twin Peaks promo '', directed by Lynch, was revealed to be the filming of a featurette for the Twin Peaks : The Complete Mystery Blu - ray set. In September 2014, Lynch answered a question about Twin Peaks at the Lucca Film Festival by saying it was a `` tricky question '', and that `` there 's always a possibility... and you just have to wait and see. '' Announcement ( edit ) Poster featuring Kyle MacLachlan as Dale Cooper. On October 6, 2014, Showtime announced that it would air a nine - episode miniseries written by Lynch and Frost and directed by Lynch. Frost emphasized that the new episodes were not a remake or reboot but a continuation of the series. The episodes are set in the present day, and the passage of 25 years is an important element in the plot. As to whether the miniseries would become an ongoing series, Frost said : `` If we have a great time doing it and everybody loves it and they decide there 's room for more, I could see it going that way. '' In March 2015, Lynch expressed doubts about the production due to `` complications ''. Showtime confirmed the series was moving forward, stating : `` Nothing is going on that 's any more than any preproduction process with David Lynch. Everything is moving forward and everybody is crazy thrilled and excited. '' In April 2015, Lynch said he would not direct the nine episodes due to budget constraints. He and Showtime came to an agreement, with Lynch confirming on May 15, 2015, that he would direct, and that there would be more episodes than the originally announced nine. At a Twin Peaks panel in Seattle, cast members Sherilyn Fenn and Sheryl Lee said that the new series would consist of 18 episodes and Angelo Badalamenti would return as composer. Casting ( edit ) On January 12, 2015, Kyle MacLachlan was confirmed to return to the series. In October 2015, it was confirmed that Michael Ontkean, who portrayed Sheriff Harry S. Truman and has since retired from acting, would not return for the revival. In October 2015, it was reported that the role of town sheriff would be filled by Robert Forster, later confirmed as playing Frank Truman, brother of Harry. Forster had been cast as Harry in the 1990 pilot, but was replaced by Ontkean due to scheduling issues. Also in October, David Duchovny teased his return as Agent Denise Bryson. In November 2015, it was reported that Miguel Ferrer would reprise his role as Albert Rosenfield and that Richard Beymer and David Patrick Kelly would return as Benjamin Horne and Jerry Horne respectively. In December 2015, Alicia Witt confirmed she would reprise her role as Gersten Hayward. Michael J. Anderson was asked to reprise his role as The Man from Another Place, but declined. Russ Tamblyn underwent open - heart surgery in late 2014 and was still recovering in 2015. Lynch and Frost were still hoping Tamblyn would join the cast for the new season, which was later confirmed. On September 28, 2015, Catherine E. Coulson, who reprised her role of the Log Lady in the new series, died of cancer. She filmed her final scene four days before her death. The series ' first teaser trailer, released in December 2015, confirmed the involvement of Michael Horse ( Tommy `` Hawk '' Hill ). In January 2016, it was reported that Sherilyn Fenn would reprise her role as Audrey Horne in a `` major presence. '' In February 2016, it was reported that Lynch would reprise his role as Gordon Cole. Frequent Lynch collaborator Laura Dern was cast in a `` top - secret pivotal role '', which eventually proved to be Diane, the previously unseen character to whom Cooper frequently dictated taped messages during the show 's original run. In April 2016, a complete cast list was released, featuring 217 actors, with actors returning from the earlier series marked with asterisks. Mary Reber, who plays Alice Tremond in the finale, is the actual owner of the house used for the Palmer residence. David Bowie was asked to make a cameo appearance as FBI Agent Phillip Jeffries, his character from Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me. As Bowie 's health was declining, his lawyer told Lynch that he was unavailable. Before his death in January 2016, Bowie gave the production permission to reuse old footage featuring him ; however, he was unhappy with the accent he had used in the film, and requested that he be dubbed over by an authentic Louisiana actor, leading to the casting of Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Jeffries. In January and February 2017, respectively, cast members Miguel Ferrer and Warren Frost died, but both appear in the new series. Harry Dean Stanton, who reprised his role as Carl Rodd, died in September 2017, less than two weeks after the last episode of the series aired. Filming ( edit ) In July 2015, Frost suggested that the series would premiere in 2017 rather than 2016, as originally planned. The series began filming in September 2015, and Showtime president David Nevins said, `` I 'm hoping we make 2016. It 's not clear. It 's ultimately going to be in ( series co-creators David Lynch and Mark Frost 's ) control. '' Nevins also stated, `` I do n't know ( how many episodes there will be ). They 're going to decide, I expect it to be more than nine, but it 's open - ended. I know what the shooting schedule is and then we 'll have him cut into it however many episodes it feels best at. '' In January 2016, Nevins confirmed that the series would premiere in the first half of 2017. The series was shot continuously from a single, long shooting script before being edited into episodes. Filming was completed by April 2016. Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Twin Peaks characters Kyle MacLachlan as : Special Agent Dale Cooper Cooper 's doppelgänger Douglas `` Dougie '' Jones Twin Peaks Jay Aaseng as Drunk Mädchen Amick as Shelly Briggs Dana Ashbrook as Deputy Sheriff Bobby Briggs Phoebe Augustine as Ronette Pulaski Richard Beymer as Benjamin Horne Gia Carides as Hannah Vincent Castellanos as Federico Michael Cera as Wally `` Brando '' Brennan Joan Chen as Josie Packard Candy Clark as Doris Truman Scott Coffey as Trick Catherine E. Coulson as Margaret Lanterman ( the `` Log Lady '' ) Grace Victoria Cox as Charlotte Jan D'Arcy as Sylvia Horne Eric Da Re as Leo Johnson Ana de la Reguera as Natalie Hugh Dillon as Tom Paige Eamon Farren as Richard Horne Sherilyn Fenn as Audrey Horne Sky Ferreira as Ella Robert Forster as Sheriff Frank Truman Mark Frost as Cyril Pons Warren Frost as Dr. Will Hayward Balthazar Getty as Red Harry Goaz as Deputy Sheriff Andy Brennan Grant Goodeve as Walter Lawford Andrea Hays as Heidi Gary Hershberger as Mike Nelson Michael Horse as Deputy Chief Tommy `` Hawk '' Hill Caleb Landry Jones as Steven Burnett Ashley Judd as Beverly Paige David Patrick Kelly as Jerry Horne Piper Laurie as Catherine Martell Jane Levy as Elizabeth Peggy Lipton as Norma Jennings Sarah Jean Long as Miriam Sullivan Riley Lynch as Bing James Marshall as James Hurley Everett McGill as Ed Hurley Clark Middleton as Charlie Moby as Musician Jack Nance as Pete Martell Walter Olkewicz as Jacques Renault and Jean - Michel Renault John Pirruccello as Deputy Sheriff Chad Broxford Mary Reber as Alice Tremond Kimmy Robertson as Lucy Brennan Wendy Robie as Nadine Hurley Eric Rondell as Johnny Horne Marvin `` Marv '' Rosand as Toad Rod Rowland as Chuck Amanda Seyfried as Rebecca ( Becky ) Burnett Harry Dean Stanton as Carl Rodd JR Starr as MC Charlotte Stewart as Betty Briggs Jessica Szohr as Renee Russ Tamblyn as Dr. Lawrence Jacoby Jodi Thelen as Maggie Lauren Tewes as Gersten 's neighbor Jake Wardle as Freddie Sykes Alicia Witt as Gersten Hayward Karolina Wydra as Chloe Charlyne Yi as Ruby Grace Zabriskie as Sarah Palmer Government Chrysta Bell as FBI Agent Tammy Preston Richard Chamberlain as Bill Kennedy Laura Dern as Diane Evans and Diane Evans 's tulpa ( doppelgänger ) David Duchovny as FBI Chief of Staff Denise Bryson Jay R. Ferguson as Special Agent Randall Headley Miguel Ferrer as FBI Agent Albert Rosenfield Ernie Hudson as Colonel Davis David Lynch as FBI Deputy Director Gordon Cole Adele René as Lieutenant Cynthia Knox Owain Rhys - Davies as Agent Wilson Las Vegas Alon Aboutboul as Head Mover Joe Adler as Roger Tammie Baird as Lorraine Jim Belushi as Bradley Mitchum John Billingsley as Doctor Ben Ronnie Gene Blevins as Tommy Wes Brown as Darren Juan Carlos Cantu as Officer Reynaldo Larry Clarke as Detective T. Fusco Jonny Coyne as Polish Accountant Giselle Damier as Sandie David Dastmalchian as Pit Boss Warrick Jeremy Davies as Jimmy Eric Edelstein as Detective `` Smiley '' Fusco John Ennis as Slot Machine Man Josh Fadem as Phil Bisby Rebecca Field as Another Mom Patrick Fischler as Duncan Todd Meg Foster as Cashier Pierce Gagnon as Sonny Jim Jones Hailey Gates as Drugged - out Mother Brett Gelman as Supervisor Burns Ivy George as 5 - Year - Old Girl Robert Knepper as Rodney Mitchum David Koechner as Detective D. Fusco Jay Larson as Limo Driver Andrea Leal as Mandie Bellina Logan as Female Doctor Josh McDermitt as Wise Guy Don Murray as Bushnell Mullins Sara Paxton as Candy Shaker Linda Porter as Lady Slot - Addict Elena Satine as Rhonda John Savage as Detective Clark Amy Shiels as Candie Tom Sizemore as Anthony Sinclair Bob Stephenson as Frank Ethan Suplee as Bill Shaker Sabrina S. Sutherland as Floor Attendant Jackie Naomi Watts as Janey - E Jones Nafessa Williams as Jade Christophe Zajac - Denek as Ike `` The Spike '' Stadtler South Dakota Jane Adams as Constance Talbot Brent Briscoe as Detective Dave Macklay Bailey Chase as Detective Don Harrison Neil Dickson as George Bautzer George Griffith as Ray Monroe Cornelia Guest as Phyllis Hastings Nicole LaLiberte as Darya Jennifer Jason Leigh as Chantal Hutchens Matthew Lillard as William Hastings Karl Makinen as Inspector Randy Hollister Bérénice Marlohe as French Woman James Morrison as Warden Dwight Murphy Christopher Murray as Officer Olson Max Perlich as Hank Tim Roth as Gary `` Hutch '' Hutchens Mary Stofle as Ruth Davenport Supernatural Phoebe Augustine as American Girl Monica Bellucci as herself David Bowie as Phillip Jeffries Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Phillip Jeffries Robert Broski as Woodsman Don S. Davis as Major Garland Briggs Erica Eynon as Experiment Sheryl Lee as Laura Palmer Joy Nash as Señorita Dido Carlton Lee Russell as the Jumping Man Frank Silva as Killer BOB Malachy Sreenan as Bosomy Lady Al Strobel as MIKE Carel Struycken as The Fireman Ray Wise as Leland Palmer Nae Yuuki as Naido Michael J. Anderson did not reprise his role as The Man from Another Place, who instead appears as a treelike computer - generated effect and is voiced by an uncredited actor. Other New York Michael Bisping as Guard Benjamin Rosenfield as Sam Colby Madeline Zima as Tracey Barberato New Mexico, 1956 Leslie Berger as New Mexico Wife Cullen Douglas as Disc Jockey Tikaeni Faircrest as Girl Tad Griffith as New Mexico Husband Xolo Mariduena as Boy Tracy Philips as Receptionist Montana Frank Collison as Muddy Derek Mears as Renzo Odessa Matt Battaglia as Cowboy 3 Francesca Eastwood as Texas Waitress Kristi Heath Hensley as Cowboy 1 Rob Mars as Cowboy 2 Sheryl Lee as Carrie Page Notes ^ Jump up to : These actors appear both in archive footage and, playing different roles, in new material. ^ Jump up to : Archive footage only. ^ Jump up to : These actors died before the series aired and episodes are dedicated in their memory. Jump up ^ In the original series, Logan portrayed Louie `` Birdsong '' Budway. Jump up ^ The character 's name was n't revealed until Part 14. Struycken was credited as `` The Giant '' in the original series. Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Twin Peaks episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Part 1 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 0.506 FBI agent Dale Cooper remains trapped in the Black Lodge. The Fireman tells him to remember `` 430 '' and `` Richard and Linda ''. Great Northern hotel owner Ben Horne introduces his brother Jerry to his secretary, Beverly. Deputy Chief Hawk gets a call from the Log Lady, who tells him evidence relating to Dale Cooper is missing. In a New York City warehouse, a young man, Sam, is employed to observe a glass box. When the security guard is absent, Sam and a young woman, Tracey, have sex. An androgynous entity, the Experiment, materializes in the box and murders them. In Buckhorn, South Dakota, Cooper 's doppelgänger -- a sinister, long - haired man with black irises -- retrieves two associates, Ray and Darya. Police find the severed head of Buckhorn librarian Ruth Davenport placed on the headless corpse of a John Doe. Local principal Bill Hastings 's fingerprints are found and he is arrested. Hastings denies guilt, but fumbles his alibi. 32 `` Part 2 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 21, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 0.506 Hastings 's wife visits him in jail and is later murdered by Cooper 's doppelgänger. In Las Vegas, businessman Duncan Todd sends money to an unseen woman for a future job. Cooper 's doppelgänger employs Darya, Ray and Jack to obtain information. Perceiving that Jack and Darya have turned on him, he murders them. He has a plan to avoid his due return to the Black Lodge and has a telephone conversation with someone he believes is missing FBI agent Phillip Jeffries, who mentions Major Briggs and BOB, the evil spirit inside the doppelgänger. The doppelgänger sets out for the South Dakota prison where Ray is imprisoned. Hawk approaches the entrance to the Black Lodge near Twin Peaks. Inside the Black Lodge, Cooper encounters the one - armed spirit MIKE and murdered schoolgirl Laura Palmer, who opens her face, revealing light. The Arm, who has evolved into a skeletal tree, says Cooper 's doppelgänger must return before Cooper can leave. The Arm 's doppelgänger attacks Cooper and he falls into the box in New York ( as Sam welcomes Tracey ), then into space. In Twin Peaks, Shelly flirts with Red while her friend Renee notices James Hurley staring at her. 33 `` Part 3 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.195 Cooper lands in a building above a purple sea, where two women protect him from an unseen threat. An eyeless woman, Naido, pulls a lever and falls into space. Cooper leaves through a portal. Cooper 's doppelgänger and a second, `` manufactured '' doppelgänger, Dougie Jones, become sick and see the Black Lodge 's curtains. The first doppelgänger crashes his car and is apprehended by the police. Dougie is drawn into the Black Lodge, where he dissolves into a golden seed. Cooper takes Dougie 's place in Las Vegas, where Jade, a prostitute, finds him in a disoriented state and drops him at a casino. Criminals pursuing Dougie place a bomb under his car. Cooper wanders around the casino and plays slot machines marked by signals from the Black Lodge, winning megajackpots every time. At the Twin Peaks Sheriff 's Department, Hawk, Andy and Lucy are unable to discern what is missing. At the FBI headquarters in Philadelphia, Deputy Director Gordon Cole receives a call stating that Cooper has been found in South Dakota. 34 `` Part 4 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch May 28, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.195 Cooper wins 30 megajackpots at the casino and is driven to Dougie 's home. Dougie 's wife, Janey - E, is relieved that they can pay his large gambling debts. Cooper, near - catatonic, has difficulty settling into life as Dougie. He sees a vision of MIKE, who informs him that either he or his doppelgänger must die. At the Sheriff 's Department, Sheriff Frank Truman gets an update on Hawk 's investigation, and Deputy Bobby Briggs recalls that Cooper was the last person to see his father, Major Briggs, before his death. Andy and Lucy 's son Wally Brando arrives at the Sheriff 's Office to pay his respects to his ill godfather, Harry Truman. Gordon and fellow FBI agents Albert Rosenfield and Tammy Preston travel to South Dakota to interview Cooper 's doppelgänger, who claims to have been working undercover with Jeffries. Gordon and Albert discuss their misgivings, suspect a `` Blue Rose '' case and decide to contact a woman they think can help. 35 5 `` Part 5 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 4, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 0.254 Dougie 's would - be assassins call their terrified boss, Lorraine, who sends a message that activates a black box in Buenos Aires. An autopsy finds Dougie 's wedding ring in the corpse 's stomach. Looking into a mirror, Cooper 's doppelgänger sees that BOB is still within him. At Dougie 's workplace, Cooper reacts to a statue, coffee, and the words `` agent '' and `` case files ''. A light above his colleague Anthony Sinclair spurs Cooper to accuse him of lying, angering Sinclair and their boss, Bushnell Mullins. The casino 's owners, the Mitchum brothers, beat and fire a supervisor, believing him complicit in Cooper 's winning streak. Car thieves trigger the bomb under Dougie 's car. Jade drops Cooper 's Great Northern Hotel room key in a mailbox. Becky and her jobless husband, Steven Burnett, snort drugs after borrowing money from Becky 's mother, Shelly. Dr. Jacoby broadcasts conspiracy theories, watched by Jerry Horne and Nadine Hurley. At the Pentagon, Colonel Davis learns the headless corpse 's fingerprints match those of Major Briggs. At the Roadhouse, Richard Horne bribes Deputy Chad and molests a woman. Tammy discovers Cooper 's on - file fingerprints are the reverse of the doppelgänger 's. Cooper 's doppelgänger uses his prison phone call to disrupt the security system. The black box becomes a silver ball. 36 6 `` Part 6 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 11, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 0.270 Police take Cooper to Dougie 's home and Janey - E receives a photo of Dougie with Jade from criminals demanding Dougie 's gambling debts plus exorbitant interest. Janey - E convinces the criminals to accept a smaller sum. Cooper draws cryptic images on the case files, guided by lights on the pages. Bushnell recognizes a pattern in the drawings and thanks Cooper. Cooper has another vision of MIKE urging him to `` wake up ''. Todd sends an envelope marked with a black spot to hitman Ike `` The Spike '' Stadtler, ordering him to kill Lorraine and Dougie. Ike kills Lorraine and her coworkers, destroying his signature weapon in the process. Albert finds Diane, Cooper 's erstwhile assistant, in a bar. In Twin Peaks, Red, revealed as a drug supplier, charges Richard Horne with a delivery. Richard speeds in his truck, running over and killing a young boy. Carl Rodd comforts the boy 's mother. Hawk drops a coin in the restroom and finds pages torn from Laura 's diary hidden inside a stall door. 37 7 `` Part 7 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 18, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 0.294 Hawk and Frank examine the pages, which describe a dream in which Annie tells Laura that the good Dale is trapped in the Black Lodge. Frank calls Doc Hayward, who recalls that after returning from the Black Lodge, Cooper sneaked out of intensive care, where Audrey Horne was in a coma. Air Force Lt. Knox arrives in Buckhorn and learns that Major Briggs 's fingerprints come from a body in its forties, not seventies. Albert and Gordon convince Diane to speak to Cooper in prison. She is upset by the conversation and tells Gordon the man is not Cooper. Cooper 's doppelgänger blackmails Warden Murphy into releasing him and Ray. Police visit Cooper at Dougie 's workplace to question him about his destroyed car. As he leaves with Janey - E, Ike runs at them with a gun, but Cooper expertly disarms him while having a vision of the Arm. In Twin Peaks, the owner of the truck driven by Richard in the hit - and - run fails to arrive for a meeting with Andy. Beverly tries to locate the source of a hum in Ben Horne 's office, then returns home to her terminally ill husband, Tom. A young man bursts into the RR, looking for Billy. 38 8 `` Part 8 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch June 25, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 0.246 In a standoff, Ray shoots Cooper 's doppelgänger. Woodsmen tear at his body, revealing an orb with BOB 's face. Ray flees and informs Jeffries that the doppelgänger may have survived. The doppelgänger awakens. In 1945 New Mexico, the first atomic bomb is detonated. Woodsmen occupy a convenience store and the Experiment spews smoke containing an orb bearing BOB 's face. In the building above the purple sea, the Fireman observes these events and levitates, emanating a golden mist and an orb containing Laura Palmer 's face. His companion, Señorita Dido, sends the orb to Earth. In 1956 New Mexico, a woodsman descends to the ground, enters a radio station and repeatedly broadcasts a mysterious message, rendering listeners unconscious. A bug / frog - like creature hatches from an egg, enters an unconscious girl 's room and climbs down her throat. 39 9 `` Part 9 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 9, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 0.355 Cooper 's doppelgänger meets hitmen Hutch and Chantal at a farm and orders them to kill Warden Murphy. He sends a text to Diane and calls Todd to ask if he has done `` it '' yet. Dougie 's boss says that Dougie sometimes has episodes due to a car accident. The Las Vegas police discover no record of Dougie Jones before 1997 and take fingerprints and DNA from his coffee mug. Ike leaves a phone message for a `` JT '' and is arrested. Bobby visits his mother with Frank and Hawk to ask about Cooper ; her husband Major Briggs long ago foretold their arrival, and she gives them a cylinder containing a location, date, and Cooper 's name written twice. The FBI stops in Buckhorn to examine the corpse with Major Briggs 's fingerprints. Hastings tells Tammy that he and Ruth visited Briggs in another dimension, where he had been `` hibernating '' for years, and witnessed his beheading as he was saying `` Cooper, Cooper ''. Johnny Horne injures himself, and Jerry Horne hallucinates that his foot is talking. 40 10 `` Part 10 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 16, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 0.267 Richard Horne confronts Miriam, a teacher who witnessed his hit - and - run. She tells him she has written to the sheriff. He attacks her and leaves her for dead in her trailer, then has Deputy Chad intercept the letter. The Mitchums see a news story about Ike 's arrest, and recognize Cooper as `` Mr. Jackpots ''. Janey - E notices that her husband 's physique has improved and has sex with him. Nadine Hurley watches Jacoby 's latest broadcast from her drapery store. Richard attacks his grandmother Sylvia in her home and robs her. She calls Ben and demands money from him. Todd orders Anthony Sinclair to frame Dougie for the denial of an arson insurance claim that lost the Mitchums $30 million. Gordon has a vision of Laura. Albert informs him that the FBI has intercepted a text message from Diane informing someone of Hastings 's arrest. Tammy shows them a photo that links Cooper 's doppelgänger with the glass box in New York. Hawk receives another call from the Log Lady, who tells him `` Laura is the one. '' 41 11 `` Part 11 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 23, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 0.219 A group of children discover Miriam crawling from the underbrush. Becky learns Steven has been cheating on her with Gersten Hayward. She drives to Gersten 's apartment and shoots through the door, but the couple are elsewhere. At the Double R Diner, Becky 's parents, Shelly and Bobby, discuss the incident with her. Red arrives and Shelly leaves to kiss him. A child fires a gun through the diner window, causing a commotion. At the location where Hastings met Major Briggs, the FBI finds Ruth 's body with coordinates written on one arm. Gordon sees woodsmen in a vortex and is drawn back by Albert. One of the woodsmen sneaks up on Hastings and kills him. While Hawk and Frank study an ancient map, the Log Lady calls Hawk and tells him `` There 's fire where you are going. '' Dougie 's boss sends Cooper to give the Mitchums a $30 million check after realizing their claim is legitimate. The Mitchums plan to kill Cooper, but after Bradley has a prophetic dream, they decide he is not their enemy and take him for drinks, where Cooper reacts to the words `` damn good '' while eating cherry pie. 42 12 `` Part 12 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch July 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 0.240 Gordon and Albert recruit Tammy and deputize Diane to the Blue Rose task force. Sarah Palmer has an unsettling experience in a grocery store, which leads Deputy Chief Hawk to check on her at her house, where he hears a sound behind Sarah. Albert interrupts Gordon and his French lady friend to show him a text message Diane received asking about Las Vegas. Audrey Horne demands that her husband, Charlie, help her find Billy, her missing lover. He reluctantly phones Tina, and is astonished by what she tells him, but does not tell Audrey what Tina said. Chantal and Hutch assassinate Warden Murphy. Frank visits Ben Horne to tell him his grandson Richard killed the boy in the hit - and - run, and attempted to kill the only witness. Ben agrees to pay her medical costs and gives Cooper 's old room key to Frank as a memento for Harry. Diane finds that the coordinates on Ruth Davenport 's arm point to Twin Peaks. 43 13 `` Part 13 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 6, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 0.280 The Mitchums thank Dougie and Bushnell with gifts. Anthony Sinclair is about to poison Dougie, but relents and confesses his collusion with Todd to Bushnell. The Las Vegas police dismiss Dougie 's fingerprint analysis. Cooper 's doppelgänger arrives in Montana, where Ray is with a gang. The doppelgänger defeats the gang leader in an arm - wrestling match, then kills him, with the gang ( including Richard ) watching. He questions Ray about the assassination attempt, forces him to give up the coordinates, and shoots him, sending him to the Black Lodge. Hutch and Chantal drive through Utah. At the RR, Big Ed and Bobby have dinner while Norma meets Walter, who helped franchise her business. Nadine and Jacoby meet for the first time in years. Sarah watches a loop of a boxing match. Audrey tells Charlie she does not know who or where she is and can not leave the house. James, performing at the Roadhouse, moves Renee to tears. 44 14 `` Part 14 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 13, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 0.253 Frank informs Gordon that pages found from Laura 's diary suggest two Coopers. Albert tells Tammy about the first Blue Rose case, which involved doppelgängers. Diane identifies Janey - E as her estranged half - sister. Gordon orders the Las Vegas office to search for the Joneses. Chad is arrested. Frank, Hawk, Bobby and Andy follow Major Briggs 's instructions to `` Jack Rabbit 's Palace '' in the woods, where they find a naked Naido. Andy is transported to the Fireman, who shows him visions of the events in New Mexico, Laura, two Coopers, Lucy and an electrical pole numbered 6. For her safety the police place Naido in a cell in the Sheriff 's department, next to cells containing Chad and a drunk bleeding from his face. James learns how fellow Great Northern security guard Freddie Sykes bought a strength - enhancing glove and moved to Twin Peaks from London after a vision of the Fireman. James notices a hum in the boiler room. When a trucker insults her in a bar, Sarah opens her face, revealing darkness, and bites his throat, killing him. At the Roadhouse, Megan and Sophie discuss Billy, who stormed into Megan 's kitchen, bleeding from his nose and mouth. 45 15 `` Part 15 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 20, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 0.329 Cooper 's doppelgänger arrives at the convenience store to ask Jeffries ( whose voice comes from a machine ) about the assassination attempt and his reference to `` Judy ''. Jeffries tells him he has already met Judy and gives him coordinates. Outside, Richard attacks the doppelgänger, whom he recognized as an FBI agent his mother Audrey knew, but is subdued. In Las Vegas, Chantal assassinates Todd and his assistant. Cooper reacts to hearing Gordon 's name on TV ( in Sunset Boulevard ), and sticks a fork into an electrical socket. Inspired by Jacoby 's show, Nadine tells Ed he is free to pursue Norma. Norma lets Walter buy out the RR franchise, then accepts Ed 's marriage proposal. Gersten attempts to console an armed, suicidal Steven in the woods ; hiding from a passerby, she hears a gunshot. The Log Lady calls Hawk and gives him a final message before dying. Audrey and Charlie continue arguing. At the Roadhouse, James is attacked by Renee 's jealous husband, Chuck, whom Freddie punches out with his glove ; Freddie and James are arrested. A young woman crawls across the Roadhouse floor and screams. 46 16 `` Part 16 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch August 27, 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 0.267 Cooper 's doppelgänger and Richard Horne follow two of three coordinates the doppelgänger obtained. Observed by Jerry Horne, the doppelgänger sends Richard ahead to the site, where he is electrocuted and vaporized, and then calls Richard his son. While Cooper lies in a coma, both the FBI and Chantal and Hutch are waiting outside the Jones residence. Chantal and Hutch are killed by a neighbor they provoked in a parking dispute. Cooper awakes from his coma. MIKE tells him that the doppelgänger is still at large and gives him the Owl Cave ring. Cooper gives MIKE some of his hair, asking him to `` make another one '', then has the Mitchums organize a flight to Spokane, Washington. Having received a text from the doppelgänger, Diane tells the task force that, years ago, Cooper raped her and took her to an old gas station. Exclaiming `` I 'm in the sheriff 's station... I 'm not me '', she pulls a gun but is shot by Albert and Tammy. Diane is drawn to the Black Lodge and dissolves into a seed. Tammy realizes that the `` Diane '' they had been associating with is actuality a tulpa. At the Roadhouse, Audrey dances to `` Audrey 's Dance ''. When a fight breaks out, Audrey begs Charlie to take her home. Suddenly she is in a brightly lit room, without makeup, looking into a mirror, exclaiming `` What? What? '' 47 17 `` Part 17 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch September 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 0.254 Gordon tells Albert of a secret plan to find `` Judy '', an `` extreme negative force '' originally known as `` Jiāo Dài '', and is informed that Cooper is headed for Twin Peaks. The remaining coordinates lead Cooper 's doppelgänger to `` Jack Rabbit 's Palace ''. He is transported to the Fireman, then to the Sheriff 's Department, and mistaken for the real Cooper. While talking to the doppelgänger, Frank receives a call from Cooper. The doppelgänger draws a gun but is shot by Lucy. Cooper, the FBI and the Mitchums arrive. Woodsmen tear at the doppelgänger 's body, releasing BOB 's orb. Freddie knocks out Chad, who had escaped his cell, and smashes BOB 's orb with several punches. Cooper puts the Owl Cave ring on the doppelgänger 's finger, sending him to the Black Lodge. Naido transforms into Diane. Cooper unlocks a door at the Great Northern, where MIKE takes him to Jeffries, who transports Cooper to the night Laura died. Cooper prevents Laura 's murder ; in the morning, her corpse vanishes. As he leads her through the woods, she disappears. Sarah screams and smashes Laura 's photo. 48 18 `` Part 18 '' David Lynch Mark Frost & David Lynch September 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 0.240 Cooper 's doppelgänger burns in the Black Lodge. MIKE creates another Dougie, who returns to Janey - E and Sonny Jim. Cooper appears in the Black Lodge again, encountering MIKE and the Arm. He emerges and meets Diane in the woods. They drive on a highway for 430 miles and `` cross over '' some electrical field, then drive to a motel and have sex. Cooper awakes the next morning alone and finds a note left to `` Richard '' from `` Linda ''. Arriving at Judy 's Diner in Odessa, Texas, Cooper saves a waitress from harassment and obtains the address of another waitress, Carrie Page, who resembles Laura Palmer. Believing she is Laura, he drives her to Twin Peaks, but finds the Palmer house occupied by different owners. Confused, Cooper asks Carrie what year it is. Carrie hears Sarah calling Laura 's name and screams. The house lights go out. In the Black Lodge, Laura whispers to Cooper. ^ Jump up to : Parts 3 and 4 were made available immediately after the premiere of parts 1 and 2 through Showtime 's digital platform. Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Twin Peaks The soundtrack contains new and reused compositions from Angelo Badalamenti as well as dark ambient music and sound design by Dean Hurley and David Lynch ( including some from The Air Is on Fire ) and unreleased music from Lynch and Badalamenti 's 1990s project Thought Gang two tracks of which previously appeared in Fire Walk with Me. Hurley 's contributions were released on the album Anthology Resource Vol. 1 : △ △ on August 6, 2017, by Sacred Bones Records. Several tracks from Johnny Jewel 's album Windswept also appear throughout. Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima by Krzysztof Penderecki appears in key scenes. Two soundtracks were released on September 8, 2017, by Rhino Records : Twin Peaks ( Music From the Limited Event Series ) and Twin Peaks ( Limited Event Series Original Soundtrack ). Additionally, multiple episodes contain musical performances at the Roadhouse : Episode ( s ) Artist Song Part 2 Part 12 Chromatics ( Ruth Radelet, Adam Miller, Johnny Jewel and Nat Walker ) `` Shadow '' ( Part 2 ) `` Saturday '' ( Part 12 ) Part 3 The Cactus Blossoms ( Jack Torrey, Page Burkum, Joel Paterson, Beau Sample and Alex Hall ) `` Mississippi '' Part 4 Part 9 Au Revoir Simone ( Heather D'Angelo, Erika Forster and Annie Hart ) `` Lark '' ( Part 4 ) `` A Violent Yet Flammable World '' ( Part 9 ) Part 5 Trouble ( Riley Lynch, Alex Zhang Hungtai, Sam Smith and Dean Hurley ) `` Snake Eyes '' Part 6 Sharon Van Etten, with Carolyn Pennypacker Riggs, John Phillip Irons III and Zeke Hutchins `` Tarifa '' Part 8 Nine Inch Nails ( Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross, Mariqueen Maandig, Robin Finck, Alessandro Cortini and Joey Castillo ) `` She 's Gone Away '' Part 9 Hudson Mohawke `` Human '' Part 10 Rebekah Del Rio `` No Stars '' Part 13 James Marshall ( as James Hurley ) `` Just You '' Part 14 Lissie, with Eric Sullivan, Lewis Keller and Jesse Siebenberg `` Wild West '' Part 15 The Veils ( Finn Andrews, Sophia Burn and Uberto Rapisardi ) `` Axolotl '' Part 16 Eddie Vedder ( introduced as Edward Louis Severson III ) `` Out of Sand '' Part 17 Julee Cruise, with Chromatics `` The World Spins '' Other music, mostly played diegetically includes : `` American Woman '' ( David Lynch Remix ) by Muddy Magnolias `` Take Five '' by Dave Brubeck `` I Love How You Love Me '' by The Paris Sisters `` I Am ( Old School Hip Hop Beat ) '' by Blunted Beatz `` Habit '' and `` Tabloid '' by Uniform `` Sleep Walk '' by Santo & Johnny `` Green Onions '' by Booker T. & the M.G. 's `` My Prayer '' by The Platters `` Charmaine '' by Mantovani `` Viva Las Vegas '' by Shawn Colvin `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' ( Live ) by Otis Redding `` Sharp Dressed Man '' by ZZ Top Beethoven 's Moonlight Sonata and `` Last Call '' by David Lynch are played slowed down significantly. Release ( edit ) Twin Peaks premiered on Showtime on May 21, 2017, with a two - hour episode. After the airing, the premiere and an additional two episodes became available online, and the series aired in weekly increments from that point onwards ( at Lynch 's insistence ). Overall, the series consists of 18 episodes. It concluded on September 3, 2017, with a two - part finale. In the United Kingdom, Sky Atlantic simulcast the first two episodes beginning at 2 : 00 am British Summer Time on May 22, 2017, and the next two episodes were released on Sky UK 's on - demand service after the premiere. In the Nordic countries, the series is broadcast on HBO Nordic, with the two - hour premiere airing on May 22, and subsequent episodes being made available the day after its U.S. airing. In Canada, the series is available on CraveTV and The Movie Network, and debuted simultaneously with the U.S. broadcast. In Australia, episodes of the series are available to stream on Stan the same day as the original U.S. broadcast. Two episodes were screened at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. In Japan, the series airs on the satellite television network Wowow, which also aired the original series. Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The first two episodes garnered positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, Twin Peaks has a score of 74 out of 100 based on 26 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 94 % rating with an average score of 7.75 out of 10 based on 71 reviews. The site 's critical consensus is, `` Surreal, suspenseful, and visually stunning, this new Twin Peaks is an auteurist triumph for David Lynch. '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote `` Twin Peaks : The Return is weird and creepy and slow. But it is interesting. The show is very stubbornly itself -- not quite film and not quite TV, rejecting both standard storytelling and standard forms. It 's not especially fun to watch and it can be quite disturbing. But there is never a sense that you are watching something devoid of vision or intention. Lynch 's vision is so total and absolute that he can get away with what would n't be otherwise acceptable. '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg commented that `` The thing that struck me most immediately about the premiere is how relatively cogent it was, with a clear emphasis on ' relatively '. What premiered on Sunday was as accessibly scary, disturbing and audaciously funny as many of the best parts of the original Twin Peaks, and nowhere near as hallucinatory and subtextually distilled as the prequel film Fire Walk With Me. '' Fienberg also wrote about the series ' format : `` It 's obvious this Twin Peaks is going to be an 18 - hour unit. There was no discernible separation between hours and if credits had n't rolled, the second hour could probably just as easily have flowed into the third. This is n't episodic TV. It 's another thing. '' In her `` A '' grade review, Emily L. Stephens of The A.V. Club wrote regarding its possible reception from critics and viewers : `` This two - part premiere is going to be wildly difficult for any two people to agree upon, in part because a viewer 's assessment of the revival will depend upon what they hoped for. If you were looking forward to a return of the sometimes campy, sometimes cozy humor of the original two seasons of Twin Peaks, this premiere could come as a shock. If you were anticipating that once jolting, now familiar blend of genres, this is... not that. '' She called the two - part premiere `` pure Lynchian horror ''. At the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, Lynch screened the two - hour premiere of the series and received a five - minute standing ovation from the crowd. Sean T. Collins of Rolling Stone called the series `` one of the most groundbreaking TV series ever '', praising its original, complex story lines and the performances of its cast, particularly Kyle MacLachlan. Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture wrote that the show was `` the most original and disturbing to hit TV drama since The Sopranos ''. In his season review for IGN, Matt Fowler noted that Twin Peaks `` came back as a true artistic force that challenged just about every storytelling convention we know '' and scored it an 8.8 out of 10. Ratings ( edit ) The two - hour premiere on May 21, 2017, received 506,000 viewers on Showtime, which Deadline.com called `` soft for such a strongly promoted prestige project ''. Ratings increased to 626,000 after the encore broadcasts that night and the premiere also had over 450,000 viewers via streaming and on - demand. Viewership for the premiere increased to 804,000 in Live + 3 ratings, and it had a viewership of 1.7 million across streaming and on - demand platforms. Showtime announced that the weekend of the Twin Peaks premiere had the most signups to their streaming service ever. Prior to the finale, the series was averaging 2 million weekly viewers, when including time - shifting, encores and streaming. Showtime president David Nevins said that Twin Peaks `` has exceeded expectations '' from a financial perspective. Twin Peaks : U.S. viewers per episode ( thousands ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 Ep. 17 Ep. 18 The Return 506 506 195 195 254 270 294 246 355 267 219 240 280 253 329 267 254 240 Source : Nielsen Media Research Home Media ( edit ) The series is scheduled to be released on Blu - ray and DVD on December 5, 2017. Future ( edit ) Lynch has expressed interest in making another season of Twin Peaks, but noted that such a project will not immediately follow The Return, given that it took four and a half years for him and Frost to write and film the third season. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( January 9, 2017 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Gets Premiere Date, Episode Count On Showtime ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Braxton, Greg ( May 20, 2017 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' holds gala premiere with trees, stars, cherry pies and ( ssshhhh!! ) ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello, Michael ( May 15, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks Revival Back On for ' More Than ' 9 Episodes as David Lynch, Showtime Resolve Stalemate ''. TVLine. Retrieved May 16, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( April 25, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Here Is the Full Cast Of David Lynch 's Showtime Reboot ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Roots, Kimberly ( January 12, 2015 ). `` Kyle MacLachlan Set for Twin Peaks Revival, More Original Cast Expected ''. TVLine. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael ( January 9, 2017 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Showtime Boss Elaborates on Roll Out Plans ''. IndieWire. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Twin Peaks : The Return ''. Rotten Tomatoes. 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Twin Peaks Archive. July 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` David Lynch And Mark Frost Not Bringing Twin Peaks Back ''. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` David Lynch To Ray Wise : `` We Could Revisit Twin Peaks '' ``. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` David Lynch To Shoot Twin Peaks Promo With Busty Brunette or Redhead, Confirmed By Ray Wise ''. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. January 3, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` David Lynch Answers `` Tricky Question '' About Twin Peaks Continuation With `` Just Wait And See '' ``. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. September 30, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Jump up ^ The Verge `` A new ' Twin Peaks ' miniseries is coming to Showtime in 2016 '' ; IndieWire `` It 's been more than two years since the `` Twin Peaks '' revival miniseries was announced `` ; Nerdist `` Showtime shocked everyone by getting co-creators David Lynch and Mark Frost to revive Twin Peaks as a new miniseries '' ; TV.com `` Twin Peaks Lives! David Lynch Is Creating a Sequel Miniseries for Showtime '' Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia ( October 6, 2014 ). `` Twin Peaks Revival to Air on Showtime in 2016 ''. Variety. Retrieved October 6, 2014. Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( March 16, 2015 ). `` Source : Twin Peaks reboot moving forward despite David Lynch 's comments ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb ( April 5, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks Revival : David Lynch Out as Director, Showtime ' Saddened ' But Will ' Hold Out Hope ' He Returns ''. TVLine. Retrieved April 6, 2015. Jump up ^ `` David Lynch To Direct 18 (! ) New Episodes Of Twin Peaks, Scored By Angelo Badalamenti, Shot In Washington State ''. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello, Michael ( October 8, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks Recasts Major Role for Revival ( and It 's a Total Bummer ) ''. TVLine. Retrieved October 8, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Ausiello, Michael ( October 12, 2015 ). `` David Duchovny Teases Twin Peaks Return : ' Yeah, I 'll Shave My Legs ' ''. TVLine. Retrieved March 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( November 4, 2015 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Follow - up Series : Miguel Ferrer To Reprise Role ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Rubin, Sam ( November 6, 2015 ). `` Did Alicia Witt Just Reveal She Will Star in the Upcoming ' Twin Peaks ' Series? ''. KTLA 5. Retrieved March 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Sutherland, Sabrina ( September 20, 2017 ). `` I 'm Sabrina Sutherland, Executive Producer of Twin Peaks. AMA. ''. Reddit. Retrieved September 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` David Lynch And Mark Frost Want Russ Tamblyn Back As Dr. Jacoby In Twin Peaks 2016! ''. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. February 24, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015. Jump up ^ Gerdes, Tim ( December 1, 2014 ). `` Here 's How the Log Lady Returns to ' Twin Peaks ' ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. ( September 28, 2015 ). `` Catherine E. Coulson Dies : ' Twin Peaks ' Log Lady Was 71 ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved September 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Franich, Darren ; Jensen, Doc ( September 15, 2017 ). `` Talking to David Lynch about Twin Peaks : The Return ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( December 18, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks Revival on Showtime : Watch the First Teaser! ''. TVLine. Retrieved January 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( January 8, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Sherilyn Fenn To Return For Showtime Series ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( February 1, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Revival : Naomi Watts & Tom Sizemore Join ; David Lynch Reprising Role ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( January 9, 2016 ). `` Twin Peaks : Laura Dern Joins Cast of Showtime Revival -- as Diane?! ''. TVLine. Retrieved January 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Holloway, Daniel ( April 25, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Cast List Revealed ''. Variety. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Ekstein - Kon, Alexandra ( September 5, 2017 ). `` 5 Things You Might Have Missed In The ' Twin Peaks ' Season 3 Finale ''. Movie Pilot. Retrieved September 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Wynn, Christopher ( May 11, 2016 ). `` Dallas actor returns to ' Twin Peaks ' ''. The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Wray, Daniel Dylan ( September 19, 2017 ). `` David Lynch on Bowie and the Music that Inspired the New `` Twin Peaks '' ``. Pitchfork. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Saperstein, Pat ( January 19, 2017 ). `` Miguel Ferrer Dead : ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Star Dies at 61 ''. Variety. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave ( February 17, 2017 ). `` Warren Frost Dead at 91 : ' Twin Peaks ', ' Seinfeld ', ' Matlock ' ''. TVLine. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Dagan, Carmel ( September 15, 2017 ). `` Harry Dean Stanton, ' Big Love, ' ' Twin Peaks ' Star, Dies at 91 ''. Variety. Retrieved September 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Howe - Smith, Nia ( July 8, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks revival to premiere in 2017, says co-creator ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( August 11, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks Revival : Showtime Boss Teases ' Big Surprises ' and ' Familiar Faces, ' Confirms Fall Start Date ''. TVLine. Retrieved August 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Gennis, Saddie ( August 11, 2015 ). `` Showtime Says Everyone You Want to See in Twin Peaks Will Return ''. TV Guide. Retrieved August 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Swift, Andy ( January 12, 2016 ). `` Twin Peaks Premiere Date Narrowed Down to ' Early 2017 ' at Showtime ''. TVLine. Retrieved January 12, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( February 10, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Who Else Is Returning & Other Tidbits About Showtime Reboot ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 13, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` 37 Twin Peaks Characters We Will See Again After 25 Years ( Or Not ) ''. Welcome to Twin Peaks. April 25, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Tallerico, Brian ( May 22, 2017 ). `` A Guide to the Characters of Twin Peaks : Who 's Back, Who 's New, and Who 's Missing ''. Vulture. Retrieved May 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Saraiya, Sonia ( September 5, 2017 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Star Kyle MacLachlan Does n't Know What Happened in That Last Scene Either ''. Variety. Retrieved September 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Nahmod, David - Elijah ( March 10, 2016 ). `` Clark remembers Bowie ''. ebar.com. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( March 18, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Ana De La Reguera & Hugh Dillon Join Showtime Revival ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( February 12, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' : Ashley Judd Joins Reboot ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved February 13, 2016. Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael ( September 20, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks Revival : Brothers & Sisters Vet Cast In Top - Secret Role ''. TVLine. Retrieved September 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Iannucci, Rebecca ( September 18, 2015 ). `` Twin Peaks : Amanda Seyfried Lands Mystery Role on Showtime Revival ''. TVLine. Retrieved September 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( February 24, 2016 ). `` Bailey Chase & Jessica Szohr To Star In Kevin Williamson 's Paranormal CW Pilot ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( March 4, 2016 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Reboot Adds Patrick Fischler & David Dastmalchian ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Hirschberg, Lynn ( May 18, 2017 ). `` Hailey Gates Thought the Secrecy on David Lynch 's Twin Peaks Reboot Was `` Pretty Funny '' ``. W Magazine. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( November 16, 2015 ). `` Bailey Chase To Recur In ' Twin Peaks ' & ' Grimm ', Signs With APA ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( October 30, 2015 ). `` Jennifer Jason Leigh Joins ' Twin Peaks ' Follow - Up Series ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Ekstein - Kon, Alexandra ( August 16, 2017 ). `` 6 Things You Might Have Missed In ' Twin Peaks ' Season 3, Episode 14 ''. Movie Pilot. Retrieved August 20, 2017. Jump up ^ McFarland, Melanie ( May 26, 2017 ). `` '' I do n't understand this situation at all `` : Easter egg hunting in `` Twin Peaks '' ``. Salon. Retrieved May 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Scherstuhl, Alan ( May 23, 2017 ). `` It 's Good Coop / Bad Coop in the First Four Episodes of Twin Peaks ''. Miami New Times. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 23, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Twin Peaks ' return comes in low for Showtime ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Dwilson, Stephanie Dube ( May 21, 2017 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Episodes 3 & 4 : How to Watch the Next Episodes Online ''. Heavy.com. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( May 31, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' tops a down day ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 31, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( June 6, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' ends on up note, ' Fear the Walking Dead ' premieres to series low ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( June 13, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.11. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( June 20, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' finale improves, ' Fear the Walking Dead ' hits another low ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( June 27, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.25. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( July 11, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.9. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( July 18, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( July 25, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.23. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 1, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.30. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 8, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 15, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.13. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 22, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( August 29, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.27. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Metcalf, Mitch ( September 6, 2017 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2017 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Dean Hurley : Anthology Resource Vol. 1 : △ △ ''. Sacred Bone Records. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Roffman, Michael ( May 22, 2017 ). `` Twin Peaks getting two new soundtracks to obsess over ''. Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Flood, Alex ( August 22, 2017 ). `` Twin Peaks soundtrack : a guide to all of the bands in the new episodes ''. NME. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel ( June 26, 2017 ). `` See Nine Inch Nails Perform ' She 's Gone Away ' on ' Twin Peaks ' ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Reilly, Nick ( June 26, 2017 ). `` Watch Nine Inch Nails perform ' She 's Gone Away ' on Twin Peaks ''. NME. Retrieved September 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Appleford, Steve ( September 4, 2017 ). `` Julee Cruise returns to ' Twin Peaks ' : ' I will always be proud of this ' ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2017. Jump up ^ Dom, Peter ( June 28, 2017 ). `` To Score The Haunting Woodsmen Scene, David Lynch Severely Slowed Down Beethoven 's `` Moonlight Sonata '' And Mixed It With Monkey Screeches ``. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Dom, Peter ( August 17, 2017 ). `` David Lynch Hides Own Singing Voice In Sarah Palmer 's First Scene ''. WelcomeToTwinPeaks.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( April 28, 2017 ). `` ' Ray Donovan ' & ' Episodes ' Get Summer Premiere Dates ; ' Twin Peaks ' Finale Also Slotted ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Gill, James ( May 10, 2017 ). `` Twin Peaks series revival to be simulcast in the UK and the US ''. Radio Times. Retrieved May 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Hegarty, Tasha ( May 19, 2017 ). `` Want a Twin Peaks season 3 mini-marathon? You can watch all four episodes on demand on Monday ''. Digital Spy. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitchell, Robert ( April 7, 2017 ). `` HBO Nordic Takes Showtime 's ' Twin Peaks ' for Nordic Region ''. Variety. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` SHOWTIME Programming To Now Premiere on CraveTV, Beginning November 20 with THE AFFAIR '' ( Press release ). Bell Media. October 24, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks ( 2017 ) -- Episodes ''. The Movie Network. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ Ma, Wenlei ( April 15, 2017 ). `` Now 's the time to rewatch Twin Peaks ''. News.com.au. Retrieved April 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Shepard, Jack ( April 13, 2017 ). `` Cannes Film Festival 2017 line - up announced including Sofia Coppola, Yorgos Lanthimos and Twin Peaks ''. The Independent. Retrieved April 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Mitchell, Robert ( February 13, 2017 ). `` Japan 's WOWOW Nabs Showtime 's ' Twin Peaks, ' Two Other Series From CBS ''. Variety. Retrieved July 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks : Season 3 ''. Metacritic. Retrieved May 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia ( May 21, 2017 ). `` TV Review : ' Twin Peaks : The Return ' ''. Variety. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel ( May 21, 2017 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' : TV Review ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Stephens, Emily L. ( May 22, 2017 ). `` In its nightmarish two - part return, Twin Peaks is pure Lynchian horror ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( May 25, 2017 ). `` David Lynch 's ' Twin Peaks ' Revival Met With Standing Ovation In Cannes ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved May 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Collins, Sean T. ( September 4, 2017 ). `` Why ' Twin Peaks : The Return ' Was the Most Groundbreaking TV Series Ever ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller ( September 4, 2017 ). `` In Twin Peaks : The Return, You Ca n't Go Home Again ''. Vulture. Retrieved September 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt ( September 11, 2017 ). `` Twin Peaks : The Return Review ''. IGN. Retrieved September 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic ( May 23, 2017 ). `` ' Twin Peaks ' Debut Soft For Showtime In Linear Viewership ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved May 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ; Andreeva, Nellie ( May 26, 2017 ). `` Twin Peaks ' Premiere Gets Modest Live + 3 Bump ; Strong Streaming Lift ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved May 27, 2017. Jump up ^ O'Connell, Michael ( September 1, 2017 ). `` Has ' Twin Peaks ' Been a Hit for Showtime? ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 4, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks : Season Three Ratings ''. TV Series Finale. Retrieved July 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Woo, Noah ( September 14, 2017 ). `` David Lynch Announces `` Twin Peaks '' Revival DVD Release Date ``. Pitchfork. Retrieved September 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Hughes, William ( September 14, 2017 ). `` If we see Twin Peaks again, it wo n't be for at least four - and - a-half years ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 15, 2017. External links ( edit ) Official website Twin Peaks on IMDb ( hide ) Twin Peaks Characters Dale Cooper Laura Palmer Shelly Johnson Donna Hayward Audrey Horne Maddy Ferguson Benjamin Horne Killer BOB Windom Earle MIKE Leland Palmer Log Lady The Giant The Man from Another Place Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Episode 1 '' `` Episode 2 '' `` Episode 3 '' `` Episode 4 '' `` Episode 5 '' `` Episode 6 '' `` Episode 7 '' Season 2 `` Episode 8 '' `` Episode 9 '' `` Episode 14 '' `` Episode 16 '' `` Episode 29 '' The Return `` Part 8 '' Music Soundtrack from Twin Peaks Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Twin Peaks Music : Season Two Music and More `` Falling '' `` Rockin ' Back Inside My Heart '' Literature The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer The Secret History of Twin Peaks Related Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me Twin Peaks : The Missing Pieces Home video Black and White Lodges The Great Northern Hotel Awards and nominations Showtime original programming Former 1980s debuts 33 Brompton Place Bizarre Brothers Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre It 's Garry Shandling 's Show OWL / TV The Paper Chase Super Dave Tall Tales & Legends Nightmare Classics Thunderbirds 2086 1990s debuts Beggars and Choosers Beverly Hills Bordello The Busy World of Richard Scarry Chris Cross Dead Man 's Gun The Hoop Life Linc 's The Outer Limits OWL / TV Poltergeist : The Legacy Ready or Not Red Shoe Diaries Rude Awakening Stargate SG - 1 Total Recall 2070 Women : Stories of Passion 2000s debuts American Candidate Barbershop : The Series Big Brother : After Dark Body Language Brotherhood Californication The Chris Isaak Show Dead Like Me Deeper Throat Dexter Elite Xtreme Combat Family Business Fat Actress Free for All Going to California Full Color Football : The History of the American Football League Huff Jeremiah Kama Sutra The L Word Lady Chatterley 's Stories Leap Years Lock ' N Load Masters of Horror Meadowlands Nurse Jackie Odyssey 5 Out of Order Penn & Teller : Bullshit! Queer as Folk Queer Duck Resurrection Blvd. Street Time Secret Diary of a Call Girl ShoMMA ShoXC Sleeper Cell Soul Food Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union The Tudors The Underground This American Life United States of Tara Weeds 2010s debuts Beach Heat : Miami The Big C The Borgias Dave 's Old Porn The Green Room with Paul Provenza Happyish House of Lies Inside Comedy Inside NASCAR La La Land Look : The Series Masters of Sex Penny Dreadful The Real L Word Roadies Time of Death Web Therapy 60 Minutes Sports Current The Affair ( since 2014 ) Billions ( since 2016 ) Dark Net ( since 2016 ) Dice ( since 2016 ) Episodes ( since 2011 ) Gigolos ( since 2011 ) Guerrilla ( since 2017 ) The Franchise ( since 2011 ) Homeland ( since 2011 ) I 'm Dying Up Here ( since 2017 ) Inside the NFL ( since 2008 ) Polyamory : Married & Dating ( since 2012 ) Ray Donovan ( since 2013 ) Shameless ( since 2011 ) ShoBox : The New Generation ( since 2001 ) Showtime Championship Boxing ( since 1986 ) Submission ( since 2016 ) Twin Peaks ( since 2017 ) Upcoming White Famous ( 2017 ) SMILF ( 2017 ) David Lynch Early life Filmography Discography Bibliography Accolades Frequent collaborators Directorial works Feature films Eraserhead ( 1977 ) The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Dune ( 1984 ) Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) Lost Highway ( 1997 ) The Straight Story ( 1999 ) Mulholland Drive ( 2001 ) Inland Empire ( 2006 ) Short films Six Men Getting Sick ( Six Times ) The Alphabet The Grandmother The Amputee The Cowboy and the Frenchman Industrial Symphony No. 1 Premonition Following An Evil Deed Darkened Room Rabbits DumbLand Bug Crawls Boat Absurda Lady Blue Shanghai Idem Paris Music videos `` Wicked Game '' `` Longing '' `` Shot in the Back of the Head '' `` Came Back Haunted '' Television Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 91 ) American Chronicles On the Air Hotel Room Twin Peaks ( 2017 ) Albums BlueBOB Polish Night Music Crazy Clown Time The Big Dream Books Catching the Big Fish Images Genealogies of Pain Dark Night of the Soul Productions Crumb Surveillance My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done? Awards by film The Elephant Man Blue Velvet Wild at Heart Related Jennifer Lynch ( daughter ) The Angriest Dog in the World David Lynch : The Art Life Lynch on Lynch Ronnie Rocket Frank Booth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twin_Peaks_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=803432577 '' Categories : Twin Peaks 1945 in fiction 1956 in fiction 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American crime drama television series American mystery television series Amnesia in fiction Dreams in fiction English - language television programs Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Fictional populated places Fictional populated places in Washington ( state ) Manhattan Project in popular culture Nonlinear narrative television series Paranormal television Serial drama television series Showtime ( TV network ) original programs Spirit possession in fiction Television series revived after cancellation Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows filmed in Washington ( state ) Television shows set in Buenos Aires Television shows set in Las Vegas Television shows set in Montana Television shows set in New Mexico Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in Philadelphia Television shows set in South Dakota Television shows set in Texas Television shows set in Virginia Television shows set in Washington ( state ) Weird fiction Television series created by David Lynch Television series created by Mark Frost Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Euskara Français Italiano ქართული Polski Português Română Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017, at 14 : 12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Twin_Peaks_(2017_TV_series)&amp;oldid=803432577" }

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{ "text": "Vision of the Valley of Dry bones - Wikipedia Vision of the Valley of Dry bones Jump to : navigation, search Engraving of `` The Vision of The Valley of The Dry Bones '' by Gustave Doré The Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones ( or The Valley of Dry Bones or The Vision of Dry Bones ) is a prophecy in chapter 37 of the Book of Ezekiel. The chapter details a vision revealed to the prophet Ezekiel, conveying a dream - like realistic - naturalistic depiction. In his vision the prophet sees himself standing in the valley full of dry human bones. He is commanded to carry a prophecy. Before him the bones connect into human figures, then the bones become covered with tendon tissues, flesh and skin. Then God reveals the bones to the prophet as the People of Israel in exile and commands the Prophet to carry another prophecy in order to revitalize these human figures, to resurrect them and to bring them to the Land of Israel. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Book of Ezekiel, 37 : 1 - 14 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ezekiel 's Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones. This article related to the Bible is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vision_of_the_Valley_of_Dry_Bones&oldid=780930205 '' Categories : Prophecy Book of Ezekiel Biblical dreams and visions Bible stubs Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2017, at 01 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Vision_of_the_Valley_of_Dry_Bones&amp;oldid=780930205" }

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{ "text": "Demethylation - wikipedia Demethylation Jump to : navigation, search Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group ( CH ) from a molecule. A common way of demethylation is the replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom, resulting in a net loss of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms. The counterpart of demethylation is methylation. Contents ( hide ) 1 In biochemistry 2 In organic chemistry 2.1 O - Demethylation 2.2 N - Demethylation 3 References 4 See also In biochemistry ( edit ) In biochemical systems, the process of demethylation is catalyzed by demethylases. These enzymes oxidize N - methyl groups, which occur in histones and some forms of DNA : R N - CH + O → R N-H + CH O One such oxidative enzyme family is the cytochrome P450. Alpha - ketoglutarate - dependent hydroxylases are active for demethylation of DNA, operating by similar pathway. These reactions exploit the weak C-H bond adjacent to amines. In organic Chemistry ( edit ) O - demethylation ( edit ) Demethylation typically refers to cleavage of ethers, especially aryl ethers, although there are some exceptions, for instance cf. `` desipramine ''. Apparently, aryl ethers are pervasive in lignin - derived compounds. The reaction typically requires harsh conditions or harsh reagents. For example, the methyl ether in vanillin can be removed by heating near 250 ° C with strong base. Stronger nucleophiles such as diorganophosphides ( LiPPh ) also cleave aryl ethers under milder conditions. Boron tribromide is a classical reagent for the dealkylation of methyl arylethers. The mechanism of ether dealkylation proceeds via the formation of a complex between the boron center and the ether oxygen followed by the elimination of an alkyl bromide to yield a dibromo ( organo ) borane. The dibromo ( organo ) borane can then undergo hydrolysis to give the alcohol or phenol, boric acid, and hydrogen bromide as products. ROR + BBr → RO ( BBr ) R RO ( BBr ) R → ROBBr + RBr ROBBr + 3 H O → ROH + B ( OH ) + 2 HBr Methyl esters also are susceptible to demethylation, which is usually achieved by saponification. Highly specialized demethylations are abundant such as the Krapcho decarboxylation : N - Demethylation ( edit ) N - demethylation of 3 ° amines is by the von Braun reaction, which uses BrCN as the reagent to give the corresponding nor - derivatives. A modern variation of the Von Braun reaction was developed where BrCN was superseded by ethyl chloroformate. The preparation of Paxil from arecoline is an application of this reaction, as well as the synthesis of GSK - 372,475, for example. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clayden, J. ; Greeves, N. ; Warren, S. ; Wothers, P. ( 2001 ). Organic Chemistry. Oxford, Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 850346 - 6. Jump up ^ Smith, Michael B. ; March, Jerry ( 2007 ), Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure ( 6th ed. ), New York : Wiley - Interscience, ISBN 0 - 471 - 72091 - 7 Jump up ^ Roland Sigel ; Sigel, Astrid ; Sigel, Helmut ( 2007 ). The Ubiquitous Roles of Cytochrome P450 Proteins : Metal Ions in Life Sciences. New York : Wiley. ISBN 0 - 470 - 01672 - 8. Jump up ^ Irwin A. Pearl ( 1949 ). `` Protocatechulic Acid ''. Organic Syntheses. 29 : 85. ; Collective Volume, 3, p. 745 Jump up ^ Robert E. Ireland and David M. Walba ( 1977 ). `` Demethylation of Methyl Aryl Ethers : 4 - Ethoxy - 3 - hydroxybenzaldehyde ''. Organic Syntheses. 56 : 44. ; Collective Volume, 3, p. 745 Jump up ^ J.F.W. McOmie, D.E. West ( 1969 ). `` 3, 3 ' - Dihydroxybiphenyl ''. Organic Syntheses. 49 : 13. ; Collective Volume, 5, p. 412 See also ( edit ) Methylation, the addition of a methyl group to a substrate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demethylation&oldid=824472599 '' Categories : Gene expression Organic reactions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Nederlands 日本 語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018, at 15 : 39. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Demethylation", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Demethylation&amp;oldid=824472599" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Demethylation - wikipedia Demethylation Jump to : navigation, search Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group ( CH ) from a molecule. A common way of demethylation is the replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom, resulting in a net loss of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms. The counterpart of demethylation is methylation. Contents ( hide ) 1 In biochemistry 2 In organic chemistry 2.1 O - Demethylation 2.2 N - Demethylation 3 References 4 See also In biochemistry ( edit ) In biochemical systems, the process of demethylation is catalyzed by demethylases. These enzymes oxidize N - methyl groups, which occur in histones and some forms of DNA : R N - CH + O → R N-H + CH O One" ], "id": [ "2068383575935616170" ], "short_answers": [ "replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "I do like to be beside the seaside - wikipedia I do like to be beside the seaside Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Do Like to Be Beside the Seaside '' is a popular British music hall song. It was written in 1907 by John A. Glover - Kind and made famous by music hall singer Mark Sheridan who first recorded it in 1909. It speaks of the singer 's love for the seaside, and his wish to return there for his summer holidays each year. It was composed at a time when the yearly visits of the British working - class to the seaside were booming. It was, for a long time, used as a signature tune by Reginald Dixon MBE, who was the resident organist at the Tower Ballroom, Blackpool between 1930 - 70. Lyrics ( edit ) Now everybody likes to spend their summer holiday down beside the side of the silvery sea. I 'm no exception to the rule, in fact, if I 'd me way, I 'd reside by the side of the silvery sea. But when you 're just the common or garden Smith or Jones or Brown at business up in town, you 're got to settle down. You save your money all the year ' til summer comes around. Then away you go to a place you know, where the cockle shells are found. Oh! I do like to be beside the seaside! I do like to be beside the sea! I do like to stroll along the Prom, Prom, Prom! Where the brass bands play, `` Tiddely - om - pom - pom! '' So just let me be beside the seaside! I 'll be beside myself with glee and there 's lots of girls beside, I should like to be beside, beside the seaside, beside the sea! Now William Sykes for burglary been out to work one night, and filled his bag with cash and jewels and plate. And Constable Brown felt no surprised when William hove in sight. Said he, `` The hours you 're keeping are far too late. '' So he grabbed him by the collar and lodged him safe and sound in jail. Next morning looking pale, Bill told a tearful tale. The judge said, `` For a couple of months I 'm sending you away! '' Said Bill, `` How kind! Well if you do n't mind, Where I spend my holiday! '' Oh! I do like to be beside the seaside! I do like to be beside the sea! I do like to stroll along the Prom, Prom, Prom! Where the brass bands play, `` Tiddely - om - pom - pom! '' So just let me be beside the seaside! I 'll be beside myself with glee and there 's lots of girls beside, I should like to be beside, beside the seaside, beside the sea! References in culture ( edit ) Cavalcade ( 1933 ), starring Diana Wynyard and Clive Brook, shows the song being performed by seaside entertainers in a scene set in 1909. Sylvia Scarlett ( 1935 ), starring Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant. Bank Holiday ( 1938 ), starring Margaret Lockwood and Hugh Williams. The tune is used as a theme several times during the film. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ), starring Basil Rathbone, involves a heavily disguised Holmes singing the song. An anachronism, as the film was set in 1894 thirteen years before the song was written. Mr. Moto 's Last Warning ( 1939 ), starring Peter Lorre and George Sanders. The antagonist 's ( Ricardo Cortez ) ventriloquism act features a dummy singing the song while he drinks a glass of water and smokes a cigarette. Carry On... Follow That Camel ( 1967 ) : when the foreign legionnaires become lost in the North African desert they sing the song. Oh What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) features a pierside scene where Sir Douglas Haig is trying to recruit for the First World War, with the words of the song changed to `` I do to like to see a lot of soldiers ''. The Doctor Who episodes Death to the Daleks and The Leisure Hive feature the song. In the first it was sung by the Doctor ( Jon Pertwee ) while in the second it was part of the music score of the episode. The opening two sentences in the chorus are included at the end of the song Seven Seas Of Rhye ( 1974 ) from Queen. It is also whistled at the beginning of the song `` Brighton Rock '' from the Album Sheer Heart Attack. The Goodies episode Holidays ( 1982 ) features the song as part of the `` Victorian musical evening '', at first sung only by Tim Brooke - Taylor, before Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie join in, and it becomes a punk rock song. An Awfully Big Adventure ( 1994 ), starring Hugh Grant and Alan Rickman, includes a scene where two theatre troupes sing the chorus of the song while riding a bus to a football game. Navy NCIS : Naval Criminal Investigative Service Season 7 Episode 18 ( 2010 ), starring David McCallum, includes a scene where he is walking by the seaside singing the song. In Grand Theft Auto : The Lost and Damned the song is sung near the end of `` Off Route '' mission by cannibalistic serial killer Curtis Stocker. Thomas & Friends episode Thomas the Quarry Engine ( 2014 ) ends with Mavis, Salty, Cranky, Thomas, and Porter singing the song. It is also sung in the episode `` Toad and the Whale '' ( 2015 ). Mr. Bean ( animated TV series ) episode Holiday for Teddy, Mr Bean sings the song. The Vicar of Dibley, Dawn French, sings the chorus while intoxicated in the `` Merry Christmas '' episode. In the Outlander ( TV series ), the song is sung by Claire Fraser to her stillborn child, Faith, in episode 207, `` Faith '' ( 2016 ). References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` © I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside, English Music Hall Song, MIDI and Lyrics ''. Eastbournecousins.com. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Biography Mark Sheridan Main Website ''. Marksheridan.org. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Do_Like_To_be_Beside_the_Seaside&oldid=809660716 '' Categories : 1907 songs Music hall songs Pinky and Perky songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017, at 16 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Do Like To be Beside the Seaside", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Do_Like_To_be_Beside_the_Seaside&amp;oldid=809660716" }

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{ "text": "Nose piercing - wikipedia Nose piercing Jump to : navigation, search This article is about nose piercings of humans. For nose piercings of other animals, see Nose ring ( animal ). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nose piercing Nicknames Nostril, nose ring Location Nose ( nostril, nasal septum, nose bridge ) Jewelry nose stud, nose bone, Circular barbell, curved barbell, captive bead ring Healing 3 to 6 months Nose piercing is the piercing of the skin or cartilage which forms any part of the nose, normally for the purpose of wearing jewelry, called a nose - jewel. Among the different varieties of nose piercings, the nostril piercing is the most common. Nose piercing is the second most common variety of piercing after earlobe piercing. Contents ( hide ) 1 Nostril piercing 2 Septum piercing 2.1 Risks 3 Bridge piercing 4 Social acceptability of nose piercing 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Nostril piercing ( edit ) Early 20th century Indian nose ring Nostril piercing is a body piercing practice for the purpose of wearing jewelry, much like nose piercing, which is most primarily and prominently associated with Indian culture and fashion since classical times, and found commonly in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Philippines and throughout South and even Southeast Asia. Nostril piercing is also part of traditional Australian Aboriginal culture. and the culture of the Ilocano, a Muslim tribe in the Philippines. With the diffusion, exposure and spread of Indian fashion and culture, nostril piercing has in recent decades become popular in the wider world, as have other forms of body piercing, after punks and subsequent youth cultures in the ' 80s and ' 90s adopted this sort of piercing. Today, nostril piercing is popular in the wider world including South America, United States of America, Canada, the Caribbean, Australia, Africa, Japan and Europe, with piercings being performed on either the left or right nostril. Historically in the Indian Subcontinent, nose piercings are done by women only. However the spread of this fashion has resulted in both men and women having nostril piercings in the wider world. Several different types of nostril rings are found. Among the most popular are the loop, the stud with an L - bar closure, the stud with a ball closure, and the stud with a flat backing. In India the outside of the left part of the body (? ) is the preferred position of the piercing. This is followed by some orthodox folk also because Ayurvedic medicine associates this location with the female reproductive organs. In India, like any other jewelry, piercings and the jewelry are regarded as a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu 's honor to Parvati, the goddess of marriage. Nose piercing is still popular in India and the subcontinent. The piercings are often an integral part of Indian wedding jewelry. In Maharashtra women wear very large intricate nose pieces that often cover the mouth or the side of the face. It is very common in Bengali women. Pashtun and Pahari women commonly have both nostrils pierced. Many South Indian Tamil also follow this old tradition. Numerous traditions are associated with it. Many women from the Asian subcontinent are cremated with just their nose studs as jewelry is removed before the funeral. Indian widows usually remove their nose studs as a sign of respect. Nose piercing has historically been strictly forbidden among many families of Kashmiris belonging to Butt, Dar, Lone and Mir castes settled in Pakistan as their ancestors associated nose piercing with people of menial descent in ancient Kashmiri society. Septum piercing ( edit ) Large - gauge septum piercing Fulani woman with traditional nose ring and mouth tattoo The nasal septum is the cartilaginous dividing wall between the nostrils. Generally, the cartilage itself is not pierced, but rather the small gap between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose ( sometimes called the `` sweet spot '' ), typically at 14ga ( 1.6 mm ) although it is often stretched to a larger gauge ( size ). The nose has many nerves running through it, and as a result, nose piercings can be painful, although the pain varies by individual. This piercing heals within a month and a half to three months also depending on the individual. It should only be stretched by 1mm at a time, and waiting at least a month between stretches is advisable. If a certain point is exceeded, usually about 8mm, the cartilage gets forced towards the top of the nose, which can be uncomfortable. Many types of jewelry generally are worn in a septum piercing, such as : Captive bead rings ( CBRs ), rings that close with a bead held in the center by the tension of the ring, circular barbells ( as shown in the picture ), a circular bar with a bead that screws onto either end, a `` tusk '' that is a straight or shaped piece of material generally tapered on either end, or pinchers. For large gauge septums, many individuals choose to wear plugs, as the plugs do not weigh their noses down, which is helpful in healing. This measure allows the piercing not to be damaged by the sudden movement of the jewelry. Another option is a septum retainer, which is staple - shaped. This type of nose piercing is particularly easy to hide when desired, for example to comply with a dress code. A septum retainer makes possible turning the jewelry up into the nose, thus concealing it. With black jewelry flipped up into the nostrils, this piercing can be made practically invisible. A circular barbell can also be hidden by pushing it to the back into the nose, but it may be uncomfortable. Septum piercing is a popular trend among South Indian dancers ( Kuchipudi, Bharatnatyam ) and among certain Native American peoples in history ; the Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, for example, had such piercings. The septum piercing is popular in countrysides of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. In India such piercing is called the ' Nathori ' and popular with the Banjara ethnic groups and Adivasi tribes. Lord Krishna and his consort Radharani are often depicted wearing the ' Nathori ' style jewel nose pieces. Bengali women traditionally would wear the nathori as a sign of being a married woman. The nathori would be gold with a tear drop that would move along the ring. Many lower - class women in rural Bengal still keep this tradition. This practice is now declining as many women prefer the nose studs. In southern Nepal the septum piercing is still common. Many older women still adorn their noses with both the septum and left nostril rings. Many women have gold nose piercings to show their social, tribal, and religious status in society. Risks ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The septum or nasal septum is the cartilaginous wall that divides the two nostrils. The cartilage is, however, usually not pierced. It is the thin strip of very soft and flexible skin, just between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose, where septum piercing is mostly done. Piercing the skin instead of the cartilage can greatly minimize the pain, as well as other discomforts associated with this type of body piercing. This piercing should be done only with a needle. As far as jewelry is concerned, captive bead rings, circular barbells, plugs, tusks, curls, and septum retainer can be used. All types of body piercings, including septum piercing, are associated with the risk of contracting certain blood borne diseases, like hepatitis, from the needles and piercing guns used in the procedure. This risk can be reduced by getting the piercing done by a reputed piercer and making sure that the piercer uses only sterile single - use needles. The next common risk associated with almost all types of piercing is the risk of infection and pain. These issues can be minimized greatly if piercing is done on the soft and flexible skin that lies between the cartilage and bottom of the nose. As far as infection risks are concerned, they can be managed with proper piercing aftercare. This piercing can sometimes lead to ' septal hematoma ' -- an injury to the soft tissue within the septum that can disrupt the blood vessels to cause the accumulation of blood and fluid under the lining. Nasal septum hematoma can eventually cause nasal congestion and interfere with breathing along with causing pain and inflammation. If not treated immediately, the condition can ultimately cause formation of a hole in the septum, leading to nasal congestion. Sometimes, that part of the nose may collapse, resulting in a cosmetic deformity, known as ' saddle nose '. Bridge piercing ( edit ) Main article : Bridge piercing Bridge piercing Bridge piercings are inserted through the skin at the top of the nose, between the eyes. Curved barbells and straight barbells are the most commonly used in this piercing, while seamless rings are less common. Social acceptability of nose piercing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) More and more companies in the workplace have become more lenient on such issues as piercings and the dress code. The acceptance of more visible body modifications is attributable to its becoming a social norm. If companies did not hire employees with a tattoo or nose piercing, the number of future workers that the companies could hire would be limited. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nose piercings. Body piercing Nose - jewel Nose ring ( animals ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Stirn 2003 ) Jump up ^ Morris, Desmond ( 2004 ). `` The Nose ''. The Naked Woman. p. 69. ISBN 9780099453581. Jump up ^ `` Septum Piercing Dangers ''. Retrieved 17 November 2012. Jump up ^ Joyce, Amy. `` Fashion Leads by a Nose. '' The Washington Post. ( 2013 ) Website. Jump up ^ Dobosh, Sara. `` Piercing the Workplace Stereotype. '' Fox Business. ( 2010 ) Website. References ( edit ) Stirn, A. ( 2003 ). Body Piercing : Medical Consequences and Psychological Motivations. The Lancet 361 : 1205 -- 1215. Body piercing General piercing topics Contemporary piercing practices Scalpelling Stretching Play piercing Pocketing Surface piercing Ear piercing gun Jewelry ( materials ) Barbell Claw Captive bead ring Flesh tunnel Plug Prince 's wand Spiral Stud Nose chain Nipple shield Ear piercings Antitragus Conch Daith Helix Industrial Rook Snug Tragus Facial piercings Anti-eyebrow Cheek Eyebrow Jestrum Labret Lip ( Lip plate ) Monroe Nose Nose bridge Philtrum Oral piercings Lip frenulum Tongue Tongue frenulum Uvula Body piercings Corset Hand web Hip Madison Nape Navel Neck Nipple Wrist Unisex genital piercings Anus Guiche Pubic Chastity Female genital piercings Christina Clitoris Clitoral hood Fourchette Isabella Labia Nefertiti Princess Albertina Triangle Male genital piercings Ampallang Apadravya Deep shaft Dydoe Foreskin Frenum Hafada Lorum Magic cross Prince Albert Reverse Prince Albert Transscrotal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nose_piercing&oldid=843355210 '' Categories : Facial piercings Body piercing jewellery 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano मराठी 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Suomi தமிழ் اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 16 : 18. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Nose piercing", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Nose_piercing&amp;oldid=843355210" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "piercings are done by women only. However the spread of this fashion has resulted in both men and women having nostril piercings in the wider world. Several different types of nostril rings are found. Among the most popular are the loop, the stud with an L - bar closure, the stud with a ball closure, and the stud with a flat backing. In India the outside of the left part of the body (? ) is the preferred position of the piercing. This is followed by some orthodox folk also because Ayurvedic medicine associates this location with the female reproductive organs. In India, like any other jewelry, piercings and the jewelry are regarded as a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu 's honor to Parvati, the goddess of marriage. Nose piercing is still popular in India and the subcontinent. The piercings are often an integral part of Indian wedding jewelry. In Maharashtra women wear very large intricate nose pieces that often cover the mouth or the side of the face. It is very common in Bengali women. Pashtun and Pahari women commonly have both nostrils pierced. Many South Indian Tamil also follow this old tradition. Numerous traditions are associated with it. Many women from the Asian subcontinent are cremated with just their nose studs as jewelry is removed before the funeral. Indian widows usually remove their nose studs as a sign of respect. Nose piercing has historically been strictly forbidden among many families of Kashmiris" ], "id": [ "9513266846122193526" ], "short_answers": [ "a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu's honor to Parvati, the goddess of marriage" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Love the Way You Lie - wikipedia Love the Way You Lie Jump to : navigation, search For the song by Rihanna, featuring Eminem, see `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) ''. `` Love the Way You Lie '' Single by Eminem featuring Rihanna from the album Recovery Released August 9, 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 2009 Studio Effigy Studios ( Ferndale, Michigan ) Sun Studios ( Dublin, Ireland ) Genre Pop - rap Length 4 : 23 Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eminem Alex da Kid Skylar Grey Producer ( s ) Alex da Kid Makeba Riddick Eminem singles chronology `` Not Afraid '' ( 2010 ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( 2010 ) `` No Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Not Afraid '' ( 2010 ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( 2010 ) `` No Love '' ( 2010 ) Rihanna singles chronology `` Te Amo '' ( 2010 ) Te Amo 2010 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( 2010 ) Love the Way You Lie2010 `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) Only Girl ( In the World ) 2010 Music video `` Love the Way You Lie '' on YouTube `` Love the Way You Lie '' is a song recorded by the American rapper Eminem, featuring Barbadian singer Rihanna, from Eminem 's seventh studio album Recovery ( 2010 ). The singer and songwriter Skylar Grey wrote and recorded a demo of the song alongside the producer Alex da Kid when she felt she was in an abusive romantic relationship with the music industry. Eminem wrote the verses and chose Rihanna to sing the chorus, resulting in a collaboration influenced by their past experiences in difficult relationships. Recording sessions were held in Ferndale, Michigan, and Dublin, Ireland. Backed by guitar, piano and violin, the track is a midtempo hip - hop ballad with a pop refrain, sung by Rihanna, and describes two lovers who refuse to separate despite being in a dangerous love -- hate relationship. Interscope Records released the song in August 2010 as the second single from Recovery. Critics praised its melody but were divided on thematic aspects such as poignancy and accuracy. Eminem promoted the single with performances at the 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo, the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards and festivals. The music video, directed by Joseph Kahn, stars Dominic Monaghan and Megan Fox in a violent relationship and shows Eminem and Rihanna in front of a burning house. The clip had a mixed reception due to scenes of domestic violence. Reporters suggested that the song and its accompanying video were influenced by Eminem 's and Rihanna 's relationships with their respective ex-lovers Kimberly Scott and Chris Brown. Critics listed `` Love the Way You Lie '' among the best tracks of 2010 and of Eminem 's career. The song won many awards and received five Grammy nominations. It is Eminem 's best - selling single and ranked number one on several record charts, including the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks. The single sold six million copies in the US and was the best - selling song of 2010 in the United Kingdom. Musical acts such as Cher Lloyd and The Band Perry have performed cover versions. Rihanna has said that the theme of domestic violence, a topic on which she claims many people do not have insight, is what makes the song effective. She later recorded `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '', narrated mostly from her perspective. Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 2 Recording 3 Composition 4 Release and response 4.1 Themes 4.2 Recognition 5 Commercial performance 6 Music video 6.1 Production 6.2 Synopsis 6.3 Reception 7 Live performances 8 Cover versions 9 Sequel 10 Awards 11 Track listing 12 Personnel 13 Charts 13.1 Weekly charts 13.2 Year - end charts 13.3 All - time charts 14 Certifications 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Writing and production ( edit ) Rihanna 's approval of the song 's topic ultimately influenced her decision to work with Eminem. Development of `` Love the Way You Lie '' began with the backing track and hook melody, which were created by the British hip hop producer Alex da Kid. When making a track, he said he spends hours making loops and produces an electronic drum rhythm before adding live instrumentation. The drums are sampled from live recordings he saves. Alex da Kid recorded an acoustic guitar for the verses with a Georg Neumann U87 microphone and an Avid Mbox audio interface. He told Sound on Sound magazine that this song had given him an opportunity to reintroduce live guitar in hip hop music. During the session, he used Waves RVerb and REQ equalization on his main kick track and a MaxxBass plug - in on two others. Writing began in late 2009, when the American singer Holly Hafermann resided at the Artula Retreat in Bandon, Oregon, and composed songs. Later, in New York City, under her new stage name Skylar Grey, she visited her Universal Music publisher, Jennifer Blakeman, to seek help presenting her work ; Blakeman suggested she collaborate with Alex da Kid. The producer emailed Grey his track, which suggested a theme of abusive romantic relationships to her as she spontaneously sang lyrics to the melody. She told the Los Angeles Times that she was in an abusive relationship with the music industry : `` I love it so much, and I give it all that I have, yet it beats me down. '' This idea inspired her writing, a process she found came naturally, as if she were creating an alternative pop song for herself. She wrote the chorus to `` Love the Way You Lie '' in fifteen minutes and recorded vocals for Alex da Kid 's demo. In early 2010, Alex da Kid offered the Shady Records Senior Director Rigo `` Riggs '' Morales some backing tracks. Morales enjoyed the tracks and sent them to Eminem, who was seeking a different musical approach for his next album. Impressed with Alex da Kid 's work, Eminem asked for more tracks and subsequently heard `` Love the Way You Lie ''. He chose it and told his manager Paul Rosenberg he wanted to collaborate with the Barbadian singer Rihanna. Eminem told Skyrock, `` It 's one of those tracks that I felt like only she could pull it off. '' Rosenberg sent the track to Rihanna, who accepted Eminem 's request `` at the last moment. '' Eminem then wrote the rapped verses. Rihanna said she joined the collaboration because she could relate to the theme of the song, as she and Eminem had been in difficult relationships on `` different ends of the table ''. Eminem had released the songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' ( 1998 ) and `` Kim '' ( 2000 ), in which he fantasizes, respectively, about murdering and verbally abusing his then - wife Kimberly Scott. They had divorced in 2001 and again in 2006 after a remarriage. In February 2009, Rihanna 's relationship with the American singer Chris Brown had ended following his felony assault on her. Rihanna described `` Love the Way You Lie '' as unique, realistic and deep, saying that it `` broke down the cycle of domestic violence '' because few people had insight on the topic. Recording ( edit ) Mike Strange recorded and mixed Eminem 's vocals at Effigy Studios in Ferndale, Michigan. The sessions took two days. Strange edited the vocals with D - Verb -- a reverberation software -- and an Extra Long Delay plug - in. He preferred to make few changes ; for `` Love the Way You Lie '' he almost exclusively used board compression and console equalization. Strange used the Bricasti and Eventide Reverb 2016 mixing tools for `` brighter '' reverberation. Detroit musician Luis Resto has contributed to the arrangement on many of Eminem 's songs, but did not do so for `` Love the Way You Lie ''. According to Strange, `` Everything we needed was already in the track, apart from the vocals. '' Two to three weeks after the sessions, Alex da Kid arrived to help mix and master the track. He wanted to replace the acoustic guitar on the demo, but Eminem chose to keep it. Strange said, `` It was simply a matter of trying to match and then to improve on the demo ( Alex da Kid ) 'd sent us. '' Strange 's brother Joe engineered the track. Rihanna 's recording sessions took place at Sun Studios in Dublin, Ireland, and were engineered by Marcos Tovar. The American songwriter Makeba Riddick provided additional vocal production. Strange used equalization, compression and reverberation but left the vocal balance. He assumed that Rihanna was satisfied with her recorded vocals and did not make major changes on her seven stereo vocal tracks. Composition ( edit ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' A 26 - second song sample. Backed by an electric guitar and a piano, Rihanna sings the second half of the chorus in a sad voice without vibrato. Eminem begins the second verse over an acoustic guitar, violin and drums, expressing frustration in his voice. Problems playing this file? See media help. `` Love the Way You Lie '' is a midtempo hip hop ballad. The lyrics describe a couple 's refusal to separate despite having an abusive relationship. According to the sheet music from Universal Music Publishing Group, the song is in the key of B ♭ major with a common time signature and a tempo of 84 beats per minute. The vocal range spans from B ♭ to D. `` Love the Way You Lie '' opens as Rihanna sings the pop refrain over a piano : Just gon na stand there and watch me burn But that 's alright, because I like the way it hurts. Just gon na stand there and hear me cry But that 's alright, because I love the way you lie. The refrain is based on a Gm -- E ♭ -- B ♭ -- F / A chord progression. Fraser McAlpine of the BBC wrote that Rihanna feels confined `` in a cell of ( her ) own creation ''. She sings without vibrato, a pulsating musical effect used to add expression. One commentator, The New York Times ' David Brownie, wrote that despite this, her voice subtly shows grief and regret. Eminem then `` zap ( s ) out into a ballady rap '' : `` I ca n't tell you what it really is / I can only tell you what it feels like. '' The verses follow a Gm -- E ♭ B ♭ -- Fsus / A chord progression. Eminem regrets an end to an abusive, failed relationship, describing mutual violence and expressing both fondness and anger. The two artists ' characters are portrayed in a romantic relationship when he responds to Rihanna by concluding the verse : `` I laid hands on her. I 'll never stoop so low again / I guess I do n't know my own strength. '' Rihanna sings the chorus again, backed by an electric guitar and a piano. Acoustic guitar, violin and drums accompany Eminem 's verses. The lyrics transition from discussing positive aspects of love to describing violent events. Eminem raps, `` It 's the rage that took over, it controls you both, so they say it 's best to go your separate ways. Guess that they do n't know ya, cause today that was yesterday. '' Sady Doyle of The Atlantic interpreted these lyrics as the rapper 's confession to having abused Scott, as he `` turns the anger and accusations toward himself ''. In the second verse, Eminem accepts the outcome after feeling sorry, admitting, `` Yesterday is over, it 's a different day. '' His frustration increases and he raps that two personalities can clash and devastate : `` maybe that 's what happens when a tornado meets a volcano ''. The described love -- hate relationship worsens and leads to domestic violence. Eminem admits to lying about promises he makes and says late in the song, `` If she ever tries to fuckin ' leave again, I'ma tie her to the bed and set this house on fire '', a reference to Rihanna 's lyrics. Release and response ( edit ) On May 27, 2010, Eminem revealed the title of `` Love the Way You Lie '' as part of the track list of his seventh studio album Recovery, which came out on June 21. Initially a radio single, the song was released later by Polydor Records as a CD in the United Kingdom on August 9, 2010. Interscope Records distributed it in Germany on August 20. `` Love the Way You Lie '' received generally favorable reviews. An editor for Rap - Up listed it among the four best tracks from the album. New York Times writer Jon Caramanica considered it `` one of the album 's most engaging songs '' and praised Eminem 's ability to assess issues from the perspectives of both sexes. MTV 's Rodriguez wrote that the song echoes content from Eminem 's earlier albums, but finds him `` sober '' and `` more mature ''. He added that the lyrics allude to Eminem 's relationship with Scott and that `` Love the Way You Lie '' is his closest approach to a love song. Editors of The A.V. Club compared the single with `` Kim '' and `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' ; they found he is more tempered in `` Love the Way You Lie '' when discussing a `` mutually destructive relationship '' and that Rihanna 's involvement creates an eerie mood. Critics especially praised Rihanna 's contribution. Michael Menachem of Billboard complimented her `` exquisitely melodic and surprisingly hopeful '' vocal performance and `` Eminem 's dark, introspective '' rapping. He noted that the percussion complements both artists and that Alex da Kid gave the classical arrangement a mainstream touch. Kyle Anderson, writing for MTV, remarked that the song showcases Rihanna 's emotional vocals and Eminem 's `` most intense rhymes about his tumultuous relationships ''. He regarded `` Love the Way You Lie '' as an honest, `` well - constructed pop song with a killer hook '' and likened the `` slow - burning '' music to that of `` Someone like You '', a 2011 single by the British singer Adele. The Houston Chronicle pop critic Joey Guerra commented that Rihanna brought a `` sandpaper and silk sheen '' to the track. Themes ( edit ) Many critics believed the song was about Rihanna 's past relationship with Chris Brown. Critics have commented on the message in the lyrics. Anderson noted a dark theme, while Nick Levine of Digital Spy, Allie Townsend of Time magazine and Jocelyn Noveck of The Associated Press suggested the previous relationships of both artists influenced the song. Levine gave it four stars out of five. According to Eric Hayden of The Atlantic Wire, the song refers to an alcoholic couple, possibly inspired by Rihanna 's relationship with Brown. McAlphine awarded `` Love the Way You Lie '' four stars out of five. According to him, the song would not have been effective if it had featured only Eminem 's point of view and feelings of regret ; he wrote that Rihanna 's representing the opposite side of the relationship shows `` proper storytelling '' and `` sends a message '' because of her breakup with Brown. McAlphine wrote that as a result the song depicts a more realistic abusive relationship and could be featured in a campaign for women 's shelters. He praised Eminem 's accuracy and understanding of the topic. Winston Robbins from Consequence of Sound attributed the song 's poignancy to Rihanna 's past abusive relationship, and a theme of infidelity and abuse. On the critical side, The Daily Telegraph 's Jenny McCartney dismissed the metaphors in the chorus and thought the song 's topic was over-hyped. She disagreed with the critical praise, arguing that women accept abusive relationships for deeper reasons than sexual and emotional pleasure, such as family and financial issues and helplessness. In an NPR article, the writer Maura Johnston commented that the lyrics portray Rihanna as the subject of Eminem 's violence. Jay Smooth, a New York radio personality, responded that `` while Eminem explores the psyche of the abuser with an almost disturbing amount of depth and detail, '' Rihanna 's perspective is downplayed and not explained fully. Johnston and Smooth wrote that such imbalances are a prevalent issue in popular music duets. To Sady Doyle, although `` Love the Way You Lie '' is one of Eminem 's most affecting tracks and finds him remorseful, it does not make up for his past misogynistic actions and hateful songs. Noveck questioned whether the lyrics are `` a treatise against ( or apology for ) domestic violence, or an irresponsible glorification of it? Or, is it something uncomfortable in between? '' Marjorie Gilberg, executive director of the anti-teenage violence group Break the Cycle, commented that `` Love the Way You Lie '' can teach listeners about the dangers of abusive relationships if interpreted correctly. She believed that because popular culture often depicts what is socially acceptable, people may accept such violence more easily. She added, `` One problem, though,... is that the song reflects myths about domestic violence -- myths that lead to blaming the victim. '' Gilberg said the victim is often accused of being as guilty as the partner but wants to be loved, not abused. Terry O'Neill, a feminist and the president of the National Organization for Women, criticized the lyric, `` But your temper 's just as bad as mine is / You 're the same as me '', saying it is a typical excuse used by abusive men for aggression and that `` it 's only 2 - year - olds and violent men who use violence to get what they want. '' She added that Rihanna unintentionally glorifies domestic violence in the song despite attempting to fight it. Recognition ( edit ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' ranked in various best - of - 2010 lists. Claire Suddath of Time placed it at number five on her top - ten list and wrote, `` That this song did n't come across sounding clichéd or tasteless is a testament to both artists ' skill. '' AOL Radio considered the song the best of 2010 hip hop music, regarding Eminem as imaginative and passionate. It ranked ninth on MTV News ' top - twenty - five list. Its editor James Montgomery attributed the song 's success to its theme and relation to the artists ' past abusive relationships. He concluded, `` You can not write a song any better than that, because that 's how this kind of thing happens in real life. '' The New York Post placed the song at second place on their `` top 210 songs from 2010 '' list and regarded it as a `` comeback club anthem. '' In April 2011, Gabriel Alvarez of Complex magazine ranked it at number 100 on their `` 100 Best Eminem Songs '' list, calling it a love song and praising Rihanna 's vocals as beautiful. `` Love the Way You Lie '' and its accompanying music video were nominated for five Grammy Awards at the 2011 ceremony, including `` Record of the Year '', `` Song of the Year '' and `` Best Short Form Music Video ''. It won the People 's Choice Awards for `` Favorite Music Video '' and `` Favorite Song ''. Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' reached number one on several record charts worldwide. It entered the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 at number two in the issue dated July 10, 2010. The single debuted at number one on the US Digital Songs after selling 338,000 digital copies in its first week. From July 31 to September 11, 2010, it had a seven - week run at the top of the Hot 100, giving Eminem his fourth, and Rihanna her seventh, number - one US hit. The single sold more than 300,000 digital copies in the week of August 14, 2010, rising to number two on the Pop Songs and Radio Songs charts. In the Billboard issue for August 21, 2010, Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems recognized the single with the BDS Certified Award for 50,000 radio spins. It topped the Pop Songs chart in the same issue, giving Eminem his third number - one track on the chart and Rihanna her sixth. `` Love the Way You Lie '' was the first number - one hit on the Rap Songs chart with Eminem as the lead artist since his 2000 single `` The Real Slim Shady ''. With sales of 4,245,000 copies, `` Love the Way You Lie '' was the third - best - selling single of 2010 in the US. There, it sold 6 million copies by October 2013 and 6.5 million copies by October 2015. The song entered the Australian Singles Chart on July 4, 2010, at number fourteen. It rose to the top three weeks later, occupying the position for six weeks and staying on the chart for 38 weeks in total. In Austria, `` Love the Way You Lie '' debuted at number 31, on July 2, 2010, and ascended to number one on September 4. After making a final consecutive appearance on March 4, 2011, it reappeared at number 75 on August 26. The song spent 47 weeks on the chart. `` Love the Way You Lie '' charted for 30 weeks in France, where debuted and peaked at number three on July 2, 2010. It was South Korea 's third - best - selling song in 2010 by a foreign artist, with 1,200,653 downloads. On the UK Singles Chart, the song debuted at number seven on June 27, 2010, and peaked at number two four weeks later. By the end of 2010, `` Love the Way You Lie '' had sold 854,000 copies in the UK, making it the country 's biggest - selling song of the year. In October 2011, it became the 109th song to reach 1 million sales there. By November 2012, the single had sold 1.05 million copies in the UK, placing at number 100 on the Official Charts Company 's `` The Million Sellers '' list. As of June 2015, it is the 17th best - selling single of the 2010s in the UK. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, `` Love the Way You Lie '' sold 9.3 million copies worldwide in 2010. In December 2011, it was certified as Eminem 's best - selling single. Music video ( edit ) Production ( edit ) Megan Fox helped the video have a strong impact, according to the director Joseph Kahn. The music video for `` Love the Way You Lie '' was Eminem 's third to be directed by the American filmmaker Joseph Kahn. Despite having planned to shoot a feature film and stop directing pop videos, Kahn chose to work on `` Love the Way You Lie '' because, according to him, the song discusses an important topic. This was an opportunity for him to direct a video for Eminem without the comedic themes of their previous collaborations. For the video, Kahn considered the British actor Dominic Monaghan as a co-star for his versatility, which he thought would help him play an antagonist. Kahn cast the American actress Megan Fox, which he had presumed would be almost impossible because of her popularity with directors. Fox, a fan of Eminem, accepted the role unhesitatingly. Rosenberg gave Kahn one day to write a treatment, which Kahn finished in 45 minutes. He filmed Eminem 's and Rihanna 's parts on July 20, 2010 ; scenes with Fox and Monaghan were shot three days later. By July 24, 2010, they finished the shoot. Kahn confirmed the completion of the director 's cut the next day. He said Fox 's involvement made the video powerful, commenting for Vibe : We wanted to make a specific story about two people -- Meg and Dom -- not a video that was representative of all couples or all domestic violence situations. I 'm not saying that all couples fight this way. I just want people just to be able to identify with the characters and recognize that they 've seen relationships like this where two people are together that are completely wrong for each other and things spiral out of control... Megan was the key to this video... I 'll tell you as a director the reason why ( Fox and Monaghan 's ) scenes in the video feel so real is because in the moment they were real. Monaghan told MTV he thought the couple represents Eminem and Scott. The clip was produced by Kathy Angstadt and MaryAnn Tanedo of HSI Productions. Shortly before its release, Eminem reported in a press statement : `` Joseph and I worked pretty closely together to make sure we got this right ''. He said the difficult topic resulted in a powerful video because of the contributions of Rihanna, Fox and Monaghan. Fox donated her appearance fee to the Soujourn House, a battered women 's shelter. On August 5, 2010, the video premiered on MTV and the music video website Vevo. Synopsis ( edit ) Eminem and Rihanna stand in front of a burning house in the video. Rihanna sings the chorus in front of a burning house, while an interspersing scene shows fire on a woman 's ( Fox ) palms. In another scene, the woman is asleep with her lover ( Monaghan ) and wakes up. As Eminem begins to rap in an open field, the woman attacks her lover after seeing the name `` Cindy '' and a phone number written on his hand. He unsuccessfully tries to kiss the woman and brings her back after she attempts to leave him. The man then pushes her onto the wall and aims his fist at her, puncturing the wall instead. After Rihanna sings again, the video flashes back to when the couple first meet `` at a seedy dive bar next door '' to a liquor store. The man steals a bottle of vodka and they kiss on the rooftop. During the present, the man apologizes to his lover and they are reconciled. In another flashback, he attacks someone who plays pool with his lover. Eminem joins Rihanna in front of the burning house for the final verse. Meanwhile, after the flashback, the woman comes home and locks herself in the bathroom to stop her abusive lover from entering. In another scene, the fire on her palms vanishes as she clasps her hands. Flames later engulf Eminem and the couple, who are then shown fighting in front of the burning house. In the end, the couple stays together and the video returns to their first scene, in which they sleep. Reception ( edit ) `` It 's the story of them getting to know each other, and it 's the story of their tumultuous relationship, and it was the story of the breakdown of their relationship. Ultimately, what I think ( Eminem ) 's trying to say in the song... is that he should have walked away a little bit quicker than he did and not let it get as messy as it did. '' -- Monaghan 's interpretation of `` Love the Way You Lie '' The clip broke what was a YouTube record at the time of its release for the most views in one day, with 6.6 million. It had a mixed reception from critics, most of whom commented on scenes of domestic violence. NPR 's Zoe Chace deemed the video sickening, while AOL Music listed it at number five on their list of the `` Top 10 Most Controversial Music Videos in Pop ''. Stephanie Nilva -- the executive director of trauma resource center Day One -- told MTV News that it mainly raises `` the topic of dating violence among young people ''. Nilva praised the clip 's accurate depiction of patterns in an abusive relationship and thought the video 's potency came from Eminem 's history of violence - themed songs and Brown 's assault on Rihanna. A writer for Rap - Up considered the video realistic, as `` art imitates life ''. Conor Friedersdorf of The Atlantic called it an inaccurate portrayal of domestic violence due to insufficient violence, as evidenced by the lack of injuries after punching through a wall. Mariel Concepcion of Billboard suggested the video was inspired by the lyric, `` Just gon na stand there and watch me burn, but that 's alright because I like the way it hurts. '' Rihanna 's appearance was criticized. Writing for Rolling Stone magazine, Daniel Kreps called it `` especially striking '' and noted her relationship with Brown. An editor from The Boston Globe commented that although the video is realistic, it hinders Rihanna 's ability to set an example for women in abusive relationships. Billy Johnson Jr. from Yahoo! Music wrote that Fox 's character alternated between vulnerable and confrontational personalities, while Monaghan 's character is similar to Eminem. Kahn, who understood why viewers thought Eminem 's and Rihanna 's relationships influenced the video, asked that they realize this is untrue. He said the team had been conscious of such personal matters and Fox 's and Monaghan 's characters are only significant to each other. Reviewers discussed the acting. Peter Gicas of E! News noted that Fox and Monaghan portray `` combustible behavior the tune is hellbent on describing. '' The New York Post 's Jarett Wieselman wrote that they play their roles perfectly and help make the video powerful. Entertainment Weekly 's Whitney Pastorek found the violent acting sexually appealing, while Willa Paskin of New York magazine wrote that the cast 's appeal `` hypnotize ( s ) '' viewers. Paskin noted the use of sepia toning in the burning - house scenes. Matthew Wilkening of AOL Radio commented that the video leaves viewers to decide `` if it 's a good thing or a bad thing that the pair always end up reconciling. '' Mikey Fresh of Vibe commented that Fox 's natural reaction when Monaghan pierces the wall and almost hits her is an `` incredible act of vulnerability ''. L Magazine 's Benjamin Sutton likened the scene in which the characters burn to the Marvel Comics character Chris Bradley, whom Monaghan portrays in the 2009 action film X-Men Origins : Wolverine. As of April 2018, the video is the site 's 36th most viewed video, with more than 1.5 billion views. Live performances ( edit ) Eminem and Rihanna performing `` Love the Way You Lie '' at E3 2010 Eminem has promoted `` Love the Way You Lie '' at concerts. On June 15, 2010, he and Rihanna performed the song at Los Angeles ' Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010, accompanied by the drummer Travis Barker and D12 's Mr. Porter. Eminem sang `` Love the Way You Lie '' at the Scottish festival T in the Park on July 10, 2010, dedicating it to `` everybody who ' ( d ) been in a fucked - up relationship. '' He then performed the song at Ireland 's annual Oxegen festival on July 11, 2010. James Hendicott from State wrote that the rapper 's personality `` fill ( ed ) the stage '' and that his vocals were sharp and packed `` plenty of punch ''. He criticized the use of a pre-recorded backing track and noted the lack of live music and female vocals. Eamon Sweeney from the Irish Independent called Eminem 's performance only `` mildly impressive ''. On July 21, 2010, the rapper joined Rihanna on her Last Girl on Earth Tour to perform in Los Angeles. He then performed at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards and was voted the best performer of the ceremony in an MTV poll, earning 34 percent of votes. Rihanna made a surprise appearance despite having said she could not perform because of her schedule. Suddath of Time called their duet dull. Eminem sang `` Love the Way You Lie '' without Rihanna at the 2011 Bonnaroo Music Festival for almost 80,000 people. According to MTV News ' Montgomery, the `` sheer tenacity with which he attacked '' was his strength. Patrick Doyle of Rolling Stone felt Eminem delivered a triumphal act by `` constantly bouncing across the stage '' and singing energetically. Eminem performed `` Love the Way You Lie '' on the second day of Chicago 's annual Lollapalooza festival on August 6, 2011. Members of the audience sang the chorus to compensate for Rihanna 's absence. Piet Levy of USA Today named the show a `` tragic stunner '', while Katie Hasty of HitFix added that it displayed competition between the sexes. Eminem and Rihanna performed in Staffordshire on the first day of V2011 ( V Festival ), on August 20, 2011. James Lachno of The Daily Telegraph considered it an `` affecting '' rendition. The Guardian called their performance thrilling and an editor for the British newspaper Metro felt that it was the best part of the evening. Eminem closed the festival on the night of August 21 in Chelmsford, Essex, for an audience of 120,000. A reporter for the International Business Times thought that Eminem 's duet with Rihanna was the highlight of the show. Cover versions ( edit ) Various musical acts have performed cover versions of `` Love the Way You Lie ''. Eric Stanley, an American violinist, remixed the song on the violin. The country music group The Band Perry sang the song at the June 2010 CMT Music Awards. Two months later, Taylor Momsen -- the lead singer of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless -- performed a cover version for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge as part of a mashup with the song `` Islands '' by the English pop band The xx. Assisted by a guitarist from her band, she began with a section of `` Islands '' and transitioned into the chorus of `` Love the Way You Lie ''. Cher Lloyd, a British singer, performed the song in the final five of The X Factor UK 's seventh season. A writer from The Sun called the performance `` stripped - back '' and `` without any of her usual stage gimmicks. '' Mernie Gilmore of the Daily Express commented that the song is `` a duet for a reason '' as Lloyd performed both Eminem 's and Rihanna 's parts. In 2010, the Russian guitarist Alex Feather Akimov, released `` Love The Way You Lie ( Heavy Remix ) '', a recording that was recognized by Billboard.biz ( Web Trends ). The American post-hardcore band A Skylit Drive recorded a cover of the single for Punk Goes Pop 4, the 2011 release of the Punk Goes... series. Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) Rihanna performing `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' on the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) in Birmingham, England On November 3, 2010, an alternative version titled `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' leaked onto the Internet. Rihanna is the lead vocalist and Eminem is a featured guest. The song mainly views matters from Rihanna 's perspective and is based on Grey 's demo. Rihanna agreed to record a sequel despite initially thinking `` the original could n't be beaten ''. She said that the sequel involved less production, with only piano and drums. It is the eleventh and final track on her 2010 studio album Loud. Grey 's version appears on her 2012 extended play The Buried Sessions of Skylar Grey and her 2013 studio album Do n't Look Down as `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part III ) ''. Rihanna performed a short medley that comprised `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '', `` What 's My Name? '' and `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' at the American Music Awards of 2010. Another medley, consisting of `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' and `` I Need a Doctor '', was performed at the 2011 Grammy Awards. While the Chicago Sun - Times considered the track an unnecessary sequel, the BBC reviewer James Skinner wrote, `` ' Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) ' even bests the original, Eminem 's verse exuding the kind of volatile, simmering menace that got everyone so excited about him in the first place. But it is Rihanna 's vocal -- at once commanding, soulful and vulnerable -- that anchors the song ''. Awards ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Eminem Year Ceremony Award Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Music : Rap / Hip - Hop Track Won MTV Europe Music Awards Best Song Nominated Best Video Nominated Soul Train Music Awards Best Hip - Hop Song of the Year Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Music Video Won Favorite Song Won 2011 Barbados Music Awards Best Collaboration Won NRJ Music Awards Chanson Internationale de l'Année ( International Song of the Year ) Nominated Clip de l'Année ( Video of the Year ) Nominated Grammy Awards Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Rap Song Nominated Best Rap / Sung Collaboration Nominated Best Short Form Music Video Nominated Billboard Music Awards Top Digital Song Nominated Top Hot 100 Song Nominated Top Radio Song Nominated Top Rap Song Won Top Streaming Song ( Audio ) Nominated Top Streaming Song ( Video ) Nominated MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Artist Video Nominated MuchMusic.com Most Watched Video Nominated UR Fave : International Video Nominated Detroit Music Awards Outstanding National Single Nominated Outstanding Video / Major Budget ( Over $10,000 ) Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Cinematography Nominated Best Direction Nominated Best Male Video Nominated Best Video with a Message Nominated Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( featuring Rihanna ) -- 4 : 15 `` Not Afraid '' ( Live at T in the Park ) -- 6 : 54 Personnel ( edit ) The credits for `` Love the Way You Lie '' are adapted from the liner notes of Recovery. Eminem -- mixing engineer, writer, vocalist Rihanna -- vocalist Alex da Kid -- mastering engineer, mixing engineer, producer, writer Skylar Grey -- writer Mike Strange -- mixing engineer, recording engineer Marcos Tovar -- recording engineer Joe Strange -- engineering assistant James Darkin -- engineering assistant Makeba Riddick -- producer ( vocals ) J. Brow -- guitarist Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 55 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Video Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Russia ( Download Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) South Korea ( GAON ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 29 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 23 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 European Hot 100 Singles 8 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Spain Top 20 TV ( PROMUSICAE ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 59 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 133 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 89 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 10 × Platinum 700,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Russia ( NFPF ) Ringtone 3 × Platinum 600,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,552,222 United States ( RIAA ) 12 × Platinum 12,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 9, 2013, RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads. See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( Austria ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2010 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Denmark ) List of European number - one hits of 2010 List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Hungary ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 2010 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Norway ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Sweden ) List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2010 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2010 List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 2010 ( U.S. ) Hip hop portal R&B and Soul Music portal Eminem portal Rihanna portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tingen, Paul. `` Secrets Of The Mix Engineers : Mike Strange Jr ''. 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Archived from the original on February 7, 2005. Retrieved August 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Year - end charts ( 2010 ) ''. Gaon Chart. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ). PROMUSICAE. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 3, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Televisión -- Año 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ). PROMUSICAE. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Top 40 UK Singles of 2010 -- The biggest tracks of 2010 ''. BBC Radio 1. BBC. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 : Hot 100 Songs ''. Billboard. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 : Pop Songs ''. Billboard. Retrieved January 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2011 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ). PROMUSICAE. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2012. Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2011 '' ( PDF ). UKChartsPlus. Jump up ^ Daniel Lane. `` Lady Gaga scores another million - selling single! ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles ''. Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ). Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2010 ''. Ultratop. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' ( in Danish ). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Eminem feat. Rihanna ; ' Love the Way You Lie ' ) '' ( in German ). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved April 17, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eminem feat. Rihanna -- Love the Way You Lie '' ( in Italian ). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ''. RIAJ. Retrieved March 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles ''. Radioscope. 17 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24. Jump up ^ `` РОССИЙСКАЯ ИНДУСТРИЯ ЗВУКОЗАПИСИ - Год 2011 '' ( Russian Sound Recording Industry - Year 2011 ) ( PDF ) ( in Russian ). Lenta.ru. 2011. p. 6. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 12, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Eminem feat. Rihanna ; ' Love the Way You Lie ' ) ''. IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eminem feat. Rihanna -- Love the Way You Lie ''. British Phonographic Industry. Enter Love the Way You Lie in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob ( September 19, 2017 ). `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eminem feat. Rihanna -- Love the Way You Lie ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 28, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards ''. Recording Industry Association of America. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013. External links ( edit ) Eminem -- Love the Way You Lie ( music video ) ft. Rihanna on YouTube Eminem `` Love The Way You Lie '' lyrics Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' `` Nowhere Fast '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No, No, No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green, Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar, Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M. 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : ``... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_the_Way_You_Lie&oldid=837175055 '' Categories : 2010 singles 2010 songs 2010s ballads Aftermath Entertainment singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Eminem songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Interscope Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Polydor Records singles Contemporary R&B ballads Rihanna songs Shady Records singles Song recordings produced by Alex da Kid Songs about domestic violence Songs written by Alex da Kid Songs written by Eminem Songs written by Skylar Grey UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from March 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for French Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Russia Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 05 : 23. 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{ "text": "Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis Jump to : navigation, search `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here. For the Cyprus Missile Crisis, see Cyprus Missile Crisis. Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28, 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20, 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr. Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ), the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис, tr. Karibsky krizis, IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ), or the Missile Scare, was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28, 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war. In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion. An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. The 1962 United States elections were under way, and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida. The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities. The U.S. established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well. It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union. After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again. Secretly, the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs, which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well. When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 21, 1962. The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick, clear, and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow. As a result, the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established. A series of agreements reduced US - Soviet tensions for several years. Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier US actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Very close to launching thermonuclear war 7.3. 1 Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons 7.3. 2 Unauthorized US spy flights 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism, and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by it as unacceptable since the end of World War II, and the start of the Cold War. Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine, a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence. The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles. Afterward, former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do. '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet adviser wrote, `` too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak. '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose. In addition, Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall. Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis, Khrushchev asserted, `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background, nor, generally speaking, does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge. '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba, Kennedy `` would make a fuss, make more of a fuss, and then agree. '' In January 1962, US Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ), addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose. CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization, including radio broadcasts. In February 1962, the US launched an embargo against Cuba, and Lansdale presented a 26 - page, top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government, mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September. `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October. Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960, one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading. In fact, the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase. In 1961, the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ). By October 1962, they may have had a few dozen, with some intelligence estimates as high as 75. The U.S., on the other hand, had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more. It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines, with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles, each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ). Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions. The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity, about 700 of them, but they were very unreliable and inaccurate. The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery. The US also led in missile defensive capabilities, naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 - 1 advantage in conventional ground forces, more pronounced in field guns and tanks, particularly in the European theater. Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba, despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana, Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev, who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles. Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage. In 1962, the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union. The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness. A newer, more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965. Therefore, Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ). The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous US. Graham Allison, the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, points out, `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil. In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962, 1963, and 1964, it had very few options. Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one. '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin, controlled by the American, British and French within Communist East Germany, into the Soviet orbit. The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany. Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War. Khrushchev believed that if the US did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba, he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin. If the US tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles, Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin. Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba, the trade would be a win for Khrushchev, as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is, from Khrushchev 's point of view, he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it. '' More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961. Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962. In early 1962, a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana. They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro. The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the US would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba. However, according to another source, Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet, but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the US and help the interests of the entire socialist camp. Also, the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km, usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island. By May, Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba. Like Castro, Khrushchev felt that a US invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists, especially in Latin America. He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words... the logical answer was missiles. '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans longhand, which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7. From the very beginning, the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception, known as `` maskirovka ''. All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy, with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission. Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots, fleece - lined parkas, and other winter equipment. The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr. The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea, and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region. All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences. Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators, '' `` irrigation specialists, '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July. A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in. Marshal Sergei Biryuzov, chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces, led a survey team that visited Cuba. He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees. The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September, the US Congress approved Joint Resolution 230, which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment. On the same day, the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean, PHIBRIGLEX - 62, which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba. The Soviet leadership believed, based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli. On September 11, the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war. The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba. They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature. On September 7, Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba. On September 11, the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba. On October 13, Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba. He denied any such plans. On October 17, Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba. '' As early as August 1962, the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba. During that month, its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers. U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations. CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious. Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba, he reasoned, `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States. '' On August 10, he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba. With important Congressional elections scheduled for November, the crisis became enmeshed in American politics. On August 31, Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ), who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida, warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba. He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US. Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September, and spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government. Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba, September 5, 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8, followed by a second on September 16. The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile, capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead. It was a single - stage, road - transportable, surface - launched, storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon. The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ). On October 7, Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If... we are attacked, we will defend ourselves. I repeat, we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons, the weapons, which we would have preferred not to acquire, and which we do not wish to employ. '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental US. The planned arsenal was forty launchers. The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami. US intelligence received countless reports, many of dubious quality or even laughable, most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles. Only five reports bothered the analysts. They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering. Defensive missiles could turn. The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed. A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba, showing Soviet nuclear missiles, their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance. Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30, when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake. The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized. Nine days later, a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile. US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2, initiating another international incident. In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace. The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap. '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island. US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments, but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence. At the end of September, Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov, with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages. In September 1962, analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases, leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island. Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA, pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force. Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960, it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down, an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight. When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9, poor weather kept the planes from flying. The US first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14, when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts, capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal, Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ), in western Cuba. President notified ( edit ) On October 15, the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles. This identification was made, in part, on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky, a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6. Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba, technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery. That evening, the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT, Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President. McNamara was briefed at midnight. The next morning, Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images. At 6 : 30 pm EDT, Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors, in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196. Without informing the members of EXCOMM, President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings, and Sheldon M. Stern, head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them. Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba. The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba. The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new. Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles. Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded. Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro. Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites. Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba. As the article describes, both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison, Graham T. ; Zelikow, Philip D. ). This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions. It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding. The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution. They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba. Kennedy was skeptical : They, no more than we, can let these things go by without doing something. They ca n't, after all their statements, permit us to take out their missiles, kill a lot of Russians, and then do nothing. If they do n't take action in Cuba, they certainly will in Berlin. Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin. Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation. President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting. The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power, both political and military. The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance, but McNamara disagreed. An extra 40, he reasoned, would make little difference to the overall strategic balance. The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads, but the Soviet Union had only 300. McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance. In 1990, he reiterated that `` it made no difference... The military balance was n't changed. I did n't believe it then, and I do n't believe it now. '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance. Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States... the United States would act. '' Also, credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba. Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power. It would have appeared to, and appearances contribute to reality. '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18, 1962 ) On October 18, Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Andrei Gromyko, who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only. Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public, Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup. By October 19, frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites. On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico. Lt. Cmdr. James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished. Their bodies were never recovered. On October 22, 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf, that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex. Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr. Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy. The details of the deaths of October 19, 1962 have never been provided to the families affected. There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms, Soviet interference with the flight, or a one - way suicide recon mission. However, the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down. '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered. OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units, supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes. However, Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets, and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army. OPLAN 312, primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation, was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces. Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis. Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21, considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba. A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option. McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control. However, the term `` blockade '' was problematic. According to international law, a blockade is an act of war, but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade. Additionally, legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification, based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere, was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ). Admiral Anderson, Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials, claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention. Since it would take place in international waters, Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9. An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required. In addition, two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT, ready for sea by November 2. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine. '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship. Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance. The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation. This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty. Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport. The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba. The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine. '' On October 19, the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options, and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option. However, reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21, the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect, the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles. Consequently, the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island. Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23, 1962. At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22, President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196. At 5 : 00 pm, he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response. In Moscow, Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation. Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders. Before the speech, US delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response. All were supportive of the U.S. position. Shortly before his speech, Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower. Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22, 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file? See media help. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT, Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles. He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba, from whatever nation or port, will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back. This quarantine will be extended, if needed, to other types of cargo and carriers. We are not at this time, however, denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948. During the speech, a directive went out to all US forces worldwide, placing them on DEFCON 3. The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade, with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort. Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24, 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression... '' On October 23, at 11 : 24 am EDT, a cable, drafted by George Wildman Ball to the US Ambassador in Turkey and NATO, notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey, in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba. Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the US 's missile presence in their country. Two days later, on the morning of October 25, US journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column. Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection. International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech, the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people. '' In West Germany, newspapers supported the US 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months. They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin. In France on October 23, the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers. The next day, an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence. Two days later, after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent, the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs. Also in France, in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro, Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response. On October 24, Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace. In this message he stated, `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity. That they do all that is in their power to save peace. '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated, and in the evening of October 24, the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war. However, that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy, which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT. Khrushchev stated, `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion, you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it. US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations, October 25, 1962. The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25. US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council, challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles. Ambassador Zorin refused to answer. The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT, the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2. For the only confirmed time in US history, B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert, and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off, fully equipped, on 15 minutes ' notice. One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert, and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert, some of which targeted Cuba, and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours, with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status. Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious. Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that, by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down, and we knew it. They did n't make any move. They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights, or their air defense posture. They did n't do a thing, they froze in place. We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba, never further. By October 22, Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status. However, TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems. The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons, which faced critical undermanning in security, armaments, and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons. On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT, Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba, and when the assurances proved to be false, the deployment `` required the responses I have announced... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation. '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis. Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25, USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so. Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material, the US allowed it through the blockade. Later that day, at 5 : 43 pm, the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla. That took place the next day, and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked. At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25, William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on. That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all. In response, Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199, authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR, which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union. During the day, the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons. Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning, October 26, Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba. However, he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure. He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours. He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead. At this point, the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate. The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary. The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion, along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily, which was assumed. Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26, John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin, the cover name of Alexander Feklisov, the KGB station chief in Washington, at Fomin 's request. Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU, Fomin noted, `` War seems about to break out. '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution. He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba. The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed. Mr. President, we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter that knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it, and then it will be necessary to cut that knot, and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose. Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this. Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 26, 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT, the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev. It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow. The long letter took several minutes to arrive, and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it. Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional. '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we, for our part, will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments. You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba. Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear. '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT, news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter. The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing. Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night. Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war. The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact. I have no doubt they would lose such a war. -- Che Guevara, October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher. An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba. Castro, on the other hand, was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand, and on October 26, he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack. However, in a 2010 interview, Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen, and knowing what I know now, it was n't worth it at all. '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more. At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27, the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational. It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked. At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27, Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev. Contrary to the letter of the night before, the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey. At 10 : 00 am EDT, the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin. Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man, it will look like a very fair trade. '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey, it is in Cuba. '' McNamara noted that another tanker, the Grozny, was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted. He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations. A Lockheed U-2F, the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba, being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia. While the meeting progressed, at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev. The message stated, in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba. You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America. But... you have placed destructive missile weapons, which you call offensive, in Italy and Turkey, literally next to us... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States... will remove its analogous means from Turkey... and after that, persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made. '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day. Throughout the crisis, Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed. Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani, who was also Foreign Minister ad interim, offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip. He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends, Ettore Bernabei, the general manager of RAI - TV, to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting. Unknown to the Soviets, the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles. The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana. On the morning of October 27, a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A, modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson, departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB, Florida. At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT, the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba. The aircraft was shot down, and Anderson was killed. The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander, acting on his own authority. Later that day, at about 3 : 41 pm EDT, several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft, on low - level photoreconnaissance missions, were fired upon. On October 28, 1962, Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro. '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT, Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out. During the meeting, General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down. Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon, but he decided to not act unless another attack was made. Forty years later, McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational. We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down, the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down, it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit, and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict. And therefore, before we sent the U-2 out, we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet, we 'd simply attack. It was shot down on Friday... Fortunately, we changed our mind, we thought `` Well, it might have been an accident, we wo n't attack. '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2, if it was shot down, he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation. And therefore, he issued orders to Pliyev, the Soviet commander in Cuba, to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2. Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed, he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin, `` You have drawn first blood... ( T ) he president had decided against advice... not to respond militarily to that attack, but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at,... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion. '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington, DC, on Saturday evening, October 27. Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles. Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM, Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine. The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority, and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade. As the meeting progressed, a new plan emerged, and Kennedy was slowly persuaded. The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one. Kennedy was initially hesitant, feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered, but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible. White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later, with a draft letter to that effect. The President made several changes, had it typed, and sent it. After the EXCOMM meeting, a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office. The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn, military action would be used to remove them. Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey, but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath. The President agreed, and the message was sent. October 29, 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room. President Kennedy, Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk. At Rusk 's request, Fomin and Scali met again. Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different, and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications. '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross. '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away, and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended. Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him, but he agreed to deliver the message. The two went their separate ways, and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM. Within the US establishment, it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position. Military preparations continued, and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action. Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope, but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours. It was a hope, not an expectation. The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ), and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 )... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT, the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered. The message read, `` As I read your letter, the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake, with suitable safe - guards, to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba. 2 ) We, on our part, would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations, to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba. '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed. '' With the letter delivered, a deal was on the table. However, as Robert Kennedy noted, there was little expectation it would be accepted. At 9 : 00 pm EDT, the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day. Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets, notably petroleum storage. McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba, because we 're going to need one ; and secondly, plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe, because sure as hell they 're going to do something there. '' At 12 : 12 am EDT, on October 27, the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary. '' To add to the concern, at 6 : 00 am, the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action. A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59, forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29, 1962 ) On October 27, Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro, what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ), which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality, that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense, however harsh and terrible the solution would be, '' Castro wrote. Very close to launching thermonuclear War ( edit ) Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons ( edit ) Later that same day, what the White House later called `` Black Saturday, '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line, unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was `` hulled '' ( a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire ). The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board, but one of them, Vasili Arkhipov, objected and so the launch was narrowly averted. Unauthorized US spy flights ( edit ) On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental, unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast. The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn, the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea. Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday, October 27, after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy, the former on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement. Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was, and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey. At this point, Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First, that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow, and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro. Second, the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there. Third, the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons, even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result. Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about. ( See the section above on `` Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons ''. ) Khrushchev knew he was losing control. President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity, with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US, the USSR, Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military. With this background, when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin, he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo, as he had previously, and had them immediately broadcasts over Radio Moscow, which he believed the US would hear. In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST, on October 28, Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union. '' At 10 : 00 am, October 28, Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba. Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear. Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers, Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer. `` This is a pretty good play of his, '' Kennedy said, according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting. Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year, causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev. `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it, '' Kennedy said. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer. Finally, Kennedy ended the debate. `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood, '' Kennedy said, `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey. If that 's part of the record, then you do n't have a very good war. '' Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace. '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba. Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba. '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run, Cuba as well. The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month. He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba, they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey. When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer, the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin. Herblock cartoon in Washington Post, ( November 1962 ) Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11, 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days, aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems. The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships. On November 2, 1962, Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region. The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9. The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line. Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers, and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6. Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s, the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20, 1962. At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved, nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them. However, the Soviets changed their minds, fearing possible future Cuban militant steps, and on November 22, 1962, Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well. In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over. '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24, 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward. The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba. It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time, Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened. The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated. However, both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments. Khrushchev held power for another two years. Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile. The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey. Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US. In a letter to President Kennedy dated 30 October 1962, Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis, including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs, a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons, resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany, and US recognition of the government of mainland China. The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations. Krushschev invited Norman Cousins, the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist, to serve as liaison with President Kennedy, and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962. Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus. The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ''. Further after the crisis, the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington. The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis. The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand, but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started. Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place. According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation. '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets, as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba, such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo, were not addressed. That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come. On the other hand, Cuba continued to be protected from invasion. US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20, 1962. General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '', however his was a minority position. He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles. Twenty - five years later, LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba, we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time. '' Critics, including Seymour Melman, and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means, such as the case in the later Vietnam War. Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina. He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross, which was awarded posthumously. Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis, 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11, 1962. Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23. Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger, a historian and adviser to Kennedy, told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16, 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles, but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them. Castro was not completely happy with the idea, but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them, both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union. Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn, Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them. Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev, he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred. In early 1992, it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had, when the crisis broke, already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers. Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed. Arguably, the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference, in October 2002. Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis, they all learned that on October 27, 1962, USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59, a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine. Unknown to the US, it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo. Running out of air, the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface. An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59, including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky, political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov, and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov. An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready. Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface. During the conference, McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought. Thomas Blanton, director of the National Security Archive, said, `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world. '' Fifty years after the crisis, Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago, the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. During the standoff, US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even, '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds. We now know, for example, that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles, the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba, and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow. The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops, and perhaps even Miami. The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians. BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story, on October 13, 2012, behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above. Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US. To prevent that, Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but, crucially, had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence. Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands, keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests. Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. While in Havana, Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro, who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense. Mikoyan, on his own initiative, decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances. He defused the seemingly intractable situation, which risked re-escalating the crisis, on November 22, 1962. During a tense, four - hour meeting, Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help, it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law, which did not actually exist, to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent. Castro was forced to give way and, much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government, the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962. In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media, especially television, made heavy use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms. Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America. '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions, half - truths, and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks. According to William Cohn, television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past. The Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history. Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story. Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath. One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression. Media representations ( edit ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days, Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis, released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries. Topaz, 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris, set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October, 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis The World Next Door, 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson, set in this period Quantum Leap, 1991 TV Show, ( Season 3 Episode, Nuclear Family -- October 26, 1962 ), Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman, as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival. The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Matinee, 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film. seaQuest 2032, 1995 TV Show, ( Season 3 Episode, `` Second Chance '' ), seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis Blast from the Past ( film ), 1999 American romantic comedy film, set in the period K - 19 : The Widowmaker, Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ), 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War, 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris, which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. `` Meditations in an Emergency '', the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis Ur, a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle, is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '', the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur ''. Call of Duty : Black Ops, 2010 video game, set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ), 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family, including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class, 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war. The Politics of Deception : JFK 'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam, Civil Rights and Cuba. Patrick J. Sloyan, St. Martins Press, New York, 2015. The 2016 music video for My Trigger, by Miike Snow, is based loosely on the crisis. The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Daniel Ellsberg, Bloomsbury USA, New York, 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26. Jump up ^ In his biography, Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him. ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 55 лет назад на Кубу были доставлены первые советские баллистические ракеты / / Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ). The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ^ Jump up to : Absher, Kenneth Michael ( 2009 ). `` Mind - Sets and Missiles : A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Strategic Studies Institute, United States Army War College. ^ Jump up to : Franklin, Jane ( 1997 ). Cuba and the United States : A Chronological History. Melbourne : Ocean Press. ISBN 1 - 875284 - 92 - 3. Jump up ^ Kempe, Frederick ( 2011 ). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group USA. Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( October 1989 ). Shadow Warrior : The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles. John Weisman. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 66721 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3447 -- Embargo on All Trade With Cuba '' ( PDF ). U.S. Government Printing Office. February 3, 1962. ^ Jump up to : Correll, John T. ( August 2005 ). `` Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. AirForce-Magazine.com. 88 ( 8 ). Retrieved May 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Alexeyev, Alexandr. `` Interview '' ( PDF ). Retrieved March 30, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ). Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Addison Wesley Longman. p. 92. ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2. Jump up ^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ). Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 94 -- 95. ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2. Jump up ^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ). Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Addison Wesley Longman. p. 105. ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2. ^ Jump up to : `` The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis : Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khruschev, and the Missiles of November ''. The national security archive. October 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Weldes, Jutta ( 1999 ). Constructing National Interests : The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3111 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Hansen, James H. `` Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ). Learning from the Past. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 15, 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Cool Crisis Management? It 's a Myth, Ask JFK ''. The Washington Post. Jump up ^ `` Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba -- P.L. 87 - 733 '' ( PDF ). U.S. Government Printing Office. October 3, 1962. ^ Jump up to : Blight, James G. ; Bruce J. Allyn ; David A. Welch ( 2002 ). Cuba on the Brink : Castro, the Missile Crisis, and the Soviet Collapse ; ( revised for the Fortieth Anniversary ) ( 2nd ed. ). Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2269 - 5. Jump up ^ `` The Days the World Held Its Breath ''. July 31, 1997. Retrieved March 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ). Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Addison Wesley Longman. p. 80. ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2. Jump up ^ Stern, Sheldon M. ( 2003 ). Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings. Stanford University Press. p. 26. Jump up ^ Zak, Anatoly ( 2012 ). `` Rockets : R - 12 ''. Morristown, New Jersey : RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012. Jump up ^ `` R - 12 / SS - 4 SANDAL ''. Global Security. Retrieved April 30, 2010. Jump up ^ `` R - 14 / SS - 5 SKEAN ''. Global Security. Retrieved April 30, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sidney Graybeal -- 29 January 1998 ''. Episode 21. George Washington University, National Security Archive. March 14, 1999. 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Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed. ). New York : Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 111 -- 116. ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 01349 - 1. Jump up ^ Kennedy, Robert ( 1971 ). Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 14. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09896 - 9. ^ Jump up to : Axelrod, Alan ( 2009 ). The Real History of the Cold War : A New Look at the Past. New York : Sterling Publishing Co. pp. 332, 335. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6302 - 1. Retrieved April 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Ornstein, Robert Evan ( 1989 ). New world new mind : moving toward conscious evolution. The University of Michigan, Doubleday. Jump up ^ Blight, James G. ; David A. Welch ( 1989 ). On the Brink : Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Hill and Wang. ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 22634 - 3. Jump up ^ Peters, Gerhard ; Woolley, John T. `` John F. Kennedy : `` 378 -- The President 's News Conference, '' September 13, 1962 ``. The American Presidency Project. University of California -- Santa Barbara. Jump up ^ Kennedy, J. ( December 17, 1962 ). `` After Two Years : A conversation with the president ''. In ' Public Papers of the Presidents : John F. Kennedy, 1962 '. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office : 889 -- 904. Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Online Highways LLC. Retrieved May 5, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` JFK on the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. The History Place. Retrieved May 3, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Global Security. Retrieved May 6, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Kamps, Charles Tustin, `` The Cuban Missile Crisis '', Air & Space Power Journal, AU Press, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Fall 2007, Volume XXI, Number 3, page 88. Jump up ^ `` Third VP - 18 ''. Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons ( PDF ). 2. Naval Aviation History Office. November 9, 2000. p. 2. Retrieved January 16, 2011. Jump up ^ `` The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962 ''. Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba, Operational Archives Branch, Post 46 Command File, Box 10, Washington, DC. Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved January 25, 2011. Jump up ^ Allison, Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ). Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Addison Wesley Longman. p. 119. ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2. ^ Jump up to : Ernest R May ( 2011 ). `` John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Retrieved February 7, 2012. BBC History of the Cold War. ^ Jump up to : The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962 : Abeyance and Negotiation, 31 October − 13 November ( Report ). Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center. January 2001. Retrieved August 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Gibson, David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. pp. 99 -- 101. Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3504 -- Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba '' ( PDF ). 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October 24, 1962. ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology 1 : October 26, 1962 to November 15, 1962 '' ( PDF ). The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. The National Security Archive. Retrieved April 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Buffet, Cyril ; Touze, Vincent. `` Germany, between Cuba and Berlin ''. The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition. The Caen Mémorial. Retrieved May 3, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis ''. The Telegraph. June 4, 1971. Jump up ^ `` Outright Piracy ''. Jump up ^ Stephanie Ritter ( October 19, 2012 ). `` SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Air Force Global Strike Command. ^ Jump up to : Goldman, Jerry, ed. ( October 8, 1997 ). `` The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 18 -- 29, 1962 ''. History and Politics Out Loud. Northwestern University. Retrieved May 11, 2011. Jump up ^ Sowa, Tom ( September 21, 2014 ). `` Buried treasures ''. The Spokesman Review. Spokane, WA. Retrieved January 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Boyland, Vista ; Klyne D. Nowlin ( January 2012 ). `` WW III, A Close Call '' ( PDF ). The Intercom. 35 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 20. ^ Jump up to : Kohn, R.H. ; Harahan, J.P. ( 1988 ). `` U.S. Strategic Air Power, 1948 -- 1962 : Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton ''. International Security. 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95. doi : 10.2307 / 2538995. JSTOR 2538995. Jump up ^ Reynolds, K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr ''. Retrieved June 22, 2010. Jump up ^ Helms, Richard ( January 19, 1962 ). `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ). George Washington University, National Security Archive. Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ), quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны, но благодаря тому, что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС, слово в слово совпадающую с тем, что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом, стало совершенно очевидно, кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса. '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28, 1962 to October 26, 1962 '' ( PDF ). The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. The National Security Archive. Retrieved April 9, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy ''. The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 26 October 1962. Retrieved 9 April 2011. Jump up ^ Brandon, Henry ( October 28, 1962 ). `` Attack us at your Peril, Cocky Cuba Warns US ''. The Sunday Times. London. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey ( September 8, 2010 ). `` Cuban model no longer works, says Fidel Castro ''. BBC. Jump up ^ Baggins, Brian. `` Cuban History Missile Crisis ''. Marxist History : Cuba ( 1959 -- present ). Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved May 7, 2010. Jump up ^ Christopher, Andrew ( March 1, 1996 ). For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. Harper Perennial. p. 688. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1. Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern, 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn, A. Walter ; Pauk, Robert ( April 2009 ). `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Diplomatic History. 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x. Jump up ^ Pocock, Chris. 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady '. Atglen, Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. p. 406. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1. LCCN 2005927577. Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962? ''. Jump up ^ Fontova, Humberto. `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him? ) ''. Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro, An Abortion of Justice by Obama ''. Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Maj. Rudy Anderson : The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Defense Media Network ''. Jump up ^ Robert McNamara ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ). Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( DVD ). Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment. Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017, p. 206 ). Jump up ^ Frey, Jennifer ( January 14, 2007 ). `` At Yenching Palace, Five Decades of History to Go ''. Washington Post. Retrieved December 27, 2008. Jump up ^ Gibson, David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. pp. 135 -- 56. ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Files : Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis : Timline ''. www.nuclearfiles.org. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 -- 1963, Volume VI, Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges -- Office of the Historian ''. history.state.gov. Jump up ^ Evans, Michael. `` The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 : Audio Clips ''. Jump up ^ Blight, James G. and Janet M. Lang ( 2012 ). `` The Armageddon Letters : Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2. Jump up ^ Taubman, William ( 2004 ). Khrushchev : The Man and His Era. New York : W.W. Norton & Company. p. 573. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2. Jump up ^ `` The Submarines of October ''. George Washington University, National Security Archive. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Jump up ^ `` The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 : Press Release, 11 October 2002, 5 : 00 pm ''. George Washington University, National Security Archive. October 11, 2002. Retrieved October 26, 2008. Jump up ^ Dobbs, Michael ( June 2008 ). `` Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ). Special Report 205. United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved August 26, 2011. Jump up ^ Schoenherr, Steven ( April 10, 2006 ). `` The Thirteen Days, October 16 -- 28, 1962 ''. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2010. Jump up ^ Jim Hershberg ( Spring 1995 ). `` Anatomy of a Controversy : Anatoly F. Dobrynin 's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962 ''. Retrieved May 29, 2012. Jump up ^ Johnson, Dominic D.P. Failing to Win p. 105 Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017, pp. 206 - 207 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003, pp. 189 - 190 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003, p. 190 ). Ellsberg ( 2017, pp. 208 - 210 ). Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017, p. 2 ). See also Ellsberg, Daniel ; Goodman, Amy ; González, Juan ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ), Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner, Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation, Democracy Now, retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, by James G. Blight, Janet M. Lang, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 37, ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader, by Michael H. Hunt, Yale University Press, 1996, p. 287, ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6, 1997 ). `` Armageddon 's Echoes ''. CNN. Retrieved December 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Faria, Miguel A. ( 2002 ). Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise. Macon, GA : Hacienda Pub. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1. Jump up ^ Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba, October 29, 1962 -- full text ^ Jump up to : JFK Library ( October 28, 2016 ). `` Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ rmm413c ( August 13, 2008 ). `` JOHN F. KENNEDY TAPES : Truman on Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba, 2 November 1962 ''. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Jump up ^ Glover, Jonathan ( 2000 ). Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century. Yale University Press. p. 464. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0. Retrieved July 2, 2009. Jump up ^ Schlesinger, Arthur ( 2002 ). Robert Kennedy and his times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 1088. ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5. Retrieved July 2, 2009. Jump up ^ Garthoff, Raymond L. ( July 1988 ). `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba? No ''. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. pp. 40 -- 43. Retrieved January 25, 2011. Jump up ^ Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books, 2012 ), page 313 Jump up ^ Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books, 2012 ), page 313 - 14, citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy, October 30, 1962, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961 - 1963, vol. 11, ( Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1997 ), pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books, 2012 ), page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman, Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579. ^ Jump up to : Ignacio, Ramonet ( 2007 ). Fidel Castro : My Life. Penguin Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com ''. Jump up ^ Melman, Seymour ( 1988 ). The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion. Montreal : Harvest House. Jump up ^ Hersh, Seymour ( 1978 ). The Dark Side of Camelot. Jump up ^ Lloyd, Alwyn T., `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '', Specialty Press, North Branch, Minnesota, 2005, ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3, page 178. Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today ''. Arms Control Association. November 1, 2002. Jump up ^ Evans, Michael. `` The Submarines of October ''. nsarchive.gwu.edu. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Dobbs, Michael ( 2008 ). One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3. Jump up ^ Allison, Graham ( 2012 ). `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 ''. Foreign Affairs. 91 ( 4 ). Retrieved 9 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' ``. ^ Jump up to : Matthews, Joe. `` Cuban missile crisis : The other, secret one ''. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved October 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ). Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide. ABC - CLIO. p. 267. Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ). 100 Media Moments that Changed America. ABC - CLIO. pp. 97 -- 99. Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality. Stanford University Press. p. viii. Jump up ^ William H. Cohn, `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past. '' Journal of Popular Culture 10 # 2 ( 1976 ) pp : 280 -- 289. Jump up ^ Andrei Kozovoi, `` Dissonant Voices '' Journal of Cold War Studies ( 2014 ) 16 # 3 pp 29 -- 61. Jump up ^ Haruya Anami, `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited, '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12, pp 69 -- 88. Further reading ( edit ) Allison, Graham ; Zelikow, Philip ( 1999 ). Essence of Decision, Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2. Barrett, David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ). Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis. College Station, TX : Texas A&M University Press, 2012. Chayes, Abram ( 1974 ). The Cuban Missile Crisis. International crises and the role of law. London : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4. Diez Acosta, Tomás ( 2002 ). October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba. New York : Pathfinder. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0. Divine, Robert A. ( 1988 ). The Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : M. Wiener Pub. ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2. Dobbs, Michael ( 2008 ). One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy, Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York : Knopf. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2. Feklisov, Aleksandr ; Kostin, Sergueï ( 2001 ). The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg, Klaus Fuchs, and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Enigma Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7. Frankel, Max ( 2004 ). High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : Ballantine Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4. Fursenko, Aleksandr ; Naftali, Timothy J. ( 1998 ). One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958 -- 1964. New York : Norton. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9. Fursenko, Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ). `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee, 22 -- 23 October 1962 ''. Naval War College Review. 59 ( 3 ). George, Alice L. ( 2003 ). Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1. Gibson, David R. ( 2012 ). Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1. Gonzalez, Servando ( 2002 ). The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oakland, CA : Spooks Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2. Jones, Milo ; Silberzahn, Philppe ( 2013 ). Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947 -- 2001. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0804793360. Khrushchev, Sergei ( October 2002 ). `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World ''. American Heritage. 53 ( 5 ). Polmar, Norman ; Gresham, John D. ( 2006 ). DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis. Foreword by Tom Clancy. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3. Pope, Ronald R. ( 1982 ). Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis. Washington, DC : Univ. Press of America. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2. Powers, Thomas, `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg, The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner, New York, Bloomsbury, 2017, ISBN 9781608196708, 420 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 1 ( 18 January 2018 ), pp. 13 -- 15. Pressman, Jeremy ( 2001 ). `` September Statements, October Missiles, November Elections : Domestic Politics, Foreign - Policy Making, and the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Security Studies. 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114. doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438. Russell, Bertrand ( 1963 ). Unarmed Victory. London : Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7. Stern, Sheldon M. ( 2003 ). Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif : Stanford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9. Stern, Sheldon M. ( 2005 ). The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif : Stanford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6. Stern, Sheldon M. ( 2012 ). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif : Stanford University Press. Trahair, Richard C.S. ; Miller, Robert L. ( 2009 ). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. New York : Enigma Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9. Matthews, Joe ( October 2012 ). `` Cuban missile crisis : The other, secret one ''. BBC. Historiography ( edit ) Allison, Graham T. ( September 1969 ). `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. American Political Science Review. 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718. JSTOR 1954423. Dorn, A. Walter ; Pauk, Robert ( April 2009 ). `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Diplomatic History. 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x. Garthoff, Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ). `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War ''. Journal of Cold War Studies. Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56. doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759. ISSN 1520 - 3972. Gibson, David R. ( 2011 ). `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419. JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761. Jones, John A. ; Jones, Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ). `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Rhetoric & Public Affairs. Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144. doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044. Jones, Milo ; Silberzahn, Philppe ( 2013 ). Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947 -- 2001. Stanford University Press. pp. 135 -- 191. ISBN 978 - 0804793360. Lebow, Richard Ned ( October 1990 ). `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated ''. Diplomatic History. 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x. Primary sources ( edit ) Chang, Laurence ; Kornbluh, Peter, eds. ( 1998 ). `` Introduction ''. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed. ). New York : New Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2. `` Cuban Missile Crisis ''. JFK in History. John F. Kennedy Library. `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ''. Presidential Recordings Program. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. `` Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Wilson Center Digital Archive. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Keefer, Edward C. ; Sampson, Charles S. ; Smith, Louis J., eds. ( 1996 ). Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath. Foreign relations of the United States, 1961 -- 1963. XI. Washington, D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4. Kennedy, Robert F. ( 1969 ). Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York : W.W. Norton. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0. May, Ernest R. ; Zelikow, Philip D., eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ). The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed. ). New York : Norton. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0. McAuliffe, Mary S., ed. ( October 1992 ). `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 '' ( PDF ). Historical Review Program. Washington, DC : Central Intelligence Agency. `` The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 : The 40th Anniversary ''. National Security Archive : Special Exhibits. Gelman Library : The George Washington University. `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Interactive Exhibits. John F. Kennedy Library. Gavrov, Sergei ( ed. ). `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962. On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis ''. Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ). Dallek, Robert. `` If We Listen to Them, None of Us Will Be Alive. '' In Camelot 's Court, 279 -- 334. New York : HarperCollins, 2013. Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Slideshows for Educators. Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Moser, John ; Hahn, Lori ( July 15, 2010 ). `` The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' ''. EDSITEment : Lesson Plans. National Endowment for the Humanities. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis. `` Cuban Missile Crisis '', 2012, Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Topics. History Channel. 2011. `` Cuban Missile Crisis ''. Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography ''. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev. The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis. EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters, a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis Jump to : navigation, search `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here. For the Cyprus Missile Crisis, see Cyprus Missile Crisis. Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28, 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20, 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara" ], "id": [ "14066867535343032882" ], "short_answers": [ "Soviet Union" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) - wikipedia Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 8 February 2018. Jump to : navigation, search For other treaties of Paris, see Treaty of Paris. Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) The combatants of the Seven Years ' War as shown before the outbreak of war in the mid-1750s. Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies France, Spain, Austria, Russia, with allies Context End of the Seven Years ' War ( known as the French and Indian War in North America ) Signed 10 February 1763 ( 1763 - 02 - 10 ) Location Paris, Kingdom of France Negotiators John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford César Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin Jerónimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi Signatories Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of France Spanish Empire Parties Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of France Spanish Empire Portuguese Empire Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) at Wikisource See also : Treaty of Hubertusburg ( 1763 ), Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ). Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Supreme Court Act ( 1875 ) Constitution Act, 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain 's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years ' War. The signing of the treaty formally ended the Seven Years ' War, known as the French and Indian War in the North American theatre, and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but Great Britain gained much of France 's possessions in North America. Additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World. The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria as they signed a separate agreement, the Treaty of Hubertusburg, five days later. Contents ( hide ) 1 Exchange of territories 2 Louisiana question 3 Canada question 3.1 British perspective 3.2 French perspective 3.3 Canada in the Treaty of Paris 4 Dunkirk question 5 Reaction 6 Effects on French Canada 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Exchange of territories ( edit ) During the war, Great Britain had conquered the French colonies of Canada, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago, the French `` factories '' ( trading posts ) in India, the slave - trading station at Gorée, the Sénégal River and its settlements, and the Spanish colonies of Manila ( in the Philippines ) and Havana ( in Cuba ). France had captured Minorca and British trading posts in Sumatra, while Spain had captured the border fortress of Almeida in Portugal, and Colonia del Sacramento in South America. `` A new map of North America '' - produced following the Treaty of Paris In the treaty, most of these territories were restored to their original owners, but not all : Britain made considerable gains. France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal. Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain, and Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France. In return, France ceded Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago to Britain. France also ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to Britain ; that is, the area from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ). In addition, while France regained its factories in India, France recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states, and pledged not to send troops to Bengal. Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in British Honduras ( now Belize ), but retained a logwood - cutting colony there. Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism. France ceded all of its territory in mainland North America, but retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, where its fishermen could dry their catch. In turn France gained the return of its sugar colony, Guadeloupe, which it considered more valuable than Canada. Voltaire had notoriously dismissed Canada as `` Quelques arpents de neige '', `` A few acres of snow ''. Louisiana question ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris is frequently noted as the point at which France gave Louisiana to Spain. The transfer, however, occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) but was not publicly announced until 1764. The Treaty of Paris was to give Britain the east side of the Mississippi ( including Baton Rouge, Louisiana, which was to be part of the British territory of West Florida ). New Orleans on the east side remained in French hands ( albeit temporarily ). The Mississippi River corridor in what is modern day Louisiana was to be reunited following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Adams -- Onís Treaty in 1819. The 1763 treaty states in Article VII : VII. French territories on the continent of America ; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea ; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and everything which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, and expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth : It is farther stipulated, that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation shall not be stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any duty whatsoever. The stipulations inserted in the IVth article, in favour of the inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article. Canada question ( edit ) British perspective ( edit ) While the war was fought all over the world, the British began the war over French possessions in North America. After a long debate of the relative merits of Guadeloupe, which produced £ 6 million a year in sugar, versus Canada which was expensive to keep, Great Britain decided to keep Canada for strategic reasons and return Guadeloupe to France. While the war had weakened France, it was still a European power. British Prime Minister Lord Bute wanted a peace that would not aggravate France towards a second war. This explains why Great Britain agreed to return so much while being in such a strong position. Though the Protestant British feared Roman Catholics, Great Britain did not want to antagonize France through expulsion or forced conversion. Also, it did not want French settlers to leave Canada to strengthen other French settlements in North America. This explains Great Britain 's willingness to protect Roman Catholics living in Canada. French perspective ( edit ) Unlike Lord Bute, the French Foreign Minister the Duke of Choiseul expected a return to war. However, France needed peace to rebuild. French diplomats believed that without France to keep the Americans in check, the colonists might attempt to revolt. In Canada, France wanted open emigration for those, such as nobility, who would not swear allegiance to the British Crown. Lastly, France required protection for Roman Catholics in North America considering Britain 's previous treatment of Roman Catholics under its jurisdiction. Canada in the Treaty of Paris ( edit ) The article states : IV. His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain : Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants, so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned. His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada : he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions : The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty. Dunkirk question ( edit ) During the negotiations that led to the treaty, a major issue of dispute between Britain and France had been over the status of the fortifications of the French coastal settlement of Dunkirk. The British had long feared that it would be used as a staging post to launch a French invasion of Britain. Under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 they had forced France to concede extreme limits on the fortifications there. The 1748 Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle had allowed more generous terms, and France had constructed greater defences for the town. By the Treaty Britain forced France to accept the earlier 1713 conditions and demolish the fortifications they had constructed since then. This would be a continuing source of resentment to France, who would eventually have this clause overturned in the 1783 Treaty of Paris which brought an end to the American Revolutionary War. Reaction ( edit ) When Lord Bute became Prime Minister in 1762, he pushed for a resolution to the war with France and Spain, fearing that Great Britain could not govern all of its newly acquired territories. In what Winston Churchill would later term a policy of `` appeasement, '' Bute returned some colonies to Spain and France in the negotiations. Despite a desire for peace, many in the British parliament opposed the return of any gains made during the war. Notable among the opposition was former Prime Minister William Pitt, the Elder, who warned that the terms of the treaty would only lead to further conflicts once France and Spain had time to rebuild. `` The peace was insecure, '' he would later say, `` because it restored the enemy to her former greatness. The peace was inadequate, because the places gained were no equivalent for the places surrendered. '' The treaty passed 319 votes to 65 opposed. The Treaty of Paris took no consideration of Great Britain 's battered continental ally, Frederick II of Prussia. Frederick would have to negotiate peace terms separately in the Treaty of Hubertusburg. For decades following the Seven Years ' War, Frederick II would consider the Treaty of Paris as a British betrayal. The American colonists were disappointed by the protection of Roman Catholicism in the Treaty of Paris because of their own strong Protestant faith. Some have pointed to this as one reason for the breakdown of American -- British relations. Effects on French Canada ( edit ) The article provided for unrestrained emigration for 18 months from Canada. However, passage on British ships was expensive. A total of 1,600 people left New France through the Treaty clause, but only 270 French Canadians. Some have claimed that this was part of British policy to limit emigration. Article IV of the treaty allowed Roman Catholicism to be practised in Canada. George III agreed to allow Catholicism within the laws of Great Britain. In this period, British laws included various Test Acts to prevent governmental, judicial, and bureaucratic appointments from going to Roman Catholics. Roman Catholics were believed to be agents of the Jacobite Pretenders to the throne, who normally resided in France supported by the French regime. This was relaxed in Quebec to some degree, but top positions like governorships were still held by Anglicans. Article IV has also been cited as the basis for Quebec often having its unique set of laws that are different from the rest of Canada. There was a general constitutional principle in the United Kingdom to allow colonies taken through conquest to continue their own laws. This was limited by royal prerogative, and the monarch could still choose to change the accepted laws in a conquered colony. However, the treaty eliminated this power because by a different constitutional principle, terms of a treaty were considered paramount. In practice, Roman Catholics could become jurors in inferior courts in Quebec and argue based on principles of French law. However, the judge was British and his opinion on French law could be limited or hostile. If the case was appealed to a superior court, neither French law nor Roman Catholic jurors were allowed. Many French residents of what are now Canada 's Maritime provinces, called Acadians, were deported during the Great Expulsion ( 1755 -- 63 ). After the signing of the peace treaty guaranteed some rights to Roman Catholics, some Acadians returned to Canada. However, they were no longer welcome in English Nova Scotia. They were forced into New Brunswick, which is a bilingual province today as a result of that relocation. Much land previously owned by France was now owned by Britain, and the French people of Quebec felt great betrayal at the French concession. Commander - in - Chief of the British Jeffrey Amherst noted that, `` Many of the Canadians consider their Colony to be of utmost consequence to France & can not be convinced... that their Country has been conceded to Great Britain ''. See also ( edit ) France in the Seven Years ' War Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War List of treaties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marston, Daniel ( 2002 ). The French -- Indian War 1754 -- 1760. Osprey Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0 - 415 - 96838 - 0. Jump up ^ `` Wars and Battles : Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) ''. www.u-s-history.com. In a nutshell, Britain emerged as the world 's leading colonial empire. Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War ''. www.thenagain.info. ^ Jump up to : `` The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe ''. World Digital Library. 1778. Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30. Jump up ^ `` His Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants '' -- Article IV of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) at Wikisource Jump up ^ '' (... ) it is agreed, that... the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from hence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea ; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, (... ) '' -- Article VII of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) at Wikisource Jump up ^ Extracts from the Treaty of Paris of 1763. A. Lovell & Co. 1892. p. 6. His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Roman Catholic religion to the inhabitants of Canada. Jump up ^ Dewar, Helen ( December 2010 ). `` Canada or Guadeloupe? : French and British Perceptions of Empire, 1760 -- 1783 ''. Canadian Historical Review. 91 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 660. doi : 10.3138 / chr. 91.4. 637. Jump up ^ `` Quelques arpents de neige ''. Jump up ^ `` The French and Indian War ends - Feb 10, 1763 ''. HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08. Jump up ^ `` The Stakes of the Treaty of Paris ''. France in America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08. Jump up ^ Monod p 197 -- 98 Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway ( 2006 ). The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America. Oxford U.P. p. 8. Jump up ^ Gough p 95 Jump up ^ Calloway p 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Rashed, Zenab Esmat ( 1951 ). The Peace of Paris. Liverpool University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978 - 0853 - 23202 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Calloway p 114 Jump up ^ Dull p. 5 Jump up ^ Dull p. 194 -- 243 Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ( reprint 2001 ). The Great Republic : A History of America. Modern Library. p. 52. Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Simms, Brendan ( 2007 ). Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714 -- 1783. Allan Lane. p. 496. ISBN 978 - 0713 - 99426 - 1. Jump up ^ Fowler, William M. ( 2004 ). Empires at War : the French and Indian War and the struggle for North America, 1754 -- 1763. Walker & Company. p. 271. ISBN 978 - 0802 - 71411 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Monod p 201 ^ Jump up to : Conklin p 34 Jump up ^ Colley, Linda ( 1992 ). Britons : Forging the Nation 1707 -- 1837. p. 78. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15280 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Conklin p 35 ^ Jump up to : Calloway p 120 Jump up ^ Calloway p 121 Jump up ^ Price, p 136 Jump up ^ Price p 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Calloway p 113 Further reading ( edit ) Calloway, Colin Gordon ( 2006 ). The scratch of a pen : 1763 and the transformation of North America. New York : Oxford University Press. Churchill, Sir Winston ( 1956 ). The Great Republic : A History of America. New York : Random House. ISBN 0 - 375 - 50320 - X. Conklin, William E. ( 1979 ). In Defence of Fundamental Rights. Springer. Dull, Jonathan R. ( 2005 ). The French Navy and the Seven Years ' War. University of Nebraska. Gough, Barry M. ( 1992 ). British Mercantile Interests in the Making of the Peace of Paris, 1763. Edwin Meller Press. Monod, Paul Kleber ( 2009 ). Imperial Island : A History of Britain and Its Empire, 1660 -- 1837. Wiley - Blackwell. Price, Joseph Edward ( 2007 ). The status of French among youth in a bilingual American -- Canadian border community : the case of Madawaska, Maine. Indiana University. External links ( edit ) Treaty of Paris Profile and Videos - Chickasaw.TV Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ). The Treaty of Paris and its Consequences ( in French ) Entry on the Treaty of Paris from The Canadian Encyclopedia Treaty of Paris at the Avalon Project of the Yale Law School ( hide ) Treaties of the Seven Years ' War ( 1754 / 56 -- 1763 ) Diplomatic Revolution Westminster 1st Versailles 2nd Versailles Saint Petersburg Hamburg Fontainebleau Paris Hubertusburg Campaigns : Europe, America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)&oldid=824651516 '' Categories : Seven Years ' War 1763 treaties Peace treaties of the Ancien Régime Peace treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1763 in France 1763 in Great Britain 1763 in Spain 18th century in Paris France -- United Kingdom relations French and Indian War History of Canada ( 1534 -- 1763 ) History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Legal history of Canada Military history of Quebec New France Pre-Confederation Canada 1763 in the British Empire 1763 in the French colonial empire 1763 in Canada 1763 in New France 1763 in North America History of Quebec Pre-Confederation Quebec Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018, at 17 : 34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Treaty of Paris (1763)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)&amp;oldid=824651516" }

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{ "text": "Reflux - wikipedia Reflux This article is about using reflux in chemical engineering and chemistry. For other usage, see Reflux ( disambiguation ). The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time. Contents 1 Reflux in industrial distillation 2 Reflux in chemical reactions 3 Reflux in laboratory distillation 4 Reflux in beverage distillation 5 Reflux in biochemistry 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Reflux in industrial distillation ( edit ) The term reflux is very widely used in industries that utilize large - scale distillation columns and fractionators such as petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, and natural gas processing plants. In that context, reflux refers to the portion of the overhead liquid product from a distillation column or fractionator that is returned to the upper part of the column as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical industrial distillation column. Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficiency of the distillation column. The more reflux provided for a given number of theoretical plates, the better is the column 's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Conversely, for a given desired separation, the more reflux is provided, the fewer theoretical plates are required. Reflux in chemical reactions ( edit ) Laboratory reflux apparatus for heating a chemical reaction A mixture of reactants and solvent is placed in a suitable vessel, such as a round bottom flask. This vessel is connected to a water - cooled Liebig or Vigreux condenser, which is typically open to the atmosphere at the top. The reaction vessel is heated in order to boil the reaction mixture ; vapours produced from the mixture are condensed by the condenser, and return to the vessel through gravity. The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an elevated, controlled temperature ( i.e. the solvent 's boiling point ) and ambient pressure. The diagram shows a typical reflux apparatus. It includes a water bath to indirectly heat the mixture. As many solvents used are flammable, direct heating with a Bunsen burner is not generally suitable, and alternatives such as a water bath, oil bath, sand bath, electric hot plate or heating mantle are employed. Reflux in laboratory distillation ( edit ) Laboratory apparatus using reflux to supply energy to chemical reactions. An Erlenmeyer flask is used as a receiving flask. Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. The apparatus shown in the diagram represents a batch distillation as opposed to a continuous distillation. The liquid feed mixture to be distilled is placed into the round - bottomed flask along with a few anti-bumping granules, and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. As the mixture is heated and boils, vapor rises up the column. The vapor condenses on the glass platforms ( known as plates or trays ) inside the column and runs back down into the liquid below, thereby refluxing the upflowing distillate vapor. The hottest tray is at the bottom of the column and the coolest tray is at the top. At steady state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray is at equilibrium. Only the most volatile of the vapors stays in gaseous form all the way to the top. The vapor at the top of the column then passes into the condenser, where it cools until it condenses into a liquid. The separation can be enhanced with the addition of more trays ( to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc. ). The process continues until all the most volatile components in the liquid feed boil out of the mixture. This point can be recognized by the rise in temperature shown on the thermometer. For continuous distillation, the feed mixture enters in the middle of the column. Reflux in beverage distillation ( edit ) By controlling the temperature of the condenser, often called a dephlegmator, a reflux still may be used to ensure that higher boiling point components are returned to the flask while lighter elements are passed out to a secondary condenser. This is useful in producing high quality alcoholic beverages, while ensuring that less desirable components ( such as fusel alcohols ) are returned to the primary flask. For high quality neutral spirits ( such as vodka ), or post distillation flavored spirits ( gin, absinthe ), a process of multiple distillations or charcoal filtering may be applied to obtain a product lacking in any suggestion of its original source material for fermentation. The geometry of the still also plays a role in determining how much reflux occurs. In a pot still, if the tube leading from the boiler to the condenser, the lyne arm, is angled upward, more liquid will have a chance to condense and flow back into the boiler leading to increased reflux. Typical results can increase production as high as 50 % over the basic worm type condenser. The addition of a copper `` boiling ball '' in the path creates an area where expansion of gasses into the ball causes cooling and subsequent condensation and reflux. In a column still, the addition of inert materials in the column ( e.g., packing ) creates surfaces for early condensation and leads to increased reflux. Reflux in biochemistry ( edit ) A concentrated solution of ammonium cyanide, refluxed for few days, yields adenine, a component of DNA. This provides a clue about origin of life on earth. Gallery ( edit ) Toluene is refluxed with sodium - benzophenone desiccant before it is distilled to give pure oxygen - and water - free toluene. Industrial fractionating columns all of which use reflux Organic synthesis apparatus using reflux See also ( edit ) Batch distillation Fractional distillation Fractionating column McCabe - Thiele method References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kister, Henry Z. ( 1992 ). Distillation Design ( 1st ed. ). McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 034909 - 6. Jump up ^ Erich Krell ( 1982 ). Handbook of Laboratory Distillation ( 3rd ed. ). Elsevier Science Ltd. ISBN 0 - 444 - 55640 - 0. Jump up ^ Perry, Robert H. & Green, Don W. ( 1984 ). Perry 's Chemical Engineers ' Handbook ( 6th ed. ). McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 049479 - 7. Jump up ^ King, C.J. ( 1980 ). Separation Processes ( 2nd ed. ). McGraw Hill. 0 - 07 - 034612 - 7. Jump up ^ Gavin Towler & RK Sinnott ( 2007 ). Chemical Engineering Design : Principles, Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design. Butterworth - Heinemann. ISBN 0 - 7506 - 8423 - 2. ^ Jump up to : `` What is Reflux? ''. University of Toronto Scarborough - Chemistry Online. Retrieved October 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 4e Further reading ( edit ) Distillation column components, Dr. Ming Tham, Newcastle University, United Kingdom. Distillation Principles Raoult 's law Dalton 's law Reflux Fenske equation McCabe -- Thiele method Theoretical plate Partial pressure Vapor -- liquid equilibrium Industrial processes Batch distillation Continuous distillation Fractionating column Spinning cone Laboratory methods Alembic Kugelrohr Rotary evaporator Spinning band distillation Still Techniques Azeotropic Catalytic Destructive Dry Extractive Fractional Reactive Salt - effect Steam - based Vacuum - based Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflux&oldid=845480358 '' Categories : Distillation Chemical processes Industrial processes Laboratory techniques Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Slovenčina 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018, at 02 : 12 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Reflux", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Reflux&amp;oldid=845480358" }

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{ "text": "Accounting standards Codification - Wikipedia Accounting standards Codification This accounting - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. In US accounting practices, the Accounting Standards Codification is the current single source of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ). It is maintained by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ). Contents ( hide ) 1 FASB accounting standards codification 2 Goal 3 Leading up to the codification process 4 Public access to codification 5 Structure 6 See also 7 References 8 External links FASB Accounting standards Codification ( edit ) The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. All prior accounting standards documents were superseded as described in FASB Statement No. 168, The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Accounting literature not included in the Codification is non-authoritative. The Codification reorganizes the thousands of U.S. GAAP pronouncements into roughly 90 accounting topics and displays all topics using a consistent structure. It also includes relevant U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) guidance that follows the same topical structure in separate sections in the Codification. To prepare constituents for the change, the FASB provided a number of tools and training resources. The Codification did not change GAAP, but it introduced a new structure, organized in an easily accessible, user - friendly online research system. The FASB expected the system to reduce the amount of time and effort required to research accounting issues, mitigate the risk of noncompliance with standards through improved usability of the literature, provide accurate information with real - time updates as new standards are released, and assist the FASB with the research efforts required during the standard - setting process. Goal ( edit ) The three primary goals of the codification are `` simplify user access by codifying all authoritative U.S. GAAP in one spot, ensure that the codification content accurately represented authoritative U.S. GAAP as of July 1, 2009, and to create a codification research system that is up to date for the released results of standard - setting activity. '' The codification was made to make accounting standards easier to find through a single data base. Leading up to the Codification process ( edit ) Before the Codification, accounting standards lacked a consistent and logical structure. For the last 50 years, U.S. GAAP consisted of thousands of standards with multiple standard setters. The old U.S. GAAP were difficult to interpret, and the complexity of the standards made it hard for users to stay up to date. Problems with the old standards increased financial reporting risk and led to inefficiencies that increased cost. FASAC then voiced its concerns due to the increase of financial reporting guidance from the old U.S. GAAP standards, and the FASB responded by launching a new project to codify the standards. The project was approved in September 2004 by the Trustees of the Financial Accounting Foundation. Public access to Codification ( edit ) All users must register to view any codification information. The codification allows a free basic view or paid professional view to the public. The professional view requires an annual subcription up to $940 depending on concurrent users. Discounts may apply to multiple concurrent users. The codification is used by accounting and reporting professionals, analysts and investors. Structure ( edit ) Each ASC reference is structured as a series of four numbers separated by hyphens : a three - digit Topic ( the first digit of which represents an Area ), a two - digit Subtopic, a two - digit Section, and a two - or three - digit Paragraph. Topic Series Area 100 General Principles 200 Presentation 300 Assets 400 Liabilities 500 Equity 600 Revenue 700 Expenses 800 Broad Transactions 900 Industry Subtopic 10 is always `` Overall. '' Section numbers are standardized across topics ( not all subtopics have all sections ) : Section number Section title 00 Status 05 Overview and Background 10 Objectives 15 Scope and Scope Exceptions 20 Glossary 25 Recognition 30 Initial Measurement 35 Subsequent Measurement 40 Derecognition 45 Other Presentation Matters 50 Disclosure 55 Implementation Guidance and Illustrations 60 Relationships 65 Transition and Open Effective Date Information 70 Grandfathered Guidance 75 XBRL Elements For instance, 210 - 10 - 20 is Balance Sheet, Overall, Glossary. 605 - 40 - 25 - 1 is Revenue Recognition, Gains and Losses, Recognition, first paragraph. See also ( edit ) List of FASB pronouncements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Financial Accounting Standards Board. News Release, 07 / 01 / 09. ^ Jump up to : `` FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM Notice to Constituents ( v 2.0 ) '' ( PDF ). Financial Accounting Standards Board. Jul 1, 2009. Retrieved Oct 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` FASB Accounting Standards Codification ® ''. asc.fasb.org. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` FASB Accounting Standards Codification ® ''. asc.fasb.org. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Codification Learning Guide ''. Financial Accounting Standards Board. October 26, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2017. External links ( edit ) https://asc.fasb.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accounting_Standards_Codification&oldid=827824989 '' Categories : Accounting stubs United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018, at 23 : 20 ( UTC ). About Wikipedia", "title": "Accounting Standards Codification", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Accounting_Standards_Codification&amp;oldid=827824989" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "In US accounting practices, the Accounting Standards Codification is the current single source of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ). It is maintained by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ). Contents ( hide ) 1 FASB accounting standards codification 2 Goal 3 Leading up to the codification process 4 Public access to codification 5 Structure 6 See also 7 References 8 External links FASB Accounting standards Codification ( edit ) The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15, 2009. All prior accounting standards documents were superseded as described in FASB Statement No. 168, The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Accounting literature not included in the Codification is non-authoritative. The Codification reorganizes the thousands of U.S. GAAP pronouncements into roughly 90 accounting topics and displays all topics using a consistent structure. It also includes relevant U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) guidance that follows the same topical structure in separate sections in the Codification. To prepare constituents for the change, the FASB provided a number of tools and training resources. The Codification did not change GAAP, but it introduced a new structure, organized" ], "id": [ "14487880017117564385" ], "short_answers": [ "after September 15, 2009" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "F is for Family - wikipedia F is for Family F Is for Family F Is for Family promotional poster Genre Animated sitcom Comedy - drama Black Comedy Satire Created by Bill Burr Michael Price Starring Bill Burr Laura Dern Justin Long Haley Reinhart Debi Derryberry Sam Rockwell Opening theme `` Come and Get Your Love '' by Redbone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vince Vaughn Peter Billingsley Bill Burr Michael Price Katie O'Connell Elisa Todd Ellis Sidonie Dumas Christophe Riandee Producer ( s ) Heath Kenny Brian J. Cowan Running time 25 -- 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Wild West Television Loner Productions King of France Productions Gaumont International Television Gaumont Animation Telegael Teoranta Paramount Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website F Is for Family is an American web animated sitcom created by Bill Burr and Michael Price and produced by Gaumont International Television and Vince Vaughn 's Wild West Television. The show premiered on December 18, 2015 to generally favorable reviews. Season 2 premiered May 30, 2017. On June 28, 2017, the show was renewed for a third season. On July 1, 2018, Burr confirmed season 3 for a November 2018 release at a show in Detroit. Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Co-starring 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bill Burr as Francis X. `` Frank '' Murphy -- Frank is a disillusioned, short - tempered, foul - mouthed, Irish - American, Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s. He is prone to angry, profane rants. As a parent, Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse. The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father. Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines, and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident. Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home. Frank 's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger. Luger, an overweight middle - aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero. When facing dire situations, Luger utters the phrase `` Sometimes, a man 's got to do... what a man does '', much to Frank 's excitement. Laura Dern as Sue Murphy -- Frank 's wife who is a housewife, and also sells Plast - a-Ware ( a play on words of Tupperware. ) Justin Long as Kevin Murphy -- Frank 's teenage son who is a juvenile delinquent, chronic pot smoker, and a struggling rock musician. Despite his rebellious personality, Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself ( although he rarely, if ever, follows through on the latter ). Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy, Frank 's younger son. Bill tends to be shy and is skinny. He gets bullied frequently. Despite his seemingly weak persona, Bill can often let his anger get the best of him. He is 11 years old in the first season. Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy -- Frank 's young daughter who he often refers to as `` Princess ''. However, even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess, Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members. However, Maureen is smart enough to hide it. Despite her generally girly appearance, Maureen can act somewhat tomboyish at times, much to Frank 's chagrin. Sam Rockwell as Vic -- Frank 's wealthy, womanizing neighbor, who brags a lot. Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle, laid - back attitude and successful career. He 's based on Matt McConaughey 's character David Wooderson from Dazed and Confused. Co-starring ( edit ) Mo Collins as Jimmy, Vivian, Ben, Brandy, Ginny Trevor Devall as Red, Bolo, Mr. Goomer, Mr. Holtenwasser, others Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords, Colt Luger, others Recurring ( edit ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie, others David Koechner as Robert `` Bob Pogo '' Pogrohvich, Frank 's obese, chainsmoking boss. Kevin Farley as Babe, Carl, others Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton, the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work. Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi, others John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton, Roger Dunbarton 's racist and moronic nephew. Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne T.J. Miller as Randy Michael K. Williams as Smoky Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 6 December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 10 May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code `` The Bleedin ' in Sweden '' Benjamin Marsaud Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price Teleplay by : Michael Price December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 101 Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match, but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set, Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead. After he purchases one, Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project. Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund, embarrassing Sue. Bill eventually confesses, but after being gloated over by one of the store 's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize, Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store, and Frank gets refunded. At the end of the episode, the neighbors watch the match at Frank 's house, while Vic watches it at his house `` alone ''. `` Saturday Bloody Saturday '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 102 After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes, Frank takes him to his job at the airport, where he 's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident, to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family. Frank is torn between his underpaid, hard - working co-workers who are contemplating a strike, and his employer, who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good. Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill - popping, underachieving airport staff, he realizes the difficulties of his father 's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman, who accuses the airport of stealing her medication, and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table. Meanwhile, after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day, Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps, while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife. `` The Trough '' Benjamin Marsaud Michael Price December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 103 Despite Kevin 's promises to get back on track to improve his grades, Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind, and as a punishment, takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways, which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to. While there, they meet Rodger Dunbarton, CEO at Mohican Airways, who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers. On the drive home, their car breaks down, and they are rescued by Rosie, one of Frank 's colleagues, but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father 's conversation with Dunbarton, Frank faces a hostile situation at work. Meanwhile, Sue goes to the mall with Maureen, where she is accosted by a talkative friend, and Maureen learns of her mother 's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst. Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high, reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young. `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' Laurent Nicolas Tom Gianas December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 104 On Halloween, Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion, leading to tensions between them ; Bill is reluctant to trick - or - treat due to his fear of being bullied by school greaser Jimmy Fitzsimmons. 5 5 `` Bill Murphy 's Day Off '' Benjamin Marsaud Emily Towers December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 105 Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline. In addition, Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin. 6 6 `` O Holy Moly Night '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18, 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 106 When Christmas comes near, Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing. Kevin starts his part - time job. Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble. Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. code 7 `` Heavy Sledding '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Three weeks after he got fired, Frank is still unemployed. On a snow day, Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump. 8 `` A Girl Named Sue '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm David Richardson May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank 's old boss, Bob Pogo, calls him to offer him a job, only for things to turn out bad for Frank. Meanwhile, Sue ponders a change in her life. 9 `` The Liar 's Club '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Bill Burr May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After bailing out of the unemployment office, Frank turns to Rosie 's friend, Smokey, for a job, but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school. Meanwhile, Sue gets a new job as a secretary, but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company. 10 `` Night Shift '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Emily Towers May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey, consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family. All the while, Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast - a-Ware product. 11 5 `` Breaking Bill '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Joe Heslinga May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night, his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin. Meanwhile, Bill, having received money from his job as a paperboy, tries to buy a hockey - stick for hockey tryouts, but a run - in with the local bully, Jimmy, pushes him over the edge. Also, when Sue pitches her idea, she still receives a lack of respect. 12 6 `` This is Not Good '' Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Henry Gammill May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA When Frank 's new job includes a stop at the airport, he ends up in a predicament with Bob. Kevin tries to get a date with a ' haircut ' girl, but due to erection problems, he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic 's new girlfriend. Also, Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law, much to the concern of his friend Phillip. 13 7 `` Fight Night '' Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue 's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they 're called into a meeting with Maureen 's school teacher. 14 8 `` F is for Fixing It '' Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Valeri Vaughn May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems ; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic 's new girlfriend ; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School, a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill 's part in sending him away, causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways. 15 9 `` Pray Away '' Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Marc Wilmore May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue go to a couple 's retreat to get help from a priest when their marriage begins to hit a snag, which only leads to a moment of truth between them. Meanwhile, Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy, while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend 's affair with Kevin. 16 10 `` Landing the Plane '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast - a-Wares takes credit for Sue 's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of `` Scoop, '' the mentally unstable new manager ( Roger Dunbarton 's nephew ), which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists. Production ( edit ) The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix, Gaumont International Television, and Wild West Television. The show is a `` family comedy '' based on the standup of Bill Burr. Moreover, the show takes place in the 1970s, `` a time when you could smack your kid, smoke inside, and bring a gun to the airport ''. Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch, with Laura Dern as his wife, Justin Long as his eldest son, Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen, and Haley Reinhart as his young son. The first season consists of six episodes, shown in a serial manner, written by Bill Burr and Michael Price. Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award - winning work on The Simpsons. The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud ( director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball ). Reception ( edit ) The series has received generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the first season holds a rating of 82 % based on 17 reviews, with an average score of 6.56 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` While the humor relies on vulgarity, the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart. '' On Metacritic, the first season holds a score of 75 out of 100, based on 14 reviews, indicating `` Generally favorable reviews ''. Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Mo Collins as Ginny, Jimmy Fitzsimmons, Lex, Ben, and Cutie Pie ( Episode : Pray Away ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` F is for Family : Original, Animated Series From Bill Burr Coming Exclusively to Netflix ''. PR Newswire. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' F Is for Family ' Animated Comedy Series from Bill Burr ''. Variety. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' F Is For Family ' Gets December Premiere On Netflix ''. Deadline Hollywood. November 6, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` F Is for Family - Season 2 Date Announcement Teaser - Netflix ''. April 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ). `` ' F Is for Family ' Renewed for Season 3 at Netflix ''. Variety. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28. Jump up ^ https://reddit.com/r/fisforfamily/comments/8vm4oa/season_3_less_general_release_window_confirmed_by/ ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' Alum Haley Reinhart to Star in New Netflix Animated Series ''. Hollywood Reporter. December 12, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` I will be making my VoiceOver debut... '' Instagram.com. December 11, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' F ' is for Halloween ''. F is for Family. Season 1. Episode 4. 26 June 2017. Netflix. Jump up ^ `` That 's the amazing @ DebiDerryberry ''. Twitter.com. December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Mo voices Jimmy ''. Twitter.com. December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall Part 5 ''. Twitter.com. December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` I love Mr. Goomer ''. Twitter.com. December 26, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast roll call ''. Twitter.com. December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` In Bill Burr 's New Netflix Series ''. Decider.com. December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` I play this guy ''. Twitter.com. December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` He 's so so great as Bob Pogo ''. Twitter.com. December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall part 6 ''. Twitter.com. December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Who does Joe Buck voice ''. Twitter.com. December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Jump up ^ Perkins, Dennis ( June 11, 2017 ). `` F Is For Family knows that all family debts come due sometime ''. The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Bill Burr Cartoon ' F Is for Family ' ''. Hollywood Reporter. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix orders Bill Burr animated series F Is For Family ''. AV Club. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` ' F is for Family ' is the newest addition to Netflix 's original shows ''. Digital Trends. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014. Jump up ^ `` F is for Family Critica animada ''. CoolPop : criticas animadas, noticias y rumores sobre animacion. Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ `` F is for Family : Season 1 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` F is for Family -- Season 1 ''. Metacritic. Retrieved December 22, 2015. External links ( edit ) F Is for Family on Netflix F Is for Family on IMDb Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko ReBoot : The Guardian Code Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted! The Rain Safe The Who Was? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Treehouse Detectives All About the Washingtons Insatiable La casa de las flores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F_Is_for_Family&oldid=852626750 '' Categories : Netflix original programming 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American sitcoms 2015 French television series debuts 2010s French animated television series French adult animated television series Gaumont Animation Television series by Gaumont International Television Television series set in the 1970s Media portrayals of the working class Television series about dysfunctional families American flash adult animated television series French flash animated television series French satirical television programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 08 : 27 ( UTC ). 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "2 premiered May 30, 2017. On June 28, 2017, the show was renewed for a third season. On July 1, 2018, Burr confirmed season 3 for a November 2018 release at a show in Detroit. Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Co-starring 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bill Burr as Francis X. `` Frank '' Murphy -- Frank is a disillusioned, short - tempered, foul - mouthed, Irish - American, Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s. He is prone to angry, profane rants. As a parent, Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse. The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father. Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines, and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident. Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at" ], "id": [ "160988225240684151" ], "short_answers": [ "Bill Burr" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "North Pole - wikipedia North Pole Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see North Pole ( disambiguation ). Not to be confused with North Magnetic Pole. Coordinates : 90 ° N 0 ° W  /  90 ° N - 0 ° E  / 90 ; - 0 An azimuthal projection showing the Arctic Ocean and the North Pole. The map also shows the 75th parallel north and 60th parallel north. Sea ice at the North Pole in 2006 The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is ( subject to the caveats explained below ) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface. The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere. While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice. This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole ( unlike the South Pole ). However, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Since 2002, the Russians have also annually established a base, Barneo, close to the Pole. This operates for a few weeks during early spring. Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice - free because of Arctic ice shrinkage, with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later. The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m ( 13,980 ft ) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m ( 13,410 ft ) by USS Nautilus in 1958. The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island, off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km ( 430 mi ) away, though some perhaps semi permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada, which is located 817 km ( 508 mi ) from the Pole. Contents ( hide ) 1 Precise definition 2 Exploration 2.1 Pre-1900 2.2 1900 -- 40 2.3 1940 -- 2000 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed 2.4. 2 MLAE 2009 Expedition 2.4. 3 MLAE 2013 Expedition 3 Day and night 4 Time 5 Climate 6 Flora and fauna 7 Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions 8 Cultural associations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Precise definition ( edit ) See also : Polar motion The Earth 's axis of rotation -- and hence the position of the North Pole -- was commonly believed to be fixed ( relative to the surface of the Earth ) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might `` wobble '' slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent `` variation of latitude, '' as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth 's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight - month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth 's axis and the Earth 's surface, at any given moment, is called the `` instantaneous pole '', but because of the `` wobble '' this can not be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole ( or South Pole ) when metre - scale precision is required. It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates ( latitude, longitude, and elevations or orography ) to fixed landforms. Of course, given plate tectonics and isostasy, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System. Exploration ( edit ) See also : Arctic exploration, Farthest North, List of Arctic expeditions, and List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole Pre-1900 ( edit ) Gerardus Mercator 's map of the North Pole from 1595 C.G. Zorgdragers map of the North Pole from 1720 As early as the 16th century, many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea. It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships, already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes. One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry, who in 1827 reached latitude 82 ° 45 ′ North. In 1871 the Polaris expedition, a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall, ended in disaster. Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole, part of the British Arctic Expedition, by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then - record 83 ° 20'26 '' North in May 1876 before turning back. An 1879 -- 1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship, the USS Jeanette, was crushed by ice. Over half the crew, including DeLong, were lost. Nansen 's ship Fram in the Arctic ice In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen 's icebound ship Fram. The pair reached latitude 86 ° 14 ′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards, eventually reaching Franz Josef Land. In 1897 Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon Örnen ( `` Eagle '' ), but came down 300 km ( 190 mi ) north of Kvitøya, the northeasternmost part of the Svalbard archipelago. They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months later. In 1930 the remains of this expedition were found by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition. The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi and Captain Umberto Cagni of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) sailed the converted whaler Stella Polare ( `` Pole Star '' ) from Norway in 1899. On 11 March 1900 Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86 ° 34 ' on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen 's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km ( 22 to 25 mi ). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp, remaining there until 23 June. On 16 August the Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway. 1900 -- 40 ( edit ) Peary 's sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole, 1909. From left : Ooqueah, Ootah, Henson, Egingwah, Seeglo. The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men, Ahwelah and Etukishook, but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted. The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary, who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909, accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah, and Ooqueah. However, Peary 's claim remains highly disputed and controversial. Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in ( Western ) navigation, and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work, which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole. The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people, almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point. Peary 's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line -- the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing -- is contradicted by Henson 's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads. The British explorer Wally Herbert, initially a supporter of Peary, researched Peary 's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer 's navigational records. He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole. Support for Peary came again in 2005, however, when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary 's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams, reaching the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours -- nearly five hours faster than Peary. However, Avery 's fastest 5 - day march was 90 nautical miles, significantly short of the 135 claimed by Peary. Avery writes on his web site that `` The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia. Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice, I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole. '' Ivan Papanin at North Pole - 1 drifting station, 1937 Another rejection of Peary 's claim arrived in 2009, when E. Myles Standish of the California Institute of Technology, an experienced referee of scientific claims, reported numerous alleged lacunae and inconsistencies. The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft. Although verified at the time by a committee of the National Geographic Society, this claim has since been undermined by the 1996 revelation that Byrd 's long - hidden diary 's solar sextant data ( which the NGS never checked ) consistently contradict his June 1926 report 's parallel data by over 100 mi ( 160 km ). The secret report 's alleged en - route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later ( while the original version was hidden for 70 years ), a realization first published in 2000 by the University of Cambridge after scrupulous refereeing. According to Standish, `` Anyone who is acquainted with the facts and has any amount of logical reasoning can not avoid the conclusion that neither Cook, nor Peary, nor Byrd reached the North Pole ; and they all knew it. '' The first consistent, verified, and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926, by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge. Norge, though Norwegian - owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile. The flight started from Svalbard in Norway, and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew from the Norge, overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928, in the airship Italia. The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew. In May 1937 the world 's first North Pole ice station, North Pole - 1, was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from the North Pole. The expedition members : oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov, meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, and the leader Ivan Papanin conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months. By 19 February 1938, when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman, their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland. 1940 -- 2000 ( edit ) In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles. The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force. It carried an 11 - man crew, with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations. In 2006, Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada 's Aviation Hall of Fame. Discounting Peary 's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko, and other scientists and flight crew ( 24 people in total ) of Aleksandr Kuznetsov 's Sever - 2 expedition ( March -- May 1948 ). It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route. The party flew on three planes ( pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy, Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov ) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4 : 44pm ( Moscow Time, UTC + 04 : 00 ) on 23 April 1948. They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations. On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent. Next year, on 9 May 1949 two other Soviet scientists ( Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev ) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole. They jumped from a Douglas C - 47 Skytrain, registered CCCP H - 369. On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict, along with scientist Albert P. Crary, landed a modified Douglas C - 47 Skytrain at the North Pole. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known. USS Skate at drift station Alpha, 1958 The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus ( SSN - 571 ) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On 17 March 1959 USS Skate ( SSN - 578 ) surfaced at the Pole, breaking through the ice above it, becoming the first naval vessel to do so. Setting aside Peary 's claim, the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier, who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968. The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position. On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill, Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans - Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot ( albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops ). They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean -- and by its longest axis, Barrow, Alaska to Svalbard -- a feat that has never been repeated. Because of suggestions ( later proven false ) of Plaisted 's use of air transport, some sources classify Herbert 's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means. In the 1980s Plaisted 's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided. It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility. Icebreaker Arktika, the first surface ship to reach the North Pole. On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear - powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole. In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season. They departed from Cape Crozier, Ellesmere Island, on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982. They travelled on foot and snowmobile. From the Pole, they travelled towards Svalbard but, due to the unstable nature of the ice, ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days. They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80 : 31N 00 : 59W. As a result of this journey, which formed a section of the three - year Transglobe Expedition 1979 -- 1982, Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles, by surface travel alone. This achievement remains unchallenged to this day. In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary ( the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest ) and Neil Armstrong ( the first man to stand on the moon ) landed at the North Pole in a small twin - engined ski plane. Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest. In 1986 Will Steger, with seven teammates, became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply. USS Gurnard ( SSN - 662 ) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine USS Pintado ( SSN - 672 ). On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, `` Gurnard '' deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex ' 90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. `` Gurnard '' surfaced at the North Pole on April 18, in the company of the USS Sea Horse ( SSN - 669 ). On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish ( SSN 678 ), USS Ray ( SSN 653 ) and USS Hawkbill ( SSN - 666 ) surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole. On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle. On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish ( SSN 676 ), USS Sea Devil ( SSN 664 ) and HMS Superb ( S 109 ) surfaced at the North Pole, the first international surfacing at the North Pole. In 1988 a 13 - man strong team ( 9 Soviets, 4 Canadians ) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada. One of the Canadians, Richard Weber became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean. On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported, after a 58 - day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada, a distance of 800 km. On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels. Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe. Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later with the Healy. In 1998, 1999, and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs ( special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO, Lada / Vaz 's experimental product division ) were driven to the North Pole. The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole. The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20 -- 15 km / h in an average temperature of − 30 ° C. 21st century ( edit ) USS Charlotte at the North Pole in 2005 Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole. For example, the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89 ° N, though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait. In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air ( landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice ) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine, and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies. Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years. The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002, and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties. Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter. The first attempt at underwater exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of Moscow State University, but ended in fatality. The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club, and ended in success on 24 April 1999. The divers were Michael Wolff ( Austria ), Brett Cormick ( UK ), and Bob Wass ( USA ). In 2005 the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte ( SSN - 766 ) surfaced through 155 cm ( 61 in ) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there. In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) swim at the North Pole. His feat, undertaken to highlight the effects of global warming, took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes. His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008, following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole, was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days. The expedition was then abandoned. By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships : 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish Oden, 3 times by German Polarstern, 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea, and once by CCGS Louis S. St - Laurent and by Swedish Vidar Viking. 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed ( edit ) Main article : Arktika 2007 MIR submersible, one of the two vehicles that were used in the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole, to a depth of 4.3 km ( 2.7 mi ), as part of the research programme in support of Russia 's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor. The descent took place in two MIR submersibles and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov. In a symbolic act of visitation, the Russian flag was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole. The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the Arctic according to the New York Times. The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries, such as China and the United States, toward the top of the world, where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable. MLAE 2009 expedition ( edit ) In 2009 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE - 2009 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 1 and Yemelya - 2, designed by Vasily Elagin, a known Russian mountain climber, explorer and engineer. The vehicles reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009, 17 : 30 ( Moscow time ). The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation. The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole. MLAE 2013 expedition ( edit ) Yemelya -- all terrain amphibious vehicle On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE 2013 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader, and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Andrey Vankov, Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 3 and Yemelya - 4, -- started from Golomyanny Island ( the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago ) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean. The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast. The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 ( 83 ° 08N, 075 ° 59W Ward Hant Island ), and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay, NU. The way between the Russian borderland ( Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, 80 ° 15N, 097 ° 27E ) and the Canadian coast ( Ward Hant Island, 83 ° 08N, 075 ° 59W ) took 55 days ; it was ~ 2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total. The expedition was totally self - dependent and used no external supplies. The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society. Day and night ( edit ) The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter. Sunrise is just before the March equinox ( around 20 March ) ; the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 231⁄2 ° elevation at the summer solstice ( around 21 June ), after which time it begins to sink, reaching sunset just after the September equinox ( around 23 September ). When the sun is visible in the polar sky, it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon. This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation ( in degrees ) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox. Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth. A civil twilight period of about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset, a nautical twilight period of about five weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset and an astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset. These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth 's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth 's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth 's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year ( both change very slowly over long time periods ). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six - month time difference. Time ( edit ) In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more - or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky ( for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest ). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned. Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient, such as Greenwich Mean Time, or the time zone of the country from which they departed. Climate ( edit ) Arctic ice shrinkages of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to the 1979 -- 2000 average. Main article : Climate of the Arctic See also : Climate change in the Arctic The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean ( which acts as a reservoir of heat ), rather than at altitude on a continental land mass. Despite being an ice cap, it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate ( ETf ) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing. Winter temperatures at the North Pole can range from about − 50 to − 13 ° C ( − 58 to 9 ° F ), averaging around − 31 ° C ( − 24 ° F ). However, a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 ° C ( 33 ° F ) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy, located at 87.45 ° N, on December 30, 2015. It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 ° F ( − 1 and 2 ° C ) during the storm. Summer temperatures ( June, July, and August ) average around the freezing point ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ). The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ), much warmer than the South Pole 's record high of only − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ). A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15, 2016 when temperatures hit freezing. The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) thick, although ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate. Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years. It is likely that global warming has contributed to this, but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic. Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer. This may have significant commercial implications ; see `` Territorial Claims, '' below. The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation. ( hide ) Climate data for Greenlandic Weather Station ( eleven year average observations ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) − 13 ( 9 ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 6 ( 21 ) ( 37 ) 10 ( 50 ) 13 ( 55 ) 12 ( 54 ) 7 ( 45 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) 13 ( 55 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 29 ( − 20 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 9 ( 16 ) 0 ( 32 ) ( 36 ) ( 34 ) − 7 ( 19 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 25 ( − 13 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 16.2 ( 2.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 32 ( − 26 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 23 ( − 9 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 1 ( 30 ) ( 34 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 9 ( 16 ) − 20 ( − 4 ) − 27 ( − 17 ) − 28 ( − 18 ) − 17.7 ( 0.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 33 ( − 27 ) − 35 ( − 31 ) − 34 ( − 29 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 1 ( 30 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 19.7 ( − 3.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 24 ( − 11 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 83.5 83.0 83.0 85.0 87.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 88.0 84.5 83.0 83.0 85.83 Source : Weatherbase Flora and fauna ( edit ) Polar bears are believed rarely to travel beyond about 82 ° North owing to the scarcity of food, though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole, and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from the Pole. The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole, and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km ( 37 mi ) away at 89 ° 40 ′ N. Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the snow bunting, northern fulmar and black - legged kittiwake, though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions. Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole, but these are probably few in number. A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there. However, it was later reported that a sea anemone had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified shrimps and amphipods. Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions ( edit ) Main article : Territorial claims in the Arctic Sunset over the North Pole at the International Dateline, 2015 Currently, under international law, no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic countries, Russian Federation, Canada, Norway, Denmark ( via Greenland ), and the United States ( via Alaska ), are limited to a 200 - nautical - mile ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) exclusive economic zone around their coasts, and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority. Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200 - mile exclusive economic zone. If validated, such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone. Norway ( ratified the convention in 1996 ), Russia ( ratified in 1997 ), Canada ( ratified in 2003 ) and Denmark ( ratified in 2004 ) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation. In 1907 Canada invoked a `` sector principle '' to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole. This claim has not been relinquished, but was not consistently pressed until 2013. Cultural associations ( edit ) In some children 's Western cultures, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus ' workshop and residence, although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole. Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole ( referring to Santa 's traditional exclamation of `` Ho ho ho! '' ). This association reflects an age - old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole, the otherworldly world - axis, as the abode of God and superhuman beings. The popular figure of the pole - dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence. As Henry Corbin has documented, the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism. `` The Orient sought by the mystic, the Orient that can not be located on our maps, is in the direction of the north, beyond the north. '' Owing to its remoteness, the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient Iranian tradition called Mount Qaf ( Jabal Qaf ), the `` farthest point of the earth ''. According to certain authors, the Jabal Qaf of Muslim cosmology is a version of Rupes Nigra, a mountain whose ascent, like Dante 's climbing of the Mountain of Purgatory, represents the pilgrim 's progress through spiritual states. In Iranian theosophy, the heavenly Pole, the focal point of the spiritual ascent, acts as a magnet to draw beings to its `` palaces ablaze with immaterial matter. '' See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Council Biome Celestial pole Ecliptic pole Inuit Circumpolar Council North Pole, Alaska Polaris Poles of astronomical bodies Willem Barentsz Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Data is from a Greenlandic Weather Station at 83 ° 38 ′ N 033 ° 22 ′ W  /  83.633 ° N 33.367 ° W  / 83.633 ; - 33.367  ( Greenlandic Weather Station ) located 709 km ( 441 mi ) from the North Pole. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black, Richard ( 8 April 2001 ). New warning on Arctic sea ice melt. BBC Jump up ^ Ljunggren, David ( 5 March 2009 ). Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013 : expert. Reuters Jump up ^ Russian sub plants flag at North Pole, Reuters, 2 August 2007 Jump up ^ Андерсон, Уильям Роберт ( 1965 ). `` '' Наутилус '' у Северного полюса ``. Воениздат. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Jump up ^ Mouton, M.W. ( 1968 ). The International Regime of the Polar Regions. Acadimie de Droit International de La Ha. pp. 202 ( 34 ). ISBN 9028614427. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Jump up ^ Wright, John K. ( July 1953 ). `` The Open Polar Sea ''. Geographical Review. 43 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 365. Jump up ^ `` At the North Pole, 6 -- 7 April 1909 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web ''. Heritage.nf.ca. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2011. Jump up ^ Robert Bryce Cook and Peary : the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole 1997 ; Henderson, B. ( 2005 ) True North WW Norton & Company ISBN 0 - 393 - 32738 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Sir Wally Herbert ''. The Independent. 16 June 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Jump up ^ Tom Avery website. Retrieved May 2007 ^ Jump up to : Roald Amundsen First to Each Pole -- Three Prior North Pole Claims : Each Unproven & Highly Suspect. Dioi.org. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd : An Overview of the Controversy Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University. See also DIO Vol. 10 ( 2000 ) ( refereed both at University of Cambridge and by the DIO board ), which reveals errors of grade school arithmetic in the Byrd - defenses of W. Molett ( pp. 55 & 98 ) and consultant J. Portney ( pp. 73 -- 75 ), neither of whom attempts to explain Byrd 's surgical censoring of his original June report, or his and the National Geographic 's hiding of said report for decades. Similarly, Avery 's chimeral try at replicating the Peary 1909 trip via 2005 ice, may divert from but can not explain Peary 's data - blanks, data - alterations, nor why he, when reading his diary to Congress on 7 January 1911, understandably deleted ( only ) its sole attempt at explaining ( crudely and inadequately ) his steering : `` setting course by moon, our shadows etc ''. See The Washington Post 20 April 1989. Compare diary 2 April 1909 to p. 302 of the Peary Hearings : complete verbatim copy at 1916 Congressional Record Vol. 53, Appendix pp. 293 -- 327. Jump up ^ Did Byrd Reach Pole? His Diary Hints ' No '. The New York Times. ( 9 May 1996 ). Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04. Jump up ^ D. Rawlins Polar Record ( Scott Polar Research Institute ) vol. 36 pp. 25 -- 50. SPRI 's preface : the paper `` is considered to be of such significance to the community that it has been published here despite an expanded version being published this same month in DIO. '' Both versions ( p. 38 and 59, respectively ) note that while Byrd 's New York ticker - tape parade and his National Geographic Society gold medal presentation were on 23 June 1926, the NGS exam of his later - hidden original report was from early 23 June through late 28 June ( six days, mistakenly cited as `` five consecutive days '' in the report ), a chronology so revealing that the September National Geographic pp. 384 -- 385 stripped out the dates ( only ) from the NGS ' own report, which fortunately was published uncensored ( thanks to the Secretary of the Navy ) at The New York Times 30 June, p. 5. Jump up ^ Tierney, John. ( 7 September 2009 ) Who Was First at the North Pole?. Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04. Jump up ^ `` North Pole Drifting Stations ( 1930s -- 1980s ) ''. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2012. Jump up ^ Lockerby, Patrick ( 15 July 2010 ). `` Arctic Heroes # 2 -- North Pole 1 ''. Retrieved 8 January 2012. Jump up ^ Armstrong, Terence ( 2011 ). The Russians in the Arctic. Nabu Press. ISBN 978 - 1 - 245 - 58209 - 4. Retrieved 8 January 2012. Jump up ^ Halliday, Hugh A. ( January / February 2004 ) The Aries Flights Of 1945, Legion Magazine Jump up ^ Mills, William James ( 2003 ). Exploring polar frontiers : a historical encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 422 - 0. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Советские граждане были доставлены на точку Северного полюса, где, образно говоря, проходит земная ось ''. Вокруг Света. Retrieved 8 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Concise chronology of approach to the poles ''. Scott Polar Research Institute ( SPRI ). February 2001. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Высокоширотная воздушная экспедиция `` Север - 2 '' ( 1948 г. ) ``. ФГБУ `` Арктический и антарктический научно - исследовательский институт '' ( ФГБУ `` ААНИИ '' ). 2005 -- 2008. Archived from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ Уфаркин, Николай Васильевич. `` Черевичный Иван Иванович ''. Патриотический интернет проект `` Герои Страны ''. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Jump up ^ Loginov, Dmitri. `` Великий полярный водоворот просыпается ''. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Volovich Vitaly Georgievich ''. Polar World. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ Barlow, John Matthew ( 29 July 2010 ). `` The Cold War in the Arctic '' ( PDF ). Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute ( CDFAI ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Arctic Aerial Exploration ''. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ Safronov, Ivan, Jr. ( 29 July 2009 ). `` Десантников отправят на Северный полюс ''. Коммерсантъ. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ Aviation History Facts, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission Jump up ^ Jensen, Joel FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE. militaryhonors.sid-hill.us Jump up ^ Jenny Booth ( 13 June 2007 ). ' Greatest polar explorer ' Sir Wally Herbert dies, The Times. ^ Jump up to : Bob Headland ( 15 June 2007 ). Sir Wally Herbert, The Guardian. Jump up ^ Polar History. northpolewomen.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ Ramstad, C.J. & Pickering, Keith ( 2011 ). First to the Pole. North Star Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87839 - 446 - 3. Jump up ^ Sir Wally Herbert. Polarworld.co.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ Bruhns, Sarah ( 27 August 2013 ) When Neil Armstrong and Edmund Hillary Took a Trip to the North Pole. atlasobscura.com. Retrieved 9 September 2013. Jump up ^ `` North and South Pole successful ''. ExplorersWeb Inc. 16 June 2004. Retrieved 10 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` Japanese Is First to Reach North Pole by Motorcycle ''. Associated Press. 21 April 1987. Retrieved 10 December 2012. Jump up ^ First people to reach the north pole. Guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ Fütterer, D. et al. ( 1992 ) `` The Expedition ARK - VIII / 3 of RV Polarstern in 1991 '', Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 107, hdl : 10013 / epic. 10107. d001 Jump up ^ Thiede, J. et al. ( 2002 ) `` POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII / 2 Cruise Report : AMORE 2001 ( Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition ) '', Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 421, hdl : 10013 / epic. 10426. d001 Jump up ^ `` Lada Oddities ''. ladaniva.co.uk. Jump up ^ Rosloot, Hans `` Amphihans ''. `` The Amphiclopedia Vi to Wa ''. amphibiousvehicle.net. Jump up ^ Cormick, Brett ( February 2000 ). `` Diving the top of the world ''. Diver. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ Ozeck, Dave ( 12 January 2005 ) USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under - Ice Transit. news.navy.mil. Jump up ^ Swimmer rises to Arctic challenge, BBC news ( 15 July 2007 ). Jump up ^ Банько, Юрий ( 19 September 2007 ). `` Вчера и сегодня мы -- первые. А завтра? ''. Российская газета. Retrieved 9 January 2012. Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Академик Федоров '' -- выходит из порта Санкт - Петербург в экспедицию `` Арктика - 2007 ''. Press release of the AARI ( 9 July 2007 ). ^ Jump up to : Russia plants flag under N Pole, BBC News ( 2 August 2007 ). Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole Jump up ^ Russia 's North Pole Obsession, The New York Times ( 2 August 2007 ). Jump up ^ `` The Big Melt '', The New York Times ( October 2005 ). Jump up ^ `` Diary of MLAE - 2013 ''. yemelya.ru. Jump up ^ Fritz, Angela ; Fritz, Angela ( 30 December 2015 ). `` Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point '' -- via washingtonpost.com. ^ Jump up to : `` CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI / 709 KM, GREENLAND ''. Weatherbase. Retrieved 19 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Sun : Heat Wave '', US Antarctic Program Jump up ^ `` Bizarre Temperatures : North Pole Rises Above Freezing While Parts of Russia Plunge Below - 40 Degrees ''. Jump up ^ Beyond `` Polar Express '' : Fast Facts on the Real North Pole, National Geographic News Jump up ^ `` Sea Ice ''. State of the Cryosphere. NSIDC. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Jump up ^ `` Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 per cent '', The Daily Telegraph ( 28 October 2008 ). Jump up ^ `` Model - Based Estimates of Change ''. IPCC. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 12 December 2006 ). Arctic sea ice `` faces rapid melt '', BBC. Jump up ^ `` Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts ''. NOAA. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2012. Jump up ^ Polar Bear -- Population & Distribution, WWF, January 2007 Jump up ^ Explorers ' Blog Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Greenpeace Project Thin Ice ( 1 July 2006 ). Jump up ^ Halkka, Antti ( February 2003 ). Ringed seal makes its home on the ice. suomenluonto.fi Jump up ^ Tannerfeldt, Magnus. The Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus. zoologi.su.se ^ Jump up to : `` FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR ( Ursus maritimus ) '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 16 February 2011. Jump up ^ `` North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species '', Observer, 2 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( Annex 2, Article 4 ) ''. Retrieved 26 July 2007. ^ Jump up to : Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. un.org ( 4 June 2007 ). Jump up ^ `` Territorial claims in the Arctic '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2011. Jump up ^ The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier : The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons, by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, August 2007 Jump up ^ Noronha, Charmaine ( 9 December 2013 ). `` Canada plans claim that would include North Pole ''. 9 December 2013. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Arctic Sovereignty : Loss by Dereliction? ''. Northern Perspectives. 22 ( 4 ). Winter 1994 -- 1995. Retrieved 16 February 2011. Jump up ^ Jeffers, Harry Paul ( 2000 ). Legends of Santa Claus. Twenty - First Century Books. p. 20. ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4983 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Meet your neighbor : Santa Claus of the North Pole ''. Jump up ^ `` Canada Post Launches 24th Annual Santa Letter - writing Program -- Post Office Sends Joy to Salvation Army with $25,000 Donation ''. Canada Post. 15 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Jump up ^ Godwin, Joscelyn ( 1993 ). Arktos : The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival. Grand Rapids : Phanes Press. ISBN 0932813356. Jump up ^ `` Pole - Spirits North and South ''. Livingheritage.org. Retrieved 4 July 2012. Jump up ^ Corbin, Henry and Pearson, N. ( Translator ) ( 1978 ). The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism. Shambhala. ISBN 0394734416. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ibrahim Muhawi & Sharif Kanaana. Speak, Bird, Speak Again : Palestinian Arab Folktales. Berkeley : University of California Press. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna. al - Jabal al - Lamma. Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna. al - Jabal al - Lamma. p. 44. Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna. al - Jabal al - Lamma. p. 11. Further reading ( edit ) Frederick, Albert ; Cook, Robert E. Peary, George W. Melville ( 2003 ). Finding the North Pole. The Lyons press. ISBN 1 - 59228 - 072 - 2. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Pal, Christopher ( 2002 ). The Oddest Place on Earth : Rediscovering the North Pole. Writer 's Showcase. ISBN 0 - 595 - 21454 - 1. Fairfield, William ( 1885 ). Paradise Found a Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole a Study of the Prehistoric World. Houghton, Mifflin. ISBN 0 - 665 - 37759 - 2. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Pole. Arctic Council The Northern Forum North Pole Web Cam FAQ on the Arctic and the North Pole Daylight, Darkness and Changing of the Seasons at the North Pole Video of the Nuclear Icebreaker Yamal visiting the North Pole in 2001 Polar Discovery : North Pole Observatory Expedition Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. 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Fuchs Messner North Pole manned drifting ice stations Soviet Union NP - 1 : Ivan Papanin, Pyotr Shirshov, Yevgeny Fyodorov, Ernst Krenkel NP - 2 : Mikhail Somov NP - 3 : Alexey Tryoshnikov NP - 4 : Yevgeny Tolstikov, Aleksandr Dralkin NP - 5 NP - 6 NP - 7 NP - 8 NP - 9 NP - 10 NP - 11 NP - 12 NP - 13 NP - 14 NP - 15 NP - 16 NP - 17 NP - 18 NP - 19 : Artur Chilingarov NP - 20 NP - 21 NP - 22 NP - 23 NP - 24 NP - 25 NP - 26 NP - 27 NP - 28 NP - 29 NP - 30 NP - 31 Russia NP - 32 NP - 33 NP - 34 NP - 35 NP - 36 NP - 37 NP - 38 NP - 39 NP - 40 NP - 2015 See also Icebreaker Yermak Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route : Otto Schmidt Aviaarktika : Mark Shevelev Icebreaker Sedov : Konstantin Badygin, Vladimir Wiese Barneo VIAF : 236847368 GND : 4117914 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Pole&oldid=828337429 '' Categories : Extreme points of Earth Northern Canada Navigation Polar regions of the Earth Geography of the Arctic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 114 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 23 : 52. 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{ "text": "Hollywood blacklist - wikipedia Hollywood blacklist Jump to : navigation, search This article is about political blacklists in the 1940s and 1950s. For the 1950 short documentary film about this, see The Hollywood Ten. For the survey of unproduced screenplays, see Black List ( survey ). Members of the Hollywood Ten and their families in 1950, protesting the impending incarceration of the ten The Hollywood blacklist -- as the broader entertainment industry blacklist is generally known -- was the practice of denying employment to screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and other American entertainment professionals during the mid-20th century because they were accused of having Communist ties or sympathies. Artists were barred from work on the basis of their alleged membership in or sympathy with the Communist Party USA or refusal to assist investigations into the party 's activities. Even during the period of its strictest enforcement, the late 1940s through the late 1950s, the blacklist was rarely made explicit or verifiable, but it directly damaged the careers of scores of individuals working in the film industry. The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25, 1947, the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee. A group of studio executives, acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, fired the artists -- the so - called Hollywood Ten -- and made what has become known as the Waldorf Statement. On June 22, 1950, a pamphlet entitled Red Channels was published. Focused on the field of broadcasting, it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of `` Red Fascists and their sympathizers. '' Soon, most of those named, along with a host of other artists, were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field. The blacklist lasted until 1960, when Dalton Trumbo, a Communist Party member from 1943 to 1948 and member of the Hollywood Ten, was credited as the screenwriter of the highly successful film Exodus, and later publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for the movie Spartacus. A number of those blacklisted, however, were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 The blacklist begins ( 1946 -- 1947 ) 1.3 The list grows ( 1948 -- 50 ) 1.4 HUAC returns ( 1951 -- 52 ) 1.5 Height ( 1952 -- 56 ) 1.6 Breaking the blacklist ( 1957 -- present ) 2 The Hollywood Ten and other 1947 blacklistees 2.1 The Hollywood Ten 2.2 Others 2.3 People first blacklisted between January 1948 and June 1950 2.4 The Red Channels list 2.5 Others first blacklisted after June 1950 3 Notes and references 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The Hollywood blacklist was rooted in events of the 1930s and the early 1940s, encompassing the height of the Great Depression and World War II. Two major film industry strikes during the 1930s increased tensions between the Hollywood producers and the unions, particularly the Screen Writers Guild. The American Communist Party lost substantial support after the Moscow show trials of 1936 -- 38 and the German - Soviet Nonaggression Pact of 1939. The U.S. government began turning its attention to the possible links between Hollywood and the party during this period. Under then chairman Martin Dies, Jr., the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) released a report in 1938 claiming that communism was pervasive in Hollywood. Two years later, Dies privately took testimony from a former Communist Party member, John L. Leech, who named forty - two movie industry professionals as Communists. After Leech repeated his charges in supposed confidence to a Los Angeles grand jury, many of the names were reported in the press, including those of stars Humphrey Bogart, James Cagney, Katharine Hepburn, Melvyn Douglas and Fredric March, among other well - known Hollywood figures. Dies said he would `` clear '' all those who cooperated by meeting with him in what he called `` executive session ''. Within two weeks of the grand jury leak, all those on the list except for actress Jean Muir had met with the HUAC chairman. Dies `` cleared '' everyone except actor Lionel Stander, who was fired by the movie studio, Republic Pictures, where he was contracted. In 1941, producer Walt Disney took out an ad in Variety, the industry trade magazine, declaring his conviction that `` Communist agitation '' was behind a cartoonists and animators ' strike. According to historians Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, `` In actuality, the strike had resulted from Disney 's overbearing paternalism, high - handedness, and insensitivity. '' Inspired by Disney, California State Senator Jack Tenney, chairman of the state legislature 's Joint Fact - Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, launched an investigation of `` Reds in movies ''. The probe fell flat, and was mocked in several Variety headlines. The subsequent wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union brought the American Communist Party newfound credibility. During the war, membership in the party reached a peak of 50,000. As World War II drew to a close, perceptions changed again, with communism increasingly becoming a focus of American fears and hatred. In 1945, Gerald L.K. Smith, founder of the neofascist America First Party, began giving speeches in Los Angeles assailing the `` alien minded Russian Jews in Hollywood ''. Mississippi congressman John E. Rankin, a member of HUAC, held a press conference to declare that `` one of the most dangerous plots ever instigated for the overthrow of this Government has its headquarters in Hollywood... the greatest hotbed of subversive activities in the United States. '' Rankin promised, `` We 're on the trail of the tarantula now ''. Reports of Soviet repression in Eastern and Central Europe in the war 's aftermath added more fuel to what became known as the `` Second Red Scare ''. The growth of conservative political influence and the Republican triumph in the 1946 Congressional elections, which saw the party take control of both the House and Senate, led to a major revival of institutional anticommunist activity, publicly spearheaded by HUAC. The following year, the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals ( MPA ), a political action group cofounded by Walt Disney, issued a pamphlet advising producers on the avoidance of `` subtle communistic touches '' in their films. Its counsel revolved around a list of ideological prohibitions, such as `` Do n't smear the free - enterprise system... Do n't smear industrialists... Do n't smear wealth... Do n't smear the profit motive... Do n't deify the ' common man '... Do n't glorify the collective ''. The blacklist begins ( 1946 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) On July 29, 1946, William R. Wilkerson, publisher and founder of The Hollywood Reporter, published a `` TradeView '' column entitled `` A Vote For Joe Stalin ''. It named as Communist sympathizers Dalton Trumbo, Maurice Rapf, Lester Cole, Howard Koch, Harold Buchman, John Wexley, Ring Lardner Jr., Harold Salemson, Henry Meyers, Theodore Strauss, and John Howard Lawson. In August and September 1946, Wilkerson published other columns containing names of numerous purported Communists and sympathizers. They became known as `` Billy 's List '' and `` Billy 's Blacklist. '' In a 65th - anniversary article in 2012, Wilkerson 's son apologized for the newspaper 's role in the blacklist, saying that his father was motivated by revenge for his own thwarted ambition to own a studio. In October 1947, drawing upon the list named in the Hollywood Reporter, the House Un-American Activities Committee subpoenaed a number of persons working in the Hollywood film industry to testify at hearings. The committee had declared its intention to investigate whether Communist agents and sympathizers had been planting propaganda in U.S. films. The hearings opened with appearances by Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan, then president of the Screen Actors Guild. Disney testified that the threat of Communists in the film industry was a serious one, and named specific people who had worked for him as probable Communists. Reagan testified that a small clique within his union was using `` communist - like tactics '' in attempting to steer union policy, but that he did not know if those ( unnamed ) members were communists or not, and that in any case he thought the union had them under control. ( Later his first wife, actress Jane Wyman stated in her biography with Joe Morella ( 1985 ) that Reagan 's allegations against friends and colleagues led to tension in their marriage, eventually resulting in their divorce ). Actor Adolphe Menjou declared, `` I am a witch hunter if the witches are Communists. I am a Red - baiter. I would like to see them all back in Russia. '' In contrast, several leading Hollywood figures, including director John Huston and actors Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, and Danny Kaye, organized the Committee for the First Amendment to protest the government 's targeting of the film industry. Members of the committee, such as Sterling Hayden, assured Bogart that they were not Communists. During the hearings a local Washington paper reported that Hayden was a Communist. After returning to Hollywood Bogart shouted at Danny Kaye, `` You fuckers sold me out. '' The group came under attack as being naive or foolish. Under pressure from his studio, Warner Brothers, to distance himself from the Hollywood Ten, Bogart negotiated a statement that did not denounce the committee, but said that his trip was `` ill - advised, even foolish. '' Billy Wilder told the group that `` we oughta fold. '' Huston later changed his opinion of the Hollywood Ten. In a 1952 letter he told a colleague : `` It was a long time afterward that I discovered that the real reasons behind the behavior of the ' Ten ' in Washington, and when I did I was shocked beyond words. It seems that some of them had already testified in California, and that their testimony had been false. They had said they were not Communists and now, to have admitted it to the press would have been to lay themselves open to charges of perjury... And so, when I believed them to have engaged to defend the freedom of the individual, they were really looking after their own skins. Had I so much as suspected such a thing, you may be sure I would have washed my hands of them instantly. But, as I said before, the revelation was a long time coming. '' Many of the film industry professionals in whom HUAC had expressed interest -- primarily screenwriters, but also actors, directors, producers, and others -- were either known or alleged to have been members of the American Communist Party. Of the 43 people put on the witness list, 19 declared that they would not give evidence. Eleven of these nineteen were called before the committee. Members of the Committee for the First Amendment flew to Washington ahead of this climactic phase of the hearing, which commenced on Monday, October 27. Of the eleven `` unfriendly witnesses '', one, émigré playwright Bertolt Brecht, ultimately chose to answer the committee 's questions. The other ten refused, citing their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and assembly. The crucial question they refused to answer is now generally rendered as `` Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party? '' Each had at one time or another been a member, as many intellectuals during the Great Depression felt that the Party offered an alternative to capitalism. Some still were members, others had been active in the past and only briefly. The Committee formally accused these ten of contempt of Congress and began criminal proceedings against them in the full House of Representatives. In light of the `` Hollywood Ten '' 's defiance of HUAC -- in addition to refusing to testify, many had tried to read statements decrying the committee 's investigation as unconstitutional -- political pressure mounted on the film industry to demonstrate its `` anti-subversive '' bona fides. Late in the hearings, Eric Johnston, president of the Association of Motion Picture Producers ( AMPP ) ( and Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) ), declared to the committee that he would never `` employ any proven or admitted Communist because they are just a disruptive force and I do n't want them around. '' On November 17, the Screen Actors Guild voted to make its officers swear a pledge asserting each was not a Communist. The following week, on November 24, the House of Representatives voted 346 to 17 to approve citations against the Hollywood Ten for contempt of Congress. The next day, following a meeting of film industry executives at New York 's Waldorf - Astoria hotel, AMPP president Johnston issued a press release that is today referred to as the Waldorf Statement. Their statement said that the ten would be fired or suspended without pay and not reemployed until they were cleared of contempt charges and had sworn that they were not Communists. The first Hollywood blacklist was in effect. The list grows ( 1948 -- 50 ) ( edit ) The HUAC hearings had failed to turn up any evidence that Hollywood was secretly disseminating Communist propaganda, but the industry was nonetheless transformed. The fallout from the inquiry was a factor in the decision by Floyd Odlum, the primary owner of RKO Pictures, to get out of the business. As a result, the studio would pass into the hands of Howard Hughes. Within weeks of taking over in May 1948, Hughes fired most of RKO 's employees and virtually shut the studio down for six months as he had the political sympathies of the rest investigated. Then, just as RKO swung back into production, Hughes made the decision to settle a long - standing federal antitrust suit against the industry 's Big Five studios. This would be one of the crucial steps in the collapse of the studio system that had governed Hollywood, and ruled much of world cinema, for a quarter - century. In early 1948 all of the Hollywood Ten were convicted of contempt. Following a series of unsuccessful appeals, the cases arrived before the Supreme Court ; among the submissions filed in defense of the ten was an amicus curiae brief signed by 204 Hollywood professionals. After the court denied review, the Hollywood Ten began serving one - year prison sentences in 1950. One of the Ten, screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, stated in the 1976 documentary film Hollywood On Trial : As far as I was concerned, it was a completely just verdict. I had contempt for that Congress and have had contempt for several since. And on the basis of guilt or innocence, I could never really complain very much. That this was a crime or misdemeanor was the complaint, my complaint. In September 1950, one of the Ten, director Edward Dmytryk, publicly announced that he had once been a Communist and was prepared to give evidence against others who had been as well. He was released early from jail ; following his 1951 HUAC appearance, in which he described his brief membership in the party and named names, his career recovered. The others remained silent and most were unable to obtain work in the American film and television industry for many years. Adrian Scott, who had produced four of Dmytryk 's films -- Murder, My Sweet ; Cornered ; So Well Remembered ; and Crossfire -- was one of those named by his former friend. Scott 's next screen credit would not come until 1972 and he would never produce another feature film. Some of those blacklisted continued to write for Hollywood or the broadcasting industry surreptitiously, using pseudonyms or the names of friends who posed as the actual writers ( those who allowed their names to be used in this fashion were called `` fronts '' ). Of the 204 who signed the amicus brief, 84 would be blacklisted themselves. There was a more general chilling effect : Humphrey Bogart, who had been one of the most prominent members of the Committee for the First Amendment, felt compelled to write an article for Photoplay magazine denying he was a Communist sympathizer. The Tenney Committee, which had continued its state - level investigations, summoned songwriter Ira Gershwin to testify about his participation in the committee. The May 7, 1948, issue of the Counterattack newsletter warned readers about a radio talk show that had recently expanded its audience by moving from the Mutual network to ABC : `` Communist Party members and fellow - travelers have often been guests on ( Arthur ) Gaeth 's program. '' A number of non-governmental organizations participated in enforcing and expanding the blacklist ; in particular, the American Legion, the conservative war veterans ' group, was instrumental in pressuring the entertainment industry to exclude those of political sympathies it disagreed with. In 1949, the Americanism Division of the Legion issued its own blacklist -- a roster of 128 people whom it claimed were participants in the `` Communist Conspiracy. '' Among the names on the Legion 's list was that of well - known playwright Lillian Hellman. Hellman had written or contributed to the screenplays of approximately ten motion pictures up to that point ; she would not be employed again by a Hollywood studio until 1966. Another influential group was American Business Consultants Inc., founded in 1947. In the subscription information for its weekly publication Counterattack, `` The Newsletter of Facts to Combat Communism '', it declared that it was run by `` a group of former FBI men. It has no affiliation whatsoever with any government agency. '' Notwithstanding that claim, it seems the editors of Counterattack had direct access to the files of both the Federal Bureau of Investigation and HUAC ; the results of that access became widely apparent with the June 1950 publication of Red Channels. This Counterattack spinoff listed 151 people in entertainment and broadcast journalism, along with records of their involvement in what the pamphlet meant to be taken as Communist or pro-Communist activities. A few of those named, such as Hellman, were already being denied employment in the motion picture, TV, and radio fields ; the publication of Red Channels meant that scores more would be placed on the blacklist. That year, CBS instituted a loyalty oath which it required of all its employees. Jean Muir was the first performer to lose employment because of a listing in Red Channels. In 1950 Muir was named as a Communist sympathizer in the pamphlet, and was immediately removed from the cast of the television sitcom The Aldrich Family, in which she had been cast as Mrs. Aldrich. NBC had received between 20 and 30 phone calls protesting her being in the show. General Motors, the sponsor, said that it would not sponsor programs in which `` controversial persons '' were featured. Though the company later received thousands of calls protesting the decision, it was not reversed. HUAC returns ( 1951 -- 52 ) ( edit ) In 1951, with the U.S. Congress now under Democratic control, HUAC launched a second investigation of Hollywood and Communism. As actor Larry Parks said when called before the panel, Do n't present me with the choice of either being in contempt of this committee and going to jail or forcing me to really crawl through the mud to be an informer. For what purpose? I do n't think it is a choice at all. I do n't think this is really sportsmanlike. I do n't think this is American. I do n't think this is American justice. Parks ultimately testified, becoming, however reluctantly, a `` friendly witness, '' and found himself blacklisted, nonetheless. In fact, the legal tactics of those refusing to testify had changed by this time ; instead of relying on the First Amendment, they invoked the Fifth Amendment 's shield against self - incrimination ( though, as before, Communist Party membership was not illegal ). While this usually allowed a witness to avoid `` naming names '' without being indicted for contempt of Congress, `` taking the Fifth '' before HUAC guaranteed that one would be added to the industry blacklist. Historians at times distinguish between the relatively official blacklist -- the names of those who ( a ) were called by HUAC and, in whatever manner, refused to cooperate and / or ( b ) were identified as Communists in the hearings -- and the so - called graylist -- those others who were denied work because of their political or personal affiliations, real or imagined ; the consequences, however, were largely the same. The graylist also refers more specifically to those who were denied work by the major studios but could still find jobs on Poverty Row : Composer Elmer Bernstein, for instance, was called by HUAC when it was discovered that he had written some music reviews for a Communist newspaper. After he refused to name names, pointing out that he had never attended a Communist Party meeting, he found himself composing music for movies such as Cat Women of the Moon. Anticommunist tract from the 1950s, decrying the `` REDS of Hollywood and Broadway '' Like Parks and Dmytryk, others also cooperated with the committee. Some friendly witnesses gave broadly damaging testimony with less apparent reluctance, most prominently director Elia Kazan and screenwriter Budd Schulberg. Their cooperation in describing the political leanings of their friends and professional associates effectively brought a halt to dozens of careers and compelled a number of artists to depart for Mexico or Europe. Others were also forced abroad in order to work. Director Jules Dassin was among the best known of these. Briefly a Communist, Dassin had left the party in 1939. He was immediately blacklisted after Edward Dmytryk and fellow filmmaker Frank Tuttle named him to HUAC in 1952. Dassin left for France, and spent much of his remaining career in Greece. Scholar Thomas Doherty describes how the HUAC hearings swept onto the blacklist those who had never even been particularly active politically, let alone suspected of being Communists : ( O ) n March 21, 1951, the name of the actor Lionel Stander was uttered by the actor Larry Parks during testimony before HUAC. `` Do you know Lionel Stander? '' committee counsel Frank S. Tavenner inquired. Parks replied he knew the man, but had no knowledge of his political affiliations. No more was said about Stander either by Parks or the committee -- no accusation, no insinuation. Yet Stander 's phone stopped ringing. Prior to Parks 's testimony, Stander had worked on ten television shows in the previous 100 days. Afterwards, nothing. When Stander was himself called before HUAC, he began by pledging his full support in the fight against `` subversive '' activities : I know of a group of fanatics who are desperately trying to undermine the Constitution of the United States by depriving artists and others of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness without due process of law... I can tell names and cite instances and I am one of the first victims of it... ( This is ) a group of ex-Fascists and America - Firsters and anti-Semites, people who hate everybody including Negroes, minority groups and most likely themselves... ( T ) hese people are engaged in a conspiracy outside all the legal processes to undermine the very fundamental American concepts upon which our entire system of democracy exists. Stander was clearly speaking of the committee itself. The hunt for subversives extended into every branch of the entertainment industry. In the field of animation, two studios in particularly were affected : United Productions of America ( UPA ) was purged of a large portion of its staff, while New York -- based Tempo was entirely crushed. The HUAC investigation also effectively destroyed families. Screenwriter Richard Collins, after a brief period on the blacklist, became a friendly witness and dumped his wife, actress Dorothy Comingore, who refused to name names. Divorcing Comingore, Collins took the couple 's young son, as well. The family 's story was later dramatized in the film Guilty by Suspicion ( 1991 ), in which the character based on Comingore `` commits suicide rather than endure a long mental collapse. '' In real life, Comingore succumbed to alcoholism and died of a pulmonary disease at the age of fifty - eight. In the description of historians Paul Buhle and David Wagner, `` premature strokes and heart attacks were fairly common ( among blacklistees ), along with heavy drinking as a form of suicide on the installment plan. '' For all that, evidence that Communists were actually using Hollywood films as vehicles for subversion remained hard to come by. Schulberg reported that the manuscript of his novel What Makes Sammy Run? ( later a screenplay, as well ) had been subject to an ideological critique by Hollywood Ten writer John Howard Lawson, whose comments he had solicited. The significance of such interactions was questionable. As historian Gerald Horne describes, many Hollywood screenwriters had joined or associated with the local Communist Party chapter because it `` offered a collective to a profession that was enmeshed in tremendous isolation at the typewriter. Their ' Writers ' Clinic ' had ' an informal `` board '' of respected screenwriters ' -- including Lawson and Ring Lardner Jr. -- ' who read and commented upon any screenplay submitted to them. Although their criticism could be plentiful, stinging, and ( sometimes ) politically dogmatic, the author was entirely free to accept it or reject it as he or she pleased without incurring the slightest `` consequence '' or sanction. ' '' Much of the onscreen evidence of Communist influence uncovered by HUAC was feeble at best. One witness remembered Stander, while performing in a film, whistling the left - wing `` Internationale '' as his character waited for an elevator. `` Another noted that screenwriter Lester Cole had inserted lines from a famous pro-Loyalist speech by La Pasionaria about it being ' better to die on your feet than to live on your knees ' into a pep talk delivered by a football coach. '' Others disagree about how Communists affected the film industry. The author Kenneth Billingsley, writing in Reason magazine, said that Trumbo wrote in The Daily Worker about films which he said communist influence in Hollywood had prevented from being made : among them were proposed adaptations of Arthur Koestler 's anti-totalitarian works Darkness at Noon and The Yogi and the Commissar, which described the rise of communism in Russia. Authors Ronald and Allis Radosh, writing in Red Star over Hollywood : The Film Colony 's Long Romance with the Left, said that Trumbo bragged about how he and other party members stopped anti-communist films from being produced. Height ( 1952 -- 56 ) ( edit ) In 1952, the Screen Writers Guild -- which had been founded two decades before by three future members of the Hollywood Ten -- authorized the movie studios to `` omit from the screen '' the names of any individuals who had failed to clear themselves before Congress. Writer Dalton Trumbo, for instance, one of the Hollywood Ten and still very much on the blacklist, had received screen credit in 1950 for writing, years earlier, the story on which the screenplay of Columbia Pictures ' Emergency Wedding was based. There would be no more of that until the 1960s. The name of Albert Maltz, who had written the original screenplay for The Robe in the mid-1940s, was nowhere to be seen when the movie was released in 1953. As William O'Neill describes, pressure was maintained even on those who had ostensibly `` cleared '' themselves : On December 27, 1952, the American Legion announced that it disapproved of a new film, Moulin Rouge, starring José Ferrer, who used to be no more progressive than hundreds of other actors and had already been grilled by HUAC. The picture itself was based on the life of Toulouse - Lautrec and was totally apolitical. Nine members of the Legion had picketed it anyway, giving rise to the controversy. By this time people were not taking any chances. Ferrer immediately wired the Legion 's national commander that he would be glad to join the veterans in their `` fight against communism. '' The group 's efforts dragged many others onto the blacklist : In 1954, `` ( s ) creenwriter Louis Pollock, a man without any known political views or associations, suddenly had his career yanked out from under him because the American Legion confused him with Louis Pollack, a California clothier, who had refused to cooperate with HUAC. '' During this same period, a number of influential newspaper columnists covering the entertainment industry, including Walter Winchell, Hedda Hopper, Victor Riesel, Jack O'Brian, and George Sokolsky, regularly offered up names with the suggestion that they should be added to the blacklist. Actor John Ireland received an out - of - court settlement to end a 1954 lawsuit against the Young & Rubicam advertising agency, which had ordered him dropped from the lead role in a television series it sponsored. Variety described it as `` the first industry admission of what has for some time been an open secret -- that the threat of being labeled a political nonconformist, or worse, has been used against show business personalities and that a screening system is at work determining thesp ( actors ' ) availabilities for roles. '' The first Hollywood movie to overtly take on McCarthyism, Storm Center appeared in 1956. Bette Davis `` plays a small - town librarian who refuses, on principle, to remove a book called ' The Communist Dream ' from the shelves when the local council deems it subversive. '' The Hollywood blacklist had long gone hand in hand with the Red - baiting activities of J. Edgar Hoover 's FBI. Adversaries of HUAC such as lawyer Bartley Crum, who defended some of the Hollywood Ten in front of the committee in 1947, were labeled as Communist sympathizers or subversives and targeted for investigation themselves. Throughout the 1950s, the FBI tapped Crum 's phones, opened his mail, and placed him under continuous surveillance. As a result, he lost most of his clients and, unable to cope with the stress of ceaseless harassment, committed suicide in 1959. Intimidating and dividing the left is now seen as a central purpose of the HUAC hearings. Fund - raising for once - popular humanitarian efforts became difficult, and despite the sympathies of many in the industry there was little open support in Hollywood for causes such as the Civil Rights Movement and opposition to nuclear weapons testing. The struggles attending the blacklist were played out metaphorically on the big screen in various ways. As described by film historian James Chapman, `` Carl Foreman, who had refused to testify before the committee, wrote the western High Noon ( 1952 ), in which a town marshal ( played, ironically, by friendly witness Gary Cooper ) finds himself deserted by the good citizens of Hadleyville ( read : Hollywood ) when a gang of outlaws who had terrorized the town several years earlier ( read : HUAC ) returns. '' Cooper 's lawman cleaned up Hadleyville, but Foreman was forced to leave for Europe to find work. Even more famously, Kazan and Schulberg collaborated on a movie widely seen as justifying their decision to name names. On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) became one of the most honored films in Hollywood history, winning eight Academy Awards, including Oscars for Best Film, Kazan 's direction, and Schulberg 's screenplay. The film featured Lee J. Cobb, one of the best known actors to name names. Time Out Film Guide argues that the film is `` undermined '' by its `` embarrassing special pleading on behalf of informers. '' After his release from prison, Herbert Biberman of the Hollywood Ten directed Salt of the Earth, working independently in New Mexico with fellow blacklisted Hollywood professionals -- producer Paul Jarrico, writer Michael Wilson, and actors Rosaura Revueltas and Will Geer. The film, concerning a strike by Mexican - American mine workers, was denounced as Communist propaganda when it was completed in 1953. Distributors boycotted it, newspapers and radio stations rejected advertisements for it, and the projectionists ' union refused to run it. Nationwide in 1954, only around a dozen theaters exhibited it. Breaking the blacklist ( 1957 -- present ) ( edit ) A key figure in bringing an end to blacklisting was John Henry Faulk. Host of an afternoon comedy radio show, Faulk was a leftist active in his union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. He was scrutinized by AWARE, one of the private firms that examined individuals for signs of Communist sympathies and `` disloyalty. '' Marked by the group as unfit, he was fired by CBS Radio. Almost alone among the many victims of blacklisting, Faulk decided to sue AWARE in 1957. Though the case would drag through the courts for years, the suit itself was an important symbol of the building resistance to the blacklist. The initial cracks in the entertainment industry blacklist were evident on television, specifically at CBS. In 1957, blacklisted actor Norman Lloyd was hired by Alfred Hitchcock as an associate producer for his anthology series Alfred Hitchcock Presents, then entering its third season on the network. On November 30, 1958, a live CBS production of Wonderful Town, based on short stories written by then - Communist Ruth McKenney, appeared with the proper writing credit of blacklisted Edward Chodorov, along with his literary partner, Joseph Fields. The following year, actress Betty Hutton insisted that blacklisted composer Jerry Fielding be hired as musical director for her new series, also on CBS. The first main break in the Hollywood blacklist followed soon after. On January 20, 1960, director Otto Preminger publicly announced that Dalton Trumbo, one of the best known members of the Hollywood Ten, was the screenwriter of his forthcoming film Exodus. Six - and - a-half months later, with Exodus still to debut, the New York Times announced that Universal Pictures would give Trumbo screen credit for his role as writer on Spartacus, a decision star Kirk Douglas is now recognized as largely responsible for. On October 6, Spartacus premiered -- the first movie to bear Trumbo 's name since he had received story credit on Emergency Wedding in 1950. Since 1947, he had written or co-written approximately seventeen motion pictures without credit. Exodus followed in December, also bearing Trumbo 's name. The blacklist was now clearly coming to an end, but its effects continue to reverberate even until the present. John Henry Faulk won his lawsuit in 1962. With this court decision, the private blacklisters and those who used them were put on notice that they were legally liable for the professional and financial damage they caused. This helped to bring an end to publications such as Counterattack. Like Adrian Scott and Lillian Hellman, however, a number of those on the blacklist remained there for an extended period -- Lionel Stander, for instance, could not find work in Hollywood until 1965. Some of those who named names, like Kazan and Schulberg, argued for years after that they had made an ethically proper decision. Others, like actor Lee J. Cobb and director Michael Gordon, who gave friendly testimony to HUAC after suffering on the blacklist for a time, `` concede ( d ) with remorse that their plan was to name their way back to work. '' And there were those more gravely haunted by the choice they had made. In 1963, actor Sterling Hayden declared, I was a rat, a stoolie, and the names I named of those close friends were blacklisted and deprived of their livelihood. Scholars Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner state that Hayden `` was widely believed to have drunk himself into a near - suicidal depression decades before his 1986 death. '' Into the 21st century, the Writers Guild pursued the correction of screen credits from movies of the 1950s and early 1960s to properly reflect the work of blacklisted writers such as Carl Foreman and Hugo Butler. On December 19, 2011, the guild, acting on a request for an investigation made by his dying son Christopher Trumbo, announced that Dalton Trumbo would get full credit for his work on the screenplay for the 1953 romantic comedy Roman Holiday, almost sixty years after the fact. The Hollywood Ten and other 1947 blacklistees ( edit ) The Hollywood Ten ( edit ) The Hollywood Ten in November 1947 waiting to be fingerprinted in the U.S. Marshal 's office after being cited for contempt of Congress. Front row ( from left ) : Herbert Biberman, attorneys Martin Popper and Robert W. Kenny, Albert Maltz, Lester Cole. Middle row : Dalton Trumbo, John Howard Lawson, Alvah Bessie, Samuel Ornitz. Back row : Ring Lardner Jr., Edward Dmytryk, Adrian Scott. The following ten individuals were cited for contempt of Congress and blacklisted after refusing to answer questions about their alleged involvement with the Communist Party : Alvah Bessie, screenwriter Herbert Biberman, screenwriter and director Lester Cole, screenwriter Edward Dmytryk, director Ring Lardner Jr., screenwriter John Howard Lawson, screenwriter Albert Maltz, screenwriter Samuel Ornitz, screenwriter Adrian Scott, producer and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, screenwriter In late September 1947, HUAC subpoenaed 79 individuals on a claim that they were subversive and the supposition that they injected Communist propaganda into their films. Although never substantiating this claim, the investigators charged them with contempt of Congress when they refused to answer the questions about their membership in the Screen Writers Guild and Communist Party. The Committee demanded they admit their political beliefs and name names of other Communists. Nineteen of those refused to cooperate, and due to illnesses, scheduling conflicts, and exhaustion from the chaotic hearings, only 10 appeared before the Committee. These men became known as the Hollywood Ten. Belonging to the Communist Party did not constitute a crime, and the Committee 's right to investigate these men was questionable in the first place. These men relied on the First Amendment 's right to privacy, freedom of speech, and freedom of thought, but the Committee charged them with contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions. Later defendants - except Pete Seeger - tried different strategies. Acknowledging the potential for punishment, the Ten still took bold stands, resisting the authority of HUAC. They yelled at the Chairman and treated the Committee with open indignation, emanating negativity and discouraging outside public favor and help. Upon receiving their contempt citations, they believed the Supreme Court would overturn the rulings, which did not turn out to be the case, and as a result, they were convicted of contempt and fined $1,000 each ( or, over $10,700 USD in 2016 dollars, when adjusted for inflation ), and sentenced to six - months to one - year prison terms. HUAC did not treat the Ten with respect either, refusing to allow most of them to speak for more than just a few words at a time. Meanwhile, witnesses who had arranged to cooperate with the Committee ( such as the anti-Communist screenwriter Ayn Rand ) were allowed to speak at length. Martin Redish suggests that at this time, the First Amendment 's right of free expression in these cases was used to protect the powers of the government accuser ( s ), instead of the rights of the citizen - victims. After witnessing the well - publicized ineffectiveness of the Ten 's defense strategy, later defendants chose to plead the Fifth Amendment ( against self - incrimination ), instead. Public support for the Hollywood Ten wavered, as everyday citizen - observers were never really sure what to make of them. Some of these men later wrote about their experiences as part of the Ten. John Howard Lawson, the Ten 's unofficial leader, wrote a book attacking Hollywood for appeasing HUAC. While mostly criticizing the studios for their weakness, Lawson also defends himself / the Ten and criticizes Edward Dmytryk for being the only one to recant and eventually cooperate with HUAC. In his 1981 autobiography, Hollywood Red, screenwriter Lester Cole stated that all of the Hollywood Ten had been Communist Party USA members at some point. Other members of the Hollywood Ten, such as Dalton Trumbo and Edward Dmytryk, publicly admitted to being Communists while testifying before the Committee. When Dmytryk wrote his memoir about this period, he denounced the Ten and defended his decision to work with HUAC. He claimed to have left the Communist Party before having been subpoenaed, defining himself as the `` odd man out. '' He condemns the Ten 's legal tactic of defiance, and regrets staying with the group for as long as he did. Others ( edit ) Hanns Eisler, composer Bernard Gordon, screenwriter Joan LaCour Scott, screenwriter People first blacklisted between January 1948 and June 1950 ( edit ) ( an asterisk after the entry indicates the person was also listed in Red Channels ) Ben Barzman, screenwriter Paul Draper, actor and dancer * Sheridan Gibney, screenwriter Paul Green, playwright and screenwriter Lillian Hellman, playwright and screenwriter * Canada Lee, actor Paul Robeson, actor and singer Edwin Rolfe, screenwriter and poet William Sweets, radio personality * Richard Wright, writer The Red Channels list ( edit ) ( see, e.g., Schrecker ( 2002 ), p. 244 ; Barnouw ( 1990 ), pp. 122 -- 24 ) Larry Adler, actor and musician Luther Adler, actor and director Stella Adler, actor and teacher Edith Atwater, actor Howard Bay, scenic designer Ralph Bell, actor Leonard Bernstein, composer and conductor Walter Bernstein, screenwriter Michael Blankfort, screenwriter Marc Blitzstein, composer True Boardman, screenwriter Millen Brand, writer Oscar Brand, folk singer Joseph Edward Bromberg, actor Himan Brown, producer and director John Brown, actor Abe Burrows, playwright and lyricist Morris Carnovsky, actor Cliff Carpenter, actor Vera Caspary, writer Edward Chodorov, screenwriter and producer Jerome Chodorov, writer Mady Christians, actor Lee J. Cobb, actor Marc Connelly, playwright Aaron Copland, composer Norman Corwin, writer Howard Da Silva, actor Roger De Koven, actor Dean Dixon, conductor Olin Downes, music critic Alfred Drake, actor and singer Paul Draper, actor and dancer Howard Duff, actor Clifford J. Durr, attorney Richard Dyer - Bennet, folk singer José Ferrer, actor Louise Fitch ( Lewis ), actor Martin Gabel, actor Arthur Gaeth, radio commentator William S. Gailmor, journalist and radio commentator John Garfield, actor Will Geer, actor Jack Gilford, actor and comedian Tom Glazer, folk singer Ruth Gordon, actor and screenwriter Lloyd Gough, actor Morton Gould, pianist and composer Shirley Graham, writer Ben Grauer, radio and TV personality Mitchell Grayson, radio producer and director Horace Grenell, conductor and music producer Uta Hagen, actor and teacher Dashiell Hammett, writer E.Y. `` Yip '' Harburg, lyricist Robert P. Heller, television journalist Lillian Hellman, playwright and screenwriter Jon Hering, intern Nat Hiken, writer and producer Rose Hobart, actor Judy Holliday, actor and comedian Roderick B. Holmgren, journalist Lena Horne, singer and actor Langston Hughes, writer Marsha Hunt, actor Leo Hurwitz, director Charles Irving, actor Burl Ives, folk singer and actor Sam Jaffe, actor Leon Janney, actor Joe Julian, actor Garson Kanin, writer and director George Keane, actor Donna Keath, radio actor Pert Kelton, actor Alexander Kendrick, journalist and author Adelaide Klein, actor Howard Koch, screenwriter Tony Kraber, actor Millard Lampell, screenwriter John La Touche, lyricist Arthur Laurents, writer Gypsy Rose Lee, actor and ecdysiast Madeline Lee, actress Ray Lev, classical pianist Philip Loeb, actor Ella Logan, actor and singer Alan Lomax, folklorist and musicologist Avon Long, actor and singer Joseph Losey, director Peter Lyon, television writer Aline MacMahon, actor Paul Mann, director and teacher Margo, actor and dancer Myron McCormick, actor Paul McGrath, radio actor Burgess Meredith, actor Arthur Miller, playwright Henry Morgan, actor Zero Mostel, actor and comedian Jean Muir, actor Meg Mundy, actor Lyn Murray, composer and choral director Ben Myers, attorney Dorothy Parker, writer Arnold Perl, producer and writer Minerva Pious, actor Samson Raphaelson, screenwriter and playwright Bernard Reis, accountant Anne Revere, actor Kenneth Roberts, writer Earl Robinson, composer and lyricist Edward G. Robinson, actor William N. Robson, radio and TV writer Harold Rome, composer and lyricist Norman Rosten, writer Selena Royle, actor Coby Ruskin, TV director Robert William St. John, journalist, broadcaster Hazel Scott, jazz and classical musician Pete Seeger, folk singer Lisa Sergio, radio personality Artie Shaw, jazz musician Irwin Shaw, writer, playwright Robert Lewis Shayon, former president of radio and TV directors ' guild Ann Shepherd, actor William L. Shirer, journalist, broadcaster Allan Sloane, radio and TV writer Howard K. Smith, journalist, broadcaster Gale Sondergaard, actor Hester Sondergaard, actor Lionel Stander, actor Johannes Steel, journalist, radio commentator Paul Stewart, actor Elliott Sullivan, actor William Sweets, radio personality Helen Tamiris, choreographer Betty Todd, director Louis Untermeyer, poet Hilda Vaughn, actor J. Raymond Walsh, radio commentator Sam Wanamaker, actor Theodore Ward, playwright Fredi Washington, actor Margaret Webster, actor, director and producer Orson Welles, actor, writer and director Josh White, blues musician Irene Wicker, singer and actor Betty Winkler ( Keane ), actor Martin Wolfson, actor Lesley Woods, actor Richard Yaffe, journalist, broadcaster Others first blacklisted after June 1950 ( edit ) Eddie Albert, actor Lew Amster, screenwriter Richard Attenborough, actor, director and producer Norma Barzman, screenwriter Sol Barzman, screenwriter Orson Bean, actor Albert Bein, screenwriter Harry Belafonte, actor and singer Barbara Bel Geddes, actress Ben Bengal, screenwriter Seymour Bennett, screenwriter Leonardo Bercovici, screenwriter Herschel Bernardi, actor John Berry, actor, screenwriter and director Henry Blankfort, screenwriter Laurie Blankfort, artist Roman Bohnen, actor Allen Boretz, screenwriter and songwriter Phoebe Brand, actress John Bright, screenwriter Phil Brown, actor Harold Buchman, screenwriter Sidney Buchman, screenwriter Luis Buñuel, director Val Burton, screenwriter Hugo Butler, screenwriter Alan Campbell, screenwriter Charles Chaplin, actor, director and producer Maurice Clark, screenwriter Richard Collins, screenwriter Charles Collingwood, radio commentator Dorothy Comingore, actress Jeff Corey, actor George Corey, screenwriter Irwin Corey, actor and comedian Oliver Crawford, screenwriter John Cromwell, director Charles Dagget, animator Danny Dare, choreographer Jules Dassin, director Ossie Davis, actor Ruby Dee, actress Dolores del Río, actress Karen DeWolf, screenwriter Howard Dimsdale, writer Ludwig Donath, actor Arnaud d'Usseau, screenwriter Phil Eastman, cartoon writer Leslie Edgley, screenwriter Edward Eliscu, screenwriter Faith Elliott, animator Cy Endfield, screenwriter and director Guy Endore, screenwriter Francis Edward Faragoh, screenwriter Frances Farmer, actress Howard Fast, writer John Henry Faulk, radio personality Jerry Fielding, composer Carl Foreman, producer and screenwriter Anne Froelick, screenwriter Lester Fuller, director Bert Gilden, screenwriter Lee Gold, screenwriter Harold Goldman, screenwriter Michael Gordon, director Jay Gorney, screenwriter Lee Grant, actress Morton Grant, screenwriter Anne Green, screenwriter Jack T. Gross, producer Margaret Gruen, screenwriter David Hilberman, animator Tamara Hovey, screenwriter John Hubley, animator Edward Huebsch, screenwriter Ian McLellan Hunter, screenwriter Kim Hunter, actress John Ireland, actor Daniel James, screenwriter Paul Jarrico, producer and screenwriter Gordon Kahn, screenwriter Victor Kilian, actor Sidney Kingsley, playwright Alexander Knox, actor Mickey Knox, actor Lester Koenig, producer Charles Korvin, actor Hy Kraft, screenwriter Constance Lee, screenwriter Will Lee, actor and comic Robert Lees, screenwriter Carl Lerner, editor and director Irving Lerner, director Sam Levene, actor Lewis Leverett, actor Alfred Lewis Levitt, screenwriter Helen Slote Levitt, screenwriter Mitch Lindemann, screenwriter Norman Lloyd, actor Ben Maddow, screenwriter Arnold Manoff, screenwriter John McGrew, animator Ruth McKenney, writer Bill Meléndez, animator John `` Skins '' Miller, actor Paula Miller, actress Josef Mischel, screenwriter Karen Morley, actress Henry Myers, screenwriter Mortimer Offner, screenwriter Alfred Palca, writer and producer Larry Parks, actor Leo Penn, actor George Pepper, producer Jeanette Pepper, economist Irving Pichel, director Louis Pollock, screenwriter Abraham Polonsky, screenwriter and director William Pomerance, animation executive Vladimir Pozner, screenwriter Stanley Prager, director John Randolph, actor Maurice Rapf, screenwriter Rosaura Revueltas, actress Robert L. Richards, screenwriter Frederic I. Rinaldo, screenwriter Martin Ritt, actor and director W.L. River, screenwriter Marguerite Roberts, screenwriter David Robison, screenwriter Naomi Robison, actress Louise Rousseau, screenwriter Jean Rouverol ( Butler ), actress and writer Shimen Ruskin, actor Madeleine Ruthven, screenwriter Waldo Salt, screenwriter John Sanford, screenwriter Bill Scott, voice actor Martha Scott, actress Robert Shayne, actor Joshua Shelley, actor Madeleine Sherwood, actress Reuben Ship, screenwriter Viola Brothers Shore, screenwriter George Sklar, playwright Art Smith, actor Louis Solomon, screenwriter and producer Ray Spencer, screenwriter Janet Stevenson, writer Philip Stevenson, writer Donald Ogden Stewart, screenwriter Arthur Strawn, screenwriter Bess Taffel, screenwriter Julius Tannenbaum, producer Frank Tarloff, screenwriter Shepard Traube, director and screenwriter Dorothy Tree, actress Paul Trivers, screenwriter George Tyne, actor Michael Uris, writer Peter Viertel, screenwriter Bernard Vorhaus, director John Weber, producer Richard Weil, screenwriter Hannah Weinstein, producer John Wexley, screenwriter Michael Wilson, screenwriter Nedrick Young, actor and screenwriter Julian Zimet, screenwriter Notes and references ( edit ) Explanatory notes The following transcript of an excerpt from the interrogation of screenwriter John Howard Lawson by HUAC chairman J. Parnell Thomas gives an example of the tenor of some of the exchanges : Thomas : Are you a member of the Communist Party or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party? Lawson : It 's unfortunate and tragic that I have to teach this committee the basic principles of Americanism. Thomas : That 's not the question. That 's not the question. The question is -- have you ever been a member of the Communist Party? Lawson : I am framing my answer in the only way in which any American citizen can frame his answer to... Thomas : Then you deny it? Lawson :... a question that invades his... absolutely invades his privacy. Thomas : Then you deny... You refuse to answer that question, is that correct? Lawson : I have told you that I will offer my beliefs, my affiliations and everything else to the American public and they will know where I stand as they do from what I have written. Thomas : Stand away from the stand... Lawson : I have written for Americanism for many years... Thomas : Stand away from the stand... Lawson : And I shall continue to fight for the Bill of Rights, which you are trying to destroy. Thomas : Officer, take this man away from the stand. At least a couple of recent histories incorrectly give December 3 as the date of the Waldorf Statement : Ross ( 2002 ), p. 217 ; Stone ( 2004 ), p. 365. Among the many 1947 sources that establish the correct date, there is the New York Times article `` Movies to Oust Ten Cited For Contempt of Congress ; Major Companies Also Vote to Refuse Jobs to Communists -- ' Hysteria, Surrender of Freedom ' Charged by Defense Counsel ; Movies Will Oust Ten Men Cited for Contempt of Congress After Voting to Refuse Employment to Communists '', which appeared on the front page of the newspaper November 26. Blankfort gave cooperative, if uninformative, testimony to HUAC and was not blacklisted. Madeline Lee -- who was married to actor Jack Gilford, also listed by Red Channels -- was frequently confused with another actress of the era named Madaline Lee. Four months after refusing to cooperate with HUAC, Dagget appeared again before the committee and named names. In 1951, Dare appeared before HUAC, lied about having never been a Communist, and continued to work in the entertainment industry. He was blacklisted two years later for his involvement in Meet the People, a 1939 theatrical production. Soon afterward, he recanted his earlier testimony and named names. Citations Jump up ^ Victor Navasky, Naming Names, New York : Viking, 2003 Jump up ^ ref blacklist Kirk Douglas, `` My Spartacus Broke All the Rules '', the Telegraph Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2003 ), p. 16. Jump up ^ Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), pp. 156 -- 57. ^ Jump up to : Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), pp. 157 -- 58. Jump up ^ Johnpoll ( 1994 ), p. xv. Jump up ^ Horne ( 2006 ), p. 174. Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2003 ), p. 17. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 169 -- 70. Jump up ^ Wilkerson, William ( 1946 - 07 - 29 ). `` A Vote For Joe Stalin ''. The Hollywood Reporter. p. 1. ^ Jump up to : Baum, Gary ; Miller, Daniel ( Nov. 30, 2012 ( Online Nov. 19, 2012 ) ). `` Blacklist : THR Addresses Role After 65 Years ''. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 November 2012. Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilerson III, W.R. ( Nov. 30, 2012 ( online Nov. 19, 2012 ) ). `` Blacklist : Billy Wilkerson 's Son Apologizes for Publication 's Dark Past ''. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 November 2012. Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ See, e.g., Schwartz, Richard A. ( 1999 ). `` How the Film and Television Blacklists Worked ''. Florida International University. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), p. 167. Jump up ^ `` testimony of Ronald Reagan and Walt Disney '' http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6458/ Jump up ^ Scott and Rutkoff ( 1999 ), p. 338. Jump up ^ Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), pp. 275 -- 79. Jump up ^ Kenneth Billingsley, Hollywood Party : How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry in the 1930s and 1940s. ( Roseville, CA, 2000. ISBN 0 - 7615 - 1376 - 0, p. 191 - 195. Jump up ^ Sean Griffin ( ed ). What Dreams Were Made Of : Movie Stars of the 1940s. Rutgers University Press, 2011, p. 92 Jump up ^ Ronald and Allis Radosh. Red Star over Hollywood : The Film Colony 's Long Romance with the Left. San Francisco : Encounter Books, pp. 161 - 162. Jump up ^ Kenneth Billingsley, Hollywood Party : How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry in the 1930s and 1940s. ( Roseville, CA, 2000. ISBN 0 - 7615 - 1376 - 0, p. 191 - 195. Jump up ^ Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), pp. 281 -- 82. ^ Jump up to : Dick ( 1989 ), p. 7. Jump up ^ Schuetze - Coburn, Marje ( February 1998 ). `` Bertolt Brecht 's Appearance Before the HUAC ''. USC -- Feuchtwanger Memorial Library. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ), p. 204. Jump up ^ Ceplair, Larry ( 2015 ). `` Dalton Trumbo, Blacklisted Hollywood Radical ''. University Press of Kentucky. p. 228. Retrieved December 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Gevinson ( 1997 ), p. 234. Jump up ^ Stone ( 2004 ), p. 365. Jump up ^ Bogart ( 1948 ). Jump up ^ Jablonski ( 1998 ), p. 350. Jump up ^ Newman ( 1989 ), 140. Jump up ^ Red Channels ( 1950 ), pp. 6, 214. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 7. Jump up ^ Brown, pp. 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Parish ( 2004 ), p. 92. Jump up ^ Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), p. 387. Jump up ^ Susman, Gary ( August 19, 2004 ). `` Goodbye ''. EntertainmentWeekly.com. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27. `` Composer Elmer Bernstein Dead at 82 ''. MSNBC.com ( Associated Press ). August 19, 2004. Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27. Jump up ^ Wakeman ( 1987 ), pp. 190, 192. Jump up ^ Doherty ( 2003 ), p. 31. Jump up ^ Quoted in Belton ( 1994 ), pp. 202 -- 3. ^ Jump up to : Belton ( 1994 ), p. 203. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 173 -- 79. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 21. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 250. Jump up ^ Horne ( 2006 ), p. 134. Jump up ^ Kenneth Billingsley, `` Hollywood 's Missing Movies : Why American films have ignored life under communism '', Reason Magazine, June 2000 Jump up ^ Ronald and Allis Radosh, Red Star over Hollywood : The Film Colony 's Long Romance with the Left. San Francisco : Encounter Books ( 2005 ). ISBN 978 - 1893554962. Jump up ^ Dick ( 1989 ), p. 94. Jump up ^ O'Neill ( 1990 ), p. 239. ^ Jump up to : Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), p. 388. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), p. 176. ^ Jump up to : Doherty ( 2003 ), p. 236. Jump up ^ Charity ( 2005 ), p. 1266. Jump up ^ Bosworth ( 1997 ), passim. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 187 -- 88 ; Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), p. 345. Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ), p. 124. Jump up ^ Andrew ( 2005 ), p. 981. Jump up ^ Christensen and Haas ( 2005 ), pp. 116 -- 17 ( `` screened in only eleven theaters '' ) ; Weigand ( 2002 ), p. 133 ( `` arranged showings of the film in only fourteen theaters '' ). Jump up ^ Faulk ( 1963 ), passim. Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2007 ) ; Lumenick ( 2007b ). Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 30. ^ Jump up to : Burlingame ( 2000 ), p. 74. Jump up ^ Smith ( 1999 ), p. 206. Jump up ^ ``... the anti-communist frenzy of the 1950s... crippled artistic and intellectual life in the US for decades. The film industry still suffers from the purge of left - wing and critical spirits. '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Fried ( 1997 ), p. 197. Jump up ^ Belton ( 1994 ), p. 202. Jump up ^ Navasky ( 1980 ), p. 280. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 251. Jump up ^ Weinraub ( 2000 ) ; `` Corrected Blacklist Credits ''. Writers Guild of America, West. July 17, 2000. Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03. Jump up ^ Verrier ( 2011 ) ; Devall, Cheryl & Osburn, Paige ( December 19, 2011 ). `` Blacklisted Writer Gets credit Restored after 60 years for Oscar - Winning Film ''. 89.3 KPCC. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Ten ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 December 2012. Jump up ^ Ceplair, Larry ( 2011 ). Anti-Communism in Twentieth Century America : A Critical History. Santa Barbara, CA : Praeger. p. 77. Jump up ^ Kahn, Gordon ( 1948 ). Hollywood on Trial : The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted. New York : Boni & Gaer. pp. 69 -- 71. Jump up ^ Hollywood blacklist # ref Anone Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Redish, Martin ( 2005 ). The Logic of Persecution : Free Expression and the McCarthy Era. Stanford : Stanford University Press. p. 132. Jump up ^ Lawson, John Howard ( 1953 ). Film in the Battle of Ideas. New York : Masses & Mainstream. p. 12. Jump up ^ Cole, Lester ( 1981 ). Hollywood Red : The Autobiography of Lester Cole. Palo Alto, CA : Ramparts Press. ISBN 978 - 0878670857. Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Dmytryk, Edward ( 1953 ). Odd Man Out : A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten. Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 19 -- 21. Jump up ^ Herman ( 1997 ), p. 356 ; Dick ( 1989 ), p. 7. Jump up ^ Gordon ( 1999 ), p. 16. Jump up ^ Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), p. 403 ; Goldstein ( 1999 ). Jump up ^ Ceplair and Englund ( 2003 ), p. 401. Jump up ^ Everitt ( 2007 ), p. 53. Jump up ^ Navasky ( 1980 ), p. 88. ^ Jump up to : Ward and Butler ( 2008 ), pp. 178 -- 79. Jump up ^ Newman ( 1989 ), p. 140. Jump up ^ Horne ( 2006 ), pp. 204 -- 5, 224 ; Goudsouzian ( 2004 ), p. 88. Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 ), pp. 50 -- 52. Jump up ^ Nelson and Hendricks ( 1990 ), p. 53. Jump up ^ Cogley ( 1956 ), pp. 25 -- 28. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 188. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 28. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 253. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 159. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 146. Jump up ^ Faulk ( 1963 ), p. 7. Jump up ^ McGill ( 2005 ), pp. 249 -- 50 ; Ward ( 1998 ), p. 323 ; Cogley ( 1956 ), pp. 8 -- 9. Jump up ^ Katz ( 1994 ), p. 106. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 50. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 123. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 42. Jump up ^ Denning ( 1998 ), p. 374 ; Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 108. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 31. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 49. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 83. Jump up ^ Schwartz, J. ( 1999 ) ; Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 50. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 2. Jump up ^ Barzman ( 2004 ), p. 449. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 22. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 128. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 6. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 17. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 22. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 129. Jump up ^ Katz ( 1994 ), p. 241. Jump up ^ Navasky ( 1980 ), p. 283. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 73. Jump up ^ Faulk ( 1963 ), pp. 7 -- 8. Jump up ^ Denning ( 1998 ), p. 374 ; Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 20. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 77. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 151. Jump up ^ Sullivan ( 2010 ), p. 64. Jump up ^ Times ( 2008 ). Jump up ^ Lumenick 2007a. ^ Jump up to : Cohen ( 2004 ), p. 178. Jump up ^ Boyer ( 1996 ) ; Cogley ( 1956 ), p. 124. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 105. Jump up ^ http://capitolwords.org/date/2005/02/09/H472_honoring-the-life-and-accomplishments-of-the-late - / Jump up ^ http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/cvvpw/gallery/dee1.html Jump up ^ Ramón ( 1997 ), p. 44. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 5. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 83. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 178 -- 81. ^ Jump up to : Navasky ( 1980 ), p. 282. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 7. Jump up ^ Barzman ( 2004 ), p. 89. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 137. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 14. Jump up ^ Johnson, Allan ( February 27, 1996 ). `` Climate Of Fear : ' Blacklist ' Chronicles Careers, Lives Trashed During Witch Hunts For Communists ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 48. Jump up ^ Faulk ( 1963 ), pp. 6 -- 7. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. xi. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 251. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 105. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 139. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 16. Jump up ^ Dick ( 1982 ), p. 80. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 96. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 31. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 13. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 95. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 37. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 164. ^ Jump up to : Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 172 -- 76. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 15. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 178, 181 -- 83. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 18. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 86. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. viii. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 80. Walter Elias Disney Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 134. Jump up ^ Graulich and Tatum ( 2003 ), p. 115. Jump up ^ Zecker ( 2007 ), p. 106. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 194. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 106. Jump up ^ Herman ( 1997 ), p. 356. Jump up ^ Korvin ( 1997 ). Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 39. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 24. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 150. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 53. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=bXSdUTdA_dUC&pg=PA163 ^ Jump up to : Schwartz ( 1999 ). ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 130. Jump up ^ Denning ( 1998 ), p. 374 ; Lumenick ( 2007b ). Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 110. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 20. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 172 -- 73178. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 142. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), pp. 178 -- 79, 186. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 8. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 110. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 78. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 26. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 157. Jump up ^ Navasky ( 1980 ), pp. 371 -- 73. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 45. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=HvC3WaGZF3UC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=ceplair+george+pepper&source=bl&ots=Ep3qCwB9b2&sig=3cho2HcWTwjo2N68tJwluagSwkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjii4nNkKLPAhUB5WMKHfCpBm4Q6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=ceplair%20george%20pepper&f=false Jump up ^ http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=183281999 Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 10. ^ Jump up to : Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 11. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 247. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 163. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 253. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 1. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 18. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 88. ^ Jump up to : Lerner ( 2003 ), pp. 337 -- 38. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 142. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 55. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 208. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 101. Jump up ^ Perebinossoff, Gross, and Gross ( 2005 ), p. 9 ; Kisseloff ( 1995 ), p. 416. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 218. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 63. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 36. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 91. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 175. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 47. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 141. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 90. Jump up ^ Navasky ( 1980 ), pp. 93 -- 94. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 9. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 209. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003b ), p. 66. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 111. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. vii. Jump up ^ Buhle and Wagner ( 2003a ), p. 248. Jump up ^ `` HUAC Hollywood Investigation Testimony, October 1947 : Unfriendly Witnesses -- Howard Lawson ( Screenwriter ) ''. Authentic History Center. October 29, 1947. Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14. Jump up ^ Navasky ( 1980 ), pp. 101 -- 2. Jump up ^ Cook ( 1971 ), p. 13. Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ), p. 179. Jump up ^ Boyer ( 1996 ) ; Navasky ( 1980 ), p. 74 ; Cogley ( 1956 ), p. 124. Bibliography Anderson, John ( 2007 ). `` Old Hollywood '', Village Voice, November 20 ( available online ). Andrew, Geoff ( 2005 ). `` On the Waterfront '', in Time Out Film Guide, 14th ed., ed. John Pym. London : Time Out. ISBN 1 - 904978 - 48 - 7 Barnouw, Erik ( 1990 ( 1975 ) ). Tube of Plenty : The Evolution of American Television. New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 506483 - 6 Barzman, Norma ( 2004 ). The Red And The Blacklist : The Intimate Memoir of a Hollywood Expatriate. New York : Thunder 's Mouth / Nation Books. ISBN 1 - 56025 - 617 - 6 Belton, John ( 1994 ). American Cinema / American Culture ( excerpt ) in Ross ( 2002 ), pp. 193 -- 212. Billingsley, Kenneth Lloyd ( 2000 ). Hollywood Party. Roseville, CA : Prima Publishing. ISBN 0 - 7615 - 1376 - 0. Bogart, Humphrey ( 1948 ). `` I 'm No Communist '', Photoplay, March ( available online ). Bosworth, Patricia ( 1997 ). Anything Your Little Heart Desires : An American Family Story. New York : Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0 - 684 - 80809 - 9 Boyer, Edward J. ( 1996 ). `` Danny Dare, 91 ; Blacklisted Choreographer, Dancer '', Los Angeles Times, November 30 ( available online ). Brown, Jared ( 1989 ) Zero Mostel : A Biography, New York : Athenium. ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 11955 - 2. Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner ( 2003a ). Hide in Plain Sight : The Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950 -- 2002. New York : Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6144 - 1 Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner ( 2003b ). Blacklisted : The Film Lover 's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist. New York : Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6145 - X Burlingame, Jon ( 2000 ). Sound and Vision : 60 Years of Motion Picture Soundtracks. New York : Billboard / Watson - Guptill. ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8427 - 2 Ceplair, Larry, and Steven Englund ( 2003 ). The Inquisition in Hollywood : Politics in the Film Community, 1930 -- 1960. Urbana and Chicago : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 07141 - 7 Chapman, James ( 2003 ). Cinemas of the World : Film and Society from 1895 to the Present. London : Reaktion. ISBN 1 - 86189 - 162 - 8 Charity, Tom ( 2005 ). `` Storm Center '', in Time Out Film Guide, 14th ed., ed. John Pym. London : Time Out. ISBN 1 - 904978 - 48 - 7 Christensen, Terry and Peter J. Haas ( 2005 ). Projecting Politics : Political Messages in American Films. Armonk, N.Y., and London : M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1444 - 8 Cogley, John ( 1956 ). `` Report on Blacklisting. '' Collected in Blacklisting : An Original Anthology ( 1971 ), Merle Miller and John Cogley. New York : Arno Press / New York Times. ISBN 0 - 405 - 03579 - 9 Cohen, Karl F. ( 2004 ( 1997 ) ). Forbidden Animation : Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland. ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0395 - 0 Cook, Fred J. ( 1971 ). The Nightmare Decade : The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. New York : Random House. ISBN 0 - 394 - 46270 - X Denning, Michael ( 1998 ). The Cultural Front : The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London and New York : Verso. ISBN 1 - 85984 - 170 - 8 Dick, Bernard F. ( 1982 ). Hellman in Hollywood. East Brunswick, N.J., London, and Toronto : Associated University Presses. ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3140 - 1 Dick, Bernard F. ( 1989 ). Radical Innocence : A Critical Study of the Hollywood Ten. Lexington : University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1660 - 0 Doherty, Thomas ( 2003 ). Cold War, Cool Medium : Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 0 - 231 - 12952 - 1 Everitt, David ( 2007 ). A Shadow of Red : Communism and the Blacklist in Radio and Television. Chicago : Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1 - 56663 - 575 - 6 Faulk, John Henry ( 1963 ). Fear on Trial. Austin : University of Texas Press. ISBN 0 - 292 - 72442 - X Fried, Albert ( 1997 ). McCarthyism, The Great American Red Scare : A Documentary History. New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 509701 - 7 Gevinson, Alan ( ed. ) ( 1997 ). American Film Institute Catalog -- Within Our Gates : Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911 -- 1960. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London : University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 20964 - 8 Gill, Glenda Eloise ( 2000 ). No Surrender! No Retreat! : African - American Pioneer Performers of 20th Century American Theater. New York : Palgrave. ISBN 0 - 312 - 21757 - 9 Goldfield, Michael ( 2004 ). `` Communist Party '', in Poverty in the United States : An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, and Policy, ed. Gwendolyn Mink and Alice O'Connor. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC - CLIO. ISBN 1 - 57607 - 608 - 3 Goldstein, Patrick ( 1999 ). `` Many Refuse to Clap as Kazan Receives Oscar '', Los Angeles Times, March 22 ( available online ). Gordon, Bernard ( 1999 ). Hollywood Exile, Or How I Learned to Love the Blacklist. Austin : University of Texas Press. ISBN 0 - 292 - 72827 - 1 Goudsouzian, Aram ( 2004 ). Sidney Poitier : Man, Actor, Icon. Chapel Hill and London : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2843 - 2 Graulich, Melody, and Stephen Tatum ( 2003 ). Reading The Virginian in the New West. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7104 - 2 Herman, Jan ( 1997 ( 1995 ) ). A Talent for Trouble : The Life of Hollywood 's Most Acclaimed Director, William Wyler. Cambridge, Mass. : Da Capo. ISBN 0 - 306 - 80798 - X Horne, Gerald ( 2006 ). The Final Victim of the Blacklist : John Howard Lawson, Dean of the Hollywood Ten. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London : University of California Press. ISBN 0 - 520 - 24860 - 0 Jablonski, Edward ( 1998 ( 1988 ) ). Gershwin. Cambridge, Mass. : Da Capo. ISBN 0 - 306 - 80847 - 1 Johnpoll, Bernard K. ( 1994 ). A Documentary History of the Communist Party of the United States, vol. 3. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood. ISBN 0 - 313 - 28506 - 3 Katz, Ephraim ( 1994 ). The Film Encyclopedia, 2d ed. New York : HarperPerennial. ISBN 0 - 06 - 273089 - 4 Kisseloff, Jeff ( 1995 ). The Box : An Oral History of Television, 1920 -- 1961. New York : Viking. ISBN 0 - 670 - 86470 - 6 Korvin, Charles ( 1997 ). `` Actors Suffered, Too '' ( letter to the editor ), New York Times, May 4 ( available online ). Lasky, Betty ( 1989 ). RKO : The Biggest Little Major of Them All. Santa Monica, California : Roundtable. ISBN 0 - 915677 - 41 - 5 Lerner, Gerda ( 2003 ). Fireweed : A Political Autobiography. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. ISBN 1 - 56639 - 889 - 4 Lumenick, Lou ( 2007a ). `` Father 's Footsteps '', New York Post, February 22 ( available online ). Lumenick, Lou ( 2007b ). `` Ask the Old Pro '', New York Post, November 23 ( available online ). McGill, Lisa D. ( 2005 ). Constructing Black Selves : Caribbean American Narratives and the Second Generation. New York and London : New York University Press. ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5691 - 3 Murphy, Brenda ( 2003 ). Congressional Theatre : Dramatizing McCarthyism on Stage, Film, and Television. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 89166 - 3 Navasky, Victor S. ( 1980 ). Naming Names. New York : Viking. ISBN 0 - 670 - 50393 - 2 Nelson, Cary, and Jefferson Hendricks ( 1990 ). Edwin Rolfe : A Biographical Essay and Guide to the Rolfe Archive at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0 - 252 - 01794 - 3 Newman, Robert P. ( 1989 ). The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby. Chapel Hill and London : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1815 - 1 O'Neill, William L. ( 1990 ( 1982 ) ). A Better World : Stalinism and the American Intellectuals. New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction. ISBN 0 - 88738 - 631 - 8 Parish, James Robert ( 2004 ). The Hollywood Book of Scandals : The Shocking, Often Disgraceful Deeds and Affairs of More than 100 American Movie and TV Idols. New York et al. : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 142189 - 0 Perebinossoff, Philippe, Brian Gross, and Lynne S. Gross ( 2005 ). Programming for TV, Radio, and the Internet : Strategy, Development, and Evaluation. Burlington, Mass., and Oxford : Focal Press / Elsiver. ISBN 0 - 240 - 80682 - 4 Ramón, David ( 1997 ). Dolores del Río. México : Clío. ISBN 968 - 6932 - 35 - 6 Red Channels : The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television ( 1950 ). New York : Counterattack. Ross, Stephen J. ( ed. ) ( 2002 ). Movies and American Society. Malden, Mass., and Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 0 - 631 - 21960 - 9 Schrecker, Ellen ( 2002 ). The Age of McCarthyism : A Brief History with Documents. New York : Palgrave. ISBN 0 - 312 - 29425 - 5 Schwartz, Jerry ( 1999 ). `` Some Actors Outraged by Kazan Honor '', Associated Press, March 13 ( available online ). Scott, William Berryman, and Peter M. Rutkoff ( 1999 ). New York Modern : The Arts and the City. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5998 - 0 Smith, Jeff ( 1999 ). `` ' A Good Business Proposition ' : Dalton Trumbo, Spartacus, and the End of the Blacklist '', in Controlling Hollywood : Censorship / Regulation in the Studio Era, ed. Matthew Bernstein. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2707 - 4 Stone, Geoffrey R. ( 2004 ). Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. New York : W.W. Norton. ISBN 0 - 393 - 05880 - 8 Sullivan, James ( 2010 ). Seven Dirty Words : The Life and Crimes of George Carlin. Cambridge, Mass. : Da Capo Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81829 - 5 Trumbo, Dalton ( 1970 ). Additional Dialogue : Letters of Dalton Trumbo 1942 -- 1962. Manfull, Helen, ed. New York : Evans and Company. ISBN `` Oliver Crawford : Hollywood Writer '', Times ( London ), October 8, 2008 ( available online ). Verrier, Richard ( 2011 ). `` Writers Guild Restores Screenplay Credit to Trumbo for ' Roman Holiday ' '', Los Angeles Times, December 19 ( available online ). Wakeman, John, ed. ( 1987 ). World Film Directors -- Volume One : 1890 -- 1945. New York : H.W. Wilson. ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Ward, Brian ( 1998 ). Just My Soul Responding : Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations. London : UCL Press. ISBN 1 - 85728 - 138 - 1 Ward, Jerry Washington, and Robert Butler ( 2008 ). The Richard Wright Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood. ISBN 0 - 313 - 31239 - 7 Weigand, Kate ( 2002 ). Red Feminism : American Communism and the Making of Women 's Liberation. Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6489 - 5 Weinraub, Bernard ( 2000 ). `` Blacklisted Screenwriters Get Credits '', New York Times, August 5. Zecker, Robert ( 2007 ). Metropolis : The American City in Popular Culture. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood. ISBN 0 - 275 - 99712 - X Further reading ( edit ) Berg, Sandra ( 2006 ). `` When Noir Turned Black '' ( interview with Jules Dassin ), Written By ( November ) ( available online Archived version of May 2013 ). Bernstein, Walter ( 2000 ). Inside Out : A Memoir of the Blacklist. New York : Da Capo. ISBN 0 - 306 - 80936 - 2 Briley, Ronald ( 1994 ). `` Reel History and the Cold War '', OAH Magazine of History 8 ( winter ) ( available online Archived version of Jan. 2003 ). Georgakas, Dan ( 1992 ). `` Hollywood Blacklist '', in Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed. Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas. Urbana and Chicago : University of Illinois Press ( available online ). ISBN 0 - 252 - 06250 - 7 Kahn, Gordon ( 1948 ). Hollywood on Trial : The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted. New York : Boni & Gaer ( excerpted online ). ISBN 0 - 405 - 03921 - 2 Leab, Daniel J., with guide by Robert E. Lester ( 1991 ). Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry : FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood, 1942 -- 1958. Bethesda, Maryland : University Publications of America ( available online ). ISBN 1 - 55655 - 414 - 1 Murray, Lawrence L. ( 1975 ). `` Monsters, Spys, and Subversives : The Film Industry Responds to the Cold War, 1945 -- 1955 '', Jump Cut 9 ( available online ). Nizer, Louis. ( 1966 ). The Jury Returns. New York : Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 12505 - 9 `` Seven - Year Justice '', Time, July 6, 1962 ( available online ). Vaughn, Robert. ( 2004 ). Only Victims : A Study of Show Business Blacklisting, 2nd ed. New York : Proscenium / Limelight Editions. ( Originally published New York : Putnam, 1972 ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 87910 - 081 - 0 External links ( edit ) Albert Maltz 's HUAC Testimony transcript of the writer 's testimony ( preceded by excerpts of actor Ronald Reagan 's testimony -- see below for link to complete Reagan transcript ) `` Congressional Committees and Unfriendly Witnesses '' detailed examination of legal issues involved in HUAC proceedings by historian Ellen Schrecker `` McCarthy Era Blacklist Victims, Peace Groups, Academics, and Media File Amicus Briefs in CCR Case '' news release focused on 2009 brief filed by former blacklistees including Irwin Corey in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project Supreme Court free speech case Ronald Reagan 's HUAC Testimony transcript of the actor 's testimony of October 23, 1947 ( Archived version of Nov. 2004 ) `` Seeing Red '' transcript of excerpts from PBS documentary The Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist and interview by NewsHour correspondent Elizabeth Farnsworth with two blacklisted artists, writer / producer Paul Jarrico and actress Marsha Hunt FBI Documents on Communist Infiltration - Motion Picture Industry ( COMPIC ) Hollywood Blacklist, series of interviews and transcripts ( many online ) from Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles. ( hide ) Hollywood Ten People Alvah Bessie Herbert Biberman Lester Cole Edward Dmytryk Ring Lardner Jr. John Howard Lawson Albert Maltz Samuel Ornitz Adrian Scott Dalton Trumbo Films The Hollywood Ten ( documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_blacklist&oldid=799707166 '' Categories : Hollywood blacklist Hollywood history and culture History of film McCarthyism Political and cultural purges Political repression in the United States Cinema of Southern California Cinema of the United States Film and video terminology 1940s in American cinema 1950s in American cinema Anti-communism in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017, at 10 : 34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hollywood blacklist", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hollywood_blacklist&amp;oldid=799707166" }

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{ "text": "Android ( operating system ) - Wikipedia Android ( operating system ) For other uses, see Android ( disambiguation ). Android Android 8.1 Oreo home screen Developer Google, Open Handset Alliance Written in Java ( UI ), C ( core ), C++ and more OS family Unix - like Working state Current Source model Open source ( most devices include proprietary components, such as Google Play ) Initial release September 23, 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) Latest release 8.1. 0 `` Oreo '' / December 5, 2017 ; 7 months ago ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) Latest preview Android P / March 7, 2018 ; 4 months ago ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) Marketing target Smartphones, tablet computers, smartTVs ( Android TV ), Android Auto and smartwatches ( Wear OS ) Available in 100 + languages Package manager APK ( primarily through Google Play ; installation of APKs also possible locally or from alternative sources such as F - Droid ) Platforms 32 - and 64 - bit ARM, x86 and x86 - 64 Kernel type Monolithic ( modified Linux kernel ) Userland Bionic libc, mksh shell, Toybox as core utilities beginning with Android 6.0, previously native core utilities with a few from NetBSD Default user interface Graphical ( multi-touch ) License Apache License 2.0 GNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernel modifications Official website android.com Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Wear OS for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other electronics. Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007, with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008. The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 8.1 `` Oreo '', released in December 2017. The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ), and is primarily licensed under the Apache License. Android is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google, including core apps for services such as Gmail and Google Search, as well as the application store and digital distribution platform Google Play, and associated development platform. These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google, but AOSP has been used as the basis of competing Android ecosystems, such as Amazon.com 's Fire OS, which utilize their own equivalents to the Google Mobile Services. Android has been the best - selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets since 2013. As of May 2017, it has over two billion monthly active users, the largest installed base of any operating system, and as of June 2018, the Google Play store features over 3.3 million apps. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Interface 2.2 Applications 2.3 Memory management 3 Hardware 4 Development 4.1 Update schedule 4.2 Linux kernel 4.3 Software stack 4.4 Open - source community 5 Security and privacy 5.1 Scope of surveillance by public institutions 5.2 Common security threats 5.3 Technical security features 6 Licensing 6.1 Leverage over manufacturers 7 Reception 7.1 Market share 7.2 Adoption on tablets 7.3 Platform usage 7.4 Application piracy 8 Legal issues 9 Other uses 10 Mascot 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History See also : Android version history The `` Sooner '' prototype phone, running a pre-release version of Android Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as `` tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner 's location and preferences ''. The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras, and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in April 2004. The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals, and by five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile. Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope, and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated `` I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy. '' In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million. Its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Google had `` lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation ''. Speculation about Google 's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. An early prototype had a close resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard, but the arrival of 2007 's Apple iPhone meant that Android `` had to go back to the drawing board ''. Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that `` Touchscreens will be supported '', although `` the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an assumption, therefore a touchscreen can not completely replace physical buttons ''. By 2008, both Nokia and BlackBerry announced touch - based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and Android 's focus eventually switched to just touchscreens. The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T - Mobile G1, announced on September 23, 2008. HTC Dream or T - Mobile G1, the first commercially released device running Android ( 2008 ). On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC, Motorola and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint and T - Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop `` the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices ''. Within a year, the Open Handset Alliance faced two other open source competitors, the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo Foundation, the latter also developing a Linux - based mobile operating system like Google. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called `` Cupcake '', `` Donut '', `` Eclair '', and `` Froyo '', in that order. During its announcement of Android KitKat in 2013, Google explained that `` Since these devices make our lives so sweet, each Android version is named after a dessert '', although a Google spokesperson told CNN in an interview that `` It 's kind of like an internal team thing, and we prefer to be a little bit -- how should I say -- a bit inscrutable in the matter, I 'll say ''. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions. The series was described as having `` played a pivotal role in Android 's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board '', and became known for its `` bloat - free '' software with `` timely... updates ''. At its developer conference in May 2013, Google announced a special version of the Samsung Galaxy S4, where, instead of using Samsung 's own Android customization, the phone ran `` stock Android '' and was promised to receive new system updates fast. The device would become the start of the Google Play edition program, and was followed by other devices, including the HTC One Google Play edition, and Moto G Google Play edition. In 2015, Ars Technica wrote that `` Earlier this week, the last of the Google Play edition Android phones in Google 's online storefront were listed as `` no longer available for sale '' and that `` Now they 're all gone, and it looks a whole lot like the program has wrapped up ''. Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin and Hugo Barra at a 2012 press conference announcing Google 's Nexus 7 tablet From 2008 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at press conferences and Google I / O, Google 's annual developer - focused conference. He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi. Less than six months earlier, Google 's then - CEO Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new projects at Google, and that Sundar Pichai would become the new Android lead. Pichai himself would eventually switch positions, becoming the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the company 's restructure into the Alphabet conglomerate, making Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of Android. In June 2014, Google announced Android One, a set of `` hardware reference models '' that would `` allow ( device makers ) to easily create high - quality phones at low costs '', designed for consumers in developing countries. In September, Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India. However, Recode reported in June 2015 that the project was `` a disappointment '', citing `` reluctant consumers and manufacturing partners '' and `` misfires from the search company that has never quite cracked hardware ''. Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015, with Africa announced as the next location for the program a week later. A report from The Information in January 2017 stated that Google is expanding its low - cost Android One program into the United States, although The Verge notes that the company will presumably not produce the actual devices itself. Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones in October 2016, marketed as being the first phones made by Google, and exclusively featured certain software features, such as the Google Assistant, before wider rollout. The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series, with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October 2017. Features See also : List of features in Android Interface Android 's default user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real - world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on - screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard. Game controllers and full - size physical keyboards are supported via Bluetooth or USB. The response to user input is designed to be immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user. Internal hardware, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating control of a steering wheel. Android devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information `` hub '' on Android devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets ; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto - updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user 's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several pages, between which the user can swipe back and forth. Third - party apps available on Google Play and other app stores can extensively re-theme the homescreen, and even mimic the look of other operating systems, such as Windows Phone. Most manufacturers customize the look and features of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status bar can be `` pulled '' down to reveal a notification screen where apps display important information or updates. Notifications are `` short, timely, and relevant information about your app when it 's not in use '', and when tapped, users are directed to a screen inside the app relating to the notification. Beginning with Android 4.1 `` Jelly Bean '', `` expandable notifications '' allow the user to tap an icon on the notification in order for it to expand and display more information and possible app actions right from the notification. An All Apps screen lists all installed applications, with the ability for users to drag an app from the list onto the home screen. A Recents screen lets users switch between recently used apps. Applications See also : Android software development and Google Play Applications ( `` apps '' ), which extend the functionality of devices, are written using the Android software development kit ( SDK ) and, often, the Java programming language. Java may be combined with C / C++, together with a choice of non-default runtimes that allow better C++ support. The Go programming language is also supported, although with a limited set of application programming interfaces ( API ). In May 2017, Google announced support for Android app development in the Kotlin programming language. The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a debugger, software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Initially, Google 's supported integrated development environment ( IDE ) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools ( ADT ) plugin ; in December 2014, Google released Android Studio, based on IntelliJ IDEA, as its primary IDE for Android application development. Other development tools are available, including a native development kit ( NDK ) for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers, and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks. In January 2014, Google unveiled an framework based on Apache Cordova for porting Chrome HTML 5 web applications to Android, wrapped in a native application shell. Android has a growing selection of third - party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application 's APK ( Android application package ) file, or by downloading them using an application store program that allows users to install, update, and remove applications from their devices. Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google 's compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software. Google Play Store allows users to browse, download and update applications published by Google and third - party developers ; as of July 2013, there are more than one million applications available for Android in Play Store. As of July 2013, 50 billion applications have been installed. Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the application is added to the user 's monthly bill. As of May 2017, there are over one billion active users a month for Gmail, Android, Chrome, Google Play and Maps. Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third - party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that can not be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons. Examples of these third - party stores have included the Amazon Appstore, GetJar, and SlideMe. F - Droid, another alternative marketplace, seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and open source licenses. Memory management Since Android devices are usually battery - powered, Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum. When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that, while available for immediate use rather than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources. Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically : when memory is low, the system will begin invisibly and automatically closing inactive processes, starting with those that have been inactive for the longest amount of time. Lifehacker reported in 2011 that third - party task killer applications were doing more harm than good. Hardware See also : Android hardware requirements The main hardware platform for Android is ARM ( the ARMv7 and ARMv8 - A architectures ), with x86, MIPS and MIPS64, and x86 - 64 architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. The unofficial Android - x86 project provided support for x86 architectures ahead of the official support. The MIPS architecture was also supported ahead of Google 's support. Since 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones and tablets. While gaining support for 64 - bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64 - bit x86 and then on ARM64. Since Android 5.0 `` Lollipop '', 64 - bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32 - bit variants. Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 range from in practice 2 GB for best hardware, down to 1 GB for the most common screen, to absolute minimum 512 MB for the lowest spec 32 - bit smartphone. The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM, while for `` low RAM '' devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor. Android 4.4 requires a 32 - bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor ( latter two through unofficial ports ), together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit ( GPU ). Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 and as of latest major version, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan ( and version 1.1 available for some devices ). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications. Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components, including still or video cameras, GPS, orientation sensors, dedicated gaming controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens. Some hardware components are not required, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additional requirements apply if they are present. Some other hardware was initially required, but those requirements have been relaxed or eliminated altogether. For example, as Android was developed initially as a phone OS, hardware such as microphones were required, while over time the phone function became optional. Android used to require an autofocus camera, which was relaxed to a fixed - focus camera if present at all, since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely when Android started to be used on set - top boxes. In addition to running on smartphones and tablets, several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse. In addition to their availability on commercially available hardware, similar PC hardware - friendly versions of Android are freely available from the Android - x86 project, including customized Android 4.4. Using the Android emulator that is part of the Android SDK, or third - party emulators, Android can also run non-natively on x86 architectures. Chinese companies are building a PC and mobile operating system, based on Android, to `` compete directly with Microsoft Windows and Google Android ''. The Chinese Academy of Engineering noted that `` more than a dozen '' companies were customising Android following a Chinese ban on the use of Windows 8 on government PCs. Development Main article : Android software development The stack of Android Open Source Project Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ), an open source initiative led by Google. The AOSP code can be found without modification on select devices, mainly the Nexus and Pixel series of devices. The source code is, in turn, customized and adapted by original equipment manufacturers ( OEMs ) to run on their hardware. Also, Android 's source code does not contain the often proprietary device drivers that are needed for certain hardware components. As a result, most Android devices, including Google 's own, ultimately ship with a combination of free and open source and proprietary software, with the software required for accessing Google services falling into the latter category. Update schedule See also : Android version history Google announces major incremental upgrades to Android on a yearly basis. The updates can be installed on devices over-the - air. The latest major release is 8.0 `` Oreo '', announced in March 2017, and released the following August. Compared to its primary rival mobile operating system, Apple 's iOS, Android updates typically reach various devices with significant delays. Except for devices within the Google Nexus and Pixel brands, updates often arrive months after the release of the new version, or not at all. This was partly due to the extensive variation in hardware in Android devices, to which each upgrade must be specifically tailored, a time - and resource - consuming process. Manufacturers often prioritize their newest devices and leave old ones behind. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers that, after receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the upgrade out to users. There are also situations in which upgrades are not possible due to one manufacturing partner not providing necessary updates to drivers. The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices causes significant delays for software upgrades, with new versions of the operating system and security patches typically taking months before reaching consumers, or sometimes not at all. The lack of after - sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financial incentive not to upgrade their devices, as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as `` insulting ''. The Guardian complained that the method of distribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number of industry players to announce an `` Android Update Alliance '', pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its release ; however, there has not been another official word about that alliance since its announcement. In 2012, Google began decoupling certain aspects of the operating system ( particularly its core applications ) so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS. One of those components, Google Play Services, is a closed - source system - level process providing APIs for Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2.2 `` Froyo '' and higher. With these changes, Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself. As a result, Android 4.2 and 4.3 `` Jelly Bean '' contained relatively fewer user - facing changes, focusing more on minor changes and platform improvements. In May 2016, Bloomberg reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up - to - date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological workarounds, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to `` shame '' them into better behavior. As stated by Bloomberg : `` As smartphones get more capable, complex and hackable, having the latest software work closely with the hardware is increasingly important ''. Hiroshi Lockheimer, the Android lead, admitted that `` It 's not an ideal situation '', further commenting that the lack of updates is `` the weakest link on security on Android ''. Wireless carriers were described in the report as the `` most challenging discussions '', due to carriers ' slow approval time due to testing on their networks, despite some carriers, including Verizon and Sprint, having already shortened their respective approval times. HTC 's then - executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates `` unrealistic '' in 2015, and Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures. In a further effort for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public. Mike Chan, co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer, said that `` The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system '', `` or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers `` to be good Android citizens '' ``. In May 2017, with the announcement of Android 8.0, Google introduced Project Treble, a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier, faster, and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android. Project Treble separates the vendor implementation ( device - specific, lower - level software written by silicon manufacturers ) from the Android OS framework via a new `` vendor interface ''. In Android 7.0 and earlier, no formal vendor interface exists, so device makers must update large portions of the Android code to move a device to a newer version of the operating system. With Treble, the new stable vendor interface provides access to the hardware - specific parts of Android, enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework, `` without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers. '' In September 2017, Google 's Project Treble team revealed that, as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices, Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long - Term Support ( LTS ) kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historically lasted to 6 years for future versions of the LTS kernel, starting with Linux kernel 4.4. Linux kernel Android 's kernel is based on one of the Linux kernel 's long - term support ( LTS ) branches. As of 2017, Android devices mainly use versions 3.18 or 4.4 of the Linux kernel. The actual kernel depends on the individual device. Android 's variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like device trees, ashmem, ION, and different out of memory ( OOM ) handling. Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called `` wakelocks '', were initially rejected by mainline kernel developers partly because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code. Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community, but Greg Kroah - Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux. Google engineer Patrick Brady once stated in the company 's developer conference that `` Android is not Linux '', with Computerworld adding that `` Let me make it simple for you, without Linux, there is no Android ''. Ars Technica wrote that `` Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel, the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack ''. In August 2011, Linus Torvalds said that `` eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years ''. In December 2011, Greg Kroah - Hartman announced the start of Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android drivers, patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes : to memory ( the traditional suspend that Android uses ), and to disk ( hibernate, as it is known on the desktop ). Google maintains a public code repository that contains their experimental work to re-base Android off the latest stable Linux versions. The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as / system for the operating system itself, and / data for user data and application installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android device owners are not given root access to the operating system and sensitive partitions such as / system are read - only. However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in Android, which is used frequently by the open - source community to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by malicious parties to install viruses and malware. Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation, Google 's open - source chief Chris DiBona, and several journalists. Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say that Android is not Linux in the traditional Unix - like Linux distribution sense ; Android does not include the GNU C Library ( it uses Bionic as an alternative C library ) and some of other components typically found in Linux distributions. With the release of Android Oreo in 2017, Google began to require that devices shipped with new SoCs had Linux kernel version 4.4 or newer, for security reasons. Existing devices upgraded to Oreo, and new products launched with older SoCs, were exempt from this rule. Software stack Android 's architecture diagram On top of the Linux kernel, there are the middleware, libraries and APIs written in C, and application software running on an application framework which includes Java - compatible libraries. Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android 's other source code projects. Until version 5.0, Android used Dalvik as a process virtual machine with trace - based just - in - time ( JIT ) compilation to run Dalvik `` dex - code '' ( Dalvik Executable ), which is usually translated from the Java bytecode. Following the trace - based JIT principle, in addition to interpreting the majority of application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments ( `` traces '' ) each time an application is launched. Android 4.4 introduced Android Runtime ( ART ) as a new runtime environment, which uses ahead - of - time ( AOT ) compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the installation of an application. In Android 4.4, ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default ; it became the only runtime option in the next major version of Android, 5.0. For its Java library, the Android platform uses a subset of the now discontinued Apache Harmony project. In December 2015, Google announced that the next version of Android would switch to a Java implementation based on the OpenJDK project. Android 's standard C library, Bionic, was developed by Google specifically for Android, as a derivation of the BSD 's standard C library code. Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel. The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the GNU C Library ( glibc ) or uClibc are its smaller runtime footprint, and optimization for low - frequency CPUs. At the same time, Bionic is licensed under the terms of the BSD licence, which Google finds more suitable for the Android 's overall licensing model. Aiming for a different licensing model, toward the end of 2012, Google switched the Bluetooth stack in Android from the GPL - licensed BlueZ to the Apache - licensed BlueDroid. Android does not have a native X Window System by default, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries. This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android, until version r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in C or C++. Libraries written in C may also be used in applications by injection of a small shim and usage of the JNI. Since Marshmallow, `` Toybox '', a collection of command line utilities ( mostly for use by apps, as Android does n't provide a command line interface by default ), replaced similar `` Toolbox '' collection. Android has another operating system, Trusty OS, within it, as a part of `` Trusty '' `` software components supporting a Trusted Execution Environment ( TEE ) on mobile devices. '' `` Trusty and the Trusty API are subject to change. (... ) Applications for the Trusty OS can be written in C / C++ ( C++ support is limited ), and they have access to a small C library. (... ) All Trusty applications are single - threaded ; multithreading in Trusty userspace currently is unsupported. (... ) Third - party application development is not supported in '' the current version, and software running on the OS and processor for it, run the `` DRM framework for protected content. (... ) There are many other uses for a TEE such as mobile payments, secure banking, full - disk encryption, multi-factor authentication, device reset protection, replay - protected persistent storage, wireless display ( '' cast `` ) of protected content, secure PIN and fingerprint processing, and even malware detection. '' Open - source community Android 's source code is released by Google under an open source license, and its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open - source code as a foundation for community - driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems. These community - developed releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through the official manufacturer / carrier channels, with a comparable level of quality ; provide continued support for older devices that no longer receive official updates ; or bring Android to devices that were officially released running other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad. Community releases often come pre-rooted and contain modifications not provided by the original vendor, such as the ability to overclock or over / undervolt the device 's processor. CyanogenMod was the most widely used community firmware, now discontinued and succeeded by LineageOS. Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third - party firmware development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this. Moreover, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such as tethering, for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices. However, as community - developed software has grown more popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the `` jailbreaking '' of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development, with some, including HTC, Motorola, Samsung and Sony, providing support and encouraging development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders, similar to Nexus series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices ' warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in the US still require that phones are locked down, frustrating developers and customers. Security and Privacy See also : Mobile security and WARRIOR PRIDE Scope of surveillance by public institutions As part of the broader 2013 mass surveillance disclosures it was revealed in September 2013 that the American and British intelligence agencies, the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ), respectively, have access to the user data on iPhone, BlackBerry, and Android devices. They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes. In January 2014, further reports revealed the intelligence agencies ' capabilities to intercept the personal information transmitted across the Internet by social networks and other popular applications such as Angry Birds, which collect personal information of their users for advertising and other commercial reasons. GCHQ has, according to The Guardian, a wiki - style guide of different apps and advertising networks, and the different data that can be siphoned from each. Later that week, the Finnish Angry Birds developer Rovio announced that it was reconsidering its relationships with its advertising platforms in the light of these revelations, and called upon the wider industry to do the same. The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk. The NSA and GCHQ insist their activities are in compliance with all relevant domestic and international laws, although the Guardian stated `` the latest disclosures could also add to mounting public concern about how the technology sector collects and uses information, especially for those outside the US, who enjoy fewer privacy protections than Americans. '' Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 -- 2016, detail the capabilities of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare, including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones ( including Android ). Common security threats Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium - rate telephone numbers without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the device, or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing exponentially ; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by F - Secure showed that only 0.5 % of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store. In August 2015, Google announced that devices in the Google Nexus series would begin to receive monthly security patches. Google also wrote that `` Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from last sale of the device via the Google Store. '' The following October, researchers at the University of Cambridge concluded that 87.7 % of Android phones in use had known but unpatched security vulnerabilities due to lack of updates and support. Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica wrote also in August 2015 that `` Android was originally designed, above all else, to be widely adopted. Google was starting from scratch with zero percent market share, so it was happy to give up control and give everyone a seat at the table in exchange for adoption. (... ) Now, though, Android has around 75 -- 80 percent of the worldwide smartphone market -- making it not just the world 's most popular mobile operating system but arguably the most popular operating system, period. As such, security has become a big issue. Android still uses a software update chain - of - command designed back when the Android ecosystem had zero devices to update, and it just does n't work ''. Following news of Google 's monthly schedule, some manufacturers, including Samsung and LG, promised to issue monthly security updates, but, as noted by Jerry Hildenbrand in Android Central in February 2016, `` instead we got a few updates on specific versions of a small handful of models. And a bunch of broken promises ''. In a March 2017 post on Google 's Security Blog, Android security leads Adrian Ludwig and Mel Miller wrote that `` More than 735 million devices from 200 + manufacturers received a platform security update in 2016 '' and that `` Our carrier and hardware partners helped expand deployment of these updates, releasing updates for over half of the top 50 devices worldwide in the last quarter of 2016 ''. They also wrote that `` About half of devices in use at the end of 2016 had not received a platform security update in the previous year '', stating that their work would continue to focus on streamlining the security updates program for easier deployment by manufacturers. Furthermore, in a comment to TechCrunch, Ludwig stated that the wait time for security updates had been reduced from `` six to nine weeks down to just a few days '', with 78 % of flagship devices in North America being up - to - date on security at the end of 2016. Patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower - priced devices. However, the open - source nature of Android allows security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure uses. For example, Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open Kernel Labs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the `` Knox '' project. Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi - Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Foursquare, Google Latitude, Facebook Places, and to deliver location - based ads. Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research - funded project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent from applications to remote servers. Technical security features Android applications run in a sandbox, an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system 's resources, unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed, however this may not be possible for pre-installed apps. It is not possible, for example, to turn off the microphone access of the pre-installed camera app without disabling the camera completely. This is valid also in Android versions 7 and 8. Since February 2012, Google has used its Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan apps available in the Google Play store. A `` Verify Apps '' feature was introduced in November 2012, as part of the Android 4.2 `` Jelly Bean '' operating system version, to scan all apps, both from Google Play and from third - party sources, for malicious behavior. Originally only doing so during installation, Verify Apps received an update in 2014 to `` constantly '' scan apps, and in 2017 the feature was made visible to users through a menu in Settings. Before installing an application, the Google Play store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or refuse them, installing the application only if they accept. In Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '', the permissions system was changed ; apps are no longer automatically granted all of their specified permissions at installation time. An opt - in system is used instead, in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time. Applications remember the grants, which can be revoked by the user at any time. Pre-installed apps, however, are not always part of this approach. In some cases it may not be possible to deny certain permissions to pre-installed apps, nor be possible to disable them. The Google Play Services app can not be uninstalled, nor disabled. Any force stop attempt, result in the app restarting itself. The new permissions model is used only by applications developed for Marshmallow using its software development kit ( SDK ), and older apps will continue to use the previous all - or - nothing approach. Permissions can still be revoked for those apps, though this might prevent them from working properly, and a warning is displayed to that effect. In September 2014, Jason Nova of Android Authority reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threats on Android. Nova wrote that `` The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them ; this does not allow applications to list the directory contents of other apps to keep the system safe. By not allowing the antivirus to list the directories of other apps after installation, applications that show no inherent suspicious behavior when downloaded are cleared as safe. If then later on parts of the app are activated that turn out to be malicious, the antivirus will have no way to know since it is inside the app and out of the antivirus ' jurisdiction ''. The study by Fraunhofer AISEC, examining antivirus software from Avast, AVG, Bitdefender, ESET, F - Secure, Kaspersky, Lookout, McAfee ( formerly Intel Security ), Norton, Sophos, and Trend Micro, revealed that `` the tested antivirus apps do not provide protection against customized malware or targeted attacks '', and that `` the tested antivirus apps were also not able to detect malware which is completely unknown to date but does not make any efforts to hide its malignity ''. In August 2013, Google announced Android Device Manager ( renamed Find My Device in May 2017 ), a service that allows users to remotely track, locate, and wipe their Android device, with an Android app for the service released in December. In December 2016, Google introduced a Trusted Contacts app, letting users request location - tracking of loved ones during emergencies. Licensing The source code for Android is open - source : it is developed in private by Google, with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released. Google publishes most of the code ( including network and telephony stacks ) under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2.0. which allows modification and redistribution. The license does not grant rights to the `` Android '' trademark, so device manufacturers and wireless carriers have to license it from Google under individual contracts. Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2, developed by the Open Handset Alliance, with the source code publicly available at all times. Typically, Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device ( part of the Nexus series ) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source code available after that device has been released. The only Android release which was not immediately made available as source code was the tablet - only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom, and they did not want third parties creating a `` really bad user experience '' by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets. Only the base Android operating system ( including some applications ) is open - source software, whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software, such as Google Mobile Services, which includes applications such as Google Play Store, Google Search, and Google Play Services -- a software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Google - provided services, among others. These applications must be licensed from Google by device makers, and can only be shipped on devices which meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements. Custom, certified distributions of Android produced by manufacturers ( such as TouchWiz and HTC Sense ) may also replace certain stock Android apps with their own proprietary variants and add additional software not included in the stock Android operating system. There may also be `` binary blob '' drivers required for certain hardware components in the device. Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have been critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as Replicant, because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually proprietary, and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly install or deinstall applications and, as a result, invite non-free software ; although the Free Software Foundation has not found Google to use it for malicious reasons. Leverage over manufacturers Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software, along with Android trademarks, only to hardware manufacturers for devices that meet Google 's compatibility standards specified in the Android Compatibility Program document. Thus, forks of Android that make major changes to the operating system itself do not include any of Google 's non-free components, stay incompatible with applications that require them, and must ship with an alternative software marketplace in lieu of Google Play Store. Examples of such Android forks are Amazon 's Fire OS ( which is used on the Kindle Fire line of tablets, and oriented toward Amazon services ), the Nokia X Software Platform ( a fork used by the Nokia X family, oriented primarily toward Nokia and Microsoft services ), and other forks that exclude Google apps due to the general unavailability of Google services in certain regions ( such as China ). In 2014, Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Services software display a prominent `` Powered by Android '' logo on their boot screens. Google has also enforced preferential bundling and placement of Google Mobile Services on devices, including mandated bundling of the entire main suite of Google applications, and that shortcuts to Google Search and the Play Store app must be present on or near the main home screen page in its default configuration. Some stock applications and components in AOSP code that were formerly used by earlier versions of Android, such as Search, Music, Calendar, and the location API, were abandoned by Google in favor of non-free replacements distributed through Play Store ( Google Search, Google Play Music, and Google Calendar ) and Google Play Services, which are no longer open - source. Moreover, open - source variants of some applications also exclude functions that are present in their non-free versions, such as Photosphere panoramas in Camera, and a Google Now page on the default home screen ( exclusive to the proprietary version `` Google Now Launcher '', whose code is embedded within that of the main Google application ). These measures are likely intended to discourage forks, as more of the operating system 's core functionality ( and in turn, third - party software ), are dependent on proprietary components licensed exclusively by Google, and it would take significant development resources to develop an alternative suite of software and APIs to replicate or replace them. Apps that do not utilize Google components would also be at a functional disadvantage, as they can only utilize APIs contained within the OS itself. In March 2018, it was reported that Google had begun to block `` uncertified '' Android devices from utilizing Google Mobile Services software, and display a warning indicating that `` the device manufacturer has preloaded Google apps and services without certification from Google ''. Users of custom ROMs are able to register their device ID to their Google account to remove this block. Members of the Open Handset Alliance, which include the majority of Android OEMs, are also contractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS ; in 2012, Acer Inc. was forced by Google to halt production on a device powered by Alibaba Group 's Aliyun OS with threats of removal from the OHA, as Google deemed the platform to be an incompatible version of Android. Alibaba Group defended the allegations, arguing that the OS was a distinct platform from Android ( primarily using HTML5 apps ), but incorporated portions of Android 's platform to allow backwards compatibility with third - party Android software. Indeed, the devices did ship with an application store which offered Android apps ; however, the majority of them were pirated. Reception Android received a lukewarm reaction when it was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open - source, Linux - based development platform sparked interest, but there were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These established players were skeptical : Nokia was quoted as saying `` we do n't see this as a threat, '' and a member of Microsoft 's Windows Mobile team stated `` I do n't understand the impact that they are going to have. '' Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system and `` one of the fastest mobile experiences available ''. Reviewers have highlighted the open - source nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing companies such as Nokia ( Nokia X family ), Amazon ( Kindle Fire ), Barnes & Noble ( Nook ), Ouya, Baidu and others to fork the software and release hardware running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been described by technology website Ars Technica as `` practically the default operating system for launching new hardware '' for companies without their own mobile platforms. This openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user : Android allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others. Despite Android 's popularity, including an activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. The Verge suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services -- Amazon 's Kindle Fire line uses Fire OS, a heavily modified fork of Android which does not include or support any of Google 's proprietary components, and requires that users obtain software from its competing Amazon Appstore instead of Play Store. In 2014, in an effort to improve prominence of the Android brand, Google began to require that devices featuring its proprietary components display an Android logo on the boot screen. Android has suffered from `` fragmentation '', a situation where the variety of Android devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS where hardware and software varies less. For example, according to data from OpenSignal in July 2013, there were 11,868 models of Android device, numerous different screen sizes and eight Android OS versions simultaneously in use, while the large majority of iOS users have upgraded to the latest iteration of that OS. Critics such as Apple Insider have asserted that fragmentation via hardware and software pushed Android 's growth through large volumes of low end, budget - priced devices running older versions of Android. They maintain this forces Android developers to write for the `` lowest common denominator '' to reach as many users as possible, who have too little incentive to make use of the latest hardware or software features only available on a smaller percentage of devices. However, OpenSignal, who develops both Android and iOS apps, concluded that although fragmentation can make development trickier, Android 's wider global reach also increases the potential reward. Market share Main article : Usage share of operating systems Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of 2009, that Android had a 2.8 % share of worldwide smartphone shipments. By May 2010, Android had a 10 % worldwide smartphone market share, overtaking Windows Mobile, whilst in the US Android held a 28 % share, overtaking iPhone OS. By the fourth quarter of 2010, its worldwide share had grown to 33 % of the market becoming the top - selling smartphone platform, overtaking Symbian. In the US it became the top - selling platform in April 2011, overtaking BlackBerry OS with a 31.2 % smartphone share, according to comScore. By the third quarter of 2011, Gartner estimated that more than half ( 52.5 % ) of the smartphone sales belonged to Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75 % share of the global smartphone market according to the research firm IDC. In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May, and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4 % growth per week. In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million activations per day. In May 2013, at Google I / O, Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated. Android market share varies by location. In July 2012, `` mobile subscribers aged 13 + '' in the United States using Android were up to 52 %, and rose to 90 % in China. During the third quarter of 2012, Android 's worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75 %, with 750 million devices activated in total. In April 2013 Android had 1.5 million activations per day. As of May 2013, 48 billion applications ( `` apps '' ) have been installed from the Google Play store, and by September 2013, one billion Android devices have been activated. As of February 2017, the Google Play store has over 2.7 million Android applications published, and As of May 2016, apps have been downloaded more than 65 billion times. The operating system 's success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so - called `` smartphone wars '' between technology companies. Android devices account for more than half of smartphone sales in most markets, including the US, while `` only in Japan was Apple on top '' ( September -- November 2013 numbers ). At the end of 2013, over 1.5 billion Android smartphones have been sold in the four years since 2010, making Android the most sold phone and tablet OS. Three billion Android smartphones are estimated to be sold by the end of 2014 ( including previous years ). According to Gartner research company, Android - based devices outsold all contenders, every year since 2012. In 2013, it outsold Windows 2.8 : 1 or by 573 million. As of 2015, Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems ; Since 2013, devices running it also sell more than Windows, iOS and Mac OS X devices combined. According to StatCounter, which tracks only the use for browsing the web, Android is the most popular mobile operating system since August 2013. Android is the most popular operating system for web browsing in India and several other countries ( e.g. virtually all of Asia, with Japan and North Korea exceptions ). According to StatCounter, Android is most used on mobile in all African countries, and it stated `` mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including India, South Africa and Saudi Arabia '', with virtually all countries in Africa having done so already ( except for seven countries, including Egypt ), such as Ethiopia and Kenya in which mobile ( including tablets ) usage is at 90.46 % ( Android only, accounts for 75.81 % of all use there ). While Android phones in the Western world commonly include Google 's proprietary add - ons ( such as Google Play ) to the otherwise open - source operating system, this is increasingly not the case in emerging markets ; `` ABI Research claims that 65 million devices shipped globally with open - source Android in the second quarter of ( 2014 ), up from 54 million in the first quarter '' ; depending on country, percent of phones estimated to be based only on AOSP source code, forgoing the Android trademark : Thailand ( 44 % ), Philippines ( 38 % ), Indonesia ( 31 % ), India ( 21 % ), Malaysia ( 24 % ), Mexico ( 18 % ), Brazil ( 9 % ). According to a January 2015 Gartner report, `` Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014, and will continue to grow at a double - digit pace in 2015, with a 26 percent increase year over year. '' This made it the first time that any general - purpose operating system has reached more than one billion end users within a year : by reaching close to 1.16 billion end users in 2014, Android shipped over four times more than iOS and OS X combined, and over three times more than Microsoft Windows. Gartner expected the whole mobile phone market to `` reach two billion units in 2016 '', including Android. Describing the statistics, Farhad Manjoo wrote in The New York Times that `` About one of every two computers sold today is running Android. ( It ) has become Earth 's dominant computing platform. '' According to a Statistica 's estimate, Android smartphones had an installed base of 1.8 billion units in 2015, which was 76 % of the estimated total number of smartphones worldwide. Android has the largest installed base of any mobile operating system and, since 2013, the highest - selling operating system overall with sales in 2012, 2013 and 2014 close to the installed base of all PCs. In the second quarter of 2014, Android 's share of the global smartphone shipment market was 84.7 %, a new record. This had grown to 87.5 % worldwide market share by the third quarter of 2016, leaving main competitor iOS with 12.1 % market share. According to an April 2017 StatCounter report, Android overtook Microsoft Windows to become the most popular operating system for total Internet usage. It has maintained the plurality since then. In September 2015, Google announced that Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users. This changed to 2 billion monthly active users in May 2017. Adoption on tablets The first - generation Nexus 7 tablet, running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean Despite its success on smartphones, initially Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the chicken or the egg situation where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet applications, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applications until there was a significant market for them. The content and app `` ecosystem '' proved more important than hardware specs as the selling point for tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet - specific applications in 2011, early Android tablets had to make do with existing smartphone applications that were ill - suited to larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple 's iPad was reinforced by the large number of tablet - specific iOS applications. Despite app support in its infancy, a considerable number of Android tablets, like the Barnes & Noble Nook ( alongside those using other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook ) were rushed out to market in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a `` Frankenphone business '', a short - term low - investment opportunity by placing a smartphone - optimized Android OS ( before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was available ) on a device while neglecting user interface. This approach, such as with the Dell Streak, failed to gain market traction with consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets. Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the Motorola Xoom were priced the same or higher than the iPad, which hurt sales. An exception was the Amazon Kindle Fire, which relied upon lower pricing as well as access to Amazon 's ecosystem of applications and content. This began to change in 2012, with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google for developers to write better tablet applications. According to International Data Corporation, shipments of Android - powered tablets surpassed iPads in Q3 2012. Barnes & Noble Nook running Android As of the end of 2013, over 191.6 million Android tablets had sold in three years since 2011. This made Android tablets the most - sold type of tablet in 2013, surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013. According to StatCounter 's web use statistics, as of August 15, 2017, Android tablets represent the majority of tablet devices used in South America ( 57.46 % ) and Africa ( 69.08 % ), while being a distant second to iOS in North America ( 25.29 % ) and Europe ( 32.64 % ), despite having sizeable majorities in many Central American, Caribbean, and Eastern European states. ) and representing the majority in Asia ( 51.25 % ) notably in India ( 65.98 % ) and Indonesia ( 82.18 % ). Android is an extremely distant second at 11.93 % in Oceania as well, mostly due to Australia ( 10.71 % ) and New Zealand ( 16.9 % ), while in some countries such as Nauru over 80 % of tablets are believed to use Android. As well, Android is more often than not used by the minority of web users in Antarctica, which has no permanent population. In March 2016, Galen Gruman of InfoWorld stated that Android devices could be a `` real part of your business (... ) there 's no longer a reason to keep Android at arm 's length. It can now be as integral to your mobile portfolio as Apple 's iOS devices are ''. A year earlier, Gruman had stated that Microsoft 's own mobile Office apps were `` better on iOS and Android '' than on Microsoft 's own Windows 10 devices. Platform usage Oreo ( 5.7 % ) Nougat ( 31.1 % ) Marshmallow ( 25.5 % ) Lollipop ( 22.4 % ) KitKat ( 10.3 % ) Jelly Bean ( 4.3 % ) Ice Cream Sandwich ( 0.4 % ) Gingerbread ( 0.3 % ) Charts in this section provide breakdowns of Android versions, based on devices accessing the Google Play Store in a seven - day period ending on May 7, 2018. Therefore, these statistics exclude devices running various Android forks that do not access the Google Play Store, such as Amazon 's Fire tablets. Version Code name Release date API level Runtime Distribution First devices to run version? Android P N / A Latest preview version of a future release : 28 ART N / A Essential Phone, Pixel, Pixel XL, Pixel 2, Pixel 2 XL, Nokia 7 Plus, OnePlus 6, Oppo R15 Pro, Sony Xperia XZ2, Vivo X21UD, Vivo X21, Xiaomi Mi Mix 2S 8.1 December 5, 2017 Current stable version : 27 ART 0.8 % Pixel, Pixel XL, Nexus 6P, Nexus 5X 8.0 Oreo August 21, 2017 Current stable version : 26 ART 4.9 % N / A 7.1 Nougat October 4, 2016 Older version, yet still supported : 25 ART 8.2 % Pixel, Pixel XL 7.0 August 22, 2016 Older version, yet still supported : 24 ART 22.9 % Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P 6.0 Marshmallow October 5, 2015 Older version, yet still supported : 23 ART 25.5 % 5.1 Lollipop March 9, 2015 Old version, no longer supported : 22 ART 17.6 % Android One 5.0 November 3, 2014 Old version, no longer supported : 21 ART 2.1. 0 4.8 % Nexus 6, Nexus 9 4.4 KitKat October 31, 2013 Old version, no longer supported : 19 Dalvik ( and ART 1.6. 0 ) 10.3 % Nexus 5 4.3 Jelly Bean July 24, 2013 Old version, no longer supported : 18 Dalvik 0.6 % Nexus 7 2013 4.2 November 13, 2012 Old version, no longer supported : 17 Dalvik 2.2 % Nexus 4, Nexus 10 4.1 July 9, 2012 Old version, no longer supported : 16 Dalvik 1.5 % Nexus 7 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich October 19, 2011 Old version, no longer supported : 15 Dalvik 0.4 % Galaxy Nexus 2.3 Gingerbread February 9, 2011 Old version, no longer supported : 10 Dalvik 1.4. 0 0.3 % Nexus S Legend : Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release As of April 2018, 64.8 % of devices have OpenGL ES 3.0 or higher. Application piracy In general, paid Android applications can easily be pirated. In a May 2012 interview with Eurogamer, the developers of Football Manager stated that the ratio of pirated players vs legitimate players was 9 : 1 for their game Football Manager Handheld. However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue ; for example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind - up Knight said that piracy levels of their game were only 12 %, and most of the piracy came from China, where people can not purchase apps from Google Play. In 2010, Google released a tool for validating authorized purchases for use within apps, but developers complained that this was insufficient and trivial to crack. Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their needs, not as a finished piracy solution. Android `` Jelly Bean '' introduced the ability for paid applications to be encrypted, so that they may work only on the device for which they were purchased. Legal issues Further information : Oracle v. Google, Smartphone wars, and Patent troll The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation between technology companies, both Android and Android phone manufacturers having been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language. Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle 's patents or copyright, that Oracle 's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android 's Java runtime environment is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik. In May 2012, the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle 's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable. The parties agreed to zero dollars in statutory damages for a small amount of copied code. On May 9, 2014, the Federal Circuit partially reversed the district court ruling, ruling in Oracle 's favor on the copyrightability issue, and remanding the issue of fair use to the district court. In December 2015, Google announced that the next major release of Android ( Android Nougat ) would switch to OpenJDK, which is the official open - source implementation of the Java platform, instead of using the now - discontinued Apache Harmony project as its runtime. Code reflecting this change was also posted to the AOSP source repository. In its announcement, Google claimed this was part of an effort to create a `` common code base '' between Java on Android and other platforms. Google later admitted in a court filing that this was part of an effort to address the disputes with Oracle, as its use of OpenJDK code is governed under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) with a linking exception, and that `` any damages claim associated with the new versions expressly licensed by Oracle under OpenJDK would require a separate analysis of damages from earlier releases ''. In June 2016, a United States federal court ruled in favor of Google, stating that its use of the APIs was fair use. In addition to lawsuits against Google directly, various proxy wars have been waged against Android indirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market. Both Apple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple 's ongoing legal action against Samsung being a particularly high - profile case. In January 2012, Microsoft said they had signed patent license agreements with eleven Android device manufacturers, whose products account for `` 70 percent of all Android smartphones '' sold in the US and 55 % of the worldwide revenue for Android devices. These include Samsung and HTC. Samsung 's patent settlement with Microsoft included an agreement to allocate more resources to developing and marketing phones running Microsoft 's Windows Phone operating system. Microsoft has also tied its own Android software to patent licenses, requiring the bundling of Microsoft Office Mobile and Skype applications on Android devices to subsidize the licensing fees, while at the same time helping to promote its software lines. Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services. In August 2011, Google purchased Motorola Mobility for US $12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011, Google bought over a thousand patents from IBM. In 2013, FairSearch, a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle and others, filed a complaint regarding Android with the European Commission, alleging that its free - of - charge distribution model constituted anti-competitive predatory pricing. The Free Software Foundation Europe, whose donors include Google, disputed the Fairsearch allegations. On April 20, 2016, the EU filed a formal antitrust complaint against Google based upon the FairSearch allegations, arguing that its leverage over Android vendors, including the mandatory bundling of the entire suite of proprietary Google software, hindering the ability for competing search providers to be integrated into Android, and barring vendors from producing devices running forks of Android, constituted anti-competitive practices. In August 2016, Google was fined US $6.75 million by the Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service ( FAS ) under similar allegations by Yandex. Other uses Ouya, a video game console which runs Android Google has developed several variations of Android for specific use cases, including Android Wear, later renamed Wear OS, for wearable devices such as wrist watches, Android TV for televisions, and Android Things for smart devices and Internet of things. Additionally, by providing infrastructure that combines dedicated hardware and dedicated applications running on regular Android, Google have opened up the platform for its use in particular usage scenarios, such as Android Auto for cars, and Daydream, a Virtual Reality platform. The open and customizable nature of Android allows device makers to use it on other electronics as well, including laptops, netbooks, and desktop computers, cameras, headphones, home automation systems, game consoles, media players, satellites, routers, printers, payment terminals, automated teller machines, and robots. Additionally, Android has been installed and run on a variety of less - technical objects, including calculators, single - board computers, feature phones, electronic dictionaries, alarm clocks, refrigerators, landline telephones, coffee machines, bicycles, and mirrors. Ouya, a video game console running Android, became one of the most successful Kickstarter campaigns, crowdfunding US $8.5 m for its development, and was later followed by other Android - based consoles, such as Nvidia 's Shield Portable -- an Android device in a video game controller form factor. In 2011, Google demonstrated `` Android@Home '', a home automation technology which uses Android to control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to note that `` turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new '', pointing to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a cloud services provider to bring Google products into customers ' homes. Android - x86 running on an ASUS EeePC netbook Parrot unveiled an Android - based car stereo system known as Asteroid in 2011, followed by a successor, the touchscreen - based Asteroid Smart, in 2012. In 2013, Clarion released its own Android - based car stereo, the AX1. In January 2014, at the Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ), Google announced the formation of the Open Automotive Alliance, a group including several major automobile makers ( Audi, General Motors, Hyundai, and Honda ) and Nvidia, which aims to produce Android - based in - car entertainment systems for automobiles, `` ( bringing ) the best of Android into the automobile in a safe and seamless way. '' Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops ( a similar functionality of running Android applications is also available in Google 's Chrome OS ) and can also be installed on personal computers by end users. On those platforms Android provides additional functionality for physical keyboards and mice, together with the `` Alt - Tab '' key combination for switching applications quickly with a keyboard. In December 2014, one reviewer commented that Android 's notification system is `` vastly more complete and robust than in most environments '' and that Android is `` absolutely usable '' as one 's primary desktop operating system. In October 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that Android will serve as Google 's future main laptop operating system, with the plan to fold Chrome OS into it by 2017. Google 's Sundar Pichai, who led the development of Android, explained that `` mobile as a computing paradigm is eventually going to blend with what we think of as desktop today. '' Also, back in 2009, Google co-founder Sergey Brin himself said that Chrome OS and Android would `` likely converge over time. '' Lockheimer, who replaced Pichai as head of Android and Chrome OS, responded to this claim with an official Google blog post stating that `` While we 've been working on ways to bring together the best of both operating systems, there 's no plan to phase out Chrome OS ( which has ) guaranteed auto - updates for five years ''. That is unlike Android where support is shorter with `` EOL dates ( being... ) at least 3 years ( into the future ) for Android tablets for education ''. At Google I / O in May 2016, Google announced Daydream, a virtual reality platform that relies on a smartphone and provides VR capabilities through a virtual reality headset and controller designed by Google itself. The platform is built into Android starting with Android Nougat, differentiating from standalone support for VR capabilities. The software is available for developers, and was released in 2016. Mascot A giant Android mascot at Googleplex in 2008 The mascot of Android is a green android robot, as related to the software 's name. Although it has no official name, the Android team at Google reportedly call it `` Bugdroid ''. Due to Android 's high popularity in the 2010s, it has become one of the most recognizable icons in the technology world. It was designed by then - Google graphic designer Irina Blok on November 5, 2007 when Android was announced. Contrary to reports that she was tasked with a project to create an icon, Blok confirmed in an interview that she independently developed it and made it open source. The robot design was initially not presented to Google, but it quickly became commonplace in the Android development team, with various different variations of it created by the developers there who liked the figure, as it was free under a Creative Commons license. Its popularity amongst the development team eventually led to Google adopting it as an official icon as part of the Android logo when it launched to consumers in 2008. See also Comparison of mobile operating systems Index of Android OS articles Alphabet portal Free software portal Google portal Notes Jump up ^ To put the Statistica 's numbers in context : by Strategy Analytics estimates, Windows the most popular `` desktop '' operating system, has an estimated installed base of about 1.3 billion at best ; they also estimate the overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassed them by 2018. Jump up ^ Versions accounting for less than 0.1 % are not included. References Jump up ^ `` Android Language Breakdown ''. Open Hub. October 25, 2017. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Morrill, Dan ( September 23, 2008 ). `` Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1 ''. 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Controversies Criticism of Linux Criticism of desktop Linux GNU / Linux naming controversy Tanenbaum -- Torvalds debate SCO and Linux Distributions General comparison Distributions list Netbook - specific comparison Distributions that run from RAM Lightweight Security - focused operating system Proprietary software for Linux Package manager Package format List of software package managers Organizations Linux Foundation Linux Mark Institute Linux User Group ( LUG ) Linux Documentation Project LinuxChix Linux Counter Adoption Desktop Embedded Mobile Gaming Linux range of use List of Linux adopters Media DistroWatch Free Software Magazine Full Circle Linux.com Linux Format Linux Gazette Linux Journal Linux Magazine LinuxUser Ubuntu User Linux Outlaws Linux Voice LugRadio LWN.net Open Source For You Phoronix Revolution OS The Code Linux Linux kernel features Portal : Linux WikiProject Linux BNE : XX4178968 BNF : cb16174153f ( data ) GND : 7635475 - 1 LCCN : n2009043077 VIAF : 316754250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_(operating_system)&oldid=850527799 '' Categories : Android ( operating system ) 2008 software Alphabet Inc. ARM operating systems Cloud clients Computer - related introductions in 2008 Computing platforms Embedded Linux distributions Free mobile software Google acquisitions Google software Mobile Linux Operating system families Smartphones Software using the Apache license Tablet operating systems Linux distributions without systemd Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Search Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018, at 13 : 04 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia Developers", "title": "Android (operating system)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Android_(operating_system)&amp;oldid=850527799" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ". The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals, and by five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile. Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope, and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated `` I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy. '' In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million. Its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Google had `` lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation ''." ], "id": [ "9444786764938486688" ], "short_answers": [ "July 2005" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle - wikipedia Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Jump to : navigation, search Flexor digitorum superficialis Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna. ( Flexor dig. subliminis labeled at center top. ) Details Origin medial epicondyle of the humerus ( common flexor tendon ) as well as parts of the radius and ulna. Insertion anterior margins on the bases of the middle phalanges of the four fingers Artery ulnar artery Nerve median nerve Actions flexor of fingers ( primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints ) Antagonist Extensor digitorum muscle Identifiers Latin musculus flexor digitorum superficialis Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12549098 TA A04. 6.02. 033 FMA 38469 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) Flexor digitorum superficialis ( flexor digitorum sublimis ) is an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints. It is in the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is sometimes considered to be the deepest part of the superficial layer of this compartment, and sometimes considered to be a distinct, `` intermediate layer '' of this compartment. It is relatively common for the Flexor digitorum superficialis to be missing from the little finger, bilaterally and unilaterally, which can cause problems when diagnosing a little finger injury. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 2 Function 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle. Four long tendons come off this muscle near the wrist and travel through the carpal tunnel formed by the flexor retinaculum. These tendons, along with those of flexor digitorum profundus, are enclosed by a common flexor sheath. The tendons attach to the anterior margins on the bases of the intermediate phalanges of the four fingers. These tendons have a split ( Camper 's Chiasm ) at the end of them through which the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus pass. Innervation ( edit ) The Flexor digitorium superficialis muscle is innervated by the median nerve ( C7, C8, T1 ). Function ( edit ) The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint. To test flexor digitorum superficialis, one finger is flexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint against resistance, while the remaining three fingers are held fully extended ( to inactivate flexor digitorum profundus ). Additional images ( edit ) Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina. Cross-section through the middle of the forearm. Transverse section across the wrist and digits. The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the front of the wrist and digits. The muscles of the left hand. Palmar surface. The radial and ulnar arteries. Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Muscles of upper limb. Cross section. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Medical Mnemonics.com : 273 1117 Jump up ^ `` Dissector Answers - Forearm & Wrist ''. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17. Jump up ^ `` uams.edu ''. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17. Jump up ^ `` J Hand Surg Eur ''. Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06. Jump up ^ Lutsky KF, Giang EL, Matzon JL ( January 2015 ). `` Flexor tendon injury, repair and rehabilitation ''. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 46 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 76. doi : 10.1016 / j. ocl. 2014.09. 004. PMID 25435036. External links ( edit ) Illustration : upper - body / flexor - digitorum - superficialis from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington ( hide ) Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle&oldid=722282385 '' Categories : Muscles of the upper limb Forearm Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2016, at 02 : 27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle&amp;oldid=722282385" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 2 Function 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle. Four long tendons come off this muscle near the wrist and travel through the carpal tunnel formed by the flexor retinaculum. These tendons, along with those of flexor digitorum profundus, are enclosed by a common flexor sheath. The tendons attach to the anterior margins on the bases of the intermediate phalanges of the four fingers. These tendons have a split ( Camper 's Chiasm ) at the end of them through which the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus pass. Innervation ( edit ) The Flexor digitorium superficialis muscle is innervated by the median nerve ( C7, C8, T1 ). Function ( edit ) The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint. To test flexor digitorum superficialis, one finger is flexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint against resistance, while the remaining three fingers are held fully extended ( to inactivate flexor digitorum profundus ). Additional images ( edit ) Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina." ], "id": [ "3940124650376149481" ], "short_answers": [ "The tendons attach to the anterior margins on the bases of the intermediate phalanges of the four fingers. These tendons have a split (Camper's Chiasm) at the end of them through which the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus pass." ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "CoCo ( O.T. Genasis song ) - Wikipedia CoCo ( O.T. Genasis song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` CoCo '' Single by O.T. Genasis Released October 13, 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) Format Digital download Genre Hip hop, trap Length 4 : 00 Label Conglomerate Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Odis Flores Shakur Thomas Producer ( s ) Juice 808 O.T. Genasis singles chronology `` Touchdown ( Remix ) '' ( 2014 ) `` CoCo '' ( 2014 ) `` The Flyest '' ( 2015 ) `` Touchdown ( Remix ) '' ( 2014 ) `` CoCo '' ( 2014 ) `` The Flyest '' ( 2015 ) `` CoCo '' is a song by American hip hop recording artist O.T. Genasis. It was released on October 13, 2014 by Conglomerate Records and on November 10, 2014 by Atlantic Records. The song 's title and lyrical content explicitly refer to Genasis ' love of cocaine. It was produced by Juice 808. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) February 26, 2016, for selling over 1,000,000 digital copies in the United States. Upon its release, the song noted a commercial success, peaking at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number five on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart. Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Remixes 3 Charts 3.1 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on October 13, 2014. The music video has O.T. Genasis and a few of his friends scraping together and bagging baking soda. Another video with a higher budget was released, dubbed the TV version, which features O.T. Genasis on a boat with a theme of drug cartels and the large - scale importation of cocaine. The music video features a ( Conglomerate Records ) sign in the beginning. The video was directed by Busta Rhymes ( Conglomerate C.E.O ). It also features cameo appearances by Director Busta Rhymes, DJ Khaled, Timbaland, Ice T and his wife, Nicole `` Coco '' Austin. The TV version was filmed in Miami. Remixes ( edit ) The first part of the remix entitled `` CoCo ( Part 2 ) '' was released on February 10, 2015 featuring Meek Mill and Jeezy. Another remix entitled `` CoCo ( Part 3 ) '' was released on February 12 and features Chris Brown. Rapper Lil Wayne remixed the song for his Sorry 4 the Wait 2 mixtape which was very controversial. Pitbull and J Balvin remixed the song also. There are also EDM remixes by MAKJ, Flosstradamus, Borgore, JAUZ, DJ Sliink, Big O, Coucheron and Mike Candys. Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 18 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 35 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 37 France ( SNEP ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 64 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 192 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 79 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Video : O.T. Genasis Is In Love With The ' Coco ' ''. Vibe. Retrieved 17 December 2014. Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJ5k6udvyec Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bTZ6x0uNOw0 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDAxkr5mMrs Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- O.T. Genasis -- CoCo '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved February 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- O.T. Genasis -- CoCo '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop Urban. Retrieved February 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- O.T. Genasis -- CoCo '' ( in French ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved February 12, 2015. Jump up ^ `` O.T. Genasis -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for O.T. Genasis. Retrieved December 28, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- O.T. Genasis -- CoCo '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved December 28, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- O.T. Genasis -- CoCo ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved February 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Zywietz, Tobias. `` Chart : CLUK Update 10.01. 2015 ( wk1 ) ''. Zobbel.de. Retrieved February 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 12, 2014. Jump up ^ `` O.T. Genasis -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for O.T. Genasis. Retrieved December 28, 2014. Jump up ^ `` O.T. Genasis -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for O.T. Genasis. Retrieved September 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` O.T. Genasis -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for O.T. Genasis. Retrieved January 24, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 ''. Billboard. billboard.com. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- O.T. Genasis -- CoCo ''. Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube TV Music video on YouTube This 2010s hip hop single -- related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CoCo_(O.T._Genasis_song)&oldid=807463766 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs O.T. Genasis songs Atlantic Records singles Songs about cocaine 2010s hip hop single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017, at 03 : 05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "CoCo (O.T. Genasis song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=CoCo_(O.T._Genasis_song)&amp;oldid=807463766" }

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{ "text": "The Bible ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The Bible ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation, search The Bible Genre Biblical epic Drama Created by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Based on Protestant Bible Directed by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Starring Diogo Morgado Roma Downey Darwin Shaw Andrew Scarborough Narrated by Keith David ( US version ) Robert Powell ( UK version ) Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe Lisa Gerrard Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Hebrew No. of episodes 10 Production Producer ( s ) Roma Downey Mark Burnett Richard Bedser Dirk Hoogstra Julian P. Hobbs Cinematography Christopher Titus King Rob Goldie Peter Greenhalgh Editor ( s ) Robert Hall Iain Kitching Tom Parsons Julian Rodd Dominic Strevens Running time 440 minutes Production company ( s ) Lightworkers Media Budget Under $22 million Release Original network History Original release March 3 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) -- March 31, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) Chronology Followed by Son of God A.D. The Bible Continues External links Website The Bible is a television miniseries based on the Bible. It was produced by Roma Downey and Mark Burnett and was broadcast weekly between March 3 and 31, 2013 on History channel. It has since been adapted for release to theaters as a feature film ( 138 minutes ), the 2014 American epic biblical drama Son of God. Burnett, best known for producing prime - time hit reality shows, considers the scripted 10 - hour series to be the `` most important '' project he has undertaken. The project was conceived by Burnett and Downey, who are married, after watching Cecil B. DeMille 's 1956 film The Ten Commandments for the first time since childhood. The series is Mark Burnett 's first scripted project. In addition to Burnett and Downey, executive producers include Richard Bedser and History 's Dirk Hoogstra and Julian P. Hobbs. The first episode of the mini-series was seen by 13.1 million viewers, the largest cable television audience of 2013 to date. The second installment continued `` to deliver blockbuster ratings '' for the network, attracting 10.8 million viewers. The third installment on March 17, 2013 was once again the No. 1 show on all of Sunday night television with 10.9 million total viewers. In addition, the series garnered 4.2 million adults 25 -- 54 and 3.5 million adults 18 -- 49. In total, with subsequent airings, ' The Bible ' has received more than 100 million cumulative views. The series received three Emmy Award nominations for best miniseries, and sound editing and sound mixing on July 18, 2013. Parts of the telecast -- including unaired footage -- have been turned into a feature film about the life of Jesus entitled Son of God. A sequel series with the title A.D. The Bible Continues aired on NBC. Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 TV ratings 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Distribution 5.3. 1 Differences from the Bible 5.3. 2 Lookalike controversy 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 6.1 International broadcasts 6.2 DVD release 6.3 Novel 6.4 Soundtrack 6.5 Score 6.6 Theatrical release 7 Sequel -- A.D. 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) The series covers `` Genesis to Revelation '' in `` one grand narrative, '' within five two - hour parts, each containing two or three biblical stories told through live action and computer - generated imagery. According to Burnett, it included `` obvious '' stories such as Noah 's Ark, the Exodus, and the life of Jesus Christ. Five hours are taken from the Old Testament, five from the New. The series is based on the New International Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible. Downey and Burnett said their `` greatest hope '' in making the series was that it would `` affect a new generation of viewers and draw them back to the Bible. '' `` Part of what we hoped to accomplish with the series was to show the Bible is not simply a collection of unconnected stories which are often discussed and analyzed in snippets with chapter and verse numbers, '' the couple wrote in an op - ed in The Huffington Post. `` Instead, we wanted to show how the Old Testament connects seamlessly to the New Testament. How they are one sweeping story with one grand, overriding message : God loves each one of us as if we were the only person in all the world to love. '' Development ( edit ) Mark Burnett in 2009 In May 2011, The New York Times reported that Downey, Burnett and their production team were selecting stories for the series, with production scheduled to begin in 2012 for a 2013 broadcast. The budget for the series was under $22 million. Researchers and theologians were asked to verify accuracy. Academic consultants included Craig A. Evans, Helen Bond, Paula Gooder, Mark Goodacre and Candida Moss. Shooting took place in Morocco and elsewhere. Burnett and Downey consulted `` a wide range of pastors and academics, '' including their friend Joel Osteen, Joshua Garroway ( a rabbi from Hebrew Union College ), and a Catholic cardinal. Geoff Tunnicliffe of the World Evangelical Alliance, read each episode 's script and visited the set in Morocco : he `` wanted to be sure that the final edits would hold together as a singular thematic message throughout the entire series '' and `` was not disappointed. '' Another consultant, Focus on the Family President Jim Daly, applauded the couple 's courage for making the series : `` Let 's face it, it takes some moxie to lift up the Bible in the middle of Hollywood. In fact, when they first proposed the project they were told to try and tell the story without mentioning Jesus. They refused. '' Other project advisors included : Rick Warren ( pastor, Saddleback Church ) Erwin McManus ( pastor, Mosaic ) Sam Rodriguez ( National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference ) Paul Eshleman ( Campus Crusade for Christ ) Bobby Gruenewald ( YouVersion Bible ) Brad Lomenick ( Catalyst ) Leith Anderson ( president, National Association of Evangelicals ) Frank Wright ( president, National Religious Broadcasters ) Tom Peterson ( Catholics Come Home ) Gabe Lyons ( founder of the Fermi Project ) Luis Palau ( Christian evangelist ) George Wood ( General Superintendent of the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America ) Craig Groeschel ( Life Church ) Denny Rydberg ( Young Life ) Andrew Benton ( president, Pepperdine University ) Days before the series premiere, Downey and Burnett authored an op - ed for The Wall Street Journal arguing that Bible teaching should be mandatory in U.S. public schools because `` ( t ) he foundations of knowledge of the ancient world -- which informs the understanding of the modern world -- are biblical in origin. '' Cast ( edit ) Diogo Morgado -- Jesus Christ Darwin Shaw -- Peter Paul Brightwell -- Malchus Roma Downey -- Mary, mother of Jesus Leila Mimmack -- Mary ( young ) Greg Hicks -- Pontius Pilate Sebastian Knapp -- John Amber Rose Revah -- Mary Magdalene Adrian Schiller -- Caiaphas Andrew Brooke -- Antonius Louise Delamere -- Claudia Matthew Gravelle -- Thomas Simon Kunz -- Nicodemus Joe Wredden -- Judas Fraser Ayres -- Barabbas Michael Legge -- Stephen Paul Marc Davis -- Simon Paul Freeman -- Samuel Will Houston -- Moses Joe Forte -- Moses ( young ) Melia Kreiling -- Bathsheba Dhaffer L'Abidine -- Uriah Francis Magee -- Saul Con O'Neill -- Paul the Apostle Joe Coen -- Saint Joseph Stephanie Leonidas -- Rahab Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni -- Satan Gary Oliver -- Abraham Josephine Butler -- Sarah Andrew Scarborough -- Joshua Sean Knopp -- Joshua ( young ) Clive Wood -- Nathan Hara Yannas -- Michal Langley Kirkwood -- David Jassa Ahluwalia -- David ( young ) Eddie Elks -- Angel Gabriel Nonso Anozie -- Samson Jake Canuso -- Daniel Sam Douglas -- Herod the Great Gerald Kyd -- Cyrus the Great Peter Guinness -- Nebuchadnezzar II Cristian Solimeno -- Jonathan Laurie Calvert -- Jonathan ( young ) Paul Knops -- Adam Darcie Lincoln -- Eve Hugo Rossi -- Isaac Conan Stevens -- Goliath Sharon Duncan - Brewster -- Samson 's mother Kierston Wareing -- Delilah Lonyo -- Guardian angel David Rintoul -- Noah Aharon Ipalé -- Pharaoh Stewart Scudamore -- Ramesses Sean Teale -- Ramesses ( young ) Jalaal Hartley -- Nashon Shivani Ghai -- Batya Louis Hilyer -- Aaron Joanna Foster -- Miriam Soraya Radford -- Hagar Antonio Magro -- Lot Rachel Edwards -- Lot 's wife Raad Rawi -- Jeremiah Samuel Collings -- Zedekiah Christopher Simon -- Azariah David Freedman -- Eleazar the Scribe Jake Maskall -- Bashaa Episodes ( edit ) No. Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` Beginnings '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo Colin Swash Nic Young March 3, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 Noah tells of the Creation of the world and the Fall of man while aboard the ark ( Genesis 1 - 3 ; 6 - 8 ) ; Abrahamic covenant ; the Battle of the Vale of Siddim ( Genesis 14 ) ; Hagar and Ishmael ( Genesis 16 ) ; birth of Isaac ( Genesis 21 ) ; Abraham is tested ( Genesis 22 ) ; Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 19 ). `` Exodus '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo March 3, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 During the time of Egyptian slavery, Moses learns of his roots, kills a soldier and flees Egypt ( Exodus 2 ) ; God speaks to Moses through the burning bush ( Exodus 3 ) ; Moses returns to Egypt ; ten Plagues of Egypt ( Exodus 7 - 11 ) ; Moses leads the Israelites in The Exodus ; Moses parts the Red Sea ( Exodus 14 ) ; Moses receives the Ten Commandments at Mt. Sinai ( Exodus 20 ) `` Homeland '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Adam Rosenthal Nic Young March 10, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites ( Deuteronomy 31 ; Joshua 1 ) ; the Israelites camp outside of Jericho ; Joshua sends spies into Jericho ( Joshua 2 ) ; Joshua invades and conquers Jericho ( Joshua 6 ) ; Delilah betrays Samson, a hero of the Israelites who battled against the Philistines ( Judges 13 - 16 ) `` Kingdom '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Colin Swash Nic Young March 10, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Samuel anoints Saul as king, a move that could throw the nation into civil war ( 1 Samuel 15 ) ; Saul is consumed with jealousy over the crown when David defeats Goliath ( 1 Samuel 17 ) ; King David ushers a golden age for Israel, but is soon seduced by power and lust for Bathsheba ( 2 Samuel 11 ) ; God forgives David, and Solomon builds God 's temple in Jerusalem ( 1 Kings 6 ) 5 `` Survival '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 The Jews are enslaved in Babylon ( Jeremiah 39 ) ; the image of gold and the three Hebrews in the blazing furnace ( Daniel 3 ) ; Daniel is thrown into the lions ' den, but when his faith endures and God spares him ( Daniel 6 ) ; the Jews are allowed to return to Jerusalem ( 2 Chronicles 36 ; Ezra 1 ) 6 `` Hope '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 During the time of Roman occupation, the Angel Gabriel tells Mary that she will bear a child ( Luke 1 ) ; Joseph takes Mary to Bethlehem for the census, where Jesus is born ( Luke 2 ) ; the Holy family escapes Herod 's order to kill Bethlehem 's male babies ( Matthew 2 ) ; Judea comes under the ruthless rule of Pilate ; John baptizes Jesus ( Matthew 3 ) ; Satan tempts Jesus in the wilderness ( Matthew 4 ) ; Jesus performs the miraculous catch of fish and calls Peter ( Matthew 4 ) 7 `` Mission '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 24, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Jesus feeds crowds of thousands in Galilee ( Matthew 14 ) and brings a dead man, Lazarus, back to life ( John 11 ) ; Jesus enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey -- a declaration that he is the Messiah ; Jesus turns on the money - changers in the Temple ( Mark 11 ) 8 `` Betrayal '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Colin Swash Nic Young March 24, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Caiphas coaxes Judas into betraying Jesus ; Jesus throws the disciples into turmoil at the Last Supper ; Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane ( Mark 14 ) ; Jesus is arrested and Malchus ' ear is cut off by Peter and Jesus heals his ear ; Jesus is confronted by the high priests at his Sanhedrin trial ( Matthew 26 ) 9 `` Passion '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Abraham Christen Liando Colin Swash Nic Young March 31, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Peter denies Jesus ( Luke 22 ) and Judas hangs himself ; Pilate 's wife has a dream and warns Pilate not to crucify Jesus ( Matthew 27 ) ; Pilate has Jesus whipped 40 times and the crown of thorns are placed on Jesus ' head ( John 19 ) ; Jesus is condemned to death ( Matthew 27 ) ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus is buried ( John 19 ) 10 `` Courage '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 31, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Mary Magdalene goes to his tomb, a figure walks towards her -- He is back ( John 20 ) ; Jesus commissions the disciples to `` go and preach to all '' before he ascends ( Acts 1 ). The Holy Spirit comes at Pentecost ( Acts 2 ) ; Stephen is stoned by the Pharisee Paul ( Acts 7 ) ; Paul has a vision and experiences a miraculous change of faith on a journey to Damascus ( Acts 9 ) ; martyrdom of the Disciples, John 's survival and exile to Patmos, John receives a revelation -- Jesus is coming back, and all who keep the faith will be rewarded Reception ( edit ) TV ratings ( edit ) The opening episode of the series premiered to very high ratings. The miniseries was watched by 13.1 million total viewers, according to Nielsen. In Canada, the premiere was watched by 1.05 million viewers. The second installment saw a ratings slippage, but still brought in 10.8 million viewers, tops in all television for the 8 -- 10 p.m. time period. Week three 's installment, meanwhile, garnered 10.9 million total viewers. Critical reception ( edit ) Reviews of The Bible have been mixed. It has had a `` mixed or average reviews '' rating at Metacritic, having a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critical reviews. Distribution ( edit ) On March 19, 2013, Roma Downey and Mark Burnett offered remarks on the viewership and its anticipated diffusion. He said : `` We 've realized, on the journey around the country to churches and all over the place, many people can not afford cable TV. And those people need to see this Bible series. So we 're rushing the DVD out April 2nd, also immediately with Spanish subtitles. This is very important. And this is only for America and Canada. Now we 're about to start around the world. This will be in every country of the world. More people will see this series than everything we ever made ; together, combined. Billions of people will see this series. Billions. '' Differences from the Bible ( edit ) In the introduction to each episode, the message is displayed `` This program is an adaptation of Bible stories that changed our world. It endeavors to stay true to the spirit of the Book. '' Roma Downey stated in an interview, `` we had a great team of scholars and theologians helping us, making sure that we told these stories accurately and truthfully, '' However, many of the story elements in the series have been criticized as deviating from the events described in the traditional text, and using too many creative licenses. These are included below : In the Bible, Noah 's three sons are full grown men, whereas in the TV series they are depicted as boys. In the Book of Genesis, the angelic visitors were approached by Lot who insisted that they stay with him. Then they feasted with Lot in his home. The series shows the angels approaching Lot, begging for help with no hospitality extended to them. ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 5 ) The text describes a mob gathered outside of Lot 's home wanting to rape his two angelic visitors, and Lot offering his daughters instead. The series omits this. ( Genesis 19 : 4 - 10 ) At the destruction of Sodom, the series shows the angels slaughtering some of the city 's inhabitants. Critics refer to these as `` Ninja Angels ''. This is not in the text. ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 17 ) The series shows Abraham traveling with Isaac, a very short distance to the place where he was to sacrifice his son. In the Bible it is a three - day journey and the two are accompanied by a donkey and two attendants. ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 4 ) The series shows Sarah running after Abraham once she realizes he is going to sacrifice Isaac. This is not in the text. ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 19 ) In the Binding of Isaac, the text describes a ram ( adult ) caught by its horns in a thicket. The miniseries depicts a juvenile lamb caught by its leg ( Genesis 22 : 13 ) When Moses appeared to Pharaoh years later, the text shows Moses ' brother Aaron releasing his shepherd staff onto the ground which turns into a snake wherein Pharaoh 's magicians copying the trick. The series omits this. The Bible text says that Samson tied torches on 300 foxes ' tails causing them to burn the Phillistines ' crops and plants. This was because Samson was angry with his father in law for giving his wife to another man. When they head this they burned Samson 's wife and her father to death ( Judges 15 : 4 - 6 ). In the series the Philistine commander has Samson 's wife and her father put to death as consequence for marrying Samson, who was an Israelite. After David 's affair with Bathsheba and the killing of Uriah the Hittite, he is confronted by Nathan. The series depicts David as resistant or even indignant, whereas in the text, David is remorseful for his sin and admits his guilt, leading him to write Psalm 51 and beg forgiveness from God ( 2 Samuel 12 : 13, Psalms 51 ) When the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem, Jeremiah is depicted as escaping unnoticed by the invaders. In the text Jeremiah is captured, bound in chains and later released ( Jeremiah 39 : 11 - 40 : 6 ) The show depicts Daniel and his three compatriots being captured during the siege, when in fact, they were deported more than a decade before Jerusalem 's destruction ( Daniel 1 ; 2 Kings 24 : 10 - 16 ) When Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to worship King Nebuchadnezzar 's golden statue, the miniseries depicts them as being tied up, with a fire lit under them. In the text, the king orders the three to be thrown into a furnace that was heated seven times hotter than usual. In fact, the text describes the furnace as being so hot, that some of Nebuchadnezzar 's `` strongest soldiers '' who threw them in there were killed by the flames while doing so. ( Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 ) The miniseries 's depicts the prophet Isaiah as a contemporary of Daniel, living during the time of the Babylonian exile. This is a major inconsistency with the text as Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus the Persian would release the captives after a period of time. This prophecy occurred 150 years before Cyrus was born, 180 years before Cyrus performed any of these feats, and 80 years before the Jews were taken into exile meaning that Isaiah could never have existed contemporaneously -- that is, at the same time -- as Daniel and Cyrus. ( Isaiah 44 : 28 ; 45 : 1 ; 45 : 13 ). In the miniseries ' depiction of the Temptation of Christ, the Devil took Jesus to a high mountain when he tempted Jesus to throw himself down. In the text, the Devil tempted Jesus to throw himself down from the pinnacle of the temple. The high mountain was where the devil tempted Jesus to worship him. ( Matthew 4 : 1 - 11 ; Luke 4 : 1 - 13 ) In the Bible, Jesus had the mourners remove the stone, and then he called for Lazarus to come out. In the miniseries, Jesus enters Lazarus ' tomb and kisses him on the head, while not even addressing Lazarus, and gives a brand - new monologue. ( John 11 : 38 - 44 ) During the Way of The Cross scene, the actual scripture depicts Jesus meeting a group of women wailing for him and admonishes them to `` not to weep for him ; Rather for themselves and their children '' ( Luke 23 : 27 - 31 ). The miniseries omits this. However, they featured a scene where a woman ( Saint Veronica ) wipes his face. This is however taken from one of the 14 Stations of the Cross of the Catholic Church. Lookalike controversy ( edit ) There have been claims of a resemblance of the actor in the role of Satan ( Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni ) to U.S. President Barack Obama. The resemblance was first pointed out notably by Glenn Beck ahead of the episode 's premiere. This led the History Channel to announce, History ( C ) hannel has the highest respect for President Obama. The Bible series was produced with an international and diverse cast of respected actors. It 's unfortunate that anyone made this false connection. History 's `` The Bible '' is meant to enlighten people on its rich stories and deep history. '' Burnett and Downey responded in a joint statement, This is utter nonsense. The actor who played Satan, Mehdi Ouazanni, is a highly acclaimed Moroccan actor. He has previously played parts in several Biblical epics -- including Satanic characters long before Barack Obama was elected as our President. Downey added separately, `` Both Mark and I have nothing but respect and love for our president, who is a fellow Christian. False statements such as these are just designed as a foolish distraction to try and discredit the beauty of the story of The Bible. Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Bible was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards ; Outstanding Miniseries or Movie, Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special, and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie. The 44th GMA Dove Awards gave a tribute to the miniseries in October 2013. In 2014, The Bible won the honor of Home Media Magazine 's Best Miniseries or TV Movie on Disc for the year. Other Media ( edit ) International broadcasts ( edit ) United States -- History : March 3, 2013 -- March 31, 2013 Canada -- History : March 3, 2013 -- March 31, 2013 Spain -- Antena 3 : March 25, 2013 -- April 2013 Finland - Alfa TV : Premiered December 1, 2013 Colombia -- Caracol TV : March 28, 2013 -- April 2013 Chile -- Canal 13 : March 29, 2013 -- April 2013 / March 30, 2018 Portugal -- SIC : March 30, 2013 -- March 31, 2013 Greece -- ANT1 : April 29, 2013 -- May 4, 2013 Cyprus -- ANT1 : April 29, 2013 -- May 4, 2013 United Kingdom -- Channel 5 : November 30, 2013 -- December 22, 2013 Australia -- Nine Network : Premiered July 16, 2013 Brazil -- Rede Record : Premiered October 16, 2013 Poland -- Polsat : Premiered October 19, 2013 Hong Kong -- TVB Pearl : Premiered November 6, 2013 Kenya -- KTN : Premiered October 7, 2013 France -- Paris Première : Premiered December 8, 2013 Ireland -- TV3 ( Ireland ) : December 21, 2013 Slovakia -- Slovenská televízia : Premiered December 23, 2013 Russia -- TV - 3 : Premiered January 2014 Italy -- Rete 4 : Premiered March 23, 2014 Mexico -- Canal 5 : April 14, 2014 -- April 19, 2014 / March 26, 2018 -- March 30, 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Costa Rica -- Teletica Canal 7 : April 17, 2014 -- April 18, 2014 Philippines -- ABS -- CBN : April 17, 2014 -- April 19, 2014 / March 29, 2018 -- March 31, 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Peru -- América Televisión : April 6, 2014 -- April --, 2014 Netherlands -- EO : Premiered May 12, 2014 Germany -- VOX : April 17, 2014 -- April 19, 2014 Ecuador -- Ecuavisa, Ecuavisa HD : April 5, 2014 -- April 19, 2014 Lebanon - LBCI : April 10, 2014 -- April 20, 2014. United States -- Telemundo : March 25, 2015 DVD release ( edit ) The series became the biggest - selling miniseries on DVD in its first week of release, and biggest on Blu - ray and Digital HD of all time. In its first week on home video, ' The Bible ' series sold 525,000 copies. It was the fastest selling television show on DVD since 2008. A Blu - ray version is also available via 20th Century Fox. Novel ( edit ) Roma Downey and Mark Burnett have also released a novelization of this miniseries, entitled A Story of God and All of Us : A Novel Based on the Epic TV Miniseries `` The Bible. '' It debuted at No. 27 on the New York Times Best - Seller List. Soundtrack ( edit ) The Bible : Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries Soundtrack album A CD was released on March 12, 2013 with Christian music singers performing songs inspired by the miniseries : The Bible ( Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries ) No. Title Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Length 1. `` In Your Eyes '' Peter Gabriel Francesca Battistelli 5 : 08 2. `` Live Like That '' David Frey Ben Glover Ben McDonald Sidewalk Prophets 3 : 57 3. `` This Side of Heaven '' Chris August Chris August 2 : 57 4. `` Starting Line '' Jason Castro Phillip LaRue Seth Mosley Jason Castro 3 : 32 5. `` Love Come to Life '' Jeremy Redmon Big Daddy Weave 3 : 46 6. `` Crave '' Shaun Shankel Joel Smallbone Luke Smallbone for King & Country 4 : 26 7. `` Fearless '' Andy Anderson Tony Battaglia Blanca Callahan Manwell Reyes Group 1 Crew 3 : 22 8. `` What Love Means '' Seth Mosley Nikita Odnoralov Ruslan Odnoralov Everfound 3 : 36 9. `` Home '' Paul Alan Dara Maclean Dara Maclean 3 : 53 10. `` Wash Me Away '' Ian Eskelin Nicole Witt Tony Wood Point of Grace 3 : 03 11. `` Not for a Moment ( After All ) '' Meredith Andrews Stu G Jason Ingram James MacDonald Andi Rozier Meredith Andrews 4 : 00 12. `` Mary, Did You Know? '' Buddy Greene Mark Lowry Kenny Rogers Wynonna 3 : 51 Score ( edit ) The Bible ( Official Score Soundtrack ) No. Title Artist ( s ) Length 1. `` Faith '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 12 : 49 2. `` In the Beginning '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 47 3. `` Romas Lament '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 5 : 30 4. `` Hope '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 22 5. `` Journey '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 18 6. `` Zedekiah 's Sons '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 55 7. `` Daniel Prays '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 12 8. `` The Road to Jerusalem '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 05 9. `` Pentecost '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 15 10. `` King David '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 41 11. `` I Am '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 45 12. `` Pray for Us '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 51 13. `` Free Us, Save Us '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 28 14. `` The Nativity '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 4 : 33 15. `` Creation Choral '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 08 16. `` Rise up in Faith '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 45 Theatrical release ( edit ) Main article : Son of God ( film ) Mark Burnett announced in April 2013 that a three - hour version is being prepared for global theatrical release. He claimed that he has had no distribution arrangements yet, though he could possibly release it himself. In June 2013, Burnett elaborated that the film, which has already been edited, will focus exclusively on the life of Jesus, and will run two hours and fifteen minutes. In September 2013, it was announced that 20th Century Fox will partner with Burnett on theatrical distribution, currently titled Son of God. In October 2013, it was announced that Son of God will be released on February 28, 2014. Sequel -- A.D. ( edit ) Main article : A.D. The Bible Continues On December 17, 2013, it was announced that there would be a follow - up miniseries in 2015, titled A.D. The Bible Continues, also produced by Burnett, Downey, and Bedser. The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday, April 5. It airs in twelve weekly one - hour episodes. The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible, beginning with the Crucifixion and Resurrection, and continues with the first ten chapters of the Book of Acts. On July 3, 2015, NBC cancelled A.D. The Bible Continues after one season. However, producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel. See also ( edit ) Depiction of Jesus The Bible in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marrapodi, Eric ( March 2, 2013 ). `` Reality TV Goliath takes up Bible miniseries challenge, hopes for better outcome ''. CNN Belief Blog. CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Carter, Bill ( May 24, 2011 ). `` Reality - TV Producer Mark Burnett Tackles the Bible ''. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. p. C1. Retrieved August 28, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Elber, Lynn ( May 24, 2011 ). `` ' The Bible ' : History Channel, Mark Burnett Creating CGI 10 - Hour Miniseries ''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia. `` Mark Burnett, Roma Downey promo ' Bible ' mini to faithful ''. Variety. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Jump up ^ Levin, Gary ( May 24, 2011 ). `` Mark Burnett to produce ' The Bible ' ''. USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved August 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( May 24, 2011 ). `` Mark Burnett producing ' The Bible ' miniseries for History Channel ''. Zap2it. Archived from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Hibberd, James ( March 4, 2013 ). `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' begets record ratings ''. Entertainment Weekly. ^ Jump up to : Patten, Dominic ( March 19, 2013 ). `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Rise In Week 3 ''. Deadline Hollywood. Jump up ^ Hayden, Erik. ' The Bible ' Earns Three Emmy Nominations, The Hollywood Reporter, July 18, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Burnett Prepping ' The Bible ' Miniseries For Theatrical Release ''. PMC. April 22, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Elavsky, Cindy ( November 17, 2013 ). `` Celebrity Extra ''. King Features. Retrieved February 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret ( May 24, 2011 ). `` Mark Burnett Declines to Make Bible Reality Show ''. New York. New York City, New York : New York Media, LLC. ISSN 0028 - 7369. Retrieved August 28, 2011. Jump up ^ Crosby, Robert ( February 25, 2013 ). `` From Survivor and Touched by an Angel to the Bible ''. Christianity Today. Jump up ^ Downey, Roma ; Burnett, Mark ( February 28, 2013 ). `` Making The Bible a Daunting, Deep Experience ''. The Huffington Post. Jump up ^ Evans, Craig. `` Dr Craig A. Evans ''. Homepage. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Goodacre, Mark. `` More Bible Series News and Video Clips ''. NT Blog. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Review : ' The Bible ' -- This Time, Hollywood Got It Right, a Christian Post review by Geoff Tunnicliffe, one of the film 's consultants. Retrieved March 3, 2013. Jump up ^ Draper, Electa ( March 10, 2013 ). `` Focus on the Family CEO Jim Daly consulted on TV mega-hit `` The Bible '' ``. Denver Post. Jump up ^ About the Bible - Outreach.com Retrieved March 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Roma Downey and Mark Burnett : Why Public Schools Should Teach the Bible - WSJ.com ''. The Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' Courage ( TV episode 2013 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Peter Guinness on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara ( March 4, 2013 ). `` History 's ' The Bible ' is the Number 1 Cable Entertainment Telecast of the Year ''. TV by the Numbers. A + E press release. Retrieved March 4, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 2, Still Tower Over Competition ''. Deadline Hollywood. March 12, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie. `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 4 '', Deadline Hollywood, March 26, 2013. ^ Jump up to : O'Connell, Mike ( April 1, 2013 ). `` TV Ratings : History 's ' The Bible ' Pulls 11.7 Million Viewers With Easter Ender ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 1, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Collins, Scott. ' The Bible, ' ' Vikings ' premieres tell a ratings epic for History, Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Redirecting ''. Jump up ^ `` The Bible ''. Jump up ^ Roma Downey and Mark Burnett Interview at The Bible Experience in New York ( Video clip recorded March 19, 2013, located at YouTube ) Jump up ^ Owen, Rob. `` Miniseries tries to stay true to spirit of the Good Book ''. Standard - Examiner. Retrieved April 2, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham, Steve. `` The Bible : The Mini-Series ''. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Bible : first episode, first impressions ''. Jump up ^ Garvin, Glenn. `` Reviews of ' The Bible, ' ' Red Widow ' and ' Vikings ' ''. Jump up ^ Kovacs, Joe. `` Just how unbiblical is ' The Bible '? ''. Jump up ^ Hallowell, Billy. `` Is The Bible TV Series Really Filled With Historical Inaccuracies? ''. Jump up ^ McClarty, Jim. `` The Bible according to the History Channel ''. Jump up ^ Dawn, Randee. `` One scholar takes issue with ' The Bible ' : 5 things the series got wrong ''. ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Merritt, Jonathan. `` Inaccuracies in The Bible... the miniseries, not the book ''. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Jump up ^ Murrell, Steve. `` When Leaders Fail, Grace Must Abound ''. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Jump up ^ Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 Jump up ^ Ross, Hugh. `` Reasons To Believe : Fulfilled Prophecy ''. Retrieved April 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` John 11 - The Death of Lazarus ''. Retrieved February 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Anyone else think the Devil in # TheBible Sunday on HIstory Channel looks exactly like That Guy? ''. @ glennbeck. Twitter. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Why does the devil in ' The Bible ' look exactly like President Obama? ''. Daily Mail. London. March 18, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Makarechi, Kia ( March 18, 2013 ). `` ' The Bible ' : Satan Actor Looks Like Obama In History Channel Miniseries ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved March 21, 2013. Jump up ^ O'Connell, Michael ( March 18, 2013 ). `` History, Mark Burnett Defend Satan 's Similarity to President Obama in ' The Bible ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Emmy nominations 2013 : `` House of Cards '' makes history, `` American Horror Story '' leads '' ( PDF ). CBS. July 18, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Dove Awards ''. Event occurs at 0 : 30. Up ( TV network ). Missing or empty series = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Breaking Bad, ' ' Doctor Who, ' ' Game of Thrones ' Big Winners of ' HM ' Awards - Home Media Magazine ''. April 26, 2014. Jump up ^ ( two 5 hour episodes ) `` A Bíblia - - Sic - Sapo ''. SIC. Jump up ^ http://www.channel5.com/shows/the -- bible Jump up ^ `` TV News : On Set Interviews and TV Show Listings - EW.com ''. Jump up ^ `` ' The Bible ' Miniseries Novel Hits National Best - Seller Lists ''. Charisma News. Retrieved March 31, 2013. Jump up ^ `` CD ''. Jesus Freak Hideout. Retrieved November 3, 2013. Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic ( June 9, 2013 ). `` Produced By Conference : Mark Burnett On ' Bible ' Follow Up, Feature Version Of History Series Finished Editing ''. Deadline. Retrieved April 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fox Lands ' Bible ' Feature Film Cut From Mark Burnett - Roma Downey Miniseries ''. Deadline. September 12, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia ( September 12, 2013 ). `` ' The Bible ' Producers Resurrect Jesus for Expanded ' Son of God ' Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. Retrieved April 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' Feature Film Gets February 2014 Release Date ''. Deadline. October 15, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` NBC Greenlights 12 - Hour Miniseries ' A.D. ' ''. December 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Dent Brant, Ginny. `` ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' slated for primetime ''. The Biblical Recorder. Jump up ^ `` About A.D. The Bible Continues ''. Lightworkers Media. Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia ( July 3, 2015 ). `` NBC Cancels ' A.D. ' As Producers Plan Digital Revival For Biblical Drama ''. External links ( edit ) Official website The Bible - History Channel ( official History Channel website ) The Bible on IMDb Mark Burnett Director Survivor ( 2000 -- present ) 2007 MTV Movie Awards ( 2007 ) 2008 MTV Movie Awards ( 2008 ) Screenwriter The Restaurant ( 2003 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2008 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ( 2007 -- 11, 2015 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) Creator Eco-Challenge ( 1995 -- 2002 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2007 ) Pirate Master ( 2007 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ( 2007 -- 11, 2015 ) My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad ( 2008 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) The Bible ( 2013 ) Spin Off ( 2013 -- present ) A.D. The Bible Continues ( 2015 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) History original documentary films and miniseries Documentaries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence China 's First Emperor Countdown to Armageddon Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids, Soaring Stones Hotel Ground Zero I Missed Flight 93 Predator X Quest for King Arthur Search for the Lost City of Gold Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed The Exodus Decoded The People Speak Miniseries America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Barbarians Rising The Bible The Century : America 's Time Conquest of America Hatfields & McCoys Houdini Mankind : The Story of All of Us The Men Who Built America The Occult History of the Third Reich Roots Sons of Liberty Texas Rising Vietnam in HD WWII in HD The World Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_(miniseries)&oldid=837986079 '' Categories : 2013 television films 2010s American drama television miniseries Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve Cultural depictions of Abraham Cultural depictions of Moses Cultural depictions of Noah Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Cultural depictions of Cyrus the Great Cultural depictions of Nebuchadnezzar II Cultural depictions of the Maccabees Cultural depictions of Mary ( mother of Jesus ) Cultural depictions of David Cultural depictions of Ramesses II Cultural depictions of Esther Cultural depictions of Judith Portrayals of Jesus in film Films set in ancient Egypt History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Television programs based on the Bible Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 06 : 46. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Joe Forte -- Moses ( young ) Melia Kreiling -- Bathsheba Dhaffer L'Abidine -- Uriah Francis Magee -- Saul Con O'Neill -- Paul the Apostle Joe Coen -- Saint Joseph Stephanie Leonidas -- Rahab Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni -- Satan Gary Oliver -- Abraham Josephine Butler -- Sarah Andrew Scarborough -- Joshua Sean Knopp -- Joshua ( young ) Clive Wood -- Nathan Hara Yannas -- Michal Langley Kirkwood -- David Jassa Ahluwalia -- David ( young ) Eddie Elks -- Angel Gabriel Nonso Anozie -- Samson Jake Canuso -- Daniel Sam Douglas -- Herod the Great Gerald Kyd -- Cyrus the Great Peter Guinness -- Nebuchadnezzar II Cristian Solimeno -- Jonathan Laurie Calvert -- Jonathan ( young ) Paul Knops -- Adam Darcie Lincoln -- Eve Hugo Rossi -- Isaac Conan Stevens -- Goliath Sharon Duncan - Brewster -- Samson 's mother Kierston Wareing -- Delilah Lonyo -- Guardian angel David Rintoul -- Noah Aharon Ipalé -- Pharaoh Stewart Scudamore -- Ramesses Sean Teale -- Ramesses ( young ) Jalaal Hartley -- Nashon Shivani Ghai --" ], "id": [ "10213121633419262634" ], "short_answers": [ "Jake Canuso" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Stone Cold ( Demi Lovato song ) - wikipedia Stone Cold ( Demi Lovato song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Stone Cold '' Single by Demi Lovato from the album Confident Released March 21, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) Format Digital download Studio MXM Studios ( Los Angeles ) Genre Soul Length 3 : 11 Label Hollywood Island Republic Safehouse Songwriter ( s ) Demi Lovato Laleh Pourkarim Gustaf Thörn Producer ( s ) Laleh Pourkarim Demi Lovato singles chronology `` Irresistible '' ( 2015 ) `` Stone Cold '' ( 2016 ) `` Without a Fight '' ( 2016 ) `` Irresistible '' ( 2015 ) `` Stone Cold '' ( 2016 ) `` Without a Fight '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Stone Cold '' on YouTube `` Stone Cold '' is a song by American singer Demi Lovato for her fifth studio album, Confident ( 2015 ). The song was co-written by Lovato with Laleh Pourkarim, who also served as the song 's producer, and Gustaf Thörn. It was released to digital retailers on October 9, 2015 through Hollywood Records and Island Records as the first and only promotional single off the album, one week prior to the album 's release. The song was initially premiered on radio via 97.1 FM on February 6, 2016. It was sent to contemporary hit radio on March 21, 2016 as the third and final single from the album. On April 4, the song was sent to hot adult contemporary radio. A ballad, `` Stone Cold '' discusses the pain of watching an ex move on and be happy with someone else. The song incorporates pop and soul influences, and is centered on a piano melody, with a stripped down production aimed at highlighting Lovato 's vocals. Some critics compared `` Stone Cold '' to Lovato 's 2011 single `` Skyscraper '' and the work of English singer Adele. Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Credits and personnel 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Stone Cold '' is a soul sentimental ballad. It was written by Lovato, Laleh Pourkarim and Gustaf Thörn. According to the digital sheet music published by Kobalt Music Publishing America, Inc., `` Stone Cold '' was originally composed in the key of F minor with a `` moderately fast '' tempo of approximately 144 BPM. Lovato showcases a vocal range on the track, alternating between belting the verses and delivering other lines such as `` I 'm happy for you '' softly, and spans from a low note of F to a high note of G#. The song features a stripped down production style that focuses primarily on piano and vocals. The song 's lyrics portray the pain of watching an ex move on after a break - up and trying to be happy for them once they find happiness with someone else. A writer from Billboard compared the song to Lovato 's own `` Skyscraper '' ( 2011 ), and to Adele. During an interview with Ryan Seacrest, Lovato stated, `` This song is your heartbreak song. I wanted to have a song that people can listen to when they 're going through it, or they 're thinking about a time they were heartbroken. '' She also added that `` Stone Cold '' `` is the type of song that I wanted people to feel in their hearts and ripped their guts out. '' Critical reception ( edit ) Christina Garibaldi of MTV complimented Lovato 's vocals, claiming that they have `` reached new heights '' on the song, as well as her emotional delivery. Music video ( edit ) A video featuring a `` live in studio '' rendition of the song was uploaded to Lovato 's Vevo account on October 7, 2015 in promotion of the song 's release. On February 19, 2016, Lovato revealed a teaser video for the song 's official music video on Twitter. The full music video, directed by Patrick Ecclesine, was released via her Vevo channel on February 23, 2016. The music video was shot in Park City, Utah. The music video shows Lovato at various locations, such as snowy mountains and a bathtub, singing in a depressive manner. The video ends with a shot of Lovato in the snow. Live Performances ( edit ) Lovato debuted the song on September 29, 2015 during her performance at the Highline Ballroom in New York City. On October 17, 2015, she performed `` Stone Cold '', as well as a medley of `` Cool for the Summer '' and `` Confident '' on Saturday Night Live during the series ' forty - first season. Furthermore, `` Stone Cold '' was a part of Lovato 's setlist at the 2015 106.1 KISS FM Fall Ball on November 14, 2015. On December 11, 2015, she performed the song at Billboard Women in Music 2015 event in New York City where she was honored with the first Rulebreaker Award. Lovato also included the song in her setlist during the 2015 Jingle Ball Tour. On February 10, 2016, she performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Lovato performed `` Stone Cold '' on American Idol on March 3, 2016 and on The Late Late Show on March 16, 2016. On April 2, 2016, she performed the song at the 27th GLAAD Media Awards in Los Angeles where she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award. The next day, she gave another rendition of the song at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards joined by Brad Paisley on guitar. On May 14, 2016, Lovato performed `` Stone Cold '' as a part of her setlist at the 2016 edition of Wango Tango. She performed the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden for the second time, during the Carpool Karaoke segment, which appeared online on May 16, 2016. Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Confident. Recording Recorded at MXM Studios, Los Angeles, United States Mixed at MixStar Studios, Virginia Beach, United States Mastered at Sterling Sound, New York City, United States Management Published by Ddlovato Music ( ASCAP ) and MXM ( ASCAP ) All rights administered by Kobalt Songs Music Publishing ( ASCAP ) Personnel Demi Lovato -- lead vocals, songwriter, piano, background vocals Laleh Pourkarim -- songwriter, producer, engineering, cello arranging, drum programming, piano, synth, bass, background vocals Gustaf Thörn -- songwriter, engineering assistant, string arranging, synth, piano, background vocals Eru Matsumoto -- cello, drum programming Serban Ghenea -- mixing Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 79 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 303,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 9, 2013, RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads. Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States October 9, 2015 Digital download -- Promotional single Hollywood Island Republic Safehouse March 21, 2016 Contemporary hit radio April 4, 2016 Hot AC radio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sources regarding the contemporary hit radio release : Trust, Gary ( March 16, 2016 ). ``. @ ddlovato 's `` Stone Cold '' goes to mainstream & adult top 40 radio Monday ( March 21 )... '' Billboard. Twitter. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016. `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' ``. Republic Playbook. Republic Records. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Watch Demi Lovato 's Chilling, Cathartic ' Stone Cold ' Video ''. Rolling Stone. October 8, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Menyes, Carolyn ( February 24, 2016 ). `` Demi Lovato 's ' Stone Cold ' Music Video Is Incredibly Dramatic ''. Music Times. Retrieved November 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato -- Stone Cold ''. Allmusic. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ Sources regarding the Stone Cold radio premiere : `` The Worldwide First Play Of Demi Lovato 's # stonecold just happened on ZHT with AJ ''. 97.1 ZHT. iHeartRadio. February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016. Demi Lovato ( February 6, 2016 ). `` First play on the radio worldwide... Thank you so much @ 971zht & @ ajradio!! # STONECOLD ''. Lovato 's official Instagram account. Instagram. Retrieved February 9, 2016. John Lloyd Taylor ( February 6, 2016 ). `` # stonecold radio premiere. Sounds great on the airwaves! @ 971zht @ ajayatayee ''. John Lloyd Taylor 's official Twitter account. Twitter. Retrieved February 9, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' ``. Republic Playbook. Republic Records. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Johnston, Maura ( October 16, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato Lays It All Bare on ' Confident ' : Album Review ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' Sheet Music ``. Musicnotes.com. Kobalt Music Publishing America, Inc. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Mcrady, Rachel ( October 8, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato 's `` Stone Cold '' Is Her Best Emotional Ballad Since `` Skyscraper '' -- Watch the Live Studio Session! ``. Us Weekly. Wenner Media. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Yin and Yang of Post-Disney Pop Stars ''. The Atlantic. October 8, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan ( October 18, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato performs ' Cool for the Summer, ' ' Confident, ' ' Stone Cold ' on SNL ''. Entertainment Weekly. Wenner Media. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Garibaldi, Christina ( October 8, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato 's Vocals Have Reached New Heights On Her Emotional ' Stone Cold ' Track ''. MTV. Viacom Media Networks. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz, Jason ( October 18, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato 's ' Saturday Night Live ' Performances : Watch ' Stone Cold, ' ' Confident ' ''. fuse. Fuse Media, Inc. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Explains Emotional ' Stone Cold ' Lyrics, Talks Interactive ' Future Now Tour ' ''. On Air with Ryan Seacrest. March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016. Jump up ^ DemiLovatoVEVO ( October 7, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato - Stone Cold ( Live In Studio ) ''. YouTube. Google. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Demi Lovato ( February 19, 2016 ). `` Ca n't wait to share this special video with you all. # StoneColdVideo premiere February 23 ❤ ️ ''. Twitter. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Lauletta, Tyler ( February 19, 2016 ). `` DEMI LOVATO 'S ' STONE COLD ' VIDEO TEASER RECALLS ADELE 'S ' HELLO ' : WATCH ''. fuse. Fuse Networks, LLC. Retrieved February 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Schillaci, Sophie ( February 23, 2016 ). `` EXCLUSIVE : Demi Lovato Reveals Why ' Stone Cold ' Was ' the Hardest Music Video I 've Ever Shot ' ''. ET Online. Retrieved June 14, 2017. Jump up ^ DemiLovatoVEVO ( February 23, 2016 ). `` Demi Lovato - Stone Cold ( Official Video ) ''. YouTube. Google. Retrieved February 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Malach, Maggie ( September 30, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' Lyrics Will Give You Chills For All The Right Reasons -- VIDEO ``. Bustle. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel ( October 18, 2015 ). `` See Demi Lovato 's Confident ' SNL ' Performances ''. Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` 106.1 KISS FM 's Fall Ball 2015 ''. 106.1 KISS FM. November 14, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015. Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley ( December 11, 2015 ). `` Demi Lovato Performs ' Stone Cold, ' Accepts Rulebreaker Honor at Billboard Women in Music 2015 ''. Billboard. Retrieved December 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( December 12, 2015 ). `` Jingle Ball NYC 2015 : Demi Lovato Slays, Charlie Puth Home for Christmas & Fetty Wap Plays Santa ''. Billboard. Retrieved December 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Daw, Robbie ( February 10, 2016 ). `` Demi Lovato Performs `` Stone Cold '' On ' Ellen ', Is Ready To Be Engaged To Wilmer Valderrama : Watch ``. Idolator. Gawker Media. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( March 3, 2016 ). `` Watch Demi Lovato 's ' Confident ' Performance With ' American Idol ' Top 10 ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Konerman, Jennifer ( March 16, 2016 ). `` James Corden Brings ' Late Late Show ' to Fan 's House for One - Year Anniversary ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Guggenheim Media. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter ( April 4, 2016 ). `` Demi Lovato, Caitlyn Jenner Receive 2016 GLAAD Media Awards ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Performs ' Stone Cold ' With Surprise Guest Brad Paisley at iHeartRadio Music Awards ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Opens Wango Tango With Powerhouse ' Confident ' Performance ''. On Air with Ryan Seacrest. May 14, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato & Nick Jonas Carpool Karaoke ''. The Late Late Show with James Corden. YouTube. May 16, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Confident ( CD liner notes ). Demi Lovato. Hollywood Records / Island Records / Safehouse Records. 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Demi Lovato -- Stone Cold '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratip. Retrieved March 03, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר ''. Mediaforest.biz. May 8, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 ''. Billboard. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Stone Cold ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved October 17, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Demi Lovato 's Career Album & Song Sales ''. Billboard. October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017. Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards ''. Recording Industry Association of America. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Stone Cold '' ( Audio Only ) on YouTube ( hide ) Demi Lovato songs Discography Do n't Forget `` La La Land '' `` Get Back '' `` Do n't Forget '' Here We Go Again `` Here We Go Again '' `` Remember December '' Unbroken `` Fix a Heart '' `` Give Your Heart a Break '' `` Skyscraper '' `` For the Love of a Daughter '' Demi `` Heart Attack '' `` Made in the USA '' `` Neon Lights '' `` Nightingale '' `` Really Do n't Care '' Confident `` Confident '' `` Cool for the Summer '' `` Stone Cold '' `` Waitin for You '' Tell Me You Love Me `` Sorry Not Sorry '' `` Tell Me You Love Me '' `` You Do n't Do It for Me Anymore '' Songs as a featured artist `` We Rock '' `` We 'll Be a Dream '' `` Somebody to You '' `` Up '' `` Irresistible '' `` Without a Fight '' `` No Promises '' `` Instruction '' `` I Believe '' Other songs `` This Is Me '' `` Send It On '' `` Gift of a Friend '' `` Make a Wave '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Me, Myself and Time '' `` My Song for You '' `` Heart by Heart '' `` Let It Go '' `` Body Say '' `` Échame la Culpa '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Cold_(Demi_Lovato_song)&oldid=833686712 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2015 songs 2016 singles Demi Lovato songs Hollywood Records singles Island Records singles Pop ballads Republic Records singles Safehouse Records singles Songs about betrayal Songs written by Demi Lovato Songs written by Laleh ( singer ) Soul ballads Torch songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018, at 23 : 23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Stone Cold (Demi Lovato song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Stone_Cold_(Demi_Lovato_song)&amp;oldid=833686712" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "2050824031994487696" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Flag of Ghana - wikipedia Flag of Ghana Jump to : navigation, search Ghana Use National flag and state ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 1957 ( readopted 1966 ) Design A horizontal triband of red, gold, and green, charged with a black star in the centre Designed by Theodosia Okoh Variant flag of Ghana Use Civil ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Design A red field with the national flag, fimbriated in black, in the canton Variant flag of Ghana Use Naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Design Red St. George cross on white centrrensign, with the national flag in canton. The national flag of Ghana was designed and adopted in 1957 and was flown until 1962, and then reinstated in 1966. It consists of the Pan-African colours of red, yellow, and green, in horizontal stripes, with a black five - pointed star in the centre of the gold stripe. The Ghanaian flag was the second African flag after the flag of the Ethiopian Empire to feature these colours. The flag 's design influenced that of the flag of Guinea - Bissau ( 1973 ). It was designed by Theodosia Okoh. The red represents the blood of those who died in the country 's struggle for independence from the Great Britain, the gold represents the mineral wealth of the country, the green symbolises the country 's rich forests and natural wealth, and the black star is the symbol of African emancipation. The black star was adopted from the flag of the Black Star Line, a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922. It is where the Ghana national football team draw their nickname, the Black Stars, from. Contents ( hide ) 1 National ensign 2 Air force ensign and civil air ensign 3 History 4 References 5 External links National ensign ( edit ) Under terms of section 183 of Ghana 's Merchant Shipping Act of 1963, the civil ensign is a red flag with the national flag in a black - fimbriated canton. In 2003, a new merchant shipping act was enacted, however, and this simply provides that `` the National Flag of Ghana '' is the proper national colours for Ghanaian ships. No mention is made of other flags or other possible flags. The naval ensign is a red St. George cross on white flag, with the national flag in canton. Air Force ensign and civil Air ensign ( edit ) The ensign of the Ghana Air Force The Ghanaian civil air ensign The Ghana Air Force has its own ensign which incorporates the flag of Ghana. Civil aviation in Ghana is represented by the national civil air ensign. It is a standard light blue field with the Ghanaian flag in the canton. It is charged in the fly with either a red, yellow and green roundel ( in the case of the military ensign ) or black five - pointed star ( in the case of the civil ensign ). they have both been used since independence, and the subsequent founding of the Ghana Air Force in 1959. History ( edit ) Flag of the Kingdom of Ashanti, the forerunner to the Gold Coast. Flag of the Gold Coast, the forerunner to Ghana. Used until 1957. Flag of the Union of African States, used between 1958 and 1961. Flag of the Union of African States, used between 1961 and 1964. Ghana national flag ( 1964 -- 1966 ). Flag of the Presidency of Ghana since 1966. Presidential Standard of Ghana ; replicate of the national flag of Ghana with a gold rim. The Ghanaian government flag, adopted in 1957, was flown until 1962. Similarly, when the country formed the Union of African States, the flag of the Union was modelled on Bolivia 's flag, but with two black stars, representing the nations. In May 1959, a third star was added. In 1962, prior to the dissolution of the Union the following year, Ghana adopted a variant of the 1957 tricolour with white in the place of yellow, after the colours of Kwame Nkrumah 's ruling Convention People 's Party, and similar to the flag of Hungary. The original 1957 flag was reinstated in 1966 following Nkrumah 's overthrow in a coup d'état. Flag of Ghana raised high and flowing. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh at GhanaWeb Jump up ^ Crampton, William George ( 1993 ). `` Marcus Garvey and the Rasta colours ''. Report of the 13th International Congress of Vexillology, Melbourne, 1989. Flag Society of Australia. pp. 169 -- 180. ISBN 0 - 646 - 14343 - 3. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Ghana. Ghana at Flags of the World Armed Forces of Ghana Colours Flags of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&oldid=832253132 '' Categories : Flags introduced in 1957 National symbols of Ghana Flags of Africa National flags Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018, at 20 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Flag of Ghana", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&amp;oldid=832253132" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "yellow, and green, in horizontal stripes, with a black five - pointed star in the centre of the gold stripe. The Ghanaian flag was the second African flag after the flag of the Ethiopian Empire to feature these colours. The flag 's design influenced that of the flag of Guinea - Bissau ( 1973 ). It was designed by Theodosia Okoh. The red represents the blood of those who died in the country 's struggle for independence from the Great Britain, the gold represents the mineral wealth of the country, the green symbolises the country 's rich forests and natural wealth, and the black star is the symbol of African emancipation. The black star was adopted from the flag of the Black Star Line, a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922. It is where the Ghana national football team draw their nickname, the Black Stars, from. Contents ( hide ) 1 National ensign 2 Air force ensign and civil air ensign 3 History 4 References 5 External links National ensign ( edit ) Under terms of section 183 of Ghana 's Merchant Shipping Act of 1963, the civil ensign is a red flag with the national flag in a black - fimbriated canton. In 2003, a new merchant shipping act was enacted, however, and this simply provides that `` the National Flag of Ghana '' is the proper" ], "id": [ "6272665088643140747" ], "short_answers": [ "adopted from the flag of the Black Star Line, a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Divergent Series - Wikipedia The Divergent Series For the book series on which the film series is based, see Divergent trilogy. For the mathematical use, see Divergent series. The Divergent Series Produced by Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Based on The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth Starring Shailene Woodley Theo James Zoë Kravitz Miles Teller Ansel Elgort Production company Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Lionsgate Release date 1 : March 21, 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20, 2015 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18, 2016 4 : TBA Running time 379 minutes ( 3 films ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015 The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth. Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films, the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society. They have been produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick. The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior ( Tris ) and Tobias Eaton ( Four ), respectively. The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort, Zoë Kravitz, and Miles Teller. Kate Winslet played the main antagonist in the first two films. The first film in the series was directed by Neil Burger, while the second and third films were directed by Robert Schwentke. The Veronica Roth novels consist primarily of the trilogy ( ' Divergent ', ' Insurgent ', ' Allegiant ' ). Development began in 2011 following Summit 's acquisition of the film rights to the Divergent novel in partnership with production company Red Wagon Entertainment. The studios announced production on the sequel following the first film 's strong performance in Thursday late - night screenings, where it grossed $4.9 million. They acquired film rights to the Allegiant novel in December 2013, deciding in April 2014 to split the third novel into a two - part film adaptation. The first installment, Divergent ( 2014 ), grossed over $288 million worldwide, while the second installment, The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ), grossed over $297 million worldwide. Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D. The third installment, The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ), grossed $179 million. Thus, the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide. A fourth film, The Divergent Series : Ascendant was to be released theatrically, but due to Allegiant 's poor showing at the box office, it was announced it will be released as a TV movie. Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Casting the main roles 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast 2.4 Filming 2.5 Music 3 Plot 3.1 Divergent ( 2014 ) 3.2 The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) 3.3 The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) 3.4 Cancelled film 3.5 Ascendant ( TV series ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment, while Lionsgate distributes the franchise. Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012. Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, `` I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It 's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris ' character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it 's important that all of that stuff does n't just feel like it 's thrown in, but that it all helps Tris grow as a character. '' Daugherty further added, `` It 's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas. So, distilling that into a cool, faithful two - hour movie is challenging. Not only do you have to establish five factions, but you have to acknowledge that there 's a sixth entity, which is the divergent, and you also have the factionless. So there 's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently. '' Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film : `` Reading a script is a really interesting experience. I 'd never read a script before. I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book. '' Initially, the budget of the film was $40 million but later Lionsgate increased it to $80 million ( which finally changed to $85 million ) due to the success of The Hunger Games. Analyst Ben Mogil said, `` Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics ( i.e. production ) and the budget ( at $80 ( million ) ) is more manageable. '' In December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent, the second novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released as The Divergent Series : Insurgent on March 20, 2015, as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film. On December 16, 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger, director of Divergent, would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film. On February 13, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield 's script. Also in December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant, the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released in March 2016, serving as the finale of the series, which at the time was planned as a trilogy, but on April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the novel into a two - part film, much the like the Harry Potter, Twilight, and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series. Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that, `` Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in ' Allegiant, ' a rich, action - packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies. The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films, a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we 're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise ''. Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9, 2014. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1. On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series : Ascendant. Casting the main roles ( edit ) Shailene Woodley ( left ) and Theo James ( right ) at the Divergent LA Premiere on March 18, 2014. On October 22, 2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior. Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias `` Four '' Eaton. On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four. Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast, Roth praised his casting `` I was sure within seconds : this was ' Four ', no question. Theo is able to capture ' Four 's ' authority and strength, as well as his depth and sensitivity. '' She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene : `` He is a perfect match for Shailene 's incredibly strong presence as Tris. I 'm thrilled! '' The producers said about his casting : `` We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four, and Theo is definitely the perfect fit. Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we can not wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world. '' Production ( edit ) Filming for the franchise began on April 16, 2013. Film Producers Director Screenwriters Novel by Veronica Roth Divergent Fisher, Lucy Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Burger, Neil Neil Burger Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent Schwentke, Robert Robert Schwentke Akiva Goldsman Brian Duffield Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Allegiant The Divergent Series : Ascendant Lee Toland Krieger Lucy Fisher, Douglas Wick, and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series. Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films. Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films. On April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the final book, Allegiant, into two parts, much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2, The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2, and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2. Directors ( edit ) Neil Burger directed the first film, Divergent, and was originally going to direct the sequel, The Divergent Series : Insurgent, but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return, due to him still working on post-production work for the first film. Speaking on the subject the director stated, `` There was no breathing room. They were like, ' We 're holding to a March 2015 release date, and we have to start no later than May 2014. ' It was a recipe for failure, at least with me on board. I would n't be able to do either thing right. I reluctantly let it go ''. In February 2014, it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series : Allegiant. Scripts ( edit ) Snow White and the Huntsman screenwriter Evan Daugherty and Hope Springs screenwriter Vanessa Taylor co-wrote the screenplay for Divergent. During the time that Neil Burger was originally going to direct the sequel, Brian Duffield was recruited to write the screenplay for The Divergent Series : Insurgent, but after Burger dropped out of the film and Robert Schwentke took over as director, he brought in Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback to rewrite Duffield 's script. The screenplay for the two - part finale, The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Ascendant, was written by Noah Oppenheim, Adam Cooper, Bill Collage, and Stephen Chbosky. Cast ( edit ) On March 11, 2013, it was announced that the roles of Tori, Christina, and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q, Zoë Kravitz, and Ansel Elgort, respectively. Ray Stevenson, Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15, 2013, Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric, respectively. That same day, Miles Teller was cast as Peter. The studio 's announcement included a bit of casting news : Mekhi Phifer will play Dauntless leader Max. Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24, 2013. Later it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews. Talking about playing the negative character for the first time, Winslet said, `` I 'm no idiot. The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before, I was almost kind of surprised. '' Since Winslet joined the filming late, she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot. `` I wanted to break it and say, ' It 's OK, I 'm really fun. I promise. ' But I thought, just for today, I 'd let them think that I am a complete bitch. '' On March 25, 2013, Ben Lamb was cast as Edward, Ben Lloyd - Hughes as Will, and Christian Madsen as Al. In April 2013, Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior, Beatrice 's parents. In 2014, the cast for the second film was announced. On May 12, 2014, it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes. Late May 2014, Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar respectively. Early June 2014, Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity, and Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang. On June 9, 2014, Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn. On June 10, 2014, Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah. On June 11, 2014, Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector. On April 28, 2015, it was reported that Golden Globe nominee Jeff Daniels joined the cast for Allegiant as David, the leader of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare. On May 1, 2015, it was announced that Bill Skarsgård had joined the cast as Matthew. Filming ( edit ) Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013. Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26, 2014, in Los Angeles. Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Insurgent began on May 27, 2014, in Atlanta, Georgia and concluded on September 6, 2014. Filming took place at United States Penitentiary, Atlanta. A set was constructed for the Amity Compound at Serenbe Community South of Atlanta. In downtown Atlanta, a zip - line scene was filmed for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center. For two days, production was moved to Chicago with scenes being filmed in Wells Street, Franklin Street, and Adams Street. Production was then moved back to Atlanta for reshoots. Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015, with filming concluding on August 23, 2015. Music ( edit ) Junkie XL scored the first film in the film series, Divergent, while Joseph Trapanese scored the second and third entries, Insurgent and Allegiant. Plot ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Divergent ( film ) In a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues, Tris Prior is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group. When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader to destroy all Divergents, Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it 's too late. The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Insurgent As they search for allies and answers in the wake of the uprising, Tris and Four are on the run. Hunted by Jeanine Matthews, leader of the Erudite faction, Tris and Four race against time as they try to figure out what Abnegation sacrificed their lives to protect, and why the Erudite leaders will do anything to stop them. Haunted by her past choices but desperate to protect the ones she loves, Tris faces one impossible challenge after another as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world. The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Allegiant On December 16, 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18, 2016. On April 11, 2014, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled, The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Part 1. The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series : Allegiant. Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago. For the first time ever, they will leave the only city and family they have ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city. Once outside, old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths. Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago. In order to survive, Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage, allegiance, sacrifice and love. Cancelled film ( edit ) A Third sequel to the film was initially planned, with a March 2017 release, based on the latter half of the Allegiant book. The timing was changed to a June 2017 release, with Lee Toland Krieger then attached as the movie 's director. Ascendant ( TV Series ) ( edit ) In July 2016, after the poor performance of the third film at the box office, the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film, which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series, moving beyond the books. In September 2016, Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized, and that it was `` a limbo waiting game ''. In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format, although noting she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film. In February 2017, with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project, it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role. In August 2017, Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series. Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Divergent characters Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior Shailene Woodley TBA Tobias `` Four '' Eaton Theo James TBA Christina Zoë Kravitz TBA Peter Hayes Miles Teller TBA Caleb Prior Ansel Elgort TBA Marcus Eaton Ray Stevenson Tori Wu Maggie Q Jeanine Matthews Kate Winslet Natalie Prior Ashley Judd Eric Coulter Jai Courtney Max Mekhi Phifer Will Ben Lloyd - Hughes Andrew Prior Tony Goldwyn Lauren Justine Wachsberger Evelyn Johnson - Eaton Naomi Watts TBA Johanna Reyes Octavia Spencer Uriah Pedrad Keiynan Lonsdale Edgar Jonny Weston David Jeff Daniels TBA Matthew Bill Skarsgård TBA Al Christian Madsen Molly Amy Newbold Edward Ben Lamb Jack Kang Daniel Dae Kim Marlene Suki Waterhouse Lynn Rosa Salazar Hector Emjay Anthony Edith Prior Janet McTeer Crew ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Director Neil Burger Robert Schwentke Lee Toland Krieger Producer ( s ) Douglas Wick Lucy Fisher Pouya Shabazian N / A Writer ( s ) Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Brian Duffield Akiva Goldsman Mark Bomback Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Based on Divergent by Veronica Roth Insurgent by Veronica Roth Allegiant by Veronica Roth Composer Junkie XL Joseph Trapanese N / A Cinematographer Alwin H. Küchler Florian Ballhaus Editor ( s ) Richard Francis - Bruce Nancy Richardson Nancy Richardson Stuart Levy Stuart Levy N / A Production companies Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Mandeville Films Red Wagon Entertainment Mandeville Films N / A Distributor Lionsgate Summit Entertainment N / A Running time 139 minutes 119 minutes 121 minutes TBA Release date March 21, 2014 March 20, 2015 March 18, 2016 TBA Reception ( edit ) Further information on the reception of each film : Divergent ( film ) § Reception, The Divergent Series : Insurgent § Reception, and The Divergent Series : Allegiant § Reception Though the first two films were commercially successful, the series as a whole has not been well received by critics. Each successive film release has been rated lower than the previous release on review aggregator websites. Negative reviews of the third novel Allegiant and the studios ' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film 's lackluster performance at the box office. Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Divergent March 21, 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) $85 million $150,947,895 $137,937,923 $288,885,818 # 283 # 375 The Divergent Series : Insurgent March 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) $110 million $130,179,072 $167,097,257 $297,276,329 # 392 # 372 The Divergent Series : Allegiant March 18, 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) $110 million $66,184,051 $113,062,817 $179,246,868 # 1,088 # TBA Total $305 million $347,311,018 $418,097,997 $765,409,015 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Divergent 41 % ( 203 reviews ) 48 ( 38 reviews ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent 28 % ( 184 reviews ) 42 ( 40 reviews ) A - The Divergent Series : Allegiant 12 % ( 171 reviews ) 33 ( 33 reviews ) See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Summit Entertainment 's Post - ' Twilight ' Plans Are ' Divergent ' ''. Retrieved June 6, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Debuts to $4.9 Million, Lionsgate Greenlights ' Insurgent ' ''. Retrieved May 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films, Allegiant ( 2016 ) and Ascendant ( 2017 ) ''. Variety. Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. IMDB. March 21, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' The Divergent Series : Insurgent ' to Open in 3D ; See the New Motion Posters ''. Retrieved October 28, 2014. Jump up ^ White, James ( August 23, 2012 ). `` Neil Burger Wants To Be Divergent ''. Empire. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Movie Scoop : Screenwriter Evan Daugherty Spills on the Adaptation ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' writer Vanessa Taylor joins ' Divergent ' to co-write script ''. Retrieved July 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( May 2013 ). `` Author Veronica Roth Talks DIVERGENT, the Film 's Casting, How Neil Burger 's Vision Compares to Her Own, the Final Book ALLEGIANT, and More ''. Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19. Retrieved June 6, 2013. Jump up ^ Vlessing, Etan ( March 13, 2013 ). `` Analysts Boost Lionsgate Price Target on ' Ender 's Game ', ' Divergent ' Prospects ''. reelchicago.com. Retrieved June 8, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Trumbore, Dave ( December 16, 2013 ). `` Summit Sets Release Dates for DIVERGENT Threequel ALLEGIANT, Plus GODS OF EGYPT and STEP UP ALL IN ''. Collider.com. Retrieved December 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave ( May 7, 2013 ). `` Summit Sets Brian Duffield to Pen DIVERGENT Sequel, INSURGENT ''. Collider.com. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Divergent Sequel Insurgent Adaptation Gets A Writer ''. Retrieved September 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Wo n't Do Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Retrieved December 17, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Schwentke To Direct ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' ''. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Summit announces director for ' Divergent ' sequel ''. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Dave McNary. `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films ''. Variety. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Threequel ' Allegiant ' Taps ' Maze Runner ' Writer ( Exclusive ) ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for ' Allegiant Part 1 ′ ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( September 10, 2015 ). `` Final Two ' Divergent ' Films Get New Titles, Logos ''. The Hollywood Reporter. ( Prometheus Global Media ). Retrieved September 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Talks ' Divergent ' Movie Casting ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Who Has ' Divergent ' Chemistry With Shailene Woodley? ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. `` Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role in ' Transformers 4 ' ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 8, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' has found its ' Four '! Theo James talks about starring in the next big YA franchise ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Veronica Roth and Lionsgate Movie Studio Respond to Theo James Casting in The Divergent Movie ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Explains Why He Wo n't Return for the Sequel ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke to Return for ' Allegiant : Part 1 ' ''. Retrieved December 5, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' movie casts Tori, Caleb, and Christina roles ''. Hypable. Jump up ^ White, James ( March 15, 2013 ). `` Aaron Eckhart May Be Divergent ''. Empire. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard 5 ' star Jai Courtney joins Shailene Woodley in ' Divergent ' ''. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Follow - up : Miles Teller will play Peter in ' Divergent ' movie ''. Jump up ^ White, James ( January 24, 2013 ). `` Kate Winslet May Be Divergent ''. Empire. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet cast in young adult film ' Divergent ''. Daily News ( New York ). Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan. `` On set of ' Divergent, ' Kate Winslet is pregnant and mean ''. USA Today. Retrieved June 8, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Divergent Movie Casts Al, Edward And Will ''. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' : Ashley Judd cast as Natalie Prior ''. Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn joins ' Divergent ' -- EXCLUSIVE ''. Jump up ^ `` Octavia Spencer joins Insurgent ''. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' casts Suki Waterhouse, Jonny Weston ( updated ) ''. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' actress Stephanie L. Schlund joins ' Insurgent ' ''. Retrieved June 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Naomi Watts Joins ' Insurgent, ' Two ' Allegiant ' Films ( Exclusive ) ''. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' : Daniel Dae Kim joins cast ''. Retrieved June 6, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Parenthood ' Actress Rosa Salazar Joins ' Insurgent ' ( Exclusive ) ''. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Casts Keiynan Lonsdale As Uriah ''. Retrieved June 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Chef ' Actor Emjay Anthony Joins ' Insurgent ' Cast ''. Retrieved June 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Kit, Borys ( 28 April 2015 ). `` Jeff Daniels Joining ' Divergent ' Series in Key Role ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff ; Ge, Linda ( 1 May 2015 ). `` Hemlock Groves Bill Skarsgard to join Shailene Woodley in Divergent sequel Allegiant exclusive ''. The Wrap. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Starts Filming in Atlanta May 27th! ''. Retrieved 27 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ''. Collider. Retrieved March 27, 2015. Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for a Role on ' The Divergent : Allegiant Part 1 ′ ''. Retrieved March 27, 2015. Jump up ^ Zakarin, Jordan ( 11 April 2014 ). `` ' Divergent ' Finale ' Allegiant ' Will Be Split Into Two Movies ''. thewrap.com. Retrieved 11 April 2014. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( December 17, 2015 ). `` ' Power Rangers, ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back ''. Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters, Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) ''. Variety. July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Ascendant Movie ( Pre-Production ) : Dec. 29, 2016 - added Lionsgate as a distributor ''. Movie Insider. Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Offers Confident Outlook for ' Divergent ' TV Spinoff : ' There 's a Tremendous Fandom ' ''. variety. August 4, 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Shailene Woodley on Divergent Finale Ascendant : We 're in `` Limbo '' ``. September 12, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Has Officially Exited The ' Divergent ' Franchise ''. Uproxx. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( 2 August 2017 ). `` ' Ascendant ' : TV Series Based On the ' Divergent ' Movie Franchise In Works At Starz From Lionsgate ''. Deadline Hollywood. Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 25, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Divergent at the Box Office ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Divergent : Reviews ( 2014 ) ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17. Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Scores $56 Million Box - Office Opening, ' A ' CinemaScore -- And a Franchise Is Born ( Video ) ''. Retrieved March 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Insurgent ( 2015 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Reviews ( 2015 ) ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Box Office : YA Sequel ' Insurgent ' Tops Friday With $21.3 Million ; ' The Gunman ' Flops ''. Retrieved March 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Reviews ( 2016 ) ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18, 2016 ). `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Lowest Opening In ' Divergent Series ' : Was It Wise To Split The Last Novel Into Two Movies? ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 19, 2016. External links ( edit ) Official website Divergent on IMDb Divergent at AllMovie Divergent at Box Office Mojo Divergent at Metacritic Divergent at Rotten Tomatoes hide Divergent series by Veronica Roth Book series Divergent Insurgent Allegiant Film series Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Music Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Spin - offs Four : A Divergent Collection `` Free Four '' The World of Divergent : The Path to Allegiant Other Characters Factions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&oldid=846044722 '' Categories : English - language films Divergent trilogy Action films by series Adventure films by series Science fiction films by series IMAX films Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018, at 22 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Divergent Series", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&amp;oldid=846044722" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Pouya Shabazian Based on The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth Starring Shailene Woodley Theo James Zoë Kravitz Miles Teller Ansel Elgort Production company Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Lionsgate Release date 1 : March 21, 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20, 2015 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18, 2016 4 : TBA Running time 379 minutes ( 3 films ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015 The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth. Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films, the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society. They have been produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick. The series" ], "id": [ "7152177569326275128" ], "short_answers": [ "TBA" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "East Durham College - wikipedia East Durham College Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) East Durham College East Durham College Houghall campus Established 1999 Principal Suzanne Duncan Location Willerby Grove Peterlee County Durham SR8 2RN England 54 ° 45 ′ 44 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 00 '' W  /  54.762256 ° N 1.349999 ° W  / 54.762256 ; - 1.349999 Coordinates : 54 ° 45 ′ 44 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 00 '' W  /  54.762256 ° N 1.349999 ° W  / 54.762256 ; - 1.349999 Local authority North East England LSC ( but situated in County Durham ) DfE URN 131859 Tables Ofsted Reports Gender Coeducational Ages 16 + Former names Peterlee Grammar School, East Durham & Houghall Community College Website East Durham College An inside view of the East Durham College Peterlee Campus. East Durham College, formerly known as East Durham & Houghall Community College, is a community college with campuses in Peterlee and Houghall, south - east of Durham. The College student roll, as at the last Ofsted report, February 2014, was 1579 full - time and 4,154 part - time students. East Durham College operates across three campuses, as well as providing work force development within individual work places across the region. The Peterlee campus is situated on Willerby Grove off the B1320 ( Burnhope Way ) in Peterlee, near the A19. The Houghall campus is situated on the A177 ( Stockton Road ) to the south - east of Durham, near Shincliffe. The Peterlee campus includes a variety of facilities including the bistro restaurant Scene1, two functional beauty and hair salons, recording studio, IT suites, sports centre and fitness suite, dance studio, theatre and a conference suite. The 400 - acre Houghall Campus includes football and rugby pitches, gardens, woodland, stables, an all - weather equine arena, small - animal care unit and working farm. Houghall now hosts the Durham Flower Festival. The College 's third site is The Technical Academy located on Peterlee 's South West Industrial Estate. Contents ( hide ) 1 Courses 2 History 3 Sport Development Centre 4 Alumni 4.1 Peterlee Grammar School 4.2 Easington Technical College 5 References 6 External links Courses ( edit ) Houghall Campus : Agriculture, Animal Care, Arboriculture & Forestry, Environmental Conservation, Equine Studies, Floristry, Horticulture and Land - based Operations ( LBO ). Peterlee Campus : Access to Higher Education, Art & Design, Barbering, Beauty Therapy, Brickwork, Business, Carpentry, Catering, Childcare, Computing, Construction, Hairdressing, Health & Social Care, Hospitality, ICT, Media, Music, Outdoor Education, Painting & Decorating, Performing Arts, Plastering, Sport, Teacher Training, Travel & Tourism, Uniformed Public Services, Apollo Studio Academy The Technical Academy : Engineering, Electrical, Gas, Fitted Interiors ( Kitchen & Bathroom Plumbing and Fitting ), Motor Vehicle Maintenance and Tiling ( Wall and Floor ) History ( edit ) The history of Houghall Farm can be traced back through many centuries. In 1260 the manor at Houghall, plus the attached lands were granted to the Priory and Convent of Durham. Although some of the land was leased, most of the area was farmed by the monks themselves. Sheep were a very important part of the farm at this time and also crops, such as oats and barley were grown. The land was very marshy so fish farming took place in the many ponds and the rushes, which grew abundantly, were harvested for use in the Cathedral, Cloisters and Castle. The Priory let the farm in 1464 to Richard Rackett, and the tenancy remained with the Rackett family until the dissolution of the monasteries. Houghall was then sold to Viscount Lisle, the tenant at that time being Clement Farrowe. The farm was returned to the Church ( Dean and Chapter ) in 1660. A survey of the farm was carried out in 1794, and it is interesting to note that many of the fields had the same shape and the same name as they have today. The crops grown at this time were oats, barley, wheat, grass, clover and rape. In 1836 Houghall and other land in the area was endowed to Durham University. In 1920 Durham County Council then bought the farm to provide the site for an agricultural school and training farm. The course of the river Wear has changed many times over the centuries, both through natural means and by design. A large area, which is now part of the farm, was once the river bed. The silt deposits left by the river have contributed greatly to the fertility of the farm. The present college results from the merger in June 1999 of Durham College of Agriculture and Horticulture ( also known as Houghall College ) and East Durham Community College in Peterlee ( formerly known as Peterlee Tertiary College in the 1980s and Peterlee College since 1989 ). The former campus at the town centre on Burnhope Way ( B1320 ) was originally Easington Technical College and the campus at Howletch was originally Peterlee Grammar School. In 2006, the college was given planning permission to build a new campus at Peterlee because the buildings at the two campuses there did not meet the requirements for access for disabled people. In September 2008 a brand new £ 36m college building was opened on the Howletch site ; the old college building at Howletch has also been demolished to make way for further college buildings and the old college building at Burnhope Way will be demolished to make way for a Tesco Extra. The college 's new 220 seat theatre was named after Berthold Lubetkin. In September 2013, the college opened Apollo Studio Academy, a new studio school at the Peterlee campus. Sport development centre ( edit ) The college also runs a Student Athlete Programme, providing health education to participants. The programme includes boxing, basketball, football and rugby, providing a variety of competitive opportunities ( friendly, league, cup fixtures ), but the major focus is on individual skill development as opposed to team organisation. The sports hall has 500 seats on the bleachers. Alumni ( edit ) Shaun Reay, footballer Steve Howey, footballer -- Steve Howey worked at the East Durham College Football Development Centre from 2007 was Acting Head of the Centre until 2011 Tony Jeffries, Tony studied Engineering at East Durham College and was part of the boxing development team Dave Wilson, Bath and England Rugby Union Prop Gina McKee, Actress best known for her roles in The Lost Prince and Notting Hill Steve Harper, Steve studied Sport and attended the Football Development Centre at East Durham College and is now a footballer at Hull City FC. Peterlee Grammar School ( edit ) Grahame Morris, Labour MP since 2010 for Easington Easington Technical College ( edit ) John Cummings, Labour MP from 1987 -- 2010 for Easington References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) East Durham College homepage Edubase ( hide ) Universities and colleges in North East England Universities Durham Newcastle Northumbria Sunderland Teesside Further education colleges Bishop Auckland Cleveland Darlington Derwentside East Durham Gateshead Hartlepool Middlesbrough Newcastle New College Durham Northumberland Redcar & Cleveland South Tyneside Stockton Riverside Sunderland Tyne Metropolitan Sixth form colleges Carmel Durham English Martyrs Gateshead Jewish Academy for Girls Hartlepool Newcastle Prior Pursglove Queen Elizabeth Stockton Usworth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Durham_College&oldid=785150702 '' Categories : Durham, England Further education colleges in County Durham Educational institutions established in 1999 1999 establishments in England Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2017, at 22 : 57. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "East Durham College", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=East_Durham_College&amp;oldid=785150702" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "'' N 1 ° 21 ′ 00 '' W  /  54.762256 ° N 1.349999 ° W  / 54.762256 ; - 1.349999 Local authority North East England LSC ( but situated in County Durham ) DfE URN 131859 Tables Ofsted Reports Gender Coeducational Ages 16 + Former names Peterlee Grammar School, East Durham & Houghall Community College Website East Durham College An inside view of the East Durham College Peterlee Campus. East Durham College, formerly known as East Durham & Houghall Community College, is a community college with campuses in Peterlee and Houghall, south - east of Durham. The College student roll, as at the last Ofsted report, February 2014, was 1579 full - time and 4,154 part - time students. East Durham College operates across three campuses, as well as providing work force development within individual work places across the region. The Peterlee campus is situated on Willerby Grove off the B1320 ( Burnhope Way ) in Peterlee, near the A19. The Houghall campus is situated on the A177 ( Stockton Road ) to the south - east of Durham, near Shincliffe. The Peterlee campus includes a variety of facilities including" ], "id": [ "16134033912211705455" ], "short_answers": [ "East Durham & Houghall Community College" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' - wikipedia I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' Genre Competitive reality dating show Created by Danny Fenton Starring Matthew Hicks Paul Leonard Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Fenton Kevin Utton Matt Gould Ryan Seacrest Adam Sher Heather Schuster David Tibballs Rebecca Eisen Production company ( s ) Zig Zag Productions Ryan Seacrest Productions Release Original network Fox Original release May 20 -- June 11, 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) External links Website I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' was a reality television show that premiered on May 20, 2014, on Fox. The series has a premise similar to Joe Millionaire, and follows twelve American women who are led to believe that they are competing for the affections of Prince Harry. However, in reality the bachelor is Matthew Hicks, a Prince Harry look - alike. On June 12, 2014, it was announced the show was pulled from the air in the US and cancelled after airing only four episodes. Although not broadcast, the last four episodes were made available on Fox.com, Fox NOW, cable On Demand and Hulu. The complete series was broadcast on the ITV2 channel in the UK, on Latin - American E! throughout Latin America ( especially in Mexico, Colombia and Argentina ) in February 2015, and on Network Ten in Australia. Contents 1 Background 2 Ratings 3 Reviews 4 The Bachelor 5 The Contestants 6 Elimination table 7 Aftermath 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) At first, the contestants are not explicitly told that the bachelor is Prince Harry ; they are merely led to make that inference on their own by Hicks ' close resemblance, the royal setting of Englefield House, the lavish dates, and being surrounded by real professional servants and a security detail that really does have experience protecting heads of state. Hicks is referred to in the contestants ' presence only as `` Sir. '' However, in the 5th episode, Hicks tells Kelly while they are alone that he is Prince Harry and later butler Kingsley announces to all seven remaining contestants at the dinner table that `` Sir is indeed His Royal Highness Prince Harry of Wales. '' Contestant Andrea Fox, in an interview on the Kidd Kraddick in the Morning radio show, said that prior to filming the contestants were told they were going to be on a TV show called `` Dream Date '' and that it was more about `` the experience for the girls '' instead of `` finding love '', and that people with the show kept saying `` Do n't compare it to The Bachelor ''. The butler on the show, only referred to as Kingsley, is portrayed by English actor Paul Leonard. The series first aired in the USA on May 20, 2014, on Fox. On June 12, 2014, Fox cancelled I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' after four of the eight produced episodes due to low ratings but announced it would air the remainder on Fox.com, cable On Demand, Fox NOW and Hulu. It began airing in the UK on ITV2 on Wednesday, June 4, 2014 at 9 : 00pm. It began airing on Network Ten in Australia on May 30, 2014, originally at 8 : 30pm Fridays, later moving to a 10 : 30pm - 11pm start due to poor ratings. Ratings ( edit ) The first episode aired on Fox following the last season 13 American Idol performance show and had a 1.5 household rating, with a 0.7 for adults 18 - 49. The second show, which followed Riot, had a 1.0 household rating, with a 0.4 for viewers 18 - 49. The third episode had 1.04 million live + `` same day DVR '' viewers with a rating for adults 18 - 49 of 0.4 ( adults 18 - 49 share : 1 ). The first Australian broadcast of the show on Network Ten on Friday, May 30, 2014 drew 341,000 viewers which placed it 24th in OzTAM 's overnight ratings for that night. ITV2 broadcast the first and second shows on the same night ( June 4, 2014 ) and the first show drew 286,000 viewers ( 1.2 % ) from 9pm - 10pm, while the second show drew 274,000 viewers ( 1.7 % ) from 10pm to 11pm. Reviews ( edit ) Time magazine reviewed the US premiere, comparing it as `` weirdly similar, down to minor details '' to Joe Millionaire. However, unlike Joe Millionaire, the magazine noted, there is no shame or guilt in the deception, which Time attributed to reality TV learning to become `` lighter in tone yet more slick and ruthless. '' In the UK The Telegraph headlined its review `` fodder for the braindead '' and commenting `` the floundering Harry lookalike was n't a wild or weird enough character to carry the show, entertainment derived solely from the foolish bachelorettes. '' But it picks out the butler, Kingsley, as a `` genre - bender of genius '' who strays far from his brief. The bachelor ( edit ) The bachelor, Matthew Hicks, works for an environmental consultancy firm. He had previously done some very small - scale impersonations of Prince Harry, but otherwise had no prior acting experience. Before filming began, Hicks had his natural blond hair dyed red to match Prince Harry 's hair colour, and was given brief training in `` princely '' activities he would need for the show, such as horseback riding, fencing and ballroom dancing. Hicks was also taught extensive information about Prince Harry, to help Hicks be able to respond to contestants appropriately. Show creator Danny Fenton said in an interview on Good Morning Britain that he talked to over 100 potential Harry look - a-likes from multiple countries before selecting Hicks. The Contestants ( edit ) The contestants are the following 12 women : Name Age Hometown Job Crown Suite Eliminated Kimberly Birch 24 Malverne, Long Island, New York Social worker, model and actress Week 2, 6 Winner Karina Kennedy 25 Palos Hills, Illinois Physical therapist Week 3 Week 8 ( Runner - Up ) Kelley Andrews 25 Mobile, Alabama Hostess Week 4 Week 8 ( 3rd Place ) Rose Copeland 23 Westlake Village, California Special preschool teacher Week 1 Week 7 Meghan Ramsey Jones 26 Tustin, California Artist Week 5 Week 6 Jacqueline Conroy 25 Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York ( Fox biography gives New York, New York ) Nutritionist / model / actor Week 6 Maggie Toraason 25 Peru, Illinois Account executive Week 5 Anna Lisa Matias 24 San Francisco, California Miss LA Week 4 Chelsea Brookshire 22 Long Beach, California Actress / model Week 4 ( Quit ) Carley Hawkins 24 Buffalo, Missouri Instructional pre-med student Week 3 Andrea Fox 25 Longview, Texas Lead development representative Week 2 Leah Thom 24 Fort Worth, Texas Cocktail waitress Week 1 Elimination table ( edit ) E01 E02 E03 E04 E05 E06 E07 E08 Kimberly SAFE CROWN SAFE SAFE SAFE CROWN SAFE WIN Karina SAFE SAFE CROWN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Kelley SAFE SAFE SAFE CROWN SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Rose CROWN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Jacqueline SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Meghan SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE CROWN OUT Maggie SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Anna SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Chelsea SAFE SAFE SAFE LEFT Carley SAFE SAFE OUT Andrea SAFE OUT Leah OUT ( WIN ) The contestant won the competition. ( CROWN ) The contestant got the Crown Suite. ( SAFE ) The contestant was safe. ( LEFT ) The contestant quit the competition. ( OUT ) The contestant was eliminated. Aftermath ( edit ) The series was filmed in August and September 2013. Nine months afterwards Hicks and the winner Kimberly Birch were still in touch and planning to meet up. `` We genuinely like each other and have spoken regularly from the moment we stopped filming, '' said Birch in June 2014. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : REVIEW : I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' : Welcome to Bucking - sham Palace - TIME, 20 May 2014 ^ Jump up to : Bibel, Sara ( June 12, 2014 ). `` ' I Wanna Marry Harry ' & ' Riot ' Canceled by FOX ''. TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 15, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Andreeva, Nellie ( June 12, 2014 ). `` Fox Pulls ' Riot ' & ' I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' ' From Schedule ``. Deadline Hollywood. PMC. Retrieved June 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Vincent, Alice ( April 1, 2014 ). `` I Wanna Marry Harry makes women compete for ' Prince Harry 's ' hand in marriage ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved May 8, 2014. Jump up ^ Gomez, Patrick ( April 2, 2014 ). `` I Wanna Marry Harry : How 12 Women Were Duped ''. People. Retrieved May 8, 2014. Jump up ^ Lovece, Frank ( May 20, 2014 ). `` Marry Harry? Could it really be? ''. Newsday. New York / Long Island. p. B7. Jump up ^ `` Andrea Fox from I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' ``. youtube.com. KiddNation. May 22, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014. Jump up ^ Rosenfield, Laura ( May 27, 2014 ). `` Kingsley on ' I Wanna Marry Harry ' Is Not Really a Butler & He Has a Leg Up On Russell Crowe ''. bustle.com. Retrieved June 22, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Heredus, Eric ( June 20, 2014 ). `` ' Marry Harry ' winner still seeing fake prince ''. New York Post. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Jump up ^ `` US reality show I Wanna Marry Harry to air on ITV2 ''. http://tv.uk.msn.com. MSN UK. June 3, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014. External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Wanna Marry Harry flops in ratings ''. http://www.dailymail.co.uk. Mail Online. May 30, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014. External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cantor, Brian ( May 28, 2014 ). `` '' I Wanna Marry ' Harry ' '' Ratings Sink in Week Two ``. headlineplanet.com. Headline Planet. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda ( June 4, 2014 ). `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Night Shift ' Dip, ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Rises to Season High + ' I Wanna Marry Harry ' Flat ''. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Zap2it. Retrieved June 5, 2014. External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Farber, Alex ( June 5, 2014 ). `` I Wanna Marry ' Harry ' lures 300k ''. www.broadcastnow.co.uk. Broadcast. Retrieved June 8, 2014. Jump up ^ McLaren, Iona ( June 4, 2014 ). `` I Wanna Marry ' Harry ' review : ' fodder for the braindead ' ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved June 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Seikaly, Andrea ( May 3, 2014 ). `` Meet the ' Prince ' : ' I Wanna Marry ' Harry ' ' Star on Living Like a Royal ''. Variety. Retrieved May 8, 2014. Jump up ^ `` TV producers meet 100 Prince Harry lookalikes for new dating show ''. http://indiatoday.intoday.in. India Today. June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2014. External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meet The ' I Wanna Marry Harry ' Women ''. Inside Edition. Retrieved May 8, 2014. Jump up ^ Gomez, Patrick ( May 22, 2014 ). `` I Wanna Marry ' Harrys Leah Thom : It Was Like ' Speed Dating of the Worst Kind ' ''. people.com. People Magazine. Retrieved May 30, 2014. External links ( edit ) Official website I Wanna Marry `` Harry '' on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Marry_%22Harry%22&oldid=854010947 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings American dating and relationship reality television series English - language television programs Fox network shows Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018, at 10 : 42 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "I Wanna Marry \"Harry\"", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Marry_%22Harry%22&amp;oldid=854010947" }

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{ "text": "Optical coating - wikipedia Optical coating Jump to : navigation, search Optically coated mirrors and lenses. An optical coating is one or more thin layers of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens or mirror, which alters the way in which the optic reflects and transmits light. One type of optical coating is an antireflection coating, which reduces unwanted reflections from surfaces, and is commonly used on spectacle and photographic lenses. Another type is the high - reflector coating which can be used to produce mirrors which reflect greater than 99.99 % of the light which falls on them. More complex optical coatings exhibit high reflection over some range of wavelengths, and anti-reflection over another range, allowing the production of dichroic thin - film optical filters. Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of coating 1.1 Antireflection coatings 1.2 High - reflection coatings 1.2. 1 Extreme ultraviolet coatings 1.3 Transparent conductive coatings 2 Current market and forecast 3 Sources 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Types of coating ( edit ) Reflectance vs. wavelength curves for aluminium ( Al ), silver ( Ag ), and gold ( Au ) metal mirrors at normal incidence The simplest optical coatings are thin layers of metals, such as aluminium, which are deposited on glass substrates to make mirror surfaces, a process known as silvering. The metal used determines the reflection characteristics of the mirror ; aluminium is the cheapest and most common coating, and yields a reflectivity of around 88 % - 92 % over the visible spectrum. More expensive is silver, which has a reflectivity of 95 % - 99 % even into the far infrared, but suffers from decreasing reflectivity ( < 90 % ) in the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions. Most expensive is gold, which gives excellent ( 98 % - 99 % ) reflectivity throughout the infrared, but limited reflectivity at wavelengths shorter than 550 nm, resulting in the typical gold colour. By controlling the thickness and density of metal coatings, it is possible to decrease the reflectivity and increase the transmission of the surface, resulting in a half - silvered mirror. These are sometimes used as `` one - way mirrors ''. The other major type of optical coating is the dielectric coating ( i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate ). These are constructed from thin layers of materials such as magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and various metal oxides, which are deposited onto the optical substrate. By careful choice of the exact composition, thickness, and number of these layers, it is possible to tailor the reflectivity and transmitivity of the coating to produce almost any desired characteristic. Reflection coefficients of surfaces can be reduced to less than 0.2 %, producing an antireflection ( AR ) coating. Conversely, the reflectivity can be increased to greater than 99.99 %, producing a high - reflector ( HR ) coating. The level of reflectivity can also be tuned to any particular value, for instance to produce a mirror that reflects 90 % and transmits 10 % of the light that falls on it, over some range of wavelengths. Such mirrors are often used as beamsplitters, and as output couplers in lasers. Alternatively, the coating can be designed such that the mirror reflects light only in a narrow band of wavelengths, producing an optical filter. The versatility of dielectric coatings leads to their use in many scientific optical instruments ( such as lasers, optical microscopes, refracting telescopes, and interferometers ) as well as consumer devices such as binoculars, spectacles, and photographic lenses. Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films, either to provide a protective layer ( as in silicon dioxide over aluminium ), or to enhance the reflectivity of the metal film. Metal and dielectric combinations are also used to make advanced coatings that can not be made any other way. One example is the so - called `` perfect mirror '', which exhibits high ( but not perfect ) reflection, with unusually low sensitivity to wavelength, angle, and polarization. Antireflection coatings ( edit ) Main article : Anti-reflective coating Comparison of uncoated glasses ( top ) and glasses with an anti-reflective coating ( bottom ). Antireflection coatings are used to reduce reflection from surfaces. Whenever a ray of light moves from one medium to another ( such as when light enters a sheet of glass after travelling through air ), some portion of the light is reflected from the surface ( known as the interface ) between the two media. A number of different effects are used to reduce reflection. The simplest is to use a thin layer of material at the interface, with an index of refraction between those of the two media. The reflection is minimized when n 1 = n 0 n S ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) = ( \\ sqrt ( n_ ( 0 ) n_ ( S ) ) ) ), where n 1 ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) ) is the index of the thin layer, and n 0 ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( 0 ) ) and n S ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( S ) ) are the indices of the two media. The optimum refractive indices for multiple coating layers at angles of incidence other than 0 ° is given by Moreno et al. ( 2005 ). Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4 % per surface to around 2 %. These were the first type of antireflection coating known, having been discovered by Lord Rayleigh in 1886. He found that old, slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new, clean pieces due to this effect. Practical antireflection coatings rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient, but also use the interference effect of a thin layer. If the layer 's thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one - quarter of the wavelength of the light ( a quarter - wave coating ), the reflections from the front and back sides of the thin layer will destructively interfere and cancel each other. Interference in a quarter - wave antireflection coating In practice, the performance of a simple one - layer interference coating is limited by the fact that the reflections only exactly cancel for one wavelength of light at one angle, and by difficulties finding suitable materials. For ordinary glass ( n ≈ 1.5 ), the optimum coating index is n ≈ 1.23. Few useful substances have the required refractive index. Magnesium fluoride ( MgF ) is often used, since it is hard - wearing and can be easily applied to substrates using physical vapour deposition, even though its index is higher than desirable ( n = 1.38 ). With such coatings, reflection as low as 1 % can be achieved on common glass, and better results can be obtained on higher index media. Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers, designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference. By using two or more layers, broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range ( 400 - 700 nm ) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5 % are commonly achievable. Reflection in narrower wavelength bands can be as low as 0.1 %. Alternatively, a series of layers with small differences in refractive index can be used to create a broadband antireflective coating by means of a refractive index gradient. High - reflection coatings ( edit ) See also : Dielectric mirror High - reflection ( HR ) coatings work the opposite way to antireflection coatings. The general idea is usually based on the periodic layer system composed from two materials, one with a high index, such as zinc sulfide ( n = 2.32 ) or titanium dioxide ( n = 2.4 ) and low index material, such as magnesium fluoride ( n = 1.38 ) or silicon dioxide ( n = 1.49 ). This periodic system significantly enhances the reflectivity of the surface in the certain wavelength range called band - stop, whose width is determined by the ratio of the two used indices only ( for quarter - wave system ), while the maximum reflectivity is increasing nearly up to 100 % with a number of layers in the stack. The thicknesses of the layers are generally quarter - wave ( then they yield to the broadest high reflection band in compare to the non-quarter - wave systems composed from the same materials ), this time designed such that reflected beams constructively interfere with one another to maximize reflection and minimize transmission. The best of these coatings built - up from deposited dielectric lossless materials on the perfect smooth surfaces can reach reflectivities greater than 99.999 % ( over a fairly narrow range of wavelengths ). Common HR coatings can achieve 99.9 % reflectivity over a broad wavelength range ( tens of nanometers in the visible spectrum range ). As for AR coatings, HR coatings are affected by the incidence angle of the light. When used away from normal incidence, the reflective range shifts to shorter wavelengths, and becomes polarization dependent. This effect can be exploited to produce coatings that polarize a light beam. By manipulating the exact thickness and composition of the layers in the reflective stack, the reflection characteristics can be tuned to a particular application, and may incorporate both high - reflective and anti-reflective wavelength regions. The coating can be designed as a long - or short - pass filter, a bandpass or notch filter, or a mirror with a specific reflectivity ( useful in lasers ). For example, the dichroic prism assembly used in some cameras requires two dielectric coatings, one long - wavelength pass filter reflecting light below 500 nm ( to separate the blue component of the light ), and one short - pass filter to reflect red light, above 600 nm wavelength. The remaining transmitted light is the green component. Extreme ultraviolet coatings ( edit ) In the EUV portion of the spectrum ( wavelengths shorter than about 30 nm ) nearly all materials absorb strongly, making it difficult to focus or otherwise manipulate light in this wavelength range. Telescopes such as TRACE or EIT that form images with EUV light use multilayer mirrors that are constructed of hundreds of alternating layers of a high - mass metal such as molybdenum or tungsten, and a low - mass spacer such as silicon, vacuum deposited onto a substrate such as glass. Each layer pair is designed to have a thickness equal to half the wavelength of light to be reflected. Constructive interference between scattered light from each layer causes the mirror to reflect EUV light of the desired wavelength as would a normal metal mirror in visible light. Using multilayer optics it is possible to reflect up to 70 % of incident EUV light ( at a particular wavelength chosen when the mirror is constructed ). Transparent conductive coatings ( edit ) Transparent conductive coatings are used in applications where it is important that the coating conduct electricity or dissipate static charge. Conductive coatings are used to protect the aperture from electromagnetic Interference, while dissipative coatings are used to prevent the build - up of static electricity. Transparent conductive coatings are also used extensively to provide electrodes in situations where light is required to pass, for example in flat panel display technologies and in many photoelectrochemical experiments. A common substance used in transparent conductive coatings is indium tin oxide ( ITO ). ITO is not very optically transparent, however. The layers must be thin to provide substantial transparency, particularly at the blue end of the spectrum. Using ITO, sheet resistances of 20 to 10,000 ohms per square can be achieved. An ITO coating may be combined with an antireflective coating to further improve transmittance. Other TCOs ( Transparent Conductive Oxides ) include AZO ( Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide ), which offers much better UV transmission than ITO. A special class of transparent conductive coatings applies to infrared films for theater - air military optics where IR transparent windows need to have ( Radar ) stealth ( Stealth technology ) properties. These are known as RAITs ( Radar Attenuating / Infrared Transmitting ) and include materials such as boron doped DLC ( Diamond - like carbon ). Current market and forecast ( edit ) Estimated at US $6.5 billion in 2013, the global demand of optical coatings is forecast to grow 6.5 % annually over the next years. The largest application market of optical coatings is electronics and semiconductor combined, while the fastest growing one is fiber optics & telecommunication combined. Sources ( edit ) Hecht, Eugene. Chapter 9, Optics, 2nd ed. ( 1990 ), Addison Wesley. ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X. I. Moreno, et al., `` Thin - film spatial filters, '' Optics Letters 30, 914 - 916 ( 2005 ) C. Clark, et al., `` Two - color Mach 3 IR coating for TAMD systems '', Proc. SPIE Vol. 4375, p. 307 - 314 ( 2001 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MIT researchers create a ' perfect mirror ' ''. MIT press release. 1998 - 11 - 26. Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Thin - film spatial filters, '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30. Jump up ^ `` Market Report : Global Optical Coatings Market ''. Acmite Market Intelligence. External link in publisher = ( help ) See also ( edit ) List of telescope parts and construction External links ( edit ) Browser - based thin film design and optimization software Java demonstration of anti-reflection coating Browser - based numerical calculator of single - layer thin film reflectivity ( 1 ) - Melles Griot Technical Guide NDL : 01172276 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&oldid=787430975 '' Categories : Thin - film optics Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017, at 10 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Optical coating", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&amp;oldid=787430975" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "reflection is minimized when n 1 = n 0 n S ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) = ( \\ sqrt ( n_ ( 0 ) n_ ( S ) ) ) ), where n 1 ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) ) is the index of the thin layer, and n 0 ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( 0 ) ) and n S ( \\ displaystyle n_ ( S ) ) are the indices of the two media. The optimum refractive indices for multiple coating layers at angles of incidence other than 0 ° is given by Moreno et al. ( 2005 ). Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4 % per surface to around 2 %. These were the first type of antireflection coating known, having been discovered by Lord Rayleigh in 1886. He found that old, slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new, clean pieces due to this effect. Practical antireflection coatings rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient, but also use the interference effect of a thin layer. If the layer 's thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one - quarter of the wavelength of the light ( a quarter - wave coating ), the reflections from the front and back sides of the thin layer will destructively interfere and cancel each other." ], "id": [ "9014659680876705795" ], "short_answers": [ "about 4% per surface" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Bank holiday - wikipedia Bank holiday Jump to : navigation, search This article is about public holidays in the United Kingdom and Ireland. For bank holidays elsewhere and all other uses, see Bank holiday ( disambiguation ). A bank holiday is a colloquial term for a public holiday in the United Kingdom, some Commonwealth countries, Hong Kong and the Republic of Ireland. There is no automatic right to time off on these days, although banks close and the majority of the working population is granted time off work or extra pay for working on these days, depending on their contract. The first official bank holidays were the four days named in the Bank Holidays Act 1871, but today the term is colloquially used for Good Friday and Christmas Day which were already public holidays under common law and therefore not official bank holidays in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In the United Kingdom 2.1 Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 2.2 Royal proclamation 2.3 In Scotland 2.4 Campaigns for extra bank holidays 2.5 Proposed move of May Day Bank Holiday ( England and Wales ) 2.6 1968 Emergency Bank Holiday 2.7 UK Bank Holiday sales 2.7. 1 Boxing Day 3 List of current holidays in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Isle of Man 4 In Australia 5 In Hong Kong 6 In India 7 In Ireland 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Until 1834, the Bank of England observed about 33 saints ' days and religious festivals as holidays, but in that year this was reduced to four : 1 May ( May Day ), 1 November ( All Saints ' Day ), Good Friday and Christmas Day. In 1871, the first legislation relating to bank holidays was passed when Liberal politician and banker Sir John Lubbock introduced the Bank Holidays Act 1871, which specified the days in the table below. Under the Act, no person was compelled to make any payment or to do any act upon a bank holiday which he would not be compelled to do or make on Christmas Day or Good Friday, and the making of a payment or the doing of an act on the following day was equivalent to doing it on the holiday. People were so grateful that some called the first Bank Holidays St Lubbock 's Days for a while. Scotland was treated separately because of its separate traditions : for example, New Year is a more important holiday there. Bank holidays 1871 England, Wales and Ireland Scotland New Year 's Day Easter Monday Good Friday Whit Monday First Monday in May First Monday in August First Monday in August Boxing Day / St Stephen 's Day Christmas Day The Act did not include Good Friday and Christmas Day as bank holidays in England, Wales, or Ireland because they were already recognised as common law holidays : they had been customary holidays since time immemorial. In 1903, the Bank Holiday ( Ireland ) Act added 17 March, Saint Patrick 's Day, as a bank holiday for Ireland only. New Year 's Day did not become a bank holiday in England until 1 January 1974. In the United Kingdom ( edit ) Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 ( edit ) Commencing in 1965, on an experimental basis, the August Bank Holiday weekend was observed at the end of August `` to give a lead in extending British holidays over a longer summer period ''. Each year 's date was announced in Parliament on an ad - hoc basis, to the despair of the calendar and diary publishing trade. The rule seems to have been to select the weekend of the last Saturday in August, so that in 1968 and 1969 Bank Holiday Monday actually fell in September. A century after the 1871 Act, the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, which currently regulates bank holidays in the UK, was passed. The majority of the current bank holidays were specified in the 1971 Act : however New Year 's Day and May Day were not introduced throughout the whole of the UK until 1974 and 1978 respectively. The date of the August bank holiday was changed from the first Monday in August to the last Monday in August, and the Whitsun bank holiday ( Whit Monday ) was replaced by the Late Spring Bank Holiday, fixed as the last Monday in May. In 1978 the first Monday in May in the rest of the UK, and the final Monday of May in Scotland, were designated as bank holidays. In January 2007, the St Andrew 's Day Bank Holiday ( Scotland ) Act 2007 was given royal assent, making 30 November ( or the nearest Monday if a weekend ) a bank holiday in Scotland. Royal proclamation ( edit ) Under the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971, bank holidays are proclaimed each year by the legal device of a royal proclamation. Royal proclamation is also used to move bank holidays that would otherwise fall on a weekend. In this way, public holidays are not ' lost ' in years when they coincide with weekends. These deferred bank holiday days are termed a ' bank holiday in lieu ' of the typical anniversary date. In the legislation they are known as ' substitute days '. The movement of the St Andrew 's Day Scottish holiday to the nearest Monday when 30 November is a weekend day is statutory and does not require a proclamation. In Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Public and bank holidays in Scotland A number of differences apply in Scotland relative to the rest of the United Kingdom. For example, Easter Monday is not a bank holiday. Also, although they share the same name, the Summer Bank Holiday falls on the first Monday of August in Scotland, as opposed to the last Monday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Despite this, it is custom and practice to follow the rest of the UK and banks close on the last Monday and not the first. Bank holidays do not, however, assume the same importance in Scotland as they do elsewhere. Whereas they have effectively become public holidays elsewhere in the United Kingdom, in Scotland there remains a tradition of public holidays based on local tradition and determined by local authorities ( for example, the Glasgow Fair and the Dundee Fortnight ). In 1996, Scottish banks made the business decision to harmonise their own holidays with the rest of the United Kingdom, with the result that ' bank holidays ' in Scotland are neither public holidays nor the days on which banks are closed. Campaigns for extra bank holidays ( edit ) The number of holidays in the UK is relatively small compared to many other European countries. However, direct comparison is inaccurate since the ' substitute day ' scheme of deferment does not apply in most European countries, where holidays that coincide with a weekend ( 29 % of fixed - date holidays ) are ' lost '. In fact, the average number of non-weekend holidays in such countries is only marginally higher ( and in some cases lower ) than the UK. Worth mentioning is that public holidays in Europe which fall on Thursday or Tuesday typically become `` puente '' or `` bridge '' four - day or even six - day extended holiday weekends as people tend to use one or two days from their holiday entitlement to take off Monday and / or Friday. There have been calls for more bank holidays. Among the most notable dates absent from the existing list are the feast days of patron saints ; 23 April ( St George 's Day and widely regarded as the birthday of William Shakespeare ) in England and 1 March ( St David 's Day ) in Wales are not currently recognised. 17 March ( St Patrick 's Day ) is a public holiday in Northern Ireland and, since 2008, 30 November ( St Andrew 's Day ) is a bank holiday in Scotland. St Piran 's Day ( patron saint of Cornwall ) on 5 March is already given as an unofficial day off to many government and other workers in the county, and there are renewed calls for the government to recognise this as an official bank holiday there. Proposed move of May Day bank holiday ( England and Wales ) ( edit ) After the election of the Coalition Government in May 2010, the Department of Culture, Media and Sport launched a pre-consultation in 2011 which included the suggestion of moving the May Day Bank Holiday to October, to be a `` UK Day '' or `` Trafalgar Day '' ( 21 October ) or to St David 's Day and St George 's Day. It is suggested that a move from the May bank holiday to a St Piran 's Day bank holiday in Cornwall, on 5 March, would benefit the Cornish economy by £ 20 -- 35 million. 1968 emergency bank holiday ( edit ) During the sterling crisis of 1968, Prime Minister Harold Wilson convened a meeting of the privy council in the early hours of 14 March to declare 15 March a non-statutory bank holiday. This allowed the UK government to close the London gold market to stem the losses being suffered by the British pound. It was this meeting that triggered the resignation of Foreign Secretary George Brown. UK bank holiday sales ( edit ) In the UK every bank holiday retailers display large sales to entice people to shop on their bank holiday days off. Sales can reach up to 70 % off across certain stores. Customers will normally wait for these sales to purchase their home electronics and furniture. The sales are on every year but the bank holiday sales dates can change from year to year. In the UK Argos, Currys and Amazon are the largest retailers that not only have the biggest sales but also see the most revenue over these days. Boxing Day ( edit ) Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated in Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and other Commonwealth countries. Boxing Day originated in England in the middle of the nineteenth century under Queen Victoria. For years in which the holiday falls on a weekend, the celebration is moved to make sure workers still get a day off ( except in Canada, where it remains 26 Dec. ) In the UK it is classed as a Bank Holiday. List of current holidays in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the isle of man ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in the United Kingdom, Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland, and Public holidays in the Isle of Man Current bank and public holidays Date Name England and Wales ( 8 ) Scotland ( 9 ) Northern Ireland ( 10 ) Republic of Ireland ( 9 ) Isle of Man ( 10 ) 1 January New Year 's Day Y Y Y Y Y 2 January 2 January Y 17 March St Patrick 's Day Y Y The Friday before Easter Sunday Good Friday Y Y Y Y The Monday after Easter Sunday Easter Monday Y Y Y Y First Monday in May May Day, Early May Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y Y Last Monday in May Spring Bank Holiday Y Y Y Y First Monday in June June Bank Holiday Y First Friday in June TT Bank Holiday Y 5 July Tynwald Day Y 12 July The Twelfth, Battle of the Boyne Y First Monday in August Summer Bank Holiday Y Y Last Monday in August Late Summer Bank Holiday, August Bank Holiday Y Y Y Last Monday in October October Bank Holiday Y 30 November St Andrew 's Day Y 25 December Christmas Day Y Y Y Y Y 26 December Boxing Day, St Stephen 's Day Y Y Y Y Y In 1995 the May Bank Holiday was moved to 8 May for the 50th anniversary of VE Day In the past, additional one - off bank holidays have included : ( i ) Wednesday 14 November 1973, to celebrate the Wedding of Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey ; ( ii ) Tuesday 7 June 1977, to celebrate The Queen 's Silver Jubilee ; ( iii ) Wednesday 29 July 1981, to celebrate the Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer at St. Paul 's Cathedral ; ( iv ) Friday 31 December 1999, to enable people to prepare for the festivities to mark the arrival of the new millennium ; ( v ) Monday 3 June 2002 to celebrate The Queen 's Golden Jubilee ( Spring Bank Holiday was moved to Tuesday 4 June 2002 ) ; ( vi ) Friday 29 April 2011, to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton ; ( vii ) Tuesday 5 June 2012, to celebrate The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Notes ^ Jump up to : When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is normally designated a public holiday instead. When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday ( and thus 26 December on a Sunday ), Monday 27 December and Tuesday 28 December are the designated substitute public holidays. Jump up ^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to 8 May -- to commemorate the 50th anniversary of VE Day. Jump up ^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, making a four - day weekend as May day was on the following Monday. `` Royal Wedding : Prince William and Kate set date ''. BBC. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010. Jump up ^ In 2002 this holiday was moved to 4 June. This caused it to follow an extra bank holiday on 3 June, making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. Jump up ^ In 2012 this holiday was moved to 4 June. It was then followed by an extra holiday on 5 June, making a four - day weekend to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. Jump up ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 June 1998, Hansard, 3 June 1998, retrieved 28 January 2012. In Australia ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Australia § Other holidays Public holidays are not generally known as `` bank holidays '' in Australia, although in the state of Victoria, where all statutory holidays, their substitutes, and Saturdays are legally defined as `` bank holidays ''. In two other states there are two particular public holidays, for specific occupations only, which are officially known as `` Bank Holiday '' : in New South Wales has a `` Bank Holiday '' on the first Monday in August -- for bank employees only. in Tasmania, Easter Tuesday is a holiday for bank and government employees only. In Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, the term `` bank holiday '' is used colloquially to refer to public holidays, since banks are normally closed on these days, along with government offices, the legislature, courts, and educational institutions. Hong Kong has maintained a distinction between public holidays and statutory holidays, only the latter of which are mandatory for all employees ; the number of days for the latter is fewer by five days. In India ( edit ) Main article : Bank holidays in India In India, 15 of the public holidays are bank holidays. In Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland In Ireland, `` bank holiday '' is a colloquial term, sometimes used incorrectly for what are officially `` public holidays ''. A bank holiday in Ireland are only days in which Bank employees are off, e.g. Good Friday is a Bank Holiday, but not a Public Holiday. See also ( edit ) List of holidays by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays and British Summer Time : Directgov -- Government, citizens and rights ''. Direct.gov.uk. 29 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays -- GOV.UK ''. gov.uk. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014. ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 22 May 2007 ). `` Bank Holiday Fact File '' ( PDF ). TUC press release. TUC. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2010. Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. ( 1911 ). `` Bank Holidays ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed. ). Cambridge University Press. p. 320. Jump up ^ Olmert, Michael ( 1996 ). Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p. 170. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7. Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays ( Ireland ) Bill ''. Hansard, the Official Report of debates in Parliament. UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday on the Last Monday in August ''. The Times Digital Archive. 5 March 1964. Retrieved 21 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` 1969 Dilemma on Diary Dates ''. The Times Digital Archive. 27 January 1967. Retrieved 21 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` Bank Holiday Dates For 1967 And 1968 ''. The Times Digital Archive. 4 June 1965. Retrieved 21 June 2013. Jump up ^ `` 1969 Bank Holidays ''. The Times Digital Archive. 22 March 1967. Retrieved 21 June 2013. Jump up ^ Ready, Nigel P. ; Brooke, Richard ( 2002 ), Brooke 's notary ( 12 ed. ), Sweet & Maxwell, p. 479, ISBN 978 - 0 - 421 - 67280 - 2 Jump up ^ Scrope, Henry ; Barnett, Daniel ( 2008 ), Employment Law Handbook ( 4 ed. ), Henry Scrope, p. 135, ISBN 978 - 1 - 85328 - 674 - 2 Jump up ^ McWhirter, Norris ; Stowe, Moira F. ( 1980 ), The Guinness book of answers : a handbook of general knowledge ( 3 ed. ), Guinness Superlatives, p. 7, ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 202 - 1 Jump up ^ Morrow, Thomas. `` Bank Holidays a history ''. Bank Holidays a history by Thomas Morrow. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2011. Jump up ^ Great Britain Parliament House of Lords European Union Committee ( 2007 ), Modernising European Union labour law : has the UK anything to gain?, report with evidence, 22nd report of session 2006 -- 07, The Stationery Office, p. 100, ISBN 978 - 0 - 10 - 485171 - 5 Jump up ^ Union leaders are campaigning for an extra bank holiday BBC News 27 October 2004 Jump up ^ Schoenbaum 1987, 24 -- 6. Jump up ^ `` Renewed call for St Piran holiday ''. BBC News. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010. Jump up ^ Gledhill, Ruth ( 5 March 2009 ). `` Cornwall workers given an unofficial day off for St Pirans Day ''. The Times. London. Retrieved 31 March 2010. Jump up ^ http://www.culture.gov.uk/consultations/8068.aspx Jump up ^ `` Cornish National Holiday worth £ 35m ''. Western Morning News. 23 November 2011. Jump up ^ `` Statesman who bottled out : ' Tired and Emotional : The Life of Lord George Brown ' ''. The Independent. 9 May 1993. ^ Jump up to : Bank holidays and British Summer Time, Directgov, 8 February 2012, retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Bank holidays, NIDirect, 6 April 2012, retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ Public holidays, Citizens Information Board, retrieved 15 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013. Jump up ^ http://touchstoneblog.org.uk/2010/11/royal-wedding-give-workers-a-day-off-to-toast-will-and-kate/ Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/uk/2002 Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays Act 1993 ( Vic ) s. 9 '' ( PDF ). Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents. Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved 23 May 2015. External links ( edit ) Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Annual leave and public holidays ( Ireland ) Calendar of all legal Public and Bank Holidays worldwide, until 2050 FirstCaribbean International Bank : Bank Holidays in the Caribbean region Bank Holidays 2016 in India List of Bank Holidays and other significant days for the UK Bank Holiday dates for the UK, Scotland and Northern Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_holiday&oldid=823999405 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United Kingdom British culture Irish culture Holidays Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018, at 18 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Bank holiday", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bank_holiday&amp;oldid=823999405" }

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{ "text": "Display size - wikipedia Display size Jump to : navigation, search For the number of pixels measured vertically and horizontally per screen, see Display resolution. ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. The specific problem is : formatting Please help improve this article if you can. ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comparison of screen sizes by width, height, diagonal, area, and aspect ratio. On 2D displays, such as computer monitors and TVs, the display size ( or viewable image size or VIS ) is the physical size of the area where pictures and videos are displayed. The size of a screen is usually described by the length of its diagonal, which is the distance between opposite corners, usually in inches. It is also sometimes called the logical image size to distinguish it from the `` logical image size, '' which describes a screen 's display resolution and is measured in pixels. Contents ( hide ) 1 Optimal screen size and viewing distance 2 Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors 3 History 4 See also 5 References Optimal screen size and viewing distance ( edit ) The TV image is composed of many lines of pixels. Ideally, the TV watcher sits far enough away from the screen that the individual lines merge into one solid image. The watcher may sit even farther away and still see a good picture, but it will be a smaller portion of their visual field. However, note that viewing behavior is dependent on screen size. With increasing screen sizes visual exploration is enhanced with an increased number of fixations of shorter duration and a tendency to view only the center of the display. The resolution of the human eye ( with 20 / 20 vision ) is about one minute of arc. For full HDTV resolution, this one minute of arc implies that the TV watcher should sit 4 times the height of the screen away. At this distance the individual pixels can not be resolved while simultaneously maximising the viewing area. So the ideal set size can be determined from the chart below by measuring the distance from where the watcher would sit to the screen in centimeters ( or inches ), dividing that by 4, and comparing with the screen heights below. Do not be surprised if the observer can see the pixels at this viewing distance as most normal people see far better than 6 / 6 ( ( 20 / 20 vision ) ). If the user is replacing a standard definition TV with an HDTV this implies that the best visual experience will be with a set that is twice as tall as the standard definition set. As the average size LCD TV being sold is now 38 ``, which is only about 15 % taller than a 27 '' standard definition TV, this means that most consumers buy HDTV sets that are smaller than what they could utilize. Cost and budget also limit screen size. Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors ( edit ) Knowing the actual height and width of a screen is useful when deciding which one to purchase. Common dimensions are listed in the table below. If the display is not listed, then the following equations can be used. Note that D is the diagonal ( in centimeters or inches ), W is the width ( in pixels ), and H is the height ( in pixels ). h e i g h t = H × D W 2 + H 2 ( \\ displaystyle height = H \\ times ( \\ frac ( D ) ( \\ sqrt ( W ^ ( 2 ) + H ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) w i d t h = W × h e i g h t H ( \\ displaystyle width = W \\ times ( \\ frac ( height ) ( H ) ) ) Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors Diagonal 5 : 4 4 : 3 3 : 2 ( 15 : 10 ) 8 : 5 ( 16 : 10 ) 5 : 3 ( 15 : 9 ) 16 : 9 ( 42 : 32 ) 21. 3 : 9 ( 43 : 33 ) ( in ) ( cm ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) 3.5 9 7 6 39 7 5 38 7 5 36 8 5 36 8 5 35 8 34 8 28 3.7 9 7 6 43 8 6 42 8 5 41 8 5 40 8 5 39 8 5 38 9 32 10 8 6 50 8 6 50 8 6 48 9 5 46 9 5 46 9 5 44 9 37 4.3 11 9 7 58 9 7 57 9 6 55 9 6 54 9 6 53 10 5 51 10 43 5 13 10 8 79 10 8 77 11 7 74 11 7 72 11 7 71 11 6 69 12 5 58 7 18 14 11 154 14 11 152 15 10 146 15 9 142 15 9 139 15 9 135 16 7 113 10 25 20 16 315 20 15 310 21 14 298 22 13 290 22 13 285 22 12 276 23 10 231 11.6 29 23 18 423 24 18 417 25 16 401 25 16 390 25 15 383 26 14 371 27 11 311 13.3 34 26 21 557 27 20 548 28 19 527 29 18 513 29 17 503 29 17 488 31 13 409 14 36 28 22 617 28 21 607 30 20 584 30 19 568 30 18 558 31 17 540 33 14 453 15 38 30 24 708 30 23 697 32 21 670 32 20 652 33 20 640 33 19 620 35 15 520 15.4 39 31 24 746 31 23 734 33 22 706 33 21 688 34 20 675 34 19 654 36 15 548 17 43 34 27 910 35 26 895 36 24 861 37 23 838 37 22 823 38 21 797 40 17 668 18.5 47 37 29 1,077 38 28 1,060 39 26 1,019 40 25 992 40 24 974 41 23 944 43 18 791 19 48 38 30 1,136 39 29 1,118 40 27 1,075 41 26 1,047 41 25 1,028 42 24 995 44 19 834 20 51 40 32 1,259 41 30 1,239 42 28 1,191 43 27 1,160 44 26 1,139 44 25 1,103 47 20 924 21 53 42 33 1,388 43 32 1,366 44 30 1,313 45 28 1,279 46 27 1,255 46 26 1,216 49 21 1,019 22 56 44 35 1,523 45 34 1,499 46 31 1,441 47 30 1,403 48 29 1,378 49 27 1,334 51 22 1,118 23 58 46 36 1,665 47 35 1,638 49 32 1,575 50 31 1,534 50 30 1,506 51 29 1,458 54 23 1,222 24 61 48 38 1,813 49 37 1,784 51 34 1,715 52 32 1,670 52 31 1,639 53 30 1,588 56 24 1,331 25 64 50 40 1,967 51 38 1,935 53 35 1,861 54 34 1,812 54 33 1,779 55 31 1,723 59 25 1,444 26 66 52 41 2,127 53 40 2,093 55 37 2,013 56 35 1,960 57 34 1,924 58 32 1,864 61 26 1,562 27 69 54 43 2,294 55 41 2,258 57 38 2,171 58 36 2,114 59 35 2,075 60 34 2,010 63 27 1,684 28 71 56 44 2,467 57 43 2,428 59 39 2,334 60 38 2,273 61 37 2,231 62 35 2,161 66 28 1,811 29 74 58 46 2,647 59 44 2,604 61 41 2,504 62 39 2,439 63 38 2,394 64 36 2,318 68 29 1,943 30 76 60 48 2,832 61 46 2,787 63 42 2,680 65 40 2,610 65 39 2,562 66 37 2,481 70 30 2,079 31 79 61 49 3,024 63 47 2,976 66 44 2,862 67 42 2,787 68 41 2,735 69 39 2,649 73 31 2,220 32 81 63 51 3,223 65 49 3,171 68 45 3,049 69 43 2,969 70 42 2,915 71 40 2,823 75 32 2,366 34 86 67 54 3,638 69 52 3,580 72 48 3,442 73 46 3,352 74 44 3,290 75 42 3,187 80 34 2,671 39 99 77 62 4,787 79 59 4,710 82 55 4,529 84 53 4,410 85 51 4,329 86 49 4,193 91 39 3,514 42 107 83 67 5,552 85 64 5,463 89 59 5,253 90 57 5,115 91 55 5,021 93 52 4,863 98 41 4,076 46 117 91 73 6,659 93 70 6,553 97 65 6,301 99 62 6,136 100 60 6,023 102 57 5,833 108 45 4,889 48 122 95 76 7,251 98 73 7,135 101 68 6,861 103 65 6,681 105 63 6,558 106 60 6,352 112 47 5,323 50 127 99 79 7,868 102 76 7,742 106 70 7,444 108 67 7,249 109 65 7,116 111 62 6,892 117 49 5,776 55 140 109 87 9,520 112 84 9,368 116 77 9,007 118 74 8,771 120 72 8,610 122 68 8,339 129 54 6,989 58 147 115 92 10,587 118 88 10,418 123 82 10,017 125 78 9,754 126 76 9,575 128 72 9,274 136 57 7,773 60 152 119 95 11,330 122 91 11,148 127 85 10,720 129 81 10,439 131 78 10,247 133 75 9,924 140 59 8,318 64 163 127 102 12,891 130 98 12,684 135 90 12,197 138 86 11,877 139 84 11,658 142 80 11,292 150 63 9,464 70 178 139 111 15,421 142 107 15,174 148 99 14,591 151 94 14,208 152 91 13,947 155 87 13,508 164 69 11,322 80 203 159 127 20,142 163 122 19,819 169 113 19,057 172 108 18,557 174 105 18,216 177 100 17,643 187 79 14,787 84 213 167 133 22,206 171 128 21,851 178 118 21,010 181 113 20,460 183 110 20,083 186 105 19,452 197 83 16,303 99 251 196 157 30,845 201 151 30,351 209 139 29,184 213 133 28,419 216 129 27,897 219 123 27,019 232 98 22,646 102 259 202 162 32,743 207 155 32,219 216 144 30,980 220 137 30,167 222 133 29,613 226 127 28,681 239 101 24,039 108 274 214 171 36,708 219 165 36,121 228 152 34,731 233 145 33,821 235 141 33,199 239 134 32,155 253 107 26,950 111 282 220 176 38,776 226 169 38,155 235 156 36,688 239 149 35,726 242 145 35,069 246 138 33,966 260 110 28,468 152 386 301 241 72,711 309 232 71,548 321 214 68,796 327 205 66,992 331 199 65,761 336 189 63,692 356 150 53,383 History ( edit ) The method of measuring screen size by its diagonal was inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television, when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use. Being circular, the external diameter of the bulb was used to describe their size. Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images, the diagonal measurement of the visible rectangle was smaller than the diameter of the tube due to the thickness of the glass surrounding the phosphor screen ( which was hidden from the viewer by the casing and bezel ). This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles ; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size, and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4 : 3. In the US, when virtually all TV tubes were 4 : 3, the size of the screen was given as the true screen diagonal with a V following it ( this was a requirement in the US market but not elsewhere ). In virtually all other markets, the size of the outer diameter of the tube was given. What was a 27V in the US could be a 28 '' elsewhere. However the V terminology was frequently dropped in US advertising referring to a 27V as a 27 ``. This was not misleading for the consumer as the seller had to give the actual screen size by law. Flat panel displays by contrast use the actual diagonal of their visible display size, thus the size is the actual size presented to the viewer in all markets. This means that a similarly specified size of display will be larger as a flat panel display compared with a cathode ray tube display. When the common aspect ratio went from 4 : 3 to 16 : 9, the new widescreens were labeled with a W in the US. A screen that is approximately the same height as a 27V would be a 32W. Vizio and other US TV manufacturers have introduced even wider screens with a 21 : 9 aspect ratio in order to match aspect ratios used in cinemas. In order to gauge the relative sizes of these new screens, the screen aspect must be considered. In a commercial market where multiple aspect ratios are being sold, it will always take two numbers to describe the screen size, some combination of diagonal, aspect ratio, height or width. Set sizes are frequently given as a `` class '' as screens from different manufacturers will have slight differences in size. However the `` class '' should be within 1 / 2 '' of the actual size. The reasons for the different sizes within a class stem from differences in the manufacturers ' equipment. As manufacturers move from one size to another, newer larger sizes must fit on the same size glass, though with fewer displays being cut from it. Some sizes fit well and maximize glass utilization, other sizes fit more poorly and waste glass. As an example, in some cases, increasing the screen size by even 0.1 '' can cause an LCD manufacturer to go from 12 screens fitting on their glass sheet to 9. This would make them uncompetitive with other screen makers. See also ( edit ) Display resolution Computer display standard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramos Gameiro, R ; Kaspar, K ; König, SU ; Nordholt, S ; König, P ( 2017 ). `` Exploration and exploitation in natural viewing behavior ''. Sci Rep. 7 : 2311. PMID 28536434. doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 02526 - 1. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display_size&oldid=790868176 '' Categories : Display technology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from December 2013 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2013 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2013 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from September 2010 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from September 2010 All articles needing expert attention All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017, at 17 : 03. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Display size", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Display_size&amp;oldid=790868176" }

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{ "text": "Spanish colonization of the Americas - wikipedia Spanish colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation, search `` Conquista '' redirects here. For other uses, see Conquista ( disambiguation ). Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Flag of Spanish conquistadors with crown of Castile on a red flag, used by Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro and others The Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America ( including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ). It is estimated that during the colonial period ( 1492 -- 1832 ), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era ( 1850 -- 1950 ). In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were finally given up in 1898, following the Spanish -- American War, together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain 's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas. Contents ( hide ) 1 Conquests 1.1 West Indies 1.2 Mexico 1.3 Peru 1.4 Río de la Plata and Paraguay 1.5 New Granada 2 Governing 2.1 Dominions 2.1. 1 North 2.1. 2 South 3 19th century 3.1 Demographic impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6.1 Historiography 7 External links Conquests ( edit ) Iberian territory of Crown of Castile... Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile ( New Spain and Philippines ) Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile ( Perú, New Granada and Río de la Plata ) The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. West Indies ( edit ) Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories, and financed more of his trans - Atlantic journeys. He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola ( now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic ), in what is present day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, on his second voyage. In 1496 his brother, Bartholomew, founded Santo Domingo. By 1500, despite a high death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Taíno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish - occupied villages. The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present - day Guajira peninsula. Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas, in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernández de Serpa 's foundation in 1569. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién. Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of Mexico For more details on this topic, see Spanish conquest of Yucatán and Spanish conquest of Guatemala. Spanish Conquest of Mexico, meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II Map depicting Cortes ' invasion route The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire ( 1519 -- 21 ) which was the base for later conquests of other regions. Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than conquest of the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the war of Mexico 's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations. But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés. The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city - states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city - states ' political hierarchy and social structure in place. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign, from 1551 to 1697, against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present - day Mexico and northern Central America. When Hernán Cortés landed ashore at present day Veracruz and founded the Spanish city there on April 22, 1519, marks the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region. The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade, with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established by Charles V in 1535 with the appointment of Don Antonio de Mendoza as the first viceroy. Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833. Peru ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization. The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. Río de la Plata and Paraguay ( edit ) European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516. Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River. Buenos Aires, a permanent colony, was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay. Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away, and in 1541 the site was abandoned. A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ). He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires. '' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. New Granada ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Muisca See also : Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations Between 1537 and 1543, six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada ( Spanish : Nuevo Reino de Granada ). Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command. It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern - day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. Governing ( edit ) Main articles : Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Peru, and Intendant § The Spanish Monarchy Argentine Cabildo council Spain 's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 ( capital, México City ), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 ( capital, Lima ). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital, Bogotá ), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital, Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru. This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system, raise more revenue and promote greater efficiency. Dominions ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain ). He was one of the first Europeans to arrive to the current United States because he led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. North ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Captaincy General of the Philippines ( administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821, then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( until 1898 ) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was La Florida, Spain 's North American colonies in what is now the southeastern United States. Captaincy General of Puerto Rico ( until 1898 ) Santo Domingo ( last Spanish rule 1861 -- 1865 ) Captaincy General of Guatemala South ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of Perú ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile ( 1541 -- 1818 ) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) 19th century ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence Spanish colonialization in the Americas. During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. The Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for `` Liberators '' ) were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. They were predominantly criollos ( Americas - born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese ), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The first two were in present - day Bolivia at Sucre ( May 25 ), and La Paz ( July 16 ) ; and the third in present - day Ecuador at Quito ( August 10 ). In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain 's other colonies in the Americas. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the Spanish -- American War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self - governing unincorporated territory. Demographic impact ( edit ) It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Although population estimates vary, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas, the `` Defender of the Indians '' estimated there were 6 million ( 6,000,000 ) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus 's arrival in 1492. The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90 % ( reduced to 1 -- 2.5 million people ) by the early 17th century. In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century. The overwhelming cause of decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ), with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ). See also ( edit ) New Spain portal Colombia portal Argentina portal Ecuador portal Venezuela portal Atlantic World Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Black Legend Habsburg Spain Inter caetera List of largest empires New Spain Old Spanish Trail ( trade route ) Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox Epidemics in the New World Spanish conquest of Chiapas Spanish conquest of El Salvador Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Honduras Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Valladolid debate Viceroyalty of Peru References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ida Altman, S.L. Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico, Pearson, 2003 pp. 35 -- 36. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Sucre State Government : Cumaná in History ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ Tibesar, A.S. ( 1957 ). `` The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Espanañola, 1505 -- 1559 ''. The Americas. 13 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 389. doi : 10.2307 / 979442. JSTOR 979442. Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan. Washington DC : Carnegie Institution. Jump up ^ Ida Altman, The War for Mexico 's West. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2010. Jump up ^ Philip W. Powell, Soldiers, Indians, and Silver : North America 's Last Frontier War. Tempe : Center for Latin America Studies, Arizona State University 1975. First published by University of California Press 1952. Jump up ^ Clements Markham, The Conquest of New Granada ( 1912 ) online Jump up ^ Avellaneda Navas, José Ignacio. The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada ( Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 1995 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1612 - 7 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&source=bl&ots=WIWVcSlOdq&sig=4XmK7Gkv36L6qQ4jItqp7a553dI&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzqqfsrLPAhWKAsAKHXbSBf0Q6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false Jump up ^ Baumhoff, Martin A. 1963. Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49 : 155 -- 236. Jump up ^ Powers, Stephen. 1875. `` California Indian Characteristics ''. Overland Monthly 14 : 297 -- 309. on - line Jump up ^ Cook 's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh : `` The first ( factor ) was the food supply... The second factor was disease... A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident. '' Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. The Population of the California Indians, 1769 -- 1970. University of California Press, Berkeley p. 200 Further reading ( edit ) Brading, D.A., The First America : the Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492 -- 1867 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1993 ). Clark, Larry R. Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America : 1513 -- 1587 ( McFarland & Company, 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5909 - 4 Elliott, J.H. Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America, 1492 -- 1830 ( New Haven : Yale University Press, 2007 ) Hanke, Lewis. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America ( Boston : Little, Brown, and Co., 1965 ). Haring, Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America ( London : Oxford University Press, 1947 ) Kamen, Henry. Empire : How Spain Became a World Power, 1492 -- 1763 ( HarperCollins, 2004 ) Merriman, Roger Bigelow. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( Vol. 1. London : Macmillan, 1918 ) Portuondo, María M. Secret Science : Spanish Cosmography and the New World ( Chicago : Chicago UP, 2009 ). Restall, Matthew and Felipe Fernández - Armesto. The Conquistadors : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold : the rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan ( 2005 ) Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America ( Yale University Press, 1992 ) Historiography ( edit ) Alejandro Cañeque. `` The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America '' History Compass ( April 2013 ) 114 pp 280 -- 291, DOI : 10.1111 / hic3. 12043 Weber, David J. `` John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands : Retrospect and Prospect. '' Journal of the Southwest ( 1987 ) : 331 -- 363. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America Spain in America ( Edward Gaylord Bourne, 1904 ) ' Spain in America ' The Spanish Borderlands ( Herbert E. Bolton, 1921 ) ' The Spanish Borderlands ' Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history The short film Spanish Empire in the New World ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` The Political Force of Images, '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520 - 1820. 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language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017, at 16 : 00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&amp;oldid=815070258" }

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{ "text": "Swing, Swing - wikipedia Swing, Swing `` Swing, Swing '' Single by The All - American Rejects from the album The All - American Rejects Released December 2, 2002 Format CD promo maxi single 7 '' vinyl Recorded 2002 Genre Emo, pop punk Length 3 : 53 Label DreamWorks Doghouse Songwriter ( s ) Nick Wheeler Tyson Ritter Producer ( s ) Tim O'Heir The All - American Rejects singles chronology `` Swing, Swing '' ( 2002 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 2003 ) `` Swing, Swing '' ( 2002 ) `` The Last Song '' ( 2003 ) Music video `` Swing, Swing '' on YouTube Alternative cover United States CD promo cover `` Swing, Swing '' is a song by American rock band The All - American Rejects, released as their debut single from their self - titled debut studio album on December 2, 2002. Contents 1 Background 2 Reception 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Appearances in popular culture 5 Track listing 6 Charts and awards 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Awards 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) `` Swing, Swing '' was written by Nick Wheeler and Tyson Ritter. According to Ritter, the song was written in his grandparents ' cabin in his hometown of Stillwater in Oklahoma when he came up with the chorus one weekend morning. `` My ex-girlfriend and I had a rough relationship, and that was written when it sucked real bad, '' Ritter explained, `` I liked this other chick, so that 's what the second verse is about, moving on to a hotter chick - no I 'm just kidding. Moving on to another girl... or just moving on. '' The song was also one of the last to be written and recorded for the duo 's self titled debut album `` It was over and done with a year ago, '' Ritter said of the misery - inducing relationship that also inspired many other tear - jerking pop songs, such as `` My Paper Heart '' and `` Do n't Leave Me. '' `` But I got a great record out of it... as far as lyrics. I did n't have to think too hard. '' Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. Rockfeedback, who rated the track 3 out of 5 stars, reviewed the song as `` Very polished, insanely catchy, and heart - on - sleeve this record is. Dramatically expressive lyrics ( ' Did you think that I would cry, on the phone...? ', ' My heart is crushed by a former love! ' ), ultra-glossy production and a ridiculously infectious chorus : you would n't bet against them. '' Contactmusic.com said `` The melody is appealing and its pop punk sounds like something from Simple Plan or Blink 182. The lyrics are slightly baffling with ' swing, swing, swing from the tangles of ' - a classic example. '' MusicOMH regarded `` Swing, Swing '' as `` top form '' and commented with `` These small - town American, fun rockers are hard to dislike. Swing Swing swings along pleasantly enough, developing from an organ intro to a good - natured, old - style rock out that does just what you expect it to. Rock, that is '', while CityLife praised the track as `` imaginative '' and that `` The use of a church organ gives way to a totally catchy - if formulaic - college rock anthem. Vocals are typically American high - pitched angst, while the simple `` Swing - Swing '' chorus should guarantee favourable radio play on both sides of the Atlantic. '' Chart performance ( edit ) Upon release, `` Swing, Swing '' gained attention on Los Angeles modern rock radio station KROQ - FM and WXRK in New York City. When The All - American Rejects was re-released in early 2003, `` Swing, Swing '' gained more commercial success ; peaking at # 8 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in March, # 60 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 13 UK Singles Charts in August for five weeks respectively. It is the band 's highest charting single in the UK. `` Swing, Swing '' was digitally released later in 2005 ; reaching # 75 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs, it also briefly returned to the UK Singles Chart in April 2009 at # 99. Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Swing, Swing '' was directed by Marcos Siega and shot in December 2002 in Los Angeles and was released on January 7, 2003. It involves the band performing the song in a small trailer park while scenes of a young couple going through their relationship are overlapped through the video - eventually ending with them breaking up. Appearances in popular culture ( edit ) `` Swing, Swing '' is featured on the soundtrack of the comedy film American Wedding, the video games Playboy : The Mansion, Lego Rock Band, `` MVP Baseball 2003 '' and on the compilation album Sky High Invasion - Volume 1 as a remix by DJ Loopy. Television-wise, the song has appeared in the American action series Smallville, the pilot episode of teen drama The OC, the British topical news comedy show Russell Howard 's Good News and was covered by the cast of the British drama series All the Small Things in character. Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by The All - American Rejects. CD single No. Title Length 1. `` Swing, Swing '' ( album version ) 3 : 54 2. `` The Cigarette Song '' ( acoustic version ) 3 : 36 3. `` Too Far Gone '' ( bedroom demo version ) 4 : 02 4. `` Swing, Swing '' ( music video ) 3 : 29 US CD promo No. Title Length 1. `` Swing, Swing '' ( radio edit remix ) 3 : 27 2. `` Swing, Swing '' ( full - length remix ) 3 : 55 CD promo No. Title Length 1. `` Swing, Swing '' 3 : 54 7 '' vinyl No. Title Length 1. `` Swing, Swing '' ( side A ) 3 : 54 2. `` Too Far Gone '' ( bedroom demo version ) ( side B) 4 : 02 Charts and awards ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 60 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) 30 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 Awards ( edit ) Year Awards ceremony Award Results 2003 MTV Video Music Award Best New Artist Nominated Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States December 2, 2002 CD promo DreamWorks Doghouse United Kingdom July 21, 2003 Maxi single 7 '' vinyl References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All - American Rejects : Red, White And So, So Blue ''. MTV. Retrieved 4 December 2002. Jump up ^ `` All - American Rejects Set Headlining Tour, Score ( Literally ) With Single ''. MTV. Retrieved 24 March 2003. Jump up ^ `` The All - American Rejects - ' Swing Swing ' ( Dreamworks ) ''. RockFeedBack. Retrieved 26 November 2003. Jump up ^ `` All American Rejects ''. contactmusic. Retrieved 21 February 2003. Jump up ^ `` The All - American Rejects - Swing Swing ( Dreamworks ) ''. musicOMH. Retrieved 21 July 2003. Jump up ^ `` The All - American Rejects - Swing, Swing ( Dreamworks ) ''. CityLife. Retrieved 18 July 2003. Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/379327/all-american-rejects/chart?f=377 Jump up ^ http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=31053 Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The All American Rejects Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The All American Rejects Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The All American Rejects Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The All - American Rejects - Awards ''. AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Swing Swing ( Single, Enhanced, Maxi ) ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The All - American Rejects Nick Wheeler Tyson Ritter Mike Kennerty Chris Gaylor Jesse Tabish Tim Campbell Studio albums The All - American Rejects Move Along When the World Comes Down Kids in the Street Demo albums Same Girl, New Songs Singles `` Swing, Swing '' `` The Last Song '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` Dirty Little Secret '' `` Move Along '' `` It Ends Tonight '' `` Gives You Hell '' `` The Wind Blows '' `` I Wanna '' `` Beekeeper 's Daughter '' `` Kids in the Street '' `` Heartbeat Slowing Down '' `` There 's a Place '' `` Sweat '' Other songs `` Top of the World '' `` Air '' Video albums Live from Oklahoma... The Too Bad for Hell DVD! Live at the Wiltern LG DVD Tournado Schooled Related Discography Awards and nominations Media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing,_Swing&oldid=845602919 '' Categories : 2002 singles Debut singles Music videos directed by Marcos Siega The All - American Rejects songs 2002 songs Songs written by Tyson Ritter DreamWorks Records singles Songs written by Nick Wheeler Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Latviešu Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018, at 21 : 56 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Swing, Swing", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Swing,_Swing&amp;oldid=845602919" }

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{ "text": "Fight Song ( Rachel Platten Song ) - wikipedia Fight Song ( Rachel Platten Song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Fight Song '' Single by Rachel Platten from the album Fight Song and Wildfire B - side `` Lone Ranger '' Released February 19, 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Length 3 : 22 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Rachel Platten David Bassett Jon Levine Producer ( s ) Jon Levine Rachel Platten singles chronology `` 1,000 Ships '' ( 2011 ) `` Fight Song '' ( 2015 ) `` Stand by You '' ( 2015 ) `` 1,000 Ships '' ( 2011 ) `` Fight Song '' ( 2015 ) `` Stand by You '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` Fight Song '' on YouTube `` Fight Song '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Rachel Platten, released as a single by Columbia Records on February 19, 2015. It appears on her extended play ( EP ) of the same name ( 2015 ) and on her major label debut studio album, and third overall, Wildfire ( 2016 ). Platten co-wrote the song with Dave Bassett and Jon Levine. The song peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and also reached number one of the Adult Contemporary and Adult Pop Songs airplay charts. Outside the United States, `` Fight Song '' topped the charts in the United Kingdom and also peaked within the top ten of the singles charts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland and the top twenty of the charts in Slovakia. It has sold two million copies in the United States, earning a double platinum certification by the RIAA. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Usage in media 8 Track listing 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Rachel Platten said of her inspiration : `` ' Fight Song ' was inspired by a lot of experiences that were hurting me and that were making me feel like maybe I did n't have a chance in this industry. I wrote it because I needed to remind myself that I believed in myself. No matter what, I still was gon na make music, even if it was on a small scale. Even if it was just for me. '' She also said : `` I really challenged myself in writing the past couple of years to be vulnerable in my lyrics. I did n't want to skate past what was hurting. It did n't scare me to be vulnerable because I think that 's when you get something great. '' Composition ( edit ) In the version published at Musicnotes.com by Platten Music Publishing, the sheet music is in the key of G major with a moderate tempo of 88 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of G -- G5 / F ♯ -- Em -- Csus2, and Platten 's vocals span from G to E. Critical reception ( edit ) `` Fight Song '' has received positive reviews from critics, agreeing that the song 's positive message and Platten 's vocals were the song 's strongest features. A review by Markos Papatados from the Digital Journal stated `` The lyrics for `` Fight Song '' are captivating and they tug at the heartstrings. It is a track from her Fight Song EP, which was released on May 15. Platten 's vocals are crisp and impressive, where the listener can recall such songstresses as Taylor Swift and Tristan Prettyman. Her lyrics are powerful and they paint a vivid picture in the minds of her listeners. '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song first charted in Australia, debuting at 35 on the ARIA Charts on April 12, 2015. The song eventually peaked at number 2 in Australia on July 12, 2015. It later reached number 8 in New Zealand after first being covered as a charity single by The X Factor top 12. The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of May 2, 2015 at number 80, becoming Platten 's first entry on the chart. On July 18, 2015, the song entered the top 10 at number 10, becoming her first top 10. On August 19, 2015, the song eventually peaked at number 6. It has also reached double platinum sales in the US, selling over 2 million copies in Platten 's home country. `` Fight Song '' also peaked at number one on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart for 4 weeks, number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for 4 weeks, number 3 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart, number 6 on the Billboard Radio Songs chart, and number 8 on the Pop Songs chart. Elsewhere, it peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100. In the United Kingdom, the song jumped from number sixty eight to the top of the UK Singles Chart on August 28, 2015 -- for the week ending date September 3, 2015 -- becoming Platten 's first chart - topping song, and overall top ten hit, in Britain. In the Republic of Ireland, the song peaked at number six on the Irish Singles Chart. On April 25, 2016, this song peaked at number nine on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart. Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video directed by James Lees was released on May 19, 2015. The shooting lasted four days. Platten said of the concept : `` I wanted my video to show both sides of that -- my fear and pain -- but I also hoped to show that sometimes to overcome battles we just have to let go. '' Live performances ( edit ) Platten performing `` Fight Song '' at the closing ceremony of the 2016 Invictus Games On April 25, 2015, Platten performed the song for the first time at the 2015 Radio Disney Music Awards. Platten appeared as a special guest during Taylor Swift 's 1989 World Tour in Philadelphia on June 13, 2015, where Platten and Swift performed `` Fight Song '' together. On August 16, 2015, Platten performed the song at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards in Los Angeles. On July 12, 2016, Platten performed `` Fight Song '' at the 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game at Petco Park in San Diego, where baseball fans and players held up cards with the names of people they knew were battling cancer to dedicate the performance to them. On New Year 's Eve 2016 − 17, Platten sang the song as part of her lineup during the Times Square Ball festivities in New York City 's Times Square, which she co-headlined. Usage in Media ( edit ) The song has been featured in the television shows Revenge and Pretty Little Liars in addition to advertisements for Ford cars and the then CBS television series Supergirl. `` Fight Song '' was named the official theme song for the 2015 `` Rise Above Cancer '' campaign that appeared on most WWE shows throughout the month of October as part of the company 's partnership with Susan G. Komen. The song has been used in a series of Ford TV commercials for their line of SUV 's, namely, the 2015 Ford Edge and 2016 Ford Explorer. `` Fight Song '' was named the official theme song of the 2016 IIHF World Women 's U18 Championship held in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. Each game was opened with images of the participating countries as well as flag bearers who represented each country at centre ice as the song played. The song was frequently used by Hillary Clinton at events in her campaign for the 2016 presidential election in conjunction with the slogan `` Fighting for Us ''. Calysta Bevier sang `` Fight Song '' during her audition for the eleventh season of America 's Got Talent in 2016. Bevier also sang the same song at a high school talent show, which went on to become a viral video, landing her on The Ellen DeGeneres Show singing the same song with Rachel Platten. An a cappella version of the song was released for the 2016 Democratic National Convention by Elizabeth Banks, featuring some of her Pitch Perfect co-stars Ben Platt, Chrissie Fit, Ester Dean, Hana Mae Lee, John Michael Higgins, Kelly Jakle, Mike Tompkins, Shelley Regner along with celebrity supporters Aisha Tyler, Alan Cumming, America Ferrera, Billy Porter, Connie Britton, Ellen Greene, Eva Longoria, Garrett Clayton, Ian Somerhalder, Idina Menzel, Jaime King, Jane Fonda, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Josh Lucas, Julie Bowen, Kathy Najimy, Kristin Chenoweth, Mandy Moore, Mary McCormack, Mary - Louise Parker, Nikki Reed, Renee Fleming, Rob Reiner, Sia, T.R. Knight and Platten herself. The song also appears in the 2018 live action / CGI film Peter Rabbit during a scene where Bea ( Rose Byrne ) dances and listens to the song while Thomas and Peter fight with explosives. Since 2017, the song has been used as the opening theme for the Stephanie Miller Show which airs in a number of US Markets as well as on SiriusXM 's Progress Channel 127. Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- single `` Fight Song '' -- 3 : 22 `` Lone Ranger '' -- 3 : 07 Other versions Dave Aude Remix Dave Aude Radio Edit DJ Mike D Remix DJ Mike D Radio Mix Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 20 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 19 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 89 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 76 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 100 Japan Hot 100 9 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Japan Radio Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 75 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 10 Poland ( Polish Airplay New ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 35 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 21 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 40 Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 2,803,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wass, Mike ( April 20, 2015 ). `` Rachel Platten Talks `` Fight Song, '' Making A Difference And Her Long Road To The Top : Idolator Interview ``. Idolator. SpinMedia. Retrieved June 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Reveals the Inspiration Behind `` Fight Song, '' Which Has Taylor Swift Singing it in a pizza. Along ``. VH1. June 12, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015. Jump up ^ Bassett, Dave. `` Rachel Platten `` Fight Song '' Sheet Music in G Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print ``. Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25. Jump up ^ Papatados, Markos ( June 4, 2015 ). `` Review : Rachel Platten phenomenal on new single ' Fight Song ' ''. Digital Journal. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Trust, Gary ( April 22, 2015 ). `` RACHEL PLATTEN - FIGHT SONG ( SONG ) ''. Australian - Charts. Retrieved October 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The X Factor NZ Top 12 release ' Fight Song ' for charity ''. More FM. Mediaworks. Retrieved October 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Trust, Gary ( April 22, 2015 ). `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week ''. Billboard. Retrieved April 22, 2015. Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( July 8, 2015 ). `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Ties for Longest - Leading Rap No. 1 on Hot 100 ''. Billboard. ( Prometheus Global Media ). Retrieved July 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Trust, Gary ( August 17, 2015 ). `` OMI Back to No. 1 on Hot 100, Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 7 ''. Billboard. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Chart, September 3, 2015 ''. www.officialcharts.com. Jump up ^ Moss, Liv ( August 28, 2015 ). `` Rachel Platten conquers Official Singles Chart as Fight Song hits Number 1 : `` I ca n't really believe it '' ``. officialcharts.com. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 29, 2015. Jump up ^ Gottlieb, Steven ( May 19, 2015 ). `` Rachel Platten `` Fight Song '' ( James Lees, dir. ) ``. Video Static. Retrieved June 22, 2015. Jump up ^ Wass, Mike ( April 20, 2015 ). `` Rachel Platten Talks `` Fight Song, '' Making A Difference And Her Long Road To The Top : Idolator Interview ``. Idolator. Retrieved June 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Watch a Sneak Peek of Rachel Platten 's ' Fight Song ' Video ''. People. May 18, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015. Jump up ^ McFeeters, Stephanie ( June 16, 2015 ). `` Rachel Platten on performing with Taylor Swift ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Rachel Platten Performs `` Fight Song '' ``. The Hollywood Reporter. August 16, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Fans, Players Show Their Support for Loved Ones With Cancer at Baseball All - Star Game ''. Inside Edition. July 13, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Newman, Alex ( December 31, 2016 ). `` ICYMI : Newton Native Rachel Platten Headlining New Year 's Eve Webcast ''. Patch Media. Retrieved January 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Shanahan, Mark ( February 2, 2016 ). `` Hillary Clinton chooses Rachel Platten 's ' Fight Song ' ''. The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Chozick, Amy ( February 3, 2016 ). `` Hillary Clinton Adopts ' Fighter ' Theme in a Tough New Hampshire Battle ''. The New York Times. Retrieved February 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Jensen, Erin ( June 22, 2016 ). `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Simon hits Golden Buzzer for teen cancer survivor ''. USA Today. Retrieved June 23, 2016. Jump up ^ McDermott, Maeve ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ). `` The Best Celebrity Moments of the Democratic Convention Night 2 ''. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten : Fight Song - Music on Google Play ''. Google Play. February 19, 2015. Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved July 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved November 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved September 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in French ). Ultratip. Retrieved October 2, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved June 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Chart Search ''. Billboard Canada AC for Rachel Platten. Retrieved 24 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chart Search ''. Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Rachel Platten. Retrieved 24 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chart Search ''. Billboard Canada Hot AC for Rachel Platten. Retrieved 24 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ). Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note : insert 201535 into search. Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ). Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note : insert 201532 into search. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Rachel Platten. Retrieved September 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved September 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Rachel Platten Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved October 2, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 38, 2015 ''. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved August 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 36 ( dal 2015 - 09 - 04 al 2015 - 09 - 10 ) ''. Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 '' ( in Japanese ). Billboard Japan. 23 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ). Billboard Japan. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Radio Songs '' ( in Japanese ). Billboard Japan. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved October 2, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 7, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video ''. Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved November 9, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video ''. Polish Airplay New. Retrieved 11 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ). Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note : insert 201535 into search. Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ). Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note : insert 201535 into search. Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' Canciones Top 50. Retrieved November 2, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved September 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved September 15, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved August 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved August 11, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 ''. Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2015 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs Year End 2015 ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015 ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs Year End 2015 ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 ''. Billboard. Retrieved December 18, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles ''. Australian Recording Industry Association. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Top 100 ''. Music Of Canada. October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Italian ). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song ''. Recorded Music NZ. Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Polish ). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ). IFPI Sweden. Type Rachel Platten in the top right search bar. Click on `` Sok '' and select Fight Song and see certification. Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song ''. British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved September 9, 2016. Enter Fight Song in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song ''. Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith ( January 10, 2016 ). `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Still No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart, Rachel Platten Bows in Top Five ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 11, 2016. External links ( edit ) `` Fight Song '' on YouTube ( hide ) Rachel Platten Studio albums Wildfire ( 2016 ) Waves ( 2017 ) Extended plays Fight Song ( 2015 ) Singles `` Fight Song '' `` Stand by You '' `` Better Place '' `` Broken Glass '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight_Song_(Rachel_Platten_song)&oldid=843547546 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs Rachel Platten songs Songs written by Dave Bassett ( songwriter ) Columbia Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Scots Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 21 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fight Song (Rachel Platten song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fight_Song_(Rachel_Platten_song)&amp;oldid=843547546" }

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{ "text": "Cultural geography - wikipedia Cultural geography Jump to : navigation, search Cultural geography is a sub-field within human geography. Though the first traces of the study of different nations and cultures on Earth can be dated back to ancient geographers such as Ptolemy or Strabo, cultural geography as academic study firstly emerged as an alternative to the environmental determinist theories of the early Twentieth century, which had believed that people and societies are controlled by the environment in which they develop. Rather than studying pre-determined regions based upon environmental classifications, cultural geography became interested in cultural landscapes. This was led by Carl O. Sauer ( called the father of cultural geography ), at the University of California, Berkeley. As a result, cultural geography was long dominated by American writers. Geographers drawing on this tradition see cultures and societies as developing out of their local landscapes but also shaping those landscapes. This interaction between the natural landscape and humans creates the cultural landscape. This understanding is a foundation of cultural geography but has been augmented over the past forty years with more nuanced and complex concepts of culture, drawn from a wide range of disciplines including anthropology, sociology, literary theory, and feminism. No single definition of culture dominates within cultural geography. Regardless of their particular interpretation of culture, however, geographers wholeheartedly reject theories that treat culture as if it took place `` on the head of a pin ''. Among many applicable topics within the field of study are : Globalization has been theorised as an explanation for cultural convergence. Westernization or other similar processes such as modernization, americanization, islamization and others. This geography studies the geography of culture Theories of cultural hegemony or cultural assimilation via cultural imperialism. Cultural areal differentiation, as a study of differences in way of life encompassing ideas, attitudes, languages, practices, institutions and structures of power and whole range of cultural practices in geographical areas. Study of cultural landscapes and cultural ecology. Other topics include sense of place, colonialism, post-colonialism, internationalism, immigration, emigration and ecotourism. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 `` New cultural geography '' 3 Journals 4 Learned societies and groups 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading History ( edit ) Though the first traces of the study of different nations and cultures on Earth can be dated back to ancient geographers such as Ptolemy or Strabo, cultural geography as academic study firstly emerged as an alternative to the environmental determinist theories of the early Twentieth century, which had believed that people and societies are controlled by the environment in which they develop. Rather than studying pre-determined regions based upon environmental classifications, cultural geography became interested in cultural landscapes. This was led by Carl O. Sauer ( called the father of cultural geography ), at the University of California, Berkeley. As a result, cultural geography was long dominated by American writers. Sauer defined the landscape as the defining unit of geographic study. He saw that cultures and societies both developed out of their landscape, but also shaped them too. This interaction between the natural landscape and humans creates the cultural landscape. Sauer 's work was highly qualitative and descriptive and was challenged in the 1930s by the regional geography of Richard Hartshorne. Hartshorne called for systematic analysis of the elements that varied from place to place, a project taken up by the quantitative revolution. Cultural geography was sidelined by the positivist tendencies of this effort to make geography into a hard science although writers such as David Lowenthal continued to write about the more subjective, qualitative aspects of landscape. In the 1970s, new kind of critique of positivism in geography directly challenged the deterministic and abstract ideas of quantitative geography. This revitalized cultural geography manifested itself in the engagement of geographers such as Yi - Fu Tuan and Edward Relph and Anne Buttimer with humanism, phenomenology, and hermeneutics. This break initiated a strong trend in human geography toward Post-positivism that developed under the label New Cultural Geography while deriving methods of systematic social and cultural critique from critical geography. `` New cultural geography '' ( edit ) Since the 1980s, a new cultural geography has emerged, drawing on a diverse set of theoretical traditions, including Marxist political - economic models, feminist theory, post-colonial theory, post-structuralism and psychoanalysis. Drawing particularly from the theories of Michel Foucault and performativity in western academia, and the more diverse influences of postcolonial theory, there has been a concerted effort to deconstruct the cultural in order to reveal that power relations are fundamental to spatial processes and sense of place. Particular areas of interest are how identity politics are organized in space and the construction of subjectivity in particular places. Examples of areas of study include : Feminist geography Children 's geographies Some parts of tourism geography Behavioral geography Sexuality and space Some more recent developments in political geography Music geography Some within the new cultural geography have turned their attention to critiquing some of its ideas, seeing its views on identity and space as static. It has followed the critiques of Foucault made by other ' poststructuralist ' theorists such as Michel de Certeau and Gilles Deleuze. In this area, non-representational geography and population mobility research have dominated. Others have attempted to incorporate these and other critiques back into the new cultural geography. Groups within the geography community have differing views on the role of culture and how to analyze it in the context of geography. It is commonly thought that physical geography simply dictates aspects of culture such as shelter, clothing and cuisine. However, systematic development of this idea is generally discredited as environmental determinism. Geographers are now more likely to understand culture as a set of symbolic resources that help people make sense of the world around them, as well as a manifestation of the power relations between various groups and the structure through which social change is constrained and enabled. There are many ways to look at what culture means in light of various geographical insights, but in general geographers study how cultural processes involve spatial patterns and processes while requiring the existence and maintenance of particular kinds of places. Journals ( edit ) Academic peer reviewed journals which are primarily focused on cultural geography or which contain articles that contribute to the area. Journal of Cultural Geography Antipode Area Cultural Geographies Society and Space - Environment and Planning D Geography Compass ( Cultural Geography Section ) Social & Cultural Geography Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Learned societies and groups ( edit ) Social and Cultural Geography Research Group of the Royal Geographical Society ( with the Institute of British Geographers ) Cultural Geography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers Cultural Geography Study Group of the Institute of Australian Geographers. See also ( edit ) Cultural region Environmental determinism Possibilism ( geography ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Peet, Richard ; 1998 ; Modern Geographical Thought ; Blackwell ^ Jump up to : Sauer, Carl ; 1925 ; The Morphology of Landscape Jump up ^ Gregory, Derek ; Urry, John ( 1985 ). Social Relations and Spatial Structures. London : Macmillan Education. pp. 9 -- 19. ISBN 978 - 0312734848. Jump up ^ Zelinsky, Wilbur ( 2004 ). `` Globalization Reconsidered : The Historical Geography of Modern Western Male Attire ''. Journal of Cultural Geography. 22. Jump up ^ Debres, Karen ( 2005 ). `` Burgers for Britain : A Cultural Geography of McDonald 's UK ''. Journal of Cultural Geography. 22. Jump up ^ Jones, Richard C. ( 2006 ). `` Cultural Diversity in a `` Bi-Cultural '' City : Factors in the Location of Ancestry Groups in San Antonio. '' Journal of Cultural Geography. Jump up ^ Sinha, Amita ; 2006 ; Cultural Landscape of Pavagadh : The Abode of Mother Goddess Kalika ; Journal of Cultural Geography Jump up ^ Kuhlken, Robert ; 2002 ; Intensive Agricultural Landscapes of Oceania ; Journal of Cultural Geography Jump up ^ Jordan - Bychkov, Terry G. ; Domosh, Mona ; Rowntree, Lester ( 1994 ). The human mosaic : a thematic introduction to cultural geography. New York : HarperCollins CollegePublishers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 500731 - 2. Jump up ^ Tuan, Yi - Fu ( 1977 ). Space and Place : The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978 - 0816638772. Jump up ^ Relph, Edward ( 1976 ). Place and Placelessness. London : Pion. ISBN 978 - 0850861761. ^ Jump up to : Simandan, Dragos ( 2016 ). `` Proximity, subjectivity, and space : Rethinking distance in human geography ''. Geoforum. 75 : 249. doi : 10.1016 / j. geoforum. 2016.07. 018. Jump up ^ Whatmore, S., 2006. Materialist returns : practising cultural geography in and for a more - than - human world. Cultural geographies, 13 ( 4 ), pp. 600 - 609. Jump up ^ Whatmore, Sarah ( 2016 ). `` Materialist returns : Practising cultural geography in and for a more - than - human world ''. Cultural geographies. 13 ( 4 ) : 600. doi : 10.1191 / 1474474006cgj377oa. Jump up ^ Wylie, John ( 2016 ). `` Timely geographies : ' New directions in cultural geography ' revisited ''. Area. 48 ( 3 ) : 374. doi : 10.1111 / area. 12289. Jump up ^ Adams, Paul C. ; Hoelscher, Steven ; Till, Karen E. ( 2001 ). Textures of Place : Exploring Humanist Geographies. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978 - 0816637560. Further reading ( edit ) Carter, George F. Man and the Land. A Cultural Geography. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964. Tuan, Yi - Fu. 2004. `` CENTENNIAL FORUM : Cultural Geography : Glances Backward and Forward ''. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 94 ( 4 ) : 729 - 733. 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{ "text": "Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation, search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant. Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation. Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, `` light '', and σύνθεσις, synthesis, `` putting together ''. In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light - dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ), the `` energy currency '' of cells. In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle, to achieve the same end. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than water, as sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization. Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ), wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy, splits water to liberate O, and fixes CO into sugar. Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms. Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis, used mostly by certain types of bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen. Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation. Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate. Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction, so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process. In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration, in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water, and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism. The two processes, reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate, are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments. The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( ​ CH O ​ ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis, the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction, but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH. During the second stage, the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide. Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions, although at least three use shortwave infrared or, more specifically, far - red radiation. Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis. Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals. The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight, acting as a proton pump. This produces a proton gradient more directly, which is then converted to chemical energy. The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen, and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 3. inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4. stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5. thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6. thylakoid membrane 7. granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8. thylakoid ( lamella ) 9. starch 10. ribosome 11. plastidial DNA 12. plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria, the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes. In its simplest form, this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself. However, the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids, or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes. These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell, giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb. In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and an intermembrane space. Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma. Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ), which are the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system. Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll. The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color. Besides chlorophyll, plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Algae also use chlorophyll, but various other pigments are present, such as phycocyanin, carotenes, and xanthophylls in green algae, phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors. These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins. In such proteins, the pigments are arranged to work together. Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex. Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves. Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity, such as many Euphorbia and cactus species, have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf, called the mesophyll, can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating. The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place. Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions, one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron. This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin, which passes the electron to a quinone molecule, starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH. In addition, this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane, which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP. The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis, which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product. The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis. The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present. For example, in green plants, the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light. In red algae, the action spectrum is blue - green light, which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants. The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g., green plants, red algae, purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms. Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants, light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic. In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ). The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation. The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center. That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule, pheophytin. As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ), it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space. An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation, whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme. The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I. There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem. The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy. The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point, the path of that electron ends. The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic, but differs in that it generates only ATP, and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I, from where it was emitted, hence the name cyclic reaction. Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts, which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions. Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ), which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron. The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin. However, since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme, an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules. The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water. Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center. That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron. The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction. Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water. The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis. Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions, but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration, including photosynthetic organisms. Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle, Carbon fixation, and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions, the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and, in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle, it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch. The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product, which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products. The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds, such as the building material cellulose, the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis, or as a fuel in cellular respiration. The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain. The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar, ribulose 1, 5 - bisphosphate, to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound, glycerate 3 - phosphate, also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate. Glycerate 3 - phosphate, in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages, is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate. This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or, more generically, as triose phosphate. Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1, 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue. The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates, which ultimately yield sucrose, starch and cellulose. The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids. Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions, plants close their stomata to prevent water loss. Under these conditions, CO will decrease and oxygen gas, produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis, will increase, causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1, 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation. Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions. Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ), a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase, creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located, and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids. The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and, thus, the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf. C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature. Many important crop plants are C plants, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, and millet. Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction, catalyzed by RuBisCO, produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle. Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation, compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however, the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution. Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes, such as cacti and most succulents, also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ). In contrast to C metabolism, which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle, CAM temporally separates these two processes. CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants, and fix the CO at night, when their stomata are open. CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate. Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves, thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO. Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM. In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes, which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis. An enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ). Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO, which is concentrated within the carboxysomes. HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein. They can not cross the membrane as they are charged, and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase. This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes. Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco. Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Probability distribution resulting from one - dimensional discrete time random walks. The quantum walk created using the Hadamard coin is plotted ( blue ) vs a classical walk ( red ) after 50 time steps. Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 %. Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat, with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths. A fact that allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers. Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted, light intensity, temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 %. By comparison, solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels, and above 40 % in laboratory devices. The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex. For example, the ATP and NADPH energy molecules, created by the light reaction, can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants. Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks. For this reason, it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction, and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction. It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system, or by using two separate systems together. Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO, and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s, parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars. By measuring CO assimilation, ΔH O, leaf temperature, barometric pressure, leaf area, and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR, it becomes possible to estimate, `` A '' or carbon assimilation, `` E '' or transpiration, `` gs '' or stomatal conductance, and Ci or intracellular CO. However, it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement, where appropriate, because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds, allowing the measurement of larger plant populations. Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels, above and below ambient, allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves, at different CO levels, to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response. Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms. While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci, or substomatal CO levels, the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci. The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast, or C, becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system. Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf. But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence, P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems, quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates. With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed. A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly. In the photosynthetic cell of an algae, bacterium, or plant, there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex. When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore, it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton, which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex, a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism. The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously, allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route, where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time. Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur, it is only possible over very short distances, due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play. These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop ''. The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks. Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago. Orange labels : ice ages. Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems, such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria, are thought to have been anoxygenic, and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water. Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors. Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor. Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules. The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time. Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old. The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis, and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe. Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis, such as that in cyanobacteria, became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago. Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic. Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor, which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center. Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss, Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae. These are most common in corals, sponges and sea anemones. It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes. In addition, a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies. This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs, so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive. An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria, including a circular chromosome, prokaryotic - type ribosome, and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts possess their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria. DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers. The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation. Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once, in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria. The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history, at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ), and, it is speculated, much earlier. Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis, it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen. Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma, but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered. A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma, revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae. Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ), in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation. Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic, but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form. Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres, as agents of biological nitrogen fixation, and, in modified form, as the plastids of marine algae. Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood, the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century. Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew. After noticing that the soil mass changed very little, he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water, the only substance he added to the potted plant. His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water. However, this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis, not the soil itself. Joseph Priestley, a chemist and minister, discovered that, when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar, and burned a candle in it, the candle would burn out very quickly, much before it ran out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air. He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant. In 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, repeated Priestley 's experiments. He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours. In 1796, Jean Senebier, a Swiss pastor, botanist, and naturalist, demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light. Soon afterward, Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water. Thus, the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined. Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis. By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction, in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide. Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light. With the red alone, the light reactions were suppressed. When blue and red were combined, the output was much more substantial. Thus, there were two photosystems, one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths, the other up to 700 nm. The former is known as PSII, the latter is PSI. PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '', PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '', among other pigment. These include phycobilins, which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively, and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms. The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI, assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system, which in turn powers the photochemistry. Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory. Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ), another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms. These are linked by plastoquinone, which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant. Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water, were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939. He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate, ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light. The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light, chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor. Therefore, in light, the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved. Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water. Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson, along with James Bassham, elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants. The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle, which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson. Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle, Benson - Calvin, and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle. Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain. Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO, activated by the respiration. Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light, oxidize cytochrome f, chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light, but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome, stating the two light reactions are in series. Development of the concept In 1893, Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms, photosyntax and photosynthesis, for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid, in the presence of chlorophyll, under the influence of light. Over time, the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice. Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term. C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California, Berkeley, the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin, Andrew Benson, James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques. The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ). For that original and ground - breaking work, a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin 1961. In parallel, plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec., with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight. These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity. Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University, field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight. This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean, indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants. At the University of Arizona, detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species. In tropical grasses, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus, leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec., and the leaves have two types of green cells, i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells. This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane. Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986. These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate. Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower, as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid. At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air, both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec. indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants. Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants. There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors. The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature. Light intensity ( irradiance ), wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent. The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions. The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere, and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life. The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable, with both time and space. In the early 20th century, Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation. At constant temperature, the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance, increasing as the irradiance increases, but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance. At low irradiance, increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation. At constant high irradiance, the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased. These two experiments illustrate several important points : First, it is known that, in general, photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature. However, these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation, so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation. These are, of course, the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage, and the light - independent, temperature - dependent stage. Second, Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors. Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light. Cyanobacteria, which reside several meters underwater, can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments. To combat this problem, a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center. This unit is called a phycobilisome. Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise, the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors. RuBisCO, the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions, has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen. When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide. However, if the carbon dioxide concentration is low, RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. This process, called photorespiration, uses energy, but does not produce sugars. RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ). Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle. A high oxygenase activity, therefore, drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle. Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis. Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway, and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate. The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ), which is able to diffuse out of the plant, leading to a loss of nitrogen. A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration, since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide. See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Radiosynthesis Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis ''. Online Etymology Dictionary. Jump up ^ φῶς. Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις. Liddell, Henry George ; Scott, Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA, Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ). `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated ''. Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96. doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001. PMID 16997562. 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Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances. Curr. Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14. Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf. Jump up ^ Haberlandt, G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie. Engelmann, Leipzig. Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy, M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species. Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ). `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize ''. Proc. Kazan Agric. Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24. Jump up ^ Kortschak HP, Hart CE, Burr GO ( 1965 ). `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves ''. Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213. doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209. Jump up ^ Hatch MD, Slack CR ( 1966 ). `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves. A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation ''. Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111. doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103. Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ). Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed. ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8. Further reading Books Bidlack JE, Stern KR, Jansky S ( 2003 ). Introductory plant biology. New York : McGraw - Hill. ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2. Blankenship RE ( 2014 ). Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed. ). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0. Govindjee, Beatty JT, Gest H, Allen JF ( 2006 ). Discoveries in Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20. Berlin : Springer. ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0. Reece JB, et al. ( 2013 ). Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978 - 0321775658. Papers Gupta RS, Mukhtar T, Singh B ( Jun 1999 ). `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, cyanobacteria, Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis ''. Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x. PMID 10361294. Rutherford AW, Faller P ( Jan 2003 ). `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives ''. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53. doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186. PMC 1693113. PMID 12594932. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photosynthesis. A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth, advanced treatment of photosynthesis, also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation, a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ). `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut ''. Discovery News. Photosynthesis -- Light Dependent & Light Independent Stages Khan Academy, video introduction Library resources about Photosynthesis Resources in your library ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesmata Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map. Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article. Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes ). Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism. Violet nodes : photosynthesis. Red nodes : cellular respiration. Pink nodes : cell signaling. Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism. Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism. Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism. Green nodes : lipid metabolism. Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=808413099 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017, at 18 : 36. 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{ "text": "The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation, search The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Michael Cudlitz Lennie James Sonequa Martin - Green Jeffrey Dean Morgan Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Austin Nichols Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network AMC Original release October 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) -- April 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of The Walking Dead episodes The seventh season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 23, 2016, and concluded on April 2, 2017, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the fourth consecutive season. The seventh season received mixed reviews by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 43rd Saturn Awards. This season adapts material from issues # 100 -- 114 of the comic book series and focuses on the oppressive group of survivors known as the Saviors, led by the vindictive Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ). Negan uses numbers, power and lethal brutality to coerce Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ), his group of survivors, and the Alexandria Safe - Zone to make regular offerings of supplies and weapons for the Saviors. Eventually, Rick and his group seek allies to help them confront Negan, including members of the survivor communities of the Hilltop, the Kingdom, Oceanside, and the Scavengers, who have had their own dealings with Negan and the Saviors. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop Colony 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the seventh season, from `` The Well '' onwards, include ( from left to right ) : Sasha, Daryl, Tara, Michonne, Gabriel, Carol, Rick, Carl, Maggie, Jesus, Rosita, Morgan, and Aaron ; Absent : Eugene, Negan, Spencer, Dwight, and Gregory Main cast ( edit ) The seventh season features twenty series regulars overall. For the season premiere, Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Austin Amelio were promoted to series regular status, with Morgan added to the opening credits and Amelio listed under `` Also starring ''. After the first episode aired, the cast faced numerous changes : Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz were removed from the opening credits, while Alanna Masterson, Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos were added to the opening credits, respectively, after previously being credited as `` Also starring '', in the second episode onwards. Tom Payne and Xander Berkeley were also promoted to series regulars in the second episode and beyond. Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series ' protagonist and leader of Alexandria, who is forced to adapt under the rule of Negan. Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria. Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee, Maggie 's resourceful husband, who stands as the group 's moral compass. Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee, Glenn 's strong - willed and pregnant wife. Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick 's teenage son, who struggles to maintain his renewed morality that he achieved from residing in Alexandria. Danai Gurira as Michonne, a katana - wielding warrior, who has opened up from her previous solitary life and has recently begun a relationship with Rick. Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, an empowered member of the group, whose several tragedies force her to question her ruthless methods. Michael Cudlitz as Sgt. Abraham Ford, a former military sergeant, whose reevaluation of his life led him to break up with Rosita and pursue Sasha. Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick had ever encountered, who is questioning the pacifist philosophy he had adopted. Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams, a former firefighter, Abraham 's girlfriend and a guard of Alexandria, who has overcome various traumas. Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a caring member of the group, who found a community named Oceanside and struggles to keep it a secret. Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a survivor, who struggles to prove his worth to the group after lying to them about knowing a possible cure to the walker virus. Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, a pragmatic and protective member of the group, and ex-girlfriend of Abraham. Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the manipulative and totalitarian leader of the Saviors who served as the primary antagonist of the season. Also starring ( edit ) Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest, who has managed to earn the group 's trust after previously betraying them. Ross Marquand as Aaron, an Alexandrian recruiter, who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and serves as a bridge between the two factions. Austin Nichols as Spencer Monroe, a guard of Alexandria and the only surviving member of his family. Austin Amelio as Dwight, a ruthless, reluctant member of the Saviors and one of Negan 's top lieutenants, who forms a hostile rivalry with Daryl. Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia, a scout for the Hilltop Colony, who introduced Rick 's group to their compound. Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the selfish and arrogant leader of the Hilltop Colony. Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Katelyn Nacon as Enid, an isolated teenager residing in Alexandria, who forms a special bond with Maggie and is starting to show feelings for Carl Jason Douglas as Tobin, the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew, who had a brief relationship with Carol. Corey Hawkins as Heath, a supply runner for Alexandria who went missing. Ann Mahoney as Olivia, an Alexandria resident, who is in charge of the community 's food and armory. Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh, Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner. Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria. Ted Huckabee as Bruce, a member of Alexandria 's construction crew. Dahlia Legault as Francine, a member of Alexandria 's construction crew. The Hilltop Colony ( edit ) R. Keith Harris as Dr. Harlan Carson, the doctor of the Hilltop Colony. James Chen as Kal, a guard of the Hilltop Colony. Peter Luis Zimmerman as Eduardo, a guard of the Hilltop Colony. Jeremy Palko as Andy, a resident of the Hilltop Colony. Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony. Brett Gentile as Freddie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony. Ilan Srulovicz as Wesley, a resident of the Hilltop Colony. The Saviors ( edit ) Christine Evangelista as Sherry, Dwight 's ex-wife and now one of Negan 's harem. Steven Ogg as Simon, Negan 's right - hand man. Joshua Hoover as Fat Joey, a member of the Saviors. Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, one of Negan 's top lieutenants. Tim Parati as Dr. Emmett Carson, the doctor of the Sanctuary. Aerli Austen as Isabelle, a member of the Saviors. Lindsley Register as Laura, one of Negan 's top lieutenants. Martinez as David, a sexually deviant member of the Saviors. Mike Seal as Gary, a member of the Saviors. Brian Stapf as Roy, a member of the Saviors. Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin, one of Negan 's top lieutenants, who extorts the Kingdom. Joshua Mikel as Jared, a hostile member of the Saviors who works with Gavin and forms a hostile rivalry with Richard. Autumn Dial as Amber, one of Negan 's harem. Elyse Nicole DuFour as Frankie, one of Negan 's harem. Chloe Aktas as Tanya, one of Negan 's harem. Griffin Freeman as Mark, a member of the Saviors and Amber 's ex-boyfriend. The Kingdom ( edit ) Khary Payton as King Ezekiel, a former zookeeper and the flamboyant leader of the Kingdom. Logan Miller as Benjamin, a young resident of the Kingdom, who forms a bond with Morgan. Cooper Andrews as Jerry, Ezekiel 's bodyguard. Karl Makinen as Richard, one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers. Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers. Daniel Newman as Daniel, one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers. Carlos Navarro as Alvaro, one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers. Macsen Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and Benjamin 's younger brother. Jason Burkey as Kevin, a resident of the Kingdom. Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident of the Kingdom. Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania, the vigilant leader of Oceanside. Sydney Park as Cyndie, a member of Oceanside and Natania 's maternal granddaughter. Mimi Kirkland as Rachel, an aggressive young member of Oceanside. Briana Venskus as Beatrice, a top member of Oceanside. Nicole Barré as Kathy, a top member of Oceanside. The Scavengers ( edit ) Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis, the impassive leader of the Scavengers. Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion, a superior member of the Scavengers. Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel, a superior member of the Scavengers and the right - hand of Jadis. Anja Akstin as Farron, a member of the Scavengers. Gino Crognale as Winslow, a zombie with swords and spikes shoved through it that fights Rick in a garbage pit. Cast notes * ^ 1 Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are only credited as main cast members in the season premiere. Cudlitz makes a re-appearance in the season finale as a special guest. Production ( edit ) The promotional poster for the season at the San Diego Comic - Con The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode seventh season on October 30, 2015. Filming for season 7 began in Georgia on May 2, 2016 and concluded on November 18, 2016. Actors Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Xander Berkeley, Tom Payne, and Austin Amelio were all promoted to series regulars for the seventh season, after having recurring roles in the sixth season. The seventh season has featured several extended episodes, running longer than its usual 43 - minute running time ( without commercials ). Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length. The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson, who died on March 18, 2017. Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 84 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 23, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 17.03 Negan 's victim is revealed to be Abraham, who is beaten to death in front of Rick 's group. Daryl punches Negan out of anger, prompting Negan to also murder Glenn. After several tests, Negan ultimately breaks Rick 's resolve by nearly forcing him to hack off Carl 's arm. Negan and his crew then leave with Daryl as hostage, while Sasha volunteers to take Maggie to Hilltop to recover, along with the bodies of Glenn and Abraham. 85 `` The Well '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete October 30, 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 12.46 Carol and Morgan arrive at the Kingdom, a well - established community run by flamboyant former zookeeper `` King '' Ezekiel. The Kingdom, like Hilltop, has been producing for the Saviors under the threat of violence, although Ezekiel has kept this arrangement secret from most residents of the Kingdom. Carol recuperates and eagerly prepares to abandon the community, but opts to stay in an isolated house nearby after bonding with Ezekiel. 86 `` The Cell '' Alrick Riley Angela Kang November 6, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 11.72 Daryl is locked in a cell at the Sanctuary, where Negan and Dwight constantly torture him in an effort to break him down to obedience. Negan sends Dwight on a mission to retrieve an escaped Savior, who says he would rather die than return to the Sanctuary. Dwight, therefore, ultimately mercy - kills the man. Daryl is given the opportunity to become a Savior but adamantly refuses. 87 `` Service '' David Boyd Corey Reed November 13, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 11.40 As the grieving survivors struggle to come to terms with life under Negan 's rule, Negan and the Saviors arrive at Alexandria days ahead of schedule for their first offering and take most of Alexandria 's furniture and medicine, and all their firearms. Feeling powerless, Rick informs the survivors that he is no longer in charge and they must learn to live by Negan 's terms. Rosita finds an empty cartridge case and brings it to Eugene, tasking him to craft a loaded cartridge for a gun she found in the woods. 88 5 `` Go Getters '' Darnell Martin Channing Powell November 20, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 11.00 Carl accompanies Enid to Hilltop to visit Maggie, who is recovering there with Sasha. Gregory is furious with Maggie and Sasha for not fulfilling their deal to kill the Saviors, and demands they leave. However, after they help defend Hilltop from a walker attack, Jesus convinces Gregory to let them stay. While the Saviors raid Hilltop 's supplies, Sasha asks Jesus if he can find where Negan lives, which he agrees to do. Jesus then sneaks onto one of the Saviors ' trucks, where he finds Carl hiding. 89 6 `` Swear '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson November 27, 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 10.40 Two weeks after the attack at the Saviors ' satellite station outpost, Tara is separated from Heath when she falls off a bridge during a walker attack. She washes up on a beach, where she is revived by a girl named Cyndie. Tara follows Cyndie to her community, Oceanside, a secluded group consisting of heavily - armed women and children ; any men in the group had been slaughtered by the Saviors. Cyndie helps Tara find her way back to Alexandria and makes her swear to never mention Oceanside to anyone. 90 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' Rosemary Rodriguez Angela Kang & Corey Reed December 4, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 10.48 Upon nearing the Sanctuary, Jesus jumps off the Saviors ' truck to recon the area, but Carl stays behind to kill Negan on his own. Dwight subdues Carl, but Negan is impressed by Carl 's bravery and tours him around Sanctuary. Rosita and Eugene manage to craft a live cartridge, while Spencer scavenges for supplies in the woods. Upon returning to Alexandria, the trio finds Negan and the Saviors are there. 91 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' Michael E. Satrazemis Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell December 11, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 10.58 With help from Jesus and an anonymous source, Daryl finally escapes from the Sanctuary. During a discussion about Rick 's leadership, Negan guts and kills Spencer, enraging Rosita, who shoots at Negan but hits Lucille instead. As punishment, Arat kills Olivia. Negan and the Saviors then leave with Eugene as hostage. After a talk with Michonne, Rick is finally motivated to fight the Saviors. Rick 's group travels to Hilltop to reunite with Maggie, Sasha, and Enid ; Daryl and Jesus emerge, and the group embraces. 92 9 `` Rock in the Road '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang February 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 12.00 After Hilltop rallies behind Rick 's group in the fight against the Saviors, Jesus introduces the group to the Kingdom, where they meet `` King '' Ezekiel and reunite with Morgan. Although Ezekiel hesitates to join the proposed alliance, he offers Daryl asylum at the Kingdom. In Alexandria, a group of Saviors raids the community in search of Daryl but leaves after they are unable to find him. Rick 's group pursues Father Gabriel, who had taken the group 's supplies and left clues leading to a dilapidated yard. Upon their arrival, the group is surrounded by the Scavengers. 93 10 `` New Best Friends '' Jeffrey F. January Channing Powell February 19, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 11.08 Rick manages to convince the Scavengers to join Alexandria in the fight against the Saviors, but their leader, Jadis, demands Rick 's group deliver them guns in exchange for their assistance. Richard plans to have Carol killed by the Saviors, believing that her death would motivate Ezekiel to fight. When Daryl learns of Richard 's plans, he threatens to kill him should Carol be harmed in any way. After reuniting with Carol and lying to her about Glenn and Abraham 's fates, Daryl travels to Hilltop to prepare for battle against the Saviors. 94 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' Kari Skogland David Leslie Johnson February 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 10.42 Eugene settles in quickly at the Sanctuary, as he 's rewarded for his intelligence and willingness to submit to Negan 's demands. Eugene bonds with two of Negan 's wives. At their request, he makes poison capsules ; however, he refuses to give them the capsules after learning of their intentions to kill Negan. Dwight discovers a note from Sherry that reveals she helped Daryl escape from the Sanctuary and then fled to parts unknown. Dwight frames Dr. Emmett Carson for Daryl and Sherry 's disappearances, leading Negan to murder Carson by hurling him into a furnace. 95 12 `` Say Yes '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete March 5, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 10.16 Rick and Michonne embark on a hunt for guns to bring to the Scavengers and find an abandoned school carnival, where they acquire dozens of guns. They bring the guns back to the Scavengers, but Jadis is unsatisfied and demands more. Tara contemplates whether or not to tell Rick about Oceanside, knowing Rick 's group 's need for weapons and reinforcements. Frustrated with the delay, Rosita travels to Hilltop and meets with Sasha ; they make a pact to kill Negan together. 96 13 `` Bury Me Here '' Alrick Riley Scott M. Gimple March 12, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 10.68 Ezekiel and his group meet the Saviors for the Kingdom 's weekly tribute. After the Saviors notice a single cantaloupe is missing, Jared shoots Benjamin, who bleeds to death. Morgan, who finds the missing cantaloupe hidden in the street and learns that Richard sabotaged the drop - off in an effort to get himself killed and become a martyr for war, strangles Richard to death for causing Benjamin 's murder. Morgan reveals the truth about Glenn, Abraham, Spencer, and Olivia to Carol, leading her to return to the Kingdom prepared to fight the Saviors alongside Ezekiel. 97 14 `` The Other Side '' Michael E. Satrazemis Angela Kang March 19, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 10.32 The Saviors raid Hilltop unexpectedly, forcing Daryl and Maggie into hiding ; the Saviors leave with Dr. Harlan Carson in tow to replace his now - deceased brother as their doctor. While sneaking into the Sanctuary on a secret mission, Sasha and Rosita encounter Eugene and urge him to escape, but he refuses. Sasha then locks Rosita out, telling her to go back to Alexandria because the group needs her. As Sasha breaks into the Sanctuary to kill Negan herself, Rosita flees and notices someone watching her. 98 15 `` Something They Need '' Michael Slovis Corey Reed March 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 10.54 Tara leads the group to Oceanside in hopes of convincing that community to join the fight against the Saviors. Natania refuses to have her people fight but ultimately capitulates to Rick 's group 's demands to take their guns. After imprisoning Sasha, Negan reveals he is aware of Rick 's plans to fight him and encourages Sasha to join him. She confides in Eugene and asks him for a weapon, then a way to kill herself ; in response, he gives her one of the poison capsules he had made. Upon their return to Alexandria, Rick 's group is greeted by Rosita, who after running into Dwight while fleeing the Sanctuary, reveals Dwight 's intentions of helping take down Negan. 99 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 2, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 11.31 Negan and the Saviors travel to Alexandria with Sasha in a coffin as a gimmick to confront Rick. On the way, Sasha commits suicide with the poison capsule Eugene had given her. At Alexandria, the Scavengers double - cross Rick 's group, revealing they 've been dealing with Negan all along. After a standoff, a gun fight ensues, with the unexpected arrival of Kingdom and Hilltop fighters forcing Negan and the Saviors and the Scavengers to retreat. Alexandria, the Kingdom, and Hilltop are hit badly, but are prepared for all - out war against their enemies, while the undead Sasha is put down by Maggie and Jesus. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The seventh season of The Walking Dead has received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 61 % with an average rating of 6.97 out of 10, based on 10 reviews, and an average episode score of 77 %. The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Increased character depth and effective world - building helps The Walking Dead overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive, gratuitous violence. '' The first episode of the season, `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '', received criticism for the amount of violence depicted in the episode, with one writer calling it the equivalent of `` torture porn ''. Subsequently, the first half of the seventh season has seen some of the show 's lowest critical ratings. The show 's executive producer Gale Anne Hurd claimed that in light of the negative feedback, they tamed some of the more gruesome scenes that were in episodes being filmed for the second half of the season. Hurd said that `` this is not a show that 's torture porn... Let 's make sure we do n't cross that line ''. However, this claim was countered by executive producers Scott M. Gimple and Greg Nicotero. Gimple said that the violence used in the episode was `` pronounced for a reason '', specifically that `` there was a purpose of traumatizing these characters to a point where maybe they would have been docile for the rest of their lives '', but noted that he felt that this episode should n't represent `` the base level of violence that necessarily should be on the show ''. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 69 % with an average rating of 7.12 out of 10, based on 48 reviews. The site 's consensus reads : The flashback - laden `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' is slow to deliver the payoff from last season 's finale -- but ultimately delivers with sadistic acts of gut - wrenching violence that will push Walking Dead fans to their limit. The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead For the 43rd Saturn Awards, the seventh season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations and three wins. The wins were for Best Horror Television Series, Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ), and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ). The nominations were for Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Norman Reedus ), Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride ), and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( Chandler Riggs ). The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards. Additionally, for his portrayal of Negan, Jeffrey Dean Morgan earned himself a nomination and win for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards for the first half of the season, in addition to his guest appearance in the season six finale, `` Last Day on Earth ''. Morgan was also nominated at the 26th MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Actor in a TV Show and Best Villain, winning the latter. Ratings ( edit ) The Walking Dead 's seventh - season premiere ( `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' ) received 17.03 million viewers in its initial broadcast on AMC in the United States. The viewership steadily declined every week after the premiere, until the seventh episode ( `` Sing Me a Song '' ), with the sixth episode ( `` Swear '' ) of the season dropping to 10.40 million viewers, the lowest rating the show has had since season three. Viewing increased to 12 million viewers in the ninth episode ( `` Rock in the Road '' ), following this viewing decreased with the twelfth episode ( `` Say Yes '' ) reaching a season low with 10.16 million viewers. No. Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' October 23, 2016 8.4 17.03 2.3 4.50 10.7 21.53 `` The Well '' October 30, 2016 6.1 12.46 2.9 5.49 9.0 17.95 `` The Cell '' November 6, 2016 5.7 11.72 2.9 5.49 8.6 17.21 `` Service '' November 13, 2016 5.4 11.40 2.3 4.32 7.7 15.72 5 `` Go Getters '' November 20, 2016 5.2 11.00 2.7 5.31 7.9 16.31 6 `` Swear '' November 27, 2016 4.9 10.40 2.5 4.69 7.4 15.10 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' December 4, 2016 5.0 10.48 2.7 5.29 7.7 15.78 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' December 11, 2016 5.1 10.58 2.8 5.42 7.9 16.02 9 `` Rock in the Road '' February 12, 2017 5.7 12.00 2.5 4.82 8.2 16.84 10 `` New Best Friends '' February 19, 2017 5.3 11.08 2.6 5.08 7.9 16.17 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' February 26, 2017 5.0 10.43 2.7 5.32 7.7 15.76 12 `` Say Yes '' March 5, 2017 4.7 10.16 1.9 3.50 6.6 13.67 13 `` Bury Me Here '' March 12, 2017 4.9 10.68 2.0 3.74 6.9 14.43 14 `` The Other Side '' March 19, 2017 4.7 10.32 2.3 4.45 7.0 14.78 15 `` Something They Need '' March 26, 2017 4.9 10.54 4.22 7.0 14.77 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' April 2, 2017 5.4 11.31 2.6 5.09 8.0 16.42 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available, so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead. Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on August 22, 2017, in region 2 on September 25, 2017, and in region 4 on September 27, 2017. The `` Limited Edition Spike Walker Statue '' set, which is exclusive to Amazon.com was released on October 24, 2017, and was created by McFarlane Toys to pay homage to the zombie character featured in the `` New Best Friends '' episode in season 7. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz, Terri ( July 22, 2016 ). `` Comic - Con 2016 : The Walking Dead Reveals Season 7 Trailer, Premiere Date and Ezekiel ''. IGN. Retrieved July 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide ''. Screener. Retrieved February 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Siegel, Lucas ( June 29, 2017 ). `` Marvel, Star Wars, The Walking Dead win big at 2017 Saturn Awards ''. Syfy Wire. Retrieved June 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan ( July 22, 2016 ). `` Comic - Con : Walking Dead season 7 trailer introduces Ezekiel and Shiva ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 24, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Goldberg, Lesley ( July 7, 2016 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes 4 to Series Regular for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 7, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Wigler, Josh ( July 22, 2016 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' : What the Comic - Con Trailer Reveals About Season 7 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Magliocchetti, Geoff ( July 23, 2016 ). `` 7 Takeaways from The Walking Dead 's Season 7 Trailer ''. SportsGrid. Retrieved July 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Wigler, Josh ( October 8, 2016 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' at NYCC : A Bloody Comic Book Moment Is Teased in New Look at Season 7 Premiere ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( July 22, 2016 ). `` Comic - Con : ' Walking Dead ' Casts Kingdom Leader Ezekiel ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( October 30, 2015 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for Seventh Season ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Burlingame, Russ ( April 27, 2016 ). `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Starts Filming On May 2 ''. Comic Book. Retrieved July 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon ( November 18, 2016 ). `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Wraps Production Today ''. Comic Book. Retrieved January 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon ( November 24, 2016 ). `` The Walking Dead Midseason Finale Episode Gets Extended Run Time ''. Comic Book. Retrieved December 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead, Season 7 ''. iTunes. Retrieved December 2, 2016. Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob ( April 3, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead season 7 finale : Who is Bernie Wrightson, the person episode 16 was dedicated to? ''. The Independent. Retrieved April 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( October 25, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 1, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' takes a bigger - than - usual hit in episode 2 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 8, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' down but stays on top, ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' returns lower ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 8, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 15, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ticks up as ' Walking Dead ' slips a little more ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 22, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Librarians ' returns slightly lower, ' Walking Dead ' dips a bit more ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( November 30, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' hits a 4 - year low ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 30, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 6, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ends with season highs, ' Walking Dead ' stops 5 - week slide ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( December 13, 2016 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up, trails prior seasons ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 13, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 14, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves in its return ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 14, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 22, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' leads, ' Big Little Lies ' has OK premiere ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 22, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( February 28, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' dips vs. Oscars but remains dominant ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 7, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 2, ' Feud ' has decent premiere for FX ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 16, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' rebounds a little, ' Feud ' slips ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 21, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower, but also higher ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( March 28, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high, ' Into the Badlands ' improves ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Porter, Rick ( April 4, 2017 ). `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' finale lowest since Season 2 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 4, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Jeffries, Stuart ( October 24, 2016 ). `` The Walking Dead season seven premiere : The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be ''. The Guardian. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Liebermen, David ( January 18, 2017 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' Tamed Some Gruesome Scenes Following Viewer Protests ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Ross, Dalton ( January 23, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead producers claim they did not tone down violence due to backlash ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 23, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( March 2, 2017 ). `` ' Rogue One, ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved March 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS ''. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved May 1, 2017. Jump up ^ A. Lincoln, Ross ( November 14, 2016 ). `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016. Jump up ^ A. Lincoln, Ross ; Grobar, Matt ( December 11, 2016 ). `` 2016 Critics ' Choice Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads With 8 Wins Including Best Picture ; Donald Glover Unveils Lando Calrissian ' Stache ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. Jump up ^ Petit, Stephanie ( April 6, 2017 ). `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards ''. People. Retrieved April 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Davis, Brandon ( May 8, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead 's Jeffrey Dean Morgan Wins Best Villain At MTV Awards ''. Comic Book. Retrieved May 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Suffers Another Huge Ratings Drop ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 4, 2016 ). `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere, ' AHS : Roanoke ' dominate cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 4, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 10, 2016 ). `` ' Walking Dead, ' ' Atlanta, ' ' AHS ' cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 17, 2016 ). `` ' Walking Dead, ' ' American Horror Story ' again rule the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( November 20, 2016 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' vaults past election coverage in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 7 -- 13 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 20, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 1, 2016 ). `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' DVR numbers are down too : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 14 -- 20 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 7, 2016 ). `` Down but still on top : ' Walking Dead ' leads cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 21 -- 27 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 21, 2016 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' dominates cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 28 - Dec. 4 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( December 22, 2016 ). `` ' Vikings, ' ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' join ' Walking Dead ' atop cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 5 -- 11 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 22, 2016. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( February 23, 2017 ). `` ' Legion ' premiere scores strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 6 - 12 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( March 2, 2017 ). `` ' Taboo ' triples in adults 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 13 - 19 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( March 9, 2017 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes its lead even bigger in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 20 - 26 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( March 12, 2017 ). `` ' Feud ' both behind and ahead of recent FX debuts : Cable Live + 3 ratings for Feb. 27 - March 5 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( March 24, 2017 ). `` ' The Americans ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 6 -- 12 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( March 30, 2017 ). `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( April 6, 2017 ). `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 7, 2017. Jump up ^ Porter, Rick ( April 13, 2017 ). `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 ''. TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2017. Jump up ^ Lambert, David ( July 31, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead - Official Lionsgate / Anchor Bay Press Release for ' The Complete 7th Season ' ''. TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 7 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) ''. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 ''. EzyDVD. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Jump up ^ Lambert, David ( September 15, 2017 ). `` The Walking Dead - When Will ' The Complete 7th Season : Limited Edition ' Walk the Streets? ''. TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved October 27, 2017. External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge, Jury, Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_7)&oldid=807362069 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017, at 13 : 41. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Jadis. Anja Akstin as Farron, a member of the Scavengers. Gino Crognale as Winslow, a zombie with swords and spikes shoved through it that fights Rick in a garbage pit. Cast notes * ^ 1 Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are only credited as main cast members in the season premiere. Cudlitz makes a re-appearance in the season finale as a special guest. Production ( edit ) The promotional poster for the season at the San Diego Comic - Con The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode seventh season on October 30, 2015. Filming for season 7 began in Georgia on May 2, 2016 and concluded on November 18, 2016. Actors Jeffrey Dean Morgan, Xander Berkeley, Tom Payne, and Austin Amelio were all promoted to series regulars for the seventh season, after having recurring roles in the sixth season. The seventh season has featured several extended episodes, running longer than its usual 43 - minute running time ( without commercials ). Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length. The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson, who died on March 18, 2017. Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No. overall" ], "id": [ "779496787250317173" ], "short_answers": [ "Georgia" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Black Betty - wikipedia Black Betty Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Black Betty '' Song by Lead Belly from the album Negro Sinful Songs Released 1939 ( 1939 ) Genre Work song Length 1 : 55 Label Musicraft Songwriter ( s ) Traditional `` Black Betty '' Single by Tom Jones from the album Mr. Jones Released November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 ) Format CD single Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 10 Label V2 Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Wyclef Jean, Jerry Duplessis `` Black Betty '' ( Roud 11668 ) is a 20th - century African - American work song often credited to Huddie `` Lead Belly '' Ledbetter as the author, though the earliest recordings are not by him. Some sources claim it is one of Lead Belly 's many adaptations of earlier folk material ; in this case an 18th - century marching cadence about a flintlock musket. There are numerous recorded versions, including a cappella, folk, and rock arrangements. The best known modern recordings are rock versions by Ram Jam, Tom Jones, and Spiderbait, all of which were hits. Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning and origin 2 Early recordings ( 1933 -- 39 ) 3 Post-1939 4 Ram Jam version 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Spiderbait version 5.1 Chart performance 5.1. 1 Weekly charts 6 UNH controversy 7 Selected list of recorded versions 8 Fleetwood Mac take - off 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Meaning and origin ( edit ) The origin and meaning of the lyrics are subject to debate. Historically the `` Black Betty '' of the title may refer to the nickname given to a number of objects : a musket, a bottle of whiskey, a whip, or a penitentiary transfer wagon. Some sources claim the song is derived from an 18th - century marching cadence about a flint - lock musket with a black painted stock ; the `` bam - ba - lam '' lyric referring to the sound of the gunfire. In the British Army from the early 18th century the standard musket had a walnut stock, and was thus known ( by at least 1785 ) as a ' Brown Bess '. David Hackett Fischer, in his book Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America ( Oxford University Press, 1989 ), states that `` Black Betty '' was a common term for a bottle of whisky in the borderlands of northern England / southern Scotland, and later in the backcountry areas of the eastern United States. In January 1736, Benjamin Franklin published The Drinker 's Dictionary in the Pennsylvania Gazette offering 228 round - about phrases for being drunk. One of those phrases is `` He 's kiss 'd black Betty. '' Other sources give the meaning of `` Black Betty '' in the United States ( from at least 1827 ) as a liquor bottle. `` Black Betty '' used as an expression for a liquor bottle may ultimately owe its origin to the famous pretty black barmaid who worked at the notorious Tom King 's Coffee House in Covent Garden, London, which opened in 1720. In Caldwells 's Illustrated Combination Centennial Atlas of Washington Co. Pennsylvania of 1876, a short section describes wedding ceremonies and marriage customs, including a wedding tradition where two young men from the bridegroom procession were challenged to run for a bottle of whiskey. This challenge was usually given when the bridegroom party was about a mile from the destination - home where the ceremony was to be had. Upon securing the prize, referred to as `` Black Betty '', the winner of the race would bring the bottle back to the bridegroom and his party. The whiskey was offered to the bridegroom first and then successively to each of the groom 's friends. In 1934, John A. and Alan Lomax in their book, American Ballads and Folk Songs described the origins of `` Black Betty '' : `` Black Betty is not another Frankie, nor yet a two - timing woman that a man can moan his blues about. She is the whip that was and is used in some Southern prisons. A convict on the Darrington State Farm in Texas, where, by the way, whipping has been practically discontinued, laughed at Black Betty and mimicked her conversation in the following song. '' ( In the text, the music notation and lyrics follow. ) -- Lomax, John A. and Alan Lomax, American Ballads and Folk Songs. ( 1934 ; reprint, New York : Dover, 1994 ), 60 - 1 John Lomax also interviewed blues musician James Baker ( better known as `` Iron Head '' ) in 1934, almost one year after recording Iron Head performing the first known recording of the song. In the resulting article for Musical Quarterly, titled `` ' Sinful Songs ' of the Southern Negro '', Lomax again mentions the nickname of the bullwhip is `` Black Betty ''. Steven Cornelius in his book, Music of the Civil War Era, states in a section concerning folk music following the war 's end that `` prisoners sang of ' Black Betty ', the driver 's whip. '' In an interview conducted by Alan Lomax with a former Texas penal farm prisoner named Doc Reese ( a.k.a. `` Big Head '' ), Reese stated that the term `` Black Betty '' was used by prisoners to refer to the `` Black Maria '' -- the penitentiary transfer wagon. Robert Vells, in Life Flows On in Endless Song : Folk Songs and American History, writes : As late as the 1960s, the vehicle that carried men to prison was known as `` Black Betty, '' though the same name may have also been used for the whip that so often was laid on the prisoners ' backs, `` bam - ba - lam. '' -- Wells, Robert V., Life Flows On in Endless Song : Folk Songs and American History. ( Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 2009 ) 156. In later versions, `` Black Betty '' was depicted as various vehicles, including a motorcycle and a hot rod. Black Betty is the slang name given to the Queen of Spades in the card game Hearts. Early recordings ( 1933 -- 39 ) ( edit ) The song was first recorded in the field by US musicologists John and Alan Lomax in December 1933, performed a cappella by the convict James `` Iron Head '' Baker and a group at Central State Farm, Sugar Land, Texas ( a State prison farm ). Baker was 63 years old at the time of the recording. The Lomaxes were recording for the Library of Congress and later field recordings in 1934, 1936, and 1939 also include versions of `` Black Betty ''. A notated version was published in 1934 in the Lomaxes book American Ballads and Folk Songs. It was recorded commercially in New York in April 1939 for the Musicraft Records label by Lead Belly, as part of a medley with two other work songs : `` Looky Looky Yonder '' and `` Yellow Woman 's Doorbells ''. Musicraft issued the recording in 1939 as part of a 78rpm five - disc album entitled Negro Sinful Songs sung by Lead Belly. Lead Belly had a long association with the Lomaxes, and had himself served time in State prison farms. Lead Belly was first recorded by the Lomaxes in 1933 when he was approximately 44 years old. John Lomax helped Lead Belly get the recording contract with Musicraft in 1939. Post-1939 ( edit ) While Lead Belly 's 1939 recording was also performed a cappella ( with hand claps in place of hammer blows ), most subsequent versions added guitar accompaniment. These include folk - style recordings in 1964 by Odetta ( as a medley with `` Looky Yonder '', with staccato guitar strums in place of hand claps ), and Alan Lomax himself. In 1968 Manfred Mann released a version of the song, arranged for a band, with the title and lyrics changed to `` Big Betty '', on their LP Mighty Garvey!. In 1972 Manfred Mann 's Earth Band performed `` Black Betty '' live for John Peel 's In Concert on the BBC, but this has not been publicly released. Ram Jam version ( edit ) `` Black Betty '' Single by Ram Jam from the album Ram Jam B - side `` I Should Have Known '' Released June 1977 ( 1977 - 06 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Hard rock, blues rock Length 2 : 32 ( single ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Traditional, Huddie Ledbetter In 1977, the rock band Ram Jam -- which included former Starstruck and Lemon Pipers guitarist Bill Bartlett -- re-released an edit of the Starstruck recording of the song with producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeff Katz under Epic Records. The song became an instant hit with listeners, as it reached number 18 on the singles charts in the United States and the top ten in the UK and Australia. At the same time, the lyrics caused civil rights groups NAACP and Congress of Racial Equality to call for a boycott. Figure skating world champion Javier Fernández performed his short program to Ram Jam 's version of `` Black Betty '' during the 2014 - 15 season, when he won his third European Championships title and his first World Championships gold medal. Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Magazine 46 New Zealand 8 UK 7 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Cash Box Top 100 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 31 New Zealand 34 UK 56 US Cash Box Top 100 63 Spiderbait version ( edit ) `` Black Betty '' Single by Spiderbait from the album Tonight Alright Released February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 ) Format CD single, Digital download Genre Hard rock, alternative rock Length 3 : 26 Label Universal Music ( AUS ), Interscope Records ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Sylvia Massy `` Black Betty '' was the first single released from Spiderbait 's album Tonight Alright, released in 2004. Produced by Sylvia Massy, this version is a slightly faster re-working of Ram Jam 's hard rock arrangement. The song was a hit in Australia, reaching number 1 on the ARIA Charts in May 2004, becoming Spiderbait 's first number one single in Australia. The song also made an impression in the United States, reaching number 32 on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock Songs chart in November of the same year. `` Black Betty '' was also featured in the 2004 film Without a Paddle, the 2005 films Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous and Guess Who, the 2007 film The Condemned, the 2011 film Death Race 2, the trailer for the 2011 film A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas, the 2017 film The Hitman 's Bodyguard, episodes of Malcolm in the Middle and My Name Is Earl, and the Electronic Arts 's game Need for Speed : Underground 2. Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ARIA Singles Chart US Billboard Mainstream Rock 32 Preceded by `` My Band '' by D12 ARIA ( Australia ) number - one single ( Spiderbait version ) May 23, 2004 -- June 6, 2004 Succeeded by `` F.U.R.B. '' by Frankee UNH controversy ( edit ) In 2006 the University of New Hampshire administration controversially banned the playing of Ram Jam 's `` Black Betty '' at UNH Hockey games. UNH Athletic Director Marty Scarano explained the reason for the decision : `` UNH is not going to stand for something that insults any segment of society ''. In 2006 UNH students started the `` Save Black Betty '' campaign. Students protested at the hockey games by singing Ram Jam 's `` Black Betty '', wearing T - shirts with writing on the front `` Save Black Betty '' and writing on the back `` Bam - A-Lam '', and holding up campaign posters at the game. The Ram Jam version was again played once at a UNH / UMaine hockey game on January 24, 2013 after a seven - year hiatus. Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) 1933 James Baker ( AKA Iron Head ) and group 1939 Mose Platt ( AKA Clear Rock ) 1939 Huddie Ledbetter ( AKA Lead Belly ), originally on the 78rpm album Negro Sinful Songs 1964 Odetta, as `` Looky Yonder '' on the album Odetta Sings of Many Things 1964 Alan Lomax, Texas Folk Songs album 1964 Koerner, Ray & Glover, Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers album 1968 Manfred Mann, as `` Big Betty '' on the Mighty Garvey! album 1972 Manfred Mann 's Earth Band, BBC live recording for John Peel 's In Concert ( unreleased ) 1976 Starstruck 1977 Ram Jam 1986 Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Kicking Against the Pricks album contains a version of the entire Lead Belly medley `` Looky Looky Yonder / Black Betty / Yellow Woman 's Doorbells '' 1989 Mekong Delta, Toccata 12 '' Maxi - Single 1989 Mina, Uiallalla album 1990 Ram Jam, Australia # 17 single, Ben Liebrand remix of the original 1977 version called the `` Rough ' n ' Ready Remix '' 1992 Electric Boys, `` Dying to Be Loved '' single ( taken from the album Groovus Maximus ) 1994 Electric Boys, Freewheelin ' album 2001 The Candy Snatchers, on the `` Taking a Ride '' EP. 2002 Tom Jones UK # 50 single, also on the UK # 36 album Mr. Tom Jones 2002 Throttlerod, on the compilation album Sucking The ' 70s 2005 Pumpjack, from the album Triple Platinum 2005 Both the Ram Jam and the Spiderbait versions appear on ' the soundtrack of the film version of ' The Dukes of Hazzard 2006 Meat Loaf, Bat Out Of Hell III single B - side 2006 Joe Brown, Down to Earth album 2006 Ying Yang Twins ' song `` Dangerous '' contains a sample of the Ram Jam version 2007 Big City Rock on the TMNT soundtrack 2007 Soil, on the re-release of the album Throttle Junkies 2008 Ministry, on their cover album Cover Up 2009 Moriarty ( band ) 2011 Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, on a split 7 '' single 2011 Melvins, on the covers album Everybody Loves Sausages 2012 Scooter, Music for a Big Night Out album 2013 Moby, on the album Innocents the song `` The Last Day '' samples Lead Belly 's version of `` Looky Looky Yonder '' 2017 Larkin Poe, on their 2017 album Peach Fleetwood Mac take - off ( edit ) On Fleetwood Mac 's 2003 album Say You Will, guitarist Lindsey Buckingham extensively quoted the chorus of `` Black Betty '' for his song `` Murrow Turning Over in His Grave '', an attack on the contemporary news media. For the `` Black Betty had a child '' line, Buckingham substituted the name of the reporter Ed Murrow. See also ( edit ) Roud Folk Song Index References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Life and Legend of Leadbelly by Charles Wolf and Kip Lornell, Published by HarperCollins, NY, 1992 Jump up ^ `` Brown Bess, n. '' OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2016. Web. 29 April 2016. Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin ; William Temple Franklin ; William Duane ( 1859 ). Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 2. Derby & Jackson. p. 496. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 07. Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01. Jump up ^ Thorton, An American Glossary, p. 66 : `` Black Betty. A spirit - bottle. Obs. The N.E.D. has Betty, 1725. They became enamored of blue ruin itself. The hug the `` black Betty, '' that contains it, to their bosoms. -- Mass. Spy, Oct. 31 ( 1827 ) : from the Berkshire American. '' Jump up ^ Collins, Historical Sketches of Kentucky, p. 163 : `` Pretty late in the night some one would remind the company that the new couple must stand in need of some refreshment ; Black Betty, which was the name of the bottle, was called for and sent up the ladder. '' Jump up ^ Caldwells 's Illustrated Combination Centennial Atlas of Washington Co. Pennsylvania of 1876, p. 12. ^ Jump up to : `` Black Betty / James ( Iron Head ) Baker ( sound recording ) : Bibliographic Record Description : Performing Arts Encyclopedia, Library of Congress ''. Lcweb2.loc.gov. 2011 - 11 - 23. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25. Jump up ^ Lomax, John. `` ' Sinful Songs ' of the Southern Negro '', The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 20, Issue 2. ( Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1934 ) 177 - 87, quoted in William G. Roy, Reds, Whites, and Blues : Social Movements, Folk Music, and Race in the United States. ( Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 2010 ) 110 - 1. Jump up ^ Cornelius, Steven. Music of the Civil War Era. ( Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2004 ) 216. Jump up ^ see The Land Where the Blues Began, 1st Edition, Alan Lomax, Pantheon Books, 1993 Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger. `` Deep River of Song : Big Brazos - Alan Lomax Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Leadbelly Vol 1 1939 -- 1940 - Document Records Vintage Blues and Jazz ''. Document-records.com. 1940 - 06 - 15. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Texas Folk Songs - Alan Lomax Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Manfred Mann 's Earth Band - Not Quite Overnight Sensations ( pt 2 ) ''. Platform-end.co.uk. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25. Jump up ^ Jancik, Wayne ( 1998 ). The Billboard book of one - hit wonders. Billboard Books. p. 371. ISBN 0823076229. Jump up ^ `` Biography ''. 2014 - 10 - 24. Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 24. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart ''. Nztop40.co.nz. 1977 - 10 - 23. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1977 The Official New Zealand Music Chart ''. Nztop40.co.nz. 1977 - 12 - 31. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26. Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1977 ''. tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02. Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. `` australian-charts.com - Spiderbait - Black Betty ''. australian-charts.com. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Spiderbait - Chart history Billboard ''. www.billboard.com. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10. Jump up ^ Melamed, Kristen. `` This `` Betty '' wo n't play anymore ``. Archived from the original ( web reprint ) on 2012 - 09 - 12. Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Black Betty / Mose ( Clear Rock ) Platt ( sound recording ) : Bibliographic Record Description : Performing Arts Encyclopedia, Library of Congress ''. Lcweb2.loc.gov. 2011 - 11 - 23. Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25. Jump up ^ `` Texas Folk Songs - Alan Lomax Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Jeff Burger. `` Lots More Blues, Rags & Hollers - Koerner, Ray & Glover Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Rob Flanagan. `` Mighty Garvey! - Manfred Mann Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Ned Raggett ( 1986 - 08 - 18 ). `` Kicking Against the Pricks - Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds, Nick Cave Songs, Reviews, Credits ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18. Bibliography ( edit ) Collins, Lewis. Historical Sketches of Kentucky. Cincinnati : James & Co. ( 1848 ). Thornton, Richard H. ( ed. ). An American Glossary. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company ( 1912 ). External links ( edit ) Black Betty at AllMusic SecondHandSongs : List of cover versions Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` My Band '' by D12 ARIA ( Australia ) number one single ( Spiderbait version ) May 23, 2004 - June 6, 2004 Succeeded by `` F.U.R.B. ( Fuck You Right Back ) '' by Frankee Lead Belly List of recorded songs Singles `` John Hardy '' `` Midnight Special '' `` Goodnight, Irene '' `` Take This Hammer '' `` Rock Island Line '' `` The Bourgeois Blues '' Other `` Black Betty '' Tom Jones Discography Studio albums Along Came Jones ( It 's Not Unusual ) What 's New Pussycat? A-tom - ic Jones From the Heart Green, Green Grass of Home Delilah Help Yourself Reload Mr. Jones Praise & Blame Spirit in the Room Long Lost Suitcase Live albums John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas Songs `` All You Need Is Love '' `` Baby, It 's Cold Outside '' `` Black Betty '' `` Burning Down the House '' `` Carrying a Torch '' `` Darlin ' '' `` Daughter of Darkness '' `` Delilah '' `` Detroit City '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Green, Green Grass of Home '' `` Help Yourself '' `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' `` Islands in the Stream '' `` It 's Four in the Morning '' `` It 's Not Unusual '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Kiss '' `` Lady Lay Down '' `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Move Closer '' `` Say You 'll Stay Until Tomorrow '' `` Sex Bomb '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` She 's a Lady '' `` Stoned in Love '' `` Till '' `` What 's New Pussycat? '' `` Without Love '' `` The Young New Mexican Puppeteer '' `` Thunderball '' Related articles This Is Tom Jones Tom Jones Tom Jones : The Right Time The Wexford Carols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Betty&oldid=843474962 '' Categories : Year of song unknown 1977 singles 2001 singles American folk songs Ram Jam songs Lead Belly songs Number - one singles in Australia Epic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 11 : 25. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Black Betty", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Black_Betty&amp;oldid=843474962" }

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{ "text": "Marcha Real - wikipedia Marcha Real Jump to : navigation, search `` Royal March '' redirects here. For the former Italian anthem, see Marcia Reale. `` Viva España '' redirects here. For the song also known as Y Viva España or Que Viva España, see Eviva España. Marcha Real English : Royal March 1761 sheet music National anthem of Spain Lyrics None Music Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros, 1761, Bartolomé Pérez Casas ( orchestration ), Francisco Grau ( harmonization ) Adopted 1770 Audio sample Marcha Real file help The Marcha Real ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈmartʃa reˈal ), `` Royal March '' ) is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world ( along with those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and San Marino ) that has no official lyrics. One of the oldest in the world, the anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled Libro de la Ordenanza de los Toques de Pífanos y Tambores que se tocan nuevamente en la Ynfanta Española ( Book of the Ordenance of Newly Played Military Drum and Fife Calls by The Spanish Infantry ), by Manuel de Espinosa. There, it is entitled La Marcha Granadera ( `` March of the Grenadiers '' ). According to the document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer. There is a false belief that its author was Frederick II of Prussia, a great lover of music. That started in 1861 when it appears for the first time published in La España militar ( Military Spain ). In 1864, the colonel Antonio Vallecillo published the story in the diary El Espíritu Público ( The Public Spirit ), claiming the supposed Prussian origin of Marcha Real popular. According to Vallecillo, the anthem was a gift from Frederick II to the soldier Juan Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor, who was serving in the Prussian Court to learn the military tactics developed by Frederick II 's army, under orders of King Charles III. In 1868, the history is published in Los Sucesos, changing the destinatary of the gift with Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Count of Aranda. The myth was picked up in different publications of 1884 and 1903 until it was included in 1908 in the Enciclopedia Espasa. According to the tradition in 1770, Charles III declared the Marcha de Granaderos as the official Honor March, and that formalized the habit of playing it in public and solemn acts. It became the official anthem during Isabel II 's reign. After the 1868 Revolution, General Prim convoked a national contest to create an official anthem, but it was declared deserted, advising the jury that Marcha de Granaderos was considered as such. By Alfonso XIII 's time, it was established by a Royal Circular Order ( 27 August 1908 ) that interpreted the harmonization of the march done by Bartolomé Pérez Casas, Major Music of the Royal Corps of Halberdier Guards. During the Second Republic, Himno de Riego was adopted as official anthem, but after the Spanish Civil War, Marcha Real returned to be used as anthem, sometimes sung with the verses written by the poet José María Pemán in 1928. The actual symphonic version of the Marcha Real that replaces the Pérez Casas one belongs to maestro Francisco Grau and is the official one after the Royal Decree of 10 October 1997, when the Kingdom of Spain bought the author rights of the Marcha Real, then belonging to Pérez Casas 's heirs. According to the Royal Decree 1560 / 1997, the anthem should be in the key of B flat major and a tempo of 76 bpm ( ♩ = 76 ), with a form of AABB and a duration of 52 seconds. Under the Trienio Liberal ( 1820 -- 1823 ), the First Spanish Republic ( 1873 -- 74 ) ( when it enjoyed of a co-officiality ) and the Second Spanish Republic ( 1931 -- 1939 ), El Himno de Riego replaced La Marcha Real as the national anthem of Spain. At the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War, however, Francisco Franco restored La Marcha Real as the country 's national anthem, under its old title of La Marcha Granadera. Contents ( hide ) 1 Current version 1.1 Copyright issues 2 Lyrics 2.1 Lyric competition 3 Proposed lyrics 4 Former lyrics 4.1 Alfonso XIII lyrics 4.2 Franco - era lyrics 4.3 Carlist lyrics 5 Interpretation and etiquette 6 See also 7 References 8 Sheet music 9 External links Current version ( edit ) The current official version, as described in Royal Decree 1560 / 1997, is a sixteen - bar long phrase, divided in two sections, each one is made up of four repeated bars ( AABB form ). Tempo is set to ♩ = 76 and key to B flat. The long, complete version is the honors music for the King, while a shorter version without the repetitions is performed for the Princess of Asturias, the President of the Government of Spain, or during sporting events. There are also three official arrangements : one for orchestra, another for military band, and a third for organ, written by Francisco Grau Vegara and requested by the Government of Spain. All in all, there are six different official adaptations, for each arrangement and length. They all were recorded by the Spanish National Orchestra and the Spanish Royal Guard Band as an official recording and released on compact disc for a limited period of time. Copyright issues ( edit ) As the harmonisation of the Marcha Real was written by Pérez Casas in the early 1900s, the copyright has not yet expired. The government bought it from Pérez Casas ' estate in 1997 for 130,000,000 pesetas ( 781,315.734 euros ) to avoid future legal problems. Until it expires, the copyright belongs to the Ministry of Culture and collecting societies charge copyright fees, which has led to criticism. As a result, many different harmonisations have been devised by performers to avoid paying. Nonetheless, the rights to the 1997 Francisco Grau revision were transferred to the government at no charge, but they were not placed in the public domain. Lyrics ( edit ) Though the Marcha Real has no lyrics, words have been written and used for it in the past. One version was used during Alfonso XIII 's reign and another during the Francoist State ; however, none of them were ever made official. The national anthem has been played without words since 1978, when the lyrics that had been approved by General Francisco Franco were abandoned. Lyric competition ( edit ) After witnessing a rendition of `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to La Marcha Real ahead of Madrid 's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games. A number of the autonomous communities of Spain have their own anthems. An open competition for the lyrics resulted in 7,000 entries. Proposed lyrics ( edit ) Spanish lyrics ¡ Viva España! Cantemos todos juntos con distinta voz y un solo corazón. ¡ Viva España! Desde los verdes valles al inmenso mar, un himno de hermandad. Ama a la Patria pues sabe abrazar, bajo su cielo azul, pueblos en libertad. Gloria a los hijos que a la Historia dan justicia y grandeza democracia y paz. English lyrics Long live Spain! Let 's sing together, with different voices, and only one heart. Long live Spain! From the green valleys, to the immense sea, a hymn of brotherhood. Love the Fatherland, which knows how to embrace, below its blue sky, people in freedom. Glory to the sons who have given to history justice and greatness, democracy and peace. Basque Translation Gora Espainia! Abestu dezagun, ahots desberdinez, eta bihotz bakarrez. Gora Espainia! Ibar berdeetatik, itsas zabalera, anaitasun kanta. Maitatu aberria, hartzen baitaki, zeru urdinpean, bere herri askeak Aintza historiari Justizia, handitasuna demokrazia eta bakea demaioten semeei Catalan translation Visca Espanya! Anem tots a cantar junts, amb veus diferents, i un sol cor. Visca Espanya! Des dels verds valls, l'immens mar, un himne de germanor. L'amor a la Pàtria, que sap abraçar, sota el cel blau, pobles en llibertat. Glòria als fills, que donen a la història, la justícia i grandesa, la democràcia i la pau. Galician translation Viva España! Imos todos cantar xuntos, con voces diferentes, e un só corazón. Viva España! Dos vales verdes, ao inmenso mar, un himno da fraternidade. Amor da Patria, que sabe abrazar, baixo do ceo azul, pobos en liberdade. Gloria aos fillos, que a historia dá, xustiza e grandeza, democracia e da paz. On January 16, 2008, just five days after presenting the competition winner to the public, the Spanish Olympic Committee withdrew the proposal after widespread public criticism due to the lyrics ' supposed nationalist tone. Former lyrics ( edit ) Alfonso XIII lyrics ( edit ) Lyrics by Eduardo Marquina ( 1879 -- 1946 ) Spanish lyrics English translation La bandera de España ( Coro ) Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria, soberana luz que es oro en tu Pendón. Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria, que en tus ojos es abierto corazón...! Púrpura y oro : bandera inmortal ; en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están. Púrpura y oro : querer y lograr ; Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán. Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria, soberana luz que es oro en tu Pendón. Púrpura y oro : bandera inmortal ; en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están. España guiadora ( Solo ) ¡ Pide, España! ¡ Tu nombre llevaremos donde quieras tú ; que honrarlo es nuestra ley! ¡ Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos, porque vivas tú, sin tregua pueblo y rey! Una bandera gloriosa nos das ; ¡ nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará! Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir, ¡ danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti! ¡ Viva España!... ( Coro ) ¡ Viva España! Del grito de la Patria, la explosión triunfal abrió camino al sol ; ¡ Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos y al hablar dan fe del ánimo español... ¡ Marquen arado martillo y clarín su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe! ¡ Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin, al `` Viva España '' asista toda España en pie! Flag of Spain ( Corus ) Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland sovereign light which in your standard is gold. Life, life, future of the Fatherland, in your eyes it is an open heart Purple and gold : immortal flag ; in your colors, together, flesh and soul are. Purple and gold : to want and to achieve ; You are, flag, the sign of human effort. Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland sovereign light which in your standard is gold. Purple and gold : immortal flag ; in your colors, together, flesh and soul are. Spain guiding ( Solo ) It asks, Spain! Your name take anywhere you ; that honor is our law! Manda, Spain, and united fight, because you live, relentlessly people and king! Give us a glorious flag ; Nobody, he lives, Spain, us start! For that, one day, we can cover, Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you! Long live Spain!... ( Chorus ) Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland, the triumphant explosion He opened the way to the sun ; Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples and speaking attest the Spanish mind... Mark plow hammer and bugle his noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith! Lead mind to hand to the end, the `` Long Live Spain '' Spain attends all standing! Other language translation Basque language version Catalan Translation Galician Translation La bandera de España ( Coro ) Gora Espainia! Denok batera abes dezagun ahots ezberdinez bihotz bakarrez Gora Espainia! Haran berdeetatik itsaso zabaleraino anaitasun ereserkia Maita ezazu aberria besarkada ematen dielako zeru urdinaren pean herri askeei Justizia eta handitasuna demokrazia eta bakea Historiari ekartzen dioten seme - alabei loria Bandera d'Espanya ( Coro ) Glòria, glòria, corona de la Pàtria sobirana llum que en el seu estàndard és d'or. la vida la vida, el futur de la Pàtria, en els teus ulls és un cor obert Bandera d'Espanya Porpra i or : bandera immortal ; Ministeri d'Educació en els teus colors, juntes, carn i ànima hi són. Porpra i or : voler i aconseguir ; Tu ets, bandera, el signe de l'humà afany. Glòria, glòria, corona de la Pàtria sobirana llum que en el seu estàndard és d'or. Porpra i or : bandera immortal ; en els teus colors, juntes, carn i ànima hi són. Bandeira de España ( Coro ) Gloria, gloria, coroa da Patria soberano luz que no seu defecto é ouro. Vida, vida, futuro da Patria, nos seus ollos é un corazón aberto Bandeira de España Púrpura e ouro : bandeira inmortal ; en túas cores, xuntas, carne e alma están. Púrpura e ouro : a querer e conseguir ; Está, a bandeira, o sinal do esforzo humano. Gloria, gloria, coroa da Patria soberano luz que no seu defecto é ouro. Púrpura e ouro : bandeira inmortal ; en túas cores, xuntas, carne e alma están. Franco - era lyrics ( edit ) Lyrics by José María Pemán ( 1897 -- 1981 ) Spanish lyrics English translation Viva España, alzad los brazos, hijos del pueblo español, que vuelve a resurgir. Gloria a la Patria que supo seguir, sobre el azul del mar el caminar del sol. Gloria a la Patria que supo seguir, sobre el azul del mar el caminar del sol. ¡ Triunfa España! Los yunques y las ruedas cantan al compás del himno de la fe. ¡ Triunfa España! Los yunques y las ruedas cantan al compás del himno de la fe. Juntos con ellos cantemos de pie la vida nueva y fuerte del trabajo y paz. Juntos con ellos cantemos de pie la vida nueva y fuerte del trabajo y paz. Viva España, alzad los brazos, hijos del pueblo español, que vuelve a resurgir. Viva España, alzad los brazos, hijos del pueblo español, que vuelve a resurgir. Gloria a la Patria que supo seguir, sobre el azul del mar el caminar del sol. Gloria a la Patria que supo seguir, sobre el azul del mar el caminar del sol. Long live Spain! Raise your arms! Sons of the Spanish Nation, which is rising once again. Glory to the Fatherland that knew how to follow, the path of the ( setting ) sun ( toward the Americas ) over the blue Atlantic Ocean. Glory to the Fatherland that knew how to follow, the path of the ( setting ) sun ( toward the Americas ) over the blue Atlantic Ocean. Spain will triumph! The rhythm of the anvils and wheels will sing to the sound of the ( Spanish ) anthem of faith. Spain will triumph! The rhythm of the anvils and wheels will sing to the sound of the ( Spanish ) anthem of faith. Let 's stand together and sing for a better life full of labour and peace. Let 's stand together and sing for a better life full of labour and peace. Long Live Spain! Raise your arms, Sons of the Spanish Nation, which is rising once again. Long Live Spain! Raise your arms, Sons of the Spanish Nation, which is rising once again. Glory to the Fatherland that knew how to follow, the path of the ( setting ) sun ( toward the Americas ) over the blue Atlantic Ocean. Glory to the Fatherland that knew how to follow, the path of the ( setting ) sun ( toward the Americas ) over the blue Atlantic Ocean. other language translation Carlist lyrics ( edit ) Viva España, gloria de tradiciones, con la sola ley que puede prosperar. Viva España, que es madre de Naciones, con Dios, Patria, Rey con que supo imperar. Guerra al perjuro traidor y masón, que con su aliento impuro hunde la nación. Es su bandera la historia de su gloria ; por ella dará su vida el español Fe verdadera que en rojo de amor aprisiona briosa un rayo de sol. English language version Long live Spain, glory of traditions, with the single law that can thrive. Long live Spain, the mother of Nations, with God, Fatherland, King with which it knew how to reign War on the perjured traitor and Mason, that with his impure breath sinks the nation It is its flag the history of its glory ; for it will the Spaniard give his life True faith which is red from love, imprisons a lively ray of sunshine. Basque Translation Gora Espainia, tradizioak, aintza lege bakar daiteke aurrera. Gora Espainia, Nazio, ama Dios, Patria, Rey dituen. gailenduko zuen Perjurer gerra traidorea eta Hargin, bere arnasa ezpuruetan nazioaren lotzen zaio. Zure bandera da bere aintza istorioa ; izango begiratu Espainiako bere bizitza benetako fede gorria maite duten imprisons Chihiroren a Eguzki - izpien. Catalan Translation Visca Espanya, glòria de tradicions, amb la sola llei que pot prosperar. Visca Espanya, que és mare de Nacions, amb Déu, Pàtria, Rei amb que va saber imperar. Guerra al perjur traïdor i maçó, que amb el seu alè impur enfonsa la nació. És la seva bandera la història de la seva glòria ; per ella donarà la seva vida l'espanyol Fe veritable que en vermell d'amor empresona coratjosa un raig de sol. Galician Translation Viva España, gloria de tradicións, coa única lei pode prosperar. Viva España, a nai das Nacións, Deus, Patria, Rei que el prevalece. Guerra en que cometeu perxurioer traidor e Albanel, co seu impuro hálito mergulla a nación. é a súa bandeira a historia da súa gloria ; polo que vai manter súa vida no Español verdadeira fe o amor que vermello aprisiona espirituoso un raio de sol. Interpretation and etiquette ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Military bands of the Spanish Armed Forces and the National Police Corps of Spain and civilian Marching bands and Concert bands play the B flat - major version of the anthem adapted for wind bands ( as arranged by Francisco Grau ), and playing the A Major version is optional. The bugle call `` To the Colors '' in Spain is the version played by Bugle bands in Spanish churches in religious occasions and processions organized by civil groups and the parishes. Various versions adapted for the drum and the bugle are used, even though brass instruments play the anthem as well. But in some bugle bands, the A flat version of the anthem ( the old official one, adapted for the bugle ) is played. Only a bugle call is sounded when the B flat version is played. Being the national anthem, and in honor of the King and the Queen of Spain, it is common for all to stand once it is played. Even though it is also played in church events, respect for the royal family is required by everyone in attendance. As it happens civilians stand at attention, and those in uniform salute when not in formation. See also ( edit ) Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.europeanasounds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/partitura1-700x546.jpg Jump up ^ `` Spain -- Marcha Real ''. NationalAnthems.me. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23. Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado Royal Decree 1560 / 1997. Jump up ^ Official anthem release album cover. Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado Royal Decree 1543 / 1997. Jump up ^ `` El himno da aún mucho dinero ''. Crónica. # 604. May 27, 2007. `` Cuando el himno es de un particular ''. Periodista Digital. May 27, 2007. Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado Royal Decree 2027 / 1998. Jump up ^ Elkington, Mark ( January 16, 2008 ). `` Divisive national anthem lyrics ditched ''. Reuters. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24. Jump up ^ Liverpool fans help inspire Spain to write words to anthem Archived 2008 - 10 - 11 at WebCite Reuters, 5 June 2007 Jump up ^ Spain to add lyrics to wordless national anthem MSNBC, 26 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` Lost for Words '', The Economist, Vol 384 Number 8539. Jump up ^ `` Spain : Lyrics for Anthem Pulled ''. New York Times. Associated Press. January 18, 2008. Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13. Jump up ^ http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishlife/qt/anthem_spanish.htm Jump up ^ http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishlife/qt/anthem_english.htm Jump up ^ `` Controversy over lyrics stalls Plácido Domingo 's dream of singing Spanish anthem ''. International Herald Tribune. 16 January 2008. Retrieved on 17 January 2008. Sheet music ( edit ) Piano sheet music of Marcha Real de España External links ( edit ) El Himno Nacional Español se encuentra regulado por el REAL DECRETO 1.560 / 1997, DE 10 DE OCTUBRE The National Anthem ( Prime Minister 's Office site ) Streaming audio, lyrics and information about the Marcha Real 2008 Spanish National Anthem Lyrics in English and in Spanish MIDI File MP3 version by Band of Regimento Inmemorial del Rey N ° 1 UNANU -- The `` Union Nacional de Antiguos Oficiales y Suboficiales de las Milicias Universitarias '' has a website about the anthem, with a complete instrumental version. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. 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{ "text": "Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 film ) - wikipedia Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 film ) Jump to : navigation, search Far from the Madding Crowd Official British poster Directed by Thomas Vinterberg Produced by Andrew Macdonald Allon Reich Written by David Nicholls Based on Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy Starring Carey Mulligan Matthias Schoenaerts Michael Sheen Tom Sturridge Juno Temple Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Charlotte Bruus Christensen Edited by Claire Simpson Production company BBC Films DNA Films Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date 17 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) ( Istanbul Film Festival ) 1 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom, United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 12 million Box office $30.2 million Far from the Madding Crowd is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed by Thomas Vinterberg and starring Carey Mulligan, Matthias Schoenaerts, Michael Sheen, Tom Sturridge and Juno Temple. It is an adaptation of the 1874 novel of the same name by Thomas Hardy, the fourth time this novel has been filmed. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1870 Victorian England, Bathsheba Everdene ( Carey Mulligan ) is working on her aunt 's farm in Dorset. Gabriel Oak ( Matthias Schoenaerts ), a new neighbour, sees Bathsheba riding her horse and falls in love with her. He proposes, but the headstrong Bathsheba declines, saying she is too independent and he would grow to despise her. One night a new sheepdog chases Gabriel 's entire flock off a cliff. He settles his debts and is left penniless. He leaves in search of work. In contrast, Bathsheba inherits a farm from her uncle and leaves to take charge of it. While Gabriel is at a fair trying to find employment, local soldiers attempt to recruit him and other townsmen. A young girl, Fanny Robin, notices him and points out one of the soldiers, Sergeant Frank Troy, her sweetheart. She suggests Gabriel seek employment at a farm in Weatherbury. Gabriel arrives to find several buildings on fire and saves the barn from destruction. At dawn the next day he is introduced to the farm 's new mistress : Bathsheba. She hires him as a shepherd. In the meantime, Fanny goes to the wrong church for her wedding and Troy, apparently jilted, is devastated. In town, Bathsheba proves to be a shrewd trader when selling her seed. She immediately is drawn to her neighbour William Boldwood ( Michael Sheen ), a prosperous and mature bachelor. Bathsheba sends Boldwood a Valentine as a joke, and he, both offended and intrigued, soon proposes marriage. Bathsheba says she does share his feelings but delays giving him a final answer. Gabriel admonishes Bathsheba for being foolish and unkind by playing with Boldwood 's affections. She is stung by his criticism, and fires him, but the next day, given a crisis with the sheep that only he can manage, she sends after him and then pursues him to ask him to return. After her personal appeal, he comes back, saves some of the sheep, and stays on the farm. One night while walking around her land, Bathsheba meets Troy, who is mesmerized by her beauty. Uncomfortable, she tells him he should not be there, but the next day he returns to help with the harvest. Bathsheba learns he is of a noble family, but tells him to leave. He flirts with her and flatters her, and arranges a secret meeting. At their rendezvous in the woods, he shows off his swordplay, telling her not to flinch as he swings his sword around her head and body. He finally embraces her in a passionate kiss and Bathsheba is left in a daze. Gabriel warns her that Frank is dangerous and dishonourable, but she nevertheless elopes with him, and they share their wedding night together. Returning to the farm, the newly married couple celebrate with all the workers. Gabriel warns of an approaching storm, but the belligerent and drunk Frank interrupts him and insists that the party will not allow it to rain. Gabriel attempts by himself to cover the harvest with tarpaulins and Bathsheba, ashamed of Frank 's drunken behavior with the other men, comes out into the wind and rain to help. Chastened, she tells Gabriel that she was a fool to fall prey to Frank 's flattery. One day in town, Frank sees Fanny begging. She tells him she had gone to the wrong church, and that she is pregnant with his baby. He promises her he will find a home for them, and that she should stay in the workhouse in the meantime. Frank, a degenerate gambler, asks Bathsheba for £ 20 and she refuses, saying the money is for farm expenses. Fanny and her baby die in childbirth ; their coffin is delivered to Bathsheba 's farm, which was her last known address. Bathsheba recognizes the name as one of her uncle 's loyal servants and says the coffin should be brought inside for mourning. The words `` Fanny Robin and child '' are written on the coffin, but Gabriel surreptitiously erases `` and child '' from the slate while bringing it in. Bathsheba reads the erasure, opens the coffin, and discovers the mother and baby within. Frank, upon seeing Fanny and his dead baby, bends over the coffin and kisses Fanny 's lips. Bathsheba protests that she is still his wife, but he coldly responds that even in death Fanny means more to him than Bathsheba ever had meant or ever could mean. In grief Frank goes to the beach, where he strips off his uniform and swims far into the ocean. The next day the constable arrives to inform Bathsheba that Frank has apparently drowned. Left with Frank 's gambling debts, Bathsheba worries she may lose the farm. Boldwood offers to buy it and merge it with his property, offering Gabriel a position as bailiff, and again proposes marriage. Bathsheba agrees to consider his offer. On the eve of the Christmas party he plans to throw, Boldwood shares with Gabriel that he knows of the affection he feels for Bathsheba, but adds he appreciates that he has been such a gentleman in the entire matter, and shows Gabriel the engagement ring he plans to offer her. At the party, Boldwood graciously invites Gabriel and Bathsheba to share at least one dance. As they dance, she again asks Gabriel what she should do, and he answers simply to `` Do what is right ''. She breaks off the dance and leaves, only to discover Frank, alive and well, slumbering up the pathway, outside. He was rescued from drowning but has faked his death for some weeks, preferring the idea of being ' dead. ' Regretting his decision, he has returned and demands money from Bathsheba, claiming it was unfair that he gave up his profession for her and now lives off nothing while she has money and a house. When she insists she has no money, Frank demands that she sell the farm and grabs her roughly, screaming that she is still his wife and must obey him. Enraged, Boldwood emerges from the house and kills Frank with a single blast from his rifle, for which he is promptly imprisoned. As Gabriel witnesses all the finery, many dresses and jewellery, that Boldwood had already laid out upstairs in anticipation of Bathsheba 's ' yes ' answer, Bathsheba is remorseful and guiltridden. Gabriel tells her that if it 's any consolation Boldwood is bound to be spared his life, for acting in a ' crime of passion '. Some time later, Gabriel announces that since the farm is now secure, he 'll be emigrating to America in four days time. As he leaves on foot early in the morning, Bathsheba stays at the farm battling her feelings and stubbornness. Finally, she chases after him on horseback and begs him not to leave, thanking him for all he 's done for her, and always believing in her. Gabriel tells her, if only she would accept his love, then asks her if she would agree were he to propose again. Bathsheba smiles and tells him he needs ask once more. Gabriel kisses her passionately in response, and they walk back hand in hand. Cast ( edit ) Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene Matthias Schoenaerts as Gabriel Oak Michael Sheen as William Boldwood Tom Sturridge as Sergeant Frank Troy Juno Temple as Fanny Robin Jessica Barden as Liddy Sam Phillips as Sergeant Doggett Tilly Vosburgh as Mrs. Hurst Rowan Hedley as Maryann Money Chris Gallarus as Billy Smallbury Connor Webb as Merchant Penny - Jane Swift as Mrs. Coggan Rosie Masson as Soberness Miller Alex Channon as Temperance Miller Shaun Ward as Farmer Roderick Swift as Everdene farmer Don J. Whistance as Constable Jamie Lee - Hill as Laban Tall Production ( edit ) David Nicholls became attached to the film in 2008. In April 2013, it was reported that Matthias Schoenaerts had been offered the role of Gabriel Oak alongside Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene. Their casting was official in May 2013 with the participation of director Thomas Vinterberg. Principal photography started on 16 September 2013. The film was shot in Dorset ( Sherborne, Mapperton, and Beaminster ), Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and London. Mulligan claimed, in an appearance on The Graham Norton Show, that she hand - picked Schoenaerts to play Gabriel Oak after she saw him in the French film Rust and Bone. Thomas Vinterberg invented the scene in which Sergeant Troy clutches Bathsheba 's crotch after the sword tricks because he wanted it to get more drastically sexual. The British crew called it ' the Danish handshake '. Vinterberg suggested that he would have gone much further if it had been a Danish film. Release ( edit ) The film was released on 1 May 2015. The first teaser trailer debuted on 23 November 2014. It features the song `` Let No Man Steal Your Thyme '' performed by Carey Mulligan and Michael Sheen. A teaser poster was also revealed to mark the 140th anniversary of the novel of the same name. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd grossed $12.2 million in North America and $17.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $30.2 million. Critical response ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 86 %, based on 166 reviews, with the site 's critical consensus reading, `` Far from the Madding Crowd invites tough comparisons to Thomas Hardy 's classic novel -- and its previous adaptation -- but stands on its own thanks to strong direction and a talented cast. '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 71 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating `` generally favorable reviews ''. Carey Mulligan 's performance was critically praised and some considered it better than the 1967 adaptation starring Julie Christie. Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers, in his three out of four star review, said `` Vinterberg may rush the final act, but he brings out the wild side in Mulligan, who can hold a close - up like nobody 's business. She 's a live wire in a movie that knows how to stir up a classic for the here and now. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd ( 12A ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` The UK Box Office in 2015 '' ( PDF ). British Film Institute : BFI Research and Statistics Unit. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Bruus Christensen / Far from the Madding Crowd ''. British Cinematographer. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) ''. Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ). Retrieved 25 September 2015. Jump up ^ Foundas, Scott ( 2 April 2015 ). `` Film Review : ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' ''. Variety. Retrieved 18 May 2015. Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart ( 18 May 2008 ). `` BBC Films has diverse slate ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ Bamigboye, Baz ( 11 April 2013 ). `` BAZ BAMIGBOYE : Carey Mulligan 's the new face in the Madding Crowd ''. Daily Mail. Retrieved 18 June 2013. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy ( 17 May 2013 ). `` Carey Mulligan, Matthias Schoenaerts Set For Searchlight 's ' Far From The Madding Crowd ' ''. Deadline.com. PMC. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : Fleming, Mike ( 16 September 2013 ). `` Searchlight Rounds Out ' Madding ' Cast With Michael Sheen, Juno Temple ''. Deadline.com. PMC. Retrieved 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Hardy 's Far from the Madding Crowd looking for bearded men ''. BBC News. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ Bolado, Catherine ( 1 November 2013 ). `` First glimpse of new Far From the Madding Crowd movie filmed in Beaminster and west Dorset ''. Bridport News. Retrieved 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Carey Mulligan handpicked Matthias Schoenaerts for ' Far from the Madding Crowd ' ''. YouTube. Retrieved 4 October 2015. Jump up ^ Murphy, Mekado ( 30 April 2015 ). `` ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' ( With Movie Trailer ) : Thomas Vinterberg Narrates a Scene ''. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` Thomas Vinterberg explains the ' Danish Handshake ' in Far from the Madding Crowd ''. YouTube. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Jump up ^ Pulver, Andrew ( 28 April 2015 ). `` Far from the Madding Crowd director Thomas Vinterberg : ' It 's always been me - me - me - me -- until now ' ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Jump up ^ Thompson, Anne. `` Far from the Madding Crowd ' To Open from Fox Searchlight Next May ''. Thompson on Hollywood. Jump up ^ Miller, Lucasta ( 25 April 2015 ). `` Far from the Madding Crowd, Does the film live up to Hardy 's Novel ''. Guardian Review Section. Retrieved 3 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd : watch the teaser trailer ''. Telegraph. Retrieved 23 November 2014. Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 11 February 2016. Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd ''. Metacritic. Retrieved 28 May 2015. Jump up ^ Jason Best ( 1 May 2015 ). `` Far From the Madding Crowd Film Review -- Magnificent Mulligan dominates ravishing costume drama ''. Movie Talk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015. Jump up ^ Christy Lemire ( 1 May 2015 ). `` Far from the Madding Crowd Movie Review ( 2015 ) ''. RogerEbert.com. Retrieved 4 May 2015. Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 1 May 2015 ). `` ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' Movie Review ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 May 2015. External links ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd on IMDb Far from the Madding Crowd at Rotten Tomatoes Thomas Hardy 's Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) Adaptations 1915 film ( lost ) 1967 film 1998 TV miniseries 2015 film Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Tamara Drewe ( comic strip ) Tamara Drewe ( film ) Wikisource texts Films directed by Thomas Vinterberg Feature films The Biggest Heroes ( 1996 ) Festen ( 1998 ) It 's All About Love ( 2003 ) Dear Wendy ( 2004 ) A Man Comes Home ( 2007 ) Submarino ( 2010 ) The Hunt ( 2012 ) Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) The Commune ( 2016 ) Kursk ( 2018 ) Music video Metallica : The Day That Never Comes ( 2008 ) Related Dogme 95 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(2015_film)&oldid=800149986 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s historical films 2010s romantic drama films British films British historical films British romantic drama films Films based on works by Thomas Hardy Romantic period films Films set in England Films shot in Dorset Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films set in the 1870s Films directed by Thomas Vinterberg Screenplays by David Nicholls Film scores by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) DNA Films films Fox Searchlight Pictures films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 19 : 48. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date 17 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) ( Istanbul Film Festival ) 1 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom, United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 12 million Box office $30.2 million Far from the Madding Crowd is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed by Thomas Vinterberg and starring Carey Mulligan, Matthias Schoenaerts, Michael Sheen, Tom Sturridge and Juno Temple. It is an adaptation of the 1874 novel of the same name by Thomas Hardy, the fourth time this novel has been filmed. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1870 Victorian England, Bathsheba Everdene ( Carey Mulligan ) is working on her aunt 's farm in Dorset. Gabriel Oak ( Matthias Schoenaerts ), a" ], "id": [ "2619968780800974038" ], "short_answers": [ "Carey Mulligan" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Confidence interval - wikipedia Confidence interval Jump to : navigation, search In statistics, a confidence interval ( CI ) is a type of interval estimate, computed from the statistics of the observed data, that might contain the true value of an unknown population parameter. The interval is quoted with a confidence level that quantify how confident we are that the parameter lies in the interval. The confidence level represents the frequency ( i.e. the proportion ) of possible confidence intervals that contain the true value of the unknown population parameter. In other words, if confidence intervals are constructed using a given confidence level from an infinite number of independent sample statistics, the proportion of those intervals that contain the true value of the parameter will match the confidence level. Confidence intervals consist of a range of values ( interval ) that act as good estimates of the unknown population parameter. However, the interval computed from a particular sample does not necessarily include the true value of the parameter. Since the observed data are random samples from the true population, the confidence interval obtained from the data is also random. The desired level of confidence is set by the researcher ( not determined by data ). Most commonly, the 95 % confidence level is used. However, other confidence levels can be used, for example, 90 % and 99 %. Factors affecting the width of the confidence interval include the size of the sample, the confidence level, and the variability in the sample. A larger sample size normally will lead to a better estimate of the population parameter. Confidence intervals were introduced to statistics by Jerzy Neyman in a paper published in 1937. Contents ( hide ) 1 Conceptual basis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning and interpretation 1.2. 1 Misunderstandings 1.3 Philosophical issues 1.4 Relationship with other statistical topics 1.4. 1 Statistical hypothesis testing 1.4. 2 Confidence region 1.4. 3 Confidence band 2 Basic steps 3 Statistical theory 3.1 Definition 3.1. 1 Approximate confidence intervals 3.2 Desirable properties 3.3 Methods of derivation 4 Examples 4.1 Practical example 4.1. 1 Interpretation 4.2 Theoretical example 5 Alternatives and critiques 5.1 Comparison to prediction intervals 5.2 Comparison to tolerance intervals 5.3 Comparison to Bayesian interval estimates 5.4 Confidence intervals for proportions and related quantities 5.5 Counter-examples 5.5. 1 Confidence procedure for uniform location 5.5. 2 Confidence procedure for ω 6 See also 6.1 Confidence interval for specific distributions 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 External links 8.2 Online calculators Conceptual basis ( edit ) In this bar chart, the top ends of the brown bars indicate observed means and the red line segments ( `` error bars '' ) represent the confidence intervals around them. Although the error bars are shown as symmetric around the means, that is not always the case. It is also important that in most graphs, the error bars do not represent confidence intervals ( e.g., they often represent standard errors or standard deviations ) Introduction ( edit ) Interval estimates can be contrasted with point estimates. A point estimate is a single value given as the estimate of a population parameter that is of interest, for example, the mean of some quantity. An interval estimate specifies instead a range within which the parameter is estimated to lie. Confidence intervals are commonly reported in tables or graphs along with point estimates of the same parameters, to show the reliability of the estimates. For example, a confidence interval can be used to describe how reliable survey results are. In a poll of election -- voting intentions, the result might be that 40 % of respondents intend to vote for a certain party. A 99 % confidence interval for the proportion in the whole population having the same intention on the survey might be 30 % to 50 %. From the same data one may calculate a 90 % confidence interval, which in this case might be 37 % to 43 %. A major factor determining the length of a confidence interval is the size of the sample used in the estimation procedure, for example, the number of people taking part in a survey. Meaning and interpretation ( edit ) See also : § Practical Example Interpretation Various interpretations of a confidence interval can be given ( taking the 90 % confidence interval as an example in the following ). The confidence interval can be expressed in terms of samples ( or repeated samples ) : `` Were this procedure to be repeated on numerous samples, the fraction of calculated confidence intervals ( which would differ for each sample ) that encompass the true population parameter would tend toward 90 %. '' The confidence interval can be expressed in terms of a single sample : `` There is a 90 % probability that the calculated confidence interval from some future experiment encompasses the true value of the population parameter. '' Note this is a probability statement about the confidence interval, not the population parameter. This considers the probability associated with a confidence interval from a pre-experiment point of view, in the same context in which arguments for the random allocation of treatments to study items are made. Here the experimenter sets out the way in which they intend to calculate a confidence interval and to know, before they do the actual experiment, that the interval they will end up calculating has a particular chance of covering the true but unknown value. This is very similar to the `` repeated sample '' interpretation above, except that it avoids relying on considering hypothetical repeats of a sampling procedure that may not be repeatable in any meaningful sense. See Neyman construction. The explanation of a confidence interval can amount to something like : `` The confidence interval represents values for the population parameter for which the difference between the parameter and the observed estimate is not statistically significant at the 10 % level ''. In fact, this relates to one particular way in which a confidence interval may be constructed. In each of the above, the following applies : If the true value of the parameter lies outside the 90 % confidence interval, then a sampling event has occurred ( namely, obtaining a point estimate of the parameter at least this far from the true parameter value ) which had a probability of 10 % ( or less ) of happening by chance. Misunderstandings ( edit ) See also : § Counter-examples See also : Misunderstandings of p - values Confidence intervals are frequently misunderstood, and published studies have shown that even professional scientists often misinterpret them. A 95 % confidence interval does not mean that for a given realized interval there is a 95 % probability that the population parameter lies within the interval ( i.e., a 95 % probability that the interval covers the population parameter ). Once an experiment is done and an interval calculated, this interval either covers the parameter value or it does not ; it is no longer a matter of probability. The 95 % probability relates to the reliability of the estimation procedure, not to a specific calculated interval. Neyman himself ( the original proponent of confidence intervals ) made this point in his original paper : `` It will be noticed that in the above description, the probability statements refer to the problems of estimation with which the statistician will be concerned in the future. In fact, I have repeatedly stated that the frequency of correct results will tend to α. Consider now the case when a sample is already drawn, and the calculations have given ( particular limits ). Can we say that in this particular case the probability of the true value ( falling between these limits ) is equal to α? The answer is obviously in the negative. The parameter is an unknown constant, and no probability statement concerning its value may be made... '' Deborah Mayo expands on this further as follows : `` It must be stressed, however, that having seen the value ( of the data ), Neyman - Pearson theory never permits one to conclude that the specific confidence interval formed covers the true value of 0 with either ( 1 − α ) 100 % probability or ( 1 − α ) 100 % degree of confidence. Seidenfeld 's remark seems rooted in a ( not uncommon ) desire for Neyman - Pearson confidence intervals to provide something which they can not legitimately provide ; namely, a measure of the degree of probability, belief, or support that an unknown parameter value lies in a specific interval. Following Savage ( 1962 ), the probability that a parameter lies in a specific interval may be referred to as a measure of final precision. While a measure of final precision may seem desirable, and while confidence levels are often ( wrongly ) interpreted as providing such a measure, no such interpretation is warranted. Admittedly, such a misinterpretation is encouraged by the word ' confidence '. '' A 95 % confidence interval does not mean that 95 % of the sample data lie within the interval. A confidence interval is not a definitive range of plausible values for the sample parameter, though it may be understood as an estimate of plausible values for the population parameter. A particular confidence interval of 95 % calculated from an experiment does not mean that there is a 95 % probability of a sample parameter from a repeat of the experiment falling within this interval. Philosophical issues ( edit ) The principle behind confidence intervals was formulated to provide an answer to the question raised in statistical inference of how to deal with the uncertainty inherent in results derived from data that are themselves only a randomly selected subset of a population. There are other answers, notably that provided by Bayesian inference in the form of credible intervals. Confidence intervals correspond to a chosen rule for determining the confidence bounds, where this rule is essentially determined before any data are obtained, or before an experiment is done. The rule is defined such that over all possible datasets that might be obtained, there is a high probability ( `` high '' is specifically quantified ) that the interval determined by the rule will include the true value of the quantity under consideration. The Bayesian approach appears to offer intervals that can, subject to acceptance of an interpretation of `` probability '' as Bayesian probability, be interpreted as meaning that the specific interval calculated from a given dataset has a particular probability of including the true value, conditional on the data and other information available. The confidence interval approach does not allow this since in this formulation and at this same stage, both the bounds of the interval and the true values are fixed values, and there is no randomness involved. On the other hand, the Bayesian approach is only as valid as the prior probability used in the computation, whereas the confidence interval does not depend on assumptions about the prior probability. The questions concerning how an interval expressing uncertainty in an estimate might be formulated, and of how such intervals might be interpreted, are not strictly mathematical problems and are philosophically problematic. Mathematics can take over once the basic principles of an approach to ' inference ' have been established, but it has only a limited role in saying why one approach should be preferred to another : For example, a confidence level of 95 % is often used in the biological sciences, but this is a matter of convention or arbitration. In the physical sciences, a much higher level may be used. Relationship with other Statistical topics ( edit ) Statistical hypothesis testing ( edit ) See also : Statistical hypothesis testing § Alternatives, and Estimation statistics Confidence intervals are closely related to statistical significance testing. For example, if for some estimated parameter θ one wants to test the null hypothesis that θ = 0 against the alternative that θ ≠ 0, then this test can be performed by determining whether the confidence interval for θ contains 0. More generally, given the availability of a hypothesis testing procedure that can test the null hypothesis θ = θ against the alternative that θ ≠ θ for any value of θ, then a confidence interval with confidence level γ = 1 − α can be defined as containing any number θ for which the corresponding null hypothesis is not rejected at significance level α. If the estimates of two parameters ( for example, the mean values of a variable in two independent groups ) have confidence intervals that do not overlap, then the difference between the two values is more significant than indicated by the individual values of α. So, this `` test '' is too conservative and can lead to a result that is more significant than the individual values of α would indicate. If two confidence intervals overlap, the two means still may be significantly different. Accordingly, and consistent with the Mantel - Haenszel Chi - squared test, is a proposed fix whereby one reduces the error bounds for the two means by multiplying them by the square root of 1⁄2 ( 0.707107 ) before making the comparison. While the formulations of the notions of confidence intervals and of statistical hypothesis testing are distinct, they are in some senses related and to some extent complementary. While not all confidence intervals are constructed in this way, one general purpose approach to constructing confidence intervals is to define a 100 ( 1 − α ) % confidence interval to consist of all those values θ for which a test of the hypothesis θ = θ is not rejected at a significance level of 100α %. Such an approach may not always be available since it presupposes the practical availability of an appropriate significance test. Naturally, any assumptions required for the significance test would carry over to the confidence intervals. It may be convenient to make the general correspondence that parameter values within a confidence interval are equivalent to those values that would not be rejected by a hypothesis test, but this would be dangerous. In many instances the confidence intervals that are quoted are only approximately valid, perhaps derived from `` plus or minus twice the standard error, '' and the implications of this for the supposedly corresponding hypothesis tests are usually unknown. It is worth noting that the confidence interval for a parameter is not the same as the acceptance region of a test for this parameter, as is sometimes thought. The confidence interval is part of the parameter space, whereas the acceptance region is part of the sample space. For the same reason, the confidence level is not the same as the complementary probability of the level of significance. Confidence region ( edit ) Main article : Confidence region Confidence regions generalize the confidence interval concept to deal with multiple quantities. Such regions can indicate not only the extent of likely sampling errors but can also reveal whether ( for example ) it is the case that if the estimate for one quantity is unreliable, then the other is also likely to be unreliable. Confidence band ( edit ) Main article : Confidence band A confidence band is used in statistical analysis to represent the uncertainty in an estimate of a curve or function based on limited or noisy data. Similarly, a prediction band is used to represent the uncertainty about the value of a new data point on the curve, but subject to noise. Confidence and prediction bands are often used as part of the graphical presentation of results of a regression analysis. Confidence bands are closely related to confidence intervals, which represent the uncertainty in an estimate of a single numerical value. `` As confidence intervals, by construction, only refer to a single point, they are narrower ( at this point ) than a confidence band which is supposed to hold simultaneously at many points. '' Basic steps ( edit ) This example assumes that the samples are drawn from a Gaussian distribution. The basic breakdown of how to calculate a confidence interval for a population mean is as follows : 1. Identify the sample mean, x ̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( x ) ) ). 2. Identify whether the standard deviation is known, σ ( \\ displaystyle \\ sigma ), or unknown, s. If standard deviation is known then z ∗ = Φ − 1 ( 1 − α 2 ) = − Φ − 1 ( α 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle z ^ ( * ) = \\ Phi ^ ( - 1 ) \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( \\ alpha ) ( 2 ) ) \\ right ) = - \\ Phi ^ ( - 1 ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ alpha ) ( 2 ) ) \\ right ) ), where Φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Phi ) is the C.D.F. of the Standard normal distribution, used as the critical value. This value is only dependent on the confidence level for the test. Typical two sided confidence levels are : C z * 99 % 2.576 98 % 2.326 95 % 1.96 90 % 1.645 If the standard deviation is unknown then Student 's t distribution is used as the critical value. This value is dependent on the confidence level ( C ) for the test and degrees of freedom. The degrees of freedom is found by subtracting one from the number of observations, n − 1. The critical value is found from the t - distribution table. In this table the critical value is written as t ( r ), where r is the degrees of freedom and α = 1 − C 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha = ( 1 - C \\ over 2 ) ). 3. Plug the found values into the appropriate equations : For a known standard deviation : ( x ̄ − z ∗ σ n, x ̄ + z ∗ σ n ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ bar ( x ) ) - z ^ ( * ) ( \\ sigma \\ over ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ), ( \\ bar ( x ) ) + z ^ ( * ) ( \\ sigma \\ over ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) \\ right ) ) For an unknown standard deviation : ( x ̄ − t ∗ s n, x ̄ + t ∗ s n ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ bar ( x ) ) - t ^ ( * ) ( s \\ over ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ), ( \\ bar ( x ) ) + t ^ ( * ) ( s \\ over ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) \\ right ) ) 4. The final step is to interpret the answer. The confidence interval represents values for the population mean for which the difference between the mean and the observed estimate is not statistically significant at the 100 % - __ % level. Statistical theory ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) Let X be a random sample from a probability distribution with statistical parameters θ, which is a quantity to be estimated, and φ, representing quantities that are not of immediate interest. A confidence interval for the parameter θ, with confidence level or confidence coefficient γ, is an interval with random endpoints ( u ( X ), v ( X ) ), determined by the pair of random variables u ( X ) and v ( X ), with the property : Pr θ, φ ( u ( X ) < θ < v ( X ) ) = γ for all ( θ, φ ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ Pr ) _ ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ) ( u ( X ) < \\ theta < v ( X ) ) = \\ gamma ( \\ text ( for all ) ) ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ). ) The quantities φ in which there is no immediate interest are called nuisance parameters, as statistical theory still needs to find some way to deal with them. The number γ, with typical values close to but not greater than 1, is sometimes given in the form 1 − α ( or as a percentage 100 % ( 1 − α ) ), where α is a small non-negative number, close to 0. Here Pr indicates the probability distribution of X characterised by ( θ, φ ). An important part of this specification is that the random interval ( u ( X ), v ( X ) ) covers the unknown value θ with a high probability no matter what the true value of θ actually is. Note that here Pr need not refer to an explicitly given parameterized family of distributions, although it often does. Just as the random variable X notionally corresponds to other possible realizations of x from the same population or from the same version of reality, the parameters ( θ, φ ) indicate that we need to consider other versions of reality in which the distribution of X might have different characteristics. In a specific situation, when x is the outcome of the sample X, the interval ( u ( x ), v ( x ) ) is also referred to as a confidence interval for θ. Note that it is no longer possible to say that the ( observed ) interval ( u ( x ), v ( x ) ) has probability γ to contain the parameter θ. This observed interval is just one realization of all possible intervals for which the probability statement holds. Approximate confidence intervals ( edit ) In many applications, confidence intervals that have exactly the required confidence level are hard to construct. But practically useful intervals can still be found : the rule for constructing the interval may be accepted as providing a confidence interval at level γ if Pr θ, φ ( u ( X ) < θ < v ( X ) ) ≈ γ for all ( θ, φ ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ Pr ) _ ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ) ( u ( X ) < \\ theta < v ( X ) ) \\ approx \\ gamma ( \\ text ( for all ) ) ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ) \\, ) to an acceptable level of approximation. Alternatively, some authors simply require that Pr θ, φ ( u ( X ) < θ < v ( X ) ) ≥ γ for all ( θ, φ ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ Pr ) _ ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ) ( u ( X ) < \\ theta < v ( X ) ) \\ geq \\ gamma ( \\ text ( for all ) ) ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ) \\, ) which is useful if the probabilities are only partially identified, or imprecise. Desirable properties ( edit ) When applying standard statistical procedures, there will often be standard ways of constructing confidence intervals. These will have been devised so as to meet certain desirable properties, which will hold given that the assumptions on which the procedure rely are true. These desirable properties may be described as : validity, optimality, and invariance. Of these `` validity '' is most important, followed closely by `` optimality ''. `` Invariance '' may be considered as a property of the method of derivation of a confidence interval rather than of the rule for constructing the interval. In non-standard applications, the same desirable properties would be sought. Validity. This means that the nominal coverage probability ( confidence level ) of the confidence interval should hold, either exactly or to a good approximation. Optimality. This means that the rule for constructing the confidence interval should make as much use of the information in the data - set as possible. Recall that one could throw away half of a dataset and still be able to derive a valid confidence interval. One way of assessing optimality is by the length of the interval so that a rule for constructing a confidence interval is judged better than another if it leads to intervals whose lengths are typically shorter. Invariance. In many applications, the quantity being estimated might not be tightly defined as such. For example, a survey might result in an estimate of the median income in a population, but it might equally be considered as providing an estimate of the logarithm of the median income, given that this is a common scale for presenting graphical results. It would be desirable that the method used for constructing a confidence interval for the median income would give equivalent results when applied to constructing a confidence interval for the logarithm of the median income : specifically the values at the ends of the latter interval would be the logarithms of the values at the ends of former interval. Methods of derivation ( edit ) For non-standard applications, there are several routes that might be taken to derive a rule for the construction of confidence intervals. Established rules for standard procedures might be justified or explained via several of these routes. Typically a rule for constructing confidence intervals is closely tied to a particular way of finding a point estimate of the quantity being considered. Summary statistics This is closely related to the method of moments for estimation. A simple example arises where the quantity to be estimated is the mean, in which case a natural estimate is the sample mean. The usual arguments indicate that the sample variance can be used to estimate the variance of the sample mean. A confidence interval for the true mean can be constructed centered on the sample mean with a width which is a multiple of the square root of the sample variance. Likelihood theory Where estimates are constructed using the maximum likelihood principle, the theory for this provides two ways of constructing confidence intervals or confidence regions for the estimates. One way is by using Wilks 's theorem to find all the possible values of θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta ) that fulfill the following restriction : ln ⁡ ( L ( θ ) ) ≥ ln ⁡ ( L ( θ ^ ) ) − 1 2 χ 1, 1 − α 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ ln ( L ( \\ theta ) ) \\ geq \\ ln ( L ( ( \\ hat ( \\ theta ) ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ chi _ ( 1, 1 - \\ alpha ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Estimating equations The estimation approach here can be considered as both a generalization of the method of moments and a generalization of the maximum likelihood approach. There are corresponding generalizations of the results of maximum likelihood theory that allow confidence intervals to be constructed based on estimates derived from estimating equations. Hypothesis testing If significance tests are available for general values of a parameter, then confidence intervals / regions can be constructed by including in the 100p % confidence region all those points for which the significance test of the null hypothesis that the true value is the given value is not rejected at a significance level of ( 1 − p ). Bootstrapping In situations where the distributional assumptions for that above methods are uncertain or violated, resampling methods allow construction of confidence intervals or prediction intervals. The observed data distribution and the internal correlations are used as the surrogate for the correlations in the wider population. Examples ( edit ) Practical example ( edit ) A machine fills cups with a liquid, and is supposed to be adjusted so that the content of the cups is 250 g of liquid. As the machine can not fill every cup with exactly 250.0 g, the content added to individual cups shows some variation, and is considered a random variable X. This variation is assumed to be normally distributed around the desired average of 250 g, with a standard deviation, σ, of 2.5 g. To determine if the machine is adequately calibrated, a sample of n = 25 cups of liquid is chosen at random and the cups are weighed. The resulting measured masses of liquid are X,..., X, a random sample from X. To get an impression of the expectation μ, it is sufficient to give an estimate. The appropriate estimator is the sample mean : μ ^ = X ̄ = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n X i. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ hat ( \\ mu ) ) = ( \\ bar ( X ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) X_ ( i ). ) The sample shows actual weights x,..., x, with mean : x ̄ = 1 25 ∑ i = 1 25 x i = 250.2 grams. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( x ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 25 ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( 25 ) x_ ( i ) = 250.2 ( \\ text ( grams ) ). ) If we take another sample of 25 cups, we could easily expect to find mean values like 250.4 or 251.1 grams. A sample mean value of 280 grams however would be extremely rare if the mean content of the cups is in fact close to 250 grams. There is a whole interval around the observed value 250.2 grams of the sample mean within which, if the whole population mean actually takes a value in this range, the observed data would not be considered particularly unusual. Such an interval is called a confidence interval for the parameter μ. How do we calculate such an interval? The endpoints of the interval have to be calculated from the sample, so they are statistics, functions of the sample X,..., X and hence random variables themselves. In our case we may determine the endpoints by considering that the sample mean X from a normally distributed sample is also normally distributed, with the same expectation μ, but with a standard error of : σ n = 2.5 g 25 = 0.5 grams ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 2.5 ( \\ text ( g ) ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 25 ) ) ) = 0.5 ( \\ text ( grams ) ) ) By standardizing, we get a random variable : Z = X ̄ − μ σ / n = X ̄ − μ 0.5 ( \\ displaystyle Z = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - \\ mu ) ( \\ sigma / ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - \\ mu ) ( 0.5 ) ) ) dependent on the parameter μ to be estimated, but with a standard normal distribution independent of the parameter μ. Hence it is possible to find numbers − z and z, independent of μ, between which Z lies with probability 1 − α, a measure of how confident we want to be. We take 1 − α = 0.95, for example. So we have : P ( − z ≤ Z ≤ z ) = 1 − α = 0.95. ( \\ displaystyle P ( - z \\ leq Z \\ leq z ) = 1 - \\ alpha = 0.95. ) The number z follows from the cumulative distribution function, in this case the cumulative normal distribution function : Φ ( z ) = P ( Z ≤ z ) = 1 − α 2 = 0.975, z = Φ − 1 ( Φ ( z ) ) = Φ − 1 ( 0.975 ) = 1.96, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) \\ Phi ( z ) & = P ( Z \\ leq z ) = 1 - ( \\ tfrac ( \\ alpha ) ( 2 ) ) = 0.975, \\ \\ ( 6pt ) z& = \\ Phi ^ ( - 1 ) ( \\ Phi ( z ) ) = \\ Phi ^ ( - 1 ) ( 0.975 ) = 1.96, \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) and we get : 0.95 = 1 − α = P ( − z ≤ Z ≤ z ) = P ( − 1.96 ≤ X ̄ − μ σ / n ≤ 1.96 ) = P ( X ̄ − 1.96 σ n ≤ μ ≤ X ̄ + 1.96 σ n ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) 0.95& = 1 - \\ alpha = P ( - z \\ leq Z \\ leq z ) = P \\ left ( - 1.96 \\ leq ( \\ frac ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - \\ mu ) ( \\ sigma / ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) \\ leq 1.96 \\ right ) \\ \\ ( 6pt ) & = P \\ left ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - 1.96 ( \\ frac ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) \\ leq \\ mu \\ leq ( \\ bar ( X ) ) + 1.96 ( \\ frac ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) \\ right ). \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) In other words, the lower endpoint of the 95 % confidence interval is : Lower endpoint = X ̄ − 1.96 σ n, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( Lower endpoint ) ) = ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - 1.96 ( \\ frac ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ), ) and the upper endpoint of the 95 % confidence interval is : Upper endpoint = X ̄ + 1.96 σ n. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( Upper endpoint ) ) = ( \\ bar ( X ) ) + 1.96 ( \\ frac ( \\ sigma ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ). ) With the values in this example, the confidence interval is : 0.95 = Pr ( X ̄ − 1.96 × 0.5 ≤ μ ≤ X ̄ + 1.96 × 0.5 ) = Pr ( X ̄ − 0.98 ≤ μ ≤ X ̄ + 0.98 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) 0.95& = \\ Pr ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - 1.96 \\ times 0.5 \\ leq \\ mu \\ leq ( \\ bar ( X ) ) + 1.96 \\ times 0.5 ) \\ \\ ( 6pt ) & = \\ Pr ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - 0.98 \\ leq \\ mu \\ leq ( \\ bar ( X ) ) + 0.98 ). \\ end ( aligned ) ) ) As the standard deviation of the population σ is known in this case, the distribution of the sample mean X ̄ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( X ) ) ) is a normal distribution with μ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mu ) the only unknown parameter. In the theoretical example below, the parameter σ is also unknown, which calls for using the Student 's t - distribution. Interpretation ( edit ) This might be interpreted as : with probability 0.95 we will find a confidence interval in which the value of parameter μ will be between the stochastic endpoints X ̄ − 0. 98 ( \\ displaystyle \\! ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - 0 (. ) 98 ) and X ̄ + 0.98. ( \\ displaystyle \\! ( \\ bar ( X ) ) + 0.98. ) This does not mean there is 0.95 probability that the value of parameter μ is in the interval obtained by using the currently computed value of the sample mean, ( x ̄ − 0.98, x ̄ + 0.98 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( ( \\ bar ( x ) ) - 0.98, \\, ( \\ bar ( x ) ) + 0.98 ). ) Instead, every time the measurements are repeated, there will be another value for the mean X of the sample. In 95 % of the cases μ will be between the endpoints calculated from this mean, but in 5 % of the cases it will not be. The actual confidence interval is calculated by entering the measured masses in the formula. Our 0.95 confidence interval becomes : ( x ̄ − 0.98 ; x ̄ + 0.98 ) = ( 250.2 − 0.98 ; 250.2 + 0.98 ) = ( 249.22 ; 251.18 ). ( \\ displaystyle ( ( \\ bar ( x ) ) - 0.98 ; ( \\ bar ( x ) ) + 0.98 ) = ( 250.2 - 0.98 ; 250.2 + 0.98 ) = ( 249.22 ; 251.18 ). \\, ) The blue vertical line segments represent 50 realizations of a confidence interval for the population mean μ, represented as a red horizontal dashed line ; note that some confidence intervals do not contain the population mean, as expected. In other words, the 95 % confidence interval is between the lower endpoint 249.22 g and the upper endpoint 251.18 g. As the desired value 250 of μ is within the resulted confidence interval, there is no reason to believe the machine is wrongly calibrated. The calculated interval has fixed endpoints, where μ might be in between ( or not ). Thus this event has probability either 0 or 1. One can not say : `` with probability ( 1 − α ) the parameter μ lies in the confidence interval. '' One only knows that by repetition in 100 ( 1 − α ) % of the cases, μ will be in the calculated interval. In 100α % of the cases however it does not. And unfortunately one does not know in which of the cases this happens. That is ( instead of using the term `` probability '' ) why one can say : `` with confidence level 100 ( 1 − α ) %, μ lies in the confidence interval. '' The maximum error is calculated to be 0.98 since it is the difference between the value that we are confident of with upper or lower endpoint. The figure on the right shows 50 realizations of a confidence interval for a given population mean μ. If we randomly choose one realization, the probability is 95 % we end up having chosen an interval that contains the parameter ; however, we may be unlucky and have picked the wrong one. We will never know ; we are stuck with our interval. Theoretical example ( edit ) Suppose ( X,..., X ) is an independent sample from a normally distributed population with unknown ( parameters ) mean μ and variance σ. Let X ̄ = ( X 1 + ⋯ + X n ) / n, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( X ) ) = ( X_ ( 1 ) + \\ cdots + X_ ( n ) ) / n \\,, ) S 2 = 1 n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( X i − X ̄ ) 2. ( \\ displaystyle S ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( n - 1 ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( X_ ( i ) - ( \\ bar ( X ) ) \\, ) ^ ( 2 ). ) Where X is the sample mean, and S is the sample variance. Then T = X ̄ − μ S / n ( \\ displaystyle T = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - \\ mu ) ( S / ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) ) ) has a Student 's t - distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom. Note that the distribution of T does not depend on the values of the unobservable parameters μ and σ ; i.e., it is a pivotal quantity. Suppose we wanted to calculate a 95 % confidence interval for μ. Then, denoting c as the 97.5 th percentile of this distribution, Pr ( − c ≤ T ≤ c ) = 0.95 ( \\ displaystyle \\ Pr ( - c \\ leq T \\ leq c ) = 0.95 \\, ) ( `` 97.5 th '' and `` 0.95 '' are correct in the preceding expressions. There is a 2.5 % chance that T will be less than − c and a 2.5 % chance that it will be larger than + c. Thus, the probability that T will be between − c and + c is 95 %. ) Consequently, Pr ( X ̄ − c S n ≤ μ ≤ X ̄ + c S n ) = 0.95 ( \\ displaystyle \\ Pr \\ left ( ( \\ bar ( X ) ) - ( \\ frac ( cS ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) \\ leq \\ mu \\ leq ( \\ bar ( X ) ) + ( \\ frac ( cS ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) \\ right ) = 0.95 \\, ) and we have a theoretical ( stochastic ) 95 % confidence interval for μ. After observing the sample we find values x for X and s for S, from which we compute the confidence interval ( x ̄ − c s n, x ̄ + c s n ), ( \\ displaystyle \\ left ( ( \\ bar ( x ) ) - ( \\ frac ( cs ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ), ( \\ bar ( x ) ) + ( \\ frac ( cs ) ( \\ sqrt ( n ) ) ) \\ right ), \\, ) an interval with fixed numbers as endpoints, of which we can no longer say there is a certain probability it contains the parameter μ ; either μ is in this interval or is n't. Alternatives and critiques ( edit ) Main article : Interval estimation Confidence intervals are one method of interval estimation, and the most widely used in frequentist statistics. An analogous concept in Bayesian statistics is credible intervals, while an alternative frequentist method is that of prediction intervals which, rather than estimating parameters, estimate the outcome of future samples. For other approaches to expressing uncertainty using intervals, see interval estimation. Comparison to prediction intervals ( edit ) Main article : Prediction interval A prediction interval for a random variable is defined similarly to a confidence interval for a statistical parameter. Consider an additional random variable Y which may or may not be statistically dependent on the random sample X. Then ( u ( X ), v ( X ) ) provides a prediction interval for the as - yet - to - be observed value y of Y if Pr θ, φ ( u ( X ) < Y < v ( X ) ) = γ for all ( θ, φ ). ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ Pr ) _ ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ) ( u ( X ) < Y < v ( X ) ) = \\ gamma ( \\ text ( for all ) ) ( \\ theta, \\ varphi ). \\, ) Here Pr indicates the joint probability distribution of the random variables ( X, Y ), where this distribution depends on the statistical parameters ( θ, φ ). Comparison to tolerance intervals ( edit ) Main article : Tolerance interval This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( September 2014 ) Comparison to Bayesian interval estimates ( edit ) See also : Credible interval § Confidence interval A Bayesian interval estimate is called a credible interval. Using much of the same notation as above, the definition of a credible interval for the unknown true value of θ is, for a given γ, Pr ( u ( x ) < Θ < v ( x ) ∣ X = x ) = γ. ( \\ displaystyle \\ Pr ( u ( x ) < \\ Theta < v ( x ) \\ mid X = x ) = \\ gamma. \\, ) Here Θ is used to emphasize that the unknown value of θ is being treated as a random variable. The definitions of the two types of intervals may be compared as follows. The definition of a confidence interval involves probabilities calculated from the distribution of X for a given ( θ, φ ) ( or conditional on these values ) and the condition needs to hold for all values of ( θ, φ ). The definition of a credible interval involves probabilities calculated from the distribution of Θ conditional on the observed values of X = x and marginalised ( or averaged ) over the values of Φ, where this last quantity is the random variable corresponding to the uncertainty about the nuisance parameters in φ. Note that the treatment of the nuisance parameters above is often omitted from discussions comparing confidence and credible intervals but it is markedly different between the two cases. In some simple standard cases, the intervals produced as confidence and credible intervals from the same data set can be identical. They are very different if informative prior information is included in the Bayesian analysis, and may be very different for some parts of the space of possible data even if the Bayesian prior is relatively uninformative. There is disagreement about which of these methods produces the most useful results : the mathematics of the computations are rarely in question -- confidence intervals being based on sampling distributions, credible intervals being based on Bayes ' theorem -- but the application of these methods, the utility and interpretation of the produced statistics, is debated. Confidence intervals for proportions and related quantities ( edit ) See also : Margin of error and Binomial proportion confidence interval An approximate confidence interval for a population mean can be constructed for random variables that are not normally distributed in the population, relying on the central limit theorem, if the sample sizes and counts are big enough. The formulae are identical to the case above ( where the sample mean is actually normally distributed about the population mean ). The approximation will be quite good with only a few dozen observations in the sample if the probability distribution of the random variable is not too different from the normal distribution ( e.g. its cumulative distribution function does not have any discontinuities and its skewness is moderate ). One type of sample mean is the mean of an indicator variable, which takes on the value 1 for true and the value 0 for false. The mean of such a variable is equal to the proportion that has the variable equal to one ( both in the population and in any sample ). This is a useful property of indicator variables, especially for hypothesis testing. To apply the central limit theorem, one must use a large enough sample. A rough rule of thumb is that one should see at least 5 cases in which the indicator is 1 and at least 5 in which it is 0. Confidence intervals constructed using the above formulae may include negative numbers or numbers greater than 1, but proportions obviously can not be negative or exceed 1. Additionally, sample proportions can only take on a finite number of values, so the central limit theorem and the normal distribution are not the best tools for building a confidence interval. See `` Binomial proportion confidence interval '' for better methods which are specific to this case. Counterexamples ( edit ) Since confidence interval theory was proposed, a number of counter-examples to the theory have been developed to show how the interpretation of confidence intervals can be problematic, at least if one interprets them naïvely. Confidence procedure for uniform Location ( edit ) Welch presented an example which clearly shows the difference between the theory of confidence intervals and other theories of interval estimation ( including Fisher 's fiducial intervals and objective Bayesian intervals ). Robinson called this example `` ( p ) ossibly the best known counterexample for Neyman 's version of confidence interval theory. '' To Welch, it showed the superiority of confidence interval theory ; to critics of the theory, it shows a deficiency. Here we present a simplified version. Suppose that X 1, X 2 ( \\ displaystyle X_ ( 1 ), X_ ( 2 ) ) are independent observations from a Uniform ( θ − 1 / 2, θ + 1 / 2 ) distribution. Then the optimal 50 % confidence procedure is X ̄ ± ( X 1 − X 2 2 if X 1 − X 2 < 1 / 2 1 − X 1 − X 2 2 if X 1 − X 2 ≥ 1 / 2. ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( X ) ) \\ pm ( \\ begin ( cases ) ( \\ dfrac ( X_ ( 1 ) - X_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) & ( \\ text ( if ) ) X_ ( 1 ) - X_ ( 2 ) < 1 / 2 \\ \\ ( 8pt ) ( \\ dfrac ( 1 - X_ ( 1 ) - X_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) & ( \\ text ( if ) ) X_ ( 1 ) - X_ ( 2 ) \\ geq 1 / 2. \\ end ( cases ) ) ) A fiducial or objective Bayesian argument can be used to derive the interval estimate X ̄ ± 1 − X 1 − X 2 4, ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ bar ( X ) ) \\ pm ( \\ frac ( 1 - X_ ( 1 ) - X_ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ), ) which is also a 50 % confidence procedure. Welch showed that the first confidence procedure dominates the second, according to desiderata from confidence interval theory ; for every θ 1 ≠ θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta _ ( 1 ) \\ neq \\ theta ), the probability that the first procedure contains θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) is less than or equal to the probability that the second procedure contains θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ). The average width of the intervals from the first procedure is less than that of the second. Hence, the first procedure is preferred under classical confidence interval theory. However, when X 1 − X 2 ≥ 1 / 2 ( \\ displaystyle X_ ( 1 ) - X_ ( 2 ) \\ geq 1 / 2 ), intervals from the first procedure are guaranteed to contain the true value θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta ) : Therefore, the nominal 50 % confidence coefficient is unrelated to the uncertainty we should have that a specific interval contains the true value. The second procedure does not have this property. Moreover, when the first procedure generates a very short interval, this indicates that X 1, X 2 ( \\ displaystyle X_ ( 1 ), X_ ( 2 ) ) are very close together and hence only offer the information in a single data point. Yet the first interval will exclude almost all reasonable values of the parameter due to its short width. The second procedure does not have this property. The two counter-intuitive properties of the first procedure -- 100 % coverage when X 1, X 2 ( \\ displaystyle X_ ( 1 ), X_ ( 2 ) ) are far apart and almost 0 % coverage when X 1, X 2 ( \\ displaystyle X_ ( 1 ), X_ ( 2 ) ) are close together -- balance out to yield 50 % coverage on average. However, despite the first procedure being optimal, its intervals offer neither an assessment of the precision of the estimate nor an assessment of the uncertainty one should have that the interval contains the true value. This counter-example is used to argue against naïve interpretations of confidence intervals. If a confidence procedure is asserted to have properties beyond that of the nominal coverage ( such as relation to precision, or a relationship with Bayesian inference ), those properties must be proved ; they do not follow from the fact that a procedure is a confidence procedure. Confidence procedure for ω ( edit ) Steiger suggested a number of confidence procedures for common effect size measures in ANOVA. Morey et al. point out that several of these confidence procedures, including the one for ω, have the property that as the F statistic becomes increasingly small -- indicating misfit with all possible values of ω -- the confidence interval shrinks and can even contain only the single value ω = 0 ; that is, the CI is infinitesimally narrow ( this occurs when p ≥ 1 − α / 2 ( \\ displaystyle p \\ geq 1 - \\ alpha / 2 ) for a 100 ( 1 − α ) % ( \\ displaystyle 100 ( 1 - \\ alpha ) \\ % ) CI ). This behavior is consistent with the relationship between the confidence procedure and significance testing : as F becomes so small that the group means are much closer together than we would expect by chance, a significance test might indicate rejection for most or all values of ω. Hence the interval will be very narrow or even empty ( or, by a convention suggested by Steiger, containing only 0 ). However, this does not indicate that the estimate of ω is very precise. In a sense, it indicates the opposite : that the trustworthiness of the results themselves may be in doubt. This is contrary to the common interpretation of confidence intervals that they reveal the precision of the estimate. See also ( edit ) Cumulative distribution function - based nonparametric confidence interval CLs upper limits ( particle physics ) Confidence distribution Credence ( statistics ) Error bar Estimation statistics p - value Robust confidence intervals Confidence region Credible interval Confidence interval for specific distributions ( edit ) Confidence interval for binomial distribution Confidence interval for exponent of the power law distribution Confidence interval for mean of the exponential distribution Confidence interval for mean of the Poisson distribution Confidence intervals for mean and variance of the normal distribution References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cox D.R., Hinkley D.V. ( 1974 ) Theoretical Statistics, Chapman & Hall, p49, p209 Jump up ^ Kendall, M.G. and Stuart, D.G. ( 1973 ) The Advanced Theory of Statistics. Vol 2 : Inference and Relationship, Griffin, London. Section 20.4 ^ Jump up to : Neyman, J. ( 1937 ). `` Outline of a Theory of Statistical Estimation Based on the Classical Theory of Probability ''. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 236 : 333 -- 380. Bibcode : 1937RSPTA. 236... 333N. doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1937.0005. Jump up ^ Zar, J.H. ( 1984 ) Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice - Hall International, New Jersey, pp 43 -- 45. Jump up ^ Cox D.R., Hinkley D.V. ( 1974 ) Theoretical Statistics, Chapman & Hall, p214, 225, 233 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hoekstra, R., R.D. Morey, J.N. Rouder, and E-J. Wagenmakers, 2014. Robust misinterpretation of confidence intervals. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, in press. ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Scientists ' grasp of confidence intervals does n't inspire confidence, Science News, July 3, 2014 ^ Jump up to : Morey, R.D. ; Hoekstra, R. ; Rouder, J.N. ; Lee, M.D. ; Wagenmakers, E. - J. ( 2016 ). `` The Fallacy of Placing Confidence in Confidence Intervals ''. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 23 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 123. doi : 10.3758 / s13423 - 015 - 0947 - 8. Jump up ^ `` 1.3. 5.2. Confidence Limits for the Mean ''. nist.gov. Jump up ^ Mayo, D.G. ( 1981 ) `` In defence of the Neyman - Pearson theory of confidence intervals '', Philosophy of Science, 48 ( 2 ), 269 -- 280. JSTOR 187185 Jump up ^ T. Seidenfeld, Philosophical Problems of Statistical Inference : Learning from R.A. Fisher, Springer - Verlag, 1979 Jump up ^ `` Statistical significance defined using the five sigma standard ''. ^ Jump up to : Cox D.R., Hinkley D.V. ( 1974 ) Theoretical Statistics, Chapman & Hall, Section 7.2 ( iii ) Jump up ^ Pav Kalinowski, `` Understanding Confidence Intervals ( CIs ) and Effect Size Estimation '', Observer Vol. 23, No. 4 April 2010. Jump up ^ Andrea Knezevic, `` Overlapping Confidence Intervals and Statistical Significance '', StatNews # 73 : Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, October 2008. Jump up ^ Goldstein, H. ; Healey, M.J.R. ( 1995 ). `` The graphical presentation of a collection of means ''. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 158 : 175 -- 77. doi : 10.2307 / 2983411. JSTOR 2983411. Jump up ^ Wolfe R, Hanley J ( Jan 2002 ). `` If we 're so different, why do we keep overlapping? When 1 plus 1 does n't make 2 ''. CMAJ. 166 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 6. PMC 99228. PMID 11800251. Jump up ^ Daniel Smith, `` Overlapping confidence intervals are not a statistical test '', California Dept of Health Services, 26th Annual Institute on Research and Statistics, Sacramento, CA, March, 2005. Jump up ^ p. 65 in W. Härdle, M. Müller, S. Sperlich, A. Werwatz ( 2004 ), Nonparametric and Semiparametric Models, Springer, ISBN 3 - 540 - 20722 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Checking Out Statistical Confidence Interval Critical Values -- For Dummies ''. www.dummies.com. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Confidence Intervals ''. www.stat.yale.edu. Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11. Jump up ^ George G. Roussas ( 1997 ) A Course in Mathematical Statistics, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, p397 Jump up ^ Abramovich, Felix, and Ya'acov Ritov. Statistical Theory : A Concise Introduction. CRC Press, 2013. Pages 121 -- 122 Jump up ^ Rees. D.G. ( 2001 ) Essential Statistics, 4th Edition, Chapman and Hall / CRC. ISBN 1 - 58488 - 007 - 4 ( Section 9.5 ) Jump up ^ Bernardo JE, Smith, Adrian ( 2000 ). Bayesian theory. New York : Wiley. p. 259. ISBN 0 - 471 - 49464 - X. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Welch, B.L. ( 1939 ). `` On Confidence Limits and Sufficiency, with Particular Reference to Parameters of Location ''. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. Institute of Mathematical Statistics. 10 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 69. doi : 10.1214 / aoms / 1177732246. JSTOR 2235987. Jump up ^ Robinson, G.K. ( 1975 ). `` Some Counterexamples to the Theory of Confidence Intervals ''. Biometrika. Oxford University Press. 62 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 161. doi : 10.2307 / 2334498. JSTOR 2334498. Jump up ^ Pratt, J.W. ( 1961 ). `` Book Review : Testing Statistical Hypotheses. by E.L. Lehmann ''. Journal of the American Statistical Association. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 56 ( 293 ) : 163 -- 167. doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.1961. 10482103. JSTOR 2282344. Jump up ^ Steiger, J.H. ( 2004 ). `` Beyond the F test : Effect size confidence intervals and tests of close fit in the analysis of variance and contrast analysis ''. Psychological Methods. American Psychological Association. 9 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 182. doi : 10.1037 / 1082 - 989x. 9.2. 164. Bibliography ( edit ) Fisher, R.A. ( 1956 ) Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. ( See p. 32. ) Freund, J.E. ( 1962 ) Mathematical Statistics Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. ( See pp. 227 -- 228. ) Hacking, I. ( 1965 ) Logic of Statistical Inference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0 - 521 - 05165 - 7 Keeping, E.S. ( 1962 ) Introduction to Statistical Inference. D. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ. Kiefer, J. ( 1977 ). `` Conditional Confidence Statements and Confidence Estimators ( with discussion ) ''. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 72 ( 360a ) : 789 -- 827. doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.1977. 10479956. JSTOR 2286460. Mayo, D.G. ( 1981 ) `` In defence of the Neyman - Pearson theory of confidence intervals '', Philosophy of Science, 48 ( 2 ), 269 -- 280. JSTOR 187185 Neyman, J. ( 1937 ) `` Outline of a Theory of Statistical Estimation Based on the Classical Theory of Probability '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 236, 333 -- 380. ( Seminal work. ) Robinson, G.K. ( 1975 ). `` Some Counterexamples to the Theory of Confidence Intervals ''. Biometrika. 62 : 155 -- 161. doi : 10.1093 / biomet / 62.1. 155. JSTOR 2334498. Savage, L.J. ( 1962 ), The Foundations of Statistical Inference. Methuen, London. Smithson, M. ( 2003 ) Confidence intervals. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences Series, No. 140. Belmont, CA : SAGE Publications. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2499 - 9. Mehta, S. ( 2014 ) Statistics Topics ISBN 978 - 1 - 4992 - 7353 - 3 Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ), `` Confidence estimation '', Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Morey, R.D. ; Hoekstra, R. ; Rouder, J.N. ; Lee, M.D. ; Wagenmakers, E. - J. ( 2016 ). `` The fallacy of placing confidence in confidence intervals ''. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 23 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 123. doi : 10.3758 / s13423 - 015 - 0947 - 8. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Confidence interval. The Exploratory Software for Confidence Intervals tutorial programs that run under Excel Confidence interval calculators for R - Squares, Regression Coefficients, and Regression Intercepts Weisstein, Eric W. `` Confidence Interval ''. MathWorld. CAUSEweb.org Many resources for teaching statistics including Confidence Intervals. An interactive introduction to Confidence Intervals Confidence Intervals : Confidence Level, Sample Size, and Margin of Error by Eric Schulz, the Wolfram Demonstrations Project. Confidence Intervals in Public Health. Straightforward description with examples and what to do about small sample sizes or rates near 0. 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{ "text": "Fred the Baker - Wikipedia Fred the Baker This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. ( July 2012 ) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fred the Baker was a popular advertising character portrayed by actor Michael Vale in commercials for Dunkin ' Donuts from 1981 to 1997. Campaign ( edit ) Fred was best known for his catchphrase `` Time to make the donuts! '', and the commercial that introduced the phrase ( which showed Fred rising well before dawn to begin making the donuts ) was named one of the five best commercials of the 1980s by the Television Bureau of Advertising. Fred later appeared in commercials for other products promoted by the chain, such as Dunkin Donuts Cereal, as well as new introductions such as muffins or products such as coffee, which followed the same idea : Fred getting up early to have the product freshly made every business day, then cheerfully greeting customers with fresh products. Sometimes commercials would not be about Fred 's work, but rather showing the inferiority of supermarket bakeries or showing Fred waiting on modish 1980s customers while going into a black & white kitchen full of 1940s employees working to swing music, denoting quality has not changed throughout the years. Fred the Baker was so popular with consumers that when Dunkin ' Donuts decided to retire the character, the chain surveyed customers to determine the reaction to the move. Customers said Fred could leave if he were treated like an honored friend and employee. So the company created an official `` retirement '' celebration for him, including a parade in the city of Boston and a `` free donut '' day that served over 6 million customers on September 22, 1997. After the death of Michael Vale in December 2005, Dunkin ' Donuts ran a commercial celebrating Fred, including an `` In Memory Of ''. References ( edit ) Today, the words `` Time to make the donuts '' are printed on the side of Dunkin ' Donuts boxes in memory of Michael Vale / Fred the Baker. Bibliography ( edit ) Michael Vale : The inside story of Fred the baker This advertising - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. This article about a fictional character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_the_Baker&oldid=801464923 '' Categories : Fast food advertising characters Fictional bakers Advertising stubs Fictional character stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking sources from November 2013 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017, at 20 : 45. About Wikipedia", "title": "Fred the Baker", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Fred_the_Baker&amp;oldid=801464923" }

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{ "text": "The Motels - wikipedia The Motels The Motels The Motels performing live in 2011 Background information Origin Berkeley, California, United States Genres New wave, alternative rock Years active 1975 -- 77, 1978 -- 87, 1998 -- present Labels Capitol, EMI Associated acts Berlin, The Pop, The Dogs Website Official website Members Martha Davis Nick Johns Clint Walsh Brady Wills Eric Gardner Marty Jourard Past members Dean Chamberlain Chuck Wada Lisa Brenneis Richard D'Andrea Robert Newman Michael Goodroe Brian Glascock Jeff Jourard Tim McGovern Guy Perry Scott Thurston David Platshon Jason Loree Erik Lemaire Adrian Burke David Van Pattoen Mic Taras Angelo Barbera Kevin Bowen Michael Barbera Nick LeMieux Fritz Lewak David Sutton Eric Gardner Jon Siebels Felix Mercer Matthew Brown Matthew Morgan Matt Miller Tig Moore Johnny Marr The Motels are an American new wave band from Berkeley, California that is best known for the singles `` Only the Lonely '' and `` Suddenly Last Summer '' -- - each of which peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, in 1982 and 1983, respectively. In 1980, The Motels song `` Total Control '' reached No. 7 on the Australian chart ( for two weeks ), and their song `` Danger '' reached No. 15 on the French chart. Martha Davis, the lead singer, reformed a version of the band called `` The Motels featuring Martha Davis '' in 1998 and toured under that name with various line - ups of musicians. In 2013, the band was rebranded with a permanent name, Martha Davis and The Motels. That band is touring the world with a line - up of musicians that have been playing with Davis for over 10 years, longer than the original Motels. Contents 1 History 1.1 First incarnation 1.2 Second incarnation 1.3 Martha Davis solo 1.4 Third incarnation : The Motels featuring Martha Davis 1.5 Current incarnation : The Motels 2 Awards 3 Discography 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) First incarnation ( edit ) The first incarnation of The Motels formed in Berkeley, California in 1971. Lisa Brenneis ( bass ) persuaded Dean Chamberlain ( lead guitar ), Chuck Wada ( rhythm guitar ) and Martha Davis ( vocals, guitar ) into forming a band ( then called The Warfield Foxes ). Hoping for better exposure and seeking a recording contract, the Warfield Foxes moved to Los Angeles in 1975. While in Los Angeles, Lisa Brenneis left and the band first changed its name to `` Angels of Mercy '', then to `` The Motels ''. Both Davis and Wada contributed original songs to the band 's repertoire. Around this time, bass guitarist Richard D'Andrea and drummer Robert Newman joined The Motels. The Motels and two other local bands, The Pop and The Dogs, participated in a self - produced show titled Radio Free Hollywood at Troupers Hall, a performance space at a home for retired actors. Before this show, few if any unsigned bands played local high - profile clubs like the Whisky a Go Go and The Roxy Theatre. The Motels then appeared on Rodney Bingenheimer 's popular radio show on KROQ. The Motels recorded a demo for Warner Bros. Records, but the record label turned it down. Capitol Records offered the band a recording contract. At this point, The Motels rejected the Capitol offer and disbanded, citing musical differences among the band members. One song from their Warner Bros. demo, `` Counting '', was included on the Rhino Records compilation Saturday Night Pogo, released in 1978. Another demo from this line - up, `` Every Day Star '', was released on their compilation CD Anthologyland. Chamberlain created the band `` Code Blue '', which signed a contract with Warner Bros. Records. D'Andrea joined The Pits and later The Know. Newman became an art director and designer and Wada a financial advisor. Brenneis wrote a series of books on Final Cut Pro editing software. Second incarnation ( edit ) In March 1978, Davis and lead guitarist Jeff Jourard ( formerly of a pre-fame version of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ) decided to reform The Motels. Extensive auditions resulted in a new line - up of the band being formed, consisting of Jourard 's brother Marty, who played both the saxophone and keyboards, Michael Goodroe on bass, and Brian Glascock on drums. Short on funds, The Motels shared rehearsal space with The Go - Go 's at The Masque in Hollywood. They played in Chinatown, Los Angeles, at Madame Wong 's restaurant / nightclub with such regularity that some considered them to be the de facto house band. The Motels began to draw crowds and in May 1979 the band signed a contract with Capitol Records. Four months later, Capitol released The Motels ' debut album The Motels. Their first single, `` Closets and Bullets '', made no impact on the charts, but their second single release, `` Total Control '', reached the Top 20 in France and the Top 10 in Australia. In 1980, Jourard was replaced as lead guitarist on The Motels by Davis ' boyfriend Tim McGovern and the band went back into the recording studio to record their second album, Careful. Released in June 1980, the album climbed to the No. 45 spot on the Billboard 200 chart in the U.S. In Europe and the UK, the singles `` Days Are OK '' and `` Whose Problem? '' became Top 50 hits ; `` Whose Problem? '' was also a top hit in Australia and `` Danger '' was a Top 20 hit in France. The Motels hired record producer Val Garay for their third album, Apocalypso. The album was scheduled for release in November 1981. However, Capitol Records rejected the album, claiming that it was `` not commercial enough '' and `` too weird ''. The Motels attempted to re-record the rejected album Apocalypso. During this process, Davis and McGovern 's relationship dissolved and by December 1981 McGovern had left The Motels ( McGovern subsequently formed the band Burning Sensations ). With extensive use of studio musicians, the band re-recorded Apocalypso. Craig Krampf, according to Garay, played all the drums on the record ; Waddy Wachtel was featured on guitar, while bass duties were split among two studio players. Adrian Peritore ( also known as Guy Perry ) was hired in late January 1982 and played lead guitar on some of the tracks, including `` He Hit Me ''. Capitol released the album on April 5, 1982 under the new title All Four One. All Four One ( 1982 ) was the band 's best - selling album. The first single from All Four One was `` Only the Lonely '', which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 6 on the Billboard Top Tracks chart. The song `` Mission of Mercy '' also reached No. 23 on the Top Tracks chart. In addition, two other singles, `` Take the L '' and `` Forever Mine '', also reached the Billboard Hot 100. The release of All Four One coincided with the emergence of MTV on US television. As a result, Capitol created music videos for both `` Only the Lonely '' and `` Take the L ''. In 1982, Davis won a Best Performance in a Music Video award category at the American Music Awards for her performance in the `` Only the Lonely '' video. During 1982, the band added keyboardist / guitarist Scott Thurston, formerly of Iggy and The Stooges, to their touring line - up. Garay was now firmly in control of album and video production for The Motels. After the band fired Fritz Turner Management, Garay also became the band manager. In February 1983, the band returned to the recording studio and released the album Little Robbers later that year. Again, Garay made extensive use of session musicians. For albums, The Motels line - up was Davis and a revolving cast of musicians ; for concerts there was a definitive band that included Thurston on additional keyboards and guitars. `` Suddenly Last Summer '', the first single from the album, hit No. 9 on the Hot 100 in the United States, with the album hitting no. 1 on Billboard 's Album Rock Tracks chart and going gold in the U.S., Canada, and several other countries. In August 1983, at the insistence of Garay, David Platshon was added on drums with Glascock reluctantly moving over to percussion. The first leg of the Little Robbers tour, which included an appearance on Saturday Night Live, started in January 1984 but ended abruptly in February with the firing of Garay as manager for personal reasons. Drummer Platshon was dropped, and Glascock resumed his spot on the drum chair. The band continued performing under new management, and they recorded songs for two film soundtracks : `` Long Day '' was recorded for Moscow on the Hudson and `` In the Jungle '' was recorded for Teachers. By mid-summer, the band was back in the recording studio working on new material. In late 1984, Capitol Records brought in producer Richie Zito in an attempt to maintain the band 's commercialism. After more than a year of recording, the group released their fifth album Shock in September 1985. The first single from the album was `` Shame '', which reached No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 10 on the Top Rock Tracks chart in the U.S. Two other singles were taken from the album : the title - track `` Shock '' and `` Icy Red '', with the former peaking at No. 84 on the Billboard chart. From early 1986 to February 1987, The Motels worked on songs for a planned sixth album. However, on February 13, 1987, Martha Davis took each member of the band in turn to a local bar to notify them that she had decided to dissolve the band and go solo. All of the members of the 1982 -- 1987 line - up of the band reunited in 2004 for an appearance on VH1 's Bands Reunited ; rejoining Davis were Michael Goodroe, Marty Jourard, Brian Glascock and Adrian Peritore ( aka Guy Perry ). On August 9, 2011 the original version of the Motels ' third album, Apocalypso, was released by Omnivore Recordings. Martha Davis solo ( edit ) Davis released her first solo album entitled Policy in November 1987. Musicians who worked with her included Clarence Clemons, Kenny G and Charlie Sexton. In November, she had a No. 8 hit in Australia with `` Do n't Tell Me the Time '', but in the U.S. the song only reached No. 80. `` Just Like You '' reached No. 47 on the Mainstream Rock Chart. The album 's critical reception was lukewarm, with many reviewers praising Davis ' voice but noting that the album sounded lightweight and lacking atmospheric punch. Soon afterwards, Davis asked to be released from her contract with Capitol Records. After leaving Capitol, Davis focused on different music styles and recorded songs for several film soundtracks but it appeared as if her music career was winding down. In the early 1990s she began performing occasional surprise gigs which found her experimenting with new songs that she had written. Martha Davis has released several albums in the new millennium. She released... So the Story Goes in 2004, Beautiful Life in 2008, and in 2011, she released a children 's music album, Red Frog Presents : 16 Songs for Parents and Children. Third incarnation : the Motels featuring Martha Davis ( edit ) Martha Davis and The Motels, singing at Hollywood Park, 2006 In 1997, Martha Davis began appearing live with a band composed of Erik Lemaire ( guitar ), Adrian Burke ( bass ), Jason Loree ( drums ), and David Van Pattoen ( keyboards / guitar ). This group began calling themselves `` Martha Davis Jr. '' and later `` The Motels '' in March 1998. After 1998, the line - up consisted of Mic Taras on lead guitar, Angelo Barbera on bass, Kevin Bowen on keyboards, Michael Barbera on keyboards / saxophone, and Jason Loree on drums. In 1999 Nick LeMieux joined the band on keyboards. The repertoire performed at these gigs consisted almost entirely of new material. In 2001 the band changed to a compact, four piece ensemble with Davis and Taras being accompanied by Fritz Lewak ( drums ) and David Sutton ( bass ). By 2004 the band had performed more than 70 concerts and toured in the U.S. and Australia. As of 2006 the band included Davis on vocal and guitar, Nick Johns ( bass / keyboard ), Eric Gardner ( drums ), Clint Walsh ( guitar ), and Jon Siebels ( guitar ). In 2005 Davis and the new Motels released an independent CD titled So the Story Goes which sold out. Sony Records also released a live album titled Standing Room Only, which was recorded live in 2006 at the famed Coach House Club in San Juan Capistrano. The Motels featuring Martha Davis also appeared on the U.S. version of Hit Me, Baby, One More Time and toured the U.S. and Australia in 2007. Martha Davis performed at Seattle 's Teatro ZinZanni in 2005, for which she collaborated with TZ Maestro Norm Durkee to make the special CD Omnium, which is available only through the Teatro ZinZanni gift shop. In August 2007, she joined other 1970s and 1980s acts for the Australian concert series Countdown Spectacular 2. The album Clean Modern and Reasonable, issued in September 2007, was the first release under the banner `` The Motels '' in 22 years. The album contains acoustic versions of past hits, B - sides and Davis solo material, including new recordings of `` Take The L '', `` Only the Lonely '', and `` Suddenly Last Summer ''. In April 2008 Martha Davis / The Motels released two new albums on the same day ; The Motels ' new studio album This and the Martha Davis solo project Beautiful Life. The solo album was billed as a darkly autobiographical journey through Davis ' life. The Motels 2009 summer tour found Martha Davis once again surrounding herself with all new musicians : Felix Mercer ( keyboards ), Matthew Brown ( bass ), Matthew Morgan ( drums ), and Matt Miller ( guitar ). However, previous members continued to play in the band in a mix - and - match arrangement depending on the venue. At the end of 2009 and the beginning of 2010, Davis made available two direct to download releases, one of which, `` Mr. Grey '', was a single from her forthcoming album, then provisionally known as the Jazz CD. She followed this release with an album of children 's songs titled Red Frog Presents : 16 Songs for Parents and Children which was released on January 20, 2010, while work on her Jazz CD continued. As of late summer 2011, Davis put her jazz album ( rechristened as `` I Have My Standards '' ) on hold, but she still plans to release it down the line. Current incarnation : the Motels ( edit ) At the end of 2012, The Motels opened for The Go - Go 's at the Hollywood Bowl, their first performance at this venue. Reviews were great. On her birthday, January 19, 2013, Martha signed with manager Greg Sims of Vesuvio Entertainment. The Motels began 2013 performances on January 25 at the NAMM convention in their `` Living Legends '' special concert series on the Main Stage. This was the beginning of a new rise in the band 's popularity and success. A coast - to - coast summer tour ensued, performing with acts such as Bow Wow Wow. During the 2013 tour, the band was listed in flyers and websites as `` Martha Davis and the Motels '', with a lineup consisting of Nicholas Johns ( bass / keyboard ), Eric Gardner ( drums ), Clint Walsh ( guitar ) and Brady Wills ( bass ). Subsequently, original Motels sax and keyboard player Marty Jourard rejoined the band for many 2014 dates, including a sellout show at the Whisky a Go Go, which was celebrating its 50th Anniversary. Jourard continues to be a permanent fixture today. The Whiskey a Go Go concert was recorded with Emmy - Award - winning cinematographer Roy H. Wagner and with direction by choreographer Denise Faye, known for her work on `` Chicago '' and `` Burlesque. '' 2014 also included an Australian tour and a summer tour with The Go - Gos dubbed as `` Replay America. '' The years 2015 and 2016 saw many more concerts, which included a `` Lost 80s Live '' tour with bands such as Flock of Seagulls, Berlin, Tommy Tutone, and Wang Chung. Currently, The Motels, under new management, are touring the U.S. playing new material, along with their vast back catalog. The 27 song collection `` If Not Now, Then When '' was released March 10, 2017, consisting of songs recorded between 2002 - 2006. Awards ( edit ) American Music Awards 1982 : Best Performance for `` Only the Lonely '' at the 1982 American Music Awards. Independent Music Awards 2012 : Apocalypso -- Best Re-Issue Album HMMA Nomination Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2018 : `` Punchline '' Alternative www.hmmawards.com Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Motels discography Motels ( 1979 ) Careful ( 1980 ) All Four One ( 1982 ) Little Robbers ( 1983 ) Shock ( 1985 ) This ( 2008 ) Apocalypso ( 2011 ) If Not Now Then When ( 2017 ) The Last Few Beautiful Days ( 2018 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- 1980 ''. Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Jump up to : Davis, Martha. `` Martha Davis Bio '', MarthaDavis.com, official website. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007. Jump up ^ VH1. `` VH1 Biographies ''. Jump up ^ Anthologyland CD, liner notes. EMI Music, 2000, UPC 79005816072 ^ Jump up to : Exclusive Magazine. Interview by Russell Trunk in ' Lonely No More ' article, January 2007 edition. Jump up ^ `` The Mod Pop Punk Archives Archived 2011 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. '', PunkModPop.free.fr. Retrieved 24 April 2007. Jump up ^ Management Consulting Services Company, Woodland Hills, CA. Jump up ^ Krist, John. `` Farming on the Edge : Ventura County Star ''. vcstar.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011. Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times, `` The Motels : Booked Solid '', by Don Snowden. April 29, 1979. ^ Jump up to : Jourard, Marty. `` Marty Jourard Bio '' Jourard.com, official website. Retrieved 24 April 2007. Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times, `` Martha Davis : Rock Singer On The Rise '', by Robert Hilburn, June 17, 1980. Jump up ^ Guest, Thomas J. `` Thirty Years Of Hits ''. 1991. Carter & Ormsby Books Jump up ^ Music Week trade paper. August 1980 Jump up ^ `` Press Release : The Motels Apocalypso ''. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015. ^ Jump up to : No Vacancy. Liner notes from album insert, 1990. ^ Jump up to : Essential Collection. Liner notes from album insert, 2005. UPC 724386370624. Jump up ^ Mars Talent Agency. `` The Motels Biography ''. Retrieved 26 April 2007. Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times, `` Davis, Motels Recharge With Shock '', by Dennis Hunt. October 6, 1985. Jump up ^ VH1 Bands Reunited. `` Bands Reunited Official Website '' Jump up ^ `` Omnivore Recordings - Apocalypso ''. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 30. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 11. Jump up ^ Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed. ). Sydney : Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel. ( 2008 ). Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2006. Record Research Inc. p. 220. ISBN 0 - 89820 - 172 - 1. Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel. ( 2008 ). Joel Whitburn Presents Rock Tracks 1981 - 2008. Record Research Inc. p. 70. Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times, `` Davis Checks Out Of Motels With Policy '', by Connie Johnson. October 18, 1987 ^ Jump up to : Ventura Theatre Guide. June 1998 Jump up ^ `` The death of pop - up 80 's '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 13 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` OC Weekly : No Vacancy ''. Retrieved 13 January 2016. Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Magazine. `` The Motels Return With Their Version 2.0 '' by Blair Fischer. September 2, 1999. Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times. `` Out And About ''. November 15, 2002. Jump up ^ CDBaby. `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Countdown Spectacular 2 Tour. `` countdown.com.au '' Jump up ^ Campbell, Charles ( 26 May 2005 ). `` Vaudeville lives in Seattle ''. The Georgia Straight. Jump up ^ `` The Motels on Facebook '' Jump up ^ Interview of Martha Davis by Punkglobe.com Jump up ^ Release information of Martha Davis ' new single and announcement of children 's album on RevengeOfThe80sRadio.com Jump up ^ `` Totally 80 ′ s! Hollywood Bowl, 9 / 29 / 12 ''. The Los Angeles Beat. September 30, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Barefoot Music News : Martha Davis and the Motels Sign with Vesuvio Artists Management ''. Retrieved February 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` East Valley Tribune : Checking in with The Motels ' Martha Davis ''. East Valley Tribune. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Video : NAMM Live Performance 2013 2013 Martha Davis ' Only The Lonely ' from the Motels ''. Frequency. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Martha Davis and the Motels bring ' 80s sound to bergenPAC ''. NorthJersey.com. June 30, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` m15 flyer ''. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Band ''. The Motels. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Motels Live at the Whisky a go go ''. The Motels. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Scared Stiff Reviews ''. Scared Stiff Reviews. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Toyal Control live in Australia ''. 100percent Rock Magazine. Jump up ^ `` Rock Subculture Journal : Replay America Takes Over in July ''. Rock Subculture. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Rock Subculture Journal : Rewind Fest ' 16 presents `` Lost 80 's Live '' ``. Jump up ^ `` If Not Now Then When ( 2CD ) ''. Porper Music. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Motels - If Not Now Then When ''. Amazon.com. Retrieved May 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ventura County Star : Martha Davis has checked back into The Motels ''. Retrieved September 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 11th Annual Independent Music Awards Winners Announced! ''. Independent Music Awards. May 2, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2013. References ( edit ) `` The Motels Return With Their `` Version 2.0 '' ``. Rolling Stone. September 2, 1999. `` Entertainment Section ''. Orange County Register. July 16, 2005. `` Take The El Out Of Motels And It 's Mots ''. Creem. February 1983. `` The Motels : Martha Davis Feeds Her Family ''. Creem. December 1980. `` The Motels : Booked Solid ''. Los Angeles Times. April 4, 1979. `` No Vacancy ''. Orange County Weekly. October 5, 2000. Further reading ( edit ) Valcourt, Keith ( 2011 ). `` Martha Davis of The Motels : Not Checking Out ''. Rocker Magazine. Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12. External links ( edit ) Official website Biography from the VH1 website The Motels Studio albums Motels Careful All Four One Little Robbers Shock This Apocalypso Live albums Standing Room Only Atomic Cafe : Greatest Songs Live Compilation albums No Vacancy -- The Best of The Motels Anthologyland If Not Now Then When Singles `` Only the Lonely '' `` Suddenly Last Summer '' Related articles Discography John Carter Val Garay Richie Zito Book : The Motels MusicBrainz : c433b570 - 1cb8 - 472a - bed7 - 4e24f94ea665 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Motels&oldid=854101386 '' Categories : American new wave musical groups Musical groups established in 1971 Musical groups from Berkeley, California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018, at 00 : 06 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Motels", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Motels&amp;oldid=854101386" }

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{ "text": "Let Me Be the One ( Five Star song ) - wikipedia Let Me Be the One ( Five Star song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Let Me Be The One '' Single by Five Star from the album Luxury Of Life B - side `` Beat 47 '' Released 8 July 1985 Format 7 '' single, 12 '' single Genre Pop Length 3 : 58 Label RCA, Tent Songwriter ( s ) Ian Foster Producer ( s ) Nick Martinelli Five Star singles chronology `` All Fall Down '' ( 1985 ) `` Let Me Be The One '' ( 1985 ) `` Love Take Over '' ( 1985 ) `` All Fall Down '' ( 1985 ) `` Let Me Be The One '' ( 1985 ) `` Love Take Over '' ( 1985 ) `` Let Me Be The One '' is the name of a 1985 hit single by British pop group Five Star, and was the fourth release from their debut album Luxury Of Life, released in the summer of 1985. `` Let Me Be The One '' was the group 's second UK Top 20 single of the year, reaching # 18. It also reached # 2 on the U.S. R&B Billboard chart. The song was later covered by American singer Mandy Moore in 1999 for her debut album. Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' Single : PB 40193 1. Let Me Be The One ( Edit - 3 : 58 ) 2. Beat 47 12 '' Single : PT40194 1. Let Me Be The One ( Full Album Version - 4 : 41 ) 2. All Fall Down ( M&M Dub Remix ) 3. Beat 47 12 '' Single : PT40194R 1. Let Me Be The One ( Philadelphia Remix ) 6 : 06 * 2. Let Me Be The One ( Long Hot Soulful Summer Mix ) 3. All Fall Down ( M&M Dub Remix ) 4. Beat 47 12 '' Single : PT40194RR 1. Let Me Be The One ( Philadelphia Remix ) 6 : 06 * 2. Let Me Be The One ( Dance Mix By Hard Rock ) * * 3. All Fall Down ( M&M Dub Remix ) 4. Beat 47 U.S. 7 '' Single : PB 14229 ( alternative cover ) 1. Let Me Be The One ( Edit - 3 : 58 ) 2. Let Me Be The One ( Edited Philadelphia Remix - 3 : 59 ) - exclusive to this release U.S. 12 '' Single : PW 14230 ( alternative cover ) 1. Let Me Be The One ( Philadelphia Remix ) 6 : 06 * 2. Let Me Be The One ( LP Version ) 4 : 41 3. Let Me Be The One ( Long Hot Soulful Summer Mix ) 4. Beat 47 * The 6 : 06 Philadelphia Remix of Let me be the one was released on the Rhino CD `` Smooth Grooves - After Hours Cool Down '' in 2002 ( Cat R2 78276 ) and in 2009 on volume 25 of the Dance Classics CD series released by Rodeo Media. Also released as an extra track on the 2010 remastered ' Luxury Of Life ' album. * * The Dance Mix By Hard Rock version of Let Me Be The One was released on the Dome CD `` British R&B Invasion '' Barcode : 5027731719082 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=12653 Five Star Deniece Pearson Doris Pearson Lorraine Pearson Delroy Pearson Stedman Pearson Studio albums Luxury of Life Silk and Steel Between the Lines Rock the World Five Star Shine Heart and Soul Eclipse Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits The Remix Anthology - The Remixes 1984 - 1991 Singles `` Problematic '' `` Hide and Seek '' `` Crazy '' `` All Fall Down '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Love Take Over '' `` R.S.V.P. '' `` System Addict '' `` Ca n't Wait Another Minute '' `` Find the Time '' `` Rain or Shine '' `` If I Say Yes '' `` Stay Out of My Life '' `` The Slightest Touch '' `` Are You Man Enough '' `` Whenever You 're Ready '' `` Strong as Steel '' `` Somewhere Somebody '' `` Another Weekend '' `` Rock My World '' `` Someone 's in Love '' `` There 's a Brand New World '' `` Let Me Be Yours '' `` With Every Heartbeat '' `` Treat Me Like a Lady '' `` Hot Love '' `` Shine '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` I Give You Give '' `` Surely '' `` Funktafied '' `` System Addict 2005 '' Video / DVDs Luxury of Life Silk and Steel Between the Lines ( Live at Wembley ) Greatest Hits Five Star Performance Related articles Buster Pearson Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Be_the_One_(Five_Star_song)&oldid=809363404 '' Categories : Five Star songs 1985 singles Song recordings produced by Nick Martinelli 1985 songs RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Use British English from November 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 17 : 10. About Wikipedia", "title": "Let Me Be the One (Five Star song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Be_the_One_(Five_Star_song)&amp;oldid=809363404" }

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{ "text": "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto, Ontario Hamilton, Ontario Cambridge, Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc. The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale The Handmaid 's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016. The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future, human fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution. With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war. Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read. Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called `` Handmaids '', according to an extremist interpretation of a Biblical account. They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives. Alongside the red - clad Handmaids, much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties. Wives are expected to run their households and wear blue, Marthas are housekeepers and cooks, Aunts train and oversee the Handmaids, Eyes watch over the general populace for signs of rebellion, Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country, and Jezebels are prostitutes. June Osborne, renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ), is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ). She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment. Offred, who is named after her male master like all Handmaids, can remember the `` time before '', when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity, but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter. The Waterfords, key players in the rise of Gilead, have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred, a woman who was captured attempting to flee the country with her husband Luke and daughter Hannah. Due to her fertility she becomes a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife, Serena Joy, and is named `` Offred ''. Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford, a high - ranking government official and June 's master. Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding. He wishes to connect with June outside of what Gilead dictates is lawful between a handmaid and her master, and starts inviting her to nightly games of Scrabble. Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford, Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist who appears to have accepted her new limited role in a society she helped create. She is poised and deeply religious, but capable of great cruelty and is often callous in her treatment of June. She is desperate to become a mother. Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen, June 's shopping partner. Although June is initially wary of her, it is revealed she is not as pious as she seems and the two become friends. She had a wife and son, and was a university lecturer in cellular biology. Being homosexual is punishable by death under Gilead and most university professors are sent to labor camps, but she was spared due to her fertility. She is later captured and punished for her relationship with a Martha, and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven ''. She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday ''. Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren, a handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June, and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment. Initially non-compliant, her right eye is removed as a punishment. She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment, and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways. She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam ; they name her `` Angela '' but Janine insists that her name is `` Charlotte ''. She is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel ''. Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia, a woman in charge of overseeing the handmaids in their education and duty. She is brutal and subjects insubordinate handmaids to harsh physical punishment, but also cares for the handmaids and believes deeply in their mission and the Gilead doctrine. She appears to have a soft spot for Janine, even going so far as to address her by her given name on occasion. O.T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole, June 's husband from before Gilead. As June is his second wife, their union is considered invalid in the new society and Hannah is considered illegitimate. Initially June believes him to have been killed, but it is later revealed that he managed to escape to Canada. Max Minghella as Nick Blaine, Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June. June and Nick develop an intimate relationship, and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye, a spy for Gilead. Samira Wiley as Moira, June 's best friend since college. She is already at the Red Center when June enters handmaid training ; but is able to escape before being assigned to a home. She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '', a Jezebel. She seems to have given up hope of ever being free, but upon meeting June again regains the conviction to attempt another escape. Amanda Brugel as Rita, a Martha at the Waterford home. She once had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was nineteen years old. Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam, Commander Warren Putnam 's wife. She views her baby merely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the handmaids. Kristen Gutoskie as Beth, a Martha at Jezebel 's. She has an arrangement with Nick where she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs, which the Jezebels use. She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye. Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen # 2, who replaces Emily in the position after she 's captured by the Eyes. She follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo, but this is because she believes her life as a handmaid to be better than the difficult, impoverished life she led prior to Gilead, rather than out of religious piety. Nina Kiri as Alma, another handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June, Moira and Janine. She is frank and chatty, often trading gossip and news with June. She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group. Jenessa Grant as Ofsamuel, a local handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature. Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne, June 's daughter. Episodes ( edit ) No. Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A woman flees from a group of men with guns, but she is captured and separated from her young daughter ; her husband has vanished. She is known as Offred, a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford. Offred goes grocery shopping with her companion, Ofglen. On the way home, they pass by a wall of men who have been hanged for crimes such as being gay, working in an abortion clinic, being Jewish, and being Catholic. In a flashback, various women are indoctrinated into the handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia, who tells them about declining birth rates and that they are `` special '', serving a Biblical purpose. Offred enters the room and notices Moira, a woman she knew at college. One woman in the class, Janine, answers Lydia back and is shocked with a cattle prod before having her right eye removed as punishment. In the present, Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred as she lies in the lap of his wife, Serena Joy. The next day, the handmaids gather in an open field where Lydia announces a man has raped a pregnant handmaid. As punishment, the handmaids are allowed to beat him to death. Janine tells Offred that Moira is dead. On the way home, Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son and warns her there is an Eye ( a secret spy ) in her house. Through voiceover, Offred reveals her true name, June, and that she intends to survive to find her daughter. `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other. While they are walking, Offred and Ofglen see St. Paul Catholic Church, the local church they belonged to, being destroyed by the new régime. Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed ; Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information and she reveals that she is part of a resistance against the government. Ofglen asks her to join, but Offred declines. Nick, Commander Waterford 's driver, tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night, which is forbidden. Nick also warns her `` Do n't get too close to ( Ofglen ). It 's dangerous. '' Offred and other handmaids go to a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren 's ( formerly Janine 's ) child, named `` Angela '' by the Puttnams, but `` Charlotte '' by Ofwarren. In flashbacks, June remembers the birth of her own daughter, Hannah. At that time healthy births were already rare, and a woman tried to kidnap Hannah but was arrested. Offred goes to the Commander 's office, unsure of what will happen, but he just wants to play Scrabble. She laughs with relief when she returns to her room. The next day, Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night, but when she goes outside, it 's a different woman who introduces herself as Ofglen. `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26, 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks, the rise of Gilead is detailed. June and all the other women at her office are fired because `` it 's the law now ''. June and Moira also learn that the government has frozen all women 's bank accounts and that they can no longer own property. In the present, Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby. Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional and comments on her behaviour to Serena. Nick drives Offred home and there is a black van waiting. Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen. Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible ; for this, Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod. Before she can leave the room, Offred responds by quoting the Bible back : `` Blessed are those who suffer for the cause of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven. '' That would have earned her a much more serious beating but Serena intervenes, yelling at them to stop as she believes that Offred is pregnant. Nick visits Offred in her room to check on her and they share an intimate moment. Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant so Serena angrily drags her to her room and loudly orders her not to come out. In a flashback, June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws that is suppressed by automatic gunfire and explosives. In the present, Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '', with Ofglen receiving a lesser sentence because she can still bear children. The Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches, sobbing and horrified. Later, Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name, Emily ) wakes up in a clinic, having undergone female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia. She then screams out of grief and anger. `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Offred, who is banished to her room, goes into the closet where she finds the Latin phrase Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum scratched into the wall. Rita, the Commander 's housekeeper, finds Offred lying in the closet but Offred tells her that she fainted. Believing she is ill, Serena has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up. While examining Offred, the physician remarks that the Commander is sterile, because `` most of those guys are ''. He offers to impregnate her but she declines. In flashbacks, Aunt Lydia teaches the handmaids ( including June and Moira ) about the `` Ceremony '' : when the Commander rapes a handmaid. Later, June lures Aunt Elizabeth into the bathroom saying a toilet has overflowed, and Moira threatens the Aunt with a shiv. June and Moira take her to the basement where Moira takes the Aunt 's outfit and they tie her up. June and Moira begin their escape, hoping to leave via train to Boston, which has safehouses. When Moira is asking one of the guards for directions, June is approached by another guard who is suspicious of her being alone. Moira gets on the train, leaving June behind, but June smiles at her to let her know it 's okay. June is later punished by having her feet whipped. In the present, Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred. Later that night, the Commander and Offred have another game of Scrabble where she asks him about the Latin phrase ; he tells her it means `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down ''. She also inquires about the previous Offred, in which he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable. He makes it known that he does n't want that to happen again and releases Offred from her solitary confinement. 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile. Later that day, Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room where she waits by the door while they have detached, Ceremony - like sex. Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship. At the grocery store, Offred talks to the original Ofglen, now called Ofsteven, but she is not as responsive as she used to be. During a Ceremony night, The Commander touches Offred 's thigh, which she later tells him never to do again. In their ensuing conversation, the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world, they knew that `` better never means better for everyone. '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye. At an open - air market, Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called `` Mayday '' ( from the French, m'aidez meaning ' help me ' ). Ofsteven steals one of the guards ' cars and proceeds to drive away ; in the process, she kills a guard by running him over but she is caught and put into a van. Offred returns to Nick 's place alone later that night and they share an intimate night. 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican delegates visit the Commander 's home in an effort to create partnerships in trade and see the effects of the Gilead cultural movement. The head of the Mexican delegation is a woman who questions Offred about her experience in Gilead. With great self - control, Offred tells them, `` I have found happiness ''. After the meeting, Offred visits the Commander 's office for their usual discussions where some tensions flare up between them. He asks her to kiss him `` like you mean it ''. She kisses the Commander and leaves, ferociously brushing her teeth afterwards. The handmaids are then taken to a party to honour Gilead and show the foreign delegates their success, including presenting the children of Gilead. Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are interested in fertile women as a commodity to be traded between the two nations. The next day, as the delegates are leaving, Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead. She pleads for their help, but the Mexican ambassador claims that she can not help Offred and explains her own country 's dire situation. When Offred is left alone with the ambassador 's assistant, he claims her husband is alive and that he can send a message to him. Flashbacks detail Serena and Fred 's life before and during the beginnings of the Gilead movement. Serena is revealed to have been a conservative cultural activist during the `` life before '', with a passion and intelligence equal to that of her husband 's ( as well as a special fondness for movie popcorn ). She even wrote a book about her beliefs, titled A Woman 's Place, which contained the famous line `` do not mistake a woman 's meekness for weakness ''. However, after the takeover, she is shown to be completely shut out of the new government planning ( to Fred 's dismay ). Rather symbolically, as she prepares to accept her new limited role in the society she helped create, a copy of her book is seen being thrown out in the trash. 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) The episode chronicles the story of Luke after he is separated from his wife and daughter. Luke is shot by Gileadan guards and taken in an ambulance to be interrogated. He escapes when the ambulance gets into an accident and he takes some supplies with him. Evidence of the country 's violent takeover is everywhere. After passing out from his wounds, he is awoken by a resistance group ( viewed as `` undesirables '' by Gilead ) who are traveling to Canada ; these survivors included a Roman Catholic nun, an escaped handmaid, a homosexual man and a daughter of a US army soldier. Initially reluctant, Luke joins them after one of the survivors, Zoe, shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged local townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting. As they are boarding a boat, they are shot at by Gileadan guards, who kill several members of the group. Luke and one of the members, a mute blonde woman who was being trained as a handmaid, survive and flee. Flashbacks prior to Luke, June and their daughter Hannah being separated are detailed. June and Luke get help from Mr. Whitford, a man who knew June 's mother. He drives them safely out of town and drops them off at a secluded cabin in the woods. Luke and June wait as Mr. Whitford gets documentation for them to escape to Canada. They are confronted by a hunter, who tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged. But the man says he can help them get over the border. Three years later, Luke and the mute blonde woman are living safely in `` Little America '', based in Toronto, Ontario. Missing person flyers are posted everywhere in the main administrative office. Luke receives the letter from June, which reads `` I love you so much. Save Hannah. '' 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31, 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night. Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel where prostitutes known as `` Jezebels '' work. Offred spots Moira working in the club and they briefly reunite. Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas. Offred goes to see Moira again, where she explains to Offred about how Quakers tried to help her escape, but were caught. Moira had the choice of either being sent to the colonies or one of the brothels. Moira tells Offred, `` Forget about escaping. This is Gilead. No one gets out. '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive. Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his handmaids. There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred, with Serena pointedly saying to her husband, `` What did you think was going to happen? '' In the present, after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home, he ends his relationship with Offred, which upsets and angers her. Offred receives a gift from Serena, a music box. The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall. 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is presented to Commander Putnam and his wife. Offred is worried about Ofwarren 's mental state but Aunt Lydia informs her that `` she 's tougher than you think ''. Ofwarren, now known as Ofdaniel, is taken to her new home. During her first Ceremony night with her new Commander, Ofdaniel forcefully stops it and sobs. At the market, Alma pulls Offred aside and lets her know that she knows about the resistance group `` Mayday ''. Alma tells her to retrieve a package from Jezebel 's. Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that very night. After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room, he presents Moira as he believes a sexual attraction between the two was the reason Offred wanted to come back. Offred talks to Moira about having her retrieve the package from the bar, but she refuses, which angers Offred. Moira seems to have completely given up. Back at the house, Offred is awoken by Serena, who takes her to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with Charlotte. Various Gileadan guards, the Putnams, Waterfords, and Aunt Lydia are also present. Ofdaniel loudly accuses Commander Putnam of lying to her and accuses him of having promised to leave his wife for her. Offred is able to convince Ofdaniel to give her the child but Ofdaniel jumps, attempting suicide. She is pulled out by the guards and lies comatose in hospital with Aunt Lydia by her side, who calls her `` stupid ''. Commander Putnam is later seen being led into a black van by guards due to the accusations made by Ofdaniel. Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam and offers help with the baby, which she curtly refuses. Mrs. Putnam then reminds Serena of the first Offred, saying that `` men do n't change ''. Serena is seen going into Fred 's office. At the market, Offred is given a package by the butcher, sent by Moira from Jezebels. At the brothel, Moira kills a client and takes his clothes, jubilantly driving off in his car. 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14, 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) This episode begins with a flashback to when June was first captured and sent to the red center, receiving her first indoctrination lesson from Aunt Lydia. Serena discovers the trips to Jezebel 's and strikes Offred in anger before forcing her to take a pregnancy test, which is positive. Serena then directs her anger at her husband, telling him about the pregnancy and that the child is not his. She also says he is weak and that God would never allow him to pass on that weakness. On learning the news, Nick shares a brief, tender moment with Offred. Serena and Offred visit the house that Offred 's daughter, Hannah, now lives ; Offred can see her daughter through a gate. While Serena does not allow Offred to reveal herself to Hannah, she assures her that she is doing fine. Serena also warns Offred that as long as nothing bad happens to her child, nothing bad will happen to Hannah. Offred furiously curses Serena in a breathless rant, only to be told to be quiet ; yelling is not good for the baby. Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial : he himself is all for leniency but is told there have been too many occurrences of this kind of sin recently and an example has to be made. Mrs. Putnam herself has asked that her husband receive the harshest punishment possible, as she fears for his immortal soul. Ultimately, Putnam 's left hand is amputated. In the evening, Offred pleads with Fred to protect her daughter. He asks if he is the father of her child and she says `` of course '', to which he replies `` you do that so well. '' Later, Fred is seen being quite gentle and conciliatory towards Serena. The package from Jezebel 's is revealed to contain letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover. Later, a somewhat emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the handmaids for an execution : they are to stone someone who has endangered a child. The convict turns out to be Janine / Ofdaniel. The handmaids hesitate and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she breaks rank and voices her angry refusal. The other women, beginning with Offred, drop their stones, each saying `` I 'm sorry, Aunt Lydia '' ( a phrase they were taught early in their indoctrination ). The guards are ready to kill them all, but Aunt Lydia frantically tells them that the handmaids are her responsibility. She tells the women to go home, assuring them that there will be consequences. Not long after, a black van comes for Offred, much to Fred and Serena 's surprise and indignation. Nick quietly urges her to trust him and go with them. As she is being led out, Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters. In a side story, Moira makes it to Canada and is reunited with Luke. Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016, with Elisabeth Moss set to star. Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood, the series was created by Bruce Miller, who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson, Fran Sears, and Warren Littlefield. Atwood serves as consulting producer, giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book. She also co-wrote every episode and also had a small cameo role in the first episode. Moss is also a producer. In June 2016, Reed Morano was announced as director of the series. Samira Wiley, Max Minghella, and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016. Joseph Fiennes, Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016, followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016. In October 2016, Ever Carradine joined the cast, and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017. Filming on the series took place in Toronto, Mississauga, Hamilton, and Cambridge, Ontario, from September 2016 to February 2017. The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23, 2017. The series premiered on April 26, 2017. On May 3, 2017, The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story, filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book. The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017. Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular. Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show, stating `` Well, you know, honestly, when I started, I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like? If you hit a home run, you want energy to go around the bases, you want enough story to keep going, if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale. '' Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis. In Canada, the series is broadcast by Bravo, beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30. In Scandinavia, the series is available on HBO Nordic. In the UK and Ireland, the series premiered on May 28, 2017, and airs every Sunday on Channel 4. In New Zealand, the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8, 2017. In Australia, the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6, 2017. Reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews, indicating `` universal acclaim ''. The season has a 96 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.63 out of 10 based on 92 reviews. The site 's critical consensus is, `` Haunting and vivid, The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss. '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show and certainly its most important ''. Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review, and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian, sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced, brutal, visually stunning, and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale ''. There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension, the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States, respectively. Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano for `` Offred '' Won Kate Dennis for `` The Bridge '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott, Sharon Bialy, Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series, Limited Series, or Movie Ane Crabtree, Sheena Wichary for `` Offred '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff, Evan Webber, Sophie Neudorfer for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor, Stephen Lebed, Leo Bovell, Martin O'Brien, Winston Lee, Kelly Knauff, Zach Dembinski, Mike Suta, Cameron Kerr for `` Birth Day '' Nominated TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ; N'Duka, Amanda ( September 17, 2017 ). `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy For A Streaming Service ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Douthat, Ross ( May 24, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale, ' and Ours ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2017. The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse, caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat, Ross ( May 24, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale, ' and Ours ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Now, in the era of the Trump administration, liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead, where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read, sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites. Jump up ^ Segovia, José de ( June 22, 2017 ). Daniel Wickham, ed. `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead ''. Evangelical Focus. A clear example of Atwood ́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty. Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams, Layton E. ( April 25, 2017 ). `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity, ' The Handmaid 's Tale, ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today ''. Sojourners. Retrieved June 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate ( August 17, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Pacatte, Rose ( May 10, 2017 ). `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression, silent sisterhood ''. National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved June 20, 2017. They walk past a priest, doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge, Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized, being torn down. Jump up ^ Blondiau, Eloise ( April 28, 2017 ). `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' ''. America. Retrieved June 20, 2017. In the screen version, Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's, their local church. Jump up ^ Sabelhaus, Kate Jackson ( May 3, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories ''. Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 20, 2017. On their stroll, they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's, a historic cathedral in Boston. Burned and bombed, it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII. Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism, which took place there years prior, and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City. `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River. They erased it. '' Upon hearing this bit of news, Offred asks, `` How do you know that? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house? '' Jump up ^ Hudson, Laura ( May 24, 2017 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap, Episode 7 : The Other Side ''. Vulture. Retrieved July 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Locke, Charley ( May 25, 2017 ). `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late ''. Wired. Retrieved June 26, 2017. The group has a plan to escape, but Luke wo n't go, refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ), one of the rebels, shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist. Jump up ^ Blunt, Tom ( May 24, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side ''. Signature Reads. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Finally, one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building, driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within. This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call, underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution, it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own. Jump up ^ Truong, Peggy ( April 24, 2017 ). `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show ``. Cosmopolitan. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Following her great escape from Handmaid training, Moira is helped by a Quaker family. ^ Jump up to : Roots, Kimberly ( May 31, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1, Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' ''. TVLine. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Since we last saw the escapee, she made it to Boston, hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country. She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city. `` They shot the guys who helped me, '' Moira sadly tells Offred, adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence, '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels. ^ Jump up to : Petski, Denise ; Andreeva, Nellie ( April 29, 2016 ). `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Dingfelder, Sadie ( April 13, 2017 ). `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2017. Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( September 19, 2017 ). `` The temptations and pitfalls of adapting your own novel for the screen ''. The Economist. Retrieved September 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Atwood, Margaret ( March 10, 2017 ). `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump ''. The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Onstad, Katrina ( April 20, 2017 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV ''. The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Jafaar, Ali ( June 22, 2016 ). `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Roshanian, Arya ( July 25, 2016 ). `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale ''. Variety. Retrieved July 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( July 25, 2016 ). `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( July 15, 2016 ). `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura ( August 23, 2016 ). `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu ''. Variety. Retrieved August 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley ( August 19, 2016 ). `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( August 29, 2016 ). `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( September 7, 2016 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( September 28, 2016 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Pederson, Erik ( October 27, 2016 ). `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( January 5, 2017 ). `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Dowling, Amber ( April 26, 2017 ). `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Bailey, Katie ( June 7, 2016 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto ''. Playback. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) ''. YouTube. May 23, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Petski, Denise ( December 16, 2016 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( May 3, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved May 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie ( May 11, 2017 ). `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars, Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate ( June 22, 2017 ). `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 29, 2017. Jump up ^ Vineyard, Jennifer ( June 18, 2017 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale ''. New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin ( March 23, 2017 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer, Three - Episode Premiere ''. Screen Crush. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Yeo, Debra ( March 27, 2017 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor ''. Toronto Star. Retrieved March 30, 2017. Jump up ^ Ulrich, Lise ( April 28, 2017 ). `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic ''. SoundVenue ( in Danish ). Retrieved May 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Munn, Patrick ( May 16, 2017 ). `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' ''. TVWise. Retrieved May 16, 2017. Jump up ^ Casey, Alex ( June 1, 2017 ). `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox ''. The Spinoff. Retrieved June 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand ''. SBS. June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 ''. Metacritic. Retrieved April 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel ( April 13, 2017 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen ( April 13, 2017 ). `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring ''. Vulture. Retrieved April 14, 2017. Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States, see : Nally, Claire ( May 31, 2017 ). `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact ''. The Independent. Retrieved June 18, 2017. Brooks, Katherine ( May 24, 2017 ). `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved June 18, 2017. Robertson, Adi ( November 9, 2016 ). `` In Trump 's America, The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever ''. The Verge. Retrieved July 29, 2017. Douthat, Ross ( May 24, 2017 ). `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale, ' and Ours ``. The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States, see : Crispin, Jessa ( May 2, 2017 ). `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America? Not so fast ''. The Guardian. Retrieved June 18, 2017. Smith, Kyle ( April 28, 2017 ). `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America ''. New York Post. Retrieved June 18, 2017. Cohen, Ariel ( May 2, 2017 ). `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America ''. The Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees ''. Los Angeles Times. September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan ( August 5, 2017 ). `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale, Atlanta, Big Little Lies, Carrie Coon Among Big Winners ''. TVLine. Retrieved August 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Beachum, Chris ; Montgomery, Daniel ; Dixon, Marcus James ( July 26, 2017 ). `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us, ' ' Veep, ' ' The Leftovers, ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders ''. Goldderby. Retrieved August 27, 2017. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s )", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s", "The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto" ], "id": [ "10314443999692788891" ], "short_answers": [ "Elisabeth Moss", "Joseph Fiennes", "Yvonne Strahovski", "Alexis Bledel", "Madeline Brewer", "Ann Dowd", "O. T. Fagbenle", "Max Minghella", "Samira Wiley" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "History of Las Vegas - wikipedia History of Las Vegas Jump to : navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Las Vegas Valley. Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera, a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles, and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico. At that time, several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas ; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish. The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash, which runs to the Colorado River. Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 1829 -- 1905 : origins 3 1905 -- 1929 : birth, growth and crisis 4 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover Dam and the first casinos 5 1941 -- 1945 war years 6 1946 -- 1955 : postwar boom 6.1 Atomic testing 7 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas 7.1 Howard Hughes 7.2 Hank Greenspun 7.3 Local government 7.4 Desegregation 8 1970 - 1988 : Explosive growth 9 Since 1989 : the megaresort era 9.1 Downturn and recovery 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources Prehistory ( edit ) The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation. The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground, and the marsh receded. The valley then evolved into a parched, arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants. At some point in the valley 's early geologic history, the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River. This created a luxurious plant life, forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape. Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993, when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth. Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago. Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley, beginning over 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists have discovered baskets, petroglyphs, pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations, including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs. Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700, migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley, near Big Springs. 1829 -- 1905 : origins ( edit ) A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles. Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party. By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley, described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California. The travelers named the area `` Las Vegas '' which is Spanish for `` The Meadows ''. John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3, 1844, while it was still part of Mexico. He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists, scouts, and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico. Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs, establishing a clandestine fort there. A war with Mexico did occur, resulting in the region becoming United States territory. The fort was used in later years by travellers, mountain men, hunters, and traders seeking shelter, but was never permanently inhabited. In 1855, William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley. The missionaries built a 150 - square - foot ( 14 m ) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops, a process still used at the park. However, because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community, the summer heat and difficulty growing crops, the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857, abandoning the fort. For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders. Then the U.S. Army, in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864, falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker, briefly recalling the area to national attention. After the end of the war in 1865, Octavius Gass, with a commission from the federal government, re-occupied the fort. The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States, ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment. Consequently, Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area ' Las Vegas Rancho. ' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail. In 1881, because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate, Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property. In 1884, Archibald 's wife, Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster. The property ( increased to 1,800 acres ( 730 ha ) ), stayed with the family ( despite Archibald Stewart 's murder in July 1884 ) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad, then being built across southern Nevada. The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark. Clark enlisted Utah 's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line 's completion through Utah to Las Vegas. The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ). Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas. Not until 1895 did the first large - scale migration of Mormons begin in the area, at long last fulfilling Brigham Young 's early dream. Through wells and arid irrigation, agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development, the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator. 1905 -- 1929 : birth, growth and crisis ( edit ) St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church near 4th and Bridger in downtown was founded in 1910. By the early 20th century, water from wells was piped into the town, providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth. The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop, first for wagon trains and later railroads, on the trail between Los Angeles, California, and points east such as Albuquerque, New Mexico. The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905, linking Salt Lake City to southern California. U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad, which was a corporation based in Utah. Among its original incorporators were Utah 's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith. Kearns, one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah, and Keith were the owners of Utah 's Silver King Coalition Mine, several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper. Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California. Curiously, for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas. The east - side of Las Vegas ( which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard ) was owned by Clark, and the west - side Las Vegas ( which encompassed the area north of modern - day Bonanza Road ) was owned by J.T. McWilliams, who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch. It was from their property that Las Vegas took form. Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad. With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there, the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing. On May 15, 1905, Las Vegas officially was founded as a city, when 110 acres ( 45 ha ), in what would later become downtown, were auctioned to ready buyers. Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County, Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county. The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911 - 1913. Shortly after the city 's incorporation, the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming. This occurred at midnight, October 1, 1910, when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada. It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink. Nonetheless, Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community, and therefore continued to grow until 1917. In that year, a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy. Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad, a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state. 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover dam and the first casinos ( edit ) Hoover Dam in 1942 On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers. Despite the influx of known crime figures, the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site. However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath ( this was during the time of Prohibition ) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas. The government ultimately decided that a federal - controlled town, Boulder City, would be erected for the dam workers. Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931. Las Vegas, with a small but already well - established illegal gambling industry, was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world. The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club, and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel. Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas and received the city 's first traffic light in 1931. In reply, the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas. Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed. In 1934, to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry, the city 's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam. This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas. A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days. Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn, the city was recharged -- both literally and figuratively -- when the dam was completed in 1935. In 1937, Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam, and Las Vegas was its first customer. Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam. Meanwhile, although the dam worker population disappeared, Hoover Dam and its reservoir, Lake Mead, turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear. In 1940, U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas, giving the city two major access roads. Also in 1940 Las Vegas 's first permanent radio station, KENO, began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters. 1941 -- 1945 war years ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1940s On January 25, 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas. Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development. The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base. The U.S Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice, putting Block 16, the local red light district permanently out of business. On April 3, 1941, hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas. It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip. The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered. On October 30, 1942, R.E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair - O - Dice, that first opened in 1930, and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier. A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street but the next hotel on the Strip publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas. Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels, the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard - bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back. This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel, with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky, poured money through Mormon - owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946. 1946 -- 1955 : post-war boom ( edit ) Main articles : Las Vegas in the 1940s and Las Vegas in the 1950s The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills, California in the summer of 1947. Additionally, local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy - handed tactics toward mobsters who `` grew too big for their pants. '' However, many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas. From 1952 to 1957, through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara, the Sands, the New Frontier, the Royal Nevada, the Showboat, The Riviera, The Fremont, Binion 's Horseshoe ( which was the Apache Hotel ), and finally The Tropicana. Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle, such as Meyer Lansky, these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment. Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds, by 1954, over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos. Gambling was no longer the only attraction ; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, Liberace, Bing Crosby, Carol Channing, and others performed in intimate settings. After coming to see these stars, the tourists would resume gambling, and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry. However, the confluence of various marginal and / or suspected groups such as Jews, Sicilians, and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two - year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950 -- 51. The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country. This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control. Only through the power and influence of Nevada 's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee. Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City, these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston, Texas ; Hot Springs, Arkansas ; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation. Nevada 's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable. Atomic testing ( edit ) Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site While the Strip was booming, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27, 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site. These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground. The last test explosion was in 1992. Despite the dangers and risks, greatly underestimated at the time, of radiation exposure from the fallout, Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds. The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon - controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos. But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos. In 1948, McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic. In 1957 the University of Nevada, Las Vegas was first established, initially as a branch of the University of Nevada, Reno and becoming independent in 1969. In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center, which would become a vital part of the area 's economy. A new utility company, Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954. 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1950s Howard Hughes ( edit ) In 1966, Howard Hughes, the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry, and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country, moved to Las Vegas. Initially staying in the Desert Inn, he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel. Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels and media outlets, spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels, especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city. Hank Greenspun ( edit ) The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties, activities, and government corruption in Las Vegas. His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones ' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state 's national committeeman for the Democratic Party. Before his death in 1989, Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family 's assets, and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas, with media holdings in print, television and the Internet ; substantial real estate holdings ; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos. Local government ( edit ) One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas. Because of this, the city lost tax revenue. There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas, but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise. Under Nevada Law, an incorporated town, Las Vegas, can not annex an unincorporated township. To this day, virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas. Desegregation ( edit ) Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States, entertainment venues were segregated between black - and white - owned businesses. With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites, Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused, regardless of their legitimacy or criminality, on entertaining a white - only clientele. As a result of property deeds, businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the `` west side '' of the tracks. This also was enforced in many of the work positions. Thus, African Americans ( except those who provided the labor for low - paying menial positions or entertainment ) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white - owned clubs. However, because of employment deals with black worker groups, many clubs favored black workers, and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s. Organized crime - owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and, despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities, made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share. An attempt was made at forming an all - integrated night - club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, like those owned by German - Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz. On May 24, 1955, Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz, along with other investors, opened the Moulin Rouge. It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip, especially the non-white owned strips on the west side. By the end of the year, the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out, but the seeds for racial integration were sown. Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos. One famous story tells of Sinatra 's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room. The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues, forcing owners to amend their policies over time. However, it took political action, most often supported by Jewish crime groups, for racial desegregation to occur. In 1960, the NAACP threatened a protest of the city 's casinos for their policies. A meeting between the NAACP, the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation, starting with the employees. Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions. Along with the rest of the country, Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights. Activists like James B. McMillan, Grant Sawyer, Bob Bailey, and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration. Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs, the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities ( Jewish and Italian ) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks. This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin. Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson. Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store, he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas, backed the NAACP in its actions, and promoted black workers for jobs. He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas. Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them. His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas. Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established. The only real violence came as a result of school integration, with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites. Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971. that school was then later destroyed. 1970 - 1988 : explosive growth ( edit ) On a percentage basis, Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession. During that period, the population of the city more than doubled in most decades. The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate, but never dropped below 60 % ( 1980 -- 1990 ), and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration. By 2000, Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century, and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US, with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County. The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley. The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area. Also urban sprawl development of single - family homes continued across the valley, building the areas of Henderson, North Las Vegas, Centennial Hills, and Summerlin. The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession. During this period of time, American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city. On November 21, 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, suffered a devastating fire. A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history. The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally 's Las Vegas, while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue. Since 1989 : the megaresort era ( edit ) The Strip resorts in late 2009 The `` Mafia / Rat Pack '' Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation, the decline of organized crime elements, and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city 's history, the so - called megaresort era. Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized, family - oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels, casinos, and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses. The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage. Built by developer Steve Wynn, it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street, selling $630 million in junk bonds. Its 3,044 rooms, each with gold tinted windows, set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves, leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip. Numerous landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever - larger and more opulent resorts including : 1990 : Rio and Excalibur 1993 : MGM Grand, Treasure Island, and Luxor, 1996 : Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo 1997 : New York - New York 1998 : Bellagio 1999 : Mandalay Bay, Venetian, and Paris 2000 : Planet Hollywood ( Formerly Aladdin ) 2001 : Palms 2005 : Wynn ( opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship, the constructed at a cost of US $2.7 billion. ) 2007 : Palazzo 2008 : Encore 2009 : CityCenter 2010 : The Cosmopolitan Helldorado Days was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas ' centennial celebration. Downturn and recovery ( edit ) Despite the success, the home mortgage crisis and the late 2000s recession affected the economic success. Soon after, new home construction was stalled, and construction projects were either canceled, postponed, or continued with financial troubles. Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter, Fontainebleau, Echelon, and The Plaza. The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue, causing many of the companies to report net loss. However starting in 2013, the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction. The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza. Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed. Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016. Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events, such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards, & the Consumer Electronics Show. Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering, with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013. Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market, with many new custom homes being built. January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year. In addition, Las Vegas was named America 's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia. In June 2017, a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded, with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit. During the late evening of October 1, 2017, Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the United States, when a gunman opened fire on country - music festival goers, killing 59 and injuring more than 500. See also ( edit ) Timeline of Las Vegas Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History of Las Vegas Jump up ^ Robert D. McCracken. Las Vegas : the great American playground. University of Nevada Press. 1997. p. 7. ISBN 0 - 87417 - 301 - 9 Jump up ^ Lake, Richard ( December 17, 2008 ). `` Road Warrior Q&A : Foliage removed for widening ''. Retrieved October 3, 2013. Jump up ^ http://www.lvol.com/lvoleg/hist/lvhist.html Jump up ^ Moehring, Eugene P. ; & Green, Michael S. ( 2005 ). Las Vegas : A Centennial History. University of Nevada Press. p. 2. ISBN 0 - 87417 - 615 - 8 Jump up ^ Barbara Land, Myrick Land, `` A short history of Las Vegas '', University of Nevada Press, 2004, p. 4. Jump up ^ http://lasvegas.sdsu.edu/ Jump up ^ `` Clark County, NV -- FAQs / History ''. Retrieved December 4, 2008. Jump up ^ H2O University -- 6 through 12 Jump up ^ Chung, Su Kim. Las Vegas Then and Now. Thunder Bay Press. San Diego, California : 2005. p. 36 Jump up ^ Las Vegas Made Safe, TIME Magazine, June 1, 1931 Jump up ^ `` Fremont Street History ''. Retrieved 9 December 2008. ^ Jump up to : Koch, Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 08 ). `` A history of change ''. Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12. Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History ''. American Experience. Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07. Jump up ^ Utley Robert Marshall ( 2007 ). Lone Star Lawmen. Oxford. pp. 217 -- 218. ISBN 9780198035169. Waldron, Lamar ; Hartmann, Thom ( 2006 ). Ultimate Sacrifice : John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba. Basic Books. p. 294. ISBN 9780786718320. John Dombrink ; William Norman Thompson ( 1990 ). The last resort : success and failure in campaigns for casinos. University of Nevada Press. pp. 138 -- 139. Jump up ^ Sammy Davis jr, `` Hollywood in a suitcase '', William Morrow and company, 1980 Jump up ^ `` Sammy Davis Jr. ''. Nevada Humanities. Jump up ^ `` The Best Bet : Frank Sinatra in Las Vegas ''. Frank Sinatra Enterprises. Jump up ^ City of Las Vegas History, retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Vegas Building Boom Goes Bust, retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Downturn douses Nevada 's population - growth streak, retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/us/weather-west-heat-wave/ Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/02/police-shut-down-part-of-las-vegas-strip-due-to-shooting/ Sources ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Las Vegas § Bibliography Las Vegas website Ainlay, Thomas, Jr., & Gabaldon, Judy Dixon. Las Vegas : The Fabulous First Century, Arcadia Publishing, 2003. Denton, Sally & Morris, Howard. The Money and the Power : The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America -- 1947 -- 2000. Knopf, Borzoi Books, 2001. Land, Barbara & Land, Myrick. A Short History of Las Vegas. University of Nevada Press, Reno, 1999 Paher, Stanley W. Las Vegas : As It Began -- As It Grew, Nevada Publications, Las Vegas, NV, 1971. Orleck, Annelise. `` Storming Caesar 's Palace '', 1971 demonstration and community organizing by Las Vegas welfare mothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Las_Vegas&oldid=803837266 '' Categories : History of Nevada History of Las Vegas Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017, at 23 : 24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "History of Las Vegas", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_Las_Vegas&amp;oldid=803837266" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state. 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover dam and the first casinos ( edit ) Hoover Dam in 1942 On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers. Despite the influx of known crime figures, the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site. However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath ( this was during the time of Prohibition ) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas. The government ultimately decided that a federal - controlled town, Boulder City, would be erected for the dam workers. Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state", "a desperate state. 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover dam and the first casinos ( edit ) Hoover Dam in 1942 On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers. Despite the influx of known crime figures, the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site. However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath ( this was during the time of Prohibition ) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas. The government ultimately decided that a federal - controlled town, Boulder City, would be erected for the dam workers. Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the" ], "id": [ "3693240146349208447" ], "short_answers": [ "local Las Vegas business owners", "Mafia crime lords" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Isaac Newton - wikipedia Isaac Newton Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the scientist. For the agriculturalist, see Isaac Newton ( agriculturalist ). Sir Isaac Newton Portrait of Newton by Godfrey Kneller ( 1643 - 01 - 04 ) 4 January 1643 ( O.S. 25 December 1642 ) Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England 31 March 1727 ( 1727 - 03 - 31 ) ( aged 84 ) ( O.S. 20 March 1726 ) Kensington, Middlesex, England Resting place Westminster Abbey Nationality English Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge Known for Newtonian mechanics Universal gravitation Calculus Newton 's laws of motion Optics Binomial series Principia Newton 's method Awards FRS ( 1672 ) Knight Bachelor ( 1705 ) Scientific career Fields Physics Natural philosophy Alchemy Theology Mathematics Astronomy Economics Institutions University of Cambridge Royal Society Royal Mint Academic advisors Isaac Barrow Benjamin Pulleyn Notable students Roger Cotes William Whiston Signature Life of Isaac Newton Early life Middle years Later life Writing Principia Religious views Occult studies Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( show ) Inflation Nucleosynthesis Backgrounds Gravitational wave ( GWB ) Microwave ( CMB ) Neutrino ( CNB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Metric expansion of space FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Heat death of the universe Big Rip Big Crunch Big Bounce Components Structure ( show ) Components Lambda - CDM model Dark energy Dark fluid Dark matter Structure Shape of the universe Galaxy filament Galaxy formation Large quasar group Large - scale structure Reionization Structure formation Experiments ( show ) Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( hide ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich List of cosmologists Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Category Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Sir Isaac Newton PRS ( / ˈnjuːtən / ; 25 December 1642 -- 20 March 1726 / 27 ) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist ( described in his own day as a `` natural philosopher '' ) who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( `` Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy '' ), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made pathbreaking contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus. Newton 's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists ' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler 's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the Solar System and demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton 's theoretical prediction that the Earth is shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, thus convincing most Continental European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes. Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. Newton 's work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, first published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves. Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian, who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and who, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, refused to take holy orders in the Church of England. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. Politically and personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689 -- 90 and 1701 -- 02. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and he spent the last three decades of his life in London, serving as Warden ( 1696 -- 1700 ) and Master ( 1700 -- 1727 ) of the Royal Mint, as well as president of the Royal Society ( 1703 -- 1727 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Middle years 1.2. 1 Mathematics 1.2. 2 Optics 1.2. 3 Mechanics and gravitation 1.3 Classification of cubics 1.4 Later life 1.5 Death 1.6 Personal relations 2 After death 2.1 Fame 2.2 Commemorations 3 Religious views 3.1 Effect on religious thought 3.2 Occult 3.3 Alchemy 4 Enlightenment philosophers 5 Apple incident 6 Works 6.1 Published in his lifetime 6.2 Published posthumously 6.3 Primary sources 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Life Early life Main article : Early life of Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was born ( according to the Julian calendar, in use in England at the time ) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 ( NS 4 January 1643 ) `` an hour or two after midnight '', at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe - by - Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, Newton was a small child ; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug. When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. The young Isaac disliked his stepfather and maintained some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19 : `` Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them. '' Newton 's mother had three children from her second marriage. From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King 's School, Grantham, which taught Latin and Greek and probably imparted a significant foundation of mathematics. He was removed from school, and by October 1659, he was to be found at Woolsthorpe - by - Colsterworth, where his mother, widowed for a second time, attempted to make a farmer of him. Newton hated farming. Henry Stokes, master at the King 's School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education. Motivated partly by a desire for revenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the top - ranked student, distinguishing himself mainly by building sundials and models of windmills. In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on the recommendation of his uncle Rev William Ayscough, who had studied there. He started as a subsizar -- paying his way by performing valet 's duties -- until he was awarded a scholarship in 1664, guaranteeing him four more years until he could get his MA. At that time, the college 's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler 's work. He set down in his notebook a series of `` Quaestiones '' about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student, Newton 's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories on calculus, optics, and the law of gravitation. In April 1667, he returned to Cambridge and in October was elected as a fellow of Trinity. Fellows were required to become ordained priests, although this was not enforced in the restoration years and an assertion of conformity to the Church of England was sufficient. However, by 1675 the issue could not be avoided and by then his unconventional views stood in the way. Nevertheless, Newton managed to avoid it by means of a special permission from Charles II ( see `` Middle years '' section below ). His studies had impressed the Lucasian professor Isaac Barrow, who was more anxious to develop his own religious and administrative potential ( he became master of Trinity two years later ) ; in 1669 Newton succeeded him, only one year after receiving his MA. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1672. Middle years Mathematics Isaac Newton ( Bolton, Sarah K. Famous Men of Science. NY : Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889 ) Newton 's work has been said `` to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied ''. His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton 's mathematical papers. The author of the manuscript De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as : Mr Newton, a fellow of our College, and very young... but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things. Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of calculus ( the Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy ). Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, although with very different notations. Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704, while Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in 1684. ( Leibniz 's notation and `` differential Method '', nowadays recognised as much more convenient notations, were adopted by continental European mathematicians, and after 1820 or so, also by British mathematicians. ) But such a suggestion fails to account for the content of calculus in Book 1 of Newton 's Principia itself ( published 1687 ) and in its forerunner manuscripts, such as De motu corporum in gyrum ( `` On the motion of bodies in orbit '' ) of 1684 ; this content has been pointed out by critics of both Newton 's time and modern times. The Principia is not written in the language of calculus either as we know it or as Newton 's ( later ) ' dot ' notation would write it. His work extensively uses calculus in geometric form based on limiting values of the ratios of vanishing small quantities : in the Principia itself, Newton gave demonstration of this under the name of ' the method of first and last ratios ' and explained why he put his expositions in this form, remarking also that ' hereby the same thing is performed as by the method of indivisibles '. Because of this, the Principia has been called `` a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus '' in modern times and `` lequel est presque tout de ce calcul '' ( ' nearly all of it is of this calculus ' ) in Newton 's time. His use of methods involving `` one or more orders of the infinitesimally small '' is present in his De motu corporum in gyrum of 1684 and in his papers on motion `` during the two decades preceding 1684 ''. Newton in a 1702 portrait by Godfrey Kneller Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism. He was close to the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. In 1691, Duillier started to write a new version of Newton 's Principia, and corresponded with Leibniz. In 1693, the relationship between Duillier and Newton deteriorated and the book was never completed. Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society ( of which Newton was a member ) accused Leibniz of plagiarism. The dispute then broke out in full force in 1711 when the Royal Society proclaimed in a study that it was Newton who was the true discoverer and labelled Leibniz a fraud. This study was cast into doubt when it was later found that Newton himself wrote the study 's concluding remarks on Leibniz. Thus began the bitter controversy which marred the lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter 's death in 1716. Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton 's identities, Newton 's method, classified cubic plane curves ( polynomials of degree three in two variables ), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms ( a precursor to Euler 's summation formula ) and was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series. Newton 's work on infinite series was inspired by Simon Stevin 's decimals. When Newton received his MA and became a Fellow of the `` College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity '' in 1667, he made the commitment that `` I will either set Theology as the object of my studies and will take holy orders when the time prescribed by these statutes ( 7 years ) arrives, or I will resign from the college. '' Up till this point he had not thought much about religion and had twice signed his agreement to the thirty - nine articles, the basis of Church of England doctrine. He was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669 on Barrow 's recommendation. During that time, any Fellow of a college at Cambridge or Oxford was required to take holy orders and become an ordained Anglican priest. However, the terms of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder not be active in the church ( presumably so as to have more time for science ). Newton argued that this should exempt him from the ordination requirement, and Charles II, whose permission was needed, accepted this argument. Thus a conflict between Newton 's religious views and Anglican orthodoxy was averted. Optics Replica of Newton 's second reflecting telescope, which he presented to the Royal Society in 1672 In 1666, Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a prism in the position of minimum deviation is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by different angles. This led him to conclude that colour is a property intrinsic to light -- a point which had been debated in prior years. From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured spectrum produced by a prism could be recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton 's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy. He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already - coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as Newton 's theory of colour. Illustration of a dispersive prism decomposing white light into the colours of the spectrum, as discovered by Newton From this work, he concluded that the lens of any refracting telescope would suffer from the dispersion of light into colours ( chromatic aberration ). As a proof of the concept, he constructed a telescope using reflective mirrors instead of lenses as the objective to bypass that problem. Building the design, the first known functional reflecting telescope, today known as a Newtonian telescope, involved solving the problem of a suitable mirror material and shaping technique. Newton ground his own mirrors out of a custom composition of highly reflective speculum metal, using Newton 's rings to judge the quality of the optics for his telescopes. In late 1668 he was able to produce this first reflecting telescope. It was about eight inches long and it gave a clearer and larger image. In 1671, the Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope. Their interest encouraged him to publish his notes, Of Colours, which he later expanded into the work Opticks. When Robert Hooke criticised some of Newton 's ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public debate. Newton and Hooke had brief exchanges in 1679 -- 80, when Hooke, appointed to manage the Royal Society 's correspondence, opened up a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions, which had the effect of stimulating Newton to work out a proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector ( see Newton 's law of universal gravitation -- History and De motu corporum in gyrum ). But the two men remained generally on poor terms until Hooke 's death. Facsimile of a 1682 letter from Isaac Newton to Dr William Briggs, commenting on Briggs ' `` A New Theory of Vision '' Newton argued that light is composed of particles or corpuscles, which were refracted by accelerating into a denser medium. He verged on soundlike waves to explain the repeated pattern of reflection and transmission by thin films ( Opticks Bk. II, Props. 12 ), but still retained his theory of ' fits ' that disposed corpuscles to be reflected or transmitted ( Props. 13 ). However, later physicists favoured a purely wavelike explanation of light to account for the interference patterns and the general phenomenon of diffraction. Today 's quantum mechanics, photons, and the idea of wave -- particle duality bear only a minor resemblance to Newton 's understanding of light. In his Hypothesis of Light of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the ether to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the theosophist Henry More, revived his interest in alchemy. He replaced the ether with occult forces based on Hermetic ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles. John Maynard Keynes, who acquired many of Newton 's writings on alchemy, stated that `` Newton was not the first of the age of reason : He was the last of the magicians. '' Newton 's interest in alchemy can not be isolated from his contributions to science. This was at a time when there was no clear distinction between alchemy and science. Had he not relied on the occult idea of action at a distance, across a vacuum, he might not have developed his theory of gravity. ( See also Isaac Newton 's occult studies. ) In 1704, Newton published Opticks, in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light. He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles, that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation `` Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one another,... and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Composition? '' Newton also constructed a primitive form of a frictional electrostatic generator, using a glass globe. In an article entitled `` Newton, prisms, and the ' opticks ' of tunable lasers '' it is indicated that Newton in his book Opticks was the first to show a diagram using a prism as a beam expander. In the same book he describes, via diagrams, the use of multiple - prism arrays. Some 278 years after Newton 's discussion, multiple - prism beam expanders became central to the development of narrow - linewidth tunable lasers. Also, the use of these prismatic beam expanders led to the multiple - prism dispersion theory. Subsequent to Newton, much has been amended. Young and Fresnel combined Newton 's particle theory with Huygens ' wave theory to show that colour is the visible manifestation of light 's wavelength. Science also slowly came to realise the difference between perception of colour and mathematisable optics. The German poet and scientist, Goethe, could not shake the Newtonian foundation but `` one hole Goethe did find in Newton 's armour,... Newton had committed himself to the doctrine that refraction without colour was impossible. He therefore thought that the object - glasses of telescopes must for ever remain imperfect, achromatism and refraction being incompatible. This inference was proved by Dollond to be wrong. '' Mechanics and gravitation Further information : Writing of Principia Mathematica Newton 's own copy of his Principia, with hand - written corrections for the second edition In 1679, Newton returned to his work on ( celestial ) mechanics by considering gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler 's laws of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679 -- 80 with Hooke, who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society 's correspondence, and who opened a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions. Newton 's reawakening interest in astronomical matters received further stimulus by the appearance of a comet in the winter of 1680 -- 1681, on which he corresponded with John Flamsteed. After the exchanges with Hooke, Newton worked out proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector ( see Newton 's law of universal gravitation -- History and De motu corporum in gyrum ). Newton communicated his results to Edmond Halley and to the Royal Society in De motu corporum in gyrum, a tract written on about nine sheets which was copied into the Royal Society 's Register Book in December 1684. This tract contained the nucleus that Newton developed and expanded to form the Principia. The Principia was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Edmond Halley. In this work, Newton stated the three universal laws of motion. Together, these laws describe the relationship between any object, the forces acting upon it and the resulting motion, laying the foundation for classical mechanics. They contributed to many advances during the Industrial Revolution which soon followed and were not improved upon for more than 200 years. Many of these advancements continue to be the underpinnings of non-relativistic technologies in the modern world. He used the Latin word gravitas ( weight ) for the effect that would become known as gravity, and defined the law of universal gravitation. In the same work, Newton presented a calculus - like method of geometrical analysis using ' first and last ratios ', gave the first analytical determination ( based on Boyle 's law ) of the speed of sound in air, inferred the oblateness of Earth 's spheroidal figure, accounted for the precession of the equinoxes as a result of the Moon 's gravitational attraction on the Earth 's oblateness, initiated the gravitational study of the irregularities in the motion of the moon, provided a theory for the determination of the orbits of comets, and much more. Newton made clear his heliocentric view of the Solar System -- developed in a somewhat modern way, because already in the mid-1680s he recognised the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the Solar System. For Newton, it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest, but rather `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth, the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '', and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' ( Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre, wherever it was, was at rest ). Newton 's postulate of an invisible force able to act over vast distances led to him being criticised for introducing `` occult agencies '' into science. Later, in the second edition of the Principia ( 1713 ), Newton firmly rejected such criticisms in a concluding General Scholium, writing that it was enough that the phenomena implied a gravitational attraction, as they did ; but they did not so far indicate its cause, and it was both unnecessary and improper to frame hypotheses of things that were not implied by the phenomena. ( Here Newton used what became his famous expression `` hypotheses non-fingo '' ). With the Principia, Newton became internationally recognised. He acquired a circle of admirers, including the Swiss - born mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. Classification of cubics Descartes was the most important early influence on Newton the mathematician. Newton classified the cubic curves in the plane. He found 72 of the 78 species of cubics. He also divided them into four types, satisfying different equations, and in 1717 Stirling, probably with Newton 's help, proved that every cubic was one of these four types. Newton also claimed that the four types could be obtained by plane projection from one of them, and this was proved in 1731. Later life Main article : Later life of Isaac Newton In the 1690s, Newton wrote a number of religious tracts dealing with the literal and symbolic interpretation of the Bible. A manuscript Newton sent to John Locke in which he disputed the fidelity of 1 John 5 : 7 and its fidelity to the original manuscripts of the New Testament, remained unpublished until 1785. Even though a number of authors have claimed that the work might have been an indication that Newton disputed the belief in Trinity, others assure that Newton did question the passage but never denied Trinity as such. His biographer, scientist Sir David Brewster, who compiled his manuscripts for over 20 years, wrote about the controversy in well - known book Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, where he explains that Newton questioned the veracity of those passages, but he never denied the doctrine of Trinity as such. Brewster states that Newton was never known as an Arian during his lifetime, it was first William Whiston ( an Arian ) who argued that `` Sir Isaac Newton was so hearty for the Baptists, as well as for the Eusebians or Arians, that he sometimes suspected these two were the two witnesses in the Revelations, '' while other like Hopton Haynes ( a Mint employee and Humanitarian ), `` mentioned to Richard Baron, that Newton held the same doctrine as himself ''. Isaac Newton in old age in 1712, portrait by Sir James Thornhill Later works -- The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) and Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John ( 1733 ) -- were published after his death. He also devoted a great deal of time to alchemy ( see above ). Newton was also a member of the Parliament of England for Cambridge University in 1689 -- 90 and 1701 -- 2, but according to some accounts his only comments were to complain about a cold draught in the chamber and request that the window be closed. He was however noted by Cambridge diarist Abraham de la Pryme as having rebuked students who were frightening local residents by claiming that a house was haunted. Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, a position that he had obtained through the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. He took charge of England 's great recoining, somewhat treading on the toes of Lord Lucas, Governor of the Tower ( and securing the job of deputy comptroller of the temporary Chester branch for Edmond Halley ). Newton became perhaps the best - known Master of the Mint upon the death of Thomas Neale in 1699, a position Newton held for the last 30 years of his life. These appointments were intended as sinecures, but Newton took them seriously, retiring from his Cambridge duties in 1701, and exercising his power to reform the currency and punish clippers and counterfeiters. As Warden, and afterwards Master, of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that 20 percent of the coins taken in during the Great Recoinage of 1696 were counterfeit. Counterfeiting was high treason, punishable by the felon being hanged, drawn and quartered. Despite this, convicting even the most flagrant criminals could be extremely difficult. However, Newton proved equal to the task. Disguised as a habitué of bars and taverns, he gathered much of that evidence himself. For all the barriers placed to prosecution, and separating the branches of government, English law still had ancient and formidable customs of authority. Newton had himself made a justice of the peace in all the home counties -- there is a draft of a letter regarding this matter stuck into Newton 's personal first edition of his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica which he must have been amending at the time. Then he conducted more than 100 cross-examinations of witnesses, informers, and suspects between June 1698 and Christmas 1699. Newton successfully prosecuted 28 coiners. Coat of arms of the Newton family of Gunnerby, Lincolnshire, afterwards used by Sir Isaac As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty 's Treasury the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by Royal proclamation on 22 December 1717, forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than 21 silver shillings. This inadvertently resulted in a silver shortage as silver coins were used to pay for imports, while exports were paid for in gold, effectively moving Britain from the silver standard to its first gold standard. It is a matter of debate as whether he intended to do this or not. It has been argued that Newton conceived of his work at the Mint as a continuation of his alchemical work. Newton was made President of the Royal Society in 1703 and an associate of the French Académie des Sciences. In his position at the Royal Society, Newton made an enemy of John Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal, by prematurely publishing Flamsteed 's Historia Coelestis Britannica, which Newton had used in his studies. In April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. The knighthood is likely to have been motivated by political considerations connected with the Parliamentary election in May 1705, rather than any recognition of Newton 's scientific work or services as Master of the Mint. Newton was the second scientist to be knighted, after Sir Francis Bacon. Newton was one of many people who lost heavily when the South Sea Company collapsed. Their most significant trade was slaves, and according to his niece, he lost around £ 20,000. Towards the end of his life, Newton took up residence at Cranbury Park, near Winchester with his niece and her husband, until his death in 1727. His half - niece, Catherine Barton Conduitt, served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on Jermyn Street in London ; he was her `` very loving Uncle '', according to his letter to her when she was recovering from smallpox. Death Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 ( OS 20 March 1726 ; NS 31 March 1727 ). His body was buried in Westminster Abbey. Voltaire may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. His papers went to John Conduitt and Catherine Barton. After his death, Newton 's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton 's eccentricity in late life. Personal Relations Although it was claimed that he was once engaged, Newton never married. The French writer and philosopher Voltaire, who was in London at the time of Newton 's funeral, said that he `` was never sensible to any passion, was not subject to the common frailties of mankind, nor had any commerce with women -- a circumstance which was assured me by the physician and surgeon who attended him in his last moments ''. The widespread belief that he died a virgin has been commented on by writers such as mathematician Charles Hutton, economist John Maynard Keynes, and physicist Carl Sagan. Newton did have a close friendship with the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, whom he met in London around 1689. Their intense relationship came to an abrupt and unexplained end in 1693, and at the same time Newton suffered a nervous breakdown. Some of their correspondence has survived. In September of that year, Newton had a breakdown which included sending wild accusatory letters to his friends Samuel Pepys and John Locke. His note to the latter included the charge that Locke `` endeavoured to embroil me with woemen ''. After death See also : Isaac Newton in popular culture Fame Newton 's tomb monument in Westminster Abbey The mathematician Joseph - Louis Lagrange said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived, and once added that Newton was also `` the most fortunate, for we can not find more than once a system of the world to establish. '' English poet Alexander Pope wrote the famous epitaph : Nature and nature 's laws lay hid in night ; God said `` Let Newton be '' and all was light. Newton was relatively modest about his achievements, writing in a letter to Robert Hooke in February 1676 : If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. Two writers think that the above quotation, written at a time when Newton and Hooke were in dispute over optical discoveries, was an oblique attack on Hooke ( said to have been short and hunchbacked ), rather than -- or in addition to -- a statement of modesty. On the other hand, the widely known proverb about standing on the shoulders of giants, published among others by seventeenth - century poet George Herbert ( a former orator of the University of Cambridge and fellow of Trinity College ) in his Jacula Prudentum ( 1651 ), had as its main point that `` a dwarf on a giant 's shoulders sees farther of the two '', and so its effect as an analogy would place Newton himself rather than Hooke as the ' dwarf '. In a later memoir, Newton wrote : I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea - shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me. In 1816, a tooth said to have belonged to Newton was sold for £ 730 ( us $3,633 ) in London to an aristocrat who had it set in a ring. The Guinness World Records 2002 classified it as the most valuable tooth, which would value approximately £ 25,000 ( us $35,700 ) in late 2001. Who bought it and who currently has it has not been disclosed. Albert Einstein kept a picture of Newton on his study wall alongside ones of Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Newton remains influential to today 's scientists, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of members of Britain 's Royal Society ( formerly headed by Newton ) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Einstein. Royal Society scientists deemed Newton to have made the greater overall contribution. In 1999, an opinion poll of 100 of today 's leading physicists voted Einstein the `` greatest physicist ever ; '' with Newton the runner - up, while a parallel survey of rank - and - file physicists by the site PhysicsWeb gave the top spot to Newton. Commemorations Newton statue on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History Newton 's monument ( 1731 ) can be seen in Westminster Abbey, at the north of the entrance to the choir against the choir screen, near his tomb. It was executed by the sculptor Michael Rysbrack ( 1694 -- 1770 ) in white and grey marble with design by the architect William Kent. The monument features a figure of Newton reclining on top of a sarcophagus, his right elbow resting on several of his great books and his left hand pointing to a scroll with a mathematical design. Above him is a pyramid and a celestial globe showing the signs of the Zodiac and the path of the comet of 1680. A relief panel depicts putti using instruments such as a telescope and prism. The Latin inscription on the base translates as : Here is buried Isaac Newton, Knight, who by a strength of mind almost divine, and mathematical principles peculiarly his own, explored the course and figures of the planets, the paths of comets, the tides of the sea, the dissimilarities in rays of light, and, what no other scholar has previously imagined, the properties of the colours thus produced. Diligent, sagacious and faithful, in his expositions of nature, antiquity and the holy Scriptures, he vindicated by his philosophy the majesty of God mighty and good, and expressed the simplicity of the Gospel in his manners. Mortals rejoice that there has existed such and so great an ornament of the human race! He was born on 25 December 1642, and died on 20 March 1726 / 7. -- Translation from G.L. Smyth, The Monuments and Genii of St. Paul 's Cathedral, and of Westminster Abbey ( 1826 ), ii, 703 -- 4. From 1978 until 1988, an image of Newton designed by Harry Ecclestone appeared on Series D £ 1 banknotes issued by the Bank of England ( the last £ 1 notes to be issued by the Bank of England ). Newton was shown on the reverse of the notes holding a book and accompanied by a telescope, a prism and a map of the Solar System. Eduardo Paolozzi 's Newton, after William Blake ( 1995 ), outside the British Library A statue of Isaac Newton, looking at an apple at his feet, can be seen at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. A large bronze statue, Newton, after William Blake, by Eduardo Paolozzi, dated 1995 and inspired by Blake 's etching, dominates the piazza of the British Library in London. Religious views Main article : Religious views of Isaac Newton Although born into an Anglican family, by his thirties Newton held a Christian faith that, had it been made public, would not have been considered orthodox by mainstream Christianity ; in recent times he has been described as a heretic. By 1672 he had started to record his theological researches in notebooks which he showed to no one and which have only recently been examined. They demonstrate an extensive knowledge of early church writings and show that in the conflict between Athanasius and Arius which defined the Creed, he took the side of Arius, the loser, who rejected the conventional view of the Trinity. Newton `` recognized Christ as a divine mediator between God and man, who was subordinate to the Father who created him. '' He was especially interested in prophecy, but for him, `` the great apostasy was trinitarianism. '' Newton tried unsuccessfully to obtain one of the two fellowships that exempted the holder from the ordination requirement. At the last moment in 1675 he received a dispensation from the government that excused him and all future holders of the Lucasian chair. In Newton 's eyes, worshipping Christ as God was idolatry, to him the fundamental sin. Historian Stephen D. Snobelen says, `` Isaac Newton was a heretic. But... he never made a public declaration of his private faith -- which the orthodox would have deemed extremely radical. He hid his faith so well that scholars are still unravelling his personal beliefs. '' Snobelen concludes that Newton was at least a Socinian sympathiser ( he owned and had thoroughly read at least eight Socinian books ), possibly an Arian and almost certainly an anti-trinitarian. In a minority view, T.C. Pfizenmaier argues that Newton held the Eastern Orthodox view on the Trinity. However, this type of view ' has lost support of late with the availability of Newton 's theological papers ', and now most scholars identify Newton as an Antitrinitarian monotheist. Although the laws of motion and universal gravitation became Newton 's best - known discoveries, he warned against using them to view the Universe as a mere machine, as if akin to a great clock. He said, `` Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it can not explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done. '' Along with his scientific fame, Newton 's studies of the Bible and of the early Church Fathers were also noteworthy. Newton wrote works on textual criticism, most notably An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture and Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John. He placed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ at 3 April, AD 33, which agrees with one traditionally accepted date. He believed in a rationally immanent world, but he rejected the hylozoism implicit in Leibniz and Baruch Spinoza. The ordered and dynamically informed Universe could be understood, and must be understood, by an active reason. In his correspondence, Newton claimed that in writing the Principia `` I had an eye upon such Principles as might work with considering men for the belief of a Deity ''. He saw evidence of design in the system of the world : `` Such a wonderful uniformity in the planetary system must be allowed the effect of choice ''. But Newton insisted that divine intervention would eventually be required to reform the system, due to the slow growth of instabilities. For this, Leibniz lampooned him : `` God Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time : otherwise it would cease to move. He had not, it seems, sufficient foresight to make it a perpetual motion. '' Newton 's position was vigorously defended by his follower Samuel Clarke in a famous correspondence. A century later, Pierre - Simon Laplace 's work `` Celestial Mechanics '' had a natural explanation for why the planet orbits do not require periodic divine intervention. Effect on religious thought Newton, by William Blake ; here, Newton is depicted critically as a `` divine geometer ''. This copy of the work is currently held by the Tate Collection. Newton and Robert Boyle 's approach to the mechanical philosophy was promoted by rationalist pamphleteers as a viable alternative to the pantheists and enthusiasts, and was accepted hesitantly by orthodox preachers as well as dissident preachers like the latitudinarians. The clarity and simplicity of science was seen as a way to combat the emotional and metaphysical superlatives of both superstitious enthusiasm and the threat of atheism, and at the same time, the second wave of English deists used Newton 's discoveries to demonstrate the possibility of a `` Natural Religion ''. The attacks made against pre-Enlightenment `` magical thinking '', and the mystical elements of Christianity, were given their foundation with Boyle 's mechanical conception of the Universe. Newton gave Boyle 's ideas their completion through mathematical proofs and, perhaps more importantly, was very successful in popularising them. Occult See also : Isaac Newton 's occult studies and eschatology In a manuscript he wrote in 1704 ( never intended to be published ) he mentions the date of 2060, but it is not given as a date for the end of days. It has been falsely reported as a prediction. The passage is clear, when the date is read in context. He was against date setting for the end of days, concerned that this would put Christianity into disrepute. `` So then the time times & half a time ( sic ) are 42 months or 1260 days or three years & an half, recconing twelve months to a year & 30 days to a month as was done in the Calender of the primitive year. And the days of short lived Beasts being put for the years of ( long - ) lived kingdoms the period of 1260 days, if dated from the complete conquest of the three kings A.C. 800, will end 2060. It may end later, but I see no reason for its ending sooner. '' `` This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail. Christ comes as a thief in the night, and it is not for us to know the times and seasons which God hath put into his own breast. '' He later revised this date to 2016. Alchemy In the character of Morton Opperly in `` Poor Superman '' ( 1951 ), speculative fiction author Fritz Leiber says of Newton, `` Everyone knows Newton as the great scientist. Few remember that he spent half his life muddling with alchemy, looking for the philosopher 's stone. That was the pebble by the seashore he really wanted to find. '' Of an estimated ten million words of writing in Newton 's papers, about one million deal with alchemy. Many of Newton 's writings on alchemy are copies of other manuscripts, with his own annotations. Alchemical texts mix artisanal knowledge with philosophical speculation, often hidden behind layers of wordplay, allegory, and imagery to protect craft secrets. Some of the content contained in Newton 's papers could have been considered heretical by the church. In 1888, after spending sixteen years cataloging Newton 's papers, Cambridge University kept a small number and returned the rest to the Earl of Portsmouth. In 1936, a descendant offered the papers for sale at Sotheby 's. The collection was broken up and sold for a total of about £ 9,000. John Maynard Keynes was one of about three dozen bidders who obtained part of the collection at auction. Keynes went on to reassemble an estimated half of Newton 's collection of papers on alchemy before donating his collection to Cambridge University in 1946. All of Newton 's known writings on alchemy are currently being put online in a project undertaken by Indiana University : `` The Chymistry of Isaac Newton ''. Newton 's fundamental contributions to science include the quantification of gravitational attraction, the discovery that white light is actually a mixture of immutable spectral colors, and the formulation of the calculus. Yet there is another, more mysterious side to Newton that is imperfectly known, a realm of activity that spanned some thirty years of his life, although he kept it largely hidden from his contemporaries and colleagues. We refer to Newton 's involvement in the discipline of alchemy, or as it was often called in seventeenth - century England, `` chymistry. '' Enlightenment philosophers Enlightenment philosophers chose a short history of scientific predecessors -- Galileo, Boyle, and Newton principally -- as the guides and guarantors of their applications of the singular concept of nature and natural law to every physical and social field of the day. In this respect, the lessons of history and the social structures built upon it could be discarded. It was Newton 's conception of the universe based upon natural and rationally understandable laws that became one of the seeds for Enlightenment ideology. Locke and Voltaire applied concepts of natural law to political systems advocating intrinsic rights ; the physiocrats and Adam Smith applied natural conceptions of psychology and self - interest to economic systems ; and sociologists criticised the current social order for trying to fit history into natural models of progress. Monboddo and Samuel Clarke resisted elements of Newton 's work, but eventually rationalised it to conform with their strong religious views of nature. Apple incident Reputed descendants of Newton 's apple tree ( from top to bottom ) at Trinity College, Cambridge, the Cambridge University Botanic Garden, and the Instituto Balseiro library garden Newton himself often told the story that he was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an apple from a tree. Although it has been said that the apple story is a myth and that he did not arrive at his theory of gravity in any single moment, acquaintances of Newton ( such as William Stukeley, whose manuscript account of 1752 has been made available by the Royal Society ) do in fact confirm the incident, though not the cartoon version that the apple actually hit Newton 's head. Stukeley recorded in his Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton 's Life a conversation with Newton in Kensington on 15 April 1726 : we went into the garden, & drank thea under the shade of some appletrees, only he, & myself. amidst other discourse, he told me, he was just in the same situation, as when formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind. `` why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground, '' thought he to him self : occasion 'd by the fall of an apple, as he sat in a comtemplative mood : `` why should it not go sideways, or upwards? but constantly to the earths centre? assuredly, the reason is, that the earth draws it. there must be a drawing power in matter. & the sum of the drawing power in the matter of the earth must be in the earths center, not in any side of the earth. therefore dos this apple fall perpendicularly, or toward the center. if matter thus draws matter ; it must be in proportion of its quantity. therefore the apple draws the earth, as well as the earth draws the apple. '' John Conduitt, Newton 's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton 's niece, also described the event when he wrote about Newton 's life : In the year 1666 he retired again from Cambridge to his mother in Lincolnshire. Whilst he was pensively meandering in a garden it came into his thought that the power of gravity ( which brought an apple from a tree to the ground ) was not limited to a certain distance from earth, but that this power must extend much further than was usually thought. Why not as high as the Moon said he to himself & if so, that must influence her motion & perhaps retain her in her orbit, whereupon he fell a calculating what would be the effect of that supposition. In similar terms, Voltaire wrote in his Essay on Epic Poetry ( 1727 ), `` Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens, had the first thought of his system of gravitation, upon seeing an apple falling from a tree. '' It is known from his notebooks that Newton was grappling in the late 1660s with the idea that terrestrial gravity extends, in an inverse - square proportion, to the Moon ; however it took him two decades to develop the full - fledged theory. The question was not whether gravity existed, but whether it extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the Moon to its orbit. Newton showed that if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon 's orbital period, and get good agreement. He guessed the same force was responsible for other orbital motions, and hence named it `` universal gravitation ''. Various trees are claimed to be `` the '' apple tree which Newton describes. The King 's School, Grantham, claims that the tree was purchased by the school, uprooted and transported to the headmaster 's garden some years later. The staff of the ( now ) National Trust - owned Woolsthorpe Manor dispute this, and claim that a tree present in their gardens is the one described by Newton. A descendant of the original tree can be seen growing outside the main gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, below the room Newton lived in when he studied there. The National Fruit Collection at Brogdale can supply grafts from their tree, which appears identical to Flower of Kent, a coarse - fleshed cooking variety. Works See also : Writing of Principia Mathematica Published in his lifetime De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669, published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation ( unpublished, c. 1671 -- 75 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) Scala graduum Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa ( 1701 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) Reports as Master of the Mint ( 1701 -- 25 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Published posthumously The System of the World ( 1728 ) Optical Lectures ( 1728 ) The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) De mundi systemate ( 1728 ) Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John ( 1733 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Primary sources Newton, Isaac. The Principia : Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. University of California Press, ( 1999 ) Brackenridge, J. Bruce. The Key to Newton 's Dynamics : The Kepler Problem and the Principia : Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First ( 1687 ) Edition of Newton 's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, University of California Press ( 1996 ) Newton, Isaac. The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1 : The Optical Lectures, 1670 -- 1672, Cambridge University Press ( 1984 ) Newton, Isaac. Opticks ( 4th ed. 1730 ) online edition Newton, I. ( 1952 ). Opticks, or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light. New York : Dover Publications. Newton, I. Sir Isaac Newton 's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World, tr. A. Motte, rev. Florian Cajori. Berkeley : University of California Press ( 1934 ) Whiteside, D.T. ( 1967 -- 82 ). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 07740 - 0. -- 8 volumes. Newton, Isaac. The correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. H.W. Turnbull and others, 7 vols ( 1959 -- 77 ) Newton 's Philosophy of Nature : Selections from His Writings edited by H.S. Thayer ( 1953 ; online edition ) Isaac Newton, Sir ; J Edleston ; Roger Cotes, Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes, including letters of other eminent men, London, John W. Parker, West Strand ; Cambridge, John Deighton ( 1850, Google Books ) Maclaurin, C. ( 1748 ). An Account of Sir Isaac Newton 's Philosophical Discoveries, in Four Books. London : A. Millar and J. Nourse Newton, I. ( 1958 ). Isaac Newton 's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents, eds. I.B. Cohen and R.E. Schofield. Cambridge : Harvard University Press Newton, I. ( 1962 ). The Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton : A Selection from the Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge, ed. A.R. Hall and M.B. Hall. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Newton, I. ( 1975 ). Isaac Newton 's ' Theory of the Moon 's Motion ' ( 1702 ). London : Dawson See also Book : Isaac Newton Ismaël Bullialdus De Motu ( Berkeley 's essay ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Finite difference : Newton series Gauss -- Newton algorithm Calculus History of calculus Glossary of calculus History of the telescope Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy List of multiple discoveries : seventeenth century List of things named after Isaac Newton References ^ Jump up to : During Newton 's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe : the Julian ( `` Old Style '' ) calendar in protestant and Orthodox regions, including Britain ; and the Gregorian ( `` New Style '' ) calendar in Roman Catholic Europe. At Newton 's birth, Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates : thus his birth is recorded as taking place on 25 December 1642 Old Style, but can be converted to a New Style ( modern ) date of 4 January 1643. By the time of his death, the difference between the calendars had increased to eleven days : moreover, he died in the period after the start of the New Style year on 1 January, but before that of the Old Style new year on 25 March. His death occurred on 20 March 1726 according to the Old Style calendar, but the year is usually adjusted to 1727. A full conversion to New Style gives the date 31 March 1727. See Thony, Christie ( 2015 ) Calendrical confusion or just when did Newton die?, The Renaissance Mathematicus, retrieved 20 March 2015 from https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2015/03/20/calendrical-confusion-or-just-when-did-newton-die/ ^ Jump up to : `` Fellows of the Royal Society ''. London : Royal Society. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Jump up ^ Feingold, Mordechai. Barrow, Isaac ( 1630 -- 1677 ), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004 ; online edn, May 2007 ; retrieved 24 February 2009 ; explained further in Mordechai Feingold 's `` Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow Too : An Attempt at a Reinterpretation '' in Isis, Vol. 84, No. 2 ( June 1993 ), pp. 310 -- 38. Jump up ^ Newton profile, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, n. 4. Jump up ^ Gjertsen 1986, p. Jump up ^ `` Newton '' entry in Collins English Dictionary. Jump up ^ `` Isaac Newton, horoscope for birth date 25 December 1642 Jul. Cal ''. Astro - Databank Wiki. Retrieved 4 January 2017. Jump up ^ Storr, Anthony ( December 1985 ). `` Isaac Newton ''. British Medical Journal ( Clinical Research Edition ). BMJ. 291 ( 6511 ) : 1779. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 291.6511. 1779. JSTOR 29521701. Jump up ^ Keynes, Milo ( 20 September 2008 ). `` Balancing Newton 's Mind : His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692 -- 93 ''. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 62 ( 3 ) : 293. doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2007.0025. JSTOR 20462679. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, p. 55. Jump up ^ `` Newton the Mathematician '' Z. Bechler, ed., Contemporary Newtonian Research ( Dordrecht 1982 ) pp 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Westfall 1994, pp. 16 -- 19. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 22. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 60 -- 62. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 71,103. Jump up ^ Hoskins, Michael, ed. ( 1997 ). Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978 - 0521411585. Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac. `` Waste Book ''. Cambridge University Digital Library. Retrieved 10 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Newton, Isaac ( RY644J ) ''. A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, p. 178. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 330 -- 1. Jump up ^ Ball 1908, p. 319. Jump up ^ DT Whiteside ( ed. ), The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton ( Volume 1 ), ( Cambridge University Press, 1967 ), part 7 `` The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions '', at page 400, in 2008 reprint. Jump up ^ Gjertsen 1986, p. 149. Jump up ^ Newton, ' Principia ', 1729 English translation, at page 41. Jump up ^ Newton, ' Principia ', 1729 English translation, at page 54. Jump up ^ Clifford Truesdell, Essays in the History of Mechanics ( Berlin, 1968 ), at p. 99. Jump up ^ In the preface to the Marquis de L'Hospital's Analyse des Infiniment Petits ( Paris, 1696 ). Jump up ^ Starting with De motu corporum in gyrum, see also ( Latin ) Theorem 1. Jump up ^ DT Whiteside ( 1970 ), `` The Mathematical principles underlying Newton 's Principia Mathematica '' in Journal for the History of Astronomy, vol. 1, pages 116 -- 138, especially at pages 119 -- 120. Jump up ^ Stewart 2009, p. 107. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 538 -- 539. Jump up ^ Ball 1908, pp. 356ff. Jump up ^ Błaszczyk, Piotr ; Katz, Mikhail ; Sherry, David ( 2012 ), `` Ten misconceptions from the history of analysis and their debunking '', Foundations of Science, 18 : 43, arXiv : 1202.4153, doi : 10.1007 / s10699 - 012 - 9285 - 8 Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, p. 179. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 151. Jump up ^ King, Henry C ( 2003 ). The History of the Telescope. p. 74. ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43265 - 6. Jump up ^ Whittaker, E.T., A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, Dublin University Press, 1910. Jump up ^ Olivier Darrigol ( 26 January 2012 ). A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 964437 - 7. Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac. `` Hydrostatics, Optics, Sound and Heat ''. Cambridge University Digital Library. Retrieved 10 January 2012. Jump up ^ Ball 1908, p. 324. Jump up ^ William R. Newman, `` Newton 's Early Optical Theory and its Debt to Chymistry, '' in Danielle Jacquart and Michel Hochmann, eds., Lumière et vision dans les sciences et dans les arts ( Geneva : Droz, 2010 ), pp. 283 -- 307. A free access online version of this article can be found at the Chymistry of Isaac Newton project Jump up ^ Ball 1908, p. 325. Jump up ^ `` The Early Period ( 1608 -- 1672 ) ''. James R. Graham 's Home Page. Retrieved 3 February 2009. ^ Jump up to : White 1997, p. 170 Jump up ^ Hall, Alfred Rupert ( 1996 ). Isaac Newton : adventurer in thought. p. 67. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56669 - 8. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 168. Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac. `` Of Colours ''. The Newton Project. Retrieved 6 October 2014. ^ Jump up to : See ' Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol. 2, 1676 -- 1687 ' ed. HW Turnbull, Cambridge University Press 1960 ; at page 297, document No. 235, letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679. Jump up ^ Iliffe, Robert ( 2007 ) Newton. A very short introduction, Oxford University Press 2007 ^ Jump up to : Westfall, Richard S. ( 1983 ) ( 1980 ). Never at Rest : A Biography of Isaac Newton. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 530 -- 1. ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27435 - 7. Jump up ^ Keynes, John Maynard ( 1972 ). `` Newton, The Man ''. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Volume X. MacMillan St. Martin 's Press. pp. 363 -- 4. Jump up ^ Dobbs, J.T. ( December 1982 ). `` Newton 's Alchemy and His Theory of Matter ''. Isis. 73 ( 4 ) : 523. doi : 10.1086 / 353114. quoting Opticks Jump up ^ Opticks, 2nd Ed 1706. Query 8. ^ Jump up to : Duarte, F.J. ( 2000 ). `` Newton, prisms, and the ' opticks ' of tunable lasers '' ( PDF ). Optics and Photonics News. 11 ( 5 ) : 24 -- 25. Bibcode : 2000OptPN... 11... 24D. doi : 10.1364 / OPN. 11.5. 000024. Jump up ^ Tyndall, John. ( 1880 ). Popular Science Monthly Volume 17, July. s : Popular Science Monthly / Volume 17 / July 1880 / Goethe 's Farbenlehre : Theory of Colors II Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 391 -- 2. Jump up ^ DT Whiteside ( ed. ), ' Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton ', vol. 6, 1684 -- 1691, Cambridge University Press 1974, at page 30. Jump up ^ See Curtis Wilson, `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '', pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) The General History of Astronomy, Volume, 2A ', at page 233. Jump up ^ Text quotations are from 1729 translation of Newton 's Principia, Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233. Jump up ^ Edelglass et al., Matter and Mind, ISBN 0 - 940262 - 45 - 2. p. 54 Jump up ^ On the meaning and origins of this expression, see Kirsten Walsh, Does Newton feign an hypothesis?, Early Modern Experimental Philosophy, 18 October 2010. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, Chapter 11. ^ Jump up to : Professor Robert A. Hatch, University of Florida. `` Newton Timeline ''. Retrieved 13 August 2012. Jump up ^ Conics and Cubics, Robert Bix, Springer Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, 2nd edition, 2006, Springer Verlag. Jump up ^ `` John Locke Manuscripts -- Chronological Listing : 1690 ''. psu.edu. Jump up ^ John C. Attig, John Locke Bibliography -- Chapter 5, Religion, 1751 -- 1900 Jump up ^ David Brewster. `` Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton : '' p. 268. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 232. Jump up ^ Edwards, E.R. ; Jaggar, Geoffrey ( 1983 ). `` Newton, Isaac ( 1642 -- 1727 ) ''. In Henning, B.D. The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1660 -- 1690. Jump up ^ Hayton, D.W. ( 2002 ). `` Newton, Isaac ( 1642 -- 1727 ) ''. In Hayton, D. ; Cruickshanks, E. ; Handley, S. The History of Parliament : the House of Commons 1690 -- 1715. Jump up ^ Patrick Sawer ( 6 September 2016 ). `` What students should avoid during fresher 's week ( 100years ago and now ) ''. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Isaac Newton : Physicist And... Crime Fighter? ''. Science Friday. Transcript. 5 June 2009. NPR. Retrieved 1 August 2014. Jump up ^ Levenson, Thomas ( 2009 ). Newton and the counterfeiter : the unknown detective career of the world 's greatest scientist. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 101278 - 7. OCLC 276340857. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 259. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 267. Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac. `` Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ''. Cambridge University Digital Library. pp. 265 -- 266. Retrieved 10 January 2012. Jump up ^ Westfall 2007, p. 73. Jump up ^ Wagner, Anthony ( 1972 ). Historic Heraldry of Britain ( 2nd ed. ). London and Chichester : Phillimore. p. 85. ISBN 0 - 85033 - 022 - X. Jump up ^ Genealogical Memoranda Relating to the Family of Newton. London : Taylor and Co. 1871. Jump up ^ Michon, Gerard. `` Coat of arms of Isaac Newton ''. Numericana.com. Retrieved 16 January 2010. Jump up ^ On the Value of Gold and Silver in European Currencies and the Consequences on the World - wide Gold - and Silver - Trade, Sir Isaac Newton, 21 September 1717. Jump up ^ By The King, A Proclamation Declaring the Rates at which Gold shall be current in Payments reproduced in the numismatic chronicle and journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, Vol V., April 1842 -- January 1843 Jump up ^ Fay, C.R. ( 1 January 1935 ). `` Newton and the Gold Standard ''. Cambridge Historical Journal. 5 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 117. doi : 10.1017 / S1474691300001256. JSTOR 3020836. Jump up ^ `` Sir Isaac Newton 's Unpublished Manuscripts Explain Connections He Made Between Alchemy and Economics ''. Gtresearchnews.gatech.edu. 12 September 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2014. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 317. Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's ' great Assistance ' to Newton 's election was his knighting, an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705. '' Westfall 1994, p. 245 Jump up ^ `` This Day in History : Isaac Newton is Knighted ''. History Channel. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Jump up ^ Barnham, Kay ( 2014 ). Isaac Newton. 2014 : Raintree. p. 26. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4109 - 6235 - 5. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Jump up ^ Holodny, Elena. `` Isaac Newton was a genius, but even he lost millions in the stock market ''. Business Insider. Retrieved 6 April 2016. Jump up ^ Yonge, Charlotte M. ( 1898 ). `` Cranbury and Brambridge ''. John Keble 's Parishes -- Chapter 6. www.online-literature.com. Retrieved 23 September 2009. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, p. 44. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, p. 595. Jump up ^ `` No. 6569 ''. The London Gazette. 1 April 1727. p. 7. Jump up ^ Dobre and Nyden suggest that there is no clear evidence that Voltaire was present ; see page 89 of Mihnea Dobre, Tammy Nyden ( 2013 ). Cartesian Empiricism. Springer. ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 7690 - 6. ^ Jump up to : `` Newton, Isaac ( 1642 -- 1727 ) ''. Eric Weisstein 's World of Biography. Retrieved 30 August 2006. ^ Jump up to : Mann, Adam ( 14 May 2014 ). `` The Strange, Secret History of Isaac Newton 's Papers ''. Science. Retrieved 25 April 2016. Jump up ^ This claim was made by William Stukeley in 1727, in a letter about Newton written to Richard Mead. Charles Hutton, who in the late eighteenth century collected oral traditions about earlier scientists, declared that there `` do not appear to be any sufficient reason for his never marrying, if he had an inclination so to do. It is much more likely that he had a constitutional indifference to the state, and even to the sex in general. '' Charles Hutton, A Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary ( 1795 / 6 ), vol. 2, p. 100. Jump up ^ Voltaire ( 1894 ). `` 14 ''. Letters on England. p. 100. Jump up ^ Hutton, Charles ( 1815 ). A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary Containing... Memoirs of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Authors, Volume 2. p. 100. Jump up ^ Keynes, John Maynard. `` Newton : the Man ''. University of St Andrews School of Mathematics and Statistics. Retrieved 11 September 2012. Jump up ^ Sagan, Carl ( 1980 ). Cosmos. New York : Random House. p. 68. ISBN 0 - 394 - 50294 - 9. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 493 -- 497 on the friendship with Fatio, pp 531 -- 540 on Newton 's breakdown. Jump up ^ `` Duillier, Nicholas Fatio de ( 1664 -- 1753 ) mathematician and natural philosopher ''. Janus database. Retrieved 22 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Collection Guide : Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas ( Letters to Isaac Newton ) ''. Online Archive of California. Retrieved 22 March 2013. Jump up ^ Manuel 1968, p. 219. Jump up ^ Fred L. Wilson, History of Science : Newton citing : Delambre, M. `` Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. le comte J.L. Lagrange, '' Oeuvres de Lagrange I. Paris, 1867, p. xx. Jump up ^ Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke, 5 February 1676, as transcribed in Jean - Pierre Maury ( 1992 ) Newton : Understanding the Cosmos, New Horizons Jump up ^ John Gribbin ( 2002 ) Science : A History 1543 -- 2001, p 164. Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 187. Jump up ^ Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton ( 1855 ) by Sir David Brewster ( Volume II. Ch. 27 ) Jump up ^ `` Silly relic - worship ''. The New York Times. 16 January 1881. p. 10. Retrieved 12 July 2009. ^ Jump up to : Guinness World Records 2002. Retrieved 12 July 2009. Jump up ^ `` Einstein 's Heroes : Imagining the World through the Language of Mathematics '', by Robyn Arianrhod UQP, reviewed by Jane Gleeson - White, 10 November 2003, The Sydney Morning Herald Jump up ^ `` Newton beats Einstein in polls of Royal Society scientists and the public ''. The Royal Society. Jump up ^ `` Opinion poll. Einstein voted `` greatest physicist ever '' by leading physicists ; Newton runner - up ``. BBC News. 29 November 1999. Retrieved 17 January 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Famous People & the Abbey : Sir Isaac Newton ''. Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 13 November 2009. Jump up ^ `` Withdrawn banknotes reference guide ''. Bank of England. Retrieved 27 August 2009. Jump up ^ Richard S. Westfall -- Indiana University The Galileo Project. ( Rice University ). Retrieved 5 July 2008. ^ Jump up to : Snobelen, Stephen D. ( 1999 ). `` Isaac Newton, heretic : the strategies of a Nicodemite '' ( PDF ). British Journal for the History of Science. 32 ( 4 ) : 381 -- 419. doi : 10.1017 / S0007087499003751. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, p. 315. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, p. 321. Jump up ^ Westfall 1980, pp. 331 -- 334. Jump up ^ Westfall 1994, p. 124. Jump up ^ Pfizenmaier, T.C. ( 1997 ). `` Was Isaac Newton an Arian? ''. Journal of the History of Ideas. 58 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 80. doi : 10.1353 / jhi. 1997.0001. Jump up ^ Snobelen, Stephen D. ( 1999 ). `` Isaac Newton, heretic : the strategies of a Nicodemite '' ( PDF ). British Journal for the History of Science. 32 ( 4 ) : 381 -- 419 ( 383 ). doi : 10.1017 / S0007087499003751. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 October 2013. Jump up ^ Avery Cardinal Dulles. The Deist Minimum ( January 2005 ). Jump up ^ Tiner, J.H. ( 1975 ). Isaac Newton : Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Milford, Michigan, U.S. : Mott Media. ISBN 0 - 915134 - 95 - 0. Jump up ^ ' Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John 1733 Jump up ^ John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, v. 1, pp. 382 -- 402 after narrowing the years to 30 or 33, provisionally judges 30 most likely. Jump up ^ Newton to Richard Bentley 10 December 1692, in Turnbull et al. ( 1959 -- 77 ), vol 3, p. 233. Jump up ^ Opticks, 2nd Ed 1706. Query 31. Jump up ^ H.G. Alexander ( ed ) The Leibniz - Clarke correspondence, Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 11. Jump up ^ Tyson, Neil Degrasse ( 1 November 2005 ). `` The Perimeter of Ignorance ''. Natural History Magazine. Retrieved 7 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Newton, object 1 ( Butlin 306 ) `` Newton '' ``. William Blake Archive. 25 September 2013. Jump up ^ Jacob, Margaret C. ( 1976 ). The Newtonians and the English Revolution : 1689 -- 1720. Cornell University Press. pp. 37, 44. ISBN 0 - 85527 - 066 - 7. Jump up ^ Westfall, Richard S. ( 1958 ). Science and Religion in Seventeenth - Century England. New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 200. ISBN 0 - 208 - 00843 - 8. Jump up ^ Haakonssen, Knud. `` The Enlightenment, politics and providence : some Scottish and English comparisons ''. In Martin Fitzpatrick ed. Enlightenment and Religion : Rational Dissent in eighteenth - century Britain. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0 - 521 - 56060 - 8. CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Isaac Newton and Apocalypse Now : a response to Tom Harpur 's `` Newton 's strange bedfellows '' Stephen D. Snobelen Jump up ^ Grayling, A.C. ( 10 March 2016 ). The Age of Genius : The Seventeenth Century and the Birth of the Modern Mind. ISBN 9781408843291. Jump up ^ `` Papers Show Isaac Newton 's Religious Side, Predict Date of Apocalypse ''. Associated Press. 19 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007. Jump up ^ Rev. F.A. Cox `` Outlines of Lectures on the Book of Daniel '' London : Westley and Davis ( 1833 ) 2nd Edition Page 152 Jump up ^ Jonathan Edwards '' History of Redemption '' New York : T. and J. Swords ( 1793 ) page 431 : `` The Beginning of the reign of Antichrist. ) The best interpreters ( as Mr. Fleming, Sir I. Newton, Mr. Lowman, Dr. Doddridge, Bp. Newton, and Mr. Reader ) are pretty well agreed that this reign is to be dated from about A.D. 756, when the Pope began to be a temporal power, ( that is, in prophetic language, a beast ) by assuming temporal dominion ; 1260 years from this period will bring us to about A.D. 2000, and about the 6000th year of the world, which agrees with a tradition at least as ancient as the epistle ascribed to the apostle Barnabas ( f 15. ) which says, that `` in six thousand years shall all things be accomplished. '' Jump up ^ Leiber, Fritz ( 1981 ). `` Poor Superman ''. In Heinlein, Robert A. Tomorrow, the Stars ( 16th ed. ). New York : Berkley Book / published by arrangement with Doubleday & Company, Inc. p. 208. First published in Galaxy magazine, July 1951 ; Variously titled Appointment in Tomorrow ; in some reprints of Leiber 's story the sentence ' That was the pebble... ' is replaced by ' Which Newton did the world need then? ' Jump up ^ Meyer, Michal ( 2014 ). `` Gold, secrecy and prestige ''. Chemical Heritage Magazine. 32 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 43. Retrieved 25 April 2016. ^ Jump up to : Kean, Sam ( 2011 ). `` Newton, The Last Magician ''. Humanities. 32 ( 1 ). Retrieved 25 April 2016. Jump up ^ Greshko, Michael ( 4 April 2016 ). `` Isaac Newton 's Lost Alchemy Recipe Rediscovered ''. National Geographic. Jump up ^ Dry, Sarah ( 2014 ). The Newton papers : the strange and true odyssey of Isaac Newton 's manuscripts. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0199951048. ^ Jump up to : `` The Chymistry of Isaac Newton ''. Indiana University, Bloomington. Retrieved 25 April 2016. Jump up ^ Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World. p. 2. Jump up ^ `` Although it was just one of the many factors in the Enlightment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth century '' by John Gribbin, Science : A History 1543 -- 2001 ( 2002 ), p. 241 Jump up ^ White 1997, p. 86. Jump up ^ Fara, Patricia ( 2015 ), `` That the apple fell and Newton invented the law of gravity, thus removing God from the cosmos '', in Numbers, Ronald L. ; Kampourakis, Kostas, Newton 's Apple and Other Myths about Science, Harvard University Press, pp. 48 -- 56, ISBN 9780674915473 Jump up ^ Berkun, Scott ( 27 August 2010 ). The Myths of Innovation. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 4. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4493 - 8962 - 8. Jump up ^ `` Newton 's apple : The real story ''. New Scientist. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010. Jump up ^ Hamblyn, Richard ( 2011 ). `` Newtonian Apples : William Stukeley ''. The Art of Science. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4472 - 0415 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Revised Memoir of Newton ( Normalized Version ) ''. The Newton Project. Retrieved 13 March 2017. Jump up ^ Conduitt, John. `` Keynes Ms. 130.4 : Conduitt 's account of Newton 's life at Cambridge ''. Newtonproject. Imperial College London. Retrieved 30 August 2006. Jump up ^ I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Newton ( 2002 ) p. 6 Jump up ^ Alberto A. Martinez Science Secrets : The Truth about Darwin 's Finches, Einstein 's Wife, and Other Myths, page 69 ( University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 4407 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Brogdale -- Home of the National Fruit Collection ''. Brogdale.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008. Jump up ^ `` From the National Fruit Collection : Isaac Newton 's Tree ''. Retrieved 10 January 2009. Jump up ^ Newton 's alchemical works Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. transcribed and online at Indiana University. Retrieved 11 January 2007. Bibliography Ball, W.W. Rouse ( 1908 ). A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. New York : Dover. ISBN 0 - 486 - 20630 - 0. Christianson, Gale ( 1984 ). In the Presence of the Creator : Isaac Newton & His Times. New York : Free Press. ISBN 0 - 02 - 905190 - 8. This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton 's knowledge of Patristics Craig, John ( 1958 ). `` Isaac Newton -- Crime Investigator ''. Nature. 182 ( 4629 ) : 149 -- 52. Bibcode : 1958Natur. 182... 149C. doi : 10.1038 / 182149a0. Craig, John ( 1963 ). `` Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters ''. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 18 ( 2 ) : 136 -- 45. doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 1963.0017. Levenson, Thomas ( 2010 ). Newton and the Counterfeiter : The Unknown Detective Career of the World 's Greatest Scientist. Mariner Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 33604 - 6. Manuel, Frank E ( 1968 ). A Portrait of Isaac Newton. Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Stewart, James ( 2009 ). Calculus : Concepts and Contexts. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 55742 - 5. Westfall, Richard S. ( 1980 ). Never at Rest. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 27435 - 4. Westfall, Richard S. ( 2007 ). Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921355 - 9. Westfall, Richard S. ( 1994 ). The Life of Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 47737 - 9. White, Michael ( 1997 ). Isaac Newton : The Last Sorcerer. Fourth Estate Limited. ISBN 1 - 85702 - 416 - 8. Further reading Andrade, E.N. De C. ( 1950 ). Isaac Newton. New York : Chanticleer Press. ISBN 0 - 8414 - 3014 - 4. Bardi, Jason Socrates. The Calculus Wars : Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Bechler, Zev ( 1991 ). Newton 's Physics and the Conceptual Structure of the Scientific Revolution. Springer. ISBN 0 - 7923 - 1054 - 3. Bechler, Zev ( 2013 ). Contemporary Newtonian Research ( Studies in the History of Modern Science ) ( Volume 9 ). Springer. ISBN 978 - 9400977174. Berlinski, David. Newton 's Gift : How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World. ( 2000 ) ; ISBN 0 - 684 - 84392 - 7 Buchwald, Jed Z. and Cohen, I. Bernard ( eds. ) Isaac Newton 's Natural Philosophy, MIT Press ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Casini, P ( 1988 ). `` Newton 's Principia and the Philosophers of the Enlightenment ''. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 42 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 52. doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 1988.0006. ISSN 0035 - 9149. JSTOR 531368. Christianson, Gale E. ( 1996 ). Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 530070 - X. See this site for excerpt and text search. Christianson, Gale ( 1984 ). In the Presence of the Creator : Isaac Newton & His Times. New York : Free Press. ISBN 0 - 02 - 905190 - 8. Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Newton. ( 2002 ). 500 pp. focuses on philosophical issues only ; excerpt and text search ; complete edition online Cohen, I.B. ( 1980 ). The Newtonian Revolution. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 - 521 - 22964 - 2. Craig, John ( 1946 ). Newton at the Mint. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press. Dampier, William C. ; Dampier, M. ( 1959 ). Readings in the Literature of Science. New York : Harper & Row. ISBN 0 - 486 - 42805 - 2. de Villamil, Richard ( 1931 ). Newton, the Man. London, UK : G.D. Knox. -- Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York ( 1972 ) Dobbs, B.J.T. ( 1975 ). The Foundations of Newton 's Alchemy or `` The Hunting of the Greene Lyon ''. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Eamon Duffy, `` Far from the Tree '' ( review of Rob Iliffe, Priest of Nature : the Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 9780199995356 ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 4 ( 8 March 2018 ), pp. 28 -- 29. Gjertsen, Derek ( 1986 ). The Newton Handbook. London, UK : Routledge. ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0279 - 2. Gleick, James ( 2003 ). Isaac Newton. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0 - 375 - 42233 - 1. Halley, E. ( 1687 ). `` Review of Newton 's Principia ''. Philosophical Transactions. 186 : 291 -- 97. Hawking, Stephen, ed. On the Shoulders of Giants. ISBN 0 - 7624 - 1348 - 4 Places selections from Newton 's Principia in the context of selected writings by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Einstein Herivel, J.W. ( 1965 ). The Background to Newton 's Principia. A Study of Newton 's Dynamical Researches in the Years 1664 -- 84. Oxford : Clarendon Press. Iliffe, Rob ( 2017 ). Priest of Nature : the religious worlds of Isaac Newton. Oxford : Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199995356. Keynes, John Maynard ( 1963 ). Essays in Biography. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0 - 393 - 00189 - X. Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton 's private papers. Koyré, A ( 1965 ). Newtonian Studies. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Newton, Isaac. Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy, edited by I. Bernard Cohen. Harvard University Press, 1958, 1978 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 46853 - 8. Newton, Isaac ( 1642 -- 1727 ). The Principia : a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen ; ISBN 0 - 520 - 08817 - 4, University of California ( 1999 ) Pemberton, H. ( 1728 ). A View of Sir Isaac Newton 's Philosophy. London, UK : S. Palmer. Shamos, Morris H. ( 1959 ). Great Experiments in Physics. New York : Henry Holt and Company, Inc. ISBN 0 - 486 - 25346 - 5. Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, and H. Wright. A Treasury of Science ; `` Newtonia '' pp. 147 -- 9 ; `` Discoveries '' pp. 150 -- 4. Harper & Bros., New York, ( 1946 ). Simmons, J ( 1996 ). The Giant Book of Scientists -- The 100 Greatest Minds of all Time. Sydney : The Book Company. Stukeley, W. ( 1936 ). Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton 's Life. London, UK : Taylor and Francis. ( edited by A.H. White ; originally published in 1752 ) Trabue, J. `` Ann and Arthur Storer of Calvert County, Maryland, Friends of Sir Isaac Newton, '' The American Genealogist 79 ( 2004 ) : 13 -- 27. Westfall, R.S. ( 1971 ). Force in Newton 's Physics : The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century. London, UK : Macdonald. ISBN 0 - 444 - 19611 - 0. Religion Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. The Janus Faces of Genius : The Role of Alchemy in Newton 's Thought. ( 1991 ), links the alchemy to Arianism Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. Newton and Religion : Context, Nature, and Influence. ( 1999 ), pp. xvii, 325 ; 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts Pfizenmaier, Thomas C. ( January 1997 ). `` Was Isaac Newton an Arian? ''. Journal of the History of Ideas. 58 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 80. doi : 10.1353 / jhi. 1997.0001. JSTOR 3653988. Ramati, Ayval. `` The Hidden Truth of Creation : Newton 's Method of Fluxions '' British Journal for the History of Science 34 : 417 -- 38. in JSTOR, argues that his calculus had a theological basis Snobelen, Stephen `` ' God of Gods, and Lord of Lords ' : The Theology of Isaac Newton 's General Scholium to the Principia '', Osiris 2nd series, Vol. 16, ( 2001 ), pp. 169 -- 208 in JSTOR Snobelen, Stephen D. ( 1999 ). `` Isaac Newton, Heretic : The Strategies of a Nicodemite ''. British Journal for the History of Science. 32 ( 4 ) : 381 -- 419. doi : 10.1017 / S0007087499003751. JSTOR 4027945. Wiles, Maurice. Archetypal Heresy. Arianism through the Centuries. ( 1996 ) 214 pages, with chapter 4 on eighteenth century England ; pp. 77 -- 93 on Newton, excerpt and text search. 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( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutIsaac Newtonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Sir Isaac Newton at Encyclopædia Britannica Works by Isaac Newton at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Isaac Newton publications indexed by Google Scholar ScienceWorld biography by Eric Weisstein Dictionary of Scientific Biography `` The Newton Project '' `` The Newton Project -- Canada '' `` Newton 's Dark Secrets '' -- NOVA TV programme from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy : `` Isaac Newton '', by George Smith `` Newton 's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica '', by George Smith `` Newton 's Philosophy '', by Andrew Janiak `` Newton 's views on space, time, and motion '', by Robert Rynasiewicz `` Newton 's Castle '' -- educational material `` The Chymistry of Isaac Newton '', research on his alchemical writings The `` General Scholium '' to Newton 's Principia Kandaswamy, Anand M. `` The Newton / Leibniz Conflict in Context '' Newton 's First ODE -- A study by on how Newton approximated the solutions of a first - order ODE using infinite series Isaac Newton at the Mathematics Genealogy Project `` The Mind of Isaac Newton '' -- images, audio, animations and interactive segments Enlightening Science Videos on Newton 's biography, optics, physics, reception, and on his views on science and religion Newton biography ( University of St Andrews ) `` Newton, Sir Isaac ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed. ). 1911. p. 583 -- 592. `` Archival material relating to Isaac Newton ''. UK National Archives. Portraits of Sir Isaac Newton at the National Portrait Gallery, London The Linda Hall Library has digitized Two copies of John Marsham 's ( 1676 ) Canon Chronicus Aegyptiacus, one of which was owned by Isaac Newton, who marked salient passages by dog - earing the pages so that the corners acted as arrows. The books can be compared side - by - side to show what interested Newton. Writings by Newton Newton 's works -- full texts, at the Newton Project The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel -- the collection of all his religious writings Works by Isaac Newton at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Isaac Newton at Internet Archive Works by Isaac Newton at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Descartes, Space, and Body and A New Theory of Light and Colour, modernised readable versions by Jonathan Bennett Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light, full text on archive.org `` Newton Papers '' -- Cambridge Digital Library ( 1686 ) `` A letter of Mr. Isaac Newton... containing his new theory about light and colors '', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. XVI, No. 179, pp. 3057 -- 3087. -- digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library ( 1704 ) Opticks -- digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library ( 1719 ) Optice -- digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library ( 1729 ) Lectiones opticae -- digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library ( 1749 ) Optices libri tres -- digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library Academic offices Preceded by Isaac Barrow Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge 1669 -- 1702 Succeeded by William Whiston Preceded by The Lord Somers President of the Royal Society 1703 -- 1727 Succeeded by Sir Hans Sloane, Bt. Parliament of England Preceded by Robert Brady Member of Parliament for Cambridge University 1689 -- 1690 With : Robert Sawyer Succeeded by Edward Finch Preceded by Anthony Hammond Member of Parliament for Cambridge University 1701 -- 1702 With : Henry Boyle Succeeded by Arthur Annesley Government offices Preceded by Benjamin Overton Warden of the Mint 1696 -- 1700 Succeeded by Sir John Stanley, Bt. Preceded by Thomas Neale Master of the Mint 1700 -- 1727 Succeeded by John Conduitt Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669, published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things named after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose Articles related to Isaac Newton The Age of Enlightenment Topics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté, égalité, fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism Thinkers France Jean le Rond d'Alembert Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet Denis Diderot Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Georges - Louis Leclerc Montesquieu François Quesnay Jean - Jacques Rousseau Marquis de Sade Voltaire Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Friedrich Schiller Thomas Wizenmann Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland Robert Boyle Edmund Burke Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri The Netherlands Spinoza Hugo Grotius Balthasar Bekker Bernard Nieuwentyt Frederik van Leenhof Christiaan Huygens Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Jan Swammerdam Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Russia Catherine II Spain Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro United Kingdom ( Scotland ) Francis Bacon Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton Thomas Reid Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine Lucasian Professors of Mathematics Isaac Barrow ( 1664 ) Isaac Newton ( 1669 ) William Whiston ( 1702 ) Nicholas Saunderson ( 1711 ) John Colson ( 1739 ) Edward Waring ( 1760 ) Isaac Milner ( 1798 ) Robert Woodhouse ( 1820 ) Thomas Turton ( 1822 ) George Biddell Airy ( 1826 ) Charles Babbage ( 1828 ) Joshua King ( 1839 ) George Stokes ( 1849 ) Joseph Larmor ( 1903 ) Paul Dirac ( 1932 ) James Lighthill ( 1969 ) Stephen Hawking ( 1979 ) Michael Green ( 2009 ) Michael Cates ( 2015 ) Metaphysics Metaphysicians Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Francisco Suárez Nicolas Malebranche René Descartes John Locke David Hume Thomas Reid Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W.F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Isaac Newton", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Isaac_Newton&amp;oldid=827860166" }

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{ "text": "John Gourley - wikipedia John Gourley Jump to : navigation, search John Gourley John Gourley at 2010 Sasquatch! Festival Background information Birth name John Baldwin Gourley Also known as The Fantastic The 1981 ( age 35 -- 36 ) Willow, Alaska, United States Origin Portland, Oregon, United States Genres Rock post-hardcore Occupation ( s ) Musician singer songwriter Instruments Vocal, Guitar Years active 2002 -- present Associated acts Anatomy of a Ghost Portugal. The Man John Baldwin Gourley ( born 1981 ) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter from Alaska. He is the lead singer and guitarist in the Portland, Oregon rock band Portugal. The Man. Gourley was previously the lead singer in screamo punk band, Anatomy of a Ghost. Gourley is also a visual artist, who often uses the alias The Fantastic The. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Gourley was born in 1981 to John T. Gourley and Jennifer. He and his two siblings grew up in Alaska moving from town to town, wherever their father 's contracting business took the family. Gourley 's parents both competed in the Iditarod, and for a while the family lived in a remote `` off the grid '' cabin accessible only by dogsled. He grew up helping to take care of dozens of mushing dogs. He attended Wasilla High School, but dropped out at age 15 to study at home and work in construction with his father. Gourley joined four fellow Wasilla musicians : his best friend Zach Carothers and the three members of band Nice Guy Eddie ( Dewey Halpaus, Joe Simon, and Nick Simon ), to form punk band Anatomy of a Ghost in 2002. They toured across the country and released their album Evanesce in October 2003 on Fearless Records. The members wanted to pursue their own ideas, however, so the band split up in May 2004. Gourley and bassist Carothers formed the nucleus of Portugal. The Man. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gette - King, Dylan ( 22 December 2011 ). `` Band with local roots stays grounded amid success ''. Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman. Retrieved 22 September 2017. Jump up ^ http://www.fearlessrecords.com/artist/54 Jump up ^ `` About ''. The Fantastic The. ^ Jump up to : Hopkins, Kyle ( 21 January 2012 ). `` Portugal. The Man singer tends his Alaska roots ''. Alaska Dispatch News. ^ Jump up to : White, Caitlin ( 26 June 2013 ). `` The Man Behind Portugal the Man ''. Pigeons and Planes. Jump up ^ Hakata, Josh ( 4 October 2008 ). `` Back home, Palin lives model life in Last Frontier ''. MLive. Retrieved 7 July 2015. ( John T. ) Gourley, who with his wife, Jennifer, raised three children in a generator - powered cabin near Wasila Jump up ^ Jacobs, Justin ( 2 October 2007 ). `` Portugal 's Gourley a man of many layers ''. The Pitt News. University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Jump up ^ Novak, Jessica ( 25 May 2011 ). `` Portugal. The Phoner ''. Syracuse New Times -- via HighBeam Research. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). ( John Gourley ) dropped out of school when he was 15 to build houses with his father Jump up ^ Ressler, Casey ( 28 October 2002 ). `` From humble Wasilla beginnings, the band is making it big ''. Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman. Jump up ^ Apar, Corey. `` Anatomy of a Ghost - Biography ''. AllMusic. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Further reading ( edit ) Elliott, Will ( 27 July 2007 ). `` Valley rockers look forward to homecoming gigs ''. Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman. Woodburn, Peter ( 30 October 2009 ). `` Portugal. The Man Band Interview ''. Redefine. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Talbott, Chris ( 5 August 2011 ). `` Portugal. The Man : From Alaska to rock stardom ''. Daily Herald. Arlington Heights, IL. Associated Press. External links ( edit ) `` Portugal. The Man Unwind Back in Hometown ''. Rolling Stone. 22 August 2013. VIAF : 186048151 GND : 1014057604 MusicBrainz : 9e6c375c - 8a04 - 436d - be28 - a7abac8159fc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Gourley&oldid=808600970 '' Categories : Musicians from Alaska Living people People from Wasilla, Alaska 1981 births Musicians from Portland, Oregon Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Date of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 21 : 57. About Wikipedia", "title": "John Gourley", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=John_Gourley&amp;oldid=808600970" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Gourley Also known as The Fantastic The 1981 ( age 35 -- 36 ) Willow, Alaska, United States Origin Portland, Oregon, United States Genres Rock post-hardcore Occupation ( s ) Musician singer songwriter Instruments Vocal, Guitar Years active 2002 -- present Associated acts Anatomy of a Ghost Portugal. The Man John Baldwin Gourley ( born 1981 ) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter from Alaska. He is the lead singer and guitarist in the Portland, Oregon rock band Portugal. The Man. Gourley was previously the lead singer in screamo punk band, Anatomy of a Ghost. Gourley is also a visual artist, who often uses the alias The Fantastic The. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Gourley was born in 1981 to John T. Gourley and Jennifer. He and his two siblings grew up in Alaska" ], "id": [ "10703831416432565793" ], "short_answers": [ "John Baldwin Gourley" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The challenge : Vendettas - wikipedia The challenge : Vendettas The Challenge : Vendettas Genre Reality game show Created by Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray Presented by T.J. Lavin Starring Winner : Cara Maria Sorbello Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 16 ( including the two - part Reunion special / finale ) Production Location ( s ) Gibraltar, BOT, Marbella, Spain & Prague, Czech Republic Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Release Original network MTV Original release January 2 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) -- April 17, 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) Chronology Preceded by XXX : Dirty 30 Followed by Final Reckoning External links Website The Challenge : Vendettas is the thirty - first season of MTV reality competition series, The Challenge. The official trailer was shown during the special mini-series Champs vs. Stars. For the first time, this season featured alumni from the US version of Big Brother, and the UK TV shows Ex on the Beach and Geordie Shore, competing with alumni from the regular shows of Real World, Road Rules, The Challenge, and Are You the One? For the first time ever, there was only one winner. This was the first ever series of the show to be broadcast in the UK. It premiered on MTV UK on April 5, 2018. However the series was dropped after 8 episodes. Also, this is the first season in over ten years to be available to viewers of MTV Latin America, as it was made availble through the network 's streaming platform MTV Play. Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Format 3 Gameplay 3.1 Challenge games 3.2 Ring games 3.3 Final challenge 4 Game summary 4.1 Elimination chart 4.2 Game progress 4.3 Bank Progress 5 Teams 6 Grenades 7 Episodes 8 After filming 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Cast ( edit ) The cast of the thirty - first season of The Challenge, excluding Tony Raines. Male contestants Original Season Finish Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Runner - Up Kyle Christie Geordie Shore 8 Third Place Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Bottom Four Tony Raines RW : Skeletons Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Episode 13 Nelson Thomas AYTO? 3 Episode 13 Devin Walker - Molaghan AYTO? 3 Episode 12 / 13 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West Episode 10 Joss Mooney Ex on the Beach UK 1 Episode 7 / 8 Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Episode 7 Victor Arroyo Big Brother 18 Episode 6 / 7 Cory Wharton RW : Ex-Plosion Episode 2 / 3 Eddie Williams AYTO? 5 Episode 2 Rogan O'Connor Ex on the Beach UK 2 Episode 1 Female contestants Original Season Finish Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Winner Kailah Casillas RW : Go Big or Go Home Fourth Place Kam Williams AYTO? 5 Bottom Four Nicole Zanatta RW : Skeletons Bottom Four Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Episode 12 / 13 Natalie Negrotti Big Brother 18 Episode 12 Britni Thornton AYTO? 3 Episode 11 Kayleigh Morris Ex on the Beach UK 2 Episode 10 Marie Roda RW : St. Thomas Episode 8 / 9 Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Episode 7 / 8 Sylvia Elsrode RW : Skeletons Episode 7 Melissa Reeves Ex on the Beach UK 2 Episode 5 Alicia Wright AYTO? 5 Episode 3 / 4 Nicole Ramos Battle of the Bloodlines Episode 1 Note : Eight `` mercenary '' players were brought into the game to compete in The Ring as a season twist : Aneesa Ferreira ( RW : Chicago ), Derrick Kosinski ( RR : X-Treme ), Jordan Wiseley ( RW : Portland ) and Tori Deal ( AYTO? 4 ) in episodes 7 / 8, while Ashley Mitchell ( RW : Ex-Plosion ), Darrell Taylor ( RR : Campus Crawl ), Frank Sweeney ( RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) ) and Laurel Stucky ( Fresh Meat II ) competed in The Ring in Episode 11. Format ( edit ) Each player will play in multiple challenges followed by elimination rounds known as `` The Ring ''. The eliminations will alternate between male, female, or genderless elimination weeks. The winning players of each challenge will split $25,000 to their personal bank account. The overall top three players will be known as `` The Troika '' and will be safe from elimination. The last - place player of the designated gender will head straight to the Ring. The Troika will nominate three players as possible opponents to the last - place player. These players will be known as `` The Inquisition ''. In the Ring, the Troika will decide who from the Inquisition will compete in the elimination. The winner ( s ) of the elimination round will stay in the game, and earn a `` grenade ''. Grenades are punishments that can be granted to any player by the elimination winner. The loser of the elimination round will go home, and their bank total will be added to the final challenge total. Gameplay ( edit ) Challenge games ( edit ) Get Off the Rock : This purge challenge is an overnight endurance race up the 1400 foot Rock of Gibraltar. For the first phase, contestants race through the streets of Gibraltar to a checkpoint in tunnels at the base of the rock, where they then must stand in a subway car overnight holding weighted boxes. The following day, players continue the race up the Rock of Gibraltar with staggered starts based on how they finished the first phase. The first place finisher wins $25,000, while the slowest male and female contestants are immediately eliminated. Winner : Joss Eliminated : Nicole R. & Rogan Who 's Got Balls? : Played in two heats, male and female, contestants must dive into a soapy pit and retrieve soccer balls, pull themselves back out of the pit using ropes, and deposit the balls into their respective bin. The first contestant to deposit three balls into their bin wins. Winners : Bananas & Britni # Vendettas : Played on a giant hashtag structure lifted above water, this challenge is played in heats separated by gender. Contestants must take their 4 `` hashtag '' figures, and place them onto 4 separate opponents ' poles. The fastest male and female to place their hashtags on their opponents poles and make it back to their own pole win the challenge. Winners : Devin & Natalie Food Wars : Contestants are divided into 7 teams of 3 and 1 team of 2. At the beginning of each round, they are asked a question, and the first team to buzz in is allowed to answer. If they get it right, they win that question and will then be able to select one other team to be safe from eating while every other team has to select a member to consume a food of the winning choosing team 's choosing. If the members of the eating team are unable to finish their dish in the allotted time, their team is eliminated. The final round between the final two teams is an eating competition, with the first team to finish the dish winning. Winners : Marie, Tony & Zach Gasping for Air : Played at night, contestants are divided into 4 teams. Each contestant takes a turn diving underwater down 15 feet, and then moving a metal ring along a rope stretched 150 feet underwater. There are three checkpoint stations for the contestants to stop and breathe out of oxygen tanks while underwater. The team that moves their rings the overall longest distance wins. Winners : Bananas, Kailah, Kyle, Tony & Zach Puppet Master : Contestants are split into two teams and are chained together in one long chain. While chained together, contestants must work together to assemble pieces of a giant puppet together ( with Aneesa and CT heads ). The first team to do so, and pull the rope raising their puppet, wins. Winners : Bananas, Brad, Cara Maria, Jemmye, Kayleigh, Kyle, Natalie, Nicole Z., Shane & Tony Car Crash : This challenge entails five cars that are lifting into the air over water and are being sprayed with water. Contestants are separated into 4 teams. Each member of the team must jump from car to car, going through the backseat once completing the jump. The team with the fastest contestant to complete the jumps wins. Winners : Bananas, Cara Maria, Natalie & Nelson Kicking Ass : Contestants are divided into two teams and are playing a game of soccer. However, they will be playing on pogo stilts while in giant plastic bubbles. The first team to score two goals on their opponents wins. Winners : Brad, Kailah, Kam, Kyle, Natalie, Nicole Z., Tony & Zach This Land Is My Land : Competitors are split into three teams. Each team has to stack up forty - five palates in order to raise their flag. Each team is split into three groups : Fabricators, who stack the palates ; Suppliers, in charge of supplying the palates by running the palates that roamers supply them to the Fabricators ; and Roamers, who must run across the beach and are in charge of supplying the Suppliers through a reservoir or stealing from other teams. The first team to stack their palates and raise their flag wins. Winners : Britni, Natalie, Nicole Z., Tony & Zach Spanish Treasure : Contestants are divided into two teams. Each competitor on the team has to go one at a time to swim over to retrieve a ball. The competitor then has to dive down underwater and place the ball into a net attached to a treasure chest, elevating it slightly. They then swim back and touch a checkpoint before the next competitor on their team can go. Once the chest is brought up to the surface, the team is allowed to bring it back to shore, ending the mission. The team who does this the fastest wins. Winners : Brad, Devin, Jemmye, Natalie, Nicole Z., Tony & Zach Help Me, Rhonda : This is an individual endurance competition. Competitors each have to race one mile up a hill to a bridge, where they then have to zipline across a chasm. They then have to run through the city before rappelling down the side of a wall and then running to the finish. The fastest male and female contestants win, while the slowest male and female contestants are eliminated. Winners : Nicole Z. & Zach Eliminated : Devin & Jemmye Outside the Box : Played individually, players are hooked to a moving semi-truck and forced to traverse from the truck to a dangling pillar with stacked boxes in - between. Players push themselves, alternating between the truck and pillars, weaving between the stacks of boxes. The boxes have varying point values, and if the player knocks over the stack of boxes, those points are added to their overall score. In addition, if a player fails to make the transfer, they will receive a transfer penalty. Those with the least points wins. The last place male ( due to an uneven number of male and female competitors remaining ) is eliminated. Winners : Kailah & Tony Eliminated : Nelson Ring games ( edit ) Balls of Fire : Placed on opposite sides of the Ring in front of two goals, players must kick soccer balls through a wall of fire into their opponent 's goal. The player to score the best of three will win and earn a grenade. In the event that nobody can score a goal for an extended period of time the game will be played in a sudden death round. Played by : Cory vs. Nelson Chain Reaction : Players will start at the bottom of a chain ladder with only one rung connected on it and the remaining ones disconnected. On TJ 's signal, players must reconnect the rungs one by one while climbing their ladder until they can reach a bell. The first player to ring the bell will win and earn a grenade. Played by : Alicia vs. Melissa Oil and Water : Players will be placed in an oil pit and must retrieve a ball that TJ will drop down a peg board. Once they have retrieved the ball they must bring it back and score it in their basket. During this elimination players must remain on their hands and knees at all time unless they are about to score. Each basket will earn a point and the first player to score three points will win and earn a grenade. Played by : Melissa vs. Sylvia Troubled Water : Players will be in a tank of water. They will have to use their bodies to remove water until they get to the red line. Once they get to the red line, they will use a hammer to break the bottom of the tank and escape the tank. The first player to do so will win and earn a grenade. Played by : Brad vs. Victor Crazy 8 : Players will race for a ring in the shape of a figure 8. They must do whatever it takes to get the ring to their side. The first player to get the ring to their side twice will win the elimination. In an unexpected twist, four `` Mercenaries '' ( Jordan, Derrick, Tori, and Aneesa ) were brought in to compete against the players in the Ring. In order to stay in the game, they must win against the Mercenary. The players who win against their Mercenary will stay in the game and earn a grenade. Played by : Jordan vs. Shane, Aneesa vs. Veronica, Kam vs. Tori, Derrick vs. Joss Basket Case : Players will start locked inside of a Spanish basket. On TJ 's signal players must claw, smash, and tear their way out of their basket as quickly as they can. Once they have left their basket, players must run to their puzzle board and complete it as quickly as possible. The first player to successfully complete their puzzle will win and earn a grenade. Played by : Kailah vs. Marie Not So Bright : Players will each start in front of their podiums facing their puzzle board. On TJ 's signal they will press the button on their podium causing the lights on their board to partially light up. The players must then run to their board and flip the switches for those lights that are off. The puzzle board only remains lit when a player is touching their button so the players will have to memorize which switches need to be turned on without accidentally turning any off. The first player to successfully light their puzzle board in its entirety will win and earn a grenade. Played by : Bananas vs. Devin Yankin ' My Chain : Players will start harnessed together, back - to - back, on a circular track. On TJ 's signal players must run around the track to reach a bell that is on their opponent 's side. The first player to reach and ring their bell will win. In another twist, four more `` Mercenaries '' ( Frank, Darrell, Ashley, and Laurel ) were brought in to compete against the players in the Ring. In order to stay in the game, they must win against the Mercenary. The players who win against their Mercenary will stay in the game and earn a grenade. Played by : Brad vs. Frank, Ashley vs. Kam, Darrell vs. Nelson, Britni vs. Laurel Spanish Torture : Players will be tied and harnessed to two ropes running across the ring, one for their hands and one for their feet. On TJ 's signal, players must shimmy across these ropes as quickly as they can in order to ring a bell at the end. The first player to make it across and ring their bell will win and earn a grenade. Played by : Kam vs. Natalie Head Banger : Players will start on either side of a wall and, on TJ 's signal, will charge through two walls as quickly as possible. After breaking through the second wall players will find two oversized balls that they must use to smash through a metal grate that will reveal two smaller balls that must be deposited in their tube. The first player to deposit both smaller balls into their tube will win and return to the game. Played by : Brad vs. Leroy Final challenge ( edit ) In the first stage of the final challenge players must run along a course and complete three checkpoints. Before attempting each checkpoint players must retrieve a token found at the end of the mile and a half long course. Additionally, players will be required to wear various pieces of medieval equipment that will slow them down. The first two male players and first two female players to complete the stage will advance to Stage 2. The remaining four players will be eliminated from the final challenge and their bank accounts will be added to the final prize. For the first checkpoint players feet will be shackled together by chains. Each player will start with their own basket of torches. One at a time, players must take their entire basket of torches to the opposite end of the muddy field. Players may simply return to their basket after each deposit or they may take a torch from their opponent 's basket and return it to their starting basket. Once a player has moved all of their torches they may advance to the next checkpoint. Players will enter a dungeon where they will face either Bananas or Melissa who serve as Mercenaries. The Mercenaries serve as card dealers and each player must guess whether the next card will be higher or lower than the first, aces being high. If the player correctly guesses two of three cards they will advance to the final checkpoint. If the Mercenary wins they will be responsible for assigning the player a grenade that they must complete before advancing. For the final checkpoint of Stage 1 players must each wear an entire suit of armor while they finish the course. Upon reaching the checkpoint each player must wait for the next of their fellow players to arrive before playing. Competing one on one, one by one, players must remove swords from their board in amounts of one, two, or three. The player with one sword remaining on their board will win and advance to the finish line. The winner will also assign their opponent one of three ancient dishes, cheese, hot chocolate, or spicy tripe soup, to consume before being able to advance. The last player to reach the checkpoint will be responsible for simply removing all of the swords from the board before advancing. Players must then run along the course once more to retrieve their final token before crossing the finish line. In the second stage of the final challenge players must memorize a puzzle key featuring various colored circles. Once they have memorized a portion of their puzzle they must inside the castle and to the courtyard where they must recreate the puzzle on their own individual board. The first male and female to finish stage 1 were given a 30 second head start. The first player to successfully match their color board with the answer key will be declared the winner and receive over $370,000, money from both the final prize and also the cumulated bank accounts of all of the eliminated players. Second, third, and fourth place will each receive $35,000, $10,000, and $5,000 respectively. Each finalist will also receive the money earned from their bank accounts throughout the season. The results would later be announced at the reunion special. The Challenge : Vendettas winner : Cara Maria Second - place : Zach Third - place : Kyle Fourth - place : Kailah Bottom Four : Kam, Leroy, Tony, & Nicole Z. Game summary ( edit ) Elimination chart ( edit ) Episode Gender Challenge type Winners Troika Ring contestants Ring game Ring outcome # Challenge Last - place Troika 's pick Winner Loser Get Off the Rock N / A Individual Joss N / A Rogan Nicole R. 2 / 3 Who 's Got Balls? Male Individual Bananas Bananas, Brad, Kyle Nelson Cory Tony Victor Balls of Fire Nelson Cory Britni 3 / 4 # Vendettas Female Individual Devin Bananas, Devin, Natalie Melissa Alicia Kam Kayleigh Chain Reaction Melissa Alicia Natalie 4 / 5 Food Wars Female 7 teams of 3 & 1 team of 2 Team 6 Marie, Tony, Zach Sylvia Britni Kayleigh Melissa Oil and Water Sylvia Melissa 6 / 7 Gasping for Air Male 4 teams of 5 Team 4 Bananas, Kyle, Tony Brad Devin Shane Victor Troubled Water Brad Victor 7 / 8 Puppet Master N / A 2 teams of 10 Green Team Kyle, Nicole Z., Tony Joss Devin Nelson Shane Crazy 8 Jordan Shane Aneesa Veronica Veronica Kam Kayleigh Natalie Kam Tori Derrick Joss 8 / 9 Car Crash Female 3 teams of 4 & 1 team of 5 Team 1 Bananas, Natalie, Nelson Marie Cara Maria Kailah Nicole Z. Basket Case Kailah Marie 9 / 10 Kickin ' Ass Male 2 teams of 8 Blue Team Kailah, Tony, Zach Devin Bananas Leroy Nelson Not So Bright Devin Bananas 11 This Land Is My Land N / A 2 teams of 5 & 1 team of 4 Green Team Natalie, Tony, Zach Brad Kyle Leroy Nelson Yankin ' My Chain Brad Frank Kam Ashley Kam Britni Cara Maria Jemmye Nelson Darrell Laurel Britni 12 Spanish Treasure Female 1 team of 7 & 1 team of 6 Team 1 Brad, Tony, Zach Kam Cara Maria Kailah Natalie Spanish Torture Kam Natalie 12 / 13 Help Me, Rhonda N / A Individual Nicole Z. N / A Jemmye Zach Devin 13 Outside the Box Male Individual Kailah Cara Maria, Kailah, Tony N / A Nelson Tony N / A Brad Kyle Leroy Head Banger Leroy Brad 14 Final Challenge N / A Individual Cara Maria 2nd place : Zach ; 3rd place : Kyle ; 4th place : Kailah ; Bottom 4 : Kam, Leroy, Nicole Z. & Tony Game progress ( edit ) Players Episodes 2 / 3 3 / 4 4 / 5 6 / 7 7 / 8 8 / 9 9 / 10 11 12 12 / 13 13 Finale Cara Maria SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WINNER Zach SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE SECOND Kyle SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE THIRD Kailah SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE RING WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN FOURTH Kam SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING SAFE WIN RING RING SAFE SAFE OUT Leroy SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING OUT Tony SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN OUT Nicole Z. SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE OUT Brad SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING WIN SAFE WIN RING WIN SAFE OUT Nelson SAFE RING SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE RING SAFE SAFE OUT Devin SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING SAFE WIN OUT Jemmye SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN OUT Natalie SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Britni SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Kayleigh SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE QUIT Bananas SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN OUT Marie SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE OUT Joss WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Veronica SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Shane SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Sylvia SAFE SAFE SAFE RING SAFE OUT Victor SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Melissa SAFE SAFE RING OUT Alicia SAFE SAFE OUT Cory SAFE OUT Eddie SAFE QUIT Nicole R. OUT Rogan OUT Competition The contestant won the final challenge. The contestant did not win the final challenge. The contestant finished in the bottom 4, after being eliminated on the first leg of the final challenge. The contestant won the challenge and was part of the Troika. The contestant did not win the challenge but placed in the Top 3 and was part of the Troika. The contestant won the challenge, but was not part of the Troika or nominated for the Inquisition. The contestant won the challenge and was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition, but was not selected for the elimination round. The contestant was not selected for the elimination round. The contestant was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition, but was not selected for the elimination round. The contestant won the Ring. The contestant won against the `` Mercenary '' in the Ring. The contestant 's elimination against the `` Mercenary '' was deemed a draw, but they were not eliminated. The contestant lost the Ring and was eliminated. The contestant lost the Ring against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated. The contestant won the challenge, but was selected for the Ring, lost and was eliminated. The contestant won the challenge, but was selected for the Ring, lost against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated. The contestant was eliminated at the challenge. The contestant was removed from the competition due to injury / illness. The contestant withdrew from or was disqualified from the competition. Bank progress ( edit ) Players Episodes 2 / 3 3 / 4 4 / 5 6 / 7 7 / 8 8 / 9 9 / 10 11 12 12 / 13 13 Finale Cara Maria $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $380,125 Zach $0 $0 $0 $8,000 $13,000 $13,000 $13,000 $16,125 $21,125 $24,625 $37,125 $37,125 $72,125 Kyle $0 $0 $0 $0 $5,000 $7,500 $7,500 $10,625 $10,625 $10,625 $10,625 $10,625 $20,625 Kailah $0 $0 $0 $0 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $8,125 $8,125 $8,125 $8,125 $20,625 $25,625 Kam $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $3,125 $3,125 $3,125 $19,125 $19,125 $19,125 Leroy $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Tony $0 $0 $0 $8,000 $13,000 $15,500 $15,500 $18,625 $23,625 $27,125 $27,125 $39,625 $39,625 Nicole Z. $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $5,625 $10,625 $14,125 $26,625 $26,625 $26,625 Brad $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $5,625 $5,625 $9,125 $9,125 $9,125 Nelson $0 $0 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 Devin $0 $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $16,000 $0 Jemmye $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $6,000 $6,000 Natalie $0 $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $15,000 $21,250 $24,375 $29,375 $32,875 Britni $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $17,500 Kayleigh $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 Bananas $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $17,500 $20,000 $26,250 $26,250 Marie $0 $0 $0 $8,000 $8,000 $8,000 $8,000 Joss $25,000 $25,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 Veronica $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Shane $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 Sylvia $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Victor $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Melissa $0 $0 $0 $0 Alicia $0 $0 $0 Cory $0 $0 Eddie $0 $0 Nicole R. $0 Rogan $0 Note : Dollar amounts in bold indicate that contestant finished in the Top 4 with that amount, and won it in the final challenge. Note : Dollar amounts in italics indicate that contestant was eliminated with that amount, and lost it upon elimination. The total amount was added to the Additional Bank, which was given to the winner. Additional Bank : $221,375 Competition The contestant won the final challenge. The contestant did not win the final challenge. The contestant finished in the bottom 4, after being eliminated on the first leg of the final challenge. The contestant won the challenge and was part of the Troika. The contestant placed in the Top 3 in the challenge and was part of the Troika. The contestant won the challenge but was not part of the Troika. The contestant won the challenge and was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition, but was not selected for the elimination round. The contestant was not selected for the elimination round. The contestant was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition but not selected for the elimination round. The contestant won the Ring. The contestant won against the `` Mercenary '' in the Ring. The contestant 's elimination against the `` Mercenary '' was deemed a draw, but they were not eliminated. The contestant lost the Ring and was eliminated. The contestant lost the Ring against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated. The contestant won the challenge, but was selected for the Ring, lost and was eliminated. The contestant won the challenge, but was selected for the Ring, lost against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated. The contestant was eliminated at the challenge. The contestant was removed from the competition due to injury / illness. The contestant withdrew or was disqualified from the competition. Teams ( edit ) Food Wars ( Ep. 4 ) Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Devin Britni Bananas Brad Melissa Kyle Cara Maria Joss Shane Leroy Kayleigh Sylvia Team 5 Team 6 Team 7 Team 8 Jemmye Marie Kam Kailah Nicole Z. Tony Natalie Victor Veronica Zach Nelson Gasping for Air ( Ep. 6 ) Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Brad Britni Devin Bananas Kam Cara Maria Jemmye Kailah Kayleigh Joss Leroy Kyle Marie Veronica Nicole Z. Tony Nelson Victor Shane Zach Puppet Master ( Ep. 7 ) Blue Team Green Team Britni Leroy Bananas Kyle Devin Marie Brad Natalie Joss Nelson Cara Maria Nicole Z. Kailah Veronica Jemmye Shane Kam Zach Kayleigh Tony Car Crash ( Ep. 8 ) Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Bananas Kailah Brad Britni Cara Maria Nicole Z. Jemmye Devin Natalie Tony Kam Kayleigh Nelson Zach Marie Kyle Leroy Kickin ' Ass ( Ep. 9 ) Blue Team Green Team Brad Nicole Z. Bananas Jemmye Kailah Natalie Britni Kayleigh Kam Tony Cara Maria Leroy Kyle Zach Devin Nelson This Land Is My Land ( Ep. 11 ) Red Team Green Team Blue Team Brad Britni Cara Maria Devi Natalie Jemmye Kailah Nicole Z. Kyle Kam Tony Leroy Nelson Zach Spanish Treasure ( Ep. 12 ) Team 1 Team 2 Brad Nicole Z. Cara Maria Kyle Devin Tony Kailah Leroy Jemmye Zach Kam Nelson Natalie Grenades ( edit ) Ring game Winner ( s ) Grenades Choice Victim ( s ) Balls of Fire Nelson Cash ( Take $5,000 from any player who has money. ) Y Joss Time Crunch ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance. ) Put Up or Shut Up ( Join the Troika or send a player straight into the Inquisition. ) Chain Reaction Melissa Team Up ( Pick the teams for the next challenge. ) Y N / A Money Hungry ( Choose one player to drink 1 liter of cream before the next challenge. ) Sit Out ( Choose any player to sit out of the next challenge and automatically get sent into elimination. ) Oil and Water Sylvia Cash ( Take $10,000 from any player who has money. ) N / A N / A Endure ( Choose any player to perform an endurance task before the next challenge. ) Order Up ( Choose the order for the next challenge. ) Troubled Water Brad Time Crunch ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance. ) Y Kam Sit Out ( Choose any player to sit out of the next challenge. ) Blindside ( Somebody has to compete in the next challenge blindfolded. ) Crazy 8 Kam Lube Up ( Lube up any player at the next challenge. ) Y Cara Maria Endure ( Choose any player to perform an endurance task before the next challenge. ) Flip Out ( Choose any player to wear flippers at the next challenge. ) Basket Case Kailah Cash Up ( Take any player 's money. ) N / A Team Up ( Pick the teams for the next challenge. ) Y Put Up or Shut Up ( Pick any player that has to win a spot into the Troika or face the Inquisition. ) Not So Bright Devin Weighted Down ( Add weight to any player for the next challenge. ) N / A Tied Up ( Tie up any player 's ankles for the next challenge. ) Team Up ( Pick the teams for the challenge. ) Y Yanking My Chain N / A Cash ( Take any player 's money. ) N / A Brad Tied Up ( Tie up any player 's ankles for the next challenge. ) Y Kyle Kam Time Up ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance. ) Y Cara Maria Spanish Torture Kam Cash ( Take any player 's money. ) Y Devin Endurance ( Force a player to do 30 burpees before for the next challenge. ) Time Crunch ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance. ) Decked Out Station Dealers Grenades Choice Victim ( s ) Higher or Lower Melissa Enjoy a Glass of Water ( Force a player to drink an entire glass of water. ) Kam Do Jumping Jacks ( Force a player to do jumping jacks. ) Bury a Log ( Force a player to bury a log. ) Y Episodes ( edit ) No. in season No. in series Show Title Original air date U.S. TV first - run viewers ( million ) 374 `` When Worlds Collide '' January 2, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 0.89 375 `` The Power of Three '' January 9, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.87 376 `` # banatalie '' January 16, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 1.02 377 `` Pizzagate '' January 23, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.74 5 378 `` Guilty by Association '' January 30, 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.92 6 379 `` Notes on a Scandal '' February 6, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.82 7 380 `` Pulling the Strings '' February 13, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.83 8 381 `` Mercenaries of Mayhem '' February 20, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 0.88 9 382 `` Baskets of Deplorables '' February 27, 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.84 10 383 `` Rumor Has It '' March 6, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.77 11 384 `` It 's Britni, B... '' March 13, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.83 12 385 `` Help Me, Rhonda '' March 20, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 0.75 13 386 `` Czechmate '' March 27, 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 0.83 14 387 `` Vendettas Never Die '' April 3, 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 0.90 15 388 `` Finale Part 1 '' April 10, 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 0.80 16 389 `` Finale Part 2 '' April 17, 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 0.74 After filming ( edit ) The two - part reunion special / finale aired on April 10 and 17, 2018, and was hosted by WWE pro wrestler, The Real World : Back to New York alum, and former Challenge champion Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin. Cast members ( including Kayleigh, Melissa and Kyle via Satellite ) attended at the MTV Studios in New York. Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eddie withdrew from the competition prior the `` Who 's Got Balls? '' challenge in episode 2. His exit was not shown on - screen. ^ Jump up to : Nicole was forced to withdraw from the final challenge, after she suffered a severe ankle injury on the first stage. ^ Jump up to : At the end of Episode 10, Kayleigh withdrew from the competition, following a bullying incident in which Britni, Jemmye and Kailah threw her belongings from a balcony at the house. ^ Jump up to : Veronica was forced to withdraw after dislocating her finger against Aneesa in the `` Crazy 8 '' elimination. ^ Jump up to : Prior to the `` Puppet Master '' challenge in episode 7, Sylvia was medically removed from the competition, after she was deemed too sick to continue competing. ^ Jump up to : In episode 3, Melissa suffered an accident at the house in which she lacerated her foot. Host T.J. Lavin delivered the news that Melissa was medically prohibited from competing in the `` # Vendettas '' challenge, due to the fact that it involved water. As a result, Melissa was automatically sent to `` The Ring, '' instead of the last - place female. Jump up ^ In episode 4, the Ring was deemed genderless ; however, as Sylvia was named the last place competitor, it became a female elimination week. ^ Jump up to : In episode 6, Natalie and Sylvia were deemed too sick to compete in the `` Gasping for Air '' challenge, but were safe due to the fact that it was a male elimination week. In addition, the grenade that Sylvia earned as the result of winning in `` The Ring '' in the previous episode was a `` dud. '' ^ Jump up to : Jordan Wiseley, Derrick Kosinski, Aneesa Ferreira, and Tori Deal were brought in as Mercenaries to compete against Shane, Joss, Veronica, and Kam, respectively. Jump up ^ In episode 11, the elimination between Nelson and the Mercenary, Darrell, came to a draw after they reached the time limit. Thus Nelson was allowed back into the game, but was not rewarded a Grenade. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Next Challenge Season Will Expose Some Deep Vendettas ''. ^ Jump up to : Heldman, Breanne ( 5 December 2017 ). `` MTV 's The Challenge : Vendettas cast to feature a bunch of new players ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 6 December 2017. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( January 4, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 4, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( January 10, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( January 18, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( January 24, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 24, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( January 31, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved January 31, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( February 7, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( February 14, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 14, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( February 22, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( February 28, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 28, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( March 7, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch ( March 14, 2018 ). `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 ''. Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 14, 2018. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( March 21, 2018 ). `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Unsolved ' rises, ' The Challenge : Vendettas ' holds steady ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2018. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( March 28, 2018 ). `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' Curse of Civil War Gold ' dip ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved March 28, 2018. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( April 4, 2018 ). `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' premieres down, ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved April 4, 2018. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( April 11, 2018 ). `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' falls and ' The Last O.G. ' takes a small hit ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Welch, Alex ( April 18, 2018 ). `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Unsolved ' holds steady, ' The Last OG ' falls ''. TV By the Numbers. Retrieved April 18, 2018. External links ( edit ) Official website MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Ex on the Beach ( since 2018 ) Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) Competitive Are You the One? 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{ "text": "History of the Philippines - wikipedia History of the Philippines The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. The reason given is : This lead section reads like a long timeline, and thus needs an introductory overview paragraph, and individual assertions seem to be based on 30 - year - old paradigms which may need to be reassessed in light of present - day scholarship... Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page. Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details. ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre -- 900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1565 ) ( show ) Historically documented city - states / polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict Brunei War Colonial period ( 1565 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan Battle of Mactan Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Sulu Sea pirates Dutch invasions British invasion Propaganda Movement Cavite Mutiny La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak - na - Bato Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Jones Law Tydings -- McDuffie Act Commonwealth Japanese occupation Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Second Republic Battle of Leyte Gulf Liberation of the Philippines Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Hukbalahap Rebellion Filipino First policy New Society & Fourth Republic CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict People Power Revolution Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) Mount Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 All - out war against MILF 2001 EDSA Revolution EDSA III Oakwood mutiny Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic ( show ) Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military Political Communications Transportation Filipino Americans Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Part of a series on the Culture of the Philippines History ( show ) Archaeology Prehistory 900 -- 1521 1521 -- 1898 1946 -- 65 1965 -- 86 1986 -- present People Languages Traditions Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport ( show ) basketball volleyball football martial arts rugby union Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Cultural properties Historical markers more Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Motto Anthem Language Flower Tree Bird Gem Sport Philippines portal The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested. Negrito groups first inhabited the isles. Groups of Austronesians later migrated to the islands. Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and political organization. Some of these settlements ( mostly those located on major river deltas ) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered early states. This includes the predecessors of modern - day population centers such as Maynila, Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu as well as some polities, such as Ma - i, whose possibly location are still the subject of debate among scholars. These polities were either influenced by the Hindu - Buddhist Indian religion, language, culture, literature and philosophy from India through many campaigns from India including the South - East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I, Islam from Arabia or were Sinified tributary states allied to China. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium. These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states. These small states alternated from between being part of or being influenced by larger Asian empires like the Ming Dynasty, Majapahit and Brunei or rebelling and waging war against them. The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi 's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu. Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico - based Viceroyalty of New Spain. After which, the colony was directly governed by Spain. Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain 's defeat in the Spanish -- American War. The Philippines then became a territory of the United States. U.S forces suppressed a Philippine Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines. In 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was set up with popular elections. The U.S. promised independence in the Jones Act. The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10 - year interim step prior to full independence. However, in 1942 during World War II, Japan occupied the Philippines. The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945. The Treaty of Manila in 1946 established an independent Philippine Republic. Contents 1 Timeline 2 Prehistory 2.1 The Jade culture 2.2 The Sa Sa Huỳnh Culture 2.3 Timeline of Iron age 3 Pre-colonial period ( 900 AD to 1565 ) 3.1 Initial recorded history 3.2 The Polity of Tondo 3.3 Caboloan ( Pangasinan ) 3.4 The Nation of Ma - i 3.5 The Kedatuan of Dapitan 3.6 The Kedatuan of Madja - as 3.7 The Rajahnate of Cebu 3.8 The Rajahnate of Butuan 3.9 Struggle against Majapahit 3.10 The Sultanate of Sulu 3.11 The Sultanate of Maguindanao 3.12 The Sultanate of Lanao 3.13 The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam 4 Spanish settlement and rule ( 1565 -- 1898 ) 4.1 Early Spanish expeditions and conquests 4.2 Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries 4.3 Spanish rule during the 18th century 4.3. 1 British invasion ( 1762 -- 1764 ) 4.3. 2 Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century 4.4 Spanish rule during the 19th century 4.5 Philippine Revolution 5 American rule ( 1898 -- 1946 ) 5.1 Philippine -- American War 5.2 The Tagalog, Negros and Zamboanga Cantonal Republics 5.3 Insular Government ( 1901 -- 1935 ) 5.4 Commonwealth 5.5 World War II and Japanese occupation 5.5. 1 Military 5.5. 2 Home front 6 Postcolonial Philippines and the Third Republic ( 1946 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Administration of Manuel Roxas ( 1946 -- 1948 ) 6.2 Administration of Elpidio Quirino ( 1948 -- 1953 ) 6.3 Administration of Ramon Magsaysay ( 1953 -- 1957 ) 6.4 Administration of Carlos P. Garcia ( 1957 -- 1961 ) 6.5 Administration of Diosdado Macapagal ( 1961 -- 1965 ) 6.5. 1 Land Reform Code 6.5. 2 Maphilindo 7 Marcos era 7.1 Martial law 7.2 Fourth Republic 8 Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) 8.1 Administration of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 8.2 Administration of Fidel Valdez Ramos ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 8.3 Administration of Joseph Ejercito Estrada ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 8.4 Administration of Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 8.5 Administration of Benigno Simeon Aquino III ( 2010 -- 2016 ) 8.6 Administration of Rodrigo Roa Duterte ( 2016 -- present ) 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Philippine history Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of the Philippines Docking station and entrance to the Tabon Cave Complex Site in Palawan, where one of the oldest human remains was located. Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga has pushed back evidence of early hominins in the country to as early as 709,000 years. Still, the earliest archeological evidence for man in the archipelago is the 67,000 - year - old Callao Man of Cagayan and the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal, both of whom appear to suggest the presence of human settlement prior to the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people. There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally. Wilhelm Solheim 's Island Origin Theory postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide - scale migration. The Austronesian Expansion Theory states that Malayo - Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, displacing earlier arrivals. The Negritos were early settlers, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated. They were followed by speakers of the Malayo - Polynesian languages, a branch of the Austronesian language family, who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000 BC, displacing the earlier arrivals. Before the expansion out of Taiwan, archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such as the Hemudu, its successor the Liangzhu and Dapenkeng in Neolithic China. During this neolithic period, a `` jade culture '' is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC. The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies. The Ifugao / Igorot people utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago. By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples : tribal groups, such as the Aetas, Hanunoo, Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended on hunter - gathering and were concentrated in forests ; warrior societies, such as the Isneg and Kalinga who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains ; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon ; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans - island maritime trade. It was also during the first millennium BC that early metallurgy was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with India Around 300 -- 700 AD, the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities, adopting influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism. The jade culture ( edit ) Metal lingling - o earrings from Luzon. Existence of a `` Jade culture '' in the Philippines is evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found at a site in Batangas province. Jade artifacts are made from white and green nephrite and dating as far back as 2000 -- 1500 BC, have been discovered at a number of archeological excavations in the Philippines since the 1930s. The artifacts have been both tools like adzes and chisels, and ornaments such as lingling - o earrings, bracelets and beads. Nephrite, otherwise known as Jade, is a mineral widely used throughout Asia as ornaments or for decorative purposes. The oldest jade artefacts in Asia ( 6000 BC ) were found in China where they were used as the primary hardstone of Chinese sculpturing. In 3000 BC, jade production in the Hongsan and Liangzhu cultures of China reached its peak. During this period, the knowledge of jade craftsmanship spread across the sea to Taiwan and eventually to the Philippines. The artefacts discovered in several sites in the Philippines were made from nephrite. Nephrite excavated in the Philippines were of two types : white nephrite and green nephrite. The Sa Sa Huỳnh culture ( edit ) The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed. The dispute is about the existence of a Sa Huỳnh presence in the Philippines aside from the presence of their trade products. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. See the relevant discussion on the talk page. ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Asia in 200 BC, showing Sa Huỳnh cultures in southeast Asia The Sa Huỳnh culture centred on present - day Vietnam, showed evidence of an extensive trade network. Sa Huỳnh beads were made from glass, carnelian, agate, olivine, zircon, gold and garnet ; most of these materials were not local to the region, and were most likely imported. Han dynasty - style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Sa Huỳnh sites. Conversely, Sa Sa Huỳnh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in Central Thailand, Taiwan ( Orchid Island ), and in the Philippines, in the Palawan, Tabon Caves. One of the great examples is the Kalanay Cave in Masbate ; the artefacts on the site in one of the `` Sa Huyun - Kalanay '' pottery complex sites were dated 400BC -- 1500 AD. The Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery in the Sarangani Province of southern Mindanao is c. 200 AD. Timeline of Iron age ( edit ) Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details Prehistoric ( or Proto - historic ) Iron Age Historic Iron Age Pre-colonial period ( 900 AD to 1565 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 900 -- 1521 ) Idjang Maynila Kedatuan of Madja - as Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Sulu Ma - i Kedatuan of Dapitan Sultanate of Maguindanao Rajahnate of Cebu Namayan Tondo Sultanate of Lanao Igorot Plutocracy Cainta Caboloan Ibalon Samtoy Chiefdom of Taytay Locations of pre-colonial polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago Initial recorded History ( edit ) During the period of the south Indian Pallava dynasty and the north Indian Gupta Empire, Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia and the Philippines which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms. The end of Philippine prehistory is 900, the date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. From the details of the document, written in Kawi script, the bearer of a debt, Namwaran, along with his children Lady Angkatan and Bukah, are cleared of a debt by the ruler of Tondo. From the various Sanskrit terms and titles seen in the document, the culture and society of Manila Bay was that of a Hindu -- Old Malay amalgamation, similar to the cultures of Java, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra at the time. There are no other significant documents from this period of pre-Hispanic Philippine society and culture until the Doctrina Christiana of the late 16th century, written at the start of the Spanish period in both native Baybayin script and Spanish. Other artifacts with Kawi script and baybayin were found, such as an Ivory seal from Butuan dated to the early 11th century and the Calatagan pot with baybayin inscription, dated to the 13th century. Tagalog royal couple belonging to the Maginoo class In the years leading up to 1000, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays ( settlements ranging in size from villages to city - states ) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus, wangs, rajahs, sultans or lakans. or by upland agricultural societies ruled by `` petty plutocrats ''. States such as the Kingdom of Maynila, the Kingdom of Taytay in Palawan ( mentioned by Antonio Pigafetta to be where they resupplied when the remaining ships escaped Cebu after Magellan was slain ), the Chieftaincy of Coron Island ruled by fierce warriors called Tagbanua as reported by Spanish missionaries mentioned by Nilo S. Ocampo, Namayan, the Kingdom of Tondo, the Sinitic wangdom of Pangasinan, the nation of Ma - i, the Kedatuans of Madja - as and Dapitan, the Indianized rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu and the sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan. Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires of Srivijaya, Majapahit and Brunei. The Polity of Tondo ( edit ) Main article : Tondo ( historical polity ) Since at least the year 900, this thalassocracy centered in Manila Bay flourished via an active trade with Chinese, Japanese, Malays, and various other peoples in Asia. Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom, which was led by kings under the title `` Lakan '' which belongs to the caste of the Maharlika, who were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society. They ruled a large part of what is now known as Luzon from Ilocos to Bicol from possibly before 900 AD to 1571, becoming the largest pre-colonial Philippine state. The Spaniards called them Hidalgos. The people of Tondo had developed a culture which is predominantly Hindu and Buddhist, they were also good agriculturists, and lived through farming and aquaculture. During its existence, it grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in pre-colonial Philippines due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as China and Japan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, c. 900 CE. The oldest known historical record found in the Philippines, which indirectly refers to the polity of Tondo Due to its very good relations with Japan, the Japanese called Tondo as Luzon, even a famous Japanese merchant, Luzon Sukezaemon, went as far as to change his surname from Naya to Luzon. In 900 AD, the lord - minister Jayadewa presented a document of debt forgiveness to Lady Angkatan and her brother Bukah, the children of Namwaran. This is described in the Philippines ' oldest known document, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. Caboloan ( Pangasinan ) ( edit ) Main article : Caboloan Pangasinan or Feng - chia - hsi - lan in Chinese records, was a sovereign Prehispanic Philippine state, notable for having traded with the Kingdom of Ryukyu, Japan and was a tributary state to Ming Dynasty. The Chinese records of this kingdom began when the first tributary King ( Wang in Chinese ), Kamayin, sent an envoy offering gifts to the Chinese Emperor. The state occupies the current province of Pangasinan. It was locally known the Luyag na Kaboloan ( also spelled Caboloan ), with Binalatongan as its capital, existed in the fertile Agno River valley. It flourished around the same period, the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires arose in Indonesia which had extended their influence to much of the Malay Archipelago. Urduja, a legendary woman warrior, is believed to have ruled in Pangasinan around the 14th century. The Luyag na Kaboloan expanded the territory and influence of Pangasinan to what are now the neighboring provinces of Zambales, La Union, Tarlac, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, and Nueva Vizcaya. Pangasinan enjoyed full independence until the Spanish conquest. In the sixteenth century Pangasinan was called the `` Port of Japan '' by the Spanish. The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks. Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments. They also blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners, which were likened to that of animals. Also, used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households. Japanese - style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in the area. In exchange for these goods, traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves, but also for deerskins, civet and other local products. Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China, they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south. The nation of Ma - i ( edit ) Main article : Ma - i Piloncitos, a type of gold nugget with Baybayin Ma characters which could be a symbol for the nation of Ma - i. Used as one of the early currencies along with gold rings Around 1225, the nation of Ma - i, a Buddhist pre-Hispanic Philippine island - state centered in Mindoro, flourished as an entrepôt, attracting traders and shipping from the Kingdom of Ryukyu to the Empire of Japan. Chao Jukua, a customs inspector in Fukien province, China wrote the Zhufan Zhi ( `` Description of the Barbarous Peoples '' ), which described trade with this pre-colonial Philippine state. Its people were noted for their honesty and trustworthiness in trade. The Kedatuan of Dapitan ( edit ) Main article : Kedatuan of Dapitan Around the 12th century, a group of people from Northern Mindanao settled in the strait between mainland Bohol and the island of Panglao. Those people came from a nation in northern Mindanao called Lutao ( probably the animist kingdom of what will soon be the Islamic Lanao ). Those people established the Kedatuan of Dapitan in western Bohol because the true indigenous people of Bohol in the Anda peninsula and nearby areas were not open to them, forcing them to establish settlement in the western part of the island. The kedatuan was first built with hardwood on the soft seabed. It engaged it trade with nearby areas and some Chinese merchants. The Jesuit Alcina tells tales about a rich nation he called the ' Venice of the Visayas ', pointing to the Kedatuan of Dapitan at that time. The Jesuit also tells of a Dapitan princess named Bugbung Hamusanum, whose beauty caused her suitor, Datu Sumangga of Leyte, to raid parts of southern China to win her hand. The Kedatuan of Madja - as ( edit ) Main article : Madja - as Images from the Boxer Codex illustrating an ancient kadatuan or tumao ( noble class ) Visayan couple. A royal couple of the Visayans. A Visayan princess. During the 11th century several exiled datus of the collapsing empire of Srivijaya led by Datu Puti led a mass migration to the central islands of the Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo. Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of polities and named it the Kedatuan of Madja - as centered in Aklan and they settled the surrounding islands of the Visayas. This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign the confederations ' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas. Its people consistently made piratical attacks against Chinese imperial shipping. The Rajahnate of Cebu ( edit ) Main article : Rajahnate of Cebu Trading at Port of Sugbu, Chinese, Anamese, Cambodian, Europeans and Arabs entered and traded at the Cebu Port. Gold, cotton, and slaves were bartered in exchange of silk, porcelain, beads, and other metals. Traders paid tribute to the Rajah of Cebu. The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to exist on Cebu island prior to the arrival of the Spanish. It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the Hindu Chola dynasty which happened to occupy Sumatra - Indonesia. He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead. This rajahnate warred against the ' magalos ' ( Slave traders ) of Maguindanao and had an alliance with the Rajahnate of Butuan and Indianized Kutai in South Borneo, before it was weakened by the insurrection of Datu Lapu - Lapu. The Rajahnate of Butuan ( edit ) Main article : Rajahnate of Butuan Rajahnate of Butuan The Butuan Ivory Seal, displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines. The Kawi script lettering says `` But - wan '' and the smaller lettering ( similar to Baybayin ) says `` Bu - wa '' ( diacritics for the `` Wan / Ban '' in Kawi and `` Bu / Ba '' in the smaller letters have worn off ). A silver strip excavated from the 1970s in Butuan inside of a wooden coffin. The characters display a Hindu - Buddhist influence, probably a form of early writing in the Philippines. ( c. 14th -- 15th century ). By year 1011, Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, the monarch of the Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan, a maritime - state famous for its goldwork sent a trade envoy under ambassador Likan - shieh to the Chinese Imperial Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states. The request being approved, it opened up direct commercial links with the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals, Tondo and the Champa civilization. Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by the Butuan Silver Paleograph. Struggle against Majapahit ( edit ) During the 1300s, the Javanese - centered Hindu empire of Majapahit briefly ruled over Luzon island and the Sulu archipelago as recorded in the epic poem Nagarakretagama, which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ( Manila ) and Solot ( Sulu ). It even incorporated the Butuan and Cebu Rajahanates ' Bornean ally, Kutai. But they failed to take hold of the Visayas islands, which was populated by Srivijayan loyalists who were waging incessant guerrilla warfare against them. Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit during the Battle of Manila ( 1365 ) and Sulu also reestablished independence, and in vengeance, assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni ( Brunei ) before a fleet from the capital drove them out. The subsequent start of the Islamic era ushered the slow death of Majapahit as its provinces eventually seceded and became independent sultanates. With the upsurge of Islam, the remnants of Hindu Majapahit eventually fled to the island of Bali. The Sultanate of Sulu ( edit ) Main article : Sultanate of Sulu The official flag of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu. In 1380, Karim ul ' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived in Sulu from Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu by converting its previous ruler, the Hindu king, Rajah Baguinda, to Islam and then marrying his daughter. This sultanate eventually gained great wealth due to its diving for fine pearls. The Sultanate of Maguindanao ( edit ) Main article : Sultanate of Maguindanao The bust of Sultan Muhammad Kudarat of Maguindanao at Rizal Park. The Sultanate of Maguindanao rose to prominence at the end of the 15th century, Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and he subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun princess from Mindanao, and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao. It ruled most parts of Mindanao and continued to exist prior to the Spanish colonization until the 19th century. The Sultanate also traded and maintained good relations with the Chinese, Dutch, and the British. The Sultanate of Lanao ( edit ) Main article : Confederation of sultanates in Lanao The Sultanates of Lanao in Mindanao, Philippines were founded in the 16th century through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuan, who was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520. Islam was introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the Middle East, Indian and Malay regions who propagated Islam to Sulu and Maguindanao. Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao, the Sultanate system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized. The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao or the Pat a Pangampong a Ranao which are composed of a number of royal houses ( Sapolo ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen ( 16 ) Royal Houses ) with specific territorial jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao. This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders, and maintained up to the present day, in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in the area, emphasizing the values of unity of the nation ( kaiisaisa o bangsa ), patronage ( kaseselai ) and fraternity ( kapapagaria ). By the 16th century, Islam had spread to other parts of the Visayas and Luzon. The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam ( edit ) Main article : Bruneian Empire Prior to the usage of the Arabic style merged with Modernist style common in mosque architecture in the Philippines today, the mosques of the Philippines used to be the vernacular hut - style and Pagoda - style, which were common until the late 19th century. During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521, the recently Islamized Bruneian Empire ( formerly the Majapahit province of Poni that had seceded ) decided to break the Dynasty of Tondo 's monopoly in the China trade by attacking Tondo and defeating Rajah Gambang and then establishing the State of Selurong ( Kingdom of Maynila ) as a Bruneian satellite - state. A new dynasty under the Islamized Rajah Salalila was also established to challenge the House of Lakandula in Tondo. In addition to establishing the satellite state of Manila, Sultan Bolkiah also married Laila Mecana, the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul - Ombra to expand Brunei 's influence in both Luzon and Mindanao. Furthermore, Islam was further strengthened by the arrival to the Philippines of traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia. Concurrent with the spread of Islam in the Philippine archipelago, was the rise of the Lucoes who were the people of Luzon. They rose to prominence by establishing overseas communities all across Southeast Asia and participating in trading ventures, navigation expeditions and military campaigns in Burma, Malacca and East Timor where they were employed as traders and mercenaries. One prominent Luções was Regimo de Raja, who was a spice magnate and a Temenggung ( Jawi : تمڠݢوڠ ) ( Governor and Chief General ) in Portuguese Malacca. He was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the Indian Ocean, the Strait of Malacca, the South China Sea, and the medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines. Around 1563 AD, at the closing stages of the precolonial era, the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol achieved prominence and it was known to a later Spanish missionary, Alcina, as the `` Venice of the Visayas '', because it was a wealthy, wooden and floating city - state in the Visayas. However, this kedatuan was eventually attacked and destroyed by soldiers from the Sultanate of Ternate, a state made up of Muslim Papuan people. The survivors of the destruction, led by their datu, Pagbuaya, migrated to northern Mindanao and established a new Dapitan there. Eventually, in vengeance against the Muslims and Portuguese allied to the Ternateans, they aided the Spanish in the conquest of Muslim Manila and in the Spanish expeditions to capture Portuguese Ternate. There was also a simmering territorial conflict between the Polity of Tondo and the Bruneian vassal - state, the Islamic Rajahnate of Maynila, to which the ruler of Maynila, Rajah Matanda, sought military assistance against Tondo from his relatives at the Sultanate of Brunei. The Hindu Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu also endured slave raids from, and waged wars against the Sultanate of Maguindanao. Simultaneous with these slave - raids, was the rebellion of Datu Lapu - Lapu of Mactan against Rajah Humabon of Cebu. The sparse population and the multiple states competing over the limited territory and people of the islands simplified Spanish colonization by allowing its conquistadors to effectively employ a strategy of divide and conquer for rapid conquest. Spanish settlement and rule ( 1565 -- 1898 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Early Spanish expeditions and CONQUESTS ( edit ) Main article : Spanish - Moro Conflict Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521. Parts of the Philippine Islands were known to Europeans before the 1521 Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese - born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan ( the Portuguese conquered Malacca City in 1511 and reached Maluku Islands in 1512 ). Magellan landed on the island called Homonhon, claiming the islands he saw for Spain, and naming them Islas de San Lázaro. He established friendly relations with some of the local leaders especially with Rajah Humabon and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism. In the Philippines, they explored many islands including the island of Mactan. However, Magellan was killed during the Battle of Mactan against the local datu, Lapu - Lapu. Old Spanish Chart of the Philippine Islands Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands. In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas ( after Philip II of Spain ) to the islands of Samar and Leyte. The name was then extended to the entire archipelago later on in the Spanish era. A late 17th - century manuscript by Gaspar de San Agustin from the Archive of the Indies, depicting López de Legazpi 's conquest of the Philippines European colonization began in earnest when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu. Beginning with just five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks, and further strengthened in 1567 by two hundred soldiers, he was able to repel the Portuguese and create the foundations for the colonization of the Archipelago. In 1571, the Spanish, their Latin - American recruits and their Visayan allies attacked and occupied the kingdom of Tondo as well as Maynila, a vassal - state of the Brunei Sultanate, establishing Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies. Monument in Lapu - Lapu City, Cebu in the Philippines. Legazpi built a fort in Maynila and made overtures of friendship to Lakan Dula, Lakan of Tondo, who accepted. However, Maynila 's former ruler, the Muslim rajah, Rajah Sulayman, who was a vassal to the Sultan of Brunei, refused to submit to Legazpi, but failed to get the support of Lakan Dula or of the Pampangan and Pangasinan settlements to the north. When Tarik Sulayman and a force of Kapampangan and Tagalog Muslim warriors attacked the Spaniards in the battle of Bankusay, he was finally defeated and killed. In 1578, the Castilian War erupted between the Christian Spaniards and Muslim Bruneians over control of the Philippine archipelago. On one side, the newly Christianized Non-Muslim Visayans of the Kedatuan of Madja - as and Rajahnate of Cebu, plus the Rajahnate of Butuan ( which were from northern Mindanao ), as well as the remnants of the Kedatuan of Dapitan had previously waged war against the Sultanate of Sulu and Kingdom of Maynila, then joined the Spanish in the war against the Bruneian Empire and its allies, the Bruneian puppet - state of Maynila and Sulu which had dynastic links with Brunei. The Spanish and its Visayan allies assaulted Brunei and seized its capital, Kota Batu. This was achieved as a result in part of the assistance rendered to them by two noblemen, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had traveled to Manila to offer Brunei as a tributary of Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal. The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela would indeed become the Sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara. In March 1578, the Spanish fleet, led by De Sande himself, acting as Capitán General, started their journey towards Brunei. The expedition consisted of 400 Spaniards, 1,500 Filipino natives and 300 Borneans. The campaign was one of many, which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu. Miguel López de Legazpi The Spanish succeeded in invading the capital on April 16, 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong. In Jerudong, they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei. The Spanish suffered heavy losses due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak. They were so weakened by the illness that they decided to abandon Brunei to return to Manila on June 26, 1578, after just 72 days. Before doing so, they burned the mosque, a high structure with a five - tier roof. Pengiran Seri Lela died in August -- September 1578, probably from the same illness that had afflicted his Spanish allies, although there was suspicion he could have been poisoned by the ruling Sultan. Seri Lela 's daughter, the Bruneian princess, left with the Spanish and went on to marry a Christian Tagalog, named Agustín de Legazpi of Tondo and had children in the Philippines. In 1587, Magat Salamat, one of the children of Lakan Dula, along with Lakan Dula 's nephew and lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo, Pandacan, Marikina, Candaba, Navotas and Bulacan, were executed when the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587 -- 1588 failed in which a planned grand alliance with the Japanese Christian - captain, Gayo, and Brunei 's Sultan, would have restored the old aristocracy. Its failure resulted in the hanging of Agustín de Legaspi and the execution of Magat Salamat ( the crown - prince of Tondo ). Thereafter, some of the conspirators were exiled to Guam or Guerrero, Mexico. Spanish power was further consolidated after Miguel López de Legazpi 's complete assimilation of Madja - as, his subjugation of Rajah Tupas, the Rajah of Cebu and Juan de Salcedo 's conquest of the provinces of Zambales, La Union, Ilocos, the coast of Cagayan, and the ransacking of the Chinese warlord Limahong 's pirate kingdom in Pangasinan. The Spanish also invaded Northern Taiwan and Ternate in Indonesia, using Filipino warriors, before they were driven out by the Dutch. The Spanish and the Moros of the sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu also waged many wars over hundreds of years in the Spanish - Moro conflict, not until the 19th century did Spain succeed in defeating the Sulu Sultanate and taking Mindanao under nominal suzerainty. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista, a centuries - long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero - Islamic world conflict that included a rivalry with the Ottoman Caliphate which had a center of operations at its nearby vassal, the Sultanate of Aceh. Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries ( edit ) The sketch of the Plaza de Roma Manila by Fernando Brambila, a member of the Malaspina Expedition during their stop in Manila in 1792. Bahay na bato, a typical Filipino urban house during the colonial era The `` Memoria de las Encomiendas en las Islas '' of 1591, just twenty years after the conquest of Luzon, reveals a remarkable progress in the work of colonization and the spread of Christianity. A cathedral was built in the city of Manila with an episcopal palace, Augustinian, Dominican and Franciscan monasteries and a Jesuit house. The king maintained a hospital for the Spanish settlers and there was another hospital for the natives run by the Franciscans. In order to defend the settlements the Spaniards established in the Philippines, a network of military fortresses called `` Presidios '' were constructed and officered by the Spaniards, and sentried by Latin - Americans and Filipinos, across the archipelago, to protect it from foreign nations such as the Portuguese, British and Dutch as well as raiding Muslims and Wokou. The Manila garrison was composed of roughly four hundred Spanish soldiers and the area of Intramuros as well as its surroundings, were initially settled by 1200 Spanish families. In Cebu City, at the Visayas, the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier - settlers from New Spain. At the immediate south of Manila, Mexicans were present at Ermita and at Cavite where they were stationed as sentries. In addition, men conscripted from Peru, were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao, to wage war upon Muslim pirates. There were also communities of Spanish - Mestizos that developed in Iloilo, Negros and Vigan. Interactions between native Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards, Latin - Americans and their Spanish - Mestizo descendants eventually caused the formation of a new language, Chavacano, a creole of Mexican Spanish. Meanwhile, in the suburb of Tondo, there was a convent run by Franciscan friars and another by the Dominicans that offered Christian education to the Chinese converted to Christianity. The same report reveals that in and around Manila were collected 9,410 tributes, indicating a population of about 30,640 who were under the instruction of thirteen missionaries ( ministers of doctrine ), apart from the monks in monasteries. In the former province of Pampanga the population estimate was 74,700 and 28 missionaries. In Pangasinan 2,400 people with eight missionaries. In Cagayan and islands Babuyanes 96,000 people but no missionaries. In La Laguna 48,400 people with 27 missionaries. In Bicol and Camarines Catanduanes islands 86,640 people with fifteen missionaries. Based on the tribute counts, the total founding population of Spanish - Philippines was 667,612 people, of which : 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, 16,500 were Latino soldier - colonists sent from Peru and Mexico, 3,000 were Japanese residents, and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe, there was also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos, the rest were Malays and Negritos. They were under the care of 140 missionaries, of which 79 were Augustinians, nine Dominicans and 42 Franciscans. Maria Clara gown The fragmented and sparsely populated nature of the islands made it easy for Spanish colonization. The Spanish then brought political unification to most of the Philippine archipelago via the conquest of the various small maritime states although they were unable to fully incorporate parts of the sultanates of Mindanao and the areas where the ethnic groups and highland plutocracy of the animist Ifugao of Northern Luzon were established. The Spanish introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law, western printing and the Gregorian calendar alongside new food resources such as maize, pineapple and chocolate from Latin America. Plaza Santo Tomas in Intramuros, Manila ; where the Santo Domingo Church, Colegio de Santa Rosa and the original University of Santo Tomas were built during the Spanish era. Education played a major role in the socio - economic transformation of the archipelago. The oldest universities, colleges, and vocational schools and the first modern public education system in Asia were all created during the Spanish colonial period, and by the time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial power, Filipinos were among the most educated subjects in all of Asia. The Jesuits founded the Colegio de Manila in 1590, which later became the Universidad de San Ignacio, a royal and pontifical university. They also founded the Colegio de San Ildefonso on August 1, 1595. After the expulsion of the Society of Jesus in 1768, the management of the Jesuit schools passed to other parties. On April 28, 1611, through the initiative of Bishop Miguel de Benavides, the University of Santo Tomas was founded in Manila. The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de San José ( 1601 ) and took over the Escuela Municipal, later to be called the Ateneo de Manila University ( 1859 ). All institutions offered courses included not only religious topics but also science subjects such as physics, chemistry, natural history and mathematics. The University of Santo Tomás, for example, started by teaching theology, philosophy and humanities and during the 18th century, the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Canonical Law, together with the schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened. Wife of José Rizal, wearing Maria Clara gown Outside the tertiary institutions, the efforts of missionaries were in no way limited to religious instruction but also geared towards promoting social and economic advancement of the islands. They cultivated into the natives their innate taste for music and taught Spanish language to children. They also introduced advances in rice agriculture, brought from America maize and cocoa and developed the farming of indigo, coffee and sugar cane. The only commercial plant introduced by a government agency was the plant of tobacco. Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy, with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments. One of Spain 's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism. The work of conversion was facilitated by the disunity and insignificance of other organized religions, except for Islam, which was still predominant in the southwest. The pageantry of the church had a wide appeal, reinforced by the incorporation of indigenous social customs into religious observances. The eventual outcome was a new Roman Catholic majority, from which the Muslims of western Mindanao and the upland tribal and animistic peoples of Luzon remained detached and alienated from ( Ethnic groups such as the Ifugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of Mindoro ). At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders. This system of indirect rule helped create an indigenous upper class, called the principalía, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control. Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the indigenous idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalía. Around 1608 William Adams, an English navigator contacted the interim governor of the Philippines, Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco on behalf of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who wished to establish direct trade contacts with New Spain. Friendly letters were exchanged, officially starting relations between Japan and New Spain. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico, via the Royal Audiencia of Manila, and administered directly from Spain from 1821 after the Mexican revolution, until 1898. The Manila galleons which linked Manila to Acapulco traveled once or twice a year between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external colonial challenges, especially from the British, Chinese pirates, Dutch, and Portuguese. Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity and founded schools, universities, and hospitals. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced education, establishing public schooling in Spanish. Manila Cathedral Coat of arms of Manila were at the corners of the Cross of Burgundy in the Spanish - Filipino battle standard. In 1646, a series of five naval actions known as the Battles of La Naval de Manila was fought between the forces of Spain and the Dutch Republic, as part of the Eighty Years ' War. Although the Spanish forces consisted of just two Manila galleons and a galley with crews composed mainly of Filipino volunteers, against three separate Dutch squadrons, totaling eighteen ships, the Dutch squadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the Spanish - Filipino forces, forcing the Dutch to abandon their plans for an invasion of the Philippines. Spanish rule during the 18th century ( edit ) Colonial income derived mainly from entrepôt trade : The Manila Galleons sailing from the port of Manila to the port of Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments of silver bullion, and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Asian, and Pacific products. A total of 110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 years of the Manila - Acapulco galleon trade ( 1565 to 1815 ). There was no direct trade with Spain until 1766. Fort Santiago Postern of Our Lady of Solitude, Manila, through which on 5 October 1762, Lieutenant Governor Simón de Anda y Salazar escaped the British bombardment during the conquest of Manila. The Philippines was never profitable as a colony during Spanish rule, and the long war against the Dutch in the 17th century together with the intermittent conflict with the Muslims in the South nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. The Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote a letter to King Charles III of Spain, in which he advises to abandon the colony. The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown, and the 200 - year - old fortifications at Manila had not been improved much since first built by the early Spanish colonizers. This was one of the circumstances that made possible the brief British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764. British invasion ( 1762 -- 1764 ) ( edit ) Main article : British occupation of Manila Britain declared war against Spain on January 4, 1762 and on September 24, 1762 a force of British Army regulars and British East India Company soldiers, supported by the ships and men of the East Indies Squadron of the British Royal Navy, sailed into Manila Bay from Madras, India. Manila was besieged and fell to the British on October 4, 1762. Outside of Manila, the Spanish leader Simón de Anda y Salazar organized a militia of 10 000 of mostly from Pampanga to resist British rule. Anda y Salazar established his headquarters first in Bulacan, then in Bacolor. After a number of skirmishes and failed attempts to support uprisings, the British command admitted to the War Secretary in London that the Spanish were `` in full possession of the country ''. The occupation of Manila ended in April 1764 as agreed to in the peace negotiations for the Seven Years ' War in Europe. The Spanish then persecuted the Binondo Chinese community for its role in aiding the British. An unknown number of Indian soldiers known as sepoys, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby Cainta, Rizal, which explains the uniquely Indian features of generations of Cainta residents. Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century ( edit ) The Cross of Burgundy served as the flag of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Colonial houses of the Philippines In 1766 direct communication was established with Spain and trade with Europe through a national ship based on Spain. Those expeditions were administered since 1785 by the Real Compañía Filipina, which was granted a monopoly of trade between Spain and the islands that lasted until 1834, when the company was terminated by the Spanish crown due to poor management and financial losses. In 1781, Governor - General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of the Friends of the Country. The Philippines was administered from the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the independence to Mexico in 1821 necessitated the direct rule from Spain of the Philippines from that year. Spanish rule during the 19th century ( edit ) José Rizal The Philippines was included in the vast territory of the Kingdom of Spain, in the first constitution of Spain promulgated in Cadiz in 1812. It was never a colony as modern - day historical literature would say, but an overseas region in Asia ( Spanish Constitution 1812 ). The Spanish Constitution of 1870 provides for the first autonomous community for `` Archipelago Filipino '' where all provinces in the Philippine Islands will be given the semi-independent home rule program. During the 19th century Spain invested heavily in education and infrastructure. Through the Education Decree of December 20, 1863, Queen Isabella II of Spain decreed the establishment of a free public school system that used Spanish as the language of instruction, leading to increasing numbers of educated Filipinos. Additionally, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel time to Spain, which facilitated the rise of the ilustrados, an enlightened class of Spanish - Filipinos that had been able to enroll in Spanish and European universities. The Philippines has contributed one Prime Minister to Spain, Marcelo Azcarraga, who was born in the Bicol Peninsula in the Philippine Islands, Spain. Holy Rosary Minor Seminary A great number of infrastructure projects were undertaken during the 19th century that put the Philippine economy and standard of living ahead of most of its Asian neighbors and even many European countries at that time. Among them were a railway system for Luzon, a tramcar network for Manila, and Asia 's first steel suspension bridge Puente Claveria, later called Puente Colgante. On August 1, 1851 the Banco Español - Filipino de Isabel II was established to attend the needs of the rapid economic boom, that had greatly increased its pace since the 1800s as a result of a new economy based on a rational exploitation of the agricultural resources of the islands. The increase in textile fiber crops such as abacá, oil products derived from the coconut, indigo, that was growing in demand, etc., generated an increase in money supply that led to the creation of the bank. Banco Español - Filipino was also granted the power to print a Philippine - specific currency ( the Philippine peso ) for the first time ( before 1851, many currencies were used, mostly the pieces of eight ). Spanish Manila was seen in the 19th century as a model of colonial governance that effectively put the interests of the original inhabitants of the islands before those of the colonial power. As John Crawfurd put it in its History of the Indian Archipelago, in all of Asia the `` Philippines alone did improve in civilization, wealth, and populousness under the colonial rule '' of a foreign power. John Bowring, Governor General of British Hong Kong from 1856 to 1860, wrote after his trip to Manila : Escolta, Manila in 1899 `` Credit is certainly due to Spain for having bettered the condition of a people who, though comparatively highly civilized, yet being continually distracted by petty wars, had sunk into a disordered and uncultivated state. The inhabitants of these beautiful Islands upon the whole, may well be considered to have lived as comfortably during the last hundred years, protected from all external enemies and governed by mild laws vis - a-vis those from any other tropical country under native or European sway, owing in some measure, to the frequently discussed peculiar ( Spanish ) circumstances which protect the interests of the natives. '' In The Inhabitants of the Philippines, Frederick Henry Sawyer wrote : Santa Lucia Gate, Intramuros, Manila `` Until an inept bureaucracy was substituted for the old paternal rule, and the revenue quadrupled by increased taxation, the Filipinos were as happy a community as could be found in any colony. The population greatly multiplied ; they lived in competence, if not in affluence ; cultivation was extended, and the exports steadily increased. (... ) Let us be just ; what British, French, or Dutch colony, populated by natives can compare with the Philippines as they were until 1895?. '' The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1878. The colony 's population as of December 31, 1877, was recorded at 5,567,685 persons. This was followed by the 1887 census that yielded a count of 6,984,727, while that of 1898 yielded 7,832,719 inhabitants. The estimated GDP per capita for the Philippines in 1900, the year Spain left, was $1,033.00. That made it the second - richest place in all of Asia, just a little behind Japan ( $1,135.00 ), and far ahead of China ( $652.00 ) and India ( $625.00 ). In 2006, the Civil Code of Spain provided that the acquisition of nationalities of Ibero - American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal and those of the Sephardic Jews originally from Spain, does not bear the loss of their Spanish nationalities of origin that paved the way for easier route of Spanish Nationality reacquisition by the people of the Philippines. A similar law in the Philippines was enacted later in 1963 that provides `` Natural born citizens of the Philippines who acquired the citizenship of one of the Iberian countries, Ibero - American Countries and United Kingdom will not lose their natural born citizen status. '' Philippine Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution Andrés Bonifacio, father of the Philippine Revolution. Revolutionary sentiments arose in 1872 after three Filipino priests, Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, known as Gomburza, were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed by garote. This would inspire the Propaganda Movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano Ponce, that clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and later for independence. José Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual and radical ilustrado of the era, wrote the novels `` Noli Me Tángere '', and `` El filibusterismo '', which greatly inspired the movement for independence. The Katipunan, a secret society whose primary purpose was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines, was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its Supremo ( leader ). An early flag of the Filipino revolutionaries. The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal was wrongly implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896. The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups, Magdiwang, led by Mariano Álvarez ( a relative of Bonifacio 's by marriage ), and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated in the execution or assassination of the former by the latter 's soldiers. Aguinaldo agreed to a truce with the Pact of Biak - na - Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong. Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement. One, General Francisco Makabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in Spanish - governed Philippines. Revolutionaries gather during the Malolos Congress of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. In 1898, as conflicts continued in the Philippines, the USS Maine, having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing Cuban revolution, exploded and sank in Havana harbor. This event precipitated the Spanish -- American War. After Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila, a German squadron arrived in Manila and engaged in maneuvers which Dewey, seeing this as obstruction of his blockade, offered war -- after which the Germans backed down. The German Emperor expected an American defeat, with Spain left in a sufficiently weak position for the revolutionaries to capture Manila -- leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking. The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19, 1898, via transport provided by Dewey. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. Aguinaldo proclaimed a Revolutionary Government of the Philippines on June 23. By the time U.S. land forces arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon except for Spanish capitol in the walled city of Intramuros. In the Battle of Manila, on August 13, 1898, the United States captured the city from the Spanish. This battle marked an end of Filipino - American collaboration, as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila, an action deeply resented by the Filipinos. On January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed under Asia 's first democratic constitution, with Aguinaldo as its President. Spain and the United States had sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris to end the Spanish -- American War. The Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, had been excluded from sessions as Aguinaldo 's government was not recognized by the family of nations. Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided to annex the Philippines. In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations cede the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US $20,000,000.00. U.S. President McKinley justified the annexation of the Philippines by saying that it was `` a gift from the gods '' and that since `` they were unfit for self - government,... there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them '', in spite of the Philippines having been already Christianized by the Spanish over the course of several centuries. The First Philippine Republic resisted the U.S. occupation, resulting in the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1913 ). American rule ( 1898 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) 1898 political cartoon showing U.S. President McKinley with a native child. Here, returning the Philippines to Spain is compared to throwing the child off a cliff. Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain. However, the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents. Emilio Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine independence. Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay. Philippine -- American War ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War Filipino casualties on the first day of war Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, a Manila suburb. This incident sparked the Philippine -- American War, which would cost far more money and take far more lives than the Spanish -- American War. Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict ; 4,234 Americans died, as did 12,000 -- 20,000 Philippine Republican Army soldiers who were part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of at least 80,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly. At least 200,000 Filipino civilians lost their lives as an indirect result of the war mostly as a result of the cholera epidemic at the war 's end that took between 150,000 and 200,000 lives. Atrocities were committed by both sides. American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig on the afternoon of the surrender. From Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain, Vol. II, published by Harper and Brothers in 1899. President Emilio Aguinaldo boarding the USS Vicksburg after his capture by American forces. The poorly equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat, but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare. Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured on March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government escaped, however, establishing a new capital at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. On June 5, 1899, Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo 's most capable military commander, was killed by Aguinaldo 's guards in an apparent assassination while visiting Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to meet with Aguinaldo. With his best commander dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army on November 13 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones. Another key general, Gregorio del Pilar, was killed on December 2, 1899 in the Battle of Tirad Pass -- a rear guard action to delay the Americans while Aguinaldo made good his escape through the mountains. Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901 and was brought to Manila. Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war. However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913. Flag of the United States, 1896 -- 1908. In 1900, President McKinley sent the Taft Commission, to the Philippines, with a mandate to legislate laws and re-engineer the political system. On July 1, 1901, William Howard Taft, the head of the commission, was inaugurated as Civil Governor, with limited executive powers. The authority of the Military Governor was continued in those areas where the insurrection persisted. The Taft Commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals of the new government, including a judicial system, civil service, and local government. A Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the United States Army. The Tagalog, Negros and Zamboanga cantonal republics ( edit ) During the First Philippine Republic, three other insurgent republics were briefly formed : the Tagalog Republic in Luzon, under Macario Sakay, the Negros Republic in the Visayas under Aniceto Lacson, and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao under Mariano Arquiza. Insular government ( 1901 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Main article : Insular Government of the Philippine Islands William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly. Manuel Luis Quezon, ( center ), with representatives from the Philippine Independence Mission The Philippine Organic Act was the basic law for the Insular Government, so called because civil administration was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs. This government saw its mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence. On July 4, 1902 the office of military governor was abolished and full executive power passed from Adna Chaffee, the last military governor, to Taft, who became the first U.S. Governor - General of the Philippines. United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing administrations. During the early years of territorial administration, the Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos, but an elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907, as the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the appointive Philippine Commission becoming the upper house. Philippines was a major target for the progressive reformers. A 1907 report to Secretary of War Taft provided a summary of what the American civil administration had achieved. It included, in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching, and boasted about such modernizing achievements as : steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated Port of Manila ; dredging the River Pasig, ; streamlining of the Insular Government ; accurate, intelligible accounting ; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network ; the establishment of a postal savings bank ; large - scale road - and bridge - building ; impartial and incorrupt policing ; well - financed civil engineering ; the conservation of old Spanish architecture ; large public parks ; a bidding process for the right to build railways ; Corporation law ; and a coastal and geological survey. In 1903 the American reformers in the Philippines passed two major land acts designed to turn landless peasants into owners of their farms. By 1905 the law was clearly a failure. Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects. The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal. Drastic changes in land ownership posed a major challenge to local elites, who would not accept it, nor would their peasant clients. The American reformers blamed peasant resistance to landownership for the law 's failure and argued that large plantations and sharecropping was the Philippines ' best path to development. Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement, especially on health issues. They specialized on such urgent needs as infant care and maternal and child health, the distribution of pure milk and teaching new mothers about children 's health. The most prominent organizations were the La Protección de la Infancia, and the National Federation of Women 's Clubs. Tranvia in Manila during American Era When Democrat Woodrow Wilson became U.S. president in 1913, new policies were launched designed to gradually lead to Philippine independence. In 1902 U.S. law established Filipinos citizenship in the Philippine Islands ; unlike Hawaii in 1898 and Puerto Rico in 1918, they did not become citizens of the United States. The Jones Law of 1916 became the new basic law, promised eventual independence. It provide for the election of both houses of the legislature. Manila, Philippines, ca. 1900s In socio - economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13 % of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66 % of which was with the United States. A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the mortality rate from all causes, including various tropical diseases, to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of slavery, piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. A new educational system was established with English as the medium of instruction, eventually becoming a lingua franca of the Islands. The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors - general, depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis - à - vis the Philippine legislature. Members to the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence from the United States. Several independence missions were sent to Washington, D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by Filipinos, who had effectively gained control by 1918. Philippine politics during the American territorial era was dominated by the Nacionalista Party, which was founded in 1907. Although the party 's platform called for `` immediate independence '', their policy toward the Americans was highly accommodating. Within the political establishment, the call for independence was spearheaded by Manuel L. Quezon, who served continuously as Senate president from 1916 until 1935. World War I gave the Philippines the opportunity to pledge assistance to the US war effort. This took the form of an offer to supply a division of troops, as well as providing funding for the construction of two warships. A locally recruited national guard was created and significant numbers of Filipinos volunteered for service in the US Navy and army. Frank Murphy was the last Governor - General of the Philippines ( 1933 -- 35 ), and the first U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines ( 1935 -- 36 ). The change in form was more than symbolic : it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence. Commonwealth ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of the Philippines Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington, D.C. Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon With Manila 's Filipino Hispanic roots, Daniel Burnham developed the Urban planning of Manila through the City Beautiful Movement ; Neo-Classical architecture of Paris through Manila 's Government buildings, Canals of Venice through the Esteros of Manila, Sunset view of Naples through Manila Bay and Winding River of Paris through Pasig River. a fine example of the Burnham plan is the Manila Central Post Office and Jones Bridge Manila circa 1930s. The Great Depression in the early thirties hastened the progress of the Philippines towards independence. In the United States it was mainly the sugar industry and labor unions that had a stake in loosening the U.S. ties to the Philippines since they could not compete with the Philippine cheap sugar ( and other commodities ) which could freely enter the U.S. market. Therefore, they agitated in favor of granting independence to the Philippines so that its cheap products and labor could be shut out of the United States. In 1933, the United States Congress passed the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act over President Herbert Hoover 's veto. Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the Philippines, it was opposed by Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon, partially because of provisions leaving the United States in control of naval bases. Under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected the bill. The following year, a revised act known as the Tydings -- McDuffie Act was finally passed. The act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with transition to full independence after a ten - year period. The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self - governing, though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required approval of the United States president. The Act stipulated that the date of independence would be on July 4 following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth. A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935. On September 17, 1935, presidential elections were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively. The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people. Under the Tydings -- McDuffie Act this meant that the date of full independence for the Philippines was set for July 4, 1946, a timetable which was followed after the passage of almost eleven very eventful years. World War II and Japanese occupation ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese occupation of the Philippines, Second Philippine Republic, and Home front during World War II § The Philippines As many as 10,000 American and FIlipino soldiers died in the Bataan Death March Military ( edit ) Japanese Army Tankettes in Manila, Philippines 1942 Japan launched a surprise attack on the Clark Air Base in Pampanga on the morning of December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay. Colonel Nobuhiko Jimbo and Manuel Roxas began and ended the conflict on opposite sides. On January 2, 1942, General MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila, an open city to prevent its destruction. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States - Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. About 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination. President Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a government in exile. MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines. The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the Philippine Executive Commission. They initially organized a Council of State, through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. The Japanese - sponsored republic headed by President José P. Laurel proved to be unpopular to the pro-colonial Filipinos, but very popular to the pro-Asiatic independence Filipinos. Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large - scale underground guerrilla activity. The American - aligned Philippine Army, as well as remnants of the U.S. Army Forces Far East, continued to fight the Japanese and pro-Japanese paramilitary forces in a guerrilla war and was considered an auxiliary unit of the United States Army. Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty - eight provinces. One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Hukbalahap, which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon. Leyte Landing of General Douglas MacArthur to liberate the Philippines from the Empire of Japan The occupation of the Philippines by Japan ended at the war 's conclusion. At the eve of the liberation of the Philippines, the Allied forces and the Japanese Empire waged the largest naval battle in history, by gross tonnage in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The American army had been fighting the Philippines Campaign since October 1944, when MacArthur 's Sixth United States Army landed on Leyte. Landings in other parts of the country had followed, and the Allies, with the Philippine Commonwealth troops, pushed toward Manila. However, fighting continued until Japan 's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. Approximately 10,000 U.S. soldiers were missing in action in the Philippines when the war ended, more than in any other country in the Pacific or European Theaters. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction, especially during the Battle of Manila. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large portion during the final months of the war, and Manila had been extensively damaged, mainly due to excessive use of artillery by the American forces. Battle of Manila General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrender Home Front ( edit ) As in most occupied countries, crime, looting, corruption, and black markets were endemic. Japan in 1943 proposed independence on new terms, and some collaborators went along with the plan, but Japan was clearly losing the war and nothing became of it. With a view of building up the economic base of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, the Japanese Army envisioned using the islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry. For example, Japan had a surplus of sugar from Taiwan but, a severe shortage of cotton, so they tried to grow cotton on sugar lands with disastrous results. They lacked the seeds, pesticides, and technical skills to grow cotton. Jobless farm workers flocked to the cities, where there was minimal relief and few jobs. The Japanese Army also tried using cane sugar for fuel, castor beans and copra for oil, derris for quinine, cotton for uniforms, and abaca ( hemp ) for rope. The plans were very difficult to implement in the face of limited skills, collapsed international markets, bad weather, and transportation shortages. The program was a failure that gave very little help to Japanese industry, and diverted resources needed for food production. The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised during the Independence Day ceremonies on July 4, 1946 Living conditions were bad throughout the Philippines during the war. Transportation between the islands was difficult because of lack of fuel. Food was in very short supply, due to inflation. Postcolonial Philippines and the third Republic ( 1946 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Manuel Roxas, President from 1946 until 1948. Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1946 -- 1965 ) Administration of Manuel Roxas ( 1946 -- 1948 ) ( edit ) Elections were held in April 1946, with Manuel Roxas becoming the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. The United States ceded its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the Philippine economy remained highly dependent on United States markets -- more dependent, according to United States high commissioner Paul McNutt, than any single U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country. The Philippine Trade Act, passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States, exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries. A military assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the United States a 99 - year lease on designated military bases in the country. Elpidio Quirino, president from 1948 until 1953. Administration of Elpidio Quirino ( 1948 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Victoria Quirino - Gonzalez was the second daughter of Philippine President Elpidio Quirino. Since her father was a widower, she served as First Lady of the Philippines, becoming the youngest bearer of the title at the age of 16. The Roxas administration granted general amnesty to those who had collaborated with the Japanese in World War II, except for those who had committed violent crimes. Roxas died suddenly of a heart attack in April 1948, and the vice president, Elpidio Quirino, was elevated to the presidency. He ran for president in his own right in 1949, defeating José P. Laurel and winning a four - year term. World War II had left the Philippines demoralized and severely damaged. The task of reconstruction was complicated by the activities of the Communist - supported Hukbalahap guerrillas ( known as `` Huks '' ), who had evolved into a violent resistance force against the new Philippine government. Government policy towards the Huks alternated between gestures of negotiation and harsh suppression. Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay initiated a campaign to defeat the insurgents militarily and at the same time win popular support for the government. The Huk movement had waned in the early 1950s, finally ending with the unconditional surrender of Huk leader Luis Taruc in May 1954. Administration of Ramon Magsaysay ( 1953 -- 1957 ) ( edit ) President and Mrs. Magsaysay with Eleanor Roosevelt at the Malacañan Palace. Supported by the United States, Magsaysay was elected president in 1953 on a populist platform. He promised sweeping economic reform, and made progress in land reform by promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north into traditionally Muslim areas. Though this relieved population pressure in the north, it heightened religious hostilities. Nevertheless, he was extremely popular with the common people, and his death in an airplane crash in March 1957 dealt a serious blow to national morale. Administration of Carlos P. Garcia ( 1957 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) Carlos P. Garcia, president of the Philippines from 1957 until 1961. Carlos P. Garcia succeeded to the presidency after Magsaysay 's death, and was elected to a four - year term in the election of November that same year. His administration emphasized the nationalist theme of `` Filipino first '', arguing that the Filipino people should be given the chances to improve the country 's economy. Garcia successfully negotiated for the United States ' relinquishment of large military land reservations. However, his administration lost popularity on issues of government corruption as his term advanced. Administration of Diosdado Macapagal ( 1961 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) President - elect Diosdado Macapagal departs his mother - in - law 's home, his family in tow, for the Malacañang Palace on the day of his inauguration. In the presidential elections held on November 14, 1961, Vice President Diosdado Macapagal defeated re-electionist President Carlos P. Garcia and Emmanuel Pelaez as a Vice President. President Macapagal was the President of the Philippines that changed the independence day of the Philippines from July 4 to June 12. Land reform Code ( edit ) Main article : Agricultural Land Reform Code See also : Land reform in the Philippines The Agricultural Land Reform Code ( RA 3844 ) was a major Philippine land reform law enacted in 1963 under President Diosdado Macapagal. The code declared that it was State policy To establish owner - cultivatorship and the economic family - size farm as the basis of Philippine agriculture and, as a consequence, divert landlord capital in agriculture to industrial development ; To achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from pernicious institutional restraints and practices ; To create a truly viable social and economic structure in agriculture conducive to greater productivity and higher farm incomes ; To apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both industrial and agricultural wage earners ; To provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement program and public land distribution ; and To make the small farmers more independent, self - reliant and responsible citizens, and a source of genuine strength in our democratic society. and, in pursuance of those policies, established the following An agricultural leasehold system to replace all existing share tenancy systems in agriculture ; A declaration of rights for agricultural labor ; An authority for the acquisition and equitable distribution of agricultural land ; An institution to finance the acquisition and distribution of agricultural land ; A machinery to extend credit and similar assistance to agriculture ; A machinery to provide marketing, management, and other technical services to agriculture ; A unified administration for formulating and implementing projects of land reform ; An expanded program of land capability survey, classification, and registration ; and A judicial system to decide issues arising under this Code and other related laws and regulations. Maphilindo ( edit ) Main article : Maphilindo Maphilindo was a proposed nonpolitical confederation of Malaya, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It was based on concepts developed during the Commonwealth government in the Philippines by Wenceslao Vinzons and by Eduardo L. Martelino in his 1959 book Someday, Malaysia ``. In July 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal of the Philippines convened a summit meeting in Manila. Maphilindo was proposed as a realization of José Rizal 's dream of bringing together the Malay peoples. However, this was perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and Manila to delay or prevent the formation of the Federation of Malaysia. The plan failed when Indonesian President Sukarno adopted his plan of Konfrontasi with Malaysia. Marcos era ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 1986 ) The leaders of the SEATO nations in front of the Congress Building in Manila, hosted by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos on October 24, 1966. ( L-R :) Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky ( South Vietnam ), Prime Minister Harold Holt ( Australia ), President Park Chung - hee ( South Korea ), President Ferdinand Marcos ( Philippines ), Prime Minister Keith Holyoake ( New Zealand ), Lt. Gen. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ( South Vietnam ), Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn ( Thailand ), President Lyndon B. Johnson ( United States ) Imelda Marcos Macapagal ran for re-election in 1965, but was defeated by his former party - mate, Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, who had switched to the Nacionalista Party. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated ambitious public works projects and intensified tax collection which brought the country economic prosperity throughout the 1970s. His administration built more roads ( including a substantial portion of the Pan-Philippine Highway ) than all his predecessors combined, and more schools than any previous administration. Marcos was re-elected president in 1969, becoming the first president of the Philippines to achieve a second term. Opponents of Marcos, however, blocked the necessary legislation to further implement his expansive agenda. Because of this, optimism faded early in his second term and economic growth slowed. Crime and civil disobedience increased. The Communist Party of the Philippines formed the New People 's Army in response to his shaky hold over the nation and the Moro National Liberation Front continued to fight for an independent Muslim nation in Mindanao. An explosion during the proclamation rally of the senatorial slate of the Liberal Party on August 21, 1971 prompted Marcos to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, which he restored on January 11, 1972 after public protests. Martial law ( edit ) Banda Kawayan Pilipinas performing c. 1970 's Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the conveniently timed threat of a looming Communist insurgency, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. The Nacionalista president, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, abolished Congress, closed down major media establishments, ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics : senators Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno. The declaration of martial law was initially well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. Many political opponents were forced to go into exile. Corazon C. Aquino, the Wife of Benigno Aquino, Jr. replaced Marcos by an Election on 1986. A constitutional convention, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution, continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a `` New Society '' based on new social and political values. The economy during the 1970s was robust, with budgetary and trade surpluses. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism rose, contributing to the economy 's growth. Fourth Republic ( edit ) Manila circa 1980s Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government 's power for arrest and detention. Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose own health faced obstacles due to lupus. The political opposition decided to boycotted the 1981 presidential elections, which pitted Marcos against retired general Alejo Santos, in protest over his control over the results. Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six - year term. Finance Minister Cesar Virata was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister. In 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap presidential election in February 1986. The opposition united under Aquino 's widow, Corazon Aquino. The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections ( Comelec ), declared Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of Namfrel, an accredited poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by Corazon Aquino and her supporters. International observers, including a U.S. delegation, denounced the official results. General Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile withdrew their support for Marcos. A peaceful civilian - military uprising, now popularly called the People Power Revolution, forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on February 25, 1986. Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1986 -- present ) Further information : 1986 -- 90 Philippine coup attempts Administration of Corazon cojuangco Aquino ( 1986 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991. Corazon Aquino immediately formed a revolutionary government to normalize the situation, and provided for a transitional `` Freedom Constitution ''. A new permanent constitution was ratified and enacted in February 1987. The constitution crippled presidential power to declare martial law, proposed the creation of autonomous regions in the Cordilleras and Muslim Mindanao, and restored the presidential form of government and the bicameral Congress. Progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and respect for civil liberties, but Aquino 's administration was also viewed as weak and fractious, and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered by several attempted coups staged by disaffected members of the Philippine military. Economic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural disasters, including the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo that left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless. During the Aquino presidency, Manila witnessed six unsuccessful coup attempts, the most serious occurring in December 1989. In 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10 - year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country. The United States turned over Clark Air Base in Pampanga to the government in November, and Subic Bay Naval Base in Zambales in December 1992, ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines. Administration of Fidel valdez Ramos ( 1992 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos, endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency with just 23.6 % of the vote in a field of seven candidates. Early in his administration, Ramos declared `` national reconciliation '' his highest priority and worked at building a coalition to overcome the divisiveness of the Aquino years. He legalized the Communist Party and laid the groundwork for talks with communist insurgents, Muslim separatists, and military rebels, attempting to convince them to cease their armed activities against the government. In June 1994, Ramos signed into law a general conditional amnesty covering all rebel groups, and Philippine military and police personnel accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents. In October 1995, the government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end. A peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front ( MNLF ), a major separatist group fighting for an independent homeland in Mindanao, was signed in 1996, ending the 24 - year - old struggle. However, an MNLF splinter group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front continued the armed struggle for an Islamic state. Efforts by Ramos supporters to gain passage of an amendment that would allow him to run for a second term were met with large - scale protests, leading Ramos to declare he would not seek re-election. On his Presidency the death penalty was revived in the light of the Rape - slay case of Eileen Sarmienta and Allan Gomez in 1993 and the first person to be executed was Leo Echegaray in 1999. Administration of Joseph ejercito Estrada ( 1998 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) President Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada, a former movie actor who had served as Ramos ' vice president, was elected president by a landslide victory in 1998. His election campaign pledged to help the poor and develop the country 's agricultural sector. He enjoyed widespread popularity, particularly among the poor. Estrada assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis. The economy did, however, recover from a low − 0.6 % growth in 1998 to a moderate growth of 3.4 % by 1999. Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development. Unlike Charter change under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal, according to its proponents, would only amend the ' restrictive ' economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines. However it was not successful in amending the constitution. After the worsening secessionist movement in Midanao in April 2000, President Estrada declared an `` all - out - war '' against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ). The government later captured 46 MILF camps including the MILF 's headquarters ', Camp Abubakar. In October 2000, however, Estrada was accused of having accepted millions of pesos in payoffs from illegal gambling businesses. He was impeached by the House of Representatives, but his impeachment trial in the Senate broke down when the senate voted to block examination of the president 's bank records. Bonifacio Global City, Metro Manila In response, massive street protests erupted demanding Estrada 's resignation. Faced with street protests, cabinet resignations, and a withdrawal of support from the armed forces, Estrada was forced from office on January 20, 2001. Administration of Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Vice President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( the daughter of President Diosdado Macapagal ) was sworn in as Estrada 's successor on the day of his departure. Her accession to power was further legitimized by the mid-term congressional and local elections held four months later, when her coalition won an overwhelming victory. Arroyo 's initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month - long nationwide state of rebellion. Later on in December 2002 she said would not run in May 10, 2004 presidential election, but she reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to join the race anyway. She was re-elected and sworn in for her own six - year term as president on June 30, 2004. In 2005, a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced bearing the voice of Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin of victory could be maintained. The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyo 's resignation. Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official, but denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down. Attempts to impeach the president failed later that year. Halfway through her second term, Arroyo unsuccessfully attempted to push for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential - bicameral republic into a federal parliamentary - unicameral form of government, which critics describe would be a move that would allow her to stay in power as Prime Minister. Numerous other scandals ( such as the Maguindanao massacre, wherein 58 people were killed, and the unsuccessful NBN - ZTE Broadband Deal ) took place in the dawn of her administration. She formally ended her term as president in 2010 ( wherein she was succeeded by Senator Benigno Aquino III ) and ran for a seat in congress the same year ( becoming the second president after Jose P. Laurel to run for lower office following the presidency ). Administration of Benigno simeon Aquino III ( 2010 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Benigno Aquino III Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban, Leyte Benigno Aquino III began his presidency on June 30, 2010, the fifteenth President of the Philippines. He is a bachelor and the son of former Philippines president Corazon C. Aquino. His administration claimed to be focused on major reforms that would bring greater transparency, reduced poverty, reduced corruption, and a booming market which will give birth to a newly industrialized nation. Just as with his predecessor, however, Aquino 's administration has been marked with a mix of success and scandal since his inauguration, beginning with the 2010 Manila hostage crisis that caused deeply strained relations between Manila and Hong Kong for a time ( affecting major events such as Wikimania 2013 ). The Sultanate of Panay, founded in 2011, was recognized by the Lanao Advisory Council in 2012. Tensions regarding Sabah due to the Sultanate of Sulu 's claim gradually rose during the early years of his administration. Standoffs in Sabah between The Sultanate of Sulu 's Royal Army and the Malaysian forces struck in 2013. In 2012, the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro was signed to create the Bangsamoro Government in Mindanao. In response, the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters ( BIFF ) was assembled by religious extremists with the goal of seceding from the Philippines. The economy performed well at 7.2 % GDP growth, the second fastest in Asia. In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) struck the country, leading to massive rehabilitation efforts by foreign world powers sending aid, inevitably devolving into chaos following the revelations that the administration and that the government had not been properly handing out the aid packages and preference for political maneuvering over the safety of the people, leading to mass deterioration of food and medical supplies. Okada Manila In 2014, the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro was finally signed after 17 years of negotiation with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ), a move that is expected to bring peace in Mindanao and the Sulu. On April 28, 2014, when United States President Barack Obama visited the Philippines, the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, between the United States of America and the Philippines, was signed. From January 15 to 19, 2015, Pope Francis stayed in the Philippines for a series of publicity tours and paid visits to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan. On January 25, 2015, 44 members of the Philippine National Police - Special Action Force ( PNP - SAF ) were killed during an encounter between MILF and BIFF in Mamasapano, Maguindanao putting efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law into law in an impasse. Under his presidency, the Philippines has had controversial clashes with the People 's Republic of China on a number of issues ( such as the standoff in Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea and the dispute over the Spratly islands ). This resulted in the proceedings of the Philippines to file a sovereignty case against China in a global arbitration tribunal. Later on in 2014, the Aquino Administration then filed a memorial to the Arbitration Tribunal in The Hague which challenged Beijing 's claim in the South China Sea after Chinese ships were accused of harassing a small Philippine vessel carrying goods for stationed military personnel in the South Thomas Shoal where an old Philippine ship had been stationed for many years. Under his presidency, for aiming to enhance the educational system in the country, Aquino III signed the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly known as K -- 12 program on May 15, 2013. On December 20, 2015, Pia Wurtzbach won the Miss Universe 2015, making her the third Filipino to win the Miss Universe title following Gloria Diaz in 1969 and Margarita Moran in 1973. On January 12, 2016, the Philippine Supreme Court upheld the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement paving the way for the return of United States Armed Forces bases into the country. On March 23, 2016, Diwata - 1 was launched to the International Space Station ( ISS ), becoming the country 's first micro-satellite and the first satellite to be built and designed by Filipinos. Administration of Rodrigo roa Duterte ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Rodrigo Duterte, current President of the Philippines. Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte of PDP -- Laban won the 2016 presidential election, garnering 39.01 % or 16,601,997 of the total votes, becoming the first Mindanaoan to become president. On the other hand, Camarines Sur 3rd District representative Leni Robredo won with the second narrowest margin in history, against Senator Bongbong Marcos. On 30 May, the Congress had proclaimed Rodrigo Duterte, despite his absence, as president - elect and Leni Robredo as vice president - elect. On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines in its case against China 's claims in the South China Sea. Duterte 's presidency began following his inauguration on June 30, 2016 at the Rizal Ceremonial Hall of the Malacañang Palace in Manila, which was attended by more than 627 guests. On August 1, 2016, the Duterte administration launched a 24 - hour complaint office accessible to the public through a nationwide hotline, 8888, and changed the nationwide emergency telephone number from 117 to 911. After winning the Presidency, Duterte launched an intensified anti-drug campaign to fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months. By March 2017, the death toll for the Philippine Drug War passed 8,000 people, with 2,679 killed in legitimate police operations and the rest the government claims to be homicide cases. On November 8, 2016, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in favor of the burial of the late president Ferdinand Marcos in the Libingan ng Mga Bayani, the country 's official cemetery for heroes, provoking protests from thousands of millennials, Marcos - regime human rights victims, and relatives of people who were tortured, killed, or were still missing due to martial rule. The burial of the late president was a campaign promise of President Rodrigo Duterte, who was supported by voters in Ilocos Norte, the home province of Marcos. In November 18, 2016, the remains of Ferdinand Marcos was secretly buried by the Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of the Philippines, and the family and friends of Ferdinand Marcos, despite the Supreme Court order being non-executory due to protocol. Later in the afternoon, the event was made public. On May 23, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Proclamation No. 216 declaring a 60 - day martial law in Mindanao following clashes between government forces and the Maute group in Marawi. See also ( edit ) Philippines portal Ancient Filipino diet and health Archaeology of the Philippines Filipino nationalism Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 History of Asia History of Southeast Asia List of disasters in the Philippines List of Philippine historic sites List of Presidents of the Philippines List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines Military history of the Philippines National hero of the Philippines Politics of the Philippines Resident Commissioner of the Philippines Sovereignty of the Philippines Timeline of Philippine history Timeline of Philippine sovereignty Dambana Suyat Battles of Manila Battles of the Philippines Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott, William Henry ( 1994 ). Barangay : Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971 - 550 - 135 - 4. ^ Jump up to : Junker, Laura Lee ( 1998 ). `` Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms ''. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 ( 4 ). ^ Jump up to : Scott 1984. Jump up ^ `` Callao Man ' Could Redraw Filipino History : Discovery News ''. DNews. Jump up ^ `` Pre-colonial Manila ''. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library, Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Jump up ^ Jocano, F. Landa ( 2001 ). Filipino Prehistory : Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage. Quezon City : Punlad Research House, Inc. ISBN 971 - 622 - 006 - 5. Jump up ^ Go, Bon Juan ( 2005 ). `` Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle ''. Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila. 53 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 138. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Jump up ^ Demetrio, Francisco R. ; Cordero - Fernando, Gilda ; Nakpil - Zialcita, Roberto B. ; Feleo, Fernando ( 1991 ). The Soul Book : Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion. GCF Books, Quezon City. ASIN B007FR4S8G. Jump up ^ Thakur, Upendra ( 1986 ). Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture. Abhinav Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 207 - 9. Jump up ^ Junker, Laura Lee ( 2000 ). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting : The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Ateneo University Press. ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 347 - 1. Lay summary. Jump up ^ Bisht, Bankoti & 2004, p. 69. Jump up ^ `` The Cultural Influences of India, Indonesia, China, Arabia, and Japan ''. philippinealmanac.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Jump up ^ Bergreen, Laurence ( October 14, 2003 ). `` Over the Edge of the World : Magellan 's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe ''. William Morrow. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 621173 - 2. Jump up ^ `` Cebu ''. encyclopedia.com. Jump up ^ Zaide 1994, p. 281 Jump up ^ `` Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago ''. 2 May 2018. Jump up ^ Valmero, Anna ( August 5, 2010 ). `` Callao man could be ' oldest ' human in Asia Pacific, says Filipino archaeologist ''. Yahoo! Southeast Asia, loqal.ph. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05. Jump up ^ Severino, Howie G. ( August 1, 2010 ). Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man Archived August 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine... GMA News. Retrieved October 21, 2010. Jump up ^ Morella, Cecil. ( August 3, 2010 ). ' Callao Man ' Could Redraw Filipino History. Agence France - Presse. Retrieved October 21, 2010 from Discovery News. Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists unearth 67,000 - year - old human bone in Philippines ''. The Daily Telegraph. Jump up ^ The Utrecht Faculty of Education. `` The Philippines -- The Philippines in earlier times -- The First Inhabitants 40,000 years ago ''. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2009. Jump up ^ Solheim, Wilhelm G., II. ( 2006 ). Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia. University of the Philippines Press. pp. 57 -- 139. ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 508 - 7. Jump up ^ Solheim, Wilhelm G., II. ( January 2006 ). Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ Mijares, Armand Salvador B ( 2006 ). `` The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon : Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites ''. Bulletin of the Indo - Pacific Prehistory Association. 26 : 72 -- 78. doi : 10.7152 / bippa. v26i0. 11995. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Not one roof beam, not one grain of rice, not one pygmy Negrito bone has been recovered. Any theory which describes such details is therefore pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such. '', Scott 1984, p. 138. Jump up ^ Solheim II, Wilhelm G. `` The Filipinos and their Languages '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27. Jump up ^ Scott 1984, p. 52. Jump up ^ Bellwood, Peter ( 2014 ). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. p. 213. Jump up ^ Goodenough, Ward Hunt ( 1996 ). Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5. American Philosophical Society. pp. 127 -- 128. Jump up ^ Goodenough, Ward Hunt ( 1996 ). Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5. American Philosophical Society. p. 52. Jump up ^ `` Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum ''. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Jump up ^ Sagart, Laurent. `` The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia ''. Jump up ^ Li, H ; Huang, Y ; Mustavich, LF ; et al. ( November 2007 ). `` Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River ''. Hum. Genet. 122 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 383 -- 8. doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0407 - 2. PMID 17657509. CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Early Austronesians : Into and Out Of Taiwan ''. ^ Jump up to : Scott, William ( 1984 ). Prehispanic Source Material. p. 17. ^ Jump up to : Bellwood, Peter ( 2011 ). Pathos of Origin. pp. 31 -- 41. Jump up ^ Hsiao - Chun, Hung ( 2007 ). Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia. Jump up ^ Legarda, Benito, Jr. ( 2001 ). `` Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines ''. Kinaadman ( Wisdom ) A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23 : 40. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Munoz, Paul Michael ( 2006 ). Early kingdoms of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay peninsula. p. 45. Jump up ^ Glover, Ian ; Bellwood, Peter, eds. ( 2004 ). Southeast Asia : From Prehistory to History. Psychology Press. pp. 36, 157. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29777 - 6. Jump up ^ The Philippines and India -- Dhirendra Nath Roy, Manila 1929 and India and The World -- By Buddha Prakash p. 119 -- 120. Jump up ^ Cembrano, Margarita R. Patterns of the Past : The Ethno Archaeology of Butuan. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2009. Jump up ^ Father Gabriel Casal & Regalado Trota Jose, Jr., Eric S. Casino, George R. Ellis, Wilhelm G. Solheim II, The People and Art of the Philippines, printed by the Museum of Cultural History, UCLA ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Bellwood, Peter, Hsiao - Chun Hung, and Yoshiyuki Iizuka. `` Taiwan Jade in the Philippines : 3,000 Years of Trade and Long - distance Interaction. '' Paths of Origins : The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ( 2011 ) : 31 -- 41. Jump up ^ Solheim, William ( 1969 ). `` Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines ''. Asian Perspectives. 3 : 97 -- 108. hdl : 10125 / 19126. Jump up ^ Miksic, John N. ( 2003 ). Earthenware in Southeast Asia : Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares. Singapore : Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. Jump up ^ Philippine Journal of Linguistics -- 23 -- p. 67 Jump up ^ The Earth and Its Peoples : A Global History by Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson p. 186 Jump up ^ Copperplate Archived November 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., in The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, bibingka.com Jump up ^ The Butuan Ivory Seal Archived October 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., bibingka.com Jump up ^ The Calatagan Pot Archived February 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., bibingka.com Jump up ^ Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. `` Chapter 3 : Precolonial Philippines '' ( Published by Rex Bookstore ; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Katutubo, Muslim, Kristyano ''. Salazar at Mendoza - Urban. Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of new Manila, Traveler On Foot self - published journal. Jump up ^ Volume 5 of A study of the Eastern and Western Oceans ( Japanese : 東 西洋 考 ) mentions that Luzon first sent tribute to Yongle Emperor in 1406. Jump up ^ `` Akeanon Online -- Aton Guid Ra! -- Aklan History Part 3 -- Confederation of Madyaas ''. Akeanon.com. March 27, 2008. Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02. Jump up ^ The Unconquered Kingdom Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. in The official website of the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu and the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sabah Jump up ^ Munoz 2006, p. 171. Jump up ^ Background Note : Brunei Darussalam, U.S. State Department. Jump up ^ `` Introduction ''. Mangyan Heritage Center. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Scott, William Henry ( 1985 ). Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history. New Day Publishers. p. 104. ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0073 - 8. Jump up ^ The Report : The Philippines 2012. Oxford Business Group. 2012. p. 11. ISBN 978 - 1 - 907065 - 56 - 9. Jump up ^ Woods, Damon L. ( 2006 ). The Philippines : A Global Studies Handbook. ABC - CLIO. p. 44. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 675 - 6. Jump up ^ Scott, William Henry ( 1989 ). `` Filipinos in China in 1500 '' ( PDF ). China Studies Program. De la Salle University. p. 8. Jump up ^ Scott 1984, p. 70. Jump up ^ `` South East Asia Pottery -- Philippines ''. Seapots.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27. Jump up ^ Old Chinese Book Tells of the World 800 Years Ago ; Chau - Ju - Kua 's Chronicles of the Twelfth Century, Now First Translated, Give a `` Description of Barbarous Peoples '' Picked Up by This Noted Inspector of Foreign Trade and Descendant of Emperors. Jump up ^ Scott 1984, p. 67. Jump up ^ History of the Kingdom of Dapitan. Retrieved February 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Jovito S. Abellana, `` Bisaya Patronymesis Sri Visjaya '' ( Ms., Cebuano Studies Center, ca. 1960 ) Jump up ^ Maragtas by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro Jump up ^ Jovito Abellana, Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik, 1952 Jump up ^ Kinaadman. 2001. Volume 23. Xavier University Press. Page 34. Jump up ^ Scott 1984, p. 59. Jump up ^ Santos, Hector. ( October 28, 1996 ). `` The Butuan Silver Strip '' Archived July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine... A Philippine Leaf. Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09. Jump up ^ Santos, Hector. ( October 28, 1996 ). `` The Butuan Silver Strip Deciphered ''. A Philippine Leaf. Archived from the original on September 8, 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28. Jump up ^ History for Brunei 2009, p. 44 Jump up ^ Barski, p. 46 Jump up ^ 100 Events That Shaped The Philippines ( Adarna Book Services Inc. 1999 Published by National Centennial Commission ) Page 72 `` The Founding of the Sulu Sultanate '' Jump up ^ `` The Maguindanao Sultanate '', Moro National Liberation Front web site. `` The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People, condensed from the book Muslims in the Philippines by Dr. C.A. Majul. '' ( archived from the original on 2003 - 01 - 26 ) Retrieved January 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Palafox, Queenie. `` The Sultan of the River ''. National Historical Commission. Retrieved 16 March 2013. Jump up ^ Shinzō Hayase ( 2007 ). Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations : Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 117. ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 511 - 6. Jump up ^ Pusat Sejarah Brunei Archived April 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved February 7, 2009. Jump up ^ Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman ( 1571 -- 1898 ) : Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns : A.D. 1300 -- 1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City : By the author. Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 22. Jump up ^ Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. SOURCE : Ibidem, page 195. Jump up ^ The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD. SOURCE : Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente ( 1628 ), Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay : Sixteenth - Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194. Jump up ^ Pigafetta, Antonio ( 1969 ) ( 1524 ). `` First voyage round the world ''. Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila : Filipiniana Book Guild. Jump up ^ Pires, Tomé ( 1944 ). A suma oriental de Tomé Pires eo livro de Francisco Rodriguez : Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão ( 1512 -- 1515 ) ( in Portuguese ). Translated by Armando Cortesao. Cambridge : Hakluyt Society. Jump up ^ Lach, Donald Frederick ( 1994 ). `` Chapter 8 : The Philippine Islands ''. Asia in the Making of Europe. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0 - 226 - 46732 - 5. Jump up ^ Reid, Anthony ( 1995 ). `` Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity ''. In Peter Bellwood ; James J. Fox ; Darrell Tryon. The Austronesians : Historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra : Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University. Jump up ^ Turnbull, C.M. ( 1977 ). A History of Singapore : 1819 - 1975. Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 580354 - 9. Jump up ^ Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers : Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76. Jump up ^ Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting : The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu : University of Hawaiì Press, 1999. Jump up ^ Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay - English Dictionary ( romanised ). London : Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291. Jump up ^ Pigafetta, Antonio ( 1524 ). Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo. Jump up ^ Marivir Montebon, Retracing Our Roots -- A Journey into Cebu 's Pre-Colonial Past, p. 15 Jump up ^ Celestino C. Macachor ( 2011 ). `` Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana ''. Rapid Journal. 10 ( 2 ). Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Lacsamana 1990, p. 47 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990, p. 52 Jump up ^ & Kurlansky 1999, p. 64. Jump up ^ Joaquin 1988. Jump up ^ Alip 1964, p. 201,317. Jump up ^ United States War Dept 1903 p. 379 Jump up ^ McAmis 2002, p. 33. Jump up ^ `` Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578 ''. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2009. Jump up ^ Frankham 2008, p. 278. Jump up ^ Atiyah 2002, p. 71. Jump up ^ Saunders 2002, pp. 54 -- 60. Jump up ^ Saunders 2002, p. 57. Jump up ^ Tomas L. `` Magat Salamat ''. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14. Jump up ^ Fernando A. Santiago, Jr. `` Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589 -- 1898 ''. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Peter Borschberg ( 2015 ). Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th - Century Southeast Asia. Singapore : NUS Press. pp. 82, 84, 126, 421. Retrieved 30 Aug 2015. Jump up ^ Truxillo, Charles A. ( 2012 ). Crusaders in the Far East : The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero - Islamic World War. Jain Publishing Company. p. 1. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89581 - 864 - 5. Jump up ^ Peacock Gallop ( 2015 ) `` From Anatolia to Aceh : Ottomans, Turks and Southeast Asia ''. Jump up ^ Jiménez, David Sánchez ( Fall 2010 ). `` La hispanización y la identidad hispanaen Filipinas ( 1a parte ) ''. Revista Filipina ( in Spanish ). XIV ( 3 ). ISSN 1496 - 4538. Jump up ^ `` Fortress of Empire, Rene Javellana, S.J. 1997 ''. Jump up ^ Barrows, David ( 2014 ). `` A History of the Philippines ''. Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 179. Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or `` arrabales, '' all occupied by Spaniards ( `` todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles '' ). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes. Jump up ^ `` Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines ''. PHILIPPINE-HISTORY.ORG. 2005. Jump up ^ `` Living in the Philippines : Living, Retiring, Travelling and Doing Business ''. Jump up ^ Galaup `` Travel Accounts '' page 375. Jump up ^ `` Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World '' By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235. Jump up ^ Barrows, David ( 2014 ). `` A History of the Philippines ''. Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 229. Reforms under General Arandía. -- The demoralization and misery with which Obando 's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía, who succeeded him. Arandía was one of the few men of talent, energy, and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized military force, establishing what was known as the `` Regiment of the King, '' made up very largely of Mexican soldiers ( note : emphasis added ). He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos. These were regular troops, who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army. Jump up ^ `` SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE '' ( Zamboanga City History ) `` He ( Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera ) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Peru, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom. '' Jump up ^ Quinze Ans de Voyage Autor de Monde Vol. II ( 1840 ) Archived 2014 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine... Retrieved 2014 - 7 - 25 from Institute for Research of Iloilo Official Website. Jump up ^ `` The Philippine Archipelago '' By Yves Boquet Page 262 Jump up ^ De la Torre, Visitacion ( 2006 ). The Ilocos Heritage. Makati City : Tower Book House. p. 2. ISBN 978 - 971 - 91030 - 9 - 7. Jump up ^ The Unlucky Country : The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie ( Page xii ) Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember ; Melvin Ember ; Ian A. Skoggard, eds. ( 2005 ). History. Encyclopedia of Diasporas : Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World, Volume 1. Springer. 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This population was not only small, but it was also extremely disunited. Not only were the great tribes separated by the differences of language, but, as we have already seen, each tiny community was practically independent, and the power of a dato very limited. There were no great princes, with large forces of fighting retainers whom they could call to arms, such as the Portuguese had encountered among the Malays south in the Moluccas. Jump up ^ Spain ( 1680 ). Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias. Madrid. Spanish - language facsimile of the original. Jump up ^ Coleman 2009, pp. 17 -- 59 Jump up ^ Antonio de Morga ( 1609 ). Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. Fondo de Cultura. ISBN 0 - 521 - 01035 - 7. ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 4 Jump up ^ Shafer 1958 Jump up ^ `` US Country Studies : Education in the Philippines ''. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15. 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Jump up ^ `` Profile : Joseph Estrada ''. BBC News. October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 16. Jump up ^ Antonio C. Abaya, GMA 's successes, Manila Standard, January 17, 2008. Jump up ^ Philippines ' GDP grows 3.2 pc in 1999, GNP up 3.6 pc Archived November 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Asian Economic News, January 31, 2000. Jump up ^ Philippines ' GDP up 4.5 % in 2nd qtr, Asian Economic News, September 4, 2000. Jump up ^ The Philippines : Sustaining Economic Growth Momentum In A Challenging Global Environment, Governor Amando M. Tetangco, Jr., Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, June 27, 2008. ( WebCite archive of the original ) Jump up ^ Speech : THE PHILIPPINES : CONSOLIDATING ECONOMIC GROWTH, Governor Rafael Buenaventura, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, March 13, 2000. Jump up ^ Philippines : Recent Trends and Prospects, Asian Development Bank, 2001. ( archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 ) ^ Jump up to : Speech of Former President Estrada on the GRP - MORO Conflict ( September 18, 2008 ), Human development Network. Jump up ^ In the Spotlight : Moro Islamic Liberation Front Archived September 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Center for Defense Information Terrorism Project, February 15, 2002. Jump up ^ Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters, People 's Daily, July 10, 2000. Jump up ^ AFP - MILF 2000 War in Mindanao Remembered Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. ( April 13, 2006 ), American Chronicle, May 13, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profile : Philippines, March 2006 '' ( PDF ). U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 22. ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Talkasia Transcript ''. CNN. Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 29. Jump up ^ Dalangin - Fernandez, Lira ( July 20, 2006 ). `` People 's support for Charter change ' nowhere to go but up ' ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2006. Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls ''. ABS - CBN. May 27, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Congress proclaims Duterte, Robredo as new President, VP ; Rody a no - show ''. Inquirer.net. May 27, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016. Jump up ^ Philips, T. ; Holmes, O. ; Bowcott, O. ( July 12, 2016 ). `` Philippines wins South China Sea case against China ''. The Guardian. Retrieved July 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Rañada, Pia ( June 22, 2016 ). `` Duterte inauguration guest list now has 627 names ''. Rappler. Retrieved June 30, 2016. Jump up ^ Corrales, Nestor ( July 7, 2016 ). `` Duterte administration to launch 24 - hour hotline in August ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 9, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dial 8888, 911 : Gov 't opens complaints, emergency hotlines ''. ABS CBN News. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Duterte sworn in as Philippines president ''. Reuters. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Between Duterte and a death squad, a Philippine mayor fights drug - war violence ''. Reuters. March 16, 2017. Jump up ^ `` # RealNumbersPH ''. Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved 22 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` Cayetano : PH war on drugs exaggerated by fake news ''. ABS - CBN. 5 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017. Jump up ^ News, RG Cruz, ABS - CBN. `` Martial law survivor asks SC to reverse Marcos burial ''. Jump up ^ `` Anti-Marcos protesters brave rains to condemn burial - The Manila Times Online ''. www.manilatimes.net. Jump up ^ Esguerra, Anthony ; Salaverria, Leila ( May 23, 2017 ). `` Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao ''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 23, 2017. References ( edit ) Agoncillo, Teodoro A. ( 1990 ) ( 1960 ). History of the Filipino People ( 8th ed. ). Quezon City : Garotech Publishing. ISBN 971 - 8711 - 06 - 6. Alip, Eufronio Melo ( 1964 ). Philippine History : Political, Social, Economic. Atiyah, Jeremy ( 2002 ). Rough guide to Southeast Asia. Rough Guide. ISBN 978 - 1858288932. Bisht, Narendra S. ; Bankoti, T.S. ( 2004 ). Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography. Global Vision Publishing Ho. ISBN 978 - 81 - 87746 - 96 - 6. Coleman, Ambrose ( 2009 ). The Firars in the Philippines. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 71989 - 8. Deady, Timothy K. ( 2005 ). `` Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency : The Philippines, 1899 -- 1902 '' ( PDF ). Parameters. Carlisle, Pennsylvania : United States Army War College. 35 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 68. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` Early History ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` The Early Spanish ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` The Decline of Spanish ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` Spanish American War ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` War of Resistance ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` United States Rule ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` A Collaborative Philippine Leadership ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` Commonwealth Politics ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` World War II ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` Economic Relations with the United States ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` The Magsaysay, Garcia, and Macapagal Administrations ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` Marcos and the Road to Martial Law ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Dolan, Ronald E., ed. ( 1991 ). `` From Aquino 's Assassination to People Power ''. Philippines : A Country Study. Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress. ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8. Ellis, Edward S. ( 2008 ). Library of American History from the Discovery of America to the Present Time. READ BOOKS. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 7649 - 3. Duka, Cecilio D. ( 2008 ). Struggle for Freedom ' 2008 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0. Escalante, Rene R. ( 2007 ). The Bearer of Pax Americana : The Philippine Career of William H. Taft, 1900 -- 1903. Quezon City, Philippines : New Day Publishers. ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 1166 - 6. Fish, Shirley ( 2003 ). When Britain Ruled The Philippines 1762 -- 1764. 1stBooks. ISBN 1 - 4107 - 1069 - 6. Frankham, Steven ( 2008 ). Borneo. Footprint Handbooks. Footprint. ISBN 978 - 1906098148. Fundación Santa María ( Madrid ) ( 1994 ). Historia de la educación en España y América : La educación en la España contemporánea : ( 1789 -- 1975 ) ( in Spanish ). Ediciones Morata. ISBN 978 - 84 - 7112 - 378 - 7. Joaquin, Nick ( 1988 ). Culture and history : occasional notes on the process of Philippine becoming. Solar Pub. Corp. ISBN 978 - 971 - 17 - 0633 - 3. Kurlansky, Mark ( 1999 ). The Basque history of the world. Walker. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1349 - 0. Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz ( 1990 ). Philippine History and Government ( Second ed. ). Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 971 - 06 - 1894 - 6. Linn, Brian McAllister ( 2000 ). The Philippine War, 1899 -- 1902. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1225 - 3. McAmis, Robert Day ( 2002 ). Malay Muslims : The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Eerdmans. ISBN 978 - 0802849458. Munoz, Paul Michel ( 2006 ). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978 - 981 - 4155 - 67 - 0. Norling, Bernard ( 2005 ). The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9134 - 8. Riggs, Fred W. ( 1994 ). `` Bureaucracy : A Profound Puzzle for Presidentialism ''. In Farazmand, Ali. Handbook of Bureaucracy. CRC Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 9182 - 7. Saunders, Graham ( 2002 ). A History of Brunei. Routledge. ISBN 978 - 0700716982. Schirmer, Daniel B. ; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm ( 1987 ). The Philippines Reader : A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance. South End Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 89608 - 275 - 5. Scott, William Henry ( 1984 ). Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history. New Day Publishers. ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0227 - 5. Shafer, Robert Jones ( 1958 ). The economic societies in the Spanish world, 1763 -- 1821. Syracuse University Press. Tracy, Nicholas ( 1995 ). Manila Ransomed : The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 426 - 5. Stearns, Peter N., ed. ( 2002 ). `` V. ( F ) 2. The Philippines, 1800 -- 1913 ''. Encyclopedia of World History. Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2008. Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13. Taft, William ( 1908 ). Present Day Problems. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 0922 - 7. Annual report of the Secretary of War. Washington GPO : US Army. 1903. Wionzek, Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ). `` Germany, the Philippines, and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy ''. National Historical Institute. Woods, Ayon kay Damon L. ( 2005 ). The Philippines. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 1 - 85109 - 675 - 2. Zaide, Sonia M. ( 1994 ). The Philippines : A Unique Nation. All - Nations Publishing Co. ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4. Further reading ( edit ) Abinales, Patricio N. ; Amoroso, Donna J. ( 2005 ). State and Society in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6872 - 3. Columbia University Press ( 2001 ). `` Philippines, The ''. Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed. ). Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2008. Barrows, David Prescott ( 1905 ). A History of the Philippines. Amer. Bk. Company. Corpuz, O.D. ( 2005 ). Roots of the Filipino Nation. University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 971 - 542 - 461 - 9. Elliott, Charles Burke ( 1916 ). The Philippines : To the End of the Military Régime ( pdf ). The Bobbs - Merrill Company. Elliott, Charles Burke ( 1917 ). The Philippines : To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy ( pdf ). The Bobbs - Merrill Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1903 ). 1582 -- 1583. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1803. 5. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Preface to Volume 1 General Preface The entrance of the United States of America into the arena of world - politics, the introduction of American influence into Oriental affairs, and the establishment of American authority in the Philippine archipelago, all render the history of those islands and their, numerous peoples a topic of engrossing interest and importance to the reading public, and especially to scholars, historians, and statesmen. The present work -- its material carefully selected and arranged from a vast mass of printed works and unpublished manuscripts -- is offered to the public with the intention and hope of casting light on the great problems which confront the American people in the Philippines ; and of furnishing authentic and trustworthy material for a thorough and scholarly history of the islands. For this purpose, the Editors reproduce ( mainly in English translation ) contemporaneous documents which constitute the best original sources of Philippine history. Beginning with Pope Alexander VI 's line of demarcation between the Spanish and the Portuguese dominions in the New World ( 1493 ), the course of history in the archipelago is thus traced through a period of more than three centuries, comprising the greater part of the Spanish régime. In the selection of material, the Editors have sought to make the scope of the work commensurate with the breadth of the field, and to allot to each subject space proportioned to its interest ; not only the political relations, but the social and religious, economic and commercial conditions of the Philippines have received due attention and care. All classes of writers are here represented -- early navigators, officials civil and military, ecclesiastical dignitaries, and priests belonging to the various religious orders who conducted the missions among the Filipino peoples. To the letters, reports, and narratives furnished by these men are added numerous royal decrees, papal bulls and briefs, and other valuable documents. Most of this material is now for the first time made accessible to English - speaking readers ; and the great libraries and archives of Spain, Italy, France, England, Mexico, and the United States have generously contributed to furnish it. In the presentation of these documents, the Editors assume an entirely impartial attitude, free from any personal bias, whether political or sectarian. They aim to secure historical accuracy, especially in that aspect which requires the sympathetic interpretation of each author 's thought and intention ; and to depict faithfully the various aspects of the life of the Filipinos, their relations with other peoples ( especially those of Europe ), and the gradual ascent of many tribes from barbarism. They invite the reader 's especial attention to the Introduction furnished for this series by Professor Edward Gaylord Bourne, of Yale University -- valuable alike for its breadth of view and for its scholarly thoroughness. The Bibliographical Data at the end of each volume will supply necessary information as to sources and location of the documents published therein ; fuller details, and of broader scope, will be given in the volume devoted to Philippine bibliography, at the end of the series. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1903 ). 1583 -- 1588. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 6. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century. Change of title and extension of scope -- Preface to Volume 6. Editorial Announcement Facsimile of title page from Volume 43 The Editors desire to announce to their readers an important modification in the scope and contents of this work. As originally planned and hitherto announced, the series was intended to furnish the original sources, printed and documentary, for the history of the Philippine Islands only to the beginning of the nineteenth century. To most of our readers, the reasons for this are obvious : the fact that the classic period of Philippine history is thus bounded ; the comparative rarity and inaccessibility of most material therein to the general public ; the vast extent of the field covered by Philippine history, and the necessary limitations of space imposed upon the selection of material for this work ; the closing of foreign archives to all investigators after an early date in the nineteenth century ; and the greater difficulty, in that later period, of securing a proper historical perspective. But so many and urgent requests have come to us, from subscribers and reviewers, for such extension of this series as shall cover the entire period of Spanish domination, that we have decided to modify the former plan in the manner here briefly indicated. It is our purpose not to exceed the number of volumes already announced, fifty - five. We are able to do this because in our original plan, to avoid a subsequent increase in the number of volumes, a certain amount of space was purposely left for possible future changes as a result of later investigations to be made in foreign archives, or on account of the necessary excision of extraneous or irrelevant matter from the printed works which are to be presented in this series. The new title will be `` The Philippine Islands : 1493 -- 1898. '' The early and especially important history of the islands will be covered as fully as before. For the history of the nineteenth century, we will present various important decrees, reports, and other official documents ; and provide a clear, careful, and impartial synopsis of some of the best historical matter extant, down to the close of the Spanish régime. Throughout the series will be used, as has been done from the beginning, all the best material available -- historical, descriptive, and statistical -- for reference and annotation. With the copious and carefully - prepared bibliography of Philippine historical literature, and the full analytical index, which will close the series ; the broad and representative character of the material selected throughout ; and the impartial and non-sectarian attitude maintained, the Editors trust that this change will still further enable scholars, historical writers, and general readers alike to study, with reliable and satisfactory material, the history of the Philippine Islands from their first discovery by Europeans to the close of the Spanish régime, and incidentally the history of the entire Orient. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1903 ). 1588 -- 1591. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 7. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1903 ). 1591 -- 1593. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 8. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1904 ). 1593 -- 1597. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 9. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1904 ). 1604 -- 1605. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 13. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1905 ). 1630 -- 1634. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 24. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne ; additional translations by Rev T.C. Middleton and Robert W. Haight. Arthur H. Clark Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1905 ). 1635 -- 1636. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 25. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE ; additional translations by Rev T.C. Middleton and Robert W. Haight. Arthur H. Clark Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1906 ). 1649 -- 1666. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 36. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne ; additional translations by Henry B. Lathrop. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Blair, Emma Helen & Robertson, James Alexander, eds. ( 1906 ). 1670 -- 1700. The Philippine Islands, 1493 -- 1898. 42. Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne. Cleveland, Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company. Millis, Walter ( 1931 ). The Martial Spirit. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0 - 929587 - 07 - 3. Kalaw, Maximo M. ( 1927 ). `` Early Political Life in the Philippines ''. The development of Philippine politics. Oriental commercial. p. 1. Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21. Nieva, Gregorio ( September 28, 1921 ). `` Now Is The Time To Solve The Philippine Problem : The View Of A Representative Filipino ''. The Outlook. Outlook Publishing Company, Inc. 129 : 135 -- 137. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30. Scott, William Henry ( 1992 ). Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino : And Other Essays in Philippine History. New Day Publishers. ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0524 - 5. Worcester, Dean Conant ( 1913 ). The Philippines : Past and Present. New York : The Macmillan company. Worcester, Dean Conant ( 1898 ). The Philippine Islands and Their People. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of the Philippines. Official government portal of the Republic of the Philippines. National Historical Institute. The United States and its Territories 1870 -- 1925 : The Age of Imperialism. History of the Philippine Islands by Morga, Antonio de in 55 volumes, from Project Gutenberg. Translated into English, edited and annotated by E.H. Blair and J.A. Robertson. Volumes 1 -- 14 and 15 -- 25 indexed under Blair, Emma Helen. Philippine Society and Revolution ( archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10 ). 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{ "text": "Oops!... I Did It Again ( song ) - wikipedia Oops!... I Did It Again ( song ) Jump to : navigation, search `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' Single by Britney Spears from the album Oops!... I Did It Again B - side `` Deep in My Heart '' Released March 27, 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 27 ) Format Cassette single CD single 12 '' Recorded November 1999 ; Cheiron Studios ( Stockholm ) ; Battery Studios ( New York ) Genre Teen pop dance - pop Length 3 : 31 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Max Martin Rami Producer ( s ) Max Martin Rami Britney Spears singles chronology `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( 2000 ) `` Lucky '' ( 2000 ) `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( 2000 ) `` Lucky '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' on YouTube `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' is a song by American singer Britney Spears, from her second album of the same name. It was released on March 27, 2000, by Jive Records as the lead single from the album. The song was written and produced by Max Martin and Rami Yacoub. `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' is a song that lyrically speaks of a female who views love as a game, and she decides to use that to her advantage by playing with her lover 's emotions. Its bridge features a dialogue which references the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ). Upon its release, `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' received positive reviews from music critics, who noted similarities to her debut single ``... Baby One More Time ''. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance during the 2001 ceremony. Commercially, the track peaked at number nine on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. It went to the top in at least 15 countries. An accompanying music video was directed by Nigel Dick. It depicts Spears on Mars, where she addresses an astronaut who has fallen in love with her. She is dressed in a red catsuit. It went on to receive three nominations at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards. Spears has performed the track during her Oops!... I Did It Again Tour, Dream Within a Dream Tour, The Onyx Hotel Tour and Britney : Piece of Me. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Cover versions and usage in media 7 Track listings and formats 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' A 22 - second sample of `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears, in which she sings about playing with her lover 's emotions and claims `` I 'm not that innocent ''. Problems playing this file? See media help. After attaining huge success with her debut album... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and its singles ``... Baby One More Time '', `` Sometimes '', `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '', `` Born to Make You Happy '', and `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '', Spears recorded much of her follow - up record Oops!... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) in November 1999 at the Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. Its title track was written and produced by Max Martin and Rami Yacoub, while background vocals were provided by Martin and Nana Hedin. The track was released on March 27, 2000, by JIVE Records as the lead single from the record. `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' is a song that lasts for a duration of three minutes and thirty seconds. It is composed in the key of C ♯ minor and is set in time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute. The song has a basic sequence of C ♯ m -- A-G ♯ as its chord progression, and features a vocal range spanning from C ♯ to C ♯. Lyrically, the track discusses a female who toys with her lover 's emotions, who mistakes Spears ' flirtatiousness with a serious romantic interest. During its bridge, Spears delivers a spoken - word dialogue that references the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ). Critical reception ( edit ) Upon its release, `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Writing for Entertainment Weekly, David Browne called it `` ludicrously derivative '' of Spears ' debut single ``... Baby One More Time '', and commented that it `` amounts to nothing so much as a jailbait manifesto ''. Lennat Mak of the Asian division of MTV complimented the song as `` a perfect 10 on the `` wow '' scale, with the wacky `` Jack - Rose '' dialogue ``, referencing the Titanic spoken lyrics. A reviewer from NME compared the structure of the recording to 1980s - style riffs of Michael Jackson and further described the track as a `` harder, carbon copy '' of ``... Baby One More Time '' that is `` easily as good as her breakthrough single ''. Robert Christgau recognized `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' and Spears ' rendition of `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' as his `` choice cuts '' from the parent album, Writing for Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield compared the track musically to Barbra Streisand 's `` Woman in Love '' and lyrically to The Smiths ' `` I Started Something I Could n't Finish '', and complimented it for being `` terrific '' and displaying `` a violently ambivalent sexual confusion her audience can relate to ''. Andy Battaglia of Salon described the track as a `` sweetly sadistic companion piece to the masochism lite lurking beneath her debut '... Baby One More Time ' ''. `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2001 ceremony, but lost to `` I Try '' by Macy Gray. The track was additionally nominated for the Favorite Song at the 2001 Kids ' Choice Awards broadcast on Nickelodeon, but lost to `` Who Let the Dogs Out? '' by the Baha Men. Chart performance ( edit ) Spears performing `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' at Dream Within a Dream Tour. In the United States, `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. It additionally peaked at numbers 1 and 27 on the Billboard Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs component charts. In Canada, the track topped the Canadian Hot 100 for six weeks. It topped the singles charts in both Australia and New Zealand, and was certified platinum in the former country for reaching sales of 70,000 copies. `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' enjoyed success throughout Europe, and peaked atop the European Hot 100 Singles chart. It also peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was certified Platinum for exceeding sales of 600,000 copies. As of June 2015, the song has sold 476,000 copies in the country. The song reached number two in Austria, where it was additionally recognized with platinum certification for sales of 15,000 units. It respectively peaked at numbers one and three on the Wallonia and Flanders charts in Belgium, and also respectively reached numbers one and two in Denmark and Finland. `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' reached number four in France, and number two in both Germany and Ireland. In Germany, the single additionally received a gold certification, signifying sales of 250,000 units. It additionally topped singles charts in Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. The song was awarded gold certifications in the Netherlands and Switzerland, respectively marking sales of 40,000 and 15,000 copies, and attained platinum certification in Sweden for reaching sales of 20,000 units. Music video ( edit ) Spears dances around wearing a red jumpsuit while surrounded by dancers in futuristic outfits during the music video. An accompanying music video for `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' was directed by Nigel Dick and was filmed in Universal City, California. It was choreographed by Tina Landon. During its production, Spears was struck in the head by a falling camera and began bleeding. Spears ' mother Lynne ( who was present ) suggested that she might have suffered from a concussion, though she received four stitches and continued work after resting for four hours. Spears created the concept for the clip, commenting that `` ( she wanted ) to be on Mars, dancing on Mars '' and `` ( wanted ) to be in a red jumpsuit ''. The final product premiered on April 10, 2000, on an episode of MTV 's Making the Video. The music video begins with a brief scene of an astronaut on Mars uncovering a stone slate featuring the cover of the album Oops!... I Did It Again. A scientist back on Earth sees it through a video transmitter and says, `` Cute. What is it? '' As the astronaut replies, `` Oh, it 's cute alright. It could n't be... '', the ground begins to shake as a large stage rises from the ground. Spears then descends from a platform onto a stage in a red catsuit as the track begins to play. As she continues to sing and dance, she suspends the astronaut mid-air above her. Interspersed throughout the video are scenes of Spears wearing a short white top and skirt, lying barefoot on a white web pad with dancers on the ground around her. During its bridge, Spears does a flip in the air to where the astronaut is and appears in a white jacket, short black leather skirt, and leather boots. As a symbol of his love for her, the astronaut gifts Spears with the Heart of the Ocean, the blue diamond from the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ). She questions that she `` thought the old lady ( Rose ) dropped it into the ocean in the end '', to which he responds, `` Well, baby, I went down and got it for you ''. Spears comments `` Oh, you should n't have '' and walks away, the astronaut shrugs and leaves. The video concludes as Spears and her performers continue to dance. At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, the music video for `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' was nominated for the Best Female Video, Best Dance Video, the Best Pop Video, and the Viewer 's Choice. However, she lost in each of the four categories. Live performances ( edit ) Spears ( left ) and her dancers during The Onyx Hotel Tour, 2004. The first performance of `` Oops I Did It Again '' was on March 8, 2000, during the Crazy 2k Tour in Pensacola, Florida. In May 2000, Spears performed `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' during several television performances, including All That, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, Saturday Night Live, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Total Request Live, and the two - hour concert special Britney Live. The following month, she appeared in an additional television special, titled Britney Spears in Hawaii. In collaboration with McDonald 's, Spears and ' N Sync filmed a commercial for the fast food chain, where they lip - synced to `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' and `` Bye Bye Bye '', respectively. On September 7, Spears performed `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' and her rendition of `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by The Rolling Stones at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, where she notably tore off her black suit to unveil a more provocative, flesh - colored piece. Entertainment Weekly included the performance on its end - of - the - decade `` best - of '' list, describing `` the pre-breakdown pop tart, then just 19 years old, writhing and shaking her moneymaker in nude - colored rhinestone spandex '' to be `` pure kitsch bliss ''. Spears has performed `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' on three of her eight concert tours. She premiered the song on the Crazy 2k Tour and later included the track as the encore to her Oops!... I Did It Again Tour in 2000, where it was performed with special effects involving fire. In 2002, it was featured as the opening to her Dream Within a Dream Tour in 2002. In 2004, Spears sang `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' during The Onyx Hotel Tour, held in support of her fourth studio album In the Zone. The track was reworked with ``... Baby One More Time '' as a jazz - style performance. `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' would not be performed by Spears for nine years until it was included on the setlist of her Las Vegas residency show Britney : Piece of Me at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino. Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) Since its release, `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' has been covered on numerous occasions. In 2001, German singer Max Raabe recorded a cabaret version of the song with Palast Orchester for their album Super Hits. Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom also recorded a cover of the song for their album Skeletons in the Closet ( 2009 ), while Rochelle released three eurodance hi - NRG renditions of the track. Richard Thompson covered the song on his album 1000 Years of Popular Music ( 2006 ), and in addition included a medieval - style version titled `` Marry, Ageyn Hic Hev Donne Yt ''. `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' has been featured on several television series. In 2004, it was included on the soundtrack for the sitcom Will & Grace. Irish pop rap duo Jedward performed the song live during the sixth series of the British version of The X Factor in 2009. During the episode `` Britney / Brittany '' for Glee in 2010, Brittany Pierce ( portrayed by Heather Morris ) mimicked Spears as she danced in a red catsuit while performing her later single `` I 'm a Slave 4 U ''. The song itself was later performed by Rachel Berry ( portrayed by Lea Michele ) during the episode `` Britney 2.0 '' in 2012. While of tour with her band The Scene, Selena Gomez covered `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' during their We Own the Night Tour in 2011. In February, 2013, the song was used as a `` lip sync for your life '' on Season 5, episode 4 of RuPaul 's Drag Race ; resulting in a double - elimination of Drag Race contestants Honey Mahogany and Vivienne Pinay. Cover versions of the song appear on the video games Dance Dance Revolution Extreme 2 ( 2005 ), Karaoke Revolution Volume 3 ( 2004 ), and Just Dance 4 ( 2012 ), while Spears ' original version is included on Singstar as DLC and her own video game Britney 's Dance Beat. In 2005, the comedy website Super Master Piece released parody version of `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' titled `` Oops I Did It Again! : The Original '', which they jokingly labeled as the original recording by Louis Armstrong on April 1932 in Chicago, Illinois ; their version was actually recorded by Shek Baker. The track has also been parodied under the title `` Oops! I Farted Again '' by producer Bob Rivers. In 2013, it was reported that `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' and ``... Baby One More Time '' have been used by the British Navy to scare off pirates near Somalia. The song was featured in Fox animated series The Simpsons episode `` Dude, Where 's My Ranch? ''. Track listings and formats ( edit ) European CD single `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 European, Australian and Japanese CD maxi single `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 29 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 UK CD maxi single `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 UK cassette single `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 29 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 CD maxi single -- Remixes `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Rodney Jerkins Remix ) -- 3 : 07 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Crossover Mix ) -- 3 : 15 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops! We Remixed Again! ) ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 54 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Deep Club Mix ) -- 6 : 05 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops! We Remixed Again! ) ( Club Mix ) -- 4 : 52 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Instrumental Dub ) -- 6 : 05 12 '' vinyl `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Rodney Jerkins Remix ) -- 3 : 07 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Music Breakdown Mix ) -- 3 : 16 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Crossover Mix ) -- 3 : 15 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Jack D. Elliot Club Mix ) -- 6 : 24 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops! We Remixed Again! ) -- 4 : 52 `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Deep Edit ) -- 3 : 24 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Oops!... I Did It Again. Britney Spears -- lead vocals, background vocals Max Martin -- songwriting, producer, mixing, programming, keyboard, background vocals Rami Yacoub -- songwriting, producer, mix engineer, programming, keyboard John Amatiello -- pro tools engineer Esbjörn Öhrwall -- guitar Johan Carlberg -- guitar Thomas Lindberg -- bass guitar Nana Hedin -- background vocals Chatrin Nyström -- crowd noise Jeanette Stenhammar -- crowd noise Johanna Stenhammar -- crowd noise Charlotte Björkman -- crowd noise Therese Ancker -- crowd noise Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) 7 Canada ( RPM ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( IPSOS / Mahasz - IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 27 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 35 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 31 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Italy ( FIMI ) 34 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 Taiwan ( Hito Radio ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 55 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 40,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 750,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone 2000s portal Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States March 27, 2000 Mainstream radio JIVE Austria April 25, 2000 CD single Bertelsmann Germany Switzerland United Kingdom May 1, 2000 Austria June 14, 2000 CD single ( Remixes ) Germany Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -... 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Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( in French ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ). ABPD. August 17, 2000. Retrieved March 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada ''. Retrieved 2 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. Tracklisten. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Britney Spears. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( in Finnish ). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Britney Spears Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Hungary '' ( PDF ). Music & Media. Retrieved May 8, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 22, 2000 ''. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. Top Digital Download. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 20, 2000 '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. VG - lista. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 12. ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 2000 '' ( in Romanian ). Romanian Top 100. Archived from the original on January 22, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again '' Canciones Top 50. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears ''. billboard.com. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2000 ''. 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Music Week. Intent Media. Retrieved August 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 - Longbored Surfer - Charts ''. Longbored Surfer. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2000 ''. Ultratop. Hung Medien. Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again '' ( in French ). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved August 20, 2013. Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications ( Singles ) du SNEP ( les Disques d'Or ) ''. infodisc.fr. Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Sometimes -- New Zealand Certification ( select week of August 13, 2000 ) ''. Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Oops!... I Did It Again ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 20, 2013. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Britney on tour and closer to Prince William ''. canoe.ca. Jump up ^ `` Oops!... I Did It Again : Amazon.de : Musik ''. amazon.de. Jump up ^ `` Oops! I Did It Again : Amazon.co.uk : Music ''. amazon.co.uk. Jump up ^ `` Oops!... I Did It Again - Remixes : Amazon.de : Musik ''. amazon.de. ( hide ) Britney Spears songs Discography... Baby One More Time ``... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops!... I Did It Again `` Oops!... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over? '' `` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oops!..._I_Did_It_Again_(song)&oldid=841078311 '' Categories : 2000 singles Britney Spears songs Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Hungary Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Jive Records singles Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Max Martin Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Rami Yacoub Song recordings produced by Rami Yacoub RPM Top Singles number - one singles 2000 songs Number - one singles in Spain Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018, at 23 : 09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Oops!... I Did It Again (song)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Oops!..._I_Did_It_Again_(song)&amp;oldid=841078311" }

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{ "text": "Sam Seaborn - wikipedia Sam Seaborn Samuel Seaborn The West Wing character Rob Lowe as Sam Seaborn First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Tomorrow '' Created by Aaron Sorkin Portrayed by Rob Lowe Information Nickname ( s ) Princeton ( Secret Service code name ), Schmutzy Pants ( by CJ ) Gender Male Occupation Deputy White House Communications Director ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Deputy White House Chief of Staff ( last episode of season 7 ) Spouse ( s ) an ex-fiancée - Lisa Sherborne Nationality American Samuel Norman Seaborn is a fictional character portrayed by Rob Lowe on the television serial drama The West Wing. He is Deputy White House Communications Director in the Josiah Bartlet administration throughout the first four seasons of the series. The show was designed with Sam as the main character, and as such he is the protagonist of the pilot episode, and remains a focal point and lens for the show through at least the first season. However, by the time of his departure, his significance in the plot had decreased as the show started to focus more on the President 's ability to govern despite obstacles such as his previously undisclosed multiple sclerosis, campaign for re-election, and increased focus on foreign policy and terrorism. The character of Sam had never been strongest in these areas, resulting in the elevation of Martin Sheen 's character President Josiah Bartlet simultaneously with Sam 's decline. Contents 1 Creation and development 2 Character biography 2.1 Return to politics 3 See also 4 References Creation and development ( edit ) The role of Sam Seaborn was initially offered to actor Bradley Whitford, who had auditioned for the part of Josh Lyman. However, Whitford wanted and was eventually given the role of Josh, and the part of Sam went to Rob Lowe, whose audition, said show creator Aaron Sorkin, `` left our jaws on the floor ''. Sam 's inept performance as a White House tour guide in the pilot episode may have been inspired by former Clinton press secretary Joe Lockhart, who told the Chicago Tribune that despite having to give tours on a regular basis, he did not know whether the Roosevelt Room was named after Franklin or Teddy Roosevelt, saying, `` I have n't gotten caught yet, but I 've made up a few things. '' ( It is actually named after both Presidents Roosevelt. ) Character biography ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sam grew up in Laguna Beach, California. He makes a reference to going to Dungeons and Dragons camp when he was younger in the episode The Two Bartlets. Sam graduated magna cum laude from Princeton University and Duke University School of Law. He makes repeated references to his alma mater, especially in the earlier seasons, indicating a certain pride in his attendance there. `` Princeton '' is his Secret Service code name, and he mentions being the recording secretary of the Princeton Gilbert and Sullivan Society. He can speak Spanish, as seen in Season 3 episode `` Ways and Means. '' Sam attended Duke Law School and was the editor of the Duke Law Review ( which, in reality, is known as the Duke Law Journal ). He was a staffer for several congressmen and the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. He was also a practicing lawyer, working at the law firm of Dewey Ballantine in New York City before joining the fictional Gage Whitney Pace ( aka `` Gage Whitney '' ), reputedly the second biggest law firm in New York City. Sam worked there for seven years and is concentrating on helping an oil company with a deal that would protect them from litigation in the event of an oil spill when old friend Josh Lyman comes to visit him. Josh is running John Hoynes ' presidential campaign and comes to try to recruit Sam as a speechwriter. Sam declines, explaining that he is about to be made partner and is getting married soon ( the engagement later fell through ). Sam returns to work but, feeling guilty about the deal he is making, begins trying to convince the oil company to buy newer, better tankers than the ones they want, unleashing the wrath of his boss and jeopardizing his promotion to partner. In the midst of this, Josh returns from a trip to New Hampshire during which he has seen Hoynes ' dark - horse challenger, Jed Bartlet, speak to a small audience of voters. Josh has been sufficiently inspired to abandon Hoynes ' campaign and go work for Bartlet, which in turn convinces Sam to do the same. Sam becomes part of the talented team of staffers who help Bartlet to a very unlikely victory in 1998. After the election, Sam attains the position of Deputy White House Communications Director in the Bartlet Administration, often collaborating with White House Communications Director Toby Ziegler to write the President 's most important public addresses, most notably States of the Union and his first inaugural address. Sam 's tragically flawed romantic relationships are something of a theme of the series with Josh once describing Sam 's love life as `` a moveable feast ''. After joining the campaign, Sam broke up with his fiancée, Lisa Sherborne, whom he was planning to marry in September of that year ( the joke was that they broke up so that her name would n't become Lisa Sherborne Seaborn ). Sam 's other romantic relationships include a high - priced call girl named Laurie, played by Lisa Edelstein ( with whom he slept without knowledge of her profession ), and Leo McGarry 's daughter, Mallory O'Brien, a fourth - grade teacher -- a relationship Leo jokingly tries to sabotage, telling Sam, `` I do n't mind you dating my ' only ' daughter, but you ca n't expect me not to have some fun along the way. '' Sam 's trademark -- both his greatest strength and greatest flaw -- is his unflinching idealism. His unwavering faith in and love for the American political process and the positive impact that government can have in its citizens ' lives define his character. Sam believes in doing the right thing simply because it is right, even when the consequences might be politically disastrous. This often causes him to clash with the other members of the senior staff, who tend to be more practical when approaching political problems. Occasionally Sam 's idealism and faith in people are disappointed, to which he reacts very strongly. In the second - season episode `` Somebody 's Going to Emergency, Somebody 's Going to Jail '', Sam finds out that his father has been having a 28 - year affair while married to his mother, a revelation that deeply shakes his sense of what he can and can not count on. This feeling is reinforced by his discovery that a White House staffer convicted of treason during the Cold War, who Sam has always believed was innocent, actually had been a spy. Another trademark of Sam is his ability as a speechwriter. He is an extremely talented writer, one of the very few people Toby recognizes as an equal in his field. Sam is seen in many episodes to rewrite speeches over and over, unwilling to put words in the President 's mouth that he is n't completely satisfied with. After a pipe bomb explodes at a university in `` 20 Hours in America, Part II '', killing 44 people, including three swimmers, Bartlet gives a speech, written by Sam, that includes the following : More than any time in recent history, America 's destiny is not of our own choosing. We did not seek nor did we provoke an assault on our freedoms and our way of life. We did not expect nor did we invite a confrontation with evil. Yet the true measure of a people 's strength is how they rise to master that moment when it does arrive. Forty - four people were killed a couple of hours ago at Kennison State University ; three swimmers from the men 's team were killed and two others are in critical condition ; when after having heard the explosion from their practice facility they ran into the fire to help get people out... ran into the fire. The streets of heaven are too crowded with angels tonight. They 're our students and our teachers and our parents and our friends. The streets of heaven are too crowded with angels, but every time we think we have measured our capacity to meet a challenge, we look up and we 're reminded that that capacity may well be limitless. This is a time for American heroes. We will do what is hard. We will achieve what is great. This is a time for American heroes and we reach for the stars. God bless their memory, God bless you, and God bless the United States of America. '' Bartlet campaign advisor Bruno Gianelli asks Sam when he wrote the last part. He replies, `` in the car '', which prompts the response, `` Freak ''. In a third - season episode, Sam is awed by President Bartlet 's foresight and wisdom when resolving an apparent impasse among the Chinese, the Taiwanese and the United States. President Bartlet predicts that Sam will run for President someday and should not be scared ; Bartlet believes that he can do it. During the fourth season, Sam decides to run for Congress in his home district -- the California 47th in Orange County, California -- in a special election held after deceased Democratic candidate Horton Wilde posthumously makes history by defeating arch - conservative Republican incumbent Chuck Webb. Sam first becomes familiar with the congressional race when he is sent to talk to Wilde 's campaign manager, Will Bailey, on behalf of the Democratic Party, to convince him to drop the campaign. Will continues running the campaign with earnestness and energy after Wilde died, an act that is seen as bizarre and pointless -- or, as Sam puts it to him, `` a national joke ''. After seeing firsthand how dedicated Will is and realizing that he is a public servant in the mold of Bartlet 's own senior staff, Sam becomes impressed with how he ran Wilde 's campaign and offers his own name as a replacement candidate for election night in case Wilde wins, not thinking he will have to honor the promise. When Wilde does win, Sam decides not to back out but to use this opportunity to promote a truly liberal agenda in the traditionally conservative district. He goes to California with the blessing of Bartlet and his fellow White House staffers. Once he learns that Will Bailey is not going to stay on to manage his campaign, he recommends him as a temporary replacement for himself in the White House, to help Toby write Bartlet 's second inaugural address. It is never explicitly revealed whether Sam wins or loses the election, but he is expected to lose in a landslide. President Bartlet goes to California to lend his support, taking with him Sam 's friends on the senior staff, who believe campaign manager Scott Holcomb is wasting Sam 's time by having him run a safe, timid campaign. In the midst of the visit, Sam learns that Bartlet is putting off announcing the Democratic budget plan Sam himself had helped design, so that Sam wo n't feel pressured to support it and further stigmatize himself during the election. Sam is appalled and decides to put things right. While introducing the President at a campaign event, he adds that the audience should n't `` let him off this stage '' until he has announced the budget plan. Backstage, Bartlet watches Scott Holcomb react with distress and asks why he is running Sam 's campaign the way he is. Holcomb admits that he is anticipating Sam 's loss and trying to smooth the way for a less divisive candidate the next time around, prompting Bartlet to ( unofficially ) fire him and get Toby to take over the campaign for the final weeks. Toby runs a thoroughly honest and liberal campaign, not until the very end of which does Sam realize, `` I 'm going to lose ''. Toby confirms it, explaining, `` They 're going to throw rocks at you next week, and I wanted to be standing next to you when they did. '' They hug, and this is the last scene in which Sam appears until the end of the final season. Return to politics ( edit ) Although Sam is mentioned occasionally following his departure -- most notably calling Josh to tell him to `` roll with the punches '' after the latter unwittingly caused the defection of a Democratic Senator -- he is not seen in the series until the last episodes of the seventh and final season, following the election of Congressman Matt Santos as President. Resolving the debate over the result of the California 47th 's special election, it is implied that Sam was defeated by Congressman Webb and declined the promotion to Senior Counselor to the President that had been suggested by Toby. After summarily quitting politics, Sam remained in his home state of California and joined an unnamed law firm in Los Angeles which pays him a salary that would `` make ( Josh ) puke ''. In a development reminiscent of his recruitment of Sam into Josiah Bartlet 's campaign for the presidency eight years earlier, Josh Lyman ( now Chief of Staff - designate in the incoming Santos Administration ) flies to Los Angeles on a same day round trip to offer Sam the post of Deputy White House Chief of Staff. Although initially hesitant because he is again engaged, Sam ultimately agrees as he later sees that Santos is part of a bright future for the country. Sam accepts on the condition that Josh take a vacation after witnessing the toll of post-election stress, insisting that Josh will need to be at his best when helping govern the country. Sam 's final appearance of the series comes in the final episode, meeting with new President Matt Santos and Josh Lyman in the Oval Office. See also ( edit ) The West Wing List of characters on The West Wing List of politicians on The West Wing List of The West Wing episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sassone, Bob ( May 7, 2006 ). A look back at The West Wing : Entertainment Weekly in 60 seconds. TV Squad. Retrieved on December 15, 2007. Jump up ^ Sorkin, Aaron ( 2002 ). The West Wing Script Book. New York : Newmarket Press. ISBN 1 - 55704 - 499 - 6 Jump up ^ Topping, Keith ( 2002 ). An Unofficial and Unauthorized Guide to The West Wing : Inside the Bartlet White House. London : Virgin Books Ltd. The West Wing List of characters List of politicians Main characters Josiah Bartlet Leo McGarry Josh Lyman Toby Ziegler Sam Seaborn C.J. Cregg Charlie Young Donna Moss Abbey Bartlet Will Bailey Matt Santos Arnold Vinick Mandy Hampton Annabeth Schott Recurring characters Ellie Bartlet Zoey Bartlet Debbie Fiderer Amy Gardner John Hoynes Dolores Landingham Joey Lucas Robert Ritchie Bob Russell Andrea Wyatt Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Five Votes Down '' `` The Crackpots and These Women '' `` In Excelsis Deo '' `` He Shall, from Time to Time... '' `` Let Bartlet Be Bartlet '' `` What Kind of Day Has It Been '' Season 2 `` The Lame Duck Congress '' `` Noël '' `` Two Cathedrals '' Season 3 `` Manchester, Part I '' `` Manchester, Part II '' `` Ways and Means '' `` On the Day Before '' Season 4 `` 20 Hours in America '' `` Twenty Five '' Season 5 `` The Warfare of Genghis Khan '' `` An Khe '' `` Full Disclosure '' `` Eppur Si Muove '' Season 6 Season 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Seaborn&oldid=854256380 '' Categories : The West Wing characters Fictional political consultants Fictional lawyers Fictional characters from Orange County, California Fictional Democrats ( United States ) Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018, at 01 : 13 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Sam Seaborn", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Sam_Seaborn&amp;oldid=854256380" }

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{ "text": "Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox - wikipedia Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the pair of statues in Bemidji, Minnesota. For single statues of Paul Bunyan, see Paul Bunyan Statue. Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox U.S. National Register of Historic Places Statues such as these served to attract passers - by in automobiles as cars gained popularity through the 1920s and 1930s. Show map of Minnesota Show map of the US Show all Location Third St. and Bemidji Ave. Bemidji, Beltrami Country, Minnesota Coordinates 47 ° 28 ′ 13.6 '' N 94 ° 52 ′ 44.1 '' W  /  47.470444 ° N 94.878917 ° W  / 47.470444 ; - 94.878917 Coordinates : 47 ° 28 ′ 13.6 '' N 94 ° 52 ′ 44.1 '' W  /  47.470444 ° N 94.878917 ° W  / 47.470444 ; - 94.878917 Area less than one acre Built 1936 Architect Cyril M. Dickinson ; Jim Payton NRHP reference # 88000204 Added to NRHP March 10, 1988 Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox are the names of a pair of large statues of the American folk hero Paul Bunyan and his ox, located in Bemidji, Minnesota. This roadside attraction has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1988. Much like the architecture found in such structures as the Benewah Milk Bottle, the Teapot Dome Service Station or the comparably colossal Dinosaur Park sculptures in South Dakota, it served to attract the attention of motorists passing by and coincided with the dramatic rise in the popularity of automobiles. The statues have been hailed by the Kodak Company as the `` second most photographed statues in the United States '', behind only Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Dimensions 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The city of Bemidji is located in a vast woodland and lake region. As early as the 1890s the town saw a modest tourist trade. When rail connections came to Bemidji, in 1898, promoters began the development of lakeshore sites for cottages, hotels and resorts. Most of these resorts catered to hunters and anglers. In the 1920s the rise in automobile popularity contributed to a significant boom in Bemidji 's tourist industry, but it, along with the rest of the economy, suffered during the Great Depression. Enter Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox. As a means of stimulating tourism in Bemidji a number of local, civic organizations sponsored a winter carnival meant to hype the city 's resources for winter sports. Due to Bemidji 's once prominent status as a logging and lumbering center the celebrations focused on Paul Bunyan, the larger - than life lumberjack who is an American folk hero. On January 14, 1937 the carnival opened with Earl L. Grinols, Sr. the carnival king. The onset of the carnival brought the unveiling of two giant statues, one of Bunyan and the other of his giant blue ox, Babe ; the pair would serve as carnival mascots. Babe was brought into town on a Grinols Implement & Fuel Co. truck arranged so that its exhaust exited through Babe 's nostrils. In March 2006, the Rotary Club of Bemidji raised $53,000 and along with a $68,000 federal grant set about to repair some damage to the statues. In addition the money was to be used in maintenance with the majority slated for stabilizing the ground beneath the statues, to lessen shifting in freezing temperatures. The work also focused on a 1 - inch - wide ( 25 mm ) crack in Babe from the neck to the hindquarters which continued to widen despite yearly fixes by the city with caulk and blue paint. Dimensions ( edit ) Paul Bunyan is approximately 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) tall and measures 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) across at his base. From toe to heel, Paul Bunyan measures 3 feet ( 0.91 m ). Babe the Blue Ox is about 10 feet ( 3 m ) tall and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) across at the front hooves. From nose to tail, Babe measures about 23 feet ( 7.0 m ). In popular culture ( edit ) The statues are featured in the first season of the FX series Fargo. While mainly pictured on Bemidji 's welcome sign throughout the season, the statues make their physical debut in the episode `` A Fox, a Rabbit, and a Cabbage ''. In the episode, the statues, while accurate in design, are depicted as smaller, life - size statues standing upon tall pedestals and located next to some railroad tracks instead of on the lake shore. The statues are featured in the 2014 film Kumiko, the Treasure Hunter. The 8th track from the album `` Danza IIII : The Alpha - The Omega '' of American mathcore band The Tony Danza Tapdance Extravaganza is called `` Paul Bunyan and The Blue Ox ''. The statues are featured on a postcard during the opening sequence to National Lampoon 's Vacation. A fictional version of the statue is featured in It by Stephen King. The statues are featured in the Disney XD animated series Gravity Falls most notably in the season 2 episode Roadside Attraction. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ). `` National Register Information System ''. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Jump up ^ Determining the Facts Reading 1 : Representational Architecture, Roadside Attractions, National Park Service. ^ Jump up to : Determining the Facts Reading 3 : The Roadside Colossus, Roadside Attractions, National Park Service. Jump up ^ Discoveramerica.com Jump up ^ Babe the Blue Ox gets fed highway funding, UPI, March 14, 2006. retrieved Dec. 2010 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox. Image Gallery : Statues from all sides. List of Roadside Paul Bunyans U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Paul Bunyan Film Paul Bunyan ( 1958 ) Bunyan and Babe ( 2017 ) Music Axe Giant : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( soundtrack ) Paul Bunyan ( operetta ) Art Statues of Paul Bunyan Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox Portland, Oregon Paul Bunyan Land Literature Ol ' Paul, the Mighty Logger Related Paul Bunyan in popular culture `` Simpsons Tall Tales '' Paul Bunyan 's Axe Paul Bunyan Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Bunyan_and_Babe_the_Blue_Ox&oldid=832200392 '' Categories : 1937 sculptures Bemidji, Minnesota Buildings and structures in Beltrami County, Minnesota Cattle in art Colossal statues in the United States Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Novelty buildings in Minnesota Outdoor sculptures in Minnesota Roadside attractions in Minnesota Tourist attractions in Beltrami County, Minnesota Paul Bunyan National Register of Historic Places in Beltrami County, Minnesota 1937 establishments in Minnesota Statues of fictional characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018, at 12 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Paul_Bunyan_and_Babe_the_Blue_Ox&amp;oldid=832200392" }

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{ "text": "Mama Said Knock You Out - wikipedia Mama Said Knock You Out Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Mama Said Knock You Out ( song ) and Mama Said Knock You Out ( disambiguation ). Mama Said Knock You Out Studio album by LL Cool J Released August 28, 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 28 ) Studio Marley Marl 's House of Hits in Chestnut Ridge and Chung King House of Metal in New York City Genre Golden age hip hop Length 61 : 36 Label Def Jam Producer Bobby `` Bobcat '' Ervin, LL Cool J, Marley Marl LL Cool J chronology Walking with a Panther ( 1989 ) Walking with a Panther 1989 Mama Said Knock You Out ( 1990 ) 14 Shots to the Dome ( 1993 ) 14 Shots to the Dome 1993 Singles from Mama Said Knock You Out `` To da Break of Dawn '' Released : June 17, 1990 `` The Boomin ' System '' Released : August 2, 1990 `` Around the Way Girl '' Released : November 20, 1990 `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' Released : February 26, 1991 `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' Released : May 30, 1991 Mama Said Knock You Out is the fourth studio album by American rapper LL Cool J. It was produced mostly by Marley Marl and recorded at his `` House of Hits '' home studio in Chestnut Ridge and at Chung King House of Metal in New York City. After the disappointing reception of LL Cool 's 1989 album Walking with a Panther, Mama Said Knock You Out was released by Def Jam Recordings in 1990 to commercial and critical success. Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and reception 2 Track listing 2.1 Sampling credits 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Release and reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Tribune Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly MusicHound R&B 5 / 5 Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide Select 4 / 5 Spin Alternative Record Guide 9 / 10 The Village Voice Mama Said Knock You Out was released on August 27, 1990, by Def Jam Recordings. It was promoted with five singles, four of which became hits : `` The Boomin ' System, '' `` Around the Way Girl, '' the title track, and `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure. '' The album was certified double platinum in the United States, having shipped two million copies. According to Yahoo! Music 's Frank Meyer, Mama Said Knock You Out `` seemed to set the world on fire in 1990 '', helped by its hit title track and LL Cool J 's `` sweaty performance '' on MTV Unplugged. The title song reached number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold by the RIAA. LL Cool J won Best Rap Solo Performance at the Grammy Awards of 1992. In The New York Times, Jon Pareles wrote that Mama Said Knock You Out reestablished LL Cool J as `` the most articulate of the homeboys '', sounding `` tougher and funnier '' rapping about `` crass materialism '' and `` simple pleasures ''. In Mark Cooper 's review for Q, he wrote, `` This 22 - year - old veteran has lost neither his eye for everyday detail nor his sheer relish for words. '' Select magazine 's Richard Cook said, `` LL 's stack of samples add the icing to a cake that is all dark, remorseless rhythm, a lo - fi drum beat shadowed by a crude bass rumble. It could be Jamaican dub they 're making here, if it were n't for LL 's slipper lip. '' Mama Said Knock You Out was voted the ninth best record of 1990 in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics published by The Village Voice. The album was included in Hip Hop Connection 's The phat forty, a rundown of rap 's greatest albums. `` The LP 's title track proved to be the single of the year and probably LL 's best record since ' I 'm Bad ', '' HHC said, `` while ' Eat ' Em Up L Chill ' and ' To Da Break Of Dawn ' was ( sic ) the sound of Cool J getting his own back -- and in style. '' In 1998, it was listed in The Source 's 100 Best Rap Albums. In 2005, comedian Chris Rock listed it as the sixth greatest hip - hop album ever in a guest article for Rolling Stone. Track listing ( edit ) The single version of the track `` Jingling Baby ( Remixed but Still Jingling ) '' was remixed by Marley Marl. No. Title Producer ( s ) Length 1. `` The Boomin ' System '' Marley Marl LL Cool J 3 : 41 2. `` Around the Way Girl '' Marl LL Cool J 4 : 07 3. `` Eat ' em Up, L Chill '' Marl LL Cool J 4 : 37 4. `` Mr. Good Bar '' Marl LL Cool J 3 : 42 5. `` Murdergram ( Live at Rapmania ) '' Marl LL Cool J 3 : 53 6. `` Cheesy Rat Blues '' Marl LL Cool J 5 : 06 7. `` Farmers Blvd. ( Our Anthem ) '' ( featuring Big Money Grip, Bomb, HIC ) Marl LL Cool J 4 : 26 8. `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' Bobby `` Bobcat '' Erving Marley Marl 4 : 50 9. `` Milky Cereal '' Marl LL Cool J 3 : 54 10. `` Jingling Baby ( Remixed but Still Jingling ) '' LL Cool J 4 : 57 11. `` To da Break of Dawn '' Marl LL Cool J 4 : 32 12. `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' Marl LL Cool J 4 : 34 13. `` Illegal Search ' '' Marl LL Cool J 4 : 31 14. `` The Power of God '' Marl LL Cool J 4 : 21 Japan bonus track `` Mama Said Knock You Out ( Steering Mix ) Sampling credits ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Boomin ' System '' contains a sample of : `` The Payback '' and `` Funky Drummer '' as performed by James Brown `` Bring the Noise '' as performed by Public Enemy `` Around the Way Girl '' contains a sample of : `` All Night Long '' as performed by Mary Jane Girls `` Risin ' to the Top '' as performed by Keni Burke `` Impeach The President '' as performed by The Honey Drippers `` Eat ' em Up, L Chill '' contains a sample of : `` Atomic Dog '' as performed by George Clinton `` Do n't Change Your Love '' as performed by Five Stairsteps `` Mr. Good Bar '' contains a sample of : `` Cramp Your Style '' as performed by All The People `` Get Up, Get Into It, Get Involved '' as performed by James Brown `` UFO '' as performed by ESG `` Murdergram ( Live at Rapmania ) '' contains a sample of : `` My Thang '' as performed by James Brown `` Moment of Truth '' as performed by Earth, Wind & Fire `` UFO '' as performed by ESG `` Cheesy Rat Blues '' contains a sample of : `` Nothin ' Could Save Ya '' as performed by Twin Hype `` Vapors '' as performed by Biz Markie `` Farmers Blvd. ( Our Anthem ) '' contains a sample of : `` Brothers Gonna Work it Out '' and `` Mack Man '' as performed by Willie Hutch `` I 'm Gonna Love You Just A Little More Babe '' as performed by Barry White `` I Wrote A Simple Song '' as performed by Billy Preston `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' contains a sample of : `` Funky Drummer '' as performed by James Brown `` Gangster Boogie '' as performed by Chicago Gangsters `` Trip to Your Heart '' and `` Sing a Simple Song '' as performed by Sly and the Family Stone `` Rock the Bells '' as performed by LL Cool J `` Jingling Baby '' contains a sample of : `` Scorpio '' as performed by Rhythm Addicts `` Hihache '' as performed by Lafayette Afro Rock Band Main theme music of film, Black Belt Jones as performed by Dennis Coffey and Luchi De Jesus `` To da Break of Dawn '' contains a sample of : `` Funky President ( People It 's Bad ) '' as performed by James Brown `` Got to Getcha '' as performed by Maceo & All the King 's Men `` Joyous '' as performed by Pleasure `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' contains a sample of : `` Funky President '' as performed by James Brown `` The Show '' as performed by Doug E. Fresh `` Illegal Search '' contains a sample of : `` Mind Power '' as performed by James Brown `` The Breakdown Pt. I & II '' as performed by Rufus Thomas Personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from AllMusic. James Baynard -- trumpet Flex -- background vocals David Kennedy -- engineer Darren Lighty -- background vocals, keyboards, programming LL Cool J -- producer, vocals Marley Marl -- engineer, producer Eric Williams -- background vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK Albums Chart 49 US Billboard 200 16 US Top R&B Albums Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mama Said Knock You Out ''. CD Universe. Retrieved August 30, 2015. Jump up ^ McCoy, Judy ( 1992 ). Rap Music in the 1980s : A Reference Guide. Scarecrow Press. p. 202. ISBN 0810826496. ^ Jump up to : Huey, Steve. `` Mama Said Knock You Out -- LL Cool J ''. AllMusic. Retrieved January 20, 2018. Jump up ^ Kot, Greg ( October 11, 1990 ). `` L.L. Cool J : Mama Said Knock You Out ( Def Jam ) ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin ( 2011 ). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed. ). Omnibus Press. ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8. Jump up ^ Sandow, Greg ( September 21, 1990 ). `` Mama Said Knock You Out ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 20, 2018. Jump up ^ Graff, Gary ; du Lac, Joshua Freedom ; McFarlin, Jim, eds. ( 1998 ). `` LL Cool J ''. MusicHound R&B : The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7255 - 4. Jump up ^ Coleman, Mark ( October 18, 1990 ). `` LL Cool J : Mama Said Knock You Out ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 20, 2018. Jump up ^ Coleman, Mark ; Randall, Mac ( 2004 ). `` L.L. Cool J ''. In Brackett, Nathan ; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schuster. pp. 491 -- 92. ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8. ^ Jump up to : Cook, Richard ( October 1990 ). `` Return of the Exile ''. Select ( 4 ) : 109. Jump up ^ Weisbard, Eric ; Marks, Craig, eds. ( 1995 ). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. ISBN 0 - 679 - 75574 - 8. Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert ( September 25, 1990 ). `` Consumer Guide ''. The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved August 30, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 30, 2015. Jump up ^ Meyer, Frank. `` Mama Said Knock You Out ''. Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Mama Said Knock You Out - LL Cool J Song Information ''. billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 16 July 2012. Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ Q, November 1990 Jump up ^ `` Robert Christgau : Pazz & Jop 1990 : Critics Poll ''. robertchristgau.com. Jump up ^ Hip Hop Connection, July 1994 Jump up ^ `` Chris Rock 's Top 25 Hip Hop Albums ''. Rate Your Music. Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 07. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01. Jump up ^ `` LL Cool J ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 30, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- LL Cool J -- Mama Said Knock You Out ''. Music Canada. Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- LL Cool J -- Mama Said Knock You Out ''. Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Mama Said Knock You Out at Discogs ( list of releases ) ( hide ) LL Cool J Discography Studio albums Radio Bigger and Deffer Walking with a Panther Mama Said Knock You Out 14 Shots to the Dome Mr. Smith Phenomenon G.O.A.T. 10 The DEFinition Todd Smith Exit 13 Authentic Compilations All World : Greatest Hits All World 2 Singles `` I Need a Beat '' `` I Ca n't Live Without My Radio '' `` I Can Give You More '' `` Rock the Bells '' `` You 'll Rock '' `` I 'm Bad '' `` I Need Love '' `` Go Cut Creator Go '' `` Going Back to Cali '' `` I 'm That Type of Guy '' `` Big Ole Butt '' `` One Shot at Love '' `` Jingling Baby '' `` To da Break of Dawn '' `` The Boomin ' System '' `` Around the Way Girl '' `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' `` 6 Minutes of Pleasure '' `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? '' `` Strictly Business '' `` How I 'm Comin ' '' `` Back Seat ( Of My Jeep ) '' `` Pink Cookies In a Plastic Bag Getting Crushed By Buildings '' `` Stand By Your Man '' `` Hey Lover '' `` Doin ' It '' `` Loungin '' `` I Shot Ya '' `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' `` Phenomenon '' `` 4, 3, 2, 1 '' `` Father '' `` Candy '' `` Zoom '' `` Say What '' `` Deepest Bluest '' `` Hot Hot Hot '' `` Shut ' Em Down `` Imagine That '' `` You and Me '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Blink Blink '' `` Luv U Better '' `` Paradise '' `` All I Have '' `` Amazin ' `` Headsprung '' `` Hush '' `` It 's LL and Santana '' `` Control Myself '' `` Freeze '' `` Cry '' `` Baby '' Featured singles `` Rampage '' `` This Is for the Lover in You '' `` Incredible '' `` Fatty Girl '' `` All I Have '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Other songs `` Accidental Racist '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Said_Knock_You_Out&oldid=842965824 '' Categories : 1990 albums LL Cool J albums Def Jam Recordings albums Albums produced by Marley Marl Hardcore hip hop albums Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 22 : 15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Mama Said Knock You Out", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mama_Said_Knock_You_Out&amp;oldid=842965824" }

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{ "text": "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) - wikipedia President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) Jump to : navigation, search President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ). In general, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve is the most senior apostle in the church, aside from the President of the Church. When the President of the Church dies, it is the President of the Quorum of the Twelve who becomes the new church president. The calling of President of the Twelve has been held by 26 men ( one of whom served two non-consecutive terms ), 15 of whom have gone on to become President of the Church. The current President of the Quorum of the Twelve is Dallin H. Oaks. Since Oaks is a counselor in the First Presidency, M. Russell Ballard is currently serving as acting president. Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the Presidency of the Quorum of the Twelve 2 Duties 3 Acting President 4 List of Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve 5 Notes History of the Presidency of the Quorum of the Twelve ( edit ) Upon the death of the President of the Church, the First Presidency automatically dissolves, leaving the Twelve Apostles as the highest leadership body and their President as the highest official in the church. On the death of church president Joseph Smith in 1844, this position was held by Brigham Young, and he persuaded the majority of church members that Smith 's death left him and not Sidney Rigdon, who had been Smith 's First Counselor in the First Presidency, as the senior leader. Smith had reportedly taught the apostles, `` Where I am not, there is no First Presidency over the Twelve. '' In 1847, the Quorum of the Twelve reconstituted the First Presidency, with Young as church president. During Young 's presidency, seniority within the Quorum of the Twelve was formalized to mean `` continuous service as an Apostle since being ordained as one of the Twelve ''. The original apostles of 1835 had been ranked by age, and two of them had been excommunicated and later restored to fellowship. With this rule in place, it was John Taylor who led the church after Young 's death in 1877, first as President of the Twelve and after 1880 as President of the Church with Wilford Woodruff as President of the Twelve. After Taylor died in 1887, Woodruff did not reorganize the First Presidency until 1889. But before his own death in 1898, he advised the Quorum of the Twelve that `` in all future time, when the President of the Church should die and thereby the First Presidency become disorganized, it would be the duty of the proper authorities of the Church to proceed at once without any unnecessary delay, to reorganize the First Presidency. '' Snow followed this advice and since then every interval between the death of the President of the Church and the ordination of a new president has been less than two weeks, long enough to complete the funeral services and allow for the Quorum of the Twelve to nominate and sustain the President of the Twelve as the new church president. When the President of the Twelve becomes the President of the Church, the next apostle in seniority becomes the new President of the Twelve. Duties ( edit ) The President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is the priesthood leader of the members of the Quorum. As such, all members of the Quorum report directly to him. The president 's other duties consist of presiding at and conducting weekly meetings of the Quorum in the Salt Lake Temple ; making decisions about the particular assignments to be made to the members of the Quorum ; speaking on behalf of the Quorum to members of the church and the media ; scheduling twice - annual conferences for each stake and district in the church ; and acting as a liaison in coordinating the work of the Quorum with the First Presidency, the Quorums of the Seventy, and the Presiding Bishopric. When adherents refer to the President of the Quorum of the Twelve, his name is usually prefaced by the honorific title `` President ''. Acting President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles If the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is asked to become a counselor in the First Presidency, the President of the Quorum retains that title but is not numbered among the Twelve, and the most senior apostle who is not in the First Presidency is named as Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The Acting President assumes all of the duties that would normally rest upon the President of the Quorum. The title of Acting President was first used in 1918 for Rudger Clawson. The position has also been used during times of infirmity of a President of the Twelve : for example, Howard W. Hunter was Acting President for the infirm Marion G. Romney from 1985 to 1988. Boyd K. Packer was the Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1994 to 2008 when Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson were presidents of the Quorum but also in the First Presidency. On January 16, 2018, the church announced that due to the call of Dallin H. Oaks as a counselor in the First Presidency, M. Russell Ballard would serve as Acting President. List of presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve ( edit ) No. Portrait President of the Quorum Dates of Tenure Why Tenure Ended Notes Thomas B. Marsh 14 February 1835 -- 17 March 1839 Excommunicated for apostasy. Brigham Young 17 March 1839 -- 27 December 1847 Became second President of the Church. Was not formally set apart as President of the Quorum until 14 April 1840. Orson Hyde 27 December 1847 -- 10 April 1875 In 1875 Church President Brigham Young adjusted the rule of seniority in the Quorum : the senior member was to be the person with the longest uninterrupted service in the Quorum, as opposed to the person who entered the Quorum at the earliest date. Hyde 's seniority in the Quorum was reduced to reflect the fact that he had been disfellowshipped and therefore removed from the Quorum for brief periods of time in 1839 and 1846. From 1847 to 1868, Hyde was actually the third most senior apostle. The second most senior apostle was Heber C. Kimball, a member of the First Presidency. If current practice were followed, Kimball would have been President of the Quorum and Hyde would have served as Acting President during this time period. However, Kimball was never called as President of the Quorum of the Twelve. John Taylor 10 April 1875 -- 10 October 1880 Became third President of the Church. Became the President of the Quorum when Church President Brigham Young adjusted the rule of seniority in the Quorum ; see Notes on Orson Hyde, above ; was not formally set apart as President of the Quorum until after the death of Brigham Young. That sustaining took place on 6 October 1877, about a month after Young 's death. 5 Wilford Woodruff 10 October 1880 -- 7 April 1889 Became fourth President of the Church. Unclear if he was ever formally set apart as President of the Quorum. 6 Lorenzo Snow 7 April 1889 -- 13 September 1898 Became fifth President of the Church. 7 Franklin D. Richards 13 September 1898 -- 9 December 1899. Death. 8 Brigham Young, Jr. 9 December 1899 -- 10 October 1901 Death of Lorenzo Snow ; First Presidency dissolved and Joseph F. Smith joins Quorum of the Twelve as senior Apostle and President of the Quorum. Not officially sustained or set apart as Quorum President until 17 October 1901, when Joseph F. Smith became Church President. At the beginning of Young 's tenure, George Q. Cannon was the second most senior Apostle in the Church. However, Cannon was a counselor in the First Presidency and was never called as President of the Quorum. ( If today 's practices had been followed, Cannon would have been called as Quorum President and Young as Acting Quorum President. ) When Cannon died in April 1901, Young remained the President of the Quorum despite the fact that First Presidency member Joseph F. Smith was then the second most senior Apostle. For a similar anomalous situation, see Orson Hyde 's 1847 to 1868 tenure, above. Young also served as Quorum President between 17 October 1901 and 11 April 1903. 9 Joseph F. Smith 10 October 1901 -- 17 October 1901 Became sixth President of the Church. Shortest tenure as Quorum President ; unclear if he was ever formally set apart as such. 10 Brigham Young, Jr. 17 October 1901 -- 11 April 1903 Death. Also served as Quorum President between 9 December 1899 and 10 October 1901, though he was not officially recognized as Quorum President until his sustaining and setting apart on 17 October 1901 when Joseph F. Smith became the 6th president of the Church. He is recognized as the only Quorum President to serve two nonconsecutive terms. 11 Francis M. Lyman 11 April 1903 -- 18 November 1916 Death. Lyman was not officially sustained or set apart as Quorum President until 6 October 1903. 12 Heber J. Grant 18 November 1916 -- 23 November 1918 Became seventh President of the Church. 13 Anthon H. Lund 23 November 1918 -- 2 March 1921 Death. Was a member of the First Presidency during the entirety of his tenure as Quorum President. Rudger Clawson was Acting President during this time. 14 Rudger Clawson 2 March 1921 -- 21 June 1943 Death. Longest tenure as Quorum President ; was also Acting President between 23 November 1918 and 2 March 1921. 15 George Albert Smith 21 June 1943 -- 21 May 1945 Became eighth President of the Church. 16 George F. Richards 21 May 1945 -- 8 August 1950 Death. 17 David O. McKay 8 August 1950 -- 9 April 1951 Became ninth President of the Church. During his tenure as Quorum President, he was a member of the First Presidency between 8 August 1950 and 4 April 1951. Joseph Fielding Smith was Acting President during this time. 18 Joseph Fielding Smith 9 April 1951 -- 23 January 1970 Became tenth President of the Church. Was also Acting President between 8 August 1950 and 4 April 1951. During his tenure as Quorum President, he was a member of the First Presidency between 29 October 1965 and 8 January 1970, but remained a member of the Quorum during this time. 19 Harold B. Lee 23 January 1970 -- 7 July 1972 Became eleventh President of the Church. During his tenure as Quorum President, he was a member of the First Presidency between 23 January 1970 and 2 July 1972. Spencer W. Kimball was Acting President during this time. 20 Spencer W. Kimball 7 July 1972 -- 30 December 1973 Became twelfth President of the Church. Was also Acting President between 23 January 1970 and 2 July 1972. 21 Ezra Taft Benson 30 December 1973 -- 10 November 1985 Became thirteenth President of the Church. 22 Marion G. Romney 10 November 1985 -- 20 May 1988 Death. Due to Romney 's ill health, Howard W. Hunter served as Acting President for the entirety of his tenure as Quorum President. 23 Howard W. Hunter 20 May 1988 -- 5 June 1994 Became fourteenth President of the Church. Was also Acting President between 10 November 1985 and 20 May 1988. Became the de facto Quorum President upon Romney 's death but was n't set apart in that position until almost two weeks later, on 2 June. 24 Gordon B. Hinckley 5 June 1994 -- 12 March 1995 Became fifteenth President of the Church. During his tenure as Quorum President, he was a member of the First Presidency between 5 June 1994 and 3 March 1995. Boyd K. Packer was Acting President during this time. 25 Thomas S. Monson 12 March 1995 -- 3 February 2008 Became sixteenth President of the Church. Was a member of the First Presidency for the entirety of his tenure until Gordon B. Hinckley 's death on 27 January 2008. Boyd K. Packer was Acting President during this time. 26 Boyd K. Packer 3 February 2008 -- 3 July 2015 Death. Was the most senior member of the Quorum not in the First Presidency and served as Acting President from 5 June 1994 to 3 March 1995, when the more senior apostles, Gordon B. Hinckley and Thomas S. Monson were members of the First Presidency, and from 12 March 1995 to 27 January 2008, when Monson, the second most senior apostle, was a member of the First Presidency. 27 Russell M. Nelson 3 July 2015 -- 14 January 2018 Became seventeenth President of the Church. Became the de facto Quorum President when Boyd K. Packer died on 3 July 2015, by virtue of his status as the second most senior apostle. He was formally set apart as Quorum President on 15 July 2015 by Thomas S. Monson. 28 Dallin H. Oaks 14 January 2018 -- Present During his tenure as Quorum President, he 's a member of the First Presidency starting 14 January 2018. M. Russell Ballard is Acting President during this time. Notes ( edit ) LDS Church portal History of the Latter Day Saint movement portal Book : Priesthood ( LDS Church ) Jump up ^ Joseph Smith, B.H. Roberts ( ed. ), History of the Church, 2 : 374 ( 16 January 1836 ) ; Joseph Smith, Jr., Joseph Fielding Smith ( ed. ) ( 1938 ) Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Deseret Book : Salt Lake City, p. 106. Jump up ^ Millennial Star, vol. 63, p. 787. Jump up ^ https://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/russell-m-nelson-17th-church-president Jump up ^ Russell M. Nelson : New President of the Quorum of the Twelve Aposltes, Mormon Newsroom, 15 July 2015. ( hide ) Priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Aaronic priesthood offices Deacon Teacher Priest Bishop Melchizedek priesthood offices Elder Seventy High priest Patriarch Apostle Priesthood quorums and bodies Quorum First Presidency Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Quorums of the Seventy Presiding Bishopric Council on the Disposition of the Tithes Common Council of the Church Council of the Church High council Stake and ward council meetings Disciplinary council Priesthood callings President of the Church President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Prophet, seer, and revelator General authority Presiding Bishop Temple president Mission president Stake president Church Historian and Recorder High councilor Bishop Branch president Defunct priesthood callings and bodies Assistant President of the Church Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Council of Fifty Regional representative of the Twelve Presiding Patriarch Patriarch emeritus Book LDS Church portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)&oldid=831062911 '' Categories : 1835 establishments in the United States 1835 in Christianity Latter Day Saint hierarchy Leadership positions in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018, at 14 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)&amp;oldid=831062911" }

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{ "text": "If on a winter 's night a traveler - wikipedia If on a winter 's night a traveler hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ' If on a winter 's night a traveler First edition ( publ. Einaudi, Turin ) Author Italo Calvino Original title ' Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore ' Translator William Weaver ( English ) Country Italy Language Italian Genre Postmodernist novel Publication date 1979 If on a winter 's night a traveler ( Italian : Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore ) is a 1979 novel by the Italian writer Italo Calvino. The postmodernist narrative, in the form of a frame story, is about the reader trying to read a book called If on a winter 's night a traveler. Each chapter is divided into two sections. The first section of each chapter is in second person, and describes the process the reader goes through to attempt to read the next chapter of the book he or she is reading. The second half is the first part of a new book that the reader ( `` you '' ) finds. The second half is always about something different from the previous ones and the ending is never explained. The book was published in an English translation by William Weaver in 1981. Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Cimmeria 2 Characters 3 Influences 4 Legacy and opinion 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) The book begins with a chapter on the art and nature of reading, and is subsequently divided into twenty - two passages. The odd - numbered passages and the final passage are narrated in the second person. That is, they concern events purportedly happening to the novel 's reader. ( Some contain further discussions about whether the man narrated as `` you '' is the same as the `` you '' who is actually reading. ) These chapters concern the reader 's adventures in reading Italo Calvino 's novel, If on a winter 's night a traveler. Eventually the reader meets a woman named Ludmilla, who is also addressed in her own chapter, separately, and also in the second person. Alternating between second - person narrative chapters of this story are the remaining ( even ) passages, each of which is a first chapter in ten different novels, of widely varying style, genre, and subject - matter. All are broken off, for various reasons explained in the interspersed passages, most of them at some moment of plot climax. The second - person narrative passages develop into a fairly cohesive novel that puts its two protagonists on the track of an international book - fraud conspiracy, a mischievous translator, a reclusive novelist, a collapsing publishing house, and several repressive governments. The chapters which are the first chapters of different books all push the narrative chapters along. Themes which are introduced in each of the first chapters will then exist in succeeding narrative chapters, such as after reading the first chapter of a detective novel, then the narrative story takes on a few common detective - style themes. There are also phrases and descriptions which will be eerily similar between the narrative and the new stories. The ending exposes a hidden element to the entire book, where the actual first - chapter titles ( which are the titles of the books that the reader is trying to read ) make up a single coherent sentence, which would make a rather interesting start for a book. The theme of a writer 's objectivity appears also in Calvino 's novel Mr. Palomar, which explores if absolute objectivity is possible, or even agreeable. Other themes include the subjectivity of meaning ( associated with post-structuralism ), the relationship between fiction and life, what makes an ideal reader and author, and authorial originality. Cimmeria ( edit ) Cimmeria is a fictional country in the novel. The country is described as having existed as an independent state between World War I and World War II. The capital is Örkko, and its principal resources are peat and by - products, bituminous compounds. Cimmeria seems to have been located somewhere on the Gulf of Bothnia, a body of water between Sweden to the west and Finland to the east. The country has since been absorbed, and its people and language, of the ' Bothno - Ugaric ' group, have both disappeared. As Calvino concludes the alleged, fictional encyclopedia entry concerning Cimmeria : `` In successive territorial divisions between her powerful neighbors the young nation was soon erased from the map ; the autochthonous population was dispersed ; Cimmerian language and culture had no development '' ( If on a winter 's night a traveler, pp. 43 -- 44 ). The pair of chapters following the two on Cimmeria and its literature are followed by one describing another fictional country called the Cimbrian People 's Republic, a communist nation which allegedly occupied part of Cimmeria during the latter 's decline. Languages named Cimmerian and Cimbrian have both existed. The Cimmerians were an ancient tribal group, contemporary with the Scythians, who lived in southern Ukraine. The Cimbrian language still exists today, and is spoken by about 2230 people in northern Italy, not too remote from Calvino 's home in Turin. However, these real - world items have no clear relationship to their fictional namesakes. Characters ( edit ) The main character in the first part of each chapter is you, the reader. The narrative starts out when you begin reading a book but then all of the pages are out of order. You then go to a bookstore to get a new copy of the book. When at the bookstore, you meet a girl, Ludmilla, who becomes an important character in the book. You think Ludmilla is beautiful, and you both share a love of books. Throughout the rest of the narrative, you and Ludmilla develop a relationship while on the quest for the rest of the book you had started reading. There are a number of minor characters that appear at various points in the story including Lotaria ( Ludmilla 's sister ), Ermes Marana ( a translation scammer ), and Silas Flannery ( an author ). Influences ( edit ) In a 1985 interview with Gregory Lucente, Calvino stated If on a winter 's night a traveler was `` clearly '' influenced by the writings of Vladimir Nabokov. The book was also influenced by the author 's membership in the literary group Oulipo. The structure of the text is said to be an adaptation of the structural semiology of A.J. Greimas. In a letter written to critic Lucio Lombardo Radice dated November 13, 1979 ( published in Italo Calvino : letters, 1941 -- 1985 ; Princeton University Press, 2013, p. 501 ), Calvino mentions Bulgakov, Kawabata, Tanizaki, Rulfo, Arguedas, Borges and Chesterton as having influenced, in various ways, the narrative style of the ten stories that comprise the book. Legacy and opinion ( edit ) The Telegraph included the novel in 69th place in a list of `` 100 novels everyone should read '' in 2009, describing it as a `` playful postmodernist puzzle ''. Author David Mitchell described himself as being `` magnetised '' by the book from its start when he read it as an undergraduate, but on rereading it, felt it had aged and that he did not find it `` breathtakingly inventive '' as he had the first time, yet does stress that `` however breathtakingly inventive a book is, it is only breathtakingly inventive once '' -- with once being better than never. Novelist and lecturer Scarlett Thomas uses it to teach innovative contemporary fiction, as an example of different kinds of narrative techniques. Sting named his 2009 album If on a Winter 's Night... after the book. English musician and composer Bill Ryder - Jones released the album If... on 14 November 2011. The album is a musical adaptation of the book and serves as an `` imaginary film score ''. See also ( edit ) One Thousand and One Nights Pale Fire `` Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote '' Self - reference References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lucente, Gregory. An Interview with Italo Calvino. Contemporary Literature. Vol. 26, No. 3, ( Autumn 1985 ), p. 252. ^ Jump up to : Calvino, Italo. Comment j'ai écrit un de mes Livres, Bibliothèque oulipienne ; cited in Paul Fournel 's preface to the French translation of the book, Éditions du Seuil Jump up ^ `` 100 novels everyone should read ''. The Telegraph. 2009 - 01 - 16. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09. Jump up ^ David Mitchell ( 2004 - 05 - 22 ). `` David Mitchell rereads Italo Calvino ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09. Jump up ^ `` Interview with Scarlett Thomas ''. University of Kent. 2008 - 10 - 14. Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 05. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09. Jump up ^ Andy Gill ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ). `` Album : Sting, If on a Winter 's Night... ( Deutsche Grammophon ) ''. The Independent. Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09. Jump up ^ Bill Ryder - Jones ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ). `` Bill Ryder - Jones -- If... ( exclusive album stream ) ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22. hide Works by Italo Calvino Novels The Path to the Nest of Spiders The Cloven Viscount The Baron in the Trees The Nonexistent Knight The Castle of Crossed Destinies Invisible Cities If on a winter 's night a traveler Mr. Palomar Story collections The Crow Comes Last Marcovaldo Cosmicomics t zero Difficult Loves Under the Jaguar Sun Other Italian Folktales Un re in ascolto Six Memos for the Next Millennium Omnibus titles Our Ancestors The Complete Cosmicomics BNF : cb11968278h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_on_a_winter%27s_night_a_traveler&oldid=854552549 '' Categories : 1979 novels Novels by Italo Calvino Metafictional novels Self - reflexive novels Novels about novels Postmodern novels 20th - century Italian novels Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with style issues from October 2011 All articles with style issues Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Македонски Polski Română Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018, at 05 : 24 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "If on a winter's night a traveler", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=If_on_a_winter%27s_night_a_traveler&amp;oldid=854552549" }

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{ "text": "Jigsaw ( Marvel Comics ) - Wikipedia Jigsaw ( Marvel Comics ) Jump to : navigation, search Jigsaw Jigsaw on the cover of Punisher War Journal Vol. 2, # 18 ( June 2008 ) Art by Ariel Olivetti Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Cameo appearance : The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 ( October 1976 ) Full appearance : The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) Created by Len Wein Ross Andru In - story information Full name William Russo Species Human Place of origin Earth - 616 Team affiliations Maggia Hood 's Crime Syndicate Partnerships Rev Stuart Clarke Notable aliases The Beaut, The Heavy Abilities Experienced street fighter Exceptional strategist and tactician Highly charismatic criminal organizer Wears a special exoskeleton Jigsaw ( William `` Billy '' Russo, also known as Billy `` The Beaut '' Russo before his disfigurement ) is a fictional character, gangster, and supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Len Wein and Ross Andru, the character made his first full appearance in The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 2099 4.2 Crossovers 4.3 Earth X 4.4 Marvel MAX 4.5 Marvel Noir 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 5.4 Toys 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) Jigsaw debuted in The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 -- 162, returning in The Amazing Spider - Man # 188, and The Punisher # 1 and # 4 -- 5. Jigsaw then allied with the Rev in The Punisher Vol. 2, # 35 -- 40, and Gregario in # 55 -- 56. Following a cameo appearance in The Punisher War Journal # 61, Jigsaw 's origin was detailed in Issues # 3 -- 4 of the prequel limited series The Punisher : Year One, and he furthered bedeviled the Punisher in Punisher Vol. 3, # 2 -- 4 and # 9 -- 10. Proceeding an encounter with the eponymous character in Daredevil Vol. 2, # 61 -- 64, Jigsaw appeared in The New Avengers # 1 -- 3, # 35, # 46, # 50, # 57, and The New Avengers Annual # 2 ; concurrent to his appearances in that title, Jigsaw also starred in Punisher War Journal Vol. 2, # 11, # 18 -- 20, and # 22 -- 23. He was then featured in the five - issue miniseries Punisher : In the Blood, and made a subsequent cameo in the Thunderbolts Vol. 2 Annual. Jigsaw received profiles in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe # 6, The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Master Edition # 10, Marvel Encyclopedia # 4 and # 5, The New Avengers Most Wanted Files # 1, and Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A -- Z # 6. Fictional character biography ( edit ) Billy Russo was born to a poor Italian - American family, kicked out and abandoned as an orphan by his abusive father at the age of ten, and went on to become a hitman for New York 's Italian criminal underworld, where his good looks garnered him the nickname `` the Beaut ''. He also married a woman named Susan, and would beat both her and their son, Henry, once forcing Henry to drown his pet cat 's kittens by threatening to shoot Susan. After the botched gangland execution that inadvertently led to the Castle family being massacred, Russo is hired by Frank Costa to assassinate all those connected to the Castles. Russo kills all of his targets but Frank Castle, who survives the bomb that Russo had planted in Castle 's home. Hours later, the Punisher ( Frank Castle ) tracks Russo down to a Maggia nightclub. The Punisher guns down all of Russo 's associates, but leaves him alive to send a message to organized crime after knocking him through a glass pane, an act that reduces Russo 's face to a jigsaw puzzle - like mess of scars. Taking advantage of his hideous visage, the formerly handsome gangster adopts the identity of Jigsaw, and attempts to frame the Punisher for murder. However, the plan fails due to the intervention of Spider - Man and Nightcrawler ; Spider - Man witnesses one of Jigsaw 's murders, and one of his victims is an old friend of Nightcrawler. Jigsaw later battled Spider - Man again. It is revealed in the first Punisher miniseries that Jigsaw was behind a plan to drug the Punisher, causing his enemy to behave erratically and attack any criminals, even for things as minor as littering. Jigsaw also attempts to kill the Punisher in prison. The Punisher confronts and defeats him, and later stops Jigsaw from escaping in a prison riot. Later in the series, Jigsaw is brainwashed by the Trust into serving as a member of a Punisher - style assassination squad. He manages to remember who he is after encountering Castle once again, and attacks the Punisher. He is defeated once more. Jigsaw is broken out of Ryker 's Island by the Rev who has him supervise the importation of a sterility - inducing Venezuelan drug that the Rev intends to test in New York City. When the drug shipment is destroyed by the Punisher, Jigsaw sics a street gang on him, and flees to Venezuela with the Rev. After Jigsaw 's face is healed by the Rev 's powers, he is shot by the Punisher, but resurrected by the Rev, with the assistance of Belasco. Jigsaw 's restored face is destroyed, and he is left for dead in the jungle in a later battle with the Punisher. Jigsaw recovers, and subsequently attempts to illegally reenter the United States, but is arrested and returned to Ryker 's Island. When the Punisher is captured by the authorities and sent to same prison, Jigsaw disfigures and tries to kill him, but the Punisher survives, and escapes from Ryker 's. After the Punisher is arrested and sentenced to death, Jigsaw dons a stylized copy of his costume and embarks on a homicidal rampage, targeting all those connected to the execution. When the Punisher is revealed to still be alive, an overjoyed Jigsaw attempts to kill him, but the Punisher overpowers him with the assistance of Daredevil. Jigsaw later partners with various syndicates, and lays siege to the estate of the Geraci crime family, which the Punisher had become the reluctant underboss of. Jigsaw and his allies abduct the Geracis, but they are saved by the Punisher, who shoots Jigsaw in the head. Jigsaw next establishes a gunrunning operation, which is broken up by Daredevil and Black Widow. When his attempt at negotiating with Daredevil ( who had declared himself the new Kingpin ) fails, Jigsaw seeks revenge by breaking into Daredevil 's home, where he is subdued by Black Widow. Jigsaw is remanded to the Raft, an island supervillain prison, which he escapes from ( breaking Spider - Man 's arm in the process ) when the facility is attacked by Electro. Once free, Jigsaw tries to rob a bank, but is beaten by Tigra. This humiliation leads to his forming an alliance with the self - proclaimed `` super-villain Kingpin '' the Hood ; together, Jigsaw and the Hood film themselves threatening and torturing Tigra. Later, Jigsaw takes part in the Hood 's attack on the Sanctum Sanctorum, where he attempts to snipe Jessica Jones and Danielle Cage, only to be foiled by Spider - Man. Jigsaw has resumed his vendetta against the Punisher, in the pages of Punisher : War Journal. Now wearing a color - inverted mockup of the Punisher costume, Jigsaw arranges for the brainwashing of a young auxiliary police officer in the NYPD. Exploiting the naive cop 's pathological `` hero - worship '' complex, Jigsaw and his new psychiatrist girlfriend turn the young man into a new version of the Punisher. After a battle on the Brooklyn Bridge where the Punisher once again spares Jigsaw 's life, Jigsaw is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. While imprisoned he is seemingly shot dead by the man that he and his girlfriend ( who was actually undercover S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Lynn Michaels ) had brainwashed. Jigsaw survived the attempt on his life, and was transferred to a `` reprogramming asylum '' by H.A.M.M.E.R. He returns to the Hood 's Gang in Secret Invasion to assist in fending off the invading Skrulls, and rejoins again in Dark Reign to help attack the New Avengers. Jigsaw then partners with the similarly disfigured Stuart Clarke. Together, the `` Jigsaw Brothers '' hire Lady Gorgon to impersonate Maria Castle while they manipulate Henry, the Punisher 's ally and Jigsaw 's son, into helping them capture and kill the Punisher. After betraying and murdering Clarke, Jigsaw battles the Punisher on top of his own burning headquarters, only to fall through the roof of the building and into the fire below. Jigsaw resurfaced when the pictures of he and Spider - Man were shown enjoying ice cream cones together while under the thrall of fairy king Oberoth 'M ' Gozz. A recovered Jigsaw afterward appears in the Civil War II storyline as one of the criminals that the Kingpin has assembled to help him rebuild his New York empire. Powers and abilities ( edit ) Jigsaw is an athletic man with no superhuman powers. During his time in prison, he was able to hone his physical strength to a level comparable to the Punisher. He has extensive experience with street - fighting techniques, and familiarity with a variety of weapons and criminal techniques. He carries various handguns as needed. He has been known to wear a special exo - skeleton in his outfits. Though lacking any formal, military training, Jigsaw is an exceptional strategist and tactician. His unorthodox pattern of operation makes him more difficult for the Punisher to anticipate than the majority of Punisher 's enemies. Before Jigsaw was disfigured, he was a highly - charismatic leader and criminal organizer, but after the accident, only the latter trait remained. Other versions ( edit ) 2099 ( edit ) Jigsaw 2099, on the cover of The Punisher 2099 # 10 ( November 1993 ). Art by Tod Morgan. A cyborg and the under - capo of a crime syndicate called Cyber-Nostra, Multi-Fractor is the one to inform the group 's leader, Fearmaster, of the existence of the new Punisher, who Multi-Fractor encounters for the first time while attempting to illegally demolish a decrepit neighborhood inhabited by `` Decreds ''. Multi-Fractor survives his initial run - in with the Punisher, who he encounters again while extorting protection money from a Grav - Ball Stadium. When the Punisher gains the upper hand in the ensuing fight, a trio of corrupt police officers come to Multi-Fractor's aid, providing him with a power - enhancing device, which kills him when the Punisher rams the machine into Multi-Fractor's chest. A mortician and a veterinarian resurrect Multi-Fractor as Jigsaw 2099, a Frankenstein 's monster - like being made of machinery and body parts taken from animals. Jigsaw attempts to get revenge on the Punisher, but is temporarily flash frozen by the crime fighter, psychologically tortured for information, and then imprisoned in the Punisher 's `` Punishment Hotel ''. Jigsaw is located and freed by Fearmaster, and together the two try to execute the Punisher with his own Molecular Disintegrator. When the machine is turned on, its fail - safes activate, and blast Jigsaw. Jigsaw is later discovered, taken captive, and further augmented by a gang, which he massacres and escapes from before rejoining Fearmaster. Crossovers ( edit ) Jigsaw appears in both Batman / Punisher intercompany crossover books. In the first crossover, Jigsaw allies with the Joker and they both fight the Punisher and Batman ( Jean Paul Valley ). In the sequel, Jigsaw 's face is repaired by one of the world 's foremost plastic surgeons, extorted by the Joker, whom Jigsaw allies with again to take over Gotham. At the end of this crossover, Jigsaw 's reconstructed face is destroyed by one of the Punisher 's fragmentation grenades, and he is knocked out and left for the police by Batman ( Bruce Wayne ). Jigsaw and the Punisher 's activities in Gotham are later recounted by Azrael, and Nightwing. When the Amalgam Universe came into being as a result of the events of DC vs. Marvel, Jigsaw was merged with Wonder Woman foe Cheetah to form `` Pelt - Man '' ; cursed by an ancient ritual to resemble a big cat, Billy Minerva took his anger over his condition out on beautiful people, mutilating their faces until he was located and subdued by Trevor Castle and Diana Prince. Earth x ( edit ) At some point, Jigsaw died, and was sent to the Realm of the Dead. When Captain Marvel and Thanos destroyed Death and created Paradise, Jigsaw was among the many who came to realize that they were actually deceased. Jigsaw rejected Paradise and remained in the Realm of the Dead, where he and the Jackal took to tormenting the Punisher, who had committed suicide, and was living in blissful ignorance with his equally unaware family. Jigsaw and the Jackal 's actions cause the Punisher to remember his death, and drive a wedge between him and his disbelieving loved ones, who only come to accept that they are dead much later. Captain America, who had been sent by Paradise to bring others to it, punishes Jigsaw and the Jackal by banishing them to a desolate region of the Realm of the Dead. Marvel MAX ( edit ) Jigsaw, operating under the alias The Heavy, appears in the `` Girls in White Dresses '' storyline of The Punisher MAX. An American drug lord, Jigsaw expands his empire to Mexico, and has his affiliates within the country kidnap women from border towns for use as disposable slave labor in meth labs. When the families of the abducted and murdered women seek aid from the Punisher, Jigsaw drives the crime fighter to suicidal despair by tricking him into believing he had accidentally shot an innocent girl, though a last minute epiphany prompts the Punisher into exhuming and performing an amateur autopsy on the child, leading to the discovery that the bullet that ended her life was not one of his own. The Punisher proceeds to destroy Jigsaw 's Mexican operation and free his captives, and during a subsequent fight between the two archenemies the Punisher knocks Jigsaw out a window and onto the boxcar of a passing train, leaving his fate ambiguous. Bullseye later researches Jigsaw and other enemies of the Punisher, such as Barracuda, Finn Cooley, and General Nikolai Zakharov. Jigsaw 's role in `` Girls in White Dresses '' was regarded as generic and anticlimactic, and his inclusion in the MAX imprint criticized as obtrusive and gratuitous, by Jesse Schedeen of IGN, who felt that the character was `` planted in this story mainly to appeal to fans of the recent movie ''. Marvel Noir ( edit ) Jigsaw is Al Capone 's top assassin in Punisher Noir. He, Barracuda, and the Russian are hired to kill Frank Castelione, a grocer who had defied mob boss Dutch Schultz. Years later, Frank 's son, the Punisher, tries to ambush Jigsaw, but is shot unconscious, and has his skull - face mask removed. Jigsaw takes the Punisher to his lair, and tortures him by carving a skull into the Punisher 's chest. After Jigsaw mentions who helped him and Barracuda murder Frank, the Punisher escapes his bonds, and kills Jigsaw by garroting. In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ben Barnes portrays Billy Russo in The Punisher. Russo is Castle 's former best friend who served alongside him in the Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance as a Scout Sniper, with 129 confirmed kills. After he left the Marines, Russo started Anvil, his own private military contracting firm. In his youth, his mother was a meth addict and he was put in a foster home. Russo was nearly molested as a child, but he managed to defend himself. He joined the Marine Corps and befriended Castle, who called him `` The Beaut '' due to his good looks. In reality, Russo and Castle are working for an illegal black ops program set up by William Rawlins. After a botched mission results in the deaths of several of their squadmates, Russo transfers out of the unit and suggests that Castle do the same. In the present day, Russo is still friends with Curtis Hoyle, though he is unaware that Frank is still alive. DHS agent Dinah Madani begins interviewing and questioning Russo about his association with Frank, a person of interest in a case she investigated in Afghanistan. Russo seduces Madani and enters a relationship with her, but is irked when he learns that she is investigating Frank and that he is still living. He reunites with Castle and tries to persuade him to start a new life, but Castle refuses. However, Russo is revealed to be in league with Rawlins. Russo and Rawlins plot to get rid of Castle and anyone who could link them to Kandahar. Russo kills Colonel Morty Bennett, who helped them smuggle heroin in the bodies of KIAs, after using him as bait for Castle. Russo and several Anvil contractors are then tricked by Dinah into following a false lead on Castle with the intent to execute him, resulting in a shootout. However, Russo escapes after stabbing Dinah 's partner Sam Stein to death. Dinah, having learned the contractors were all working for Anvil, realizes Russo 's complicity in Stein 's murder when Frank shows up at a hotel to thwart an assassination attempt on Karen Page and Senator Stan Ori, who Russo is providing armed protection for. Russo and Rawlins later capture Castle, but Russo double crosses Rawlins and leaves him at Frank 's mercy. He later has a showdown with Castle at the carousel where the latter 's family died. The fight ends with Castle repeatedly slamming Billy 's face into a carousel mirror, maiming him. Russo is last seen in a hospital bed with his head wrapped in bandages, with Castle being informed that Russo has suffered severe head trauma and blood loss, and may suffer serious memory loss if he ever wakes up. Film ( edit ) Jigsaw was present in early drafts of the 2004 Punisher film, and was going to be included in the unproduced sequel The Punisher 2. Dominic West as Jigsaw in the 2008 film Punisher : War Zone. Dominic West portrayed Jigsaw in the 2008 film Punisher : War Zone, which changed the character 's real name to Billy `` The Beaut '' Russoti. Russoti is introduced attending a mob dinner, which the Punisher attacks. Russoti escapes the ensuing massacre, but is pursued to his recycling plant, where he falls into a glass crusher, and is mangled when the Punisher turns the machine on. Billy survives, but his plastic surgeon is unable to restore his mutilated visage, stating that Russoti 's facial muscles, tendons, skin, and bone structure were damaged beyond repair. After killing the surgeon, Russotti rechristens himself `` Jigsaw ''. He then breaks his brother, James `` Loony Bin Jim '' Russoti, out of an asylum, to assist him in getting revenge on the Punisher. In the final battle at the Brad Street Hotel, Jigsaw is impaled and thrown into a fire by the Punisher. Video games ( edit ) Jigsaw is a boss in the 1990 Punisher game for the NES, and is the final opponent in the game 's 1991 Game Boy port The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback! Jigsaw is a target in one of the missions in the 1990 DOS PC game The Punisher. Before the mission, Microchip informs Castle that Jigsaw and his accomplice, Mark Ruffknuckles, have escaped from Ryker 's Island prison and were last seen at a seedy bar. The Punisher interrogates the bartender, who says Jigsaw and Ruffknuckles are hiding at the Kingpin 's former apartment. Castle kills Jigsaw 's bodyguards at the apartment and confronts Jigsaw, who insults the Punisher : `` I have n't forgot what you did to my face, Punisher. Now you will suffer worse than I did. I 'm gon na carve you up so bad, I 'll look like Mel Gibson compared to you! '' The Punisher guns down Jigsaw, then Ruffknuckles, who is hiding in the bathroom. The Trust pays Castle well for killing Jigsaw. In the 1993 Punisher video game, Jigsaw is a sub-boss in the game 's sixth and final stage, where he is fought inside of a moving elevator within the Kingpin 's hideout, and is armed with an M16 rifle. A character based on Jigsaw appears in the 2005 Punisher video game, voiced by Darryl Kurylo. Here, Jigsaw is John Saint, the son of Howard Saint ( the primary antagonist of the 2004 Punisher film and the man responsible for the death of Frank Castle 's family ). The explosion at the end of the film did not kill him, but instead launched him through a window and disfigured his face. Under the name Jigsaw, he takes up his father 's old business, and vows revenge on the Punisher. He is also the lieutenant of a Yakuza - offshoot called the Eternal Sun, and is the final boss of the game, using stolen Stark Armor to attack the Punisher on Ryker 's Island. Upon being defeated, Jigsaw is thrown out of a helicopter by the Punisher. Jigsaw is a playable character in the PlayStation Network downloadable game The Punisher : No Mercy, released in 2009. Toys ( edit ) In 2006, Jigsaw was one of the figures in the second wave of the Marvel Legends `` Face - Off '' series. He was paired with the Punisher and came in two versions, one with a business suit and one with a Punisher costume. The two - pack was released in December 2006. In 2008, a minimates boxset was announced that is based on the Punisher : War Zone film. The boxset features civilian Frank Castle ( the Punisher ), Jigsaw, and Loony Bin Jim, Jigsaw 's mental, cannibalistic killer brother. The toys also come with mini weapons. They are sculpted and designed by Art Asylum and feature 14 points of articulation as well as accessories from the film. In 2009, Hasbro released a Jigsaw figure in its Mighty Muggs toy line, which came with a silver pistol. 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Parts One to Three '' The New Avengers # 1 -- 3 ( 1 December 2004 -- 2 February 2005 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ), Carlo Pagulayan ( p ), Jeff Huet ( i ), Justin Ponsor ( col ), RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ), Tom Brevoort ( ed ). `` The Trust, Conclusion '' The New Avengers Annual # 2 ( 30 January 2008 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction ( w ), Leandro Fernandez ( p ), Francisco Paronzini ( i ), Val Staples ( col ), VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ), Aubrey Sitterson ( ed ). `` Heroes and Villains '' Punisher War Journal v2, # 11 ( 12 September 2007 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction and Rick Remender ( w ), Howard Chaykin ( p ), Howard Chaykin ( i ), Edgar Delgado and Jesus Aburto ( col ), VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ), Aubrey Sitterson ( ed ). `` Jigsaw '' Punisher War Journal v2, # 18 -- 23 ( June 2008 -- November 2008 ), United States : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Rick Remender ( w ), Roland Boschi ( p ), Roland Boschi ( i ), Dan Brown ( col ), VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ), Sebastian Girner ( ed ). Punisher : In the Blood # 1 -- 5 ( 3 November 2010 -- 30 March 2011 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ), Billy Tan ( p ), Matt Banning ( i ), Justin Ponsor ( col ), RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ), Tom Brevoort ( ed ). `` Secret Invasion, Part 7 '' The New Avengers # 46 ( December 2008 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ), Billy Tan, Bryan Hitch, David Aja, Michael Gaydos, David Lopez, Alex Maleev, Steve McNiven, Leinil Yu, Steven Epting, and Greg Horn ( p ), Matt Banning, Bryan Hitch, David Aja, Michael Gaydos, Alvaro Lopez, Alex Maleev, Dexter Vines, Mark Morales, Steven Epting, and Greg Horn ( i ), Justin Ponsor, Rain Beredo, Dave Stewart, Alex Maleev, Morry Hollowell, Dave McCaig, and Greg Horn ( col ), RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ), Tom Brevoort ( ed ). 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Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Ken Lopez ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` The Mourning After '' The Punisher 2099 # 2 ( March 1993 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Jim Palmiotti ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Ken Lopez ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` Last Exit from the Bronx '' The Punisher 2099 # 3 ( April 1993 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Jim Palmiotti ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Ken Lopez ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` Heroes Day '' The Punisher 2099 # 4 ( May 1993 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Jim Palmiotti ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Ken Lopez ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` Punishment Hotel '' The Punisher 2099 # 5 ( June 1993 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Ken Lopez ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` Techno Gladiators '' The Punisher 2099 # 6 ( July 1993 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ), Laughlin and Roussos ( col ), Ken Lopez ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` Jigsaw 2099 '' The Punisher 2099 # 10 ( November 1993 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Palmiotti and Florimonte ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Ken Lopez ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` The Gathering Storm '' The Punisher 2099 # 11 ( December 1993 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Tom Morgan ( p ), Keith Williams ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Phil Felix ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` Public Enemy File, Part One : Red Dog Day '' The Punisher 2099 # 15 ( April 1994 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ), Enrique Villagran ( p ), Enrique Villagran ( i ), Ian Laughlin ( col ), Janice Chiang ( let ), Joey Cavalieri ( ed ). `` Playing God '' The Punisher 2099 # 29 ( June 1995 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Dennis O'Neil ( w ), Barry Kitson and James Pascoe ( p ), Barry Kitson and James Pascoe ( i ), Matt Hollingsworth ( col ), Ken Bruzenak ( let ), Archie Goodwin ( ed ). `` Lake of Fire '' Batman / Punisher # 1 ( June 1994 ), United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ Chuck Dixon ( w ), Klaus Janson and John Romita, Jr. ( p ), Klaus Janson and John Romita, Jr. ( i ), Christie Scheele ( col ), Comicraft 's Richard Starkings ( let ), Don Daley ( ed ). `` Deadly Knights '' Punisher / Batman # 1 ( October 1994 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Doug Moench ( w ), Mike Manley ( p ), Dick Giordano ( i ), Adrienne Roy ( col ), Ken Bruzenak ( let ), Dennis O'Neil and Jordan B. 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Jump up ^ Frank Tieri ( w ), Paul Azaceta ( p ), Paul Azaceta ( i ), Nick Filardi ( col ), VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ), Sebastian Girner ( ed ). `` Punisher & Son '' Punisher Noir # 2 ( 16 September 2009 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Frank Tieri ( w ), Paul Azaceta ( p ), Paul Azaceta ( i ), Nick Filardi ( col ), VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ), Sebastian Girner ( ed ). `` Two Down... '' Punisher Noir # 3 ( 21 October 2009 ), United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Announces Three New Cast Members ''. Marvel.com. October 6, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06. Retrieved October 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Michael, Ausiello. `` Ben Barnes ' Punisher Role Revealed ''. TVLine. Retrieved October 28, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Campos, Antonio ( director ) ; Bruce Marshall Romans ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Cold Steel ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 8. Netflix. Jump up ^ Goddard, Andy ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Kandahar ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 3. Netflix. Jump up ^ Shankland, Tom ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Two Dead Men ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 2. Netflix. Jump up ^ Walsh, Dearbhla ( director ) ; Michael Jones - Morales ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Gunner ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 5. Netflix. Jump up ^ Webb, Jeremy ( director ) ; Christine Boylan ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` The Judas Goat ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 6. Netflix. Jump up ^ Goddard, Andy ( director ) ; Bruce Marshall Romans ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Crosshairs ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 7. Netflix. Jump up ^ O'Hanlon, Jim ( director ) ; Ken Kristensen ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Virtue of the Vicious ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 10. Netflix. Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Jet ( director ) ; Dario Scardapane ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Home ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 12. Netflix. Jump up ^ Surjik, Stephen ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17, 2017 ). `` Memento Mori ''. Marvel 's The Punisher. Season 1. Episode 13. Netflix. Jump up ^ Richards, Dave ( 23 March 2004 ). `` Behind the Scenes with Punisher Writer Michael France ''. comicbookresources.com. Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Jump up ^ Keck, William ( 13 April 2004 ). `` Rebecca is quiet at Punisher premiere ''. usatoday30.usatoday.com. USA Today. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Jump up ^ Lexi Alexander ( Director ) ( 5 December 2008 ). Punisher : War Zone ( Motion picture ). United States : Lions Gate Entertainment. Jump up ^ Krome Studios Melbourne ( November 1990 ). The Punisher. Nintendo Entertainment System. LJN. Jump up ^ Krome Studios Melbourne ( 1991 ). The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback!. Game Boy. Acclaim Entertainment. Jump up ^ Paragon Software ( 1990 ). The Punisher. MS - DOS, Amiga, and Atari ST. MicroProse. Jump up ^ Capcom ( 22 April 1993 ). The Punisher. Arcade. Capcom. Level / area : 6. Jump up ^ Volition ( 16 January 2005 ). The Punisher. PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. THQ. Jump up ^ Zen Studios ( 2 July 2009 ). The Punisher : No Mercy. PlayStation 3. Sony Computer Entertainment. Jump up ^ `` Marvel Legends Face - Off : Punisher / Jigsaw Review ''. OAFE.net. External links ( edit ) Jigsaw at Comicvine Billy Russo at Marvel Wikia Jigsaw at the Comic Book DB Jigsaw at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ( hide ) The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway, Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice! '' Characters Supporting G.W. Bridge Rachel Cole - Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Microchip Martin Soap Nick Fury Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper Thorn Comics Main 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin - offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Other Punisher P.O.V. Archie Meets the Punisher Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe The Platoon The End In the Blood 5 Ronin In other media Films The Punisher ( 1989 ) score The Punisher ( 2004 ) score album Punisher : War Zone score soundtrack Dirty Laundry Do Not Fall In New York City Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Video games The Punisher ( console ) The Punisher ( computer ) The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback! The Punisher ( 1993 ) The Punisher ( 2005 ) The Punisher : No Mercy Television Daredevil ( season 2 ) The Punisher ( TV series ) Related articles Alternative versions Garth Ennis The ' Nam Palm Beach Punishers Shadowmasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_(Marvel_Comics)&oldid=817859024 '' Categories : Characters created by Len Wein Characters created by Ross Andru Comics characters introduced in 1976 Crime film characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional assassins Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional crime bosses Fictional mobsters Fictional murderers Marvel Comics television characters Punisher characters Hidden categories : Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Tagalog ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017, at 00 : 06. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_(Marvel_Comics)&amp;oldid=817859024" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "1976 ) Full appearance : The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) Created by Len Wein Ross Andru In - story information Full name William Russo Species Human Place of origin Earth - 616 Team affiliations Maggia Hood 's Crime Syndicate Partnerships Rev Stuart Clarke Notable aliases The Beaut, The Heavy Abilities Experienced street fighter Exceptional strategist and tactician Highly charismatic criminal organizer Wears a special exoskeleton Jigsaw ( William `` Billy '' Russo, also known as Billy `` The Beaut '' Russo before his disfigurement ) is a fictional character, gangster, and supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Len Wein and Ross Andru, the character made his first full appearance in The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 2099 4.2 Crossovers 4.3 Earth X 4.4 Marvel MAX 4.5 Marvel Noir 5 In other" ], "id": [ "13567049282288355328" ], "short_answers": [ "Jigsaw" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Deeper Than the Holler - Wikipedia Deeper Than the Holler Jump to : navigation, search `` Deeper Than The Holler '' Single by Randy Travis from the album Old 8x10 B - side `` It 's Out of My Hands '' Released November 14, 1988 Format 7 - inch 45 RPM, 3 - inch CD single Genre Country Length 3 : 39 Label Warner Bros. 27689 Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet, Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Kyle Lehning Randy Travis singles chronology `` Honky Tonk Moon '' ( 1988 ) `` Deeper Than The Holler '' ( 1988 ) `` Is It Still Over? '' ( 1989 ) `` Honky Tonk Moon '' ( 1988 ) `` Deeper Than the Holler '' ( 1988 ) `` Is It Still Over? '' ( 1989 ) `` Deeper Than The Holler '' is a song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music singer Randy Travis. It was released in November 1988 as the second single from the album, Old 8x10. The song was his eighth Number One single, and his sixth consecutive. Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 German Release 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) `` Deeper Than the Holler '' is a mid-tempo ballad in which the narrator describes his love for his woman. He starts by saying that he 's heard many people sing about how they love their loved ones, and using metaphors to describe it. The man then decides to sing his song about how he feels about his lover. In the second verse, the narrator sings on how there are `` at least a million love songs that people love to sing '' about their true love. German release ( edit ) A 3 '' CD single was released in Germany ( cat. # W7804CD9210082 ) featuring the same cover as `` I Told You So ''. The songs `` I Told You So '', `` 1982 '' and `` No Place Like Home '' were included. Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number 42 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated November 19, 1988, and rocketed its way into the Top 30 the next week, moving up from number 42 to number 28. It charted for 18 weeks on that chart, and became Travis ' eighth Number One single on the country chart dated January 28, 1989. In addition, it was his sixth consecutive Number One. Chart ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 51 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 54 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Top Music Charts - `` Deeper Than the Holler '' Chart Position For the Week of 26 November 1988 Jump up ^ `` Randy Travis Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) ''. Billboard. Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1989 ''. RPM. December 23, 1989. Retrieved August 28, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Best of 1989 : Country Songs ''. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1989. Retrieved August 28, 2013. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` She 's Crazy for Leavin ' '' by Rodney Crowell Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single January 28, 1989 Succeeded by `` What I 'd Say '' by Earl Thomas Conley ( hide ) Randy Travis Albums Singles Studio albums Storms of Life Always & Forever Old 8 × 10 No Holdin ' Back Heroes & Friends High Lonesome Wind in the Wire This Is Me Full Circle You and You Alone A Man Ai n't Made of Stone Inspirational Journey Rise and Shine Worship & Faith Passing Through Glory Train : Songs of Faith, Worship, and Praise Around the Bend Influence Vol. 1 : The Man I Am Influence Vol. 2 : The Man I Am Compilation albums Greatest Hits, Volume 1 Greatest Hits, Volume 2 The Very Best of Randy Travis I Told You So : The Ultimate Hits of Randy Travis Three Wooden Crosses : The Inspirational Hits of Randy Travis Holiday albums An Old Time Christmas Songs of the Season Notable singles `` 1982 '' `` On the Other Hand '' `` Diggin ' Up Bones '' `` No Place Like Home '' `` Forever and Ever, Amen '' `` I Wo n't Need You Anymore ( Always and Forever ) '' `` Too Gone Too Long '' `` I Told You So '' `` Honky Tonk Moon '' `` Deeper Than the Holler '' `` Is It Still Over? '' `` Promises '' `` It 's Just a Matter of Time '' `` Hard Rock Bottom of Your Heart '' `` He Walked on Water '' `` A Few Ole Country Boys '' ( with George Jones ) `` Heroes and Friends '' `` Point of Light '' `` Forever Together '' `` Better Class of Losers '' `` I 'd Surrender All '' `` If I Did n't Have You '' `` Look Heart, No Hands '' `` An Old Pair of Shoes '' `` Cowboy Boogie '' `` Before You Kill Us All '' `` Whisper My Name '' `` This Is Me '' `` The Box '' `` Are We in Trouble Now '' `` Would I '' `` Out of My Bones '' `` The Hole '' `` Spirit of a Boy, Wisdom of a Man '' `` Stranger in My Mirror '' `` A Man Ai n't Made of Stone '' `` Baptism '' `` Three Wooden Crosses '' Other songs `` Somewhere in My Broken Heart '' `` She 's Got the Rhythm ( And I Got the Blues ) '' This 1988 country song - related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deeper_Than_the_Holler&oldid=765632459 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1988 songs Randy Travis songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Don Schlitz Songs written by Paul Overstreet Song recordings produced by Kyle Lehning Warner Bros. Records singles 1988 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 February 2017, at 14 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Deeper Than the Holler", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Deeper_Than_the_Holler&amp;oldid=765632459" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8399383359763606189" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Chick - fil - A - wikipedia Chick - fil - A Jump to : navigation, search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page. ( March 2017 ) Chick - fil - A, Inc. Type Privately held company Industry Restaurants Founded May 23, 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 05 - 23 ) ( as Dwarf House ) 1967 ; 50 years ago ( 1967 ) ( as Chick - fil - A ) Hapeville, Georgia, U.S. Founder S. Truett Cathy Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia, United States Number of locations Over 2,200 Area served United States Canada Key people Dan T. Cathy ( CEO ) Products Sandwiches, chicken dishes Revenue US $ 8 billion ( 2016 ) Website chick-fil-a.com A Chick - fil - A in the food court of The Galleria in Uptown Houston, Texas A series of Chick - fil - A trucks at the Airport West Distribution Center Chick - fil - A at Holcombe and Buffalo Speedway, Houston, Texas Chick - fil - A headquarters in College Park, Georgia Chick - fil - A ( / tʃ ɪkfɪˈleɪ / chik - fil - AY, a play on the American English pronunciation of `` fillet '' ) is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in the Atlanta district of College Park, Georgia, specializing in chicken sandwiches. Founded in May 1946, it operates more than 2,200 restaurants, primarily in the United States. The restaurant serves breakfast before transitioning to its lunch and dinner menu. Chick - fil - A also offers customers catered selections from its menu for special events. Many of the company 's values are influenced by its founder 's Southern Baptist beliefs ; all Chick - fil - A restaurants are closed for business on Sundays as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Business model 3 Advertising 4 Sponsored events 5 Related restaurants 5.1 The Hapeville Dwarf House 5.2 Dwarf House 5.3 Truett 's Grill 6 Corporate culture 6.1 Same - sex marriage controversy 6.1. 1 Response 6.1. 2 Report of policy change 7 Recipe changes 8 Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The chain 's origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill ( now the Dwarf House ), a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy, the chain 's former chairman and CEO, in 1946. The restaurant is located in Hapeville, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, and is near the location of the now - demolished Ford Motor Company Atlanta Assembly Plant, for many years a source of many of the restaurant 's patrons. In 1961, after 15 years in the fast food business, Cathy found a pressure - fryer that could cook the chicken sandwich in the same amount of time it took to cook a fast - food hamburger. Following this discovery, he registered the name Chick - fil - A, Inc. The company 's trademarked slogan, `` We Did n't Invent the Chicken, Just the Chicken Sandwich, '' refers to their flagship menu item, the Chick - fil - A chicken sandwich. The first Chick - fil - A opened in 1967, in the food court of the Greenbriar Mall, in a suburb of Atlanta. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the chain expanded by opening new franchises in suburban malls ' food courts. The first freestanding franchise was opened April 16, 1986, on North Druid Hills Road in Atlanta, Georgia, and the company began to focus more on this type of franchise than on the food court type. Although it has expanded outward from its original geographic base, most new restaurants are located in Southern suburban areas. In October 2015, the company opened a three - story 5,000 - square - foot restaurant in Manhattan that became the largest free - standing Chick - fil - A in the country at that time. As of 2016, the chain has approximately 1,950 locations. It also has 31 drive - through - only locations. Chick - fil - A also can be found at universities, hospitals, and airports through licensing agreements. Since 1997, the Atlanta - based company has been the title sponsor of the Peach Bowl, an annual college football bowl game played in Atlanta on New Year 's Eve. Chick - fil - A also is a key sponsor of the SEC and the ACC of college athletics. The company expanded for the first time outside of the United States by opening an outlet at the Calgary International Airport in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in May 2014. This restaurant is located near the departure area for flights bound for the United States. However, per tradition, it is closed Sundays and Christmas Day. Business model ( edit ) Chick - fil - A retains ownership of each restaurant. Chick - fil - A selects the restaurant location and builds it. Chick - fil - A franchisees need only a $10,000 initial investment to become an operator. Each operator is handpicked and goes through a rigorous training program ; the interviews plus training can take months and is not an easy process. Chick - fil - A states on their site : `` This is not the right opportunity for you if you : - Are seeking a passive investment in a business. - Want to sell property to Chick - fil - A, Inc. - Are requesting that Chick - fil - A, Inc. build at a specified location. - Are seeking multi-unit franchise opportunities. '' This goes to show how vastly different it is to be a Chick - fil - A store operator rather than being part of a regular franchise opportunity. Since 2010, Chick - fil - A has led the fast food industry in average sales per restaurant, despite being open only six days a week, earning an average $4.8 million per restaurant in 2016 ( Whataburger was second with $2.7 million per restaurant ). Advertising ( edit ) `` Eat Mor Chikin '' is the chain 's most prominent advertising slogan, created by The Richards Group in 1995. The slogan is often seen in advertisements, featuring Holstein dairy cows that are often seen wearing ( or holding ) signs that ( usually ) read : `` Eat Mor Chikin '' in all capital letters. The ad campaign was temporarily halted during a mad cow disease scare on January 1, 2004, so as not to make the chain seem insensitive or appear to be taking advantage of the scare to increase its sales. Two months later, the cows were put up again. The cows replaced the chain 's old mascot, Doodles, an anthropomorphized chicken who still appears as the C on the logo. Chick - fil - A vigorously protects its intellectual property, sending cease and desist letters to those they think have infringed on their trademarks. The corporation has successfully protested at least 30 instances of the use of an `` eat more '' phrase, saying that the use would cause confusion of the public, dilute the distinctiveness of their intellectual property, and diminish its value. A 2011 letter to Vermont artist Bo Muller - Moore who screen prints T - shirts reading : `` Eat More Kale '' demanded that he cease printing the shirts and turn over his website. The incident drew criticism from Vermont governor Peter Shumlin, and created backlash against what he termed Chick - fil - A 's `` corporate bullying. '' On December 11, 2014, Bo Muller - Moore announced that the U.S. Patent Office granted his application to trademark his `` Eat More Kale '' phrase. A formal announcement of his victory took place on December 12, 2014, with Shumlin and other supporters on the Statehouse steps. His public fight drew regional and national attention, the support of Shumlin, and a team of pro-bono law students from the University of New Hampshire legal clinic. After 22 years with The Richards Group, Chick - fil - A switched to McCann New York in 2016. Along with the cows, ads included famous people in history in a campaign called `` Chicken for Breakfast. It 's not as crazy as you think. '' Sponsored events ( edit ) Chick - fil - A Classic The Chick - fil - A Classic is a high school basketball tournament held in Columbia, South Carolina. The tournament is in its eighth year of operation and features nationally ranked players, and teams. The tournament is co-sponsored by the Greater Columbia Educational Advancement Foundation ( GCEAF ), which provides scholarships to high school seniors in the greater Columbia area. Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl The Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl is a college football bowl game played each year in Atlanta, Georgia. Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game The Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game is an annual early - season college football game played at the Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia ; before 2017, it was played at the Georgia Dome. It features two highly ranked teams, one of which has always been from the Southeastern Conference. In the 2012 season and again in the 2014 season, the event was expanded to two games. It will also be two games in 2017. Chick - fil - A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America The Chick - fil - A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America is an annual charity motorcycle tour to raise money for, among other charities, Victory Junction, a camp for terminally ill children. Related restaurants ( edit ) The Hapeville Dwarf House ( edit ) Truett Cathy opened his first restaurant, The Dwarf Grill -- later renamed the Dwarf House -- in Hapeville, Georgia, in 1946, and developed the pressure - cooked chicken breast sandwich there. At the original Chick - fil - A Dwarf Grill, in addition to the full - size entrances, there is also an extra small - sized front door. The original Dwarf House in Hapeville, Georgia is open 24 hours a day, six days a week, except on Sundays, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The store closes at 10 : 00 p.m. on Saturday nights, and the day before Thanksgiving and Christmas and reopens at 6 a.m. on Monday mornings and day after Thanksgiving and Christmas. It has a larger dine - in menu than the other Dwarf House locations as well as an animated seven dwarfs display in the back of the restaurant. It was across the street from the former Ford Motor Company factory called Atlanta Assembly. Dwarf House in Griffin, Georgia Dwarf House ( edit ) Truett 's original, full - service restaurants offer a substantial menu and provide customers a choice of table service, walk - up counter service or a drive - thru window. As of 2012, 13 Chick - fil - A Dwarf House restaurants were operating in the metro Atlanta area. Truett 's Grill in Griffin, Georgia Truett 's Grill ( edit ) In 1996, the first Truett 's Grill was opened in Morrow, Georgia. The second location opened in 2003 in McDonough, Georgia, and a third location opened in 2006 in Griffin, Georgia. Similar to the Chick - fil - A Dwarf Houses, these independently owned restaurants offer traditional, sit - down dining and expanded menu selections in a diner - themed dinner. In 2017, Chick - fil - A demolished several Dwarf House locations to replace them with Truett 's Grill locations. Corporate culture ( edit ) S. Truett Cathy was a devout Southern Baptist ; his religious beliefs had a major impact on the company. The company 's official statement of corporate purpose says that the business exists `` To glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us. To have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick - fil - A. '' Cathy 's beliefs are also responsible for one of the chain 's distinctive features : all Chick - fil - A locations ( corporate owned and franchised ) are closed on Sundays, as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas. Cathy states as the final step in his Five - Step recipe for Business Success `` I was not so committed to financial success that I was willing to abandon my principles and priorities. One of the most visible examples of this is our decision to close on Sunday. Our decision to close on Sunday was our way of honoring God and of directing our attention to things that mattered more than our business. '' In an interview with ABC News 's Nightline, Truett 's son Dan T. Cathy told reporter Vicki Mabrey that the company is also closed on Sundays because `` by the time Sunday came, he was just worn out. And Sunday was not a big trading day, anyway, at the time. So he was closed that first Sunday and we 've been closed ever since. He figured if he did n't like working on Sundays, that other people did n't either. '' The younger Cathy also quoted his father as saying, `` I do n't want to ask people to do that what I am not willing to do myself. '' Their website states, `` The Chick - fil - A culture and service tradition in our Restaurants is to treat every person with honor, dignity and respect -- regardless of their belief, race, creed, sexual orientation or gender. '' Chick - fil - A 's reputation on being closed on Sundays extends to non-traditional locations. In addition to countless shopping malls and airports, a Chick - fil - A location at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta will be closed on Sundays despite its main tenant, the Atlanta Falcons, playing most of their home games on Sundays. The location will be open when the Falcons have a Monday night or Thursday night home game, as well as non-Sunday home games of Atlanta United FC and other events at the stadium. On Sundays, the digital signs will be flipped and concessionaire Levy Restaurants will sell nonbranded food and drinks at the location. Same - sex marriage controversy ( edit ) Main article : Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy The Chick - fil - A in Port Charlotte, Florida, on August 1, 2012 `` Chick - Fil - A Appreciation Day '' Protestors at Memphis, Tennessee, Chick - fil - A store on Same Sex Kiss Day In January 2011, the media reported that Chick - fil - A was co-sponsoring a marriage conference with the Pennsylvania Family Institute ( PFI ), an organization that has opposed same - sex marriage legislation. Chick - fil - A clarified that `` one of our independent Restaurant Operators in Pennsylvania was asked to provide sandwiches to two Art of Marriage video seminars ''. The WinShape Foundation, a charitable organization founded by Truett and his wife, also stated that it would not allow same - sex couples to participate in its marriage retreats. Chick - fil - A has donated over $5 million, via WinShape, to groups that oppose same - sex marriage. Of this, more than $3 million was donated primarily to Christian organizations whose agendas included positions that oppose same - sex marriage, with the money donated between 2003 and 2009. A total of $1.9 million was donated in 2010 to groups such as the Marriage & Family Foundation, Exodus International, and the Family Research Council ( FRC ). That year, the FRC, which received $1,000 was listed as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center. WinShape has also contributed to Christian groups including the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and Exodus International, the latter is noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy. In response, students at several colleges and universities worked to ban or remove the company 's restaurants from their campuses. On January 28, 2013, Shane L. Windmeyer, the leader of Campus Pride, suspended their campaign. In June and July 2012, Chick - fil - A 's chief operating officer Dan T. Cathy made several public statements about same - sex marriage, saying that those who `` have the audacity to define what marriage is about '' were `` inviting God 's judgment on our nation ''. Several prominent politicians expressed disapproval. Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno said they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas. The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits, legal experts, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The Jim Henson Company, which had a Pajanimals kids ' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick - fil - A, said it would cease its business relationship, and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Chick - fil - A stopped distributing the toys, claiming that unrelated safety concerns that had arisen prior to the controversy. Chick - fil - A released a statement on July 31, 2012, saying, `` We are a restaurant company focused on food, service, and hospitality ; our intent is to leave the policy debate over same - sex marriage to the government and political arena. '' Response ( edit ) In response to the controversy, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee initiated a Chick - fil - A Appreciation Day movement to counter a boycott of Chick - fil - A launched by same - sex marriage activists. More than 600,000 people RSVPed on Facebook for Huckabee 's appreciation event. On August 1, Chick - fil - A restaurants experienced a large show of public support across the nation with the company reporting record - breaking sales. A consulting firm estimated that the average Chick - fil - A restaurant had 29.9 percent more sales and 367 more customers than it did on a typical Wednesday. Report of policy change ( edit ) In September 2012, The Civil Rights Agenda ( TCRA ) announced that Chick - fil - A had `` ceased donating to organizations that promote discrimination, specifically against LGBT civil rights. '' Chick - fil - A officials did state in an internal document that they `` will treat every person equally, regardless of sexual orientation. '' In a letter from Chick - fil - A 's Senior Director of Real Estate, the company states, `` The WinShape Foundation is now taking a much closer look at the organizations it considers helping, and in that process will remain true to its stated philosophy of not supporting organizations with political agendas. '' According to Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno, Chick - fil - A has a statement of respect for all people regardless of sexual orientation in an internal document called Chick - fil - A : Who We Are. A document released by Chick - fil - A on September 20, 2012, does not mention any organizations opposed to same - sex marriage as being part of Chick - fil - A 's donation base. WinShape Marriage will continue to be supported financially, with a stated focus on couple retreats to strengthen marriages. Chick - fil - A in Hillsboro, Oregon According to Focus on the Family 's website, CitizenLink.com, `` Chick - fil - A and its charitable - giving arm, the WinShape Foundation, did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the Biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago. '' Mike Huckabee stated that he `` talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy, CEO of Chick Fil - A about the new reports that Chick Fil - A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage. This is not true. The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees, but to end confusion gave me this statement. '' The statement provided by Chick - fil - A was posted on Huckabee 's website. Recipe changes ( edit ) Though Chick - fil - A has always used trans - fat free processes in its chicken sandwiches, anticipating the dietary concerns of consumers, in 2008, it became the first fast - food restaurant to become completely trans - fat free. In 2011, food blogger and activist Vani Hari wrote a post titled `` Chick - fil - A or Chemical Fil - A? '' on her website, FoodBabe.com. She noted that Chick - fil - A sandwiches contained nearly 100 ingredients, including peanut oil with TBHQ. In October 2012, Chick - fil - A invited Hari to meet with company executives at its Atlanta, GA headquarters. In December 2013, Chick - fil - A notified Hari that it had eliminated the dye Yellow No. 5 and had reduced the sodium content in its chicken soup. The company also said that it is testing a peanut oil that does not contain TBHQ and that it would start testing sauces and dressings made without high - fructose corn syrup in 2014. Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics ( edit ) According to the Food and Drug Administration, antibiotics used in livestock, many of which are also used to treat humans, have contributed to the rise of dangerous bacteria. In December 2012, the FDA announced plans to phase out certain antibiotics in the food production industry. In February 2014, Chick - fil - A announced plans to serve chicken raised without antibiotics in its restaurants nationwide within five years. Chick - fil - A is the first quick service restaurant to set forth a plan and commit to serving only poultry raised without antibiotics. See also ( edit ) List of fast - food chicken restaurants Atlanta portal Business and economics portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Company Fact Sheet ''. Chick - fil - A. Jump up ^ `` Press Room ''. Chick - fil - A. Retrieved October 8, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Company Fact Sheet ''. Chick - fil - A. Retrieved July 30, 2012. Headquarters Chick - fil - A, Inc. 5200 Buffington Road Atlanta, GA 30349 - 2998 Jump up ^ City Maps City of College Park ( Map ). City of College Park. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2009. Jump up ^ http://www.cfarestaurant.com/springhurst/menu ^ Jump up to : `` About Chick - fil - A ''. Chick - fil - A. Retrieved July 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Nickerson, Michelle & Dochuk, Darren ( 2011 ). Sunbelt Rising : The Politics of Place, Space, and Region. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 295. ISBN 0812243099. Retrieved November 1, 2011. Jump up ^ `` We Did n't Invent the Chicken, Just the Chicken Sandwich : Detailed trademark information from the official US federal trademark database ( USPTO ) ''. Markify. Retrieved November 1, 2011. Jump up ^ Grem, Darren ( March 8, 2012 ). `` The World of Chick - Fil - A and the Business of Sunbelt Evangelicalism ''. Southern Spaces. Emory University. Jump up ^ `` North Druid Hills FSU ''. Chick - fil - A. Jump up ^ Taylor, Kate ( August 10, 2015 ). `` The Country 's Largest Chick - fil - A Will Open in New York City in October ''. Entrepreneur. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A opening its largest outpost in New York City ''. CBS News. October 2, 2015. Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey, Marilyn. `` Reaching Out to NASCAR Nation ''. QSR. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A, Dr Pepper Give Fans a Million Reasons to ' Eat Mor Chikin ' ''. SEC Sports News. ^ Jump up to : Robertson, Dylan ( May 29, 2014 ). `` U.S. fast - food chain Chick - fil - A opens Canadian franchise, talks down gay marriage controversy ''. Calgary Herald. Jump up ^ `` YYC > Traveller Info > Shopping, Dining & Services > Dining ''. www.yyc.com. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07. Jump up ^ `` Company Fact Sheet ''. Chick - fil - A. ^ Jump up to : Norman, Jan ( August 7, 2012 ). `` Franchises weather Chick - fil - A 's controversy ''. The Orange County Register. p. Business 2. Jump up ^ Chick - fil - A https://www.chick-fil-a.com/Franchising/Franchise. Retrieved 11 November 2017. Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chick - Fil - A Generates Most Revenue Per Restaurant In US ''. August 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 2017 QSR 50 ''. Jump up ^ `` Why does Chick - fil - A use dairy cows on its advertising? ''. Chick - fil - A. Retrieved November 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Collier, Joe Guy ( July 9, 2008 ). `` Dress - as - a-cow day reflects Chick - fil - A 's ' have fun ' culture ''. The Atlanta Journal - Constitution. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Jump up ^ Pedicini, Sandra ( May 13, 2010 ). `` Chick - fil - A cries fowl over Eat More Produce ''. Orlando Sentinel. Jump up ^ Ring, Wilson ( November 28, 2011 ). `` Eat more kale : A David vs. Goliath fight with Chick - fil - A? ''. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved December 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Carapezza, Kirk ( December 2, 2011 ). `` In Vermont, Fighting for the Rights To ' Eat More ' ''. Vermont Public Radio. Retrieved December 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Bidgood, Jess ( December 4, 2011 ). `` Chicken Chain Says Stop, but T - Shirt Maker Balks ''. New York Times. Jump up ^ Ring, Wilson ( December 12, 2014 ). `` Man celebrates his new ' eat more kale ' trademark ''. WHDH. Archived from the original on December 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Wohl, Jessica ( August 1, 2016 ). `` No Sacred Cows : Why Chick - fil - A parted ways with The Richards Group after 22 years ''. Advertising Age. 87 ( 15 ) : 18 -- 20. Jump up ^ `` Welcome to 8th Annual Chick - Fil - A Classic.com ''. Chick-fil-aclassic.com. Retrieved June 18, 2010. Jump up ^ `` GCEAF ''. Chick - Fil - A Classic. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010. ^ Jump up to : Bovino, Arthur ( May 23, 2011 ). `` Sandwich of the Week : Dwarf House Chick - fil - A, The Dwarf House in Atlanta -- the original Chick - fil - A ''. The Daily Meal. Retrieved November 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Truett 's Grill ''. Truettsgrill.com. Retrieved June 18, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- Griffin ''. Cfarestaurant.com. Retrieved June 18, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- McDonough ''. Cfarestaurant.com. Retrieved June 18, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- Morrow ''. Cfarestaurant.com. Retrieved June 18, 2010. Jump up ^ Campbell, Sarah Ray ( April 1, 2017 ). `` Chick - fil - A explains changes ''. The Newnan Times - Herald. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Reports, Staff ( May 16, 2017 ). `` Chick - Fil - A Dwarf House to be Demolished, Popeyes Set to be Burger King ''. Coosa Valley News. Retrieved August 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires, No. 655 S. Truett Cathy ''. Forbes. March 10, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Executive Biographies : Dan T. Cathy, President and Chief Operating Officer ''. Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A 's Closed - on - Sunday Policy '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ). Chick - fil - A. 2009. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A ''. Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010. Jump up ^ `` About Truett ''. truettcathy.com. Retrieved May 26, 2009. Jump up ^ Mabrey, Vicki & Marsh, Mary ( September 23, 2009 ). `` Nightline ( ABC - TV ) presents : Chik - fil - A Wins Customers... by closing ''. ABC News. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Current News ''. Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough, Sean ( August 16, 2017 ). `` The Falcons ' billion - dollar stadium will have a Chick - fil - A that 's almost never open ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved August 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A defends its values ''. Atlanta Business Chronicle. January 31, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Metro Weekly ''. Metro Weekly. January 4, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Family Institute Mission Statement ''. Pennsylvania Family Institute. Retrieved June 27, 2011. Jump up ^ Ocamb, Karen ( September 26, 2010 ). `` Evaluating the amicus brief avalanche of anti-gay opposition to the Prop 8 trial decision ''. Prop 8 Trial Tracker. Courage Campaign Institute. Retrieved July 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Scolforo, Mark ( December 23, 2010 ). `` Without state law, Pa. towns tackle anti-gay bias ''. Delaware County Daily Times. Associated Press. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A Facebook Page ''. Facebook. January 6, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2012. Jump up ^ McWhirter, Cameron ( July 27, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A 's Long Christian Heritage ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 31, 2012. Jump up ^ Ward, Alex ( July 23, 2012 ). `` The Muppets cut ties with Chick - Fil - A restaurant after president 's anti-gay marriage comments ''. The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved August 22, 2012. The company, founded in 1946 by Cathy 's father, S. Truett Cathy, has also come under fire for donating more than $3 million between 2003 and 2009 to Christian organisations with a well - known anti-gay agenda, among them the Marriage & Family Foundation and the Family Research Council. ^ Jump up to : McWhirter, Cameron ( July 27, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A 's Long Christian Heritage ''. Wall Street Journal. ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 - PF : Return of Private Foundation '' ( PDF ). WinShape Foundation. Guidestar. 2010. ^ Jump up to : Devaney, Tim & Stein, Tom ( November 8, 2011 ). `` Chick - fil - A Increases Donations to Anti-Gay Groups ''. AllBusiness.com. ^ Jump up to : Winters, Rosemary ( November 10, 2011 ). `` Sugar House protesters say Chick - fil - A is anti-gay ''. The Salt Lake Tribune. ^ Jump up to : Michelson, Noah ( November 1, 2011 ). `` Chick - Fil - A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups in 2009 ''. The Huffington Post. ^ Jump up to : Ward, Alex ( July 23, 2012 ). `` The Muppets cut ties with Chick - Fil - A restaurant after president 's anti-gay marriage comments ''. The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved July 24, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Chick - Fil - A Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups in 2010 ''. Equality Matters. July 2, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Boucly, Chris ( July 24, 2012 ). `` Gay youths plan protest against Chick - fil - A ''. The Orange County Register. Retrieved July 26, 2012. $3.84 million was contributed primarily to Christian organizations such as the Marriage and Family Foundation, which received $1.18 million, and the Family Research Council, which received $1,000. The Family Research Council `` believes that homosexual conduct is harmful to the persons who engage in it and to society at large, '' according to its Web site. The Marriage and Family Foundation, whose chairman is Chick - fil - A senior vice president Donald Cathy, gave grants totaling $639,000 to six organizations that support strong traditional marriages and families. ^ Jump up to : O'Connor, Clare ( August 3, 2012 ). `` Meet The Cathys : Your Guide To The Billionaires Behind Chick - fil - A ''. The billionaire beat : wealth, entrepreneurs and money in politics. Forbes. Retrieved August 7, 2012. WinShape is the vehicle through which Chick - fil - A, and by extension the Cathys, have made about $5 million of donations to anti-gay marriage groups since 2003, with $1.9 million of that donated in 2010 to outfits including the Family Research Council and Marriage & Family Foundation. They 've written checks to Exodus International, which is famous for `` ex-gay '' conversion therapy, and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, whose website includes a testimonial from a coach `` delivered '' from homosexuality. Jump up ^ `` Hate Map - Southern Poverty Law Center ''. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Shapiro, Lila ( August 3, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A Kiss - Ins Divide LGBT Movement ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Lengell, Sean ( November 24, 2010 ). `` Family Research Council labeled a ' hate group ' ''. The Washington Times. Retrieved August 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Dutton, Nick ( August 18, 2012 ). `` Shooting sparks controversy over ' hate ' designation for conservative group ''. WTVR - TV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. The SPLC says the conservative Washington policy group is listed as a hate group because `` it has knowingly spread false and denigrating propaganda '' about lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people. Jump up ^ Windmeyer, Shane L. ( January 28, 2013 ). `` Dan and Me : My Coming Out as a Friend of Dan Cathy and Chick - fil - A ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Schlanger, Zoë ( March 5, 2012 ). `` NYU Decided To Keep `` Homophobic '' Chick - fil - A Long Before Petition Launched ``. NYU Local. Jump up ^ Rocheleau, Matt ( February 28, 2012 ). `` Northeastern cancels Chick - fil - A plans after student group denounces chain ''. Boston Globe. Retrieved July 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Starnes, Todd ( July 25, 2012 ). `` Rahm : `` Chick - fil - A Values Are Not Chicago Values '' ``. Fox News Radio. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Collier, Myles ( July 18, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A President Says ' God 's Judgment ' Coming Because of Same - Sex Marriage ''. The Christian Post. Retrieved July 26, 2012. I think we are inviting God 's judgment on our nation when we shake our fist at Him and say, ' We know better than you as to what constitutes a marriage '. I pray God 's mercy on our generation that has such a prideful, arrogant attitude to think that we have the audacity to define what marriage is about. Jump up ^ `` What Dan Cathy said ''. The Atlanta Journal - Constitution. July 26, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Blume, K. Allan ( July 2, 2012 ). `` ' Guilty as charged, ' Dan Cathy says of Chick - fil - A 's stand on faith ''. Biblical Recorder. Cary, NC. North Carolina Baptist State Convention. Retrieved July 22, 2012. as an organization we can operate on biblical principles. Jump up ^ Hsu, Tiffany ( July 18, 2012 ). `` Is Chick - fil - A anti-gay marriage? ' Guilty as charged, ' leader says ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Lopez, Ricardo ( July 26, 2012 ). `` San Francisco is the third city to tell Chick - fil - A : Keep out ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Turner, Greg ( July 20, 2012 ). `` Mayor Menino on Chick - fil - A : Stuff it ''. The Boston Herald. Retrieved July 21, 2012. Chick - fil - A does n't belong in Boston. You ca n't have a business in the city of Boston that discriminates against a population. We 're an open city, we 're a city that 's at the forefront of inclusion... That 's the Freedom Trail. That 's where it all started right here. And we 're not going to have a company, Chick - fil - A or whatever the hell the name is, on our Freedom Trail. Jump up ^ Menino, Thomas M. ( July 20, 2012 ). `` Mayor 's letter to Chick - fil - A ''. The Boston Herald. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Dardick, Hal ( July 25, 2012 ). `` Alderman to Chick - fil - A : No deal ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Drum, Kevin ( July 26, 2012 ). `` Rahm Emanuel Needs to Back Off on Chick - fil - A ''. Mother Jones. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Edward, McClelland ( July 26, 2012 ). `` Conservatives and Liberals Defend Chick - fil - A ''. WMAQ - TV. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Miller, Joshua Rhett ( July 26, 2012 ). `` Legal eagles cry fowl over politicians ' plans to block Chick - fil - A ''. Fox News. Retrieved July 26, 2012. Jump up ^ Rose, Annie ( July 25, 2012 ). Chick - fil - A Backlash : Politicians, Muppets Respond. ABC News. Retrieved July 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Lendon, Brad ( July 24, 2012 ). `` Henson, Huckabee take sides in Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy ''. CNN. Retrieved July 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Hsu, Tiffany ( July 28, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A 's PR chief dies suddenly amid gay - marriage imbroglio ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Bartkewicz, Anthony ( July 25, 2012 ). `` Coincidence? Chick - Fil - A pulls Jim Henson toys ''. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 30, 2012. Jump up ^ Robinson, Steve ( July 31, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A Response to Recent Controversy ''. Chick - fil - A ( Press release ). Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Bingham, Amy ( August 1, 2012 ). `` Chick - Fil - A Supporters Gather for Appreciation Day ''. ABC News. Retrieved August 17, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Hsu, Tiffany ( August 1, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A fans and critics take to the streets ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 17, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Holpuch, Amanda ( August 1, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A appreciation day brings huge crowds to fast - food chain Life and style ``. The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Wong, Curtis ( September 19, 2012 ). `` Chick - Fil - A Agrees To Cease Funding To Anti-Gay Organizations, Chicago LGBT Group Claims ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved September 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Voorhees, Josh ( September 19, 2012 ). `` Chick - Fil - A Is Done Fighting Gay Marriage. Kind Of, Maybe ''. The Slatest. Slate. Retrieved September 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Dardick, Hal ( September 19, 2012 ). `` Moreno relents, will allow Chick - fil - A ''. Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. Retrieved September 19, 2012. Jump up ^ Hannah, Amanda ( September 20, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A : Who We Are '' ( PDF ). Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2015. Jump up ^ Dial, Karla ( September 20, 2012 ). `` Chick - fil - A Sets the Record Straight ''. CitizenLink. Focus on the Family. Archived from the original on September 24, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Weinger, Mackenzie ( September 21, 2012 ). `` Mike Huckabee : Chick - fil - A has n't changed ''. Politico. Retrieved September 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Huckabee, Mike ( September 21, 2012 ). `` Chick fil - A Statement ''. Mike Huckabee News ( blog ). Mike Huckabee. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012. Jump up ^ `` No Trans Fats on Chick - fil - A Menu ''. Quick Serve Restaurant. 24 ( 10 ). October 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Choi, Candice ( December 3, 2013 ). `` Chick - Fil - A Removing Artificial Dye, High Fructose Corn Syrup ''. Huffington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Strom, Stephanie ( December 31, 2013 ). `` Social Media as a Megaphone to Pressure the Food Industry ''. New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2014. Jump up ^ Landau, Elizabeth ( February 12, 2014 ). `` Chick - fil - A to serve antibiotic - free chicken ''. CNN. Retrieved February 13, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A to Serve Antibiotic - Free Chicken ''. Restaurant News. February 11, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America. ( hide ) Find more aboutChick - fil - Aat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Chicken - based restaurant chains Global Chester 's Chicken Cottage Church 's / Texas Chicken Dixy Chicken Kenny Rogers Roasters KFC Nando 's Pollo Campero Popeyes Southern Fried Chicken Wienerwald Regional Africa Chicken Licken ( ZA ) Chicken Republic ( NG ) Tastee Fried Chicken ( NG ) Asia Al Baik ( SA ) Al Tazaj ( SA ) Bacolod Chicken Inasal ( PH ) Bonchon Chicken ( KR ) California Fried Chicken ( ID ) The Chicken Rice Shop ( MY ) Dicos ( CN ) Home Original Chicken ( CN ) Jollibee ( PH ) KLG ( TW ) Kyochon ( KR ) Marrybrown ( MY ) Max 's of Manila ( PH ) Mang Inasal ( PH ) Pelicana Chicken ( KR ) SCR ( MY ) TKK Fried Chicken ( TW ) Europe Chicken Cottage ( UK ) Dixy Chicken ( UK ) Morley 's ( UK ) Sam 's Chicken ( UK ) Southern Fried Chicken ( UK ) North America Boston Market Bojangles ' ( US ) Brown 's Chicken & Pasta ( US ) Buffalo Wild Wings Buffalo Wings & Rings Bush 's Chicken ( US ) Chefette ( BB ) Chick - fil - A ( US ) Chicken Express ( US ) Chicken Salad Chick ( US ) Cluck - U ( US ) Dixie Lee ( CA ) El Pollo Loco ( US ) Foosackly 's ( US ) Golden Chick ( US ) Golden Skillet ( US ) Guthrie 's Harold 's Chicken Shack Juan Pollo ( US ) Kyochon Lee 's Famous Louisiana Famous Fried Chicken Mary Brown 's ( CA ) Mrs. Winner 's Pioneer Chicken Pollo Palenque Pollo Tropical ( US ) Quaker Steak & Lube Raising Cane 's ( US ) Ranch One Roscoe 's Royal Castle ( TT ) Roy Rogers ( US ) Scores St - Hubert ( CA ) Smithfield 's ( US ) Swiss Chalet ( CA ) Tip - Top Wild Wing Wingstop WingStreet PDQ ( US ) Wing Zone ( US ) Zankou Chicken ( US ) Zaxby 's ( US ) Oceania Chicken Treat ( AU ) Chooks Fresh & Tasty ( AU ) Oporto ( AU ) Red Rooster ( AU ) South and Central America Pollos Frisby ( CO ) Rostipollos ( CR ) List of chicken restaurants Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr. Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy 's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. 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Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Teavana Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's Kiwi Yogurt MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Noodles Fazoli 's Noodles & Company Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Quiznos Rax Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich? Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's White Tower Zantigo Atlanta companies Aaron 's, Inc. AGCO ( Duluth ) American Megatrends ( Gwinnett County ) Arby 's ( Sandy Springs ) AT&T Mobility Atlanta Bread Company ( Smyrna ) Atlanta Gas Light BellSouth Chick - fil - A ( College Park ) Church 's Chicken ( Sandy Springs ) Coca - Cola Cox Enterprises Delta Air Lines EarthLink Equifax ExpressJet ( College Park ) Georgia Natural Gas Georgia - Pacific Georgia Power Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express The Home Depot ( Cobb County ) Hooters Intercontinental Exchange Krystal Kool Smiles ( Marietta ) Merial ( Duluth ) NCR Corporation ( Gwinnett County ) Popeyes ( Sandy Springs ) RaceTrac Rheem Scientific Atlanta ( Lawrenceville ) Simmons Bedding Company Southern Company SunTrust Banks Turner Broadcasting System United Parcel Service ( Sandy Springs ) Waffle House ( Gwinnett County ) The Weather Channel ( Cobb County ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chick-fil-A&oldid=816010988 '' Categories : Chick - fil - A Companies based in Fulton County, Georgia Fast - food chains of the United States Fast - food poultry restaurants Hapeville, Georgia Opposition to same - sex marriage Economy of the Southeastern United States Privately held companies based in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Restaurants established in 1946 1946 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 17 : 42. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Business model 3 Advertising 4 Sponsored events 5 Related restaurants 5.1 The Hapeville Dwarf House 5.2 Dwarf House 5.3 Truett 's Grill 6 Corporate culture 6.1 Same - sex marriage controversy 6.1. 1 Response 6.1. 2 Report of policy change 7 Recipe changes 8 Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The chain 's origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill ( now the Dwarf House ), a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy, the chain 's former chairman and CEO, in 1946. The restaurant is located in Hapeville, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, and is near the location of the now - demolished Ford Motor Company Atlanta Assembly Plant, for many years a source of many of the restaurant 's patrons. In 1961, after 15 years in the fast food business, Cathy found a pressure - fryer that could cook the chicken sandwich in the same amount of time it took to cook a fast - food hamburger. Following this discovery, he registered the name Chick - fil - A, Inc. The company 's trademarked slogan, `` We Did n't Invent the Chicken," ], "id": [ "15241787025281522745" ], "short_answers": [ "S. Truett Cathy" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Asbestos - wikipedia Asbestos Jump to : navigation, search Not to be confused with Asbestosis. For other uses, see Asbestos ( disambiguation ). Asbestos Fibrous tremolite asbestos on muscovite General Category Silicate minerals Strunz classification 09. ED. 15 Dana classification 71.01. 02d. 03 Crystal system Orthorhombic Identification Formula mass 277.11 g Color Green, red, yellow, white, blue Crystal habit Amorphous, granular, massive Fracture Fibrous Mohs scale hardness 2.5 -- 3 Luster Silky Streak White Optical properties Biaxial Birefringence 0.008 2V angle 20 ° to 60 ° Dispersion relatively weak Ultraviolet fluorescence Non-fluorescent Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals, which all have in common their eponymous asbestiform habit : i.e. long ( roughly 1 : 20 aspect ratio ), thin fibrous crystals, with each visible fiber composed of millions of microscopic `` fibrils '' that can be released by abrasion and other processes. They are commonly known by their colors, as blue asbestos, brown asbestos, white asbestos, and green asbestos. Asbestos mining existed more than 4,000 years ago, but large - scale mining began at the end of the 19th century, when manufacturers and builders began using asbestos for its desirable physical properties. Some of those properties are sound absorption, average tensile strength, affordability, and resistance to fire, heat, and electricity. It was used in such applications as electrical insulation for hotplate wiring and in building insulation. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat, the fibers are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats. These desirable properties made asbestos very widely used. Asbestos use continued to grow through most of the 20th century until public knowledge ( acting through courts and legislatures ) of the health hazards of asbestos dust outlawed asbestos in mainstream construction and fireproofing in most countries. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious and fatal illnesses including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis ( a type of pneumoconiosis ). Concern of asbestos - related illness in modern times began with the 20th century and escalated during the 1920s and 1930s. By the 1980s and 1990s, asbestos trade and use were heavily restricted, phased out, or banned outright in an increasing number of countries. Despite the severity of asbestos - related diseases, the material has extremely widespread use in many areas. Continuing long - term use of asbestos after harmful health effects were known or suspected, and the slow emergence of symptoms decades after exposure ceased, made asbestos litigation the longest, most expensive mass tort in U.S. history and a much lesser legal issue in most other countries involved. Asbestos - related liability also remains an ongoing concern for many manufacturers, insurers and reinsurers. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types and associated fibers 2.1 Serpentine 2.1. 1 Chrysotile 2.2 Amphibole 2.2. 1 Amosite 2.2. 2 Crocidolite 2.2. 3 Other materials 3 Production 4 History of use 4.1 Early uses 4.2 Industrial era 4.3 Discovery of toxicity 4.4 Usage by industry and product type 4.4. 1 Serpentine group 4.4. 2 Amphibole group 4.5 Construction 4.5. 1 Developed countries 4.5. 2 Outside Europe and North America 4.5. 3 11 September 2001 attacks 4.6 Asbestos contaminants in other products 4.6. 1 Vermiculite 4.6. 2 Talc 5 Health impact 6 Substitutes for asbestos in construction 7 Recycling and disposal 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Asbestos derives from the ancient Greek ἄσβεστος, meaning unquenchable or inextinguishable. The word is pronounced / æsˈbɛstəs /, / æzˈbɛstəs / or / æzˈbɛstɒs /. Types and associated fibers ( edit ) Six mineral types are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) as `` asbestos '' including those belonging to the serpentine class and those belonging to the amphibole class. All six asbestos mineral types are known to be human carcinogens. The visible fibers are themselves each composed of millions of microscopic `` fibrils '' that can be released by abrasion and other processes. Chrysotile asbestos Asbestos fibers Asbestos Asbestos Blue asbestos ( crocidolite ). The ruler is 1 cm. Blue asbestos, teased to show the fibrous nature of the mineral Serpentine ( edit ) Serpentine class fibers are curly. Chrysotile is the only member of the serpentine class. Chrysotile ( edit ) Chrysotile, CAS No. 12001 - 29 - 5, is obtained from serpentinite rocks which are common throughout the world. Its idealized chemical formula is Mg ( Si O ) ( OH ). Chrysotile appears under the microscope as a white fiber. Chrysotile has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95 % of the asbestos found in buildings in America. Chrysotile is more flexible than amphibole types of asbestos, and can be spun and woven into fabric. The most common use was corrugated asbestos cement roofing primarily for outbuildings, warehouses and garages. It may also be found in sheets or panels used for ceilings and sometimes for walls and floors. Chrysotile has been a component in joint compound and some plasters. Numerous other items have been made containing chrysotile including brake linings, fire barriers in fuseboxes, pipe insulation, floor tiles, residential shingles, and gaskets for high temperature equipment. Amphibole ( edit ) Amphibole class fibers are needle - like. Amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite are members of the amphibole class. Amosite ( edit ) Amosite, CAS No. 12172 - 73 - 5, often referred to as brown asbestos, is a trade name for the amphiboles belonging to the cummingtonite - grunerite solid solution series, commonly from South Africa, named as a partial acronym for `` Asbestos Mines of South Africa ''. One formula given for amosite is Fe Si O ( OH ). Amosite is seen under a microscope as a grey - white vitreous fiber. It is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products, asbestos insulating board and ceiling tiles. Crocidolite ( edit ) Crocidolite, CAS No. 12001 - 28 - 4, is the fibrous form of the amphibole riebeckite, found primarily in southern Africa, but also in Australia and Bolivia. One formula given for crocidolite is Na Fe Fe Si O ( OH ). Crocidolite is seen under a microscope as a blue fiber. Crocidolite commonly occurs as soft friable fibers. Asbestiform amphibole may also occur as soft friable fibers but some varieties such as amosite are commonly straighter. All forms of asbestos are fibrillar in that they are composed of fibers with breadths less than 1 micrometer in bundles of very great widths. Asbestos with particularly fine fibers is also referred to as `` amianthus ''. Other materials ( edit ) Other regulated asbestos minerals, such as tremolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536 - 68 - 6, Ca Mg Si O ( OH ) ; actinolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536 - 66 - 4, Ca ( Mg, Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ) ; and anthophyllite asbestos, CAS No. 77536 - 67 - 5, ( Mg, Fe ) Si O ( OH ) ; are less commonly used industrially but can still be found in a variety of construction materials and insulation materials and have been used in a few consumer products. Size of asbestos fibers compared to other particles ( USEPA, March 1978 ) Other natural asbestiform minerals, such as richterite, Na ( CaNa ) ( Mg, Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ), and winchite, ( CaNa ) Mg ( Al, Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ), though not regulated, are said by some to be no less harmful than tremolite, amosite, or crocidolite. They are termed `` asbestiform '' rather than asbestos. Although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has not included them in the asbestos standard, NIOSH and the American Thoracic Society have recommended them for inclusion as regulated materials because they may also be hazardous to health. Production ( edit ) In 2009, about 9 % of world 's asbestos production was mined in Canada. In late 2011, Canada 's remaining two asbestos mines, both located in the Province of Quebec, halted operations. In September 2012, the government in the Province of Quebec halted asbestos mining. In 2015, 2 million tonnes of asbestos were mined worldwide. The Russian Federation was the largest producer with about 55 % world share followed by China ( 20 % ), Brazil ( 15.6 % ), and Kazakhstan ( 10.8 % ). History of use ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early uses ( edit ) Asbestos use dates back at least 4,500 years, when the inhabitants of the Lake Juojärvi region in East Finland strengthened earthenware pots and cooking utensils with the asbestos mineral anthophyllite ( see Asbestos - ceramic ). One of the first descriptions of a material that may have been asbestos is in Theophrastus, On Stones, from around 300 BC, although this identification has been questioned. In both modern and ancient Greek, the usual name for the material known in English as `` asbestos '' is amiantos ( `` undefiled '', `` pure '' ), which was adapted into the French amiante and Portuguese amianto. In modern Greek, the word ἀσβεστος or ασβέστης stands consistently and solely for lime. The term asbestos is traceable to Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder 's manuscript Natural History, and his use of the term asbestinon, meaning `` unquenchable ''. While Pliny or his nephew Pliny the Younger is popularly credited with recognising the detrimental effects of asbestos on human beings, examination of the primary sources reveals no support for either claim. Wealthy Persians amazed guests by cleaning a cloth by exposing it to fire. For example, according to Tabari, one of the curious items belonging to Khosrow II Parviz, the great Sassanian king ( r. 531 -- 579 ), was a napkin ( Persian : منديل ‎ ) that he cleaned simply by throwing it into fire. Such cloth is believed to have been made of asbestos imported over the Hindu Kush. According to Biruni in his book, Gems, any cloths made of asbestos ( Persian : آذرشست ‎, āzarshost ) were called shostakeh ( Persian : شستكه ‎ ). Some Persians believed the fiber was the fur of an animal, called the samandar ( Persian : سمندر ‎ ), which lived in fire and died when exposed to water, which was where the former belief that the salamander could tolerate fire originated. Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor ( 800 -- 814 ), is said to have had a tablecloth made of asbestos. Marco Polo recounts having been shown, in a place he calls Ghinghin talas, `` a good vein from which the cloth which we call of salamander, which can not be burnt if it is thrown into the fire, is made... '' Some archaeologists believe that ancients made shrouds of asbestos, wherein they burned the bodies of their kings, in order to preserve only their ashes, and prevent them being mixed with those of wood or other combustible materials commonly used in funeral pyres. Others assert that the ancients used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for sepulchral or other lamps. A famous example is the golden lamp asbestos lychnis, which the sculptor Callimachus made for the Erechtheion. In more recent centuries, asbestos was indeed used for this purpose. Although asbestos causes skin to itch upon contact, ancient literature indicates that it was prescribed for diseases of the skin, and particularly for the itch. It is possible that they used the term asbestos for soapstone, because the two terms have often been confused throughout history. Industrial E.R.A. ( edit ) Industrial scale asbestos mining began in 1878 in Thetford township, Quebec. By 1895, mining was increasingly mechanized. The large scale asbestos industry began in the mid-19th century. Early attempts at producing asbestos paper and cloth in Italy began in the 1850s, but were unsuccessful in creating a market for such products. Canadian samples of asbestos were displayed in London in 1862, and the first companies were formed in England and Scotland to exploit this resource. Asbestos was first used in the manufacture of yarn, and German industrialist Louis Wertheim adopted this process in his factories in Germany. In 1871, the Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company was established in Glasgow, and within the following decades, the Clydebank area became a centre for the nascent industry. Canada 's biggest power shovel loading an ore train with asbestos at the Jeffrey Mine, Johns - Manville Co., Asbestos, Quebec, June 1944. Industrial scale mining began in the Thetford hills, Quebec from the 1870s. Sir William Edmond Logan was the first to notice the large deposits of chrysotile in the hills in his capacity as head of Geological Survey of Canada. Samples of the minerals from here were displayed in London, and excited much interest. With the opening up of the Quebec Central Railway in 1876, mining entrepreneurs, such as Andrew Stuart Johnson established the asbestos industry in the province. The 50 ton output of the mines in 1878 rose to over 10,000 tons in the 1890s with the adoption of machine technologies and expanded production. For a long time, the world 's largest asbestos mine was the Jeffrey mine in the town of Asbestos, Quebec. The applications of asbestos multiplied at the end of the 19th century. This is an advertisement for an asbestos - lined clothes iron from 1906. Asbestos production began in the Urals of the Russian Empire in the 1880s, and in the Alpine regions of Northern Italy with the formation in Turin of the Italo - English Pure Asbestos Company in 1876, although this was soon swamped by the greater production levels from the Canadian mines. Mining also took off in South Africa from 1893 under the aegis of the British businessman Francis Oates, the Director of the De Beers company. It was in South Africa that the production of amosite began in 1910. The U.S. asbestos industry had an early start in 1858, when fibrous anthophyllite was mined for use as asbestos insulation by the Johns Company, a predecessor to the current Johns Manville, at a quarry at Ward 's Hill on Staten Island, New York. US production began in earnest in 1899, with the discovery of large deposits in the Belvidere Mountain. The use of asbestos became increasingly widespread towards the end of the 19th century, when its diverse applications included fire retardant coatings, concrete, bricks, pipes and fireplace cement, heat, fire, and acid resistant gaskets, pipe insulation, ceiling insulation, fireproof drywall, flooring, roofing, lawn furniture, and drywall joint compound. In 2011 it was reported that over 50 % of UK houses still contained asbestos, despite a ban on asbestos products some years earlier. In Japan, particularly after World War II, asbestos was used in the manufacture of ammonium sulfate for purposes of rice production, sprayed upon the ceilings, iron skeletons, and walls of railroad cars and buildings ( during the 1960s ), and used for energy efficiency reasons as well. Production of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990, when production began to drop dramatically. Discovery of toxicity ( edit ) For additional chronological citations, see List of asbestos disease medical articles. In 1899, Montague Murray noted the negative health effects of asbestos. The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906. In the early 1900s researchers began to notice a large number of early deaths and lung problems in asbestos - mining towns. The first such study was conducted by H. Montague Murray at the Charing Cross Hospital, London, in 1900, in which a postmortem investigation of a young man who had died from pulmonary fibrosis after having worked for 14 years in an asbestos textile factory, discovered asbestos traces in the victim 's lungs. Adelaide Anderson, the Inspector of Factories in Britain, included asbestos in a list of harmful industrial substances in 1902. Similar investigations were conducted in France and Italy, in 1906 and 1908, respectively. Asbestos fabric The first diagnosis of asbestosis was made in the UK in 1924. Nellie Kershaw was employed at Turner Brothers Asbestos in Manchester, England from 1917, spinning raw asbestos fibre into yarn. Her death in 1924 led to a formal inquest. Pathologist William Edmund Cooke testified that his examination of the lungs indicated old scarring indicative of a previous, healed, tuberculosis infection, and extensive fibrosis, in which were visible `` particles of mineral matter... of various shapes, but the large majority have sharp angles. '' Having compared these particles with samples of asbestos dust provided by S.A. Henry, His Majesty 's Medical Inspector of Factories, Cooke concluded that they `` originated from asbestos and were, beyond a reasonable doubt, the primary cause of the fibrosis of the lungs and therefore of death ''. As a result of Cooke 's paper, parliament commissioned an inquiry into the effects of asbestos dust by E.R.A. Merewether, Medical Inspector of Factories, and C.W. Price, a factory inspector and pioneer of dust monitoring and control. Their subsequent report, Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis & Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers, was presented to parliament on 24 March 1930. It concluded that the development of asbestosis was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust, and included the first health study of asbestos workers, which found that 66 % of those employed for 20 years or more suffered from asbestosis. The report led to the publication of the first Asbestos Industry Regulations in 1931, which came into effect on 1 March 1932. These regulated ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work - related disease. The term mesothelioma was first used in medical literature in 1931 ; its association with asbestos was first noted sometime in the 1940s. Similar legislation followed in the U.S. about ten years later. Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have died, or are terminally ill, from asbestos exposure related to ship building. In the Hampton Roads area, a shipbuilding center, mesothelioma occurrence is seven times the national rate. Thousands of tons of asbestos were used in World War II ships to insulate piping, boilers, steam engines, and steam turbines. There were approximately 4.3 million shipyard workers in the United States during WWII ; for every 1,000 workers about 14 died of mesothelioma and an unknown number died from asbestosis. The United States government and asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the public of dangers, and to reduce public exposure. In the late 1970s, court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers since the 1930s and had concealed them from the public. In Australia, asbestos was widely used in construction and other industries between 1946 and 1980. From the 1970s there was increasing concern about the dangers of asbestos, and its use was phased out. Mining ceased in 1983. The use of asbestos was phased out in 1989 and banned entirely in December 2003. The dangers of asbestos are now well known in Australia and there is help and support for sufferers from asbestosis or mesothelioma. Usage by industry and product type ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Serpentine Group ( edit ) Serpentine minerals have a sheet or layered structure. Chrysotile is the only asbestos mineral in the serpentine group. In the United States, chrysotile has been the most commonly used type of asbestos. According to the U.S. EPA Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual, chrysotile accounts for approximately 95 % of asbestos found in buildings in the United States. Chrysotile is often present in a wide variety of products and materials, including : Chlor Alkali diaphragm membranes used to make chlorine ( currently in the USA ) Drywall and joint compound ( including texture coats ) Plaster Gas mask filters pre-1960s and gas mask filters from the USSR Vinyl floor tiles, sheeting, adhesives Roofing tars, felts, siding, and shingles `` Transite '' panels, siding, countertops, and pipes Popcorn ceilings, also known as acoustic ceilings Fireproofing An asbestos glove Caulk Industrial and marine gaskets Brake pads and shoes Stage curtains Fire blankets Interior fire doors Fireproof clothing for firefighters Thermal pipe insulation Filters for removing fine particulates from chemicals, liquids and wine Dental cast linings HVAC flexible duct connectors Drilling fluid additives A household heat spreader for cooking on gas stoves, made of asbestos ( probably 1950s ; `` Amiante pur '' is French for `` Pure Asbestos '' ) In the European Union and Australia it has been banned as a potential health hazard and is not used at all. Japan is moving in the same direction, but at a slower pace. Amphibole Group ( edit ) Amphiboles including amosite ( brown asbestos ) and crocidolite ( blue asbestos ) were formerly used in many products until the early 1980s. Tremolite asbestos constituted a contaminant of many if not all naturally occurring chrysotile deposits. The use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was banned in much of the Western world by the mid-1980s, and in Japan by 1995. Some products that included amphibole types of asbestos included the following : Low density insulating board ( often referred to as AIB or asbestos insulating board ) and ceiling tiles ; Asbestos - cement pipe ( made until the early 1990s by at least one manufacturer ) ; Asbestos - cement sheets and pipes for construction, casing for water and electrical / telecommunication services ; Thermal and chemical insulation ( e.g., fire rated doors, limpet spray, lagging and gaskets ). Cigarette manufacturer Lorillard ( Kent 's filtered cigarette ) used crocidolite asbestos in its `` Micronite '' filter from 1952 to 1956. While mostly chrysotile asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads, shoes, and clutch discs, contaminants of amphiboles were present. Since approximately the mid-1990s, brake pads, new or replacement, have been manufactured instead with linings made of ceramic, carbon, metallic and aramid fiber ( Twaron or Kevlar -- the same material used in bulletproof vests ). Artificial Christmas snow, known as flocking, was previously made with asbestos. It was used as an effect in films including The Wizard of Oz and department store window displays and it was marketed for use in private homes under brand names that included `` Pure White '', `` Snow Drift '' and `` White Magic ''. Construction ( edit ) Developed countries ( edit ) Older decorative ceilings, similar to this one, may contain small amounts of white asbestos. 1929 newspaper advertisement from Perth, Western Australia, for asbestos sheeting for residential building construction. The use of asbestos in new construction projects has been banned for health and safety reasons in many developed countries or regions, including the European Union, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, and New Zealand. A notable exception is the United States, where asbestos continues to be used in construction such as cement asbestos pipes. The 5th Circuit Court prevented the EPA from banning asbestos in 1991 because EPA research showed the ban would cost between $450 and 800 million while only saving around 200 lives in a 13 - year timeframe, and that the EPA did not provide adequate evidence for the safety of alternative products. Until the mid-1980s, small amounts of white asbestos were used in the manufacture of Artex, a decorative stipple finish, however, some of the lesser - known suppliers of Artex were still adding white asbestos until 1999. Prior to the ban, asbestos was widely used in the construction industry in thousands of materials. Some are judged to be more dangerous than others due to the amount of asbestos and the material 's friable nature. Sprayed coatings, pipe insulation and Asbestos Insulating Board ( AIB ) are thought to be the most dangerous due to their high content of asbestos and friable nature. Many older buildings built before the late 1990s contain asbestos. In the United States, there is a minimum standard for asbestos surveys as described by ASTM Standard E 2356 -- 04. In the UK the Health and Safety Executive have issued guidance called HSG264 describing how surveys should be completed although other methods can be used if they can demonstrate they have met the regulations by other means. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes some but not all asbestos - contaminated facilities on the Superfund National Priorities list ( NPL ). Renovation and demolition of asbestos - contaminated buildings is subject to EPA NESHAP and OSHA Regulations. Asbestos is not a material covered under CERCLA 's innocent purchaser defense. In the UK, the removal and disposal of asbestos and of substances containing it are covered by the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006. U.S. asbestos consumption hit a peak of 804,000 tons in 1973 ; world asbestos demand peaked around 1977, with 25 countries producing nearly 4.8 million metric tons annually. In older buildings ( e.g. those built prior to 1999 in the UK, before white asbestos was banned ), asbestos may still be present in some areas. Being aware of asbestos locations reduces the risk of disturbing asbestos. Removal of asbestos building components can also remove the fire protection they provide, therefore fire protection substitutes are required for proper fire protection that the asbestos originally provided. Outside Europe and North America ( edit ) Some countries, such as India, Indonesia, China, Russia and Brazil, have continued widespread use of asbestos. The most common is corrugated asbestos - cement sheets or `` A / C sheets '' for roofing and for side walls. Millions of homes, factories, schools or sheds and shelters continue to use asbestos. Cutting these sheets to size and drilling holes to receive ' J ' bolts to help secure the sheets to roof framing is done on - site. There has been no significant change in production and use of A / C sheets in developing countries following the widespread restrictions in developed nations. `` The largest exporter of asbestos is Russia, which exported 100 million metric tonnes of asbestos. This asbestos is shipped to the nations that still use this cheap and effective building material. China is the number one importer of asbestos, using over five - hundred seventy metric tonnes of the dangerous substance in 2013 alone. China is not the only country that uses asbestos, Russia, Canada, Brazil and India all use asbestos. '' 11 September 2001 attacks ( edit ) See also : Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks As New York City 's World Trade Center collapsed following the September 11 attacks, Lower Manhattan was blanketed in a mixture of building debris and combustible materials. This complex mixture gave rise to the concern that thousands of residents and workers in the area would be exposed to known hazards in the air and in the dust, such as asbestos, lead, glass fibers, and pulverized concrete. More than 1,000 tons of asbestos are thought to have been released into the air following the buildings ' destruction. Inhalation of a mixture of asbestos and other toxicants is thought to be linked to the unusually high death rate from cancer of emergency service workers since the disaster. Thousands more are now thought to be at risk of developing cancer due to this exposure with those who have died so far being only the `` tip of the iceberg ''. Some commentators have criticised authorities for using asbestos in the buildings ' construction. In May 2002, after numerous cleanup, dust collection, and air monitoring activities were conducted outdoors by EPA, other federal agencies, New York City, and the state of New York, New York City formally requested federal assistance to clean and test residences in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site for airborne asbestos. Asbestos contaminants in other products ( edit ) Vermiculite ( edit ) Vermiculite is a hydrated laminar magnesium - aluminum - iron silicate which resembles mica. It can be used for many industrial applications and has been used as insulation. Some deposits of vermiculite have been found to be contaminated with small amounts of asbestos. One vermiculite mine operated by W.R. Grace and Company in Libby, Montana exposed workers and community residents to danger by mining vermiculite contaminated with asbestos, typically richterite, winchite, actinolite or tremolite. Vermiculite contaminated with asbestos from the Libby mine was used as insulation in residential and commercial buildings through Canada and the United States. W.R. Grace and Company 's loose - fill vermiculite was marketed as Zonolite but was also used in sprayed - on products such as Monokote. In 1999 the EPA began cleanup efforts in Libby and now the area is a Superfund cleanup area. The EPA has determined that harmful asbestos is released from the mine as well as through other activities that disturb soil in the area. Talc ( edit ) A laboratory heat spreader made of asbestos, on tripod over a Teclu burner. Talc can sometimes be contaminated with asbestos due to the proximity of asbestos ore ( usually tremolite ) in underground talc deposits. By 1973, US federal law required all talc products to be asbestos - free, and today there is strict quality control in the production of talc products, separating cosmetic - grade talc ( e.g. talcum powder ) from industrial - grade talc ( often used in friction products ) has largely eliminated this issue for consumers. In 2000, tests in a certified asbestos - testing laboratory found the tremolite form of amphibole asbestos used to be found in three out of eight popular brands of children 's crayons that were made partly from talc : Crayola, Prang, and RoseArt. In Crayola crayons, the tests found asbestos levels around 0.05 % in Carnation Pink and 2.86 % in Orchid ; in Prang crayons, the range was from 0.3 % in Periwinkle to 0.54 % in Yellow ; in Rose Art crayons, it was from 0.03 % in Brown to 1.20 % in Orange. Overall, 32 different types of crayons from these brands used to contain more than trace amounts of asbestos, and eight others contained trace amounts. The Art and Creative Materials Institute, a trade association which tested the safety of crayons on behalf of the makers, initially insisted the test results must have been incorrect, although they later said they do not test for asbestos. In May 2000, Crayola said tests by Richard Lee, a materials analyst whose testimony on behalf of the asbestos industry has been accepted in lawsuits over 250 times, found its crayons tested negative for asbestos. In spite of that, in June 2000 Binney & Smith, the maker of Crayola, and the other makers agreed to stop using talc in their products, and changed their product formulations in the United States. The mining company, RT Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur, New York, which supplied the talc to the crayon makers, states that `` to the best of our knowledge and belief '' there is no asbestos in its talc. However media reports claim that the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration ( MSHA ) had found asbestos in four talc samples tested in 2000. The Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health subsequently wrote to the news reporter, stating that `` In fact, the abbreviation ND ( non detect ) in the laboratory report -- indicates no asbestos fibers actually were found in the samples '', and multiple studies by both mineral studies laboratories and biological cell studies do not report asbestos. These findings have been rejected by other health reports and studies which advocate a `` same as '' asbestos risk. Health Impact ( edit ) Main article : Health impact of asbestos Asbestos warning label. Left - sided mesothelioma ( seen on the right of the picture ) : chest CT All types of asbestos fibers are known to cause serious health hazards in humans. Amosite and crocidolite are considered the most hazardous asbestos fiber types ; however, chrysotile asbestos has also produced tumors in animals and is a recognized cause of asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma in humans, and mesothelioma has been observed in people who were occupationally exposed to chrysotile, family members of the occupationally exposed, and residents who lived close to asbestos factories and mines. During the 1980s and again in the 1990s it was suggested at times that the process of making asbestos cement could `` neutralize '' the asbestos, either via chemical processes or by causing cement to attach to the fibers and changing their physical size ; subsequent studies showed that this was untrue, and that decades - old asbestos cement, when broken, releases asbestos fibers identical to those found in nature, with no detectable alteration. Exposure to asbestos in the form of fibers is always considered dangerous. Working with, or exposure to, material that is friable, or materials or works that could cause release of loose asbestos fibers, is considered high risk. In general, people who become ill from inhaling asbestos have been regularly exposed in a job where they worked directly with the material. The most common diseases associated with chronic exposure to asbestos are asbestosis and mesothelioma. Substitutes for asbestos in construction ( edit ) Fiberglass insulation was invented in 1938 and is now the most commonly used type of insulation material. The safety of this material has also been called into question due to similarities in material structure. However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer removed fiberglass from its list of possible human carcinogens in 2001 and a scientific review article from 2011 claimed epidemiology data was inconsistent and concluded that the IARC 's decision to downgrade the carcinogenic potential of fiberglass was valid ( however, this study was funded by sponsored research contract from the North American Insulation Manufacturer 's Association ). In 1978, a highly texturized fiberglass fabric was invented by Bal Dixit, called Zetex. This fabric is lighter than asbestos, but offers the same bulk, thickness, hand, feel, and abrasion resistance as asbestos. The fiberglass was texturized to eliminate some of the problems that arise with fiberglass, such as poor abrasion resistance and poor seam strength. In Europe, mineral wool and glass wool are the main insulators in houses. Many companies that produced asbestos - cement products that were reinforced with asbestos fibers have developed products incorporating organic fibers. One such product was known as `` Eternit '' and another `` Everite '' now use `` Nutec '' fibers which consist of organic fibers, portland cement and silica. Cement - bonded wood fiber is another substitute. Stone fibers are used in gaskets and friction materials. Another potential fiber is polybenzimidazole or PBI fiber. Polybenzimidazole fiber is a synthetic fiber with a high melting point of 760 ° C ( 1,400 ° F ) that also does not ignite. Because of its exceptional thermal and chemical stability, it is often used by fire departments and space agencies. Recycling and disposal ( edit ) Old Wailuku Post Office sealed off for asbestos removal Asbestos alternatives for industrial use include sleeves, rope, tape, fabric, textiles and insulation batt materials made from fiberglass and silica. In most developed countries, asbestos is typically disposed of as hazardous waste in landfill sites. The demolition of buildings containing large amounts of asbestos based materials pose particular problems for builders and property developers -- such buildings often have to be deconstructed piece by piece, or the asbestos has to be painstakingly removed before the structure can be razed by mechanical or explosive means. One such example is the Red Road Flats in Glasgow, Scotland which used huge amounts of asbestos cement board for wall panelling -- here British health and safety regulations stipulate that asbestos material has to be removed to a landfill site via an approved route at certain times of the day in specially adapted vehicles. Asbestos can be recycled by transforming it into harmless silicate glass. A process of thermal decomposition at 1000 -- 1250 ° C produces a mixture of non-hazardous silicate phases, and at temperatures above 1250 ° C it produces silicate glass. Microwave thermal treatment can be used in an industrial manufacturing process to transform asbestos and asbestos - containing waste into porcelain stoneware tiles, porous single - fired wall tiles, and ceramic bricks. The combination of oxalic acid with ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibers. See also ( edit ) Asbestine List of minerals Asbestos abatement Asbestos and the law Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization Asbestos - ceramic Asbestos cement Medical geology Red List building materials References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alleman, James E. ; Mossman, Brooke T ( July 1997 ). `` Asbestos Revisited '' ( PDF ). Scientific American. 277 : 54 -- 57. Bibcode : 1997SciAm. 277a... 70A. doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0797 - 70. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010. ^ Jump up to : Gee, David ; Greenberg, Morris ( 9 January 2002 ). `` Asbestos : from ' magic ' to malevolent mineral '' ( PDF ). Late lessons from early warnings : the precautionary principle 1896 -- 2000. Copenhagen : EEA ( 22 ) : 52 -- 63. ISBN 92 - 9167 - 323 - 4. Retrieved 20 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` What is asbestos? ''. Cancer Society. Retrieved 28 July 2017. Jump up ^ Position Statement on Asbestos from the Joint Policy Committee of the Societies of Epidemiology ( JPC - SE ), approved June 4, 2012 Jump up ^ BrancheArbejdsmiljøRådet for Bygge & Anlæg ( February 2009 ). Når du støder på asbest. Branchevejledning ( in Danish ). Copenhagen. pp. 6 -- 7. ISBN 978 - 87 - 7952 - 118 - 6. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Jump up ^ `` Timeline Of Asbestos Bans ''. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25. Jump up ^ Best, Richard. `` Liability for Asbestos Related Disease in England and Germany '' ( PDF ). germanlawjournal.com. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015. ^ Jump up to : Bostock, John ( 1856 ). `` Asbestinon ''. The Natural History of Pliny. Vol. IV. Translated by Riley, H.T. London : Henry G. Bohn. p. 137. Retrieved 26 November 2010. Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 5th ed. ). Oxford University Press. 2002. Jump up ^ `` Asbestos, CAS No. 1332 - 21 - 4 '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 April 2011. Jump up ^ Berman, D Wayne ; Crump, Kenny S ( 2003 ). Final draft : technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos - related risk. Washington DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 474. ^ Jump up to : `` What is asbestos? ''. American Cancer Society. Retrieved 12 January 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Asbestos -- History and Uses ''. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 31 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. ^ Jump up to : Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite and Actinolite. U.S. Department of Labor. 1992 Jump up ^ `` Asbestos '' ( PDF ). U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program. January 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2016. Jump up ^ Asbestos mining stops for first time in 130 years. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 November 2011 Jump up ^ Dougherty, Kevin ( 20 November 2012 ) Quebec Budget : Finance Minister Nicolas Marceau tightens spending, levies new taxes. Ottawa Citizen Jump up ^ `` Asbestos '' ( PDF ). U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program. January 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016. ^ Jump up to : Ross, Malcolm & Nolan, Robert P ( 2003 ). `` History of asbestos discovery and use and asbestos - related disease in context with the occurrence of asbestos within the ophiolite complexes ''. In Dilek, Yildirim & Newcomb, Sally. Ophiolite Concept and the Evolution of Geological Thought. Special Paper 373. Boulder, Colorado : Geological Society of America. ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2373 - 6. Jump up ^ Caley, Earl R. ; Richards, John F.C. ( 1956 ). `` Commentary ''. Theophrastus on Stones : Introduction, Greek Text, English Translation, and Commentary. Graduate School Monographs : Contributions in Physical Science, No. 1. Columbus, OH : The Ohio State University. pp. 87 -- 88. Retrieved 31 January 2013. Moore thought that Theophrastus was really referring to asbestos. The color of the stone makes this unlikely, though its structure makes it less improbable, since some forms of decayed wood do have a fibrous structure like asbestos... It is, however, unlikely that Theophrastus is alluding to asbestos, since the mineral does not occur in the locality mentioned... It is much more probable that Theophrastus is referring to the well - known brown fibrous lignite. Jump up ^ Barbalace, Roberta C. ( 22 October 1995 ). `` History of Asbestos ''. Environmentalchemistry.com. Retrieved 12 January 2010. Jump up ^ Maines, Rachel ( 2005 ). Asbestos and Fire : Technological Trade - offs and the Body at Risk. Rutgers University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3575 - 1. Jump up ^ New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2003 ), vol. 6, p. 843 Jump up ^ Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary ^ Jump up to : `` University of Calgary ''. Iras.ucalgary.ca. 30 September 2001. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2010. Jump up ^ A Brief History of Asbestos Use and Associated Health Risks EnvironmentalChemistry.com website Jump up ^ `` Fantastically Wrong : The Legend of the Homicidal Fire - Proof Salamander ''. WIRED. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03. Jump up ^ `` Science : Asbestos ''. Time. 29 November 1926. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011. Jump up ^ Polo, Marco ; A C. Moule ; Paul Pelliot ( 1938 ). Marco Polo : the Description of the World : A.C. Moule & Paul Pelliot. G. Routledge & Sons. pp. 156 -- 57. Retrieved 31 January 2013. ^ Jump up to : Chambers, Ephraim ( 1728 ). Cyclopædia. Retrieved 28 November 2016. Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder. Ch. 4. -- LINEN MADE OF ASBESTOS. In The Natural History Jump up ^ Eleftheratou, S. ( 2016 ). Acropolis museum guide. Acropolis Museum Editions. p. 258. ^ Jump up to : Selikoff, Irving J. ( 1978 ). Asbestos and Disease. Elsevier. pp. 8 -- 20. ISBN 9780323140072. Jump up ^ `` Asbestos & Clydebank ''. Clydebank Asbestos Group. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Jump up ^ The storied province of Quebec : past and present. Volume V ( 1931 ) Wood, WCH ; Atherton, WH ; Conklin, EP pp. 814 -- 5 Jump up ^ Udd, John ( 1998 ) `` A Chronology of Minerals Development in Canada '' Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. National Resources Canada Jump up ^ Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration ( U.S. ) ( 2006 ). Industrial minerals & rocks : commodities, markets, and uses. p. 195. ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 233 - 8. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` OATS, FRANCIS of GOLANT ''. South African Who 's Who 1916. November 2006. Jump up ^ Betts, John ( May -- June 2009 ). `` The Minerals of New York City ''. Rocks & Mineral Magazine. 84 ( 3 ) : 204 -- 252. doi : 10.3200 / RMIN. 84.3. 204 - 223. Retrieved 21 April 2011. Jump up ^ Don, Andrew ( 1 May 2011 ) Asbestos : the hidden health hazard in millions of homes. The Guardian. Jump up ^ Morinaga, Kenji. `` Asbestos in Japan '' ( PDF ). European Conference 2003. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2010. Jump up ^ Luus, K ( 2007 ). `` Asbestos : Mining exposure, health effects and policy implications ''. McGill journal of medicine : MJM : an international forum for the advancement of medical sciences by students. 10 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 6. PMC 2323486. PMID 18523609. ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Asbestos in the UK -- The story so far... Asbestos uses and regulations timeline '' ( PDF ). silverdell.plc.uk. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2013. Jump up ^ Selikoff, Irving J. ( 1978 ). Asbestos and Disease. Elsevier. pp. 20 -- 32. ISBN 9780323140072. ^ Jump up to : Cooke, W.E. ( 26 July 1924 ). `` FIBROSIS OF THE LUNGS DUE TO THE INHALATION OF ASBESTOS DUST ''. Br Med J. London : BMA. 2 ( 3317 ) : 140 -- 2, 147. doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.3317. 147. ISSN 0959 - 8138. PMC 2304688. PMID 20771679. ^ Jump up to : Selikoff, Irving J. ; Greenberg, Morris ( 20 February 1991 ). `` A Landmark Case in Asbestosis '' ( PDF ). JAMA. Chicago, Illinois : AMA. 265 ( 7 ) : 898 -- 901. doi : 10.1001 / jama. 265.7. 898. ISSN 0098 - 7484. PMID 1825122. Retrieved 20 April 2010. Jump up ^ Bartrip, P.W.J. ( 2001 ). The Way from Dusty Death : Turner and Newall and the Regulation of the British Asbestos Industry 1890s -- 1970. London : The Athlone Press. p. 12. ISBN 0 - 485 - 11573 - 5. Jump up ^ Bartrip, Peter ( 1998 ). `` Too little, too late? The home office and the asbestos industry regulations, 1931 ''. Med. Hist. London : The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. 42 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 438. doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300064334. ISSN 0025 - 7273. PMC 1044071. PMID 10505397. Jump up ^ Published as Report on the effects of asbestos dust on the lungs and dust suppression in the asbestos industry. Part I. Occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis and other pulmonary affections in asbestos workers. Part II. Processes giving rise to dust and methods for its suppression. London : HMSO, 1930. Jump up ^ `` Classic papers in Public Health : Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the Year 1947 by E.R.A. Merewether -- The Pump Handle ''. scienceblogs.com. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. Jump up ^ Burke, Bill ( 6 May 2001 ) `` Shipbuilding 's Deadly Legacy : Introduction : Horrible Toll Could Have Been Avoided '' Virginian - Pilot Norfolk, Virginia ( newspaper ) ; from Internet Archive ^ Jump up to : Burke, Bill ( 6 May 2001 ) `` Shipyards, a Crucible for Tragedy : Part 1 : How the war created a monster '' Virginian - Pilot Norfolk, Virginia ( newspaper ) Jump up ^ Lavelle, Peter ( 29 April 2004 ) Australian Broadcasting Corporation Fact File : Asbestos. Australian Broadcasting Corporation Jump up ^ Caustic Soda Production. Olin Corporation Jump up ^ Hearst Magazines ( July 1935 ). Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. pp. 62 --. ISSN 0032 - 4558. Retrieved 10 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` NOHSC declares prohibition on use of chrysotile asbestos ''. Ascc.gov.au. 17 October 2001. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Jump up ^ Cigarette Filter Danger. Snopes.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012. Jump up ^ Otway, Helen ( 2005 ). `` Unbelievable Random Facts ''. 1001 unbelievable Facts. Capella. p. 191. ISBN 978 - 1 - 84193 - 783 - 0. Jump up ^ Asbestos in Fake Snow Wizard of Oz. Retrieved 19 December 2014 Jump up ^ 947 F. 2d 1201 -- Corrosion Proof Fittings v. Environmental Protection Agency. Openjurist.org. Retrieved 10 January 2012. Jump up ^ Where can asbestos be found, Asbestos Surveying Ltd, Birmingham, UK, 2 08 2008. Retrieved 29 Dec 2008. Jump up ^ Artex website, Click the `` Asbestos in Artex '' button. Jump up ^ http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg264.htm Jump up ^ Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006, Health and Safety Executive, London, UK, Undated. Retrieved 29 Dec 2008. Jump up ^ History of Asbestos, Asbestos.com, retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 ^ Jump up to : `` Asbestos in the home booklet. Wrekin housing trust '' ( PDF ). Retrieved 26 October 2010. Jump up ^ Asbestos Removal. Laws.sandwell.gov.uk ( 1 April 2005 ). Retrieved 10 January 2012. Jump up ^ https://www.asbestos.com/mesothelioma/worldwide.php ^ Jump up to : Stephenson, John B. ( 20 Jun 2007 ). World Trade Center : preliminary observations on EPA 's second program to address indoor contamination ( GAO - 07 - 806T ) : testimony before the Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health, U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Accountability Office. ^ Jump up to : Pilkington, Ed ( 11 November 2009 ). `` 9 / 11 's delayed legacy : cancer for many of the rescue workers ''. The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2010. Jump up ^ `` EPA Asbestos Contamination In Vermiculite ''. Epa.gov. 28 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010. Jump up ^ Meeker, G.P ( 2003 ). `` The Composition and Morphology of Amphiboles from the Rainy Creek Complex, Near Libby, Montana ''. American Mineralogist. 88 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1955 -- 1969. Bibcode : 2003AmMin... 88.1955 M. doi : 10.2138 / am - 2003 - 11 - 1239. Jump up ^ `` Libby Asbestos -- US EPA Region 8 ''. Epa.gov. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010. Jump up ^ `` Risk Assessment -- US EPA ''. Epa.gov. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2010. Jump up ^ Van Gosen, Bradley S., Lowers, Heather A., Sutley, Stephen J. ( 2004 ). `` A USGS Study of Talc Deposits and Associated Amphibole Asbestos Within Mined Deposits of the Southern Death Valley Region, California ''. Pubs.usgs.gov. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Dillner, Luisa ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ). `` Is it safe to use talcum powder? ''. The Guardian. ISSN 0261 - 3077. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03. Jump up ^ `` The Straight Dope : Is talcum powder asbestos? ''. www.straightdope.com. Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03. ^ Jump up to : `` Major brands of kids ' crayons contain asbestos, tests show ''. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 23 May 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. ^ Jump up to : Schneider, Andrew ; Smith, Carol ( 13 June 2000 ). `` Crayon firms agree to stop using talc '' ( PDF ). Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Jump up ^ `` Old dispute rekindled over content of mine 's talc ''. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 30 May 2000. Jump up ^ McAteer, J. Davitt Assist. Secretary for Mine Safety and Health correspondence to Andrew Schneider of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer dated 14 June 2000 -- copy obtainable through records archives MSHA. Jump up ^ Van Orden, D., R.J. Lee : Weight Percent Compositional Analysis of Seven RTV Talc Samples. Analytical Report to R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. 22 November 2000. Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson, National Toxicology Program, 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) ''. 4 December 2000. Jump up ^ Nord, G. L, S.W. Axen, R.P. Nolan : Mineralogy and Experimental Animal Studies of Tremolitic Talc. Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York. Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson, National Toxicology Program, 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) ''. 1 December 2000. Jump up ^ Kelse, J.W. ; Thompson, C. Sheldon ( 1989 ). `` The Regulatory and Mineralogical Definitions of Asbestos and Their Impact on Amphibole Dust Analysis ''. AIHA Journal. 50 ( 11 ) : 613 -- 622. doi : 10.1080 / 15298668991375245. Jump up ^ Wylie, A.G. ( 2 June 2000 ) Report of Investigation. Analytical Report on RTV talc submitted to R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. 13 February 1987 ( Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson, National Toxicology Program, 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) ''. Jump up ^ Crane, D. ( 26 November 1986 ) Letter to Greg Piacitelli ( NIOSH ) describing the analytical findings of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regarding R.T. Vanderbilt Talc ( In OSHA Docket H - 33 - d and In Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson, National Toxicology Program, 10th ROC Nominations -- 2 June 2000 ). Jump up ^ Crane, D. ( 12 June 2000 ) Background Information Regarding the Analysis of Industrial Talcs. Letter to the Consumer Product Safety Commission from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. ( Appended to CPSC Staff Report on `` Asbestos in Children 's Crayons '' Aug. 2000 ). Jump up ^ McCrone Associates -- Atlanta Lab. : Report on the Analysis of Paint CLS - 5067 - 1 and Mineral Filler CLS - N - 439 - 1. To Unspecified Paint Company 23 September 1992. ( Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson, National Toxicology Program, 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) ''. 2 June 2000. Jump up ^ Langer, A.M., Nolan, R.P. ( November 2000 ) `` Mineralogical Characterization of Vanderbilt Talc Specimens & Comparison of the 1976 Rohl Talc Report to NIOSH and Analysis Performed in 1988 ''. In Public Comments -- Nat'l Toxicology Program 10th ROC review. W. Jameson NIEHS MED EC - 14, 79 Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park, NC `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) ''. Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior : Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties by W.J. Campbell, et al. ( Bureau of Mines Information Circular, I.C. 8751 ). Washington, D.C. : Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. ( 1977 ). Jump up ^ Stille, WT ; Tabershaw, IR ( 1982 ). `` The mortality experience of upstate New York talc workers ''. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 24 ( 6 ) : 480 -- 4. PMID 7097380. Jump up ^ Lamm, SH ; Levine, MS ; Starr, JA ; Tirey, SL ( 1988 ). `` Analysis of excess lung cancer risk in short - term employees ''. American Journal of Epidemiology. 127 ( 6 ) : 1202 -- 9. PMID 3369419. Jump up ^ Gamble, JF ( 1993 ). `` A nested case control study of lung cancer among New York talc workers ''. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 64 ( 6 ) : 449 -- 56. doi : 10.1007 / BF00517952. PMID 8458662. Jump up ^ Dement, JM ; Brown, DP ( 1982 ). `` Occupational exposure to talc containing asbestos ''. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal. 43 ( 6 ) : A24 -- 5. PMID 7113917. Jump up ^ Hull, M.J. ; Abraham, J.L. ; Case, B.W. ( 2002 ). `` Mesothelioma among Workers in Asbestiform Fiber - Bearing Talc Mines in New York State ''. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 46 : 132 -- 135. doi : 10.1093 / annhyg / 46. suppl_1. 132. Jump up ^ Asbestos : elimination of asbestos - related diseases. World Health Organization. July 2014 Jump up ^ Straif, K ; Benbrahim - Tallaa, L ; Baan, R ; Grosse, Y ; Secretan, B ; El Ghissassi, F ; Bouvard, V ; Guha, N ; Freeman, C ; Galichet, L ; Cogliano, V ; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group ( 2009 ). `` A review of human carcinogens -- Part C : Metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibres '' ( PDF ). The Lancet. Oncology. 10 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 4. doi : 10.1016 / S1470 - 2045 ( 09 ) 70134 - 2. PMID 19418618. Jump up ^ Collegium Razmzzini 2010 Statement on Asbestos. collegiumramazzini.org Jump up ^ Kanarek, M.S. ( 2011 ). `` Mesothelioma from Chrysotile Asbestos : Update ''. Annals of Epidemiology. 21 ( 9 ) : 688 -- 97. doi : 10.1016 / j. annepidem. 2011.05. 010. PMID 21820631. Jump up ^ Marbbn, C.A. ( 2009 ). `` Asbestos Risk Assessment ''. The Journal of Undergraduate Biological Studies : 12 -- 24. Jump up ^ Investigation of the chrysotile fibres in an asbestos cement sample ( 2006 ) - HSL / 2007 / 11, p. 26 onward ) Jump up ^ ATSDR -- Asbestos -- Health Effects. ( 1 April 2008 ). ATSDR Home. Retrieved 24 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Fiber Glass : A Carcinogen That 's Everywhere ''. Rachel 's News. Environmental Research Foundation. 31 May 1995. Jump up ^ Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1 -- 111. iarc.fr Jump up ^ Marsh, G.M. ; Buchanich, J.M. ; Youk, A.O. ( 2011 ). `` Fiber glass exposure and human respiratory system cancer risk : Lack of evidence persists since 2001 IARC re-evaluation ''. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 60 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 92. doi : 10.1016 / j. yrtph. 2011.02. 009. PMID 21345360. Jump up ^ Dixit, B., `` Performance of Protective Clothing : Development and Testing of Asbestos Substitutes, '' Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 900, R.L. Barker and G.C. Coletta, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 446 -- 460 ISBN 0 - 8031 - 0461 - 8. Jump up ^ Gualtieri, A.F. ; Tartaglia, A. ( 2000 ). `` Thermal decomposition of asbestos and recycling in traditional ceramics ''. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 20 ( 9 ) : 1409 -- 1418. doi : 10.1016 / S0955 - 2219 ( 99 ) 00290 - 3. Jump up ^ Leonelli, C. ; Veronesi, P. ; Boccaccini, D. ; Rivasi, M. ; Barbieri, L. ; Andreola, F. ; Lancellotti, I. ; Rabitti, D. ; Pellacani, G. ( 2006 ). `` Microwave thermal inertisation of asbestos containing waste and its recycling in traditional ceramics ''. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 135 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 149 -- 55. doi : 10.1016 / j. jhazmat. 2005.11. 035. PMID 16406335. Jump up ^ Francesco Turci ; Maura Tomatis ; Stefano Mantegna ; Giancarlo Cravotto ; Bice Fubini ( 2007 ). `` The combination of oxalic acid with power ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibres ''. Journal of Environmental Monitoring ( 10 ) : 1064 -- 1066. Bibliography ( edit ) Castleman, Barry I. ( 1996 ). Asbestos : Medical and Legal Aspects. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Aspen Publishers. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5260 - 9. Further reading ( edit ) George B. Guthrie and Brooke T. Mossman, editors, Health Effects of Mineral Dusts, Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy v. 28, 584 pages ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 939950 - 33 - 2. Deaths and major morbidity from asbestos - related diseases in Asia likely to surge in next 20 years Asbestos : an introduction by JW Cherrie Tweedale, Geoffrey ( 2000 ). Magic Mineral to Killer Dust Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 336. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829690 - 4. External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAsbestosat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization The Asbestos Information Centre Independent site with information about asbestos and its use in buildings U.S. EPA Asbestos Home Page ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine : Asbestos Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services British Government Health and Safety Executive ( HSE ) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health : Asbestos World Health Organization -- Asbestos page Asbestos general article and chrysotile specifically : comprehensive coverage of all aspects of chemistry, biological interactions, destruction, and social / clinical scientific knowledge related to Asbestos, on the Toxicology Data Network, with full library of cites on many aspects and sub-topics ). Parachrysotile ( asbestos ) at the webmineral.com Mineral Database Univ. of Minn. : Asbestos White Gold Pioneers : Asbestos Mining -- The origins of asbestos mining, illustrated with many early photographs How to Identify Asbestos - Independent site citing how to identify the early signs of Asbestos and actions to take Fibers Natural Plant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos Man - made Regenerated Art silk Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Synthetic Mineral Glass Carbon Tenax Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene Dyneema Spectra Spandex Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Category Commons Occupational safety and health Occupational diseases and injuries Acrodynia Asbestosis Asthma Berylliosis Brucellosis Byssinosis ( `` brown lung '' ) Chalicosis Chimney sweeps ' carcinoma Chronic solvent - induced encephalopathy ( CSE ) Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis ( `` black lung '' ) Concussions in sport Decompression sickness De Quervain syndrome Exposure to human nail dust Farmer 's lung Fiddler 's neck Flock worker 's lung Glassblower 's cataract Golfer 's elbow Hearing Loss Hospital - acquired infection Indium lung Laboratory animal allergy Lead poisoning Mad hatter disease Mesothelioma Metal fume fever Mule spinners ' cancer Noise - induced hearing loss Phossy jaw Pneumoconiosis Radium jaw Repetitive strain injury Silicosis Silo - filler 's disease Sports injury Surfer 's ear Tennis elbow Tinnitus Writer 's cramp Occupational hygiene Occupational hazard Hierarchy of hazard controls Prevention through design Exposure assessment Occupational exposure limit Occupational epidemiology Professions Environmental health Industrial engineering Occupational health nursing Occupational health psychology Occupational medicine Occupational therapist Safety engineering Agencies and organizations European Agency for Safety and Health at Work UK Health and Safety Executive International Labour Organization U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration World Health Organization Standards Bangladesh Accord ISO 45001 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 Worker Protection Standard ( US ) Working Environment Convention, 1977 See also Environment, health and safety Environmental toxicology Ergonomics Health physics Indoor air quality International Chemical Safety Card National Day of Mourning ( Canadian observance ) Process safety management Public health Risk management Safety data sheet ( SDS ) Toxic tort Workers ' compensation Category Occupational diseases Commons Journals Organizations GND : 4003178 - 0 NDL : 00570569 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asbestos&oldid=837444672 '' Categories : Asbestos Hazardous air pollutants Carcinogens IARC Group 1 carcinogens Occupational safety and health Industrial minerals Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Persian - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018, at 21 : 22. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ ". It was used in such applications as electrical insulation for hotplate wiring and in building insulation. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat, the fibers are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats. These desirable properties made asbestos very widely used. Asbestos use continued to grow through most of the 20th century until public knowledge ( acting through courts and legislatures ) of the health hazards of asbestos dust outlawed asbestos in mainstream construction and fireproofing in most countries. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious and fatal illnesses including lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis ( a type of pneumoconiosis ). Concern of asbestos - related illness in modern times began with the 20th century and escalated during the 1920s and 1930s. By the 1980s and 1990s, asbestos trade and use were heavily restricted, phased out, or banned outright in an increasing number of countries. Despite the severity of asbestos - related diseases, the material has extremely widespread use in many areas. Continuing long - term use of asbestos after harmful health effects were known or suspected, and the slow emergence of symptoms decades after exposure ceased, made asbestos litigation the longest, most expensive mass tort in U.S. history and a much lesser legal issue in most other countries involved. Asbestos - related liability also remains an ongoing concern for many manufacturers, insurers and reinsurers. Contents ( hide ) 1" ], "id": [ "3186489323107088541" ], "short_answers": [ "began with the 20th century and escalated during the 1920s and 1930s" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Flight recorder - wikipedia Flight recorder This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) at 23 : 31, 26 August 2017 ( move external link to its new home using AWB ). The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version. Revision as of 23 : 31, 26 August 2017 by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) ( move external link to its new home using AWB ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation, search An example of a flight data recorder ; the underwater locator beacon is the small cylinder on the far right. ( Translation of warning message in French : FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN ) The warning appears in English on the other side. A flight recorder, commonly known as a black box, although it is now orange - coloured, is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents. The flight data recorder ( FDR ) is a device that preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters collected several times per second. The cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit, including the conversation of the pilots. The two recorders give an accurate testimony, narrating the aircraft 's flight history, to assist in any later investigation. The FDR and CVR may be combined in a single unit. The two recorders are required by international regulation, overseen by the International Civil Aviation Organization, to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident. For this reason, they are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400 g and temperatures of over 1,000 ° C ( 1,830 ° F ) as required by EUROCAE ED - 112. They have been required in commercial aircraft in the US since 1967. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early designs 1.2 Australia 1.3 United States 2 Terminology 3 Components 3.1 Flight data recorder 3.2 Cockpit voice recorder 3.3 Combined units 3.4 Additional equipment 4 Specifications 5 Regulation 5.1 Proposed requirements 5.1. 1 Deployable recorders 5.1. 2 Image recorders 5.2 After Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 5.3 After Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Play media 1985 ABC news report interviewing David Warren about his invention Cockpit voice recorder ( on display in the Deutsches Museum ). This is a magnetic tape unit built to an old standard TSO C84 as shown on the nameplate. The text on the side in French says `` flight recorder do not open '' Early designs ( edit ) One of the earliest and proven attempts was made by François Hussenot and Paul Beaudouin in 1939 at the Marignane flight test center, France, with their `` type HB '' flight recorder ; they were essentially photograph - based flight recorders, because the record was made on a scrolling eight meters long by 88 milimeters wide photographic film. The latent image was made by a thin ray of light deviated by a mirror tilted according to the magnitude of the data to record ( altitude, speed, etc. ). A pre-production run of 25 `` HB '' recorders was ordered in 1941 and HB recorders remained in use in French test centers well into the seventies. In 1947, Hussenot founded the Société Française des Instruments de Mesure with Beaudouin and another associate, so as to market his invention, which was also known as the `` hussenograph ''. This company went on to become a major supplier of data recorders, used not only aboard aircraft but also trains and other vehicles. SFIM is today part of the Safran group and is still present on the flight recorder market. The advantage of the film technology was that it could be easily developed afterwards and provides a durable, visual feedback of the flight parameters without needing any playback device. On the other hand, unlike magnetic bands or later flash memory - based technology, a photographic film can not be erased and recycled, and so it must be changed periodically. As such, this technology was reserved for one - shot uses, mostly during planned test flights ; and it was not mounted aboard civilian aircraft during routine commercial flights. Also, the cockpit conversation was not recorded. Another form of flight data recorder was developed in the UK during World War II. Len Harrison and Vic Husband developed a unit that could withstand a crash and fire to keep the flight data intact. This unit used copper foil as the recording medium with various styli indicating various instruments / aircraft controls which indented the copper foil. The copper foil was periodically advanced at set periods of time therefore giving a history of the instruments / control settings of the aircraft. This unit was developed at Farnborough for the Ministry of Aircraft Production. At the war 's end the Ministry got Harrison and Husband to sign over their invention to them and the Ministry patented it under British patent 19330 / 45. This unit was the forerunner of today 's black boxes being able to withstand conditions that aircrew could not. The first modern flight recorder, called `` Mata Hari '', was created in 1942 by Finnish aviation engineer Veijo Hietala. This black high - tech mechanical box was able to record all important aviation details during test flights of World War II fighter aircraft that the Finnish army repaired or built in their main aviation factory in Tampere, Finland. The `` Mata Hari '' black box is displayed in the Vapriikki Museum ( fi ) in Tampere, Finland. Australia ( edit ) In 1953, Australian engineer David Warren conceived a device that would record not only the instruments reading, but also the cockpit voices, when working with the Australian Research Laboratories. He built the first prototype in 1958. Warren, when working with the Defence Science and Technology Organisations ' Aeronautical Research Laboratory ( Melbourne, Australia ), published a 1954 report entitled `` A Device for Assisting Investigation into Aircraft Accidents '' and built a prototype FDR called `` The ARL Flight Memory Unit '' in 1957. The first coupled FDR / CVR prototype designed with civilian aircraft in mind, for explicit post-crash examination purposes, was produced in 1958. However, aviation authorities from around the world were largely uninterested. This changed in 1958 when Sir Robert Hardingham, the Secretary of the British Air Registration Board, visited the ARL and was introduced to Warren. The Aeronautical Research Laboratory allocated Warren an engineering team to develop the prototype to airborne stage. The team, consisting of electronics engineers Lane Sear, Wally Boswell and Ken Fraser developed a working design incorporating a fire and shockproof case, a reliable system for encoding and recording aircraft instrument readings and voice on one wire, and a ground - based decoding device. The ARL system became the `` Red Egg '', made by the British firm of S. Davall & Sons, Ltd., of Greenford, Middlesex. The `` Red Egg '' got its name from its shape and bright red color. In 1965 the units were redesigned and moved to the rear of airplanes to improve the probability of successful data retrieval after a crash. United States ( edit ) The `` Flight Recorder '' was invented and patented in the United States by Professor James J. `` Crash '' Ryan, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota from 1931 to 1963. Ryan 's `` Flight Recorder '' patent was filed in August 1953 and approved on November 8, 1960 ; see US Patent 2,959,459. A second patent by Ryan for a `` Coding Apparatus For Flight Recorders and the Like '' is US Patent 3,075,192 dated January 22, 1963. An early prototype of the Ryan Flight Data Recorder is described in the January 2013 Aviation History Magazine article `` Father of the Black Box '' by Scott M. Fisher. Ryan, also the inventor of the retractable safety seat belt now required in automobiles, began working on the idea of a flight recorder in 1946, and invented the device in response to the 1948 request from the Civil Aeronautics Board for development of a flight recorder as a means of accumulating data that could be used to get information useful in arriving at operating procedures designed to reduce air mishaps. The original device was known as the `` General Mills Flight Recorder ''. The benefits of the flight recorder and the coding apparatus for flight recorders were outlined by Ryan in his study entitled `` Economies in Airline Operation with Flight Recorders '' which was entered into the Congressional Record in 1956. Ryan 's Flight Recorder maintained a continuing recording of aircraft flight data such as engine exhaust, temperature, fuel flow, aircraft velocity, altitude, control surfaces positions, and rate of descent. A `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( CSR ) was independently invented and patented by Edmund A. Boniface, Jr., an aeronautical engineer at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. He originally filed with the US Patent Office on February 2, 1961, as an `` Aircraft Cockpit Sound Recorder ''. The 1961 invention was viewed by some as an `` invasion of privacy ''. Subsequently Boniface filed again on February 4, 1963 for a `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( US Patent 3,327,067 ) with the addition of a spring - loaded switch which allowed the pilot to erase the audio / sound tape recording at the conclusion of a safe flight and landing. Boniface 's participation in aircraft crash investigations in the 1940s and in the accident investigations of the loss of one of the wings at cruise altitude on each of two Lockheed Electra turboprop powered aircraft ( Flight # 542 operated by Braniff Airlines in 1959 and Flight # 710 operated by Northwest Orient Airlines in 1961 ) led to his wondering what the pilots may have said just prior to the wing loss and during the descent as well as the type and nature of any sounds or explosions that may have preceded or occurred during the wing loss. His patent was for a device for recording audio of pilot remarks and engine or other sounds to be `` contained with the in - flight recorder within a sealed container that is shock mounted, fireproofed and made watertight '' and `` sealed in such a manner as to be capable of withstanding extreme temperatures during a crash fire ''. The CSR was an analog device which provided a progressive erasing / recording loop ( lasting 30 or more minutes ) of all sounds ( explosion, voice, and the noise of any aircraft structural components undergoing serious fracture and breakage ) which could be overheard in the cockpit. Terminology ( edit ) GEE airborne equipment, with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A ' black box ' on the right. The origin of the term `` black box '' is uncertain. In a systems engineering context ( since the 1960s when the term was spreading ), the meaning is that the aircraft is modeled as a black box, and its behaviour can be understood from its recorded inputs, such as pilot instructions, and outputs, such as flight level data. The term `` black box '' is almost never used within the flight safety industry or aviation, which prefers the term `` flight recorder ''. The recorders are not permitted to be black in color, and must be bright orange, as they are intended to be spotted and recovered after incidents. The term `` black box '' has been popularised by the media in general. One explanation for popularization of the term `` black box '' comes from the early film - based design of flight data recorders, which required the inside of the recorder to be perfectly dark to prevent light leaks from corrupting the record, as in a photographer 's darkroom. Another explanation of the `` black box '' term popularization came from a meeting about Warren 's `` Red Egg '', when afterwards a journalist told Warren : `` This is a wonderful black box. '' The unit itself was based on an EMI Minifon wire recorder ( originally a 1950s espionage gadget from the West - German manufacturer Protona Monske ) fitted into a perspex box firmly screwed together. Another possible origin of the term is World War II RAF jargon. Prior to the end of the war in 1945, new electronic innovations, such as Oboe, GEE and H2S, were added to bombers on a regular basis. The prototypes were roughly covered in hand - made metal boxes, painted black to prevent reflections. After a time any piece of `` new '' electronics was referred to as the `` box - of - tricks '' ( as illusionist box ) or the `` black box ''. The first recorded use of the term `` black box '' in reference to flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders was by Mr E. Newton of the AAIB at a meeting of the Aeronautical Research Council in August 1958. Components ( edit ) Flight data recorder ( edit ) A typical flight recorder Cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder, each with an underwater locator beacon on the front An underwater locator beacon, with a ballpoint pen to provide scale A Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ), with its attached ULB visible on the left side of the unit A flight data recorder and a cockpit voice recorder installed on their mounting trays in the rear fuselage of an aircraft A flight data recorder ( FDR ) ( also ADR, for accident data recorder ) is an electronic device employed to record instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft. Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others ( including communication with air traffic control personnel ), as well as ambient sounds. The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these ICAO - regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the popular term `` black box '', the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat - resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft 's tail section, where it is more likely to survive a severe crash. Following an accident, the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body, as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors. Modern day FDRs receive inputs via specific data frames from the Flight Data Acquisition Units ( FDAU ). They record significant flight parameters, including the control and actuator positions, engine information and time of day. There are 88 parameters required as a minimum under current US federal regulations ( only 29 were required until 2002 ), but some systems monitor many more variables. Generally each parameter is recorded a few times per second, though some units store `` bursts '' of data at a much higher frequency if the data begin to change quickly. Most FDRs record approximately 17 -- 25 hours of data in a continuous loop. It is required by regulations that an FDR verification check ( readout ) is performed annually in order to verify that all mandatory parameters are recorded. Modern FDRs are typically double wrapped in strong corrosion - resistant stainless steel or titanium, with high - temperature insulation inside. Modern FDRs are accompanied by an underwater locator beacon that emits an ultrasonic `` ping '' to aid in detection when submerged. These beacons operate for up to 30 days and are able to operate while immersed to a depth of up to 6,000 meters ( 20,000 ft ). Cockpit voice recorder ( edit ) Both side views of a cockpit voice recorder, one type of flight recorder A cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents. This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots ' headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit. The current applicable FAA TSO is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment. Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and uses digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere. As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of two hours. A standard CVR is capable of recording 4 channels of audio data for a period of 2 hours. The original requirement was for a CVR to record for 30 minutes, but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases, significant parts of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation having occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording. The earliest CVRs used analog wire recording, later replaced by analog magnetic tape. Some of the tape units used two reels, with the tape automatically reversing at each end. The original was the ARL Flight Memory Unit produced in 1957 by Australian David Warren and an instrument maker named Tych Mirfield. Other units used a single reel, with the tape spliced into a continuous loop, much as in an 8 - track cartridge. The tape would circulate and old audio information would be overwritten every 30 minutes. Recovery of sound from magnetic tape often proves difficult if the recorder is recovered from water and its housing has been breached. Thus, the latest designs employ solid - state memory and use digital recording techniques, making them much more resistant to shock, vibration and moisture. With the reduced power requirements of solid - state recorders, it is now practical to incorporate a battery in the units, so that recording can continue until flight termination, even if the aircraft electrical system fails. Like the FDR, the CVR is typically mounted in the rear of the airplane fuselage to maximize the likelihood of its survival in a crash. Combined units ( edit ) With the advent of digital recorders, the FDR and CVR can be manufactured in one fireproof, shock proof, and waterproof container as a combined digital Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ). Currently a CVDR is manufactured by L - 3 Communications as well as other manufacturers. Solid state recorders became commercially practical in 1990, having the advantage of not requiring scheduled maintenance and making the data easier to retrieve. This was extended to the two - hour voice recording in 1995. Additional equipment ( edit ) Since the 1970s, most large civil jet transports have been additionally equipped with a `` quick access recorder '' ( QAR ). This records data on a removable storage medium. Access to the FDR and CVR is necessarily difficult because of the requirement that they survive an accident. They also require specialized equipment to read the recording. The QAR recording medium is readily removable and is designed to be read by equipment attached to a standard desktop computer. In many airlines, the quick access recordings are scanned for ' events ', an event being a significant deviation from normal operational parameters. This allows operational problems to be detected and eliminated before an accident or incident results. Many modern aircraft systems are digital or digitally controlled. Very often, the digital system will include Built - In Test Equipment which records information about the operation of the system. This information may also be accessed to assist with the investigation of an accident or incident. Specifications ( edit ) Cockpit voice recorder memory module of PR - GTD, a Gol Transportes Aéreos Boeing 737 - 8EH SFP, found in the Amazon in Mato Grosso, Brazil. After the crash of Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907, Brazilian Air Force personnel show the recovered flight data recorder The design of today 's FDR is governed by the internationally recognized standards and recommended practices relating to flight recorders which are contained in ICAO Annex 6 which makes reference to industry crashworthiness and fire protection specifications such as those to be found in the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment documents EUROCAE ED55, ED56 fiken A and ED112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ). In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) regulates all aspects of US aviation, and cites design requirements in their Technical Standard Order, based on the EUROCAE documents ( as do the aviation authorities of many other countries ). Currently, EUROCAE specifies that a recorder must be able to withstand an acceleration of 3400 g ( 33 km / s2 ) for 6.5 milliseconds. This is roughly equivalent to an impact velocity of 270 knots ( 310 mph ; 500 km / h ) and a deceleration or crushing distance of 45 cm. Additionally, there are requirements for penetration resistance, static crush, high and low temperature fires, deep sea pressure, sea water immersion, and fluid immersion. EUROCAE ED - 112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ) defines the minimum specification to be met for all aircraft requiring flight recorders for recording of flight data, cockpit audio, images and CNS / ATM digital messages and used for investigations of accidents or incidents. When issued in March 2003 ED - 112 superseded previous ED - 55 and ED - 56A that were separate specifications for FDR and CVR. FAA TSOs for FDR and CVR reference ED - 112 for characteristics common to both types. In order to facilitate recovery of the recorder from an aircraft accident site they are required to be coloured bright yellow or orange with reflective surfaces. All are lettered `` FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN '' on one side in English and the same in French on the other side. To assist recovery from submerged sites they must be equipped with an underwater locator beacon which is automatically activated in the event of an accident. Regulation ( edit ) In the investigation of the 1960 crash of Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 at Mackay ( Queensland ), the inquiry judge strongly recommended that flight recorders be installed in all ( Australian ) airliners. Australia became the first country in the world to make cockpit - voice recording compulsory. The Digital Flight Data Recorder from West Air Sweden Flight 294. All data was collected, even though the rest of the aircraft was heavily fragmented The United States ' first CVR rules were passed in 1964, requiring all turbine and piston aircraft with four or more engines to have CVRs by March 1, 1967. As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the CVR recording duration is a minimum of two hours, following the NTSB recommendation that it should be increased from its previously - mandated 30 - minute duration. As of 2014, the United States requires flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders on aircraft that have 20 or more passenger seats, or those that have six or more passenger seats, are turbine - powered, and require two pilots. For US air carriers and manufacturers, the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) is responsible for investigating accidents and safety - related incidents. The NTSB also serves in an advisory role for many international investigations not under its formal jurisdiction. The NTSB does not have regulatory authority, but must depend on legislation and other government agencies to act on its safety recommendations. In addition, 49 USC Section 1114 ( c ) prohibits the NTSB from making the audio recordings public except by written transcript. The ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee ( AEEC ). The 700 Series of standards describe the form, fit, and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft. The FDR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 747. The CVR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 757. Proposed requirements ( edit ) Deployable recorders ( edit ) The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems, with the second CVDR set being `` deployable or ejectable ''. The `` deployable '' recorder combines the cockpit voice / flight data recorders and an emergency locator transmitter ( ELT ) in a single unit. The `` deployable '' unit would depart the aircraft before impact, activated by sensors. The unit is designed to `` eject '' and `` fly '' away from the crash site, to survive the terminal velocity of fall, to float on water indefinitely, and would be equipped with satellite technology for immediate location of crash impact site. The `` deployable '' CVDR technology has been used by the US Navy since 1993. The recommendations would involve a massive retrofit program. However, government funding would negate cost objections from manufacturers and airlines. Operators would get both sets of recorders for free : they would not have to pay for the one set they are currently required by law to carry. The cost of the second `` deployable / ejectable CVDR '' ( or `` Black Box '' ) was estimated at US $30 million for installation in 500 new aircraft ( about $60,000 per new commercial plane ). In the United States, the proposed SAFE Act calls for implementing the NTSB 1999 recommendations. However, so far the SAFE ACT legislation has failed to pass Congress, having been introduced in 2003 ( H.R. 2632 ), in 2005 ( H.R. 3336 ), and in 2007 ( H.R. 4336 ). Originally the `` Safe Aviation Flight Enhancement ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 '' was introduced on June 26, 2003 by Congressman David Price ( NC ) and Congressman John Duncan ( Tennessee ) in a bipartisan effort to ensure investigators have access to information immediately following commercial accidents. On July 19, 2005, a revised SAFE Act was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the US House of Representatives. The bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Aviation during the 108th, 109th, and 110th Congresses. Image recorders ( edit ) The NTSB has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations. They have recommended that image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a CVR or FDR. The rationale is that what is seen on an instrument by the pilots of an aircraft is not necessarily the same as the data sent to the display device. This is particularly true of aircraft equipped with electronic displays ( CRT or LCD ). A mechanical instrument is likely to preserve its last indication, but this is not the case with an electronic display. Such systems, estimated to cost less than $8,000 installed, typically consist of a camera and microphone located in the cockpit to continuously record cockpit instrumentation, the outside viewing area, engine sounds, radio communications, and ambient cockpit sounds. As with conventional CVRs and FDRs, data from such a system is stored in a crash - protected unit to ensure survivability. Since the recorders can sometimes be crushed into unreadable pieces, or even located in deep water, some modern units are self - ejecting ( taking advantage of kinetic energy at impact to separate themselves from the aircraft ) and also equipped with radio emergency locator transmitters and sonar underwater locator beacons to aid in their location. After Malaysia Airlines flight 370 ( edit ) On March 12, 2014, in response to the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, David Price re-introduced the SAFE Act in the US House of Representatives. The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 demonstrated the limits of the contemporary flight recorder technology, namely how physical possession of the flight recorder device is necessary to help investigate the cause of an aircraft incident. Considering the advances of modern communication, technology commentators called for flight recorders to be supplemented or replaced by a system that provides `` live streaming '' of data from the aircraft to the ground. Furthermore, commentators called for the underwater locator beacon 's range and battery life to be extended, as well as the outfitting of civil aircraft with the deployable flight recorders typically used in military aircraft. Previous to MH370, the investigators of the 2009 Air France Flight 447 urged to extend the battery life as `` rapidly as possible '' after the crash 's flight recorders went unrecovered for over a year. After Indonesia AirAsia flight 8501 ( edit ) On December 28, 2014, Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501, en route from Surabaya, Indonesia, to Singapore, crashed in bad weather, killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board. On January 12 and 13, 2015, following the recovery of the flight recorders, an anonymous ICAO representative said : `` The time has come that deployable recorders are going to get a serious look. '' Unlike military recorders, which jettison away from an aircraft, signaling their location to search and rescue bodies, recorders on commercial aircraft remain inside the fuselage. A second ICAO official said that public attention had `` galvanized momentum in favour of ejectable recorders on commercial aircraft ''. Cultural references ( edit ) The artwork for the band Rammstein 's album Reise, Reise is made to look like a CVR ; it also includes a recording from a crash. The recording is from the last 1 -- 2 minutes of the CVR of Japan Airlines Flight 123, which crashed on August 12, 1985, killing 520 people ; JAL 123 is the deadliest single - aircraft disaster in history. Members of the performing arts collective Collective : Unconscious made a theatrical presentation of a play called Charlie Victor Romeo with a script based on transcripts from CVR voice recordings of nine aircraft emergencies. The play features the famous United Airlines Flight 232 that landed in a cornfield near Sioux City, Iowa after suffering a catastrophic failure of one engine and most flight controls. Survivor, a novel by Chuck Palahniuk, is about a cult member who dictates his life story to a flight recorder before the plane runs out of fuel and crashes. See also ( edit ) Aviation portal Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics Black box theory Data logger Distress radiobeacon Event data recorder Flight operations quality assurance Korean Air Lines Flight 007 List of unrecovered flight recorders Quick access recorder Train event recorder Voyage data recorder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean - Claude Fayer, Vols d'essais : Le Centre d'Essais en Vol de 1945 à 1960, published by E.T.A.I. ( Paris ), 2001, 384 pages, ISBN 2 - 7268 - 8534 - 9 Jump up ^ page 207 of Denis Beaudouin, Chloé Beaudouin, Charles Beaudouin : une histoire d'instruments scientifiques, published by EDP Sciences Editions, 2005, 285 pages ISBN 2 - 86883 - 807 - 3 Jump up ^ Page 206 and 209 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin Jump up ^ Australian Research Laboratories Jump up ^ A Brief History of Black Boxes, Time Magazine, July 20, 2009, p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Dave Warren -- Inventor of the black box flight recorder ''. Defence Science and Technology Organisation. 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Jump up ^ http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/process/Documents/CVR_Handbook.pdf Jump up ^ `` ARINC Store, 700 series ''. ^ Jump up to : `` Aviation Today ''. aviationtoday.com. Jump up ^ `` Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act of 2005 ( 2005 ; 109th Congress H.R. 3336 ) - GovTrack.us ''. GovTrack.us. Jump up ^ `` Text of the Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act - ( ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 ) ''. Retrieved August 2, 2015 -- via govtrack.us. Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 108th Congress ( 2003 - 2004 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) ''. Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 109th Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) ''. Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 110th Congress ( 2007 - 2008 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) ''. Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` NTSB -- Most Wanted ''. Ntsb.gov. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Jansen, Bart. `` Lawmaker urges ' black boxes ' that eject from planes ''. USA Today. Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 makes it clear : we need to rethink black boxes Stephen Trimble Comment is free ''. theguardian.com. Retrieved March 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : Why airlines do n't live - stream black box data ''. Technology & Science. CBC News. August 4, 2005. Retrieved March 31, 2014. Jump up ^ Yu, Yijun. `` If we 'd used the cloud, we might know where MH370 is now '', The Conversation ( website ), London, March 18, 2014. Retrieved on August 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` MH370 : Expert demands better black box technology ''. The Sydney Morning Herald. Jump up ^ `` AirAsia QZ8501 : More bad weather hits AirAsia search ''. BBC News. January 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` AirAsia crash makes case for ejectable black boxes ''. Reuters. Retrieved January 14, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Collective : Unconscious ''. Charlievictorromeo.com. July 3, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013. Further reading ( edit ) American Aviation Historical Society, Volume 59, Fall - Winter 2014, `` Edmund A. Boniface, Jr. : Inventing the Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( Extraordinary ), `` Extraordinary Inventor '', U of A Engineer Magazine, Winter 2005 ( Survivors ), `` Saving Survivors by Finding Fallen Aircrafts ( sic ) '', NRC, 2008 - 03 - 05 Jeremy Sear, `` The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder '', University of Melbourne, October 2001 Siegel, Greg ( 2014 ). `` Chapter 3. Black Boxes ''. Forensic Media : Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity. Duke University Press. pp. 89 -- 142. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 7623 - 1. Wyatt, David ; Mike Tooley ( 2009 ). `` Chapter 18. Flight data and cockpit voice recorders ''. Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems. Routledge. p. 321. ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 44435 - 7. Ben Hargreaves ( Apr 13, 2017 ). `` Flight Data Recorder Evolution : Where Next? ''. MRO - network. Aviation Week. Could flight data recorders evolve to be useful in preventative maintenance as well?. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cockpit voice recorders. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flight data recorders. ' The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder ' : Melbourne University history honours thesis on the development of the first cockpit voice recorder by David Warren Finnish Mata - Hari Flight Recorder in Museums of Tampere City `` Beyond the Black Box : Instead of storing flight data on board, aircraft could easily send the information in real time to the ground, '' by Krishna M. Kavi, IEEE Spectrum, August 2010 `` A crash course in transportation safety ''. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07. David Warren interview transcript 2002, ABC TV ( Australia ) David Warren interview transcript 2003, ABC TV ( Australia ) etep, Flight Recorder designer Heavy Vehicle EDR information site for black box technology How Black Boxes Work at HowStuffWorks IRIG 106 Chapter 10 : Flight data recorder digital recorder standard Public domain photos of recorders Popular Mechanics, March 19, 2008 `` His Crashes Helped Make Ours Less Dangerous '' US 3075192 James J. Ryan : `` Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders and the Like '' First modern flight recorder `` Mata Hari '' at display in Tampere museum Vapriikki. ( show ) Aircraft components and systems Airframe structure Aft pressure bulkhead Cabane strut Canopy Cruciform tail Dope Empennage Fabric covering Fairing Flying wires Former Fuselage Hardpoint Interplane strut Jury strut Leading edge Lift strut Longeron Nacelle Rib Ring tail Spar Stabilizer Stressed skin Strut T - tail Tailplane Trailing edge Triple tail Twin tail Vertical stabilizer V - tail Y - tail Wing root Wing tip Wingbox Flight controls Aileron Airbrake Artificial feel Autopilot Canard Centre stick Deceleron Dive brake Electro - hydraulic actuator Elevator Elevon Flaperon Flight control modes Fly - by - wire Gust lock Rudder Servo tab Side - stick Spoiler Spoileron Stabilator Stick pusher Stick shaker Trim tab Wing warping Yaw damper Yoke Aerodynamic and high - lift devices Active Aeroelastic Wing Adaptive compliant wing Blown flap Channel wing Dog - tooth Droop Flap Gouge flap Gurney flap Krueger flap Leading edge cuff LEX Slats Slot Stall strips Strake Variable - sweep wing Vortex generator Vortilon Wing fence Winglet Avionic and flight instrument systems ACAS Air data computer Airspeed indicator Altimeter Annunciator panel Attitude indicator Compass Course deviation indicator EFIS EICAS Flight data recorder Flight management system Glass cockpit GPS Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator INS Pitot - 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speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Proprotor Scimitar Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel Electronic centralised aircraft monitor ( ECAM ) Electronic flight instrument system ( EFIS ) Engine - indicating and crew - alerting system ( EICAS ) Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Engine controls Autothrottle Full Authority Digital Engine / Electronics ( FADEC ) Thrust lever Thrust reversal Fuel and induction systems Jet fuel Other systems Air - start system Auxiliary power unit ( APU ) Bleed air system Hydraulic system Ice protection system ( show ) Commercial air travel Airlines Airline codes Airline holding companies Charter airlines Low - cost airlines Passenger airlines Regional airlines Alliances Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance Value Alliance Vanilla Alliance U-FLY Alliance Trade groups International ( ACO ATAG IATA IATAN ISTAT ) United States ( A4A RAA ) Europe ( AEA EBAA ELFAA ERA ) Other regions ( AACO AAPA AFRAA RAAA ) Aircrew Captain First Officer Second Officer Third Officer Flight attendant Flight engineer Loadmaster Pilot Purser Deadheading Airliner Travel class First class ( aviation ) First class travel Business Premium economy Economy Aircraft cabin Aircraft lavatory Aircraft seat map Airline meal Airline seat Buy on board Crew rest compartment In - flight entertainment Inflight smoking Galley Sickness bag Airport Aerodrome Airline hub Airport check - in Airport lounge Airport rail link Airport terminal Airstair Boarding Domestic airport Gate International airport Jet bridge Low cost carrier terminal Runway Transit hotel Customs / Immigration Arrival card ( Landing card ) Border control Departure card Passport Timatic Travel document Visa Environmental impact Hypermobility Impact on environment Law Air transport agreement Bermuda Agreement ( UK - US, 1946 - 78 ) Bermuda II Agreement ( UK - US, 1978 - 2008 ) China - US Cross-Strait charter ( China - Taiwan ) Beijing Convention Cape Town Treaty Chicago Convention Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives Flight permit Freedoms of the air Hague Hijacking Convention Hague Protocol ICAO Montreal Convention Open skies ( EU -- US Open Skies Agreement ) Paris Convention of 1919 Rome Convention Sabotage Convention Tokyo Convention Warsaw Convention Luggage Bag tag Baggage allowance Baggage carousel Baggage cart Baggage reclaim Baggage handler Baggage handling system Checked baggage Hand luggage Lost luggage Luggage lock Safety Air Navigation and Transport Act Air rage Air traffic control ( ATC ) Aircraft safety card Airport authority Airport crash tender Airport police Airport security Brace position Evacuation slide Flight recorder National aviation authority Overwing exits Pre-flight safety demonstration Sky marshal Unruly aircraft passenger Ticketing Airline booking ploys Airline reservations system Airline ticket Airline timetable Bereavement flight Boarding pass Codeshare agreement Continent pass Electronic ticket Fare basis code Flight cancellation and delay Frequent - 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_recorder&oldid=797421077 '' Categories : Aircraft recorders Australian inventions Aviation safety Avionics Defence Science and Technology Organisation Vehicle design Aircraft emergency systems Beacons Rescue equipment Aircraft components Recording devices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Articles containing video clips Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017, at 23 : 31. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "of flight recorder is the cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others ( including communication with air traffic control personnel ), as well as ambient sounds. The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these ICAO - regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the popular term `` black box '', the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat - resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft 's tail section, where it is more likely to survive a severe crash. Following an accident, the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body, as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors. Modern day FDRs receive inputs via specific data frames from the Flight Data Acquisition Units ( FDAU ). They record significant flight parameters, including the control and actuator positions, engine information and time of day. There are 88 parameters required as a minimum under current US federal regulations ( only 29 were required until 2002 ), but some systems monitor many more variables. Generally each parameter is recorded a few times per second" ], "id": [ "14069860821060709605" ], "short_answers": [ "usually mounted in the aircraft's tail section" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Kevin De Bruyne - wikipedia Kevin De Bruyne Jump to : navigation, search Kevin De Bruyne De Bruyne playing for Manchester City in January 2016 Full name Kevin De Bruyne Date of birth ( 1991 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1991 ( age 26 ) Place of birth Drongen, Ghent, Belgium Height 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Manchester City Number 17 Youth career 1997 -- 1999 KVV Drongen 1999 -- 2005 Gent 2005 -- 2008 Genk Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2008 -- 2012 Genk 97 ( 16 ) 2012 -- 2014 Chelsea ( 0 ) 2012 -- 2013 → Werder Bremen ( loan ) 33 ( 10 ) 2014 -- 2015 VfL Wolfsburg 51 ( 13 ) 2015 -- Manchester City 97 ( 21 ) National team 2008 -- 2009 Belgium U18 7 ( 1 ) 2009 -- 2010 Belgium U19 10 ( 1 ) 2010 -- 2011 Belgium U21 ( 0 ) 2010 -- Belgium 59 ( 14 ) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 6 May 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 27 March 2018 Kevin De Bruyne ( Dutch pronunciation : ( ˈkɛvɪn də ˈbrœynə ) ; born 28 June 1991 ) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for English club Manchester City and the Belgian national team. His playing style has frequently led to the media, coaches, and colleagues ranking him among the best players in Europe, and has often been described as a `` complete '' footballer. He was ranked the fourth - best footballer in the world by The Guardian in 2017. De Bruyne began his career at Genk, where he was a regular player when they won the 2010 -- 11 Belgian Pro League. In 2012, he joined English club Chelsea, where he was used sparingly and then loaned to Werder Bremen. He signed with Wolfsburg for £ 18 million in 2014, and in 2015 he was named Footballer of the Year in Germany. Later that year, he joined Manchester City for a club record £ 54 million. De Bruyne made his full international debut in 2010, and has earned over 50 caps for Belgium. He was part of the Belgian squad that reached the quarter - finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016. Contents ( hide ) 1 Club career 1.1 Early career 1.2 Genk 1.3 Chelsea 1.3. 1 Werder Bremen ( loan ) 1.3. 2 Return to Chelsea 1.4 Wolfsburg 1.4. 1 2013 -- 14 season 1.4. 2 2014 -- 15 season 1.4. 3 2015 -- 16 season 1.5 Manchester City 1.5. 1 2015 -- 16 season 1.5. 2 2016 -- 17 season 1.5. 3 2017 -- 18 season 2 International career 3 Style of play 4 Personal life 5 Career statistics 5.1 Club 5.2 International 5.3 International goals 6 Honours 7 Books 8 References 9 External links Club career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) De Bruyne began his career with hometown club KVV Drongen in 2003. Two years later, he joined Gent and moved to Genk in 2005. De Bruyne continued his development in their youth set - up and was rewarded for his progress by being promoted to the first team squad in 2008. Genk ( edit ) De Bruyne made his first team debut for Genk in a 3 -- 0 defeat at Charleroi on 9 May 2009. Having established himself in the team the following season, on 7 February 2010, De Bruyne scored his first goal for the club, which secured all three points for Genk in a 1 -- 0 win against Standard Liège. He scored five goals and made 16 assists in 32 league matches during the 2010 -- 11 season as Genk were crowned Belgian champions for the third time. On 29 October 2011, De Bruyne scored his first hat - trick for Genk against Club Brugge, which ended in a 5 -- 4 win for Genk. On 28 January 2012, De Bruyne scored a brace against OH Leuven in a 5 -- 0 win. On 18 February 2012, De Bruyne scored his first goal back at Genk following his agreed transfer to Chelsea and also assisted the other goal in a 1 -- 2 away win against Mons. De Bruyne ended the season by wrapping up the scoring in a 3 -- 1 victory over Gent. He finished the league campaign with eight goals from 28 appearances. Chelsea ( edit ) De Bruyne warming up with Chelsea in 2013 On 31 January 2012, on the winter transfer deadline day, Premier League club Chelsea and Genk announced the permanent signing of De Bruyne, with the fee rumoured to be in the region of £ 7 million. He signed a five - and - a-half - year contract at Stamford Bridge, but would stay at Genk for the remainder of the 2011 -- 12 season. De Bruyne told the club website, `` To come to a team like Chelsea is a dream but now I have to work hard to achieve the level that 's necessary. '' On 18 July 2012, De Bruyne made his debut for Chelsea in a friendly match against Major League Soccer ( MLS ) side Seattle Sounders FC in a 4 -- 2 win. De Bruyne also played the first half against Ligue 1 giants Paris Saint - Germain at Yankee Stadium, New York. Werder Bremen ( loan ) ( edit ) De Bruyne during his spell with Werder Bremen in 2012 On 2 August 2012, Chelsea announced that De Bruyne was to join Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga on a season - long loan deal after having successfully completed a medical. De Bruyne scored his first goal for Bremen in a 3 -- 2 defeat to Hannover 96 on 15 September, netting from 11 yards out after being played in by Eljero Elia. De Bruyne continued his good form, scoring in Bremen 's next game, a 2 -- 2 draw with VfB Stuttgart, on 23 September. De Bruyne got back on the score sheet on 18 November, scoring the winning goal -- despite his team being down to 10 men -- as Bremen came from a goal down to defeat Fortuna Düsseldorf 2 -- 1. De Bruyne scored his first goal in over two months on 4 May 2013, since netting a consolation goal in Bayern Munich 's 6 -- 1 hammering of Bremen, putting his side up 2 -- 0 at home to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim before a late brace from Sven Schipplock meant that the game finished 2 -- 2. He followed this up with a goal in Bremen 's next match, securing a place in the Bundesliga for the next season with a 1 -- 1 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt on 11 May. Return to Chelsea ( edit ) After a successful loan spell in the Bundesliga with Werder Bremen, De Bruyne was linked with a move to stay in Germany with either Borussia Dortmund or Bayer Leverkusen. Incoming manager José Mourinho, however, assured De Bruyne he was a part of Chelsea 's plan for the future, and the player officially returned to Chelsea on 1 July 2013. De Bruyne injured a knee while scoring his first goal for Chelsea, in a pre-season friendly game against a Malaysia XI, but was fit to make his competitive debut on the opening day of the 2013 -- 14 Premier League season against Hull City, and made an assist for the first goal in a 2 -- 0 win. Wolfsburg ( edit ) 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) On 18 January 2014, Wolfsburg signed De Bruyne for a fee of £ 18 million ( € 22 million ). On 25 January 2014, he made his debut for Wolfsburg in a 3 -- 1 home loss against Hannover 96. On 12 April 2014, De Bruyne assisted 2 goals in their 4 -- 1 home win against 1. FC Nürnberg. After a week he scored his first goal for Wolfsburg in 3 -- 1 away win against Hamburger SV. He also scored in the last two matches of the Bundesliga helping his team to win against VfB Stuttgart and Borussia Mönchengladbach. 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) De Bruyne playing for Wolfsburg against Arsenal in July 2015 De Bruyne scored his first goal of the 2014 -- 15 season on 2 October 2014, volleying in a clearance from outside the box to salvage a 1 -- 1 draw against Lille in the Europa League. In the third group match away to Krasnodar on 23 October, De Bruyne scored twice as Wolfsburg secured their first win in the competition with a 4 -- 2 victory. On 30 January 2015, he scored another brace in a 4 -- 1 home win against Bayern Munich, their first Bundesliga defeat since April 2014. On 1 March 2015, De Bruyne assisted three goals in a 5 -- 3 win over his former club Werder Bremen. On 12 March 2015, De Bruyne scored two goals in a 3 -- 1 first - leg Europa League round - of - 16 victory over Internazionale. On 15 March 2015, he scored one goal and assisted another two in 3 -- 0 victory over SC Freiburg. De Bruyne ended the league season with 10 goals and 21 assists, the latter a new Bundesliga record, as Wolfsburg finished second in the Bundesliga and qualified for the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League. On 30 May 2015, he started and scored in the 2015 DFB - Pokal Final as Die Wölfe defeated Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. De Bruyne ended his breakout season with 16 goals and 27 assists in all competitions, and was named the 2015 Footballer of the Year in Germany. 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) De Bruyne began the season by winning the 2015 DFL - Supercup against Bayern Munich, providing the cross for Nicklas Bendtner 's 89th - minute equaliser for a 1 -- 1 draw and then scoring in the subsequent penalty shootout. On 8 August 2015, he continued his good form by scoring his first goal of the season, and providing two assists in a 4 -- 1 win at Stuttgarter Kickers in the first round of the DFB - Pokal. In August, De Bruyne, in the midst of transfer speculation, insisted that he would not force Wolfsburg to sell him, but admitted that he could not ignore interest from Manchester City, saying : `` If an offer does come, I will hear about it and how much it is, but I have not yet heard anything... I would not go to England just to prove that I can play there. I do not have to go to England... If I go there it 's because for me and for my family it is a good choice. That 's the key for me. '' On 10 August, it was reported that Manchester City had made a second bid for De Bruyne worth £ 47 million. Wolfsburg sporting director, Klaus Allofs, stated that the club would fight to keep him, saying `` I think some other clubs have definitely turned Kevin 's head... Some huge figures are doing the rounds and I can understand why Kevin is leaving everything open. '' On 27 August, it was reported that Manchester City had made a bid for De Bruyne worth £ 58 million. Klaus Allofs said that City had made an `` astonishing '' wage offer to De Bruyne. Manchester City ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) On 30 August 2015, Manchester City announced the arrival of De Bruyne on a six - year contract, for a reported club - record fee of £ 55 million ( € 75 million ) making him the second most expensive transfer in British football history after Ángel Di María 's move to Manchester United in 2014. He made his debut for the team in the Premier League on 12 September against Crystal Palace, replacing injured Sergio Agüero in the 25th minute. On 19 September, he scored his first goal for the club against West Ham United in first half stoppage time in an eventual 2 -- 1 loss. He went on to score in a 4 -- 1 League Cup win against Sunderland, on 22 September and a 4 -- 1 loss to Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League on 26 September. On 3 October, he scored in the team 's 6 -- 1 win against Newcastle United. On 2 October, De Bruyne was announced as one of the players on the longlist for the prestigious FIFA Ballon d'Or award, alongside such teammates as Sergio Agüero and Yaya Touré. Just 18 days later, on 20 October he was revealed by FIFA as one of the players on the 23 - man shortlist for the Ballon d'Or. On 21 October, De Bruyne scored an injury - time winner against Sevilla in the UEFA Champions League, to take City within one point of group leaders Juventus, with three games remaining. On 1 December, he scored a brace in a 4 -- 1 win over Hull City to send Manchester City through to the semi-finals of the Football League Cup. On 27 January 2016, De Bruyne scored one in a League Cup semi-final 3 -- 1 victory over Everton, but sustained an injury to his right knee that would keep him out of the team for two months. On 2 April, De Bruyne made his return from injury in a 4 -- 0 win against Bournemouth at Dean Court, scoring the team 's second goal in the twelfth minute. Four days later, he scored the opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw with Paris Saint - Germain in the UEFA Champions League quarter - final first - leg at the Parc des Princes. On 12 April, De Bruyne scored the winning goal against Paris Saint - Germain, advancing Manchester to the Champions League semi-finals, for the first time in the club 's history, on an aggregate score of 3 -- 2. Writing in The Independent, Mark Ogden said, `` It was a stunning goal from the Belgian, who took a touch to control the ball before curling it beyond Kevin Trapp from the edge of the penalty area. '' De Bruyne 's next goal came on 8 May 2016 in a 2 -- 2 draw with Arsenal, although the result left City 's Champions League qualification hopes out of their own hands. 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) `` I think he is a special, outstanding player. He makes everything. Without the ball he is the first fighter, and with the ball he is clear -- he sees absolutely everything. '' -- Pep Guardiola on 17 September 2016 describing De Bruyne after his brilliant performances for City On 10 September 2016, De Bruyne scored and assisted in the first Manchester derby of the season which City won 2 -- 1 and was awarded the Man of the Match. On 17 September 2016, De Bruyne was awarded the Man of the Match, in a 4 -- 0 win over Bournemouth. De Bruyne scored the first, assisted the fourth, and provided key passes on both the second and third goals. After the international break, Manchester City drew their next game, against Everton, played on 15 October 2016 with the scoreline finishing at 1 -- 1. Agüero and De Bruyne both missed their penalties while Nolito came off the bench to equalise for City. On 1 November De Bruyne scored from a free kick in the team 's 3 -- 1 win over FC Barcelona. On 21 January 2017, De Bruyne was involved in both of City 's goals, as he netted once himself and also assisted Leroy Sané 's, in a 2 -- 2 home draw with Tottenham Hotspur ; he was subsequently named Man of the Match. On 19 March 2017, De Bruyne displayed an excellent performance in a 1 -- 1 draw against Liverpool at the Etihad Stadium, where he set up a goal for Agüero. 2017 -- 18 season ( edit ) De Bruyne set up both Agüero 's and Gabriel Jesus ' goals, on 9 September 2017, in a 5 -- 0 home victory over Liverpool. On 30 September 2017, he scored his first goal of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League season, as the Citizens overcame Chelsea with a 1 -- 0 scoreline at Stamford Bridge. On 22 January 2018, De Bruyne signed a new contract with City, keeping him at the club until 2023. International career ( edit ) De Bruyne ( right ) lining up for Belgium in 2013, alongside Vincent Kompany and Simon Mignolet Early in De Bruyne 's career it was rumoured that his mother had been born in Ealing and that he was therefore eligible to play for the England national team, but in fact his mother was born in Burundi and moved to Ealing as a child. Due to his mother 's place of birth, he was also eligible to play for the Burundi national team. De Bruyne was capped by Belgium at under - 18, under - 19, and under - 21 level. He made his debut for the Belgian senior team on 11 August 2010 in an international friendly against Finland in Turku ; the game ended in a 1 -- 0 loss for Belgium. De Bruyne became a regular member of Belgium 's team during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, where he scored four goals as the Red Devils qualified for their first major tournament in 12 years. On 13 May 2014, he was named in Belgium 's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In their first game of the tournament, against Algeria in Belo Horizonte, De Bruyne assisted Marouane Fellaini 's equaliser and was named man of the match by FIFA. In the round of 16, De Bruyne scored Belgium 's opening goal in the third minute of extra time as they defeated the United States 2 -- 1. On 10 October 2014, De Bruyne scored twice in a 6 -- 0 rout of Andorra in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying, equalling the team 's record victory in a European qualifier set in 1986. In June 2016, De Bruyne played at UEFA Euro 2016. Style of play ( edit ) De Bruyne plays mainly as a central or an attacking midfielder but can also operate as a winger or second striker. He is often described as one of the best modern day advanced playmakers due to his technique, wide range of passing, and long - range shooting skills. Personal life ( edit ) De Bruyne speaks Dutch, French and English fluently. He has one sister, Stefanie De Bruyne. His mother is English, but was born in Burundi and has also lived in the Ivory Coast. In a 2013 interview, De Bruyne said : `` My mother has an English mentality, but I am fully Belgian. '' His hometown Drongen, a submunicipality of the city of Ghent, is situated in Flanders, the Dutch - speaking part of Belgium. In 2013 the Daily Mail alleged that Chelsea teammate Thibaut Courtois had had an affair with De Bruyne 's then - girlfriend Caroline Lijnen. De Bruyne attacked Courtois when training with the Belgian international team, but reconciled with Courtois after. Since 2014, De Bruyne has been in a relationship with Michèle Lacroix, who announced on 28 September 2015 that she was pregnant with the couple 's baby son. Mason Milian De Bruyne was born on 10 March 2016. De Bruyne and Lacroix married in June 2017. In 2015 De Bruyne bought his first car, a Mercedes, having previously relied on club vehicles, in preparation for the birth of his first child. His autobiography, entitled Keep It Simple ( ISBN 9789089314826 ), was published in October 2014. Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) As of match played 6 May 2018 Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Ref. Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Genk 2008 -- 09 Pro League 0 0 0 -- 0 2009 -- 10 35 0 -- 0 0 40 2010 -- 11 32 5 0 0 -- 0 0 35 6 2011 -- 12 28 8 0 -- 6 0 0 36 8 Total 97 16 0 -- 11 0 113 17 -- Werder Bremen ( loan ) 2012 -- 13 Bundesliga 33 10 0 -- 34 10 Chelsea 2013 -- 14 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 -- 9 0 Wolfsburg 2013 -- 14 Bundesliga 16 0 -- 18 2014 -- 15 34 10 6 -- 11 5 -- 51 16 2015 -- 16 0 -- 0 Total 51 13 9 -- 11 5 0 72 20 -- Manchester City 2015 -- 16 Premier League 25 7 5 5 10 -- 41 16 2016 -- 17 36 6 5 0 0 7 -- 49 7 2017 -- 18 36 8 8 -- 51 12 Total 97 21 9 10 7 25 5 -- 141 35 -- Career totals 281 60 22 13 7 50 11 0 369 82 -- International ( edit ) De Bruyne playing for Belgium in 2013 As of match played 27 March 2018 National team Season Apps Goals Belgium 0 2011 0 2012 6 2013 11 2014 11 2015 8 2016 12 2017 7 0 2018 Total 59 14 International goals ( edit ) Scores and results lists Belgium 's goal tally first Goal Date Venue Caps Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 12 October 2012 Stadium Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, Serbia 6 Serbia 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying 2. 22 March 2013 Philip II Arena, Skopje, Macedonia 10 Macedonia 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying 3. 7 June 2013 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 13 Serbia 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying 4. 15 October 2013 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 17 Wales 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying 5. 26 May 2014 Cristal Arena, Genk, Belgium 21 Luxembourg 5 -- 1 5 -- 1 Friendly 6. 1 July 2014 Arena Fonte Nova, Salvador, Brazil 25 United States 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2014 FIFA World Cup 7. 10 October 2014 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 28 Andorra 1 -- 0 6 -- 0 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying 8. 2 -- 0 9. 3 September 2015 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 34 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying 10. 10 October 2015 Estadi Nacional, Andorra la Vella, Andorra 36 Andorra 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying 11. 13 October 2015 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 37 Israel 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying 12. 13 November 2015 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 38 Italy 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 Friendly 13. 28 May 2016 Stade de Genève, Lancy, Switzerland 39 Switzerland 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Friendly 14. 27 March 2018 King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels, Belgium 59 Saudi Arabia 4 -- 0 4 -- 0 Friendly Note ^ De Bruyne caps against Romania on 14 November 2012, against Luxembourg ( included his one goal ) on 26 May 2014 and against Czech Republic on 5 June 2017 were counted by RBFA but not officially recognised by FIFA due to an excessive number of substitutions according to the Laws of the Game. Honours ( edit ) Genk Belgian Pro League : 2010 -- 11 Belgian Cup : 2008 -- 09 Belgian Super Cup : 2011 VfL Wolfsburg DFB - Pokal : 2014 -- 15 DFL - Supercup : 2015 Manchester City Premier League : 2017 -- 18 Football League / EFL Cup : 2015 -- 16, 2017 -- 18 Individual Bundesliga Young Player of the Year : 2012 -- 13 Bundesliga Player of the Year : 2014 -- 15 Bundesliga Team of the Year : 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2014 -- 15 Manchester City Player of the Month : September 2015, October 2015, December 2015, April 2016, September 2017, October 2017 Footballer of the Year in Germany : 2015 France Football World XI : 2015 Belgian Sportsman of the Year : 2015 Manchester City Player of the Year : 2015 -- 16, 2017 -- 18 FIFA FIFPro World XI 3rd team : 2016 IFFHS Men 's World Team : 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2017 PFA Team of the Year : 2017 -- 18 Premier League Premier League Playmaker of the Season : 2017 -- 18 Books ( edit ) Keep It Simple ( 2014 ) ( autobiography, co-authored with Raoul de Groote ), Amsterdam : Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, ISBN 978 - 9089 - 31 - 482 - 6 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Includes Belgian Pro League playoffs Jump up ^ Includes Belgian Super Cup and German Super Cup Citations Jump up ^ `` Updated squads for 2017 / 18 Premier League confirmed ''. Premier League. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne '' ( in German ). weltfussball.de. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin De Bruyne '' Club matches ``. World Football. Retrieved 17 August 2015. Jump up ^ Brown, Luke ( 9 November 2017 ). `` Kevin de Bruyne can become as good as Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, says Roberto Martinez ''. The Independent. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ Siregar, Cady ( 16 October 2017 ). `` Pep Guardiola calls Kevin De Bruyne `` the best player in Europe bar one '' ``. Squawka. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ Holyman, Ian ( 10 November 2017 ). `` Kevin De Bruyne best player in Premier League at the moment -- Eden Hazard ''. ESPN FC. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Hughes praises ' best player ' in league De Bruyne ''. BBC Sport. 14 October 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ Redknapp, Jamie ( 17 December 2017 ). `` Manchester City star Kevin De Bruyne is already the best passer the Premier League has ever seen... '' Daily Mail. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich boss Heynckes : `` I would give De Bruyne the shirt off my back '' ``. goal.com. 15 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Pep Guardiola and Antonio Conte laud Kevin De Bruyne for being the perfect ' complete ' player after masterclass ''. The Independent. 30 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Where would Manchester City be without Kevin De Bruyne, the most complete player in the Premier League? ''. The Independent. 30 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 100 best footballers in the world 2017 ''. The Guardian. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` De Bruyne is Speler van het Jaar volgens Duitse Journalisten ''. Sporza ( in Dutch ). 26 July 2015. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2015. Jump up ^ `` Charleroi 3 -- 0 Genk ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2011. ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin De Bruyne ''. National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman. Retrieved 27 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Genk 1 -- 0 Standard Liege ''. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Genk clinch third Belgian title with Liege draw ''. Reuters. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne ( 3 ) stars as Genk win 5 -- 4 at Club Brugge ''. Jump up ^ Bailey, Graeme ( 31 January 2012 ). `` Genk confirm De Bruyne sale ''. Sky Sport. Retrieved 31 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Kevin becomes a blue ''. Chelsea F.C. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Chelsea sign Kevin De Bruyne from Genk ''. BBC Sport. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012. Jump up ^ `` Chelsea send £ 7m youngster De Bruyne to Werder Bremen on season - long loan ''. Daily Mail. Jump up ^ `` Hannover 96 3 -- 2 Werder Bremen ''. ESPN FC. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Huszti is hero and villain ''. Sky Sports. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Werder Bremen 2 -- 2 VfB Stuttgart ''. ESPN FC. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Honours even at Weser Stadion ''. Sky Sports. 23 September 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Werder Bremen 2 -- 1 Fortuna Düsseldorf ''. ESPN FC. 18 November 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Winning start for Schaaf ''. Sky Sports. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Werder Bremen 2 -- 2 TSG Hoffenheim ''. ESPNFC. 4 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Hoffenheim fight back to draw ''. Sky Sports. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Werder Bremen 1 -- 1 Eintracht Frankfurt ''. ESPNFC. 11 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Eagles secure a point ''. Sky Sports. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne to fight for Chelsea place ''. ESPNFC. 21 June 2013. Jump up ^ Conway, Richard ( 22 July 2013 ). `` Chelsea : Kevin De Bruyne set for scan on knee injury ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 3 September 2014. Jump up ^ Taylor, Daniel ( 18 August 2013 ). `` José Mourinho enjoys stylish return as Chelsea cruise against Hull ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` Chelsea sell Kevin De Bruyne to Wolfsburg ''. The Guardian. 18 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014. Jump up ^ `` Team News : Kevin de Bruyne straight in for Wolfsburg ''. Sports Mole. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Wolfsburg - Nurnberg Live ''. Whoscored.com. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne : ' We want nine points ' VfL Wolfsburg Matchday 31 Reaction -- Bundesliga -- official website ''. Bundesliga. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ `` Wolfsburg rally to peg back LOSC ''. UEFA. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne Double Fires Wolfsburg to First European Win ''. Bundesliga. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014. Jump up ^ Begley, Emlyn ( 30 January 2015 ). `` VfL Wolfsburg 4 -- 1 Bayern Munich ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` Werder Bremen 3 -- 5 VfL Wolfsburg ''. ESPN ( UK ). 1 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne - powered Wolfsburg snap back at Inter ''. UEFA.COM. UEFA. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` VfL Wolfsburg 3 -- 0 Sport - Club Freiburg ''. BBC Sport. 15 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne entre dans l'histoire de la Bundesliga ''. RTBF Sport ( in French ). 16 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Borussia Dortmd 1 -- 3 VfL Wolfsburg ''. BBC Sport. 30 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin De Bruyne is off to Man City ' says Wolfsburg director Klaus Allofs ''. ESPN FC. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015. Jump up ^ Dunbar, Ross ( 1 August 2015 ). `` Bendtner leads Wolfsburg over Bayern Munich on penalties in German Super Cup clash ''. Fox Sports. Retrieved 3 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` De Bruynes artwork rewarded wide awake Wolves ''. Kicker. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Manchester City transfer news : Kevin De Bruyne : I will not force Wolfsburg to sell me ''. Goal.com. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Jump up ^ Jackson, Jamie ( 10 August 2015 ). `` Manchester City make second bid of £ 47m for Wolfsburg 's Kevin De Bruyne ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin de Bruyne : Man City offer ' astonishing ' wages ''. BBC Sport. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne signs for Manchester City ''. Manchester City. 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Man City sign midfielder De Bruyne ''. BBC Sport. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Premier League leaders Manchester City continued their 100 % start to the season with an injury - time winner over Crystal Palace ''. BBC Sport. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015. Jump up ^ JJ Bull ( 20 September 2015 ). `` Manchester City vs West Ham United : as it happened ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Sunderland 1 -- 4 Manchester City ''. BBC Sport. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Recap : Spurs hit four after De Bruyne puts Blues ahead ''. Manchester Evening News. 26 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015. Jump up ^ Bevan, Chris ( 3 October 2015 ). `` Manchester City 6 -- 1 Newcastle United ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or shortlist : Eight Manchester - based players in running for award ''. Manchester Evening News. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Ronaldo & Messi joined by Aguero & Toure on list ''. BBC Sport. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor. `` Kevin De Bruyne 's late strike earns Manchester City victory over Sevilla ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor. `` Kevin De Bruyne hits double as Manchester City send Hull packing ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kevin de Bruyne : Man City midfielder set for 10 weeks out ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 's Kevin De Bruyne inspires thrashing of Bournemouth ''. The Guardian. 3 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` PSG 2 Man City 2 : Fernandinho and Kevin de Bruyne give City cause to dream in Champions League ''. The Daily Telegraph. 6 April 2016. Jump up ^ Mark Ogden ( 12 April 2016 ). `` Manchester City vs PSG match report : Kevin De Bruyne stars as slick City charge to semi-final ''. The Independent. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 2 -- 2 Arsenal ''. BBC Sport. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne just behind Lionel Messi, says Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola ''. Sky Sports. Retrieved 18 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 1 -- 2 Manchester City : De Bruyne and Iheanacho net ''. Daily Mail. 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Manchester City v Bournemouth Premier League match report ''. Manchester City. 17 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 1 -- 1 Everton ''. BBC Sport. 15 October 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ Wallace, Sam ; Bull, J.J. ( 1 November 2016 ). `` Manchester City 3 Barcelona 1 : Pep Guardiola masterminds City comeback as Gundogan grabs double ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 12 January 2017 ). `` Manchester City 2 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Manchester City 1 -- 1 Liverpool ''. BBC Sport. 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ Yew, Oliver ( 9 September 2017 ). `` Manchester City 5 -- 0 Liverpool : Jurgen Klopp 's side suffer after Sadio Mane 's red card ''. SkySports. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 30 September 2017 ). `` Chelsea 0 -- 1 Manchester City ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne Pens New Five - Year Contract ''. mancity.co.uk. Manchester City. 22 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin De Bruyne interview : I 'll fight for chance at Chelsea... '' The Independent. Retrieved 5 June 2015. Jump up ^ Sheridan, Jim ( 12 February 2018 ). `` TOP FLIGHT STAR Kevin De Bruyne : Manchester City star whose Wag had a fling with Thibaut Courtois, is secretly a Belgian Bill Oddie and could 've played for Burundi ''. The Sun. Retrieved 13 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Finland 1 -- 0 Belgium ''. Eurosport. Retrieved 9 June 2011. Jump up ^ `` Kevin DE BRUYNE ''. FIFA. Retrieved 22 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Adnan Januzaj included in Belgium 's World Cup squad ''. BBC Sport. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014. Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Saj ( 17 June 2014 ). `` Belgium 2 -- 1 Algeria ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Belgium 2 -- 1 Algeria ''. FIFA. Retrieved 22 June 2014. Jump up ^ `` Belgium 2 -- 1 USA ''. BBC. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014. Jump up ^ Brookman, Derek ( 10 October 2014 ). `` Belgium equal record tally against Andorra ''. UEFA. Retrieved 30 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2016 -- Kevin De Bruyne ''. UEFA. Jump up ^ Anwar, Daniel ( 11 June 2015 ). `` Do Manchester City need Kevin De Bruyne this summer? ''. Squawka. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ Mark Ogden ; Mike Whalley ( 30 August 2015 ). `` Kevin De Bruyne completes £ 54m Man City transfer ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 July 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne ''. premierskillsenglish.britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 10 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne Age, Height, Family, Religion, Girlfriend, Cars, Haircut & More ''. Celebrity Unfold. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Bremens Belgier ist im Sommer weg : De Bruyne : `` Es gibt keine Chance für Werder! '' '' ( Bremen 's Belgian going to leave in summer : De Bruyne : `` There is no chance for Werder! `` ) ( in German ). Bild. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` Pep Guardiola to make surprise visit to Belgium on June 2nd -- report -- City Watch ''. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne : een jongen uit Drongen ''. Staantribune ( in Dutch ). 29 September 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Keeper Thibaut Courtois Has Affair With Caroline Lijnen, Girlfriend Of Team - Mate Kevin De Bruyne ''. CaughtOffside.com. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Jump up ^ Newman, Benjamin ( 3 January 2014 ). `` Michèle Lacroix, new blonde girlfriend of Chelsea 's De Bruyne, has posted pictures of the couple on Facebook ''. 101 Great Goals. Retrieved 22 March 2015. Jump up ^ Newman, Benjamin ( 28 September 2015 ). `` Michèle Lacroix, girlfriend of Man City 's Kevin De Bruyne, announces she 's pregnant with a boy ''. 101 great goals. Retrieved 28 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne heureux papa d'un petit Mason Milian ''. Rtbf.be. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Meet the stunning blonde WAG married to Manchester City star ''. dailystar.co.uk. DailyStar. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2018. ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Northcroft ( 25 October 2015 ). `` City Whizzkid ''. The Sunday Times. ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin De Bruyne '' Domestic Cups ``. Soccerway. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne ''. kicker.de ( in German ). kicker. Retrieved 17 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne ''. kicker.de ( in German ). kicker. Retrieved 17 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne ''. kicker.de ( in German ). kicker. Retrieved 17 August 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Games played by Kevin De Bruyne in 2015 / 2016 ''. Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 27 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Games played by Kevin De Bruyne in 2016 / 2017 ''. Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 27 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Games played by Kevin De Bruyne in 2017 / 2018 ''. Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 27 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne ''. eu-football.info. Retrieved 25 December 2014. Jump up ^ `` Rules & Governance -- Law 3 : The number of players ''. The Football Association. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Football MATCH : 14.11. 2012 ( Romania v Belgium ) ''. EU Football. Retrieved 17 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Football MATCH : 26.05. 2014 ( Belgium v Luxembourg ) ''. EU Football. Retrieved 17 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Football MATCH : 05.06. 2017 ( Belgium v Czech Republic ) ''. EU Football. Retrieved 19 November 2017. ^ Jump up to : Kevin De Bruyne at Soccerway. Retrieved 24 January 2015. Jump up ^ `` VfL Wolfsburg -- Bayern München 5 : 4, Supercup, Saison 2015, 1. Spieltag -- Spielbericht '' ( in German ). kicker.de. Retrieved 1 August 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne : Overview ''. Premier League. Retrieved 15 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne -- Player Bio ''. Manchester City. Retrieved 18 December 2017. Jump up ^ McNulty, Phil ( 25 February 2018 ). `` Arsenal 0 -- 3 Manchester City ''. BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 February 2018. Jump up ^ Anderson, Cammy ( 21 April 2014 ). `` Analysing Kevin De Bruyne ''. Vavel. Retrieved 17 March 2015. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne voted by players as the best in Bundesliga last season ''. FOX Sports. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` 2014 / 15 Team of the Season ''. bundesliga.com. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2017. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season ''. UEFA.com. 27 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League squad of the season ''. UEFA. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015. Jump up ^ `` KDB Etihad Player Of The Month ''. Manchester City. 25 October 2015. Jump up ^ `` KDB Etihad Player Of The Month ''. Manchester City. 26 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne crowned Etihad player of the month -- Manchester City FC ''. Manchester City. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne bags fourth Etihad Award of the season ''. Manchester City. 17 May 2016. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne wins Etihad player of the month ''. mancity.com. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017. Jump up ^ Laird, Conor ( 4 November 2017 ). `` Man City announce Player of the Month for October ''. 101 Great Goals. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Jump up ^ `` Messi, Neymar Jr, Iniesta and Alves in France Football world XI of 2015 ''. FC Barcelona. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne is Sportsman of the Year ''. Deredactie.be. 20 December 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne wins Etihad Player of the Season award ''. Manchester City. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne has been named City 's Etihad Player of the Season ''. Manchester City. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2016 World 11 : the reserve teams -- FIFPro World Players ' Union ''. FIFPro.org. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` The IFFHS Men World Team 2017 ''. IFFHS.de. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures : UEFA.com Team of the Year 2017 ''. UEFA.com : The official website for European football. UEFA. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018. Jump up ^ `` Manchester City players dominate PFA team of the year ''. BBC Sport. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` De Bruyne edges Playmaker award ''. Premier League. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kevin De Bruyne. Kevin De Bruyne profile at Belgian FA Kevin De Bruyne -- FIFA competition record Kevin De Bruyne at Soccerway Kevin De Bruyne at Soccerbase Kevin De Bruyne at National-Football-Teams.com Awards Belgian Sportsperson of the Year Men 1967 Ferdinand Bracke 1968 Serge Reding 1969 -- 1974 Eddy Merckx 1975 Bruno Brokken 1976 Ivo Van Damme 1977 Michel Pollentier 1978 Raymond Ceulemans 1979 -- 1980 Robert Van de Walle 1981 Freddy Maertens 1982 Jacky Ickx 1983 Eddy Annys 1984 Claude Criquielion 1985 Gaston Rahier & Vincent Rousseau 1986 William Van Dijck 1987 Georges Jobé 1988 Eric Geboers 1989 Thierry Boutsen 1990 Rudy Dhaenens 1991 Jean - Michel Saive 1992 Georges Jobé 1993 Vincent Rousseau 1994 Jean - Michel Saive 1995 -- 1996 Fred Deburghgraeve 1997 Luc Van Lierde 1998 Fred Deburghgraeve 1999 Luc Van Lierde 2000 Joël Smets 2001 -- 2004 Stefan Everts 2005 Tom Boonen 2006 Stefan Everts 2007 Tom Boonen 2008 Sven Nys 2009 -- 2011 Philippe Gilbert 2012 Tom Boonen 2013 Frederik Van Lierde 2014 Thibaut Courtois 2015 Kevin De Bruyne 2016 Greg Van Avermaet 2017 David Goffin Women 1975 Carine Verbauwen 1976 -- 1977 Anne - Marie Pira 1978 -- 1979 Carine Verbauwen 1980 Ingrid Berghmans 1981 Annie Lambrechts 1982 -- 1986 Ingrid Berghmans 1987 Ingrid Lempereur 1988 -- 1989 Ingrid Berghmans 1990 -- 1991 Sabine Appelmans 1992 Annelies Bredael 1993 Gella Vandecaveye 1994 -- 1995 Brigitte Becue 1996 Ulla Werbrouck 1997 Gella Vandecaveye 1998 Dominique Monami 1999 -- 2002 Kim Clijsters 2003 -- 2004 Justine Henin - Hardenne 2005 Kim Clijsters 2006 -- 2007 Justine Henin - Hardenne 2008 Tia Hellebaut 2009 -- 2011 Kim Clijsters 2012 Evi Van Acker 2013 Kirsten Flipkens 2014 Nafissatou Thiam 2015 Delfine Persoon 2016 - 2017 Nafissatou Thiam Team 1997 Noliko Maaseik 1998 Motocross team 1999 Davis Cup team 2000 Anderlecht 2001 Fed Cup team 2002 La Villette 2003 Motocross team 2004 Women 's 4 × 100 metres relay 2005 Under - 21 football team 2006 Fed Cup team 2007 -- 2008 Women 's 4 × 100 metres relay 2009 -- 2011 Men 's 4 × 400 metres relay 2012 Field hockey team 2013 -- 2014 Football team 2015 Davis Cup team 2016 Field hockey team 2017 Davis Cup team Talent 1998 Kim Clijsters 1999 Bart Wellens 2000 Bart Aernouts 2001 Jurgen Van den Broeck 2002 Thomas Buffel 2003 Kirsten Flipkens 2004 Aagje Vanwalleghem 2005 Niels Albert 2006 Yoris Grandjean 2007 Dominique Cornu 2008 Elise Matthysen 2009 Romelu Lukaku 2010 Luca Brecel 2011 Thomas van der Plaetsen 2012 Kimmer Coppejans 2013 Nafissatou Thiam 2014 Divock Origi 2015 Tiesj Benoot 2016 Louise Carton 2017 Lotte Kopecky Paralympic 2010 Sven Decaesstecker 2011 Wim Decleir 2012 Marieke Vervoort 2013 Joachim Gérard 2014 Michèle George 2015 Marieke Vervoort 2016 Laurens Devos 2017 Peter Genyn Coach 2011 -- 2012 Jacques Borlée 2013 -- 2014 Marc Wilmots 2015 Hein Vanhaezebrouck 2016 - 2017 Roger Lespagnard German Footballer of the Year 1960 : Seeler 1961 : Morlock 1962 : Schnellinger 1963 : Schäfer 1964 : Seeler 1965 : Tilkowski 1966 : Beckenbauer 1967 : Müller 1968 : Beckenbauer 1969 : Müller 1970 : Seeler 1971 : Vogts 1972 : Netzer 1973 : Netzer 1974 : Beckenbauer 1975 : Maier 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Maier 1978 : Maier 1979 : Vogts 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Breitner 1982 : K. Förster 1983 : Völler 1984 : Schumacher 1985 : Briegel 1986 : Schumacher 1987 : Rahn 1988 : Klinsmann 1989 : Häßler 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Kuntz 1992 : Häßler 1993 : Köpke 1994 : Klinsmann 1995 : Sammer 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Kohler 1998 : Bierhoff 1999 : Matthäus 2000 : Kahn 2001 : Kahn 2002 : Ballack 2003 : Ballack 2004 : Aílton 2005 : Ballack 2006 : Klose 2007 : Gómez 2008 : Ribéry 2009 : Grafite 2010 : Robben 2011 : Neuer 2012 : Reus 2013 : Schweinsteiger 2014 : Neuer 2015 : De Bruyne 2016 : Boateng 2017 : Lahm Manchester City F.C. Player of the Year 1967 : Book 1968 : Bell 1969 : Pardoe 1970 : Lee 1971 : Doyle 1972 : Summerbee 1973 : Summerbee 1974 : Doyle 1975 : Oakes 1976 : Corrigan 1977 : Watson 1978 : Corrigan 1979 : Hartford 1980 : Corrigan 1981 : Power 1982 : Caton 1983 : Bond 1984 : McCarthy 1985 : Power 1986 : Clements 1987 : McNab 1988 : Redmond 1989 : McNab 1990 : Hendry 1991 : Quinn 1992 : Coton 1993 : Flitcroft 1994 : Coton 1995 : Rösler 1996 : Kinkladze 1997 : Kinkladze 1998 : Brown 1999 : Wiekens 2000 : Goater 2001 : Tiatto 2002 : Benarbia 2003 : Distin 2004 : Wright - Phillips 2005 : Dunne 2006 : Dunne 2007 : Dunne 2008 : Dunne 2009 : Ireland 2010 : Tevez 2011 : Kompany 2012 : Agüero 2013 : Zabaleta 2014 : Touré 2015 : Agüero 2016 : De Bruyne 2017 : Silva 2018 : De Bruyne 2017 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RB : Dani Alves CB : Sergio Ramos CB : Giorgio Chiellini LB : Marcelo MF : Luka Modrić MF : Toni Kroos MF : Kevin De Bruyne MF : Eden Hazard FW : Lionel Messi FW : Cristiano Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : De Gea DF : Walker DF : Otamendi DF : Vertonghen DF : Alonso MF : Silva MF : Eriksen MF : De Bruyne FW : Salah FW : Kane FW : Agüero Premier League Playmaker of the Season 2018 : De Bruyne Belgium squads Belgium squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Courtois 2 Alderweireld 3 Vermaelen 4 Kompany ( c ) 5 Vertonghen 6 Witsel 7 De Bruyne 8 Fellaini 9 Lukaku 10 Hazard 11 Mirallas 12 Mignolet 13 Bossut 14 Mertens 15 Van Buyten 16 Defour 17 Origi 18 Lombaerts 19 Dembélé 20 Januzaj 21 Vanden Borre 22 Chadli 23 Ciman Coach : Wilmots Belgium squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Courtois 2 Alderweireld 3 Vermaelen 4 Nainggolan 5 Vertonghen 6 Witsel 7 De Bruyne 8 Fellaini 9 R. Lukaku 10 Hazard ( c ) 11 Carrasco 12 Mignolet 13 Gillet 14 Mertens 15 Denayer 16 Meunier 17 Origi 18 Kabasele 19 Dembélé 20 Benteke 21 J. Lukaku 22 Batshuayi 23 Ciman Coach : Wilmots Manchester City F.C. -- current squad 1 Bravo 2 Walker 3 Danilo 4 Kompany ( c ) 5 Stones 7 Sterling 8 Gündoğan 10 Agüero 14 Laporte 17 De Bruyne 18 Delph 19 Sané 20 B. Silva 21 D. Silva 22 Mendy 24 Adarabioyo 25 Fernandinho 30 Otamendi 31 Ederson 32 Grimshaw 33 Jesus 35 Zinchenko 42 Touré 43 Nmecha 47 Foden 49 Murić 55 Díaz Manager : Guardiola Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_De_Bruyne&oldid=843670940 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people Sportspeople from Ghent Belgian footballers Belgian expatriate footballers Belgium youth international footballers Belgium under - 21 international footballers Belgium international footballers Association football midfielders Belgian people of English descent K.A.A. Gent players K.R.C. 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{ "text": "Annelid - wikipedia Annelid Jump to : navigation, search Annelids Temporal range : Early Ordovician -- Recent PreЄ Є O Pg Glycera sp. Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Superphylum : Lophotrochozoa Phylum : Annelida Lamarck, 1809 Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta ( paraphyletic? ) Class Clitellata ( see below ) Oligochaeta -- earthworms, etc. Branchiobdellida Hirudinea -- leeches Class Echiura ( previously a separate phylum ) Sipuncula ( previously a separate phylum ) Class Machaeridia † The annelids ( Annelida, from Latin anellus, `` little ring '' ), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies -- some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments. The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes ( almost all marine ), oligochaetes ( which include earthworms ) and leech - like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a `` super-phylum '' of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans. The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychates, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well - developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ( `` ripples '' that pass along the body ) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques -- some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment. Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring - like cocoon around their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge. Earthworms are oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near - shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood - letting is used less frequently by doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms ' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength. Since annelids are soft - bodied, their fossils are rare -- mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 66 million years ago. Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification and diversity 2 Distinguishing features 3 Description 3.1 Segmentation 3.2 Body wall, chetae and parapodia 3.3 Nervous system and senses 3.4 Coelom, locomotion and circulatory system 3.5 Respiration 3.6 Feeding and excretion 3.7 Reproduction and life cycle 3.7. 1 Asexual reproduction 3.7. 2 Sexual reproduction 4 Ecological significance 5 Interaction with humans 6 Evolutionary history 6.1 Fossil record 6.2 Family tree 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Classification and diversity ( edit ) There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian giant Gippsland earthworm and Amynthas mekongianus ( Cognetti, 1922 ), which can both grow up to 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) long. Although research since 1997 has radically changed scientists ' views about the evolutionary family tree of the annelids, most textbooks use the traditional classification into the following sub-groups : Polychaetes ( about 12,000 species ). As their name suggests, they have multiple chetae ( `` hairs '' ) per segment. Polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, and nuchal organs that are thought to be chemosensors. Most are marine animals, although a few species live in fresh water and even fewer on land. An earthworm 's clitellum Clitellates ( about 10,000 species ). These have few or no chetae per segment, and no nuchal organs or parapodia. However, they have a unique reproductive organ, the ring - shaped clitellum ( `` pack saddle '' ) around their bodies, which produces a cocoon that stores and nourishes fertilized eggs until they hatch or, in moniligastrids, yolky eggs that provide nutrition for the embyros. The clitellates are sub-divided into : Oligochaetes ( `` with few hairs '' ), which includes earthworms. Oligochaetes have a sticky pad in the roof of the mouth. Most are burrowers that feed on wholly or partly decomposed organic materials. Hirudinea, whose name means `` leech - shaped '' and whose best known members are leeches. Marine species are mostly blood - sucking parasites, mainly on fish, while most freshwater species are predators. They have suckers at both ends of their bodies, and use these to move rather like inchworms. The Archiannelida, minute annelids that live in the spaces between grains of marine sediment, were treated as a separate class because of their simple body structure, but are now regarded as polychaetes. Some other groups of animals have been classified in various ways, but are now widely regarded as annelids : Pogonophora / Siboglinidae were first discovered in 1914, and their lack of a recognizable gut made it difficult to classify them. They have been classified as a separate phylum, Pogonophora, or as two phyla, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera. More recently they have been re-classified as a family, Siboglinidae, within the polychaetes. The Echiura have a checkered taxonomic history : in the 19th century they were assigned to the phylum `` Gephyrea '', which is now empty as its members have been assigned to other phyla ; the Echiura were next regarded as annelids until the 1940s, when they were classified as a phylum in their own right ; but a molecular phylogenetics analysis in 1997 concluded that echiurans are annelids. Myzostomida live on crinoids and other echinoderms, mainly as parasites. In the past they have been regarded as close relatives of the trematode flatworms or of the tardigrades, but in 1998 it was suggested that they are a sub-group of polychaetes. However, another analysis in 2002 suggested that myzostomids are more closely related to flatworms or to rotifers and acanthocephales. Sipuncula was originally classified as annelids, despite the complete lack of segmentation, bristles and other annelid characters. The phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the Mollusca, mostly on the basis of developmental and larval characters. Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of Sipuncula within Annelida. Subsequent analysis of the mitochondrion 's DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the Myzostomida and Annelida ( including echiurans and pogonophorans ). It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults. Distinguishing features ( edit ) No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring - like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ( `` partitions '' ) at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle ( outer covering ) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt -- on the other hand arthropods ' cuticles are made of the more rigid α - chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels. Summary of distinguishing features Annelida Recently merged into Annelida Closely related Similar - looking phyla Echiura Sipuncula Nemertea Arthropoda Onychophora External segmentation Yes no no Only in a few species Yes, except in mites no Repetition of internal organs Yes no no Yes In primitive forms Yes Septa between segments In most species no no No No No Cuticle material collagen collagen collagen none α - chitin α - chitin Molting Generally no ; but some polychaetes molt their jaws, and leeches molt their skins no no no Yes Yes Body cavity Coelom ; but this is reduced or missing in many leeches and some small polychaetes 2 coelomata, main and in proboscis 2 coelomata, main and in tentacles Coelom only in proboscis Hemocoel Hemocoel Circulatory system Closed in most species Open outflow, return via branched vein Open Closed Open Open Description ( edit ) Segmentation ( edit ) Prostomium Peristomium OMouth Growth zone Pygidium OAnus Segments of an annelid Most of an annelid 's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae ( Greek χαιτη, meaning `` hair '' ) and, in some species, appendages. However, the frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium ( Greek προ - meaning `` in front of '' and στομα meaning `` mouth '' ) contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium ( Greek πυγιδιον, meaning `` little tail '' ) or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium ( Greek περι - meaning `` around '' and στομα meaning `` mouth '' ), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments. The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid 's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest. This pattern is called teloblastic growth. Some groups of annelids, including all leeches, have fixed maximum numbers of segments, while others add segments throughout their lives. The phylum 's name is derived from the Latin word annelus, meaning `` little ring ''. Body wall, chetae and parapodia ( edit ) Annelids ' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one - cell deep epidermis ( outermost skin layer ). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus - secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom ( body cavity ) : circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips, whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side. The setae ( `` hairs '' ) of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ( `` limbs '' ) of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips -- for example jointed, comb - like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β - chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ( `` hair - forming '' ) cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair - like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids ' chetae are structurally different from the setae ( `` bristles '' ) of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α - chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle. Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia of burrowing and tube - dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae. In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri ( fused bundles of cilia ) and gills. Nervous system and senses ( edit ) The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx ( throat ), consisting of a pair of ganglia ( local control centers ) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the central nervous system is generally `` ladder - like '', consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube - dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis. As in arthropods, each muscle fiber ( cell ) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber 's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids ' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons ( the output signal lines of nerve cells ). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement. The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages ( if any ) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ( `` on the neck '' ) organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli ( `` little eyes '' ) that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images. The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods ' eyes. Some tube - worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes. Some burrowing and tube - dwelling polychaetes have statocysts ( tilt and balance sensors ) that tell them which way is down. A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as `` feelers '', and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as `` feelers ''. Coelom, locomotion and circulatory system ( edit ) Most annelids have a pair of coelomata ( body cavities ) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium ( membrane that serves as a lining ) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells ; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates : producing and storing glycogen and fat ; producing the oxygen - carrier hemoglobin ; breaking down proteins ; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted. Play media Peristalsis moves this `` worm '' to the right Many annelids move by peristalsis ( waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body ), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid - filled `` balloon ''. However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia -- for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia ( fine muscle - powered hairs ) and some burrowers turn their pharynges ( throats ) inside out to penetrate the sea - floor and drag themselves into it. The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment -- red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others ( dissolved in the plasma ) -- and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma. Species with well - developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen. However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body. They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side - by - side rather than upper and lower. However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids. Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms. The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium. Respiration ( edit ) In some annelids, including earthworms, all respiration is via the skin. However, many polychaetes and some clitellates ( the group to which earthworms belong ) have gills associated with most segments, often as extensions of the parapodia in polychaetes. The gills of tube - dwellers and burrowers usually cluster around whichever end has the stronger water flow. Feeding and excretion ( edit ) Lamellibrachian tube worms have no gut and gain nutrients from chemoautotrophic bacteria living inside them. Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals ' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted ( turned inside out to extend it ). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea - floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use `` crowns '' of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth. The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries ( vertical partitions within segments ), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube - dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15 % of the worms ' total weight. The bacteria convert inorganic matter -- such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps -- to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria. Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two - stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first -- in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second - stage filter and the nephridiopore ( exit opening in the body wall ) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment ( before the growth zone and pygidium ) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine. Reproduction and life cycle ( edit ) Asexual reproduction ( edit ) This sabellid tubeworm is budding Polychaetes can reproduce asexually, by dividing into two or more pieces or by budding off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism. Some oligochaetes, such as Aulophorus furcatus, seem to reproduce entirely asexually, while others reproduce asexually in summer and sexually in autumn. Asexual reproduction in oligochaetes is always by dividing into two or more pieces, rather than by budding. However, leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually. Most polychaetes and oligochaetes also use similar mechanisms to regenerate after suffering damage. Two polychaete genera, Chaetopterus and Dodecaceria, can regenerate from a single segment, and others can regenerate even if their heads are removed. Annelids are the most complex animals that can regenerate after such severe damage. On the other hand, leeches can not regenerate. Sexual reproduction ( edit ) Apical tuft ( cilia ) Prototroch ( cilia ) Stomach Mouth Metatroch ( cilia ) Mesoderm Anus / / / = cilia Trochophore larva It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea - floor and metamorphose into miniature adults : the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium ( head ) ; a small area round the trochophore 's anus becomes the pygidium ( tail - piece ) ; a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments ; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium ( the segment that contains the mouth ). However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25 % of the 300 + species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14 % use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk - rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch -- some by producing jelly - covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer ; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes ' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists ' current knowledge. Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm. In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn. Most mature clitellates ( the group that includes earthworms and leeches ) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well - developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners ' sperm in spermathecae ( `` sperm stores '' ) and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae. Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon. Leeches ' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon. In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing. All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae. Ecological significance ( edit ) Charles Darwin 's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms ( 1881 ) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms ' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds. Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from Asia. Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity. Especially of concern is Amynthas agrestis and at least one state ( Wisconsin ) has listed it as a prohibited species. Earthworms migrate only a limited distance annually on their own, and the spread of invasive worms is increased rapidly by anglers and from worms or their cocoons in the dirt on vehicle tires or footwear. Marine annelids may account for over one - third of bottom - dwelling animal species around coral reefs and in tidal zones. Burrowing species increase the penetration of water and oxygen into the sea - floor sediment, which encourages the growth of populations of aerobic bacteria and small animals alongside their burrows. Although blood - sucking leeches do little direct harm to their victims, some transmit flagellates that can be very dangerous to their hosts. Some small tube - dwelling oligochaetes transmit myxosporean parasites that cause whirling disease in fish. Interaction with humans ( edit ) Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes ' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations. Scientists study aquatic annelids to monitor the oxygen content, salinity and pollution levels in fresh and marine water. Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood - letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas ' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading. Ragworms ' jaws are strong but much lighter than the hard parts of many other organisms, which are biomineralized with calcium salts. These advantages have attracted the attention of engineers. Investigations showed that ragworm jaws are made of unusual proteins that bind strongly to zinc. Evolutionary history ( edit ) See also : List of Annelid families Fossil record ( edit ) Burgessochaeta setigera Since annelids are soft - bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes ' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian ( i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong ). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada 's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown - group can not have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes, but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago. In 2012, a 508 million year old species of annelid found near the burgess shale beds in British Columbia, Kootenayscolex, was found that changed the hypotheses about how the annelid head developed. It appears to have bristles on its head segment akin to those along its body, as if the head simply developed as a specialized version of a previously generic segment. The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed. Family tree ( edit ) Annelida some `` Scolecida '' and `` Aciculata '' some `` Canalipalpata '' Sipuncula, previously a separate phylum Clitellata some `` Oligochaeta '' Hirudinea ( leeches ) some `` Oligochaeta '' some `` Oligochaeta '' Aeolosomatidae some `` Scolecida '' and `` Canalipalpata '' some `` Scolecida '' Echiura, previously a separate phylum some `` Scolecida '' some `` Canalipalpata '' Siboglinidae, previously phylum Pogonophora some `` Canalipalpata '' some `` Scolecida '', `` Canalipalpata '' and `` Aciculata '' Annelid groups and phyla incorporated into Annelida ( 2007 ; simplified ). Highlights major changes to traditional classifications. Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best - known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher - level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a `` first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour '', based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into : Scolecida, less than 1,000 burrowing species that look rather like earthworms. Palpata, the great majority of polychaetes, divided into : Canalipalpata, which are distinguished by having long grooved palps that they use for feeding, and most of which live in tubes. Aciculata, the most active polychaetes, which have parapodia reinforced by internal spines ( aciculae ). Also in 1997 Damhnait McHugh, using molecular phylogenetics to compare similarities and differences in one gene, presented a very different view, in which : the clitellates were an offshoot of one branch of the polychaete family tree ; the pogonophorans and echiurans, which for a few decades had been regarded as a separate phyla, were placed on other branches of the polychaete tree. Subsequent molecular phylogenetics analyses on a similar scale presented similar conclusions. In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared 3 genes in 81 taxa, of which 9 were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes ( including the original 3 ) in 10 taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. In addition, it also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister - group among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain. In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and 3 previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes ' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder - like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal than previously thought in both annelids and arthropods. Bilateria Acoelomorpha ( Acoela and Nemertodermatida ) Deuterostomia ( Echinoderms, chordates, etc. ) Protostomia Ecdysozoa ( Arthropods, nematodes, priapulids, etc. ) Lophotrochozoa Bryozoa Annelida Sipuncula Mollusca Phoronida and Brachiopoda Nemertea Dicyemida Myzostomida Platyzoa Other Platyzoa Gastrotricha Platyhelminthes Relationships of Annelids to other Bilateria : ( Analysis produced in 2004, before Sipuncula were merged into Annelida in 2007 ) Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals -- the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ( `` jointed animals '' ), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores ( fan - like feeding structures ) and / or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryozoa may be the most basal phylum ( the one that first became distinctive ) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ( `` animals that molt '' ), along with some phyla that are unsegmented. The `` Lophotrochozoa '' hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg 's development. When their cells divide after the 4 - cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the `` fates '' of the embryo 's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as `` spiral determinate cleavage ''. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term originated from Jean - Baptiste Lamarck 's annélides. Jump up ^ Note that since this section was written, a new paper has revised the 2007 results : Struck, T.H. ; Paul, C. ; Hill, N. ; Hartmann, S. ; Hösel, C. ; Kube, M. ; Lieb, B. ; Meyer, A. ; Tiedemann, R. ; Purschke, G.N. ; Bleidorn, C. ( 2011 ). `` Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution ''. Nature. 471 ( 7336 ) : 95 -- 98. doi : 10.1038 / nature09864. PMID 21368831. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Budd, G.E. ; Jensen, S. ( May 2000 ). `` A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla ''. 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( 2009 ). `` Calcareous tubeworms of the Phanerozoic '' ( PDF ). Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences. 58 ( 4 ) : 286 -- 296. doi : 10.3176 / earth. 2009.4. 07. Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15. ^ Jump up to : Humphreys, G.S. ( 2003 ). `` Evolution of terrestrial burrowing invertebrates ''. In Roach, I.C. Advances in Regolith ( PDF ). CRC LEME. pp. 211 -- 215. ISBN 0 - 7315 - 5221 - 0. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13. Jump up ^ Retallack, G.J. ( 1997 ). `` Palaeosols in the upper Narrabeen Group of New South Wales as evidence of Early Triassic palaeoenvironments without exact modern analogues '' ( PDF ). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 44 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 201. doi : 10.1080 / 08120099708728303. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13. Jump up ^ Conway Morris, S. ; Pickerill, R.K. ; Harland, T.L. ( 1982 ). `` A possible annelid from the Trenton Limestone ( Ordovician ) of Quebec, with a review of fossil oligochaetes and other annulate worms ''. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 19 ( 11 ) : 2150 -- 2157. doi : 10.1139 / e82 - 189. Jump up ^ A group of worms classified by some as polychaetes and by others as clitellates, see Rouse & Fauchald ( 1997 ) `` Cladistics and polychaetes '' Jump up ^ Rouse, G.W. ; Fauchald, K. ( 1997 ). `` Cladistics and polychaetes ''. Zoologica Scripta. 26 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 204. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1997. tb00412. x. ^ Jump up to : Rouse, G.W. ; Pleijel, F. ; McHugh, D. ( August 2002 ). `` Annelida. Annelida. Segmented worms : bristleworms, ragworms, earthworms, leeches and their allies ''. The Tree of Life Web Project. Tree of Life Project. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13. ^ Jump up to : McHugh, D. ( 1997 ). `` Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 ( 15 ) : 8006 -- 8009. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.15. 8006. PMC 21546. PMID 9223304. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Halanych, K.M.. ( 2004 ). `` The new view of animal phylogeny '' ( PDF ). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 35 : 229 -- 256. doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 35.112202. 130124. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17. Jump up ^ `` Reading trees : A quick review ''. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13. Jump up ^ Dunn, CW ; Hejnol, A ; Matus, DQ ; Pang, K ; Browne, WE ; Smith, SA ; Seaver, E ; Rouse, GW ; Obst, M ( 2008 ). `` Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life ''. Nature. 452 ( 7188 ) : 745 -- 749. doi : 10.1038 / nature06614. PMID 18322464. Jump up ^ Aguinaldo, A.M.A. ; J.M. Turbeville ; L.S. Linford ; M.C. Rivera ; J.R. Garey ; R.A. Raff ; J.A. Lake ( 1997 ). `` Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals ''. Nature. 387 ( 6632 ) : 489 -- 493. doi : 10.1038 / 387489a0. PMID 9168109. Jump up ^ Shankland, M. ; Seaver, E.C. ( April 2000 ). `` Evolution of the bilaterian body plan : What have we learned from annelids? ''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 ( 9 ) : 4434 -- 4437. doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 97.9. 4434. PMC 34316. PMID 10781038. Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20. Jump up ^ Pearson, R.D. ( 2003 ). `` The Determined Embryo ''. In Hall, B.K. ; Pearson, R.D. ; Müller, G.B. Environment, Development, and Evolution. MIT Press. pp. 67 -- 69. ISBN 0 - 262 - 08319 - 1. Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03. Further Reading ( edit ) Dales, R.P. ( 1967 ). Annelids ( 2nd edition ). London : Hutchinson University Library. `` Annelid Fossils '' ( Web page ). The Virtual Fossil Museum. 2006. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2006. -- Descriptions and images of annelid fossils from Mazon Creek and the Utah House Range. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annelida. Wikispecies has information related to Annelida The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of : Annelida Polychaete Larva -- Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern Australia, Tasmanian Aquacultulre & Fisheries Institute Malaysia Medicinal Leeches Extant Animal phyla Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) n i m l i Porifera ( sponges ) Diploblasts ( Eumetazoa ) Ctenophora ( comb jellies ) ParaHoxozoa Cnidaria ( jellyfish and relatives ) Placozoa ( Trichoplax ) Bilateria ( Triploblasts ) ( see below ↓ ) ( hide ) Bilateria Xenacoelomorpha Xenoturbellida ( Xenoturbella ) Acoelomorpha acoels nemertodermatids p h r o z o Deuterostomia Chordata lancelets tunicates craniates / vertebrates Ambulacraria Echinodermata ( starfish and relatives ) Hemichordata acorn worms pterobranchs r o o s o m i Ecdysozoa Scalidophora Kinorhyncha ( mud dragons ) Priapulida ( penis worms ) N + L + P Nematoida Nematoda ( roundworms ) Nematomorpha ( horsehair worms ) L + P Loricifera Panarthropoda Arthropoda ( arthropods ) Tardigrada ( waterbears ) Onychophora ( velvet worms ) p i r l i Gnathifera 1 Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) Gnathostomulida ( jaw worms ) Micrognathozoa ( Limnognathia ) Syndermata Rotifera Acanthocephala Platytrochozoa R + M Mesozoa Orthonectida Dicyemida or Rhombozoa Rouphozoa 1 Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) Gastrotricha ( hairybacks ) Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora ( Symbion ) Mollusca ( molluscs ) A + N Annelida ( ringed worms ) Nemertea ( ribbon worms ) Lophophorata Bryozoa Entoprocta or Kamptozoa Ectoprocta ( moss animals ) Brachiozoa Brachiopoda ( lamp shells ) Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) Major groups within phyla Sponges Calcareous Hexactinellid Demosponge Homoscleromorpha Cnidarians Anthozoa inc. corals Medusozoa inc. jellyfish Myxozoa Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Echinoderms Sea lilies Asterozoa inc. starfish Echinozoa Nematodes Chromadorea Enoplea Secernentea Arthropods Chelicerates / Arachnids Myriapods Crustaceans Hexapods / Insects Platyhelminths Turbellaria Trematoda Monogenea Cestoda Bryozoans Phylactolaemata Stenolaemata Gymnolaemata Annelids Polychaetes Clitellata Echiura Molluscs Gastropods Cephalopods Bivalves Chitons Tusk shells Phyla with ≥ 5000 extant species bolded See also Diploblasts Monoblastozoa ( nomen dubium ) 1 Platyzoa Taxon identifiers Wd : Q25522 ADW : Annelida EoL : 36 EPPO : 1ANNEP Fauna Europaea : 11252 Fossilworks : 7021 GBIF : 42 iNaturalist : 47491 IRMNG : 234 ITIS : 64357 NCBI : 6340 NZOR : cf4d99f5 - 4ed6 - 4286 - 91d3 - 415c155cd975 uBio : 217248 WoRMS : 882 GND : 4178188 - 0 NDL : 00564892 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annelid&oldid=843083370 '' Categories : Annelids Early Ordovician first appearances Extant Ordovician first appearances Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 19 : 24. 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{ "text": "List of countries with IKEA stores - wikipedia List of countries with IKEA stores Map of countries with IKEA stores Legend : Current market locations Future market locations No current or planned market locations IKEA is a multinational group of companies that designs and sells ready - to - assemble furniture ( such as beds, chairs and desks ), appliances and home accessories. The following list of countries with IKEA stores is arranged by date of first store in each country. Contents ( hide ) 1 Countries 2 Planned 3 Abandoned 4 Largest stores 5 References 6 External links Countries ( edit ) Country Debut First store location No. of stores Notes Sweden 1958 Älmhult 20 Sweden has the world 's second largest IKEA ( outside Stockholm ; 55,221 square meters ) after South Korea 's Gwangmyeong store. Norway 1963 Slependen 7 First IKEA outside Sweden. Stores : Oslo ( Two stores, Slependen and Furuset ), Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim and Bergen. The world 's largest IKEA is planned to be built in Larvik, Norway. It is rumoured to be in the range of 60,000 - 80,000 square metres. Denmark 1969 Ballerup ( near Copenhagen ) 5 Opened 13 March 1969. Ballerup store closed and moved to Høje Tåstrup 1975. Other stores : Gentofte, Aarhus, Odense and Aalborg. Switzerland 1973 Spreitenbach 9 First IKEA outside Scandinavia. Germany 1977 ( West Germany before October 1990 ) Eching ( near Munich ) 53 IKEA 's largest market. Berlin alone has four stores. The Berlin `` Landsberger Allee '' store is the second largest in Europe with 43,000 m ( 460,000 sq ft ). Japan 2006 ( after withdrawal in 1986 ) Kobe ( initial ) Funabashi ( reentry ) 9 IKEA withdrew from the market in 1987 because of stagnant sales, then returned in 2006 to Funabashi, Chiba under a distribution partnership with the Mitsubishi Corporation. Australia Artarmon ( Sydney ) 10 There are ten stores in Australia. Rhodes, Tempe and Marsden Park in Sydney, Richmond and Springvale in Melbourne, North Lakes and Logan in Brisbane, and also Perth, Adelaide, and Canberra, although Perth and Adelaide are a franchise owned by CEBAS Pty LTD. IKEA have announced they will open stores in Campbellfield, Melbourne. The planned Campbellfield store will be the largest free - standing store in the Southern Hemisphere totaling 41,000 square metres. Canada Dartmouth 13 The first IKEA store in North America opened in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia in 1975 and closed 13 years later. The company made a return to the city in September 2017 with the opening of IKEA Halifax. As of 2017, there were 13 stores in six provinces -- two in British Columbia ( Richmond and Coquitlam ), two in Alberta ( Calgary and Edmonton ), one in Manitoba ( Winnipeg ), five in Ontario ( Burlington, Vaughan, Etobicoke, North York and Ottawa ), two in Quebec ( Montreal and Boucherville ), and one in Nova Scotia ( Halifax ). The current Ottawa store, opened on 7 December 2011, was at the time the largest IKEA in Canada -- approximately 37,000 square metres. On 8 May 2012, IKEA began construction on expanding its current Montreal location into North America 's largest IKEA store. Completed in summer 2013, the new IKEA Montreal measures 43,626 square metres. IKEA is re-opening a store in Quebec City, Quebec, in 2018. IKEA will open its 15th store in London, Ontario, in 2019. Hong Kong Kowloon ( Tsim Sha Tsui ) The first store opened in Hong Kong ( then a British colony ) in Tsim Sha Tsui. The original store was later relocated. Since 2007, IKEA has had three stores in Hong Kong : Causeway Bay, Kowloon Bay, Shatin, plus a warehouse in Sheung Shui. All are franchises owned by Dairy Farm International Holdings. The Shatin Store was expanded in December 2009. In summer 2010, the Kowloon Bay store was relocated from Telford Plaza to Megabox. With area of 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m ) it is the largest store in Hong Kong. Austria 1977 Vösendorf ( near Vienna ) 7 A new store, the seventh of Austria, was opened in 2008 in Klagenfurt. Singapore 1978 Bukit Timah Original store moved to Katong in 1984, then to Alexandra Road in Queenstown in 1995. A second store opened in November 2006 in Tampines. Netherlands 1978 Sliedrecht 13 Groningen store is the 3rd largest in Europe with 42,000 square metres ( 450,000 sq ft ). Newest store opened in February 2015 in Zwolle. The old store in Sliedrecht closed in 2006. Spain 1980 Las Palmas 20 There are 16 stores on mainland Spain and 4 stores in the Canary Islands & the Balearic Islands. Iceland 1981 Reykjavík Originally, IKEA started its business in a loft above a grocery store in Reykjavík. Later after having spent a decade in a large warehouse, it reopened ( at around 20,000 m ( 220,000 sq ft ) in Garðabær in October 2006. IKEA 's director in Iceland said that they want to open a store in Akureyri in the upcoming years, but meanwhile that plan was shelfed ( and instead a limit put on shipping cost ). France 1981 Bobigny ( near Paris ) 33 Saudi Arabia Jeddah Stores in Riyadh, Jeddah and Dhahran. The Riyadh and Jeddah stores have been completely rebuilt and relocated in recent years. The store in Dhahran opened in 2008. A new store opened in Jeddah in 2017. It 's the second store in Jeddah. Two pick - up points also opened in two cities. Belgium 1984 Zaventem and Ternat ( near Brussels ) 8 Stores in Anderlecht, Arlon, Ghent, Hasselt, Liege, Mons, Wilrijk and Zaventem. In 2008 the IKEA store in Ternat closed. In 2016 the stores in Hasselt and Mons opened, in October 2016 Ikea bought a piece of land to open a second store in Antwerp. Another new store will open near Kortrijk, but not anytime soon. Kuwait 1984 Kuwait City Opened in the industrial district of Shuwaikh in 1984 ; transferred to a significantly larger new facility at The Avenues ( a shopping centre ) in early 2007. United States 1985 Plymouth Meeting ( near Philadelphia ) 45 The first IKEA in the U.S. was built in the Philadelphia suburb of Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania ; this store has since moved to Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. The original IKEA building has since been demolished and is now a Whole Foods Market. In 1992, IKEA acquired the California - based STØR chain, adding 3 of that chain 's 4 locations to their US presence ; that chain 's Houston, Texas location, which operated under a franchise agreement, became one of only a few independently franchised IKEA locations in the world. Another store opened in Frisco, Texas in 2005, one of the largest in the world at the time. Most - recent stores opened since 2008 include Tampa, Florida ; Charlotte, North Carolina ; Brooklyn, New York ; and Centennial, Colorado. The first IKEA in Puerto Rico opened its doors on 2013 in Bayamón and a second store in Ponce is planned for the near future. IKEA announced on 4 December 2013 that a new 389,000 square foot store would begin construction in 2014 in St. Louis, Missouri in the city 's Midtown District. New locations in the Miami suburb of Sweetwater, Florida and the Kansas City suburb of Merriam, Kansas opened in Autumn 2014. A 351,000 square foot store opened in Spring Valley, Nevada, in June 2016. Two stores opened in 2017 : one in Columbus, Ohio in June, and another in the Indianapolis suburb of Fishers, Indiana in October. On May 5, 2016, a planned store in Oak Creek, Wisconsin was announced. The Oak Creek store is planned to open during the summer of 2018. On June 21, 2016, a planned store in Norfolk, Virginia was announced. The most recent announcement came on November 29, 2016, for a store in Live Oak, Texas, a suburb of San Antonio, scheduled to open in 2019. IKEA 's second location in Dallas - Fort Worth is being built in Grand Prairie In late 2017 IKEA made plans to open a location in Marietta, Georgia. This will become IKEA 's second location in Atlanta. United Kingdom Warrington, Cheshire 21 IKEA opened a new 32,000 square metres ( 340,000 sq ft ) store in Calcot, Reading, Berkshire on 14 July 2016 and opened in September 2017 in Sheffield. On the 10th May 2018, the UK 's 21st store opened in Exeter. A store is set to open in Greenwich Peninsula in early 2019. Additionally the UK has three Order and Collect points ; Norwich, Aberdeen and Birmingham. Italy Cinisello Balsamo ( near Milan ) 21 The last one opened in Cagliari in 2016. The largest store is located in Carugate, Milan, extending to 38000 m. Hungary 1990 Budapest There are three stores in Hungary, two in the capital city Budapest and one in Budaörs. Poland 1990 Janki ( near Warsaw ) 11 The first store, a small pavillion called Start Shop IKEA, was opened in Warsaw residential area Ursynów. It was followed by another store, located in central Warsaw. The two stores have since been closed. Currently, greater Warsaw has three stores. There are also stores in Gdańsk, Wrocław, Katowice, Kraków, Poznań, Łódź, Bydgoszcz, and Lublin. A store in Zabrze ( a second one in Katowice region ) is being built and scheduld to open in 2019, while four other stores are planned in Rzeszów, Częstochowa, Szczecin and Warsaw ( a fourth one in the city ). Additionally, there are four Order and Collect points : in Kalisz, Opole, Szczecin and Rzeszów, and a concept store for companies, called IKEA dla Firm, is located in central Warsaw. Czech Republic 1991 ( Czechoslovakia before January 1993 ) Budějovická ( Prague ) There are two IKEA stores in Prague - one at Zličín and one at Černý Most ; both Zličín and Černý most are located at the periphery of Prague and at the endstations of underground line B. The first original store at Budějovická - Prague 4 was abandoned. Outside of Prague there are two locations - in the country 's second largest city, Brno, and in Ostrava. There are 3 stores planned within 6 years ( Plzeň, Hradec Králové and a third location in Prague ). United Arab Emirates 1991 Dubai The UAE 's stores are located in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The IKEA store in Abu Dhabi was located at the Marina Mall. It was then shifted to Yas Island. The Dubai store recently moved to the Festival Waterfront Centre. Slovakia Bratislava Original store was closed upon the opening of a new store in the Avion Shopping Park. There are two more stores planned in Slovakia, in Košice and Žilina. Taiwan Taipei 5 The first store opened in Taipei in 1994, but was closed in 2002. There are currently 5 IKEA stores in Taiwan : Taipei, New Taipei, Taoyuan, Kaohsiung and Taichung. IKEA was initially owned by Jardine Matheson, but is currently owned by Dairy Farm International Holdings. Finland Espoo 6 New stores were opened in Vantaa in 2003, in Raisio in 2008 and in Tampere in 2010. The Tampere store is the biggest IKEA in Finland. In 2011 a new store opened in Kuopio. Malaysia Bandar Utama Re-located to Mutiara Damansara, Selangor, in 2003. The new IKEA store in Mutiara Damansara was the largest in Asia at that time with a shop floor area of approximately 27,000 square metres ( 290,000 sq ft ). The second store in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur has been officially opened on November 19, 2015 On November 15, 2017, the largest IKEA store in Southeast Asia of 2017 was opened In Tebrau, Johor Bahru. On March 15 2018, IKEA Bang Yai, Thailand replaced the store in Tebrau as the largest IKEA in Southeast Asia. In addition, Ikea has also planned to open another IKEA store in Penang. China 1998 Shanghai 24 There are 3 IKEA stores in Shanghai, 2 stores in Beijing, 2 stores in Chengdu, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Nanjing, Dalian, Shenyang and 11 other cities across China. Russia 2000 Khimki ( near Moscow ) 14 Fourth market by revenue after Germany, the U.S. and Sweden. There are 3 IKEA stores in Moscow ( Khimki, Teply Stan and Belaya Dacha ), 2 stores in St. Petersburg ( Parnas and Dybenko ), stores in Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Rostov - on - Don, Novaya Adygea ( in Adygea near Krasnodar ), Samara, Omsk and Ufa. The IKEA stores in Russia are in connection with MEGA malls developed by IKEA. 5 - 6 new openings planned by 2020. Israel 2001 Netanya IKEA operates in Israel through a franchise company, IKEA Israel, which is owned by Matthew Bronfman. The second store opened on March 9, 2010, in Rishon LeZion, a suburb of Tel Aviv. The store has an area of 33,000 sq. meter. The store in Netanya was destroyed in a fire on February 5, 2011, and after extensive renovations it was reopened on March 6, 2012. In March, 2014 IKEA opened its third store in Kiryat Ata, one of Haifa 's suburbs. The fourth store opened in Beersheba on the February 26, 2018 with an area of 22,000 sq. meter. Greece 2001 Thessaloniki 5 The first store opened in Thessaloniki on October 24, 2001. The second store opened in Athens ( Airport Retail Park ) on April 23, 2004. The third store, also in Athens ( Egaleo ), opened on March 26, 2008. The fourth store, in Larissa, opened on October 14, 2009. The fifth store, in Ioannina, opened in December 2010. Three more stores are planned by 2013 in Athens ( third store, possibly in Elefsina ), Heraklion and in the new shopping center Iasmos Park in Komotini. Portugal Alfragide ( near Lisbon ) 5 Second store opened on July 31, 2007 in Matosinhos, with 36,000 square metres ( 390,000 sq ft ), and third store opened on 25 May 2010, in Frielas, Loures, the largest store on the Iberian Peninsula with 39,000 m2. Now the fourth store is open in Braga with 22,000 square metres ( 240,000 sq ft ). Turkey 2005 Istanbul 6 There are three stores in İstanbul ( Bayrampaşa and Ümraniye and Kartal ), one store in İzmir ( Bornova ), one store in Bursa ( Osmangazi ) and one store in Ankara ( Mamak ). Romania 2007 Bucharest 26,000 square metres ( 280,000 sq ft ) store opened on March 21, 2007, in Băneasa retail park. The second store with 37,000 square metres ( 400,000 sq ft ) will be opened in Q3 2018, in Bucharest ( Theodor Pallady area ). Other stores are planned to be opened in Timișoara, Braşov, Cluj - Napoca, Bucharest, Iaşi, Constanţa, Craiova. Cyprus 2007 Strovolos ( near Nicosia ) 22,000 square metres ( 240,000 sq ft ) store opened in September 2007. Ireland 2009 Ballymun ( near Dublin ) The first IKEA store in the Republic of Ireland ( and second on the island of Ireland ) opened on July 27, 2009. The store was granted planning permission in 2007 with conditions, and although the store was completed in February 2009, planning conditions resulted in the delayed opening. Ireland 's first small format store, where customers can order and collect products is planned to open in Carrickmines in the summer of 2016. Dominican Republic Santo Domingo The first Dominican IKEA store opened 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo. It is the first IKEA store in Latin America. The owner of the IKEA franchisee for Dominican Republic, Anders Alm, is reported as saying that the new store has created 400 jobs. Bulgaria 2011 Sofia IKEA opened its first store in the Bulgarian capital Sofia on September 20, 2011. IKEA eyes a second Bulgarian store in Varna. Thailand 2011 Bangkok The first IKEA in Thailand opened its door on 3 November 2011, in Bang Phli, Samut Prakan. The store is adjacent to a major interchange where the Bang Na - Bang Pakong Highway and Kanchanaphisek Outer Ring Road intersect, with convenient access from the more affluent eastern suburbs of Bangkok. It is expected to have 43,000 square metres ( 460,000 sq ft ) of retail space as a part of the Mega Bangna Shopping Center. The larger second store with 50,278 square metres ( 541,190 sq ft ) of area will open in Bang Yai, Nonthaburi as a part of CentralPlaza WestGate department store. Macau 2012 Nossa Senhora de Fátima In 2012, Macau had its first IKEA merchandise pick up store in Avenida de Venceslau de Morais, customers can head to Hong Kong stores or shop online and pick up their merchandise here. In April 2016, IKEA is interested on enhancing customers experience, the new location of the merchandise pick up is located in Macau Tower. Lithuania 2013 Vilnius The first IKEA store in Lithuania was opened on August 14, 2013 in Vilnius. It has the capacity of 26,000 square metres and is also considered to be one of the best projects in the history of IKEA. The store is located near Vilnius International Airport. Second store was planned to be opened in port city of Klaipėda in Autumn 2015. Egypt 2013 Cairo The first IKEA store in Africa has opened its door on November 26, 2013. The store is located in Cairo Festival City Mall, and it has 34,500 square meters. The mega project owned by Al - Futtaim Group is located in New Cairo, near the Suez Road, Ring Road, Police Academy, and The American International School in Egypt. Qatar 2013 Doha The first IKEA in Qatar opened its door on March 11, 2013. The store is located in Doha Festival City Mall. Jordan 2014 Amman The first IKEA in Jordan opened its doors on 6 March 2014. IKEA Jordan store is located on Airport road, after Madaba bridge going to Amman and it is IKEA 's largest store in the Middle East with an area of 42,000 square metres and 400 Jordanian employees. Croatia 2014 Zagreb The first IKEA in Croatia opened its doors on 21 August 2014 and with total area of 38,000 m ( 410,000 sq ft ) is one of the five biggest in Europe and among 10 biggest IKEA stores in the world. Indonesia 2014 Tangerang ( near Jakarta ) IKEA just opened a store in Tangerang, Indonesia, under a partnership with Hero Supermarket, Indonesian subsidiary of Dairy Farm International Holdings. IKEA opened their doors to Indonesia in October 15, 2014 at Alam Sutera, Tangerang, located in the western suburbs of Jakarta. South Korea 2014 Gwangmyeong The world 's largest IKEA store at 59,000 square meters ( 640,000 square feet ) opened near the KTX Gwangmyeong Station, located at the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, on December 18, 2014. The second store opened in Goyang on October 19, 2017, which is even larger at 164,000 square meters ( 1.76 - million square feet ) in gross floor area, breaking the previous world record holder 's 131,550 square meters. IKEA plans to have six stores in the country by 2020, four in the Seoul Capital Area, one in Daejeon and one in Busan. Morocco 2016 Casablanca IKEA opened a Moroccan location in partnership with the Kuwait - based Al - Homaizi. The first location is in the New city of Zenata ( located in outskirts of Casablanca ). Serbia 2017 Belgrade The first IKEA store in Serbia was opened in 1991, but closed in 1992 due UN sanctions over Yugoslavia. IKEA returned after 25 years and official department store was open on August 10, 2017. The object has 33,437 square meters and it was jubilee 400th IKEA department store in the world. IKEA plans to develop a 40,000 square metres retail park in Belgrade, in addition to the department store in Bubanj Potok and furthermore open one more department store in Serbian capital and three more stores in cities of Novi Sad, Kragujevac and Niš for which the land has already been acquired back in 2013. Belgrade IKEA office is regional center for Former Yugoslavia and Romania. Planned ( edit ) Country Debut First store location Notes India 2018 Hyderabad IKEA plans to open 25 stores, investing about 10,500 crore ( US $2 billion ) over 15 to 20 years. IKEA began constructing its first store in India on 11 August 2016. The 400,000 sq ft store in Hyderabad is being built at a cost of ₹ 700 crore ( US $100 million ), and is scheduled to open in August 9, 2018. Slovenia 2018 / 2019 Ljubljana IKEA has signed an agreement to open its first store in Ljubljana with the size of 35,000 m and costs about € 80 million. Bahrain 2018 Salmabad IKEA is currently building its first store in Bahrain costing $125 million with 6,200 square meters in floor area and plans on opening in mid 2018. Latvia 2018 Riga Two Icelandic entrepreneurs had planned to open an IKEA store in Latvia once the Lithuania store has been successfully opened. However, after a few studies has been conducted regarding the more suitable next Baltic States to open the next IKEA store after Lithuania, it was announced that the next IKEA store will open in Riga, Latvia instead of Estonia due to the small market size in Estonia, despite IKEA 's plan to expanding IKEA stores to all 3 Baltic States including Estonia within 2019. On 31 January 2017 it was announced that there will be a new IKEA store near Riga. The store is scheduled to open in August 2018. Ukraine 2019 / 2020 Kiev On May 29, 2017 in response to an inquiry from Hromadske TV, IKEA confirmed an intent to open a store in Ukraine. Subsequently, ( on 20 December 2017 ) IKEA officially announced their intention to open a store in Ukraine within one to two years. Estonia 2019 Laagri Two Icelandic entrepreneurs had planned to open an IKEA store in Latvia once the Lithuania store has been successfully opened. However, after a few studies has been conducted regarding the more suitable next Baltic States to open the next IKEA store after Lithuania, it was announced that the next IKEA store will open in Riga, Latvia instead of Estonia due to the small market size in Estonia, despite IKEA 's plan to expanding IKEA stores to all 3 Baltic States including Estonia within 2019. Chile 2020 Santiago On May 17, 2018, Falabella holding announced a franchise agreement with IKEA to open stores in Chile, Peru and Colombia, rebranding Homy stores and opening new stores starting in Santiago. Brazil TBA São Paulo IKEA has shown interest in the past in expanding its stores to Brazil. Colombia TBA Bogotá On May 17, 2018, Falabella holding announced a franchise agreement with IKEA to open stores in Chile, Peru and Colombia. Mexico TBA Mexico City IKEA has begun market research to open its first store in Mexico. New Zealand TBA Auckland Ikea have been rumoured to be interested in New Zealand since 2008 where the franchisee for Ikea WA and Perth ( CEBAS ) considered a site in South Auckland https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/ikea-eyes-auckland-store > This did n't proceed and there have been subsequent and numerous rumours since. IKEA Australia Managing Director commented on a market in New Zealand and ' there 's opportunities there '. In 2018 the retail consultant RCG confirmed that they had again been working for Ikea https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11976045 and there is a suggestion that this market research has been undertaken since 2015. The outcome of this is not known. Anecdotal evidence is a Twitter account for @ ikeanewzealand that was live and has over a period of time given brief updates since its creation in 2011, however after the bio was altered saying ' something big is coming ' the bio was cleaned and subsequently suspended in 2018. Ikea have trademarked numerous items and are registered with IPONZ https://app.iponz.govt.nz/app/Extra/IP/TM/Qbe.aspx?sid=636657930727185002. Ikea have n't formally commented on New Zealand other than ' we are looking for ways to make Ikea more accessible for more people ', however in the meantime Ikea Australia are consolidating their market. Peru TBA Lima On May 17, 2018, Falabella holding announced a franchise agreement with IKEA to open stores in Chile, Peru and Colombia. Philippines 2021 Manila Swedish Ambassador - designate to Manila Harald Fries hailed the decision of Swedish furniture giant Ikea to open stores in the Philippines on November 17, 2016, during the reopening of the Swedish Embassy in Manila. It plans to open a store in a designated location in SM Mall of Asia in three years time. After its first store, IKEA plans to expand to 5 - 6 stores in Baguio, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao and Iloilo in 8 years time. Vietnam TBA Ho Chi Minh City On Monday, Bloomberg conducted an interview with Inter Ikea Chief Executive Officer Torbjorn Loof on the company 's future expansion plans. According to Loof, South America and Southeast Asia are the top two regions on IKEA 's expansion radar after its arrival in India and Latvia this year. He confirmed that in Southeast Asia, Vietnam and Philippines are the next in line to get IKEA stores, after Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Abandoned ( edit ) Country Intended debut Intended first store location Notes Ukraine Not revealed Odessa In 2009, IKEA bought an area of land in Odessa on which to build a store. A year later IKEA cancelled the store, saying there was not a strong enough market. The economy minister of Ukraine stated that it should be opened to help fight the perception of corruption. Largest stores ( edit ) The largest IKEA store in the world is located in Gwangmyeong The world 's five largest IKEA stores are : Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggi, South Korea : 57,100 m ( 614,619.3 sq ft ) Stockholm Kungens Kurva, Sweden : 55,200 m ( 594,167.9 sq ft ) Shanghai Baoshan, China : 55,032 m ( 592,359.5 sq ft ) Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea : 52,199 m ( 561,865.4 sq ft ) Bangyai, Nonthaburi, Thailand 50,278 m ( 541,187.9 sq ft ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA : Country 's first store ''. Inter IKEA Systems B.V. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ingvar Kamprad -- king of IKEA ''. Sweden.se. Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16. Jump up ^ `` World 's largest Ikea and the Swedish Royal Family ''. K Composite Magazine. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16. ^ Jump up to : `` 이케아 광명 점 12 월 18 일 오픈 - IKEA ''. IKEA KR / KO. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` IKEA in Oslo ''. TravelBlog. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16. Jump up ^ `` World 's biggest Ikea may open in Oslo ''. Norway International Network. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16. Jump up ^ Griseri, Seppala ( 2006 ). Business Ethics, p. 226. Cengage Learning EMEA. ISBN 1 - 4080 - 0743 - 6. Jump up ^ `` Multi-billionaire still the richest in Switzerland ( Kamprad and IKEA section ) ''. SwissInfo.ch. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16. Jump up ^ `` Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA ( Entry into Continental Europe ) '' ( PDF ). Harvard Business School. Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16. Jump up ^ Greg Lane ( September 21, 2007 ). `` Failed Businesses in Japan - IKEA ''. Japan. INC. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ikea opens in Japan ''. The Local Sweden. April 7, 2006. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Jump up ^ Kerry Capell ( April 26, 2006 ). `` Ikea 's New Plan for Japan ''. Business Week. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Largest IKEA store approved ''. retailbiz. Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 02. Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Company news : IKEA ''. The Globe and Mail. 11 March 1988. p. B8. North America 's first IKEA store is closing. The Swedish furniture chain, whose Dartmouth, N.S., store opened in 1975, said it is shutting the doors on the store and warehouse in six months, putting 50 people out of work. Jump up ^ `` For the love of Ikea ''. Toronto Star. Aug 3, 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` 4,000 customers line up for Ikea Halifax grand opening ''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Find your local IKEA store ''. IKEA. Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Ottawa IKEA opening prompts traffic measures ''. CBC News. 2011 - 12 - 05. Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06. 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Jump up ^ `` IKEA á Akureyri komin á ís '' ( IKEA in Akureyri put on `` ice '' ). Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30. Jump up ^ redactie ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ). `` Plant Ikea nieuwe winkel nabij Antwerpen - Luchtbal? ''. HLN. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16. Jump up ^ `` IKEA - Store Locator ''. info.ikea-usa.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ikea 's Move to 75,000 - SF HQ Adds to Plymouth Meeting Mall 's Expansion ''. GlobeSt.com. April 11, 2006. Retrieved February 4, 2008. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Group corporate site : about us ''. Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24. Jump up ^ `` First IKEA store in Puerto Rico opens today in Bayamón ''. Caribbean Business. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Second IKEA Store Coming To Ponce, Puerto Rico ''. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Kumar, Kavita. `` Ikea makes it official : St. Louis store to open in fall of 2015 ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ Walker, Elaine. `` IKEA coming to Miami - Dade ''. miamiherald. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ Oberholtz, Chris. `` Swedish retailer IKEA plans Kansas City - area store in Merriam ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Las Vegas Store Opening Pegged for June ''. Las Vegas Review Journal. October 30, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Tuohy, John ( June 7, 2017 ). `` What it 's like to live through an Ikea grand opening ''. The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved November 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Tuohy, John ( October 11, 2017 ). `` Fishers Ikea opens to fanfare, crowds and Swedish flair ''. The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved November 3, 2017. Jump up ^ `` IKEA unveils plans for new Oak Creek store ''. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. May 5, 2016. Jump up ^ `` IKEA CONTINUES EXPANSION INTO SOUTHEASTERN U.S. WITH PLANS TO OPEN HAMPTON ROADS STORE SUMMER 2018 IN NORFOLK, VA ''. Ikea.com. June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016. Jump up ^ `` IKEA CONTINUES U.S. EXPANSION BY SUBMITTING PLANS TO OPEN A SAN ANTONIO - AREA STORE SUMMER 2019 IN LIVE OAK, TEXAS ''. Retrieved November 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` What 's assembling near Grand Prairie 's new Ikea? Retail, dining pieces coming together ''. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Metro Atlanta is getting a second IKEA!!!!!!! ''. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Jump up ^ `` IKEA set to open a new store in Calcot, Reading ''. IKEA. 5 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Reading ''. IKEA. Retrieved 4 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` Expansion in the UK ''. IKEA. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015. Jump up ^ `` First look inside new Norwich Ikea ''. Eastern Daily Press. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2016. Jump up ^ Simpson, Craig ( 5 May 2016 ). `` PICTURES : FIRST LOOK INSIDE TO ABERDEEN 'S NEW IKEA STORE ''. Evening Express. Retrieved 4 June 2016. Jump up ^ http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/ikea/information/birmingham-central/ Jump up ^ Bence, Stubnya. `` Júniusban nyit az új soroksári IKEA ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Wyborcza.pl ''. warszawa.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Centrum IKEA dla Firm -- nowy punkt w sercu Warszawy - IKEA ''. IKEA PL / PL. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Wyborcza.pl ''. katowice.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Meble IKEA kupimy w Świlczy? Super Nowości ''. supernowosci24.pl. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Częstochowa : IKEA rozpocznie inwestycję? Miasto prosi firmę o konkretne plany ''. czestochowa.naszemiasto.pl ( in Polish ). 2015 - 02 - 09. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` IKEA w Szczecinie : Kolejny krok ku budowie centrum ''. www.mmszczecin.pl. 2015 - 04 - 22. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ red. ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ). `` Dwa nowe sklepy sieci IKEA w Warszawie. Projekt na Woli jednak zostanie odmrożony ''. warszawa.naszemiasto.pl ( in Polish ). Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19. Jump up ^ `` IKEA - Meble i akcesoria do kuchni, sypialni, łazienki i pokoju - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com ( in Polish ). Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26. Jump up ^ `` IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Abu Dhabi, IKEA YAS Island, IKEA store, IKEA furniture - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` IKEA CHERAS OPENING IN END 2015 '' ( PDF ). IKEA. Retrieved 17 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Cheras opening ''. IKEA. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Biggest Ikea in Malaysia to open in Cheras in November ''. The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` IKEA to open doors in Penang soon ''. The Malay Mail. Retrieved 17 November 2015. Jump up ^ `` Visit another IKEA store - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Massive fire destroys IKEA store in Netanya ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` כלת פרס ישראל לרפואה פרופ ' זייצוב נפטרה אמש ''. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 21 August 2017 -- via Ynet. Jump up ^ `` IKEA opens Kiryat Ata store ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Fourlis Group : New Ioannina IKEA Store ''. Retrieved January 31, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Fourlis Company Profile, August 2009 '' ( PDF ). Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Dormiram à porta da IKEA para ganhar 100 euros ''. http://jn.sapo.pt. July 31, 2007. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007. External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ IKEA will have 400 employees by next spring Archived 2008 - 04 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. Ziarul Financiar November 7, 2006. Accessed November 9, 2006 Jump up ^ `` IKEA se pregăteşte să demareze construcţia magazinului din zona Theodor Pallady din estul Capitalei, cea mai mare unitate a retailerului suedez din Europa de Sud - Est '' ( in Romanian ). 2017 - 10 - 18. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ `` IKEA desenează primele trei oraşe pe harta extinderii : Timişoara, Braşov şi Cluj '' ( in Romanian ). 2016 - 11 - 02. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06. Jump up ^ `` IKEA to open in Cyprus in September ''. Reuters. July 23, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ikea Opening - Good News for Those Living in Cyprus ''. Shelter Offshore. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Cyprus to open in September ''. Nick Tadd. July 24, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Dublin ''. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Jump up ^ `` IKEA given planning permission to open giant furniture store in Dublin subject to conditions ''. Finfacts Ireland. October 11, 2006. Retrieved November 12, 2006. Jump up ^ `` Bigger IKEA Belfast store gets green light ''. RTÉ News. December 21, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Dublin IKEA ready to open in February ' 09 ''. RTÉ News. July 24, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2008. Jump up ^ `` July Opening For Ikea 's Dublin Store ''. Build.ie. January 23, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Video of opening day at IKEA Dublin ''. ivideo.ie. July 27, 2009. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2009. Jump up ^ Hancock, Ciarán ( 14 May 2016 ). `` Ikea to open second Dublin outlet this summer ''. Irish Times. Retrieved 4 June 2016. Jump up ^ `` IKEA to open store in Dominican Republic ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Breaking News, World News & Multimedia ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Interactive Map and Store Locator ''. Demotix. April 2, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2009. Jump up ^ http://m3web.bg, M3 Web -. `` IKEA Opens 1st Bulgarian Store with Steep Prices - Report - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ IKEA eyes second Bulgarian store in Varna. Jump up ^ http://www.ikea.co.th/en/about-ikea/ Jump up ^ http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/economics/16537/sf-set-to-bring-ikea-to-thailand Retrieved on May 11, 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ikea ' over-invests ' in early recruitment for new store - The Nation ''. The Nation. Retrieved 6 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Macau - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Lithuanian Tribune : IKEA might choose Lithuania to open its first shop in the Baltic States ''. The Lithuanian Tribune. January 28, 2011. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Vilniuje bus 2013 m ''. delfi.it. December 13, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2012. ( Lithuanian ) Jump up ^ Mantas Noreika ( 26 May 2015 ). `` IKEA plečiasi Klaipėdoje ''. Verslo žinios. Retrieved 26 May 2015. ( Lithuanian ) Jump up ^ Rebecca Bundhon ( March 13, 2011 ). `` Ikea going ahead with Cairo outlet ''. The National. Retrieved May 21, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Cairo Festival City to host global home furnishing giant, IKEA ''. AMEinfo.com. April 22, 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2012. Jump up ^ TORYSCOTT ( March 11, 2013 ). `` IKEA Qatar is officially, finally open to the public ''. DohaNews. Retrieved February 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Jordan - Office & Home Furniture in Jordan - Home Furnishing in Jordan - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ Mohammad Ghazal ( March 6, 2014 ). `` IKEA Jordan to open its doors on Thursday ''. The Jordan Times. Retrieved March 6, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Dobrodošlicu ti želi IKEA Hrvatska - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` U prva četiri dana 60.711 građana posjetilo Ikeu ''. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ Andreas Ismar ( March 26, 2012 ). `` IKEA to Open in Indonesia ''. WSJ. Retrieved May 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Raras Cahyafitri ( March 27, 2012 ). `` IKEA furniture stores to open in Indonesia ''. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved May 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Maierbrugger, Arno ( 5 June 2013 ). `` IKEA comes to Indonesia ''. Inside Investor. Retrieved 5 June 2013. Jump up ^ https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/11/18/poang-ikea-hits-headwinds-in-korea-as-it-preps-largest-store-ever/ Jump up ^ `` IKEA 코리아 - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` 첫돌 맞은 이케아 코리아... 첫 성적표 는 ' 합격점 ' `` 1 조 2000 억 투자 해 전국 매장 6 개로 확대 '' ``. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Jump up ^ Yoni Van Looveren ( October 22, 2014 ). `` First Moroccan IKEA will open later this year ''. RetailDetail. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` IKEA to Open First Store in Morocco ''. Morocco World News. December 1, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` IKEA 's First Store in Morocco to Open on March 16 in Casablanca ''. Morocco World News. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07. Jump up ^ `` IKEA opens doors of its first store in Serbia ''. www.b92.net. Retrieved 10 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Dobrodošlicu ti želi IKEA Beograd - IKEA ''. www.ikea.com. Retrieved 24 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` IKEA to construct second department store in Belgrade ''. www.serbianmonitor.com. Retrieved 23 February 2017. Jump up ^ `` Ikea wins Indian agency approval for stores ''. BBC News. January 22, 2013. Jump up ^ RAJESH ROY and RUMMAN AHMED ( January 21, 2013 ). `` Indian Agency Clears IKEA 's Proposal to Open Stores ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 30, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ikea 's first Indian outlet in Hyderabad to hire 350 women from Telangana, provide 45 days training ''. Firstpost. 2017 - 10 - 31. Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Preps India Debut, Powered By Biryani And Samosas ''. NDTV.com. Retrieved 11 June 2018. Jump up ^ Djordje Daskalovic ( September 26, 2014 ). `` UPDATE 1 - IKEA plans to enter Slovenia with 80 mln euro Ljubljana store ''. See News. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Ikea One Step Closer to Launching in Slovenia ''. Slovenia Partner. March 27, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Andrej Klemencic ( July 16, 2009 ). `` IKEA furniture of Sweden to open its first stores in Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia by 2012 ''. Balkans.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ STA, T. M ( April 8, 2014 ). `` IKEA Coming to Ljubljana ''. The Slovenia Times. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ Menon, Jochebed. `` $125 m Ikea store to open in Bahrain by mid-2018 ConstructionWeekOnline.com ''. www.constructionweekonline.com. Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13. ^ Jump up to : Ingrid Teesalu ( January 1, 2012 ). `` Ikea Expands to Estonian, Latvian Markets ''. ERR. Retrieved June 6, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` '' Ikea '' stores also planned in Latvia and Estonia ``. BalticExport. January 9, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Juhan Tere ( January 9, 2012 ). `` IKEA eyes Estonia and Latvia ''. The Baltic Course. Retrieved June 6, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Tallinn and Tartu lose out to Riga in Ikea expansion ''. ERR. November 13, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` New Ikea store set to open in Latvia ''. The Baltic Times. November 13, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Ikea store not to be opened in Estonia, only in Latvia ''. The Baltic Course. November 13, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ DELFI ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ). `` 34 tūkstoši kvadrātmetru un pusmiljons ceļu uzlabošanai -- milzis IKEA ienāks Latvijā ''. DELFI ( in Latvian ). Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ LETA. `` IKEA veikalu Latvijā plānots atklāt nākamā gada augustā '' ( in Latvian ). Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` IKEA підтвердила наміри зайти на ринок України ''. Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04. Jump up ^ `` Swedish IKEA mulling over entering Ukraine ''. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20. ^ Jump up to : `` IKEA signs franchise agreement with Falabella for Peru, Chile and Colombia ''. Reuters. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018. Jump up ^ `` IKEA Expansion to Brazil ''. The Brazil Business. December 12, 2013. Retrieved June 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` IKEA alista entrada a mercado mexicano ''. El Financiero. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Preview : Inside Retail Weekly 2094 - Inside Retail ''. 2016 - 05 - 31. Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Preview : Swedish envoy hails Ikea plan to open PH stores ''. 2017 - 11 - 17. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Preview : It 's Official : IKEA Confirms Plans to Expand to Vietnam, Philippines ''. 2017 - 10 - 10. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06. ^ Jump up to : IKEA starts in Odessa ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Plea for Swedish Ikea to set up shop in Ukraine ''. 2015 - 10 - 15. Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14. ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Largest IKEA Is Being Assembled In Burbank ''. LAist. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017. ( `` Currently the largest IKEA in the world is just outside Seoul, South Korea, a beast of a store coming in at 635,070 square feet. That one is nearly as big as the Louvre museum and even beat out the 594,167 square feet of Stockholm 's own previous record holder. '' ) Jump up ^ http://www.mediagoyang.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4122 Jump up ^ http://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/business/corporate/30303856 External links ( edit ) Inter IKEA B.V., World - wide IKEA store listing and map Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_with_IKEA_stores&oldid=850116202 '' Categories : IKEA Lists of buildings and structures Sweden - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Latvian - language sources ( lv ) Articles with Russian - language external links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Italiano Magyar Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018, at 18 : 17 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of countries with IKEA stores", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_with_IKEA_stores&amp;oldid=850116202" }

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{ "text": "Shake It up ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Shake It up ( season 3 ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shake It Up ( season 3 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 26 Release Original network Disney Channel Original release October 14, 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) -- November 10, 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 The third and final season of Shake It Up premiered on Disney Channel on October 14, 2012. Bella Thorne, Zendaya, and Davis Cleveland appeared in every episode. Adam Irigoyen was absent for four episodes, Roshon Fegan was absent for five, and Caroline Sunshine was absent for nine. Kenton Duty is not a main cast member in this season and has been removed from the opening credits. This is the final season of the series, with the series finale airing on November 10, 2013. Contents 1 Production and release 2 Synopsis 3 Opening sequence 4 Music 5 Episodes 6 References 7 External links Production and release ( edit ) On June 4, 2012, the series was renewed for its third season. Filming for the season began in July 2012 and ended in March 2013. It was announced that Kenton Duty would be removed from the main cast and will not appear in the opening credits. In September 2012, the season was announced to premiere in October. The third season officially premiered on October 14, 2012 and aired its last episode on November 10, 2013 with 26 episodes aired for the season. Rob Lotterstein returned as executive producer and showrunner. Jeff Strauss did n't return and was replaced by Eileen Conn, while Season 2 writer Darin Henry filled Conn 's position as co-executive producer. Consulting producer, David Holden, was succeeded by Melissa & Joey writer Jennifer Glickman. Synopsis ( edit ) In the season premiere, Shake It Up, Chicago is on hiatus due to the stage being burned down. Everyone tries to investigate the problem of how the stage got burnt. Plus, Tinka tries to be nice to Rocky and CeCe after Gunther moves to the old country. At the end, she, Rocky, and CeCe become friends. The problem is finally solved when one of the firemen says that a tanning bed was the reason why the stage got burnt and Gary ends up being the perpetrator because he forgot to turn it off when they went to Japan. CeCe and Rocky try to find other things to do since they ca n't perform on the show for a while, but they began to fall into a `` funk stage. '' In the episode `` Quit It Up, '' the stage has finally re-opened, but everyone has to re-audition for the show. In the episode `` Ty It Up, '' Gary has been replaced with a new producer, Phil, who makes everyone re-audition. Ty tries to become a dancer on the show which effects Rocky. Phil will only let one of them be on the show which causes a feud between the both of them. Ty unexpectedly becomes the new host of the show, but Rocky still does n't get the gig. In the episode `` Forward and Back It Up, '' Rocky saves Phil 's life when he chokes on a meatball. He then gives her the job back on the show, but Rocky wants to earn it by re-auditioning. She finally decides to take her job back and is now back on the show. Georgia starts dating firefighter, Jeremy Hunter and they subsequently get engaged and plan a wedding. Jeremy has a son, Logan ( Leo Howard ) who clashes with CeCe, but becomes a love interest of Rocky. At the Jones / Hunter wedding, Georgia and Jeremy break up at the altar and Rocky and Logan start dating. The couple break up a few episodes later after Logan wo n't make an effort to befriend CeCe. Opening sequence ( edit ) Selena Gomez sings the theme song. The opening theme starts with Rocky and CeCe dancing in grass skirts ( as shown in `` Boot It Up '' ), then showing various clips of the cast members ( some clips from the previous seasons are also included ), starting off with Zendaya and Bella Thorne, then going in order with Davis Cleveland, Roshon Fegan, Adam Irigoyen, and Caroline Sunshine. Kenton Duty is not a main cast member in this season, so he is not included in the credits. It then shows more various clips of the cast members as it gives credit to the creator of the series, Chris Thompson. A final clip shows the same thing that was shown in the previous seasons, but Rocky and CeCe are wearing different outfits. The theme song is also shortened only in this season. Music ( edit ) Main article : Shake It Up : I Love Dance The third soundtrack `` Shake It Up : I Love Dance '' was released on March 5, 2013. `` This Is My Dance Floor '' was released as a promotional single on February 12, 2013. `` Contagious Love '' was released on February 19, 2013 as the first single from the soundtrack with an accompanying music video released on March 1, 2013 during an episode of Jessie. Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shake It Up episodes Kenton Duty is no longer a main cast member and is removed from the opening credits. Buddy Handleson is no longer appearing on the show as a recurring character. He was also dismissed from the show after the second season finale along with Kenton Duty. This season filmed from July 2012 to March 2013. This season started during 2012 's Monstober along with Make Your Mark. This season played the shortened version of the theme song. This is the final season of the show. Shake It Up Season 3 episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 50 `` Fire It Up '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein October 14, 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) 301 3.9 CeCe and Rocky are horrified when they discover that a fire burned down the Shake It Up, Chicago! set. Since CeCe was the last one on the set and left her curling iron plugged in before they left for Japan, she believes she is the culprit. Unable to use the set, the show goes on hiatus. Meanwhile, Gary is depressed because he is jobless, so Ty convinces Deuce to hire him at Crusty 's Pizza. Tinka tries to be nice to Rocky and CeCe after Gunther returns to the old country. In the end, Rocky and CeCe accepts Tinka 's friendship, and it is revealed that a faulty tanning bed caused the fire. Guest Stars : Elektrolytes as Themselves Songs Featured : `` Calling All the Monsters '', `` Law of Averages '' by TKO and Nevermind Guest starring : R. Brandon Johnson as Gary Wilde, Anita Barone as Georgia Jones and Anthony Starke as Jeremy Hunter Notes : Starting this season, Kenton Duty was no longer a main cast member and departures the series. This is the first episode that showed the shortened version of the series ' theme song. Also, despite that Buddy Handleson was not a main cast member and played a recurring role as Henry Dillon in seasons 1 - 2, he was also no longer appearing on the show. 51 `` Funk It Up '' Joel Zwick Eileen Conn October 28, 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 302 3.2 CeCe is in a funk without Shake It Up! Chicago. She gets inspired by a speech performed at a bar mitzvah where Rocky booked them a gig. Meanwhile, Howie, a boy Rocky met at the bar mitzvah, develops a huge crush on her and will not leave her alone. Plus, Ty gets incredibly mad at Deuce because he drew a mustache on his face with permanent marker. Also, Flynn asks Jeremy to speak at Career Day instead of Georgia, which makes her upset. Song Featured : `` Get'cha Head in the Game '' by Bella Thorne Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer Guest starring : Anita Barone as Georgia Jones, Anthony Starke as Jeremy Hunter, Aaron Refvem as Jason, Adam Karelin as Howie and Robert Koch as Photographer 52 `` Spirit It Up '' Joel Zwick Darin Henry November 4, 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) 303 3.2 Now with Rocky in a funk without Shake It Up, Chicago!, CeCe tries helping her out. When they are out of choices, they witness how horrible and emotionless the spirit squad is, so they decide to join. Later on, the squad promotes CeCe as president and they want her to kick Rocky out when they realize how bossy and demanding she is. Meanwhile, Deuce feels bad for Tinka since Gunther left. He persuades Dina into letting her hang out with them. However, Deuce gets annoyed when Dina and Tinka spend every minute together and he feels like the third wheel. Elsewhere, Flynn is offended when is known for having a bad friend reputation, so he attempts to make friends with a nerd living next door. Song Featured : `` I Can Do Better '' by Y.LA Absent : Roshon Fegan as Ty Blue Guest starring : Ainsley Bailey as Dina Garcia, Luke Ganalon as Freckles, Brittany Ross as Crystal and Carla Jeffery as Margie Note Everyone shows up at the meeting ( except for Ty ). 53 `` Lock It Up '' Joel Zwick Jenny Lee November 11, 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) 304 3.1 After CeCe and Rocky perform at a local hospital, it inspires Rocky to volunteer to work in the hospital. While cleaning a hospital room, she is locked under quarantine alongside Flynn. Dr. Curtis Blue tells Rocky that the hospital is not sure if the disease is infectious, the test results will arrive within sixty hours. Meanwhile, CeCe asks out Louis ( Chase Austin ) for pizza, unbeknownst he is blind. When CeCe finds out, Louis believes she is self - absorbed. Elsewhere, Deuce gets annoyed because Dina is invading his locker. Song Featured : `` Contagious Love '' by Miranda R. Johnson Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer Guest starring : Ainsley Bailey as Dina Garcia, Phil Morris as Curtis Blue, Chase Austin as Louis 54 5 `` Merry Merry It Up '' Joel Zwick Jennifer Glickman December 2, 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) 306 3.9 CeCe picks a fight with Jeremy after she accuses him of changing their Christmas traditions and dislikes how he is changing the family, leading Georgia to break up with him. That night, CeCe has a dream where the ghost of Christmas dance that looks like Rocky appears and escorts CeCe on a dream journey to the past, present, and future. Meanwhile, Flynn wins a hot tub after being the tenth caller on a radio station. Elsewhere, Deuce gets left behind by his family, and instead of going on a vacation to Cabo, he ends up spending Christmas with the Blue family much more to Ty 's dismay than to Deuce 's. Song Featured : `` Shake Santa Shake '' by Zendaya Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer Note : Rocky 's middle name is revealed to be Oprah. 55 6 `` Home Alone It Up '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani December 9, 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) 305 3.2 CeCe convinces Georgia to leave her watching Flynn so she can meet Jeremy 's parents after she convinces her that she is `` responsible '', but when a last minute shoe sale comes up, she puts Rocky in charge even though she is incredibly ill. After CeCe returns from her shopping spree, the house is a complete disaster and Flynn is nowhere to be found. Now, CeCe and Rocky set out to find him before Georgia finds out. Notes : In the first scene where CeCe and Rocky have the dance battle with DJ 's Mix, CeCe has bangs. But for the rest of the episode her bangs have gone. DJ 's Mix, winners of Make Your Mark `` 2012 '', performed in this episode. Songs Featured : `` Afterparty '' by Roshon Fegan and Caroline Sunshine Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer 56 7 `` Oh Brother It Up '' Rosario J. Roveto, Jr. Rob Lotterstein January 13, 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) 307 3.3 CeCe and Rocky get a job at Bob 's Kabobs, but CeCe is fired by her boss and the manager named Logan ( Leo Howard ). CeCe finds out that Logan is the son of her mother 's boyfriend, Jeremy when Logan shows up to her apartment for Jeremy 's birthday celebration unbeknownst that CeCe is the daughter of his dad 's girlfriend. During dinner, Jeremy proposes to Georgia and she says yes, so when Logan and CeCe put two and two together, they eventually find out that they will be step - siblings. Meanwhile, Tinka tries to bake the perfect cake for Jeremy. Absent : Roshon Fegan as Ty Blue and Adam Irigoyen as Deuce Martinez Note : Logan takes over Tinka 's role as CeCe 's enemy since she is now friends with her. 57 8 `` Quit It Up '' Joel Zwick Jenny Lee January 27, 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) 308 3.4 CeCe must avoid quitting an embarrassing job because Logan thinks she is a quitter. Meanwhile the girls learn some new information about the future of Shake It Up, Chicago! : the new stage has been finished, but they learn they must re-audition to be back in the show. Songs Featured : `` This is My Dance Floor '' by Zendaya and Bella Thorne Absent : Roshon Fegan as Ty Blue and Adam Irigoyen as Deuce Martinez Note : This episode is a cliffhanger of the ninth episode `` Ty It Up ''. 58 9 `` Ty It Up '' Joel Zwick Eileen Conn February 17, 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) 309 4.5 CeCe, Rocky and Tinka re-audition for Shake It Up, Chicago!. Ty also auditions to be Tinka 's dance partner since Gunther has moved back to the old country. This causes Ty to announce that he actually wants to be on Shake it Up, Chicago!. When the producer announces the list of dancers, CeCe and Tinka both got in, but there was some confusion about whether Rocky or Ty got in. Now it is between Rocky and Ty for the last spot on Shake it Up, Chicago!. In the end, Ty becomes the new host, but Rocky does not get the last spot on Shake It Up, Chicago! anyway because the producer wanted new faces and had already chosen CeCe and Tinka. Notes : This episode is the continuation of the eighth episode `` Quit It Up ''. The teaser scene of this episode begins with a recap sequence of the first, second and eighth episodes of the season. Ty 's new dressing room is supposed to be Gary Wilde 's former dressing room, even though in the episode `` Throw it Up '', Gary 's room is shown differently. Songs Featured : `` Bring the Fire '' by Ylwa, `` The Star I R '' by Caroline Sunshine, `` Moves Like Magic '' by Adam Trent, `` These Boots Are Made For Walkin ' '' - originally by Nancy Sinatra - performed by Olivia Holt Absent : Adam Irigoyen as Deuce Martinez 59 10 `` My Fair Librarian It Up '' Alfonso Ribeiro Jennifer Glickman February 24, 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 24 ) 310 3.7 Carly Rae Jepsen visits Shake It Up, Chicago! and she performs Sweetie. After the intro, a school librarian Ms. Burke ( Tyra Banks ) falls in love with a fellow teacher Mr. Zigfield ( Alfonso Ribeiro, the episode 's director ) and Rocky and CeCe help her out by giving her a new look. Meanwhile Logan meet Ty and Deuce when Flynn asks them to come and help with his soapbox car ; however, Deuce calls Logan cool and Ty becomes jealous. Later, Rocky says the word `` dance '' and CeCe realizes that she really misses dancing on Shake It Up, Chicago!. Songs Featured : `` Sweetie '' by Carly Rae Jepsen, performer of the hit bubblegum pop song `` Call Me Maybe ''. Special Guest Stars : Carly Rae Jepsen as Herself, Tyra Banks as Ms. Burke, Alfonso Ribeiro as Mr. Zigfield Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer 60 11 `` Clean It Up '' Joel Zwick Darin Henry March 10, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 311 3.2 CeCe accidentally stains Georgia 's wedding dress with tanning lotion. Meanwhile, Rocky tries to get Logan to get along with CeCe by making a deal that if he keeps an open mind about CeCe, she will teach him how to slow dance for Georgia 's wedding. During the dance lesson, Rocky `` accidentally '' kisses Logan, which results in him kissing her back. Absent : Adam Irigoyen as Deuce Martinez and Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer Notes : In this episode, Tinka did not appear but she was seen dancing on Shake It Up, Chicago! at the end. Also, Logan takes over Gunther 's role as Ty 's frenemy in this episode. 61 12 `` I Do It Up '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein March 17, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 312 4.5 The night before Georgia 's wedding, her ex-husband, J.J., comes to visit to have some quality family time, but things take an unexpected twist when Flynn witnesses Georgia and J.J. kissing. Flynn has no idea if he should speak up or stay quiet. Meanwhile, Logan tries to discuss his relationship with Rocky, but Ty keeps interfering. In the end, Georgia and Jeremy cancel their wedding and Jeremy admitted he had second thoughts about Georgia. Songs Featured : `` I Do '' by Drew Seeley Note : This episode features a parody of the famed JK Wedding Entrance Dance, as the characters are seen dancing down the aisle at the beginning of the wedding ceremony. 62 13 `` Forward and Back It Up '' Joel Zwick Jennifer Glickman & Darin Henry March 24, 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 313 2.7 Rocky saves Phil 's life and he happily gives her back her job, but wanting to earn her way, Rocky refuses and decides to re-audition. In the end, Rocky is back on Shake It Up, Chicago!. Meanwhile, Flynn and Deuce run a museum inside Crusty 's. Songs Featured : `` I 'm Back '' by Zendaya 63 14 `` Switch It Up '' Joel Zwick Cat Davis & Eddie Quintana April 7, 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 317 3.3 Tinka accidentally swaps CeCe and Flynn 's bodies by an old curse of her Grandma 's which Grandma used when she and Gunther used to argue with each other. Meanwhile Rocky tries to kill Ty because he does not put her in the Shake it Up Dance that week. However CeCe is really dreaming all of it. Song featured : `` Freaky Freakend '' by Coco Jones Note : This episode was part of Disney Channel 's Freaky Freakend. 64 15 `` Love and War It Up '' Joel Zwick Jenny Lee April 28, 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 316 3.1 Now that they 're no longer going to be related, Rocky tries to convince CeCe and Logan to get along so that she and Logan can date. CeCe finally agrees to try, but Logan just ca n't do it. Rocky dumps him, saying she ca n't date a guy that wo n't give her best friend a chance. Meanwhile, Flynn and Deuce invite Tinka to be the lead singer in their air guitar band. Songs featured : `` The Same Heart '' and `` Contagious Love '' by Bella Thorne and Zendaya Absent : Roshon Fegan as Ty Blue 65 16 `` In the Bag It Up '' Alfonso Ribeiro David Tolentino May 12, 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 314 2.6 Rocky, CeCe, and Tinka split the cost of renting a designer purse. Meanwhile, Deuce and his dad ( George Lopez ) play in a bowling tournament, but find out that Dina is on the other team. Plus, Tinka 's fashion nemesis Kristin fights with her over who has the best clothes, but Kristin wins and Tinka loses. Songs featured : `` Sharp as a Razor '' by the McClain Sisters Note : The bag Rocky, CeCe, and Tinka rent is a real life Reed Krakoff Boxer handbag, available at Saks 5th Avenue Guest Star : Sammi Hanratty as Kristin 66 17 `` Brain It Up '' Alfonso Ribeiro Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani June 2, 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 315 3.0 When Rocky is removed from her honors classes, she starts to embrace the easier life style. CeCe takes Rocky 's place in the honors classes. In the end, Rocky 's score is revealed to be a 111 and is put back in her usual classes. CeCe learns to not doubt her and her ability. Due to this, Rocky and Cece are in the same classes. Absent : Roshon Fegan as Ty Blue and Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer 67 18 `` Opposites Attract It Up '' Joel Zwick Eileen Conn June 23, 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) 318 3.4 CeCe goes on a date with a boy called James. After their date, CeCe realizes she might actually like James, but she thinks that he is too smart for her. Meanwhile, Rocky teaches Flynn 's class in which the kids hate her and Deuce starts to grow a mustache in which Dina does n't like. Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer 68 19 `` Psych It Up '' Rosario J. Roveto, Jr. Rob Lotterstein July 14, 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 319 3.4 After James breaks up with her, CeCe visits a psychic, Madame Tiffany, who tells her she 's going to meet the love of her life on Wednesday at the corner of Monroe and Michigan 's. CeCe is determined to meet the love of her life, but Rocky tells her that psychics are fake and attempts to prove it by giving their classmate, Margie, a fake psychic reading. However, when Rocky 's predictions come true, Rocky becomes convinced that she is a true psychic and dubs herself `` Madame Raquela ''. On Wednesday, CeCe meets the `` love of her life '', a puppy whom she takes home with her. Upset that the love of her life is n't a human, CeCe learns that the puppy ( named Taco ) is actually a dog owned by a boy named Monroe, whom is visiting from Michigan. Monroe asks her out, and CeCe accepts. Meanwhile, Flynn becomes convinced he is the reincarnation of George Washington after a reading from Madame Tiffany. Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer Song featured : `` Holla at the DJ '' by Coco Jones Guest Star : Noah Centineo as Monroe, Yvette Nicole Brown as Madame Tiffany 69 20 `` Future It Up '' Alfonso Ribeiro Eileen Conn July 28, 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) 320 3.6 It 's 22 years in the future and the groups ' 20th high school reunion is just a day away. Rocky and Cece have lost touch 5 to 6 years ago. They are both very successful. Dina and Deuce are expecting their 8th baby. She goes into labor during the reunion and Rocky and Cece help her give birth. She gives birth to a girl with two eyebrows the first in the family. Rocky lives in New York with her husband Mark, an international spy, and their child. Cece is married to Logan and they have one child, L.J. ( Logan Jr. ). Ty is single and working for Flynn at a video game enterprise, the largest in the world. Tinka is single too and a fashion designer. Ty and Tinka realize they missed each other, and he asks her to marry him to which she happily accepts. Songs featured : `` Future Sounds Like Us '' by Dove Cameron Note : Flynn did not appear in this episode. Davis Cleveland ( who plays Flynn ) appeared as Logan and Cece 's son, L.J. 70 21 `` Oui Oui It Up '' Alfonso Ribeiro Jenny Lee August 4, 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 323 3.3 CeCe sets up a house swap with a French family. While Ty meets a beautiful French girl, and Tinka tells him that she 's annoying. 71 22 `` My Bitter Sweet 16 It Up '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein August 25, 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 325 3.2 Rocky and CeCe decide to make an amazing Sweet 16 party together. But they can not do what they want to do because their mothers do n't agree with their ideas. Marcie 's ideas are very outdated and Georgia thinks her daughter 's ideas are very flashy and expensive. But when Cece discovers an old video of the 16th birthday of her mother, she gains a completely different perspective of it. Guest Star : Olivia Holt as Young Georgia Song Featured : `` Beat of My Drum '' by Zendaya 72 23 `` Stress It Up '' Joel Zwick Darin Henry September 15, 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) 322 3.3 When CeCe gets picked to perform a song she wrote on `` Shake It Up Chicago, '' she decides to stop talking all week in order to preserve her voice. Meanwhile, Rocky finally stretches herself too thin at school when she decides she should also add a sport to look good for college applications. Absent : Adam Irigoyen as Deuce Martinez Song Featured : `` Ring Ring ( Hey Girls ) '' by Bella Thorne 73 24 `` Loyal It Up '' Joel Zwick Eileen Conn September 29, 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 324 3.0 Gary Wilde returns to announce he is hosting a new dance show -- `` Dance Factor '' -- and he wants CeCe, Rocky and Tinka to join the program. CeCe and Tinka promised Rocky that they would n't quit Shake It Up Chicago. So they try to get fired from Shake It Up by wrecking the Shake It Up billboard, but then get caught by Phil. Phil later reveals that he was going to be in charge of dance factor, therefore Gary Wilde came back to Shake It Up Meanwhile, Deuce and Flynn panic after learning their favorite snack has been discontinued. Song Featured : `` Blow the System '' by Bella Thorne 74 25 `` Haunt It Up '' Kimberly McCullough Alison Taylor October 6, 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 321 3.1 Rocky and CeCe decide they 're too old to trick - or - treat and elect to have a `` Mature - oween '' with more adult activities, such as knitting and watching tear - jerking movies. They soon realize they 're just missing out on fun and candy, and scramble to salvage what 's left of their Halloween. Meanwhile, tired of being treated like a little kid, Flynn challenges Ty and Deuce to a scare off in an old abandoned house believed to be haunted by a young spirit. Song Featured : `` Let 's Get Tricky '' by Bella Thorne and Roshon Fegan Absent : Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer 75 26 `` Remember Me '' `` Remember It Up '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein November 10, 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 326 3.4 When Shake It Up, Chicago hosts a fashion show with the girls as models, CeCe ends up in a tragic accident which leaves her with amnesia and as Rocky tells her in the hospital that she will be by her side, CeCe does n't know who she is. Rocky tries everything to make CeCe remember their time together, but CeCe does n't remember being friends with Rocky and assumes that Tinka is her BFF, leaving Rocky in devastation. After CeCe says something about Deuce, she starts to remember everything. At the end of the episode, they show pictures from each season. Meanwhile, Deuce wants everyone to call him Martin, but Dina does n't approve. Song Featured : `` Remember Me '' by Zendaya Notes : This is the series finale. This is also the third episode ( and the only standard - length episode ) whose title does n't end in `` it up '', the other two are `` Shake It Up, Up & Away '' and `` Shake It Up : Made in Japan. '' In several countries, this episode 's alternative name is titled `` Remember It Up ''. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's ' Shake It Up ' To End ''. Deadline.com. 2013 - 07 - 25. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy, Amanda ( October 9, 2013 ). `` ' Shake it Up ' Series Finale Takes Fans Down the Catwalk and Memory Lane Sunday November 10 ''. Disney press release on Zap2it. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Jump up ^ http://www.disneydreaming.com/2013/03/12/bella-thorne-and-zendaya-colemans-shake-it-up-season-3-wraps-filming/ Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Public Catalog ''. Copyright. Retrieved April 7, 2014. 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Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 28, 2013 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers ''. Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 4, 2013 - Ratings TVbytheNumbers ''. Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 08 - 06. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Video Music Awards ' Dominates + ' Breaking Bad ', ' Real Housewives of NJ ', ' Catfish ', ' Dexter ' & More ''. 2013 - 08 - 27. Retrieved August 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night, ' Real Housewives ', ' Dexter, ' Devious Maids ', ' Boardwalk Empire ', ' The Newsroom ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers ''. Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 09 - 17. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NFL Football Takes Top Spots ''. TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 09 - 29. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NFL Dominates Demos for CBS, NBC ''. TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 10 - 06. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19. Jump up ^ `` Shake It Up Episode : Remember Me ''. November 10, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : No Stopping the NFL, `` Walking Dead '' - TheFutonCritic.com ``. www.thefutoncritic.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018. Jump up ^ `` Zendaya Coleman And Roshon Fegan `` Shake It Up '' Season 3 Finale ``. Disney Dreaming. 2013 - 03 - 14. Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19. External links ( edit ) List of Shake It Up episodes ( Season 3 ) at TV.com Shake It Up General Characters Episodes ( Seasons : 1, 2, 3 ) `` Start It Up '' Soundtracks Shake It Up : Break It Down Shake It Up : Live 2 Dance Made in Japan Shake It Up : I Love Dance Singles `` TTYLXOX '' Promotional single `` Watch Me '' `` Something to Dance For '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Fashion Is My Kryptonite '' `` Contagious Love '' Related Shake It Up : India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shake_It_Up_(season_3)&oldid=865730021 '' Categories : Shake It Up ( TV series ) episodes 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018, at 19 : 36 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Shake It Up (season 3)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Shake_It_Up_(season_3)&amp;oldid=865730021" }

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{ "text": "Angel falls - wikipedia Angel falls Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Angel Falls ( disambiguation ). Angel Falls Salto Ángel Kerepakupai Vená Angel Falls, Bolívar State, Venezuela Location in Venezuela Location Auyán - tepui, Canaima National Park, Bolívar State, Venezuela Coordinates 5 ° 58 ′ 03 '' N 62 ° 32 ′ 08 '' W  /  5.96750 ° N 62.53556 ° W  / 5.96750 ; - 62.53556 Coordinates : 5 ° 58 ′ 03 '' N 62 ° 32 ′ 08 '' W  /  5.96750 ° N 62.53556 ° W  / 5.96750 ; - 62.53556 Type Plunges Total height 979 m ( 3,212 ft ) Number of drops Longest drop 807 m ( 2,648 ft ) World height ranking Angel Falls ( Spanish : Salto Ángel ; Pemon language : Kerepakupai Meru meaning `` waterfall of the deepest place '', or Parakupá Vená, meaning `` the fall from the highest point '' ) is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the world 's highest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 meters ( 3,212 ft ) and a plunge of 807 meters ( 2,648 ft ). The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán - tepui mountain in the Canaima National Park ( Spanish : Parque Nacional Canaima ), a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The height figure 979 metres ( 3,212 ft ) mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 metres ( 0.25 mi ) of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30 - metre ( 98 ft ) high plunge downstream of the talus rapids. The falls are along a fork of the Rio Kerepacupai Meru which flows into the Churun River, a tributary of the Carrao River, itself a tributary of the Orinoco River. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Exploration 2 Tourism 3 In popular media 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The waterfall has been known as the Angel Falls since the mid-20th century ; they are named after Jimmie Angel, a US aviator, who was the first person to fly over the falls. Angel 's ashes were scattered over the falls on 2 July 1960. The common Spanish name Salto del Ángel derives from his surname. In 2009, President Hugo Chávez announced his intention to change the name to the purported original indigenous Pemon term ( `` Kerepakupai Vená '', meaning `` waterfall of the deepest place '' ), on the grounds that the nation 's most famous landmark should bear an indigenous name. Explaining the name change, Chávez was reported to have said, `` This is ours, long before Angel ever arrived there... this is indigenous property. '' However, he later said that he would not decree the change of name, but only was defending the use of Kerepakupai Vená. Partly clouded view of Auyán - tepui and Angel Falls ( centre ) from Isla Raton camp, taken during the end of the dry season Exploration ( edit ) Sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition to find the fabled city of El Dorado described what was possibly a tepuy ( table top mountain ), and he is said to have been the first European to view Angel Falls, although these claims are considered far - fetched. Some historians state that the first European to visit the waterfall was Fernando de Berrío, a Spanish explorer and governor from the 16th and 17th centuries. Other sources state that the first westerner to see the waterfall was the also Spanish explorer Fèlix Cardona in 1927. According to accounts of Venezuelan explorer Ernesto Sánchez La Cruz, he spotted the falls in 1912, but he did not publicize his discovery. Cruz possibly saw the Montoya Falls in the Sierra Pacaraima region, which are more than 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) tall. They were not known to the outside world until American aviator Jimmie Angel, following directions given by the explorer Fèlix Cardona who had seen the waterfall six years before, flew over them on 16 November 1933 on a flight while he was searching for a valuable ore bed. Returning on 9 October 1937, Angel tried to land his Flamingo monoplane El Río Caroní atop Auyán - tepui, but the plane was damaged when the wheels sank into the marshy ground. Angel and his three companions, including his wife Marie, were forced to descend the tepui on foot. It took them 11 days to make their way back to civilization by the gradually sloping back side, but news of their adventure spread and the waterfall was named Angel Falls in his honor. The name of the waterfall -- `` Salto del Ángel '' -- was first published on a Venezuelan government map in December 1939. Angel 's plane remained on top of the tepui for 33 years before being lifted out by helicopter. It was restored at the Aviation Museum in Maracay and now sits outdoors on the front of the airport at Ciudad Bolívar. The first recorded person of European descent to reach the base of the falls was Latvian explorer Aleksandrs Laime, also known as Alejandro Laime to the native Pemon tribe. He reached the falls alone in 1946. He was the first to reach the upper side of falls in the late 1950s, by climbing on the back side where the slope is not vertical. He also reached Angel 's plane 18 years after the crash landing. On 18 November 1955, Latvian independence day, he announced to Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional that this stream without any known local name should be called after a Latvian river, Gauja. The same year, this name was registered in the National Cartographic Institution of Venezuela. There are no convincing proofs that indigenous Pemon people had named the local streams, as Auyán - tepui was considered to be a dangerous place and was not visited by the indigenous people. However, lately the Pemon name Kerep is used as well. Laime was also the first to clear a trail that leads from the Churun River to the base of the falls. On the way is a viewpoint commonly used to capture the falls in photographs. It is named Mirador Laime ( `` Laime 's Viewpoint '' in Spanish ) in his honor. This trail is used now mostly for tourists, to lead them from the Isla Ratón camp to the small clearing. The official height of the falls was determined by a survey carried out by an expedition organized and financed by American journalist Ruth Robertson on 13 May 1949. The first known attempt to climb the face of the cliff was made in 1968 during the wet season. It failed because of slippery rock. In 1969, a second attempt was made during the dry season. This attempt was thwarted by lack of water and an overhang 120 metres ( 400 ft ) from the top. The first climb to the top of the cliff was completed on 13 January 1971. The climbers required nine and a half days to ascend and one and a half days to rappel down. Tourism ( edit ) Angel Falls is one of Venezuela 's top tourist attractions, though a trip to the falls is a complicated affair. The falls are located in an isolated jungle. A flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolívar is required to reach Canaima camp, the starting point for river trips to the base of the falls. River trips generally take place from June to December, when the rivers are deep enough for use by the Pemon guides. During the dry season ( December to March ) there is less water seen than in the other months. The falls receive roughly 900,000 visitors per year. In popular media ( edit ) Angel Falls also inspired the setting of the Disney animated film Up ( 2009 ) although, in the film, the location was called Paradise Falls instead of Angel Falls. It also makes a small appearance in the Disney film Dinosaur, as well as the 1990 film Arachnophobia. Most recently, it makes an appearance in the 2015 film Point Break. Numerous documentaries have covered the falls, including Planet Earth. Angel Falls during the dry season Jimmie Angel 's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport Panoramic shot of Angel Falls Churún Canyon ( also known as Devil 's Canyon ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Angel Falls ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Plane Pilot Sights Highest Waterfall in World ''. Popular Science : 37. April 1938. Jump up ^ `` The History of Jimmie Angel ''. Jimmie Angel Historical Project. Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Jump up ^ Carroll, Rory ( 21 December 2009 ). `` Hugo Chávez renames Angel Falls ''. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2010. Jump up ^ `` Venezuela Chavez renames world 's tallest waterfall ''. Thomson Reuters Foundation. 17 September 2011. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chávez dice que no decretó el cambio de nombre del Salto del Ángel ''. Noticias24 ( in Spanish ). Retrieved 22 May 2015. Jump up ^ `` Walter Raleigh -- Delusions of Guiana ''. The Lost World : The Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park and Angel Falls - Venezuela. Archived from the original on 14 October 2002. Retrieved 24 August 2016. Jump up ^ Valeriano Sánchez Ramos ( 2005 ). Farua : revista del Centro Virgitano de Estudios Históricos. pp. 105 -- 42. ISSN 1138 - 4263. ^ Jump up to : Casanova_y_Solanas, Eugenio ( 2013 ). La conquista del Orinoco. ^ Jump up to : Angel, Karen ( April 2012 ). `` Why the World 's Tallest Waterfall is Named Angel Falls '' ( PDF ). Terrae Incognitae. 44 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 42. Retrieved 5 March 2013. Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Angel... An Explorer ''. 25 December 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2015. Jump up ^ Angel, Karen ( 2001 ). `` The Truth About Jimmie Angel & Angel Falls ''. Retrieved 14 November 2009. Jump up ^ `` Rescate de la avioneta de Jimmy Ángel '' ( in Spanish ). ^ Jump up to : Stavro, Andris ( 1999 ). Aleksandrs Laime un viņa zelta upe ( 1st ed. ). ISBN 9984071847. Jump up ^ Robertson, Ruth. `` Jungle Journey to the World 's Highest Waterfall ''. In Jenkins, Mark. Worlds to Explore. National Geographic. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0044 - 1. Jump up ^ David Nott, Angels Four, Prentice - Hall Inc. 1972 chronicles the first successful climb up the face of Auyantepui to the top of the falls. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Kerepakupai merú ( category ) Angel Falls at Beautiful World Tepuis Brazil Amazonas Neblina -- Aracamuni Massif Cerro de la Neblina Roraima Eastern Tepuis Roraima - tepui Uei - tepui Wei - Assipu - tepui Guyana Cuyuni - Mazaruni Eastern Tepuis Roraima - tepui Wei - Assipu - tepui Yuruaní - tepui Maringma - tepui Mount Ayanganna Mount Venamo Mount Yakontipu Potaro - Siparuni Mount Kopinang Mount Wokomung See also Pacaraima Mountains ( hide ) Venezuela Amazonas Cerro Aratitiyope Cerro Camani Cerro Guanay Cerro Tamacuari Cerro Yapacana Cerro Yaví Cuao -- Sipapo Massif Cerro Autana Cerro Cuao Cerro Moriche Cerro Ovana Cerro Sipapo Duida -- Marahuaca Massif Cerro Duida Cerro Huachamacari Cerro Marahuaca Neblina -- Aracamuni Massif Cerro Aracamuni Cerro Avispa Cerro de la Neblina Parú Massif Cerro Euaja Cerro Parú Serranía Tapirapecó Sierra Unturán Yutajé Massif Cerro Coro Coro Serranía Yutajé Bolívar Angasima - tepui Aprada Massif Aprada - tepui Araopán - tepui Auyán Massif Auyán - tepui Cerro El Sol Cerro La Luna Uaipán - tepui Cerro Guaiquinima Cerro Guanacoco Cerro Ichún Cerro Venado Cerro Venamo Chimantá Massif Abacapá - tepui Acopán - tepui Agparamán - tepui Amurí - tepui Apacará - tepui Chimantá - tepui Churí - tepui Murey - tepui Sarvén - tepui Tirepón - tepui Toronó - tepui Eastern Tepuis Ilú - tepui Karaurín - tepui Kukenán - tepui Roraima - tepui Tramen - tepui Uei - tepui Wadakapiapué - tepui Yuruaní - tepui Jaua Massif Cerro Jaua Cerro Sarisariñama Kurún - tepui Los Testigos Aparamán - tepui Kamarkawarai - tepui Murisipán - tepui Tereke - yurén - tepui Ptari Massif Carrao - tepui Ptari - tepui Sororopán - tepui Sierra de Lema Sierra de Maigualida Sierra Marutaní Upuigma - tepui See also Gran Sabana National parks of the Venezuelan Guayana Canaima Duida -- Marahuaca Jaua -- Sarisariñama Parima -- Tapirapecó Serranía de la Neblina Yapacana Tepui caves and sinkholes Cueva del Fantasma Sima Humboldt Sima Martel Tepui waterfalls Angel Falls Cuquenán Falls Yutajé Falls List sourced from volume 1 of Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana ; includes landforms that may not strictly conform to the definition of a tepui or table mountain. Poorly known sites or lower mountains treated as tepuis for historical reasons. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_Falls&oldid=809138055 '' Categories : Geography of Bolívar ( state ) Orinoco basin Rivers of Venezuela Waterfalls of Venezuela World Heritage Sites in Venezuela Plunge waterfalls Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from March 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017, at 10 : 07. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Angel Falls", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Angel_Falls&amp;oldid=809138055" }

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{ "text": "Return to Never Land - wikipedia Return to Never Land Jump to : navigation, search Return to Never Land Theatrical release poster Directed by Robin Budd Produced by Cheryl Abood Christopher Chase Michelle Pappalardo - Robinson Dan Rounds Screenplay by Temple Mathew Based on Characters created by J.M. Barrie Starring Blayne Weaver Harriet Owen Corey Burton Jeff Bennett Narrated by Clive Revill Music by Joel McNeely ( Score ) They Might Be Giants ( Songs ) Edited by Antonio F. Rocco Production company Disney Animation Australia Walt Disney Animation Canada Disney MovieToons Cornerstone Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date February 10, 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 10 ) ( New York City ) February 15, 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 72 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $109.9 million Return to Never Land ( also known as Peter Pan 2 or Peter Pan In : Return to Never Land ) is a 2002 American animated musical fantasy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, and released by Walt Disney Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film is a sequel to Walt Disney Feature Animation 1953 film Peter Pan, It is based on J.M. Barrie 's novel Peter and Wendy, and had a worldwide gross of $109 million. The film follows a girl who refuses to believe in her mother 's story during the Blitz in London, only to be mistakenly brought to Neverland by the pirates. In order for her to get home, she meets Peter Pan, Tinker Bell and the Lost Boys who encourage her to fly and make her believe. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In World War II, Jane Darling is Wendy 's daughter who refuses to believe in stories about Peter Pan. She is mistakenly abducted by Captain Hook and his crew, who sail through the sky on their pixie - dust enchanted ship, evade an air raid alert and escape back to Neverland. There, Hook plans to feed Jane to the octopus ( who replaced Tick - Tock the Crocodile ) in order to lure Peter into a trap. However, Peter rescues Jane and Hook escapes from the octopus, returning to the ship. After recognizing and asking Jane to follow Wendy 's footstep, Peter takes her to his hideout to be the mother of the Lost Boys, but Jane refuses and gets stranded. The next day as the boys fail to teach Jane about flying, she upsets them and does not believe in fairies, making Tinker Bell sick. That night, Hook tricks Jane by lying that he will not harm Peter and she agrees to help him find the treasure. Hook gives Jane a whistle and leaves. Jane asks Peter and the boys to play a game of `` treasure hunt '', and they wish Jane to believe in fairies and save Tinker Bell. As Jane finds the treasure and changes her mind into discarding the whistle, the boys make her the `` Lost Girl '' before Tootles finds and inadvertently blows the whistle. As the pirates arrive to capture the boys, Peter calls Jane a traitor and tells her because she does not believe in fairies, Tinker Bell is dying. Jane rushes back to the Lost Boys ' home, but gets to Tinker Bell too late. Jane, realizing she is the reason Tinker Bell is gone, breaks down in tears for her, but she revives. They head to the ship and see Hook forcing Peter to walk the plank. With Tinker Bell 's help, Jane learns to fly. As Peter drops the anchor on the ship and sinks into the sea, the pirates, riding on a rowboat, are pursued by the octopus. After saying goodbye to the boys, Peter escorts Jane back home, where Jane reconciles with Danny. Peter and Tinker Bell meet Wendy again, though she is already an adult, and they say goodbye. As Edward returns home from the war, Peter and Tinker Bell fly back to Neverland. Voice cast ( edit ) Unlike the original film, new actors and characters replace them for the sequel. Kathryn Beaumont, who voiced Wendy in the original, recorded all of her dialogues for the sequel, but Kath Soucie replaced her. Harriet Owen as Jane Darling, Wendy and Edward 's daughter, and Danny 's older sister who refuses to believe in stories, but Peter changes her mind. Owen also voiced Young Wendy. Lianne Hughes served as the supervising animator for Jane Darling. Blayne Weaver as Peter Pan, the leader of the Lost Boys, and friends of Wendy and Jane. Pieter Lommerse and Andrew Collins served as the supervising animators for Peter Pan. Corey Burton as Captain Hook, the leader of the pirates. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Captain Hook. Jeff Bennett as Mr. Smee, Hook 's sidekick. Kath Soucie as Wendy Darling, Jane and Danny 's mother, and Edward 's wife. Ryan O'Loughlin served as the supervising animators for Wendy Darling. Andrew McDonough as Daniel `` Danny '' Darling, Wendy and Edward 's son, and Jane 's younger brother. Roger Rees as Edward Darling, a surviving soldier, Wendy 's husband, and Jane and Danny 's father. The Lost Boys, one of Peter 's best friends Spencer Breslin as Cubby Bradley Pierce as Nibs Quinn Beswick as Slightly Aaron Spann as Twins Production ( edit ) Disney MovieToons / Disney Video Premiere developed than assigned the work for Peter and Jane to Disney Animation Canada. The film was a Peter Pan sequel originally designed as its first theatrical release. In fall 1999, the Canadian unit stopped work on what was then a video release. With Canada 's closure, work on Peter and Jane was moved to Australia and Japan units. Cornerstone Animation was contracted to do animation direction. The film moved back to a Disney MovieToons theatrical release Soundtrack ( edit ) Joel McNeely composed the music for the film. `` Do You Believe in Magic? '' BBMak `` Main Title '' `` Second Star to the Right '' Jonatha Brooke `` Tale of Pan '' `` I 'll Try '' Jonatha Brooke `` Jane Is Kidnapped '' `` Childhood Lost '' `` Here We Go Another Plan '' Jeff Bennett `` Summoning the Octopus / Pan Saves Jane '' `` Flight Through Never Land '' `` So to Be One of Us '' `` Meet the Lost Boys '' `` Now That You 're One of Us '' They Might Be Giants `` Longing for Home '' `` Hook and the Lost Boys '' `` Hook Deceives Jane '' `` Jane Finds the Treasure '' `` Pan Is Captured '' `` I 'll Try ( Reprise ) '' Jonatha Brooke `` Jane Saves Tink and Pan '' `` Jane Can Fly '' `` Flying Home '' `` Reunion '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film opened at the third position at the box office behind Crossroads and John Q, earning $11,889,631. Return to Never Land grossed $48,430,258 domestically and $61,432,424 overseas, for an approximate worldwide gross of $109,862,682. With an estimated budget of $20 million, the film made a modestly successful theatrical release. It was before DVD sales, which had been the initially planned market for the film. Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 46 % based on 94 reviews, with an average of 5.4 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` With its forgettable songs and lackluster story, this new Pan will surely entertain kids, but will feel more like a retread to adults. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 49 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale. Accolades ( edit ) Breslin was nominated for a 2003 Young Artist Award as Best Performance in a Voice - Over Role at the 24th Young Artist Awards. Home media ( edit ) Return to Never Land was released on VHS and DVD in August 2002, and it took in only lukewarm sales. The version went out of print in January 2003. In November 2007, the film was released in a `` Pixie - Powered Edition '' and was also released in a Peter Pan trilogy, along with the Peter Pan Platinum Edition and Tinker Bell in December 2008. The Pixie - Powered edition went out of print in January 2009. The film was released on Blu - ray in August 2013, after the first Blu - ray release of Peter Pan. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 24, 2017. Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Animated Views : Beaumont and Kerry : Peter Pan 's Leading Ladies, interview with Kathryn Beaumont Jump up ^ Poirier, Agnes ( February 15, 2000 ). `` Disney pulls plug on Canadian animation studios ''. Screendaily.com. Retrieved March 23, 2013. Jump up ^ Bloom, David ( August 13, 2002 ). `` Cornerstone Animation Takes Hit ''. Animation World Network. Retrieved March 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Baisley, Sarah ( June 16, 2003 ). `` DisneyToon Studios Builds Slate Under New Name and Homes for Needy ''. Animation World Network. Retrieved 26 February 2013. Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for February 15 - 17, 2002 ''. Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. February 19, 2002. Retrieved December 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. June 13, 2002. Retrieved December 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved December 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Return to Never Land Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore ''. cinemascore.com. Retrieved December 6, 2016. Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Ultimate Disney 's Out Of Print DVD List. External links ( edit ) Return to Never Land on IMDb Return to Never Land at The Big Cartoon DataBase Return to Never Land at Box Office Mojo Return to Never Land at Rotten Tomatoes Return to Never Land at Metacritic J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play, book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr. Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith, Trust, and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Return_to_Never_Land&oldid=806688658 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films Disney 's Peter Pan Peter Pan films American films 2002 animated films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American animated fantasy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films Animated adventure films Animated films based on children 's books Battle of Britain films Disney animated films DisneyToon Studios animated films Film scores by Joel McNeely Films based on plays Films directed by Donovan Cook Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1940s Films set in London Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 15 : 27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Return to Never Land", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Return_to_Never_Land&amp;oldid=806688658" }

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{ "text": "List of demigods - wikipedia List of demigods This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 25 October 2017. Jump to : navigation, search This is a list of notable offspring of a deity with a mortal, in mythology and modern fiction. Such entities are sometimes referred to as demigods, although the term `` demigod '' can also refer to a minor deity, or great mortal hero with god - like valour and skills, who sometimes attains divine status after death. Contents ( hide ) 1 Greek mythology 2 Roman mythology 3 Hindu mythology 4 Norse mythology 5 Celtic mythology 6 Other 7 Popular fiction 8 External links Greek mythology ( edit ) Achilles : son of the sea nymph Thetis ( daughter of sea god Nereus ), and Peleus, king of the Myrmidons. Aeacus : son of a son of Zeus and Aegina who was the daughter of a river god. He was the father of Telamon and Peleus and grandfather of Ajax and Achilles. Aeneas : Trojan hero, son of Aphrodite, goddess of love and Prince Anchises. He fled to Italy and became the father of Romulus and Remo, founders of Rome. Amphion : son of Zeus and Antiope, and twin brother of Zethus. Arcas : son of Zeus and Callisto, a nymph and minor goddess associated with Aphrodite. Bellerophon : according to Homer ` s Iliad, son of Glaucus and Eurymede of Corinth. According to Apollodorus and Hesiod ` s catallouges by Hyginus, he was a son of the sea god Poseidon by Eurymede. Dardanus : son of Zeus and Electra, daughter of Atlas. Dionysus : son of Zeus and Semele, a mortal. Later on he became a god, part of the Olympians when Hestia gave up her seat for him Epaphus : son of Zeus and Io, a priestess of the goddess Hera ( Zeus ' wife ). Harmonia : daughter of Zeus and Electra. Heracles : son of Zeus ( king of the gods ) and Alcmene, a mortal woman. Helen of Sparta, also known as Helen of Troy : Daughter of Zeus and Leda, wife of Tyndareus, the king of Sparta. Hippolyta : daughter of Ares. Iasus : son of Zeus and Electra ( one of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione ). He was the brother of Dardanus. Memnon : son of Tithonus and Eos, a Titan goddess of the dawn. Orion : son of Poseidon ( the sea god ) Euryale, the eldest of the Gorgons. Orpheus : son of Calliope and the god Apollo. Penthesilea : daughter of Ares and Otrera, a Queen of the Amazons Perseus : son of Zeus and mortal princess Danae, whom he impregnated as a golden shower. Polydeuces, also known by his Roman name of Pollux : one of the Dioscuri and twin brother of Kastor. He was son of Zeus and the mortal Leda while his twin had a mortal father. Theseus : son of Poseidon ( the sea god ) and Aethra, the wife of king Aegeus. Tityos : a giant, son of Zeus and Elara. Zethes : son of Boreas ( the Greek god of the cold north wind and the bringer of winter ) and Oreithyia, daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens. His brother was Calais, and they are collectively known as Boreads. Zethus : son of Zeus and Antiope, twin brother of Amphion, co-founder of Thebes. Roman mythology ( edit ) Bacchus : son of Zeus and Semele, a mortal. The Roman god of agriculture, wine and fertility copied from the Greek god Dionysus. Hercules : son of Zeus and Alcmene. Often portrayed in popular fiction as either a demigod and as a god. Romulus and Remus : twin sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia, co-founders of Rome. Turnus : son of Venilia. Hindu mythology ( edit ) Arjuna : son of Indra and Kunti. Bhima : son of Pawan and Kunti. Bhishma : son of Kuru King Shantanu and the goddess Ganga. Dhristadyumna : materialised out of a ritual fire - altar ; quasi son of fire god Agni ; Draupadi 's brother. Draupadi : materialised out of a ritual fire - altar ; quasi daughter of fire god Agni ; Dhristadyumna 's sister. Drona : contained spark of Brihaspati. Ghatotkacha : born of demigod Bhima and a demoness Hidimbā. Hanuman : son of Vayu. Iravan : The son of Pandava prince Arjuna ( one of the main heroes of the Mahabharata ) and the Naga ( snake ) princess Ulupi. Karna : son of sun god Surya and Kunti. Lakshmana : incarnation of the great serpent god Ananta. Nakula : son of one of the gods Ashvini Kumaras. Pradyumna : incarnation of Sanatkumara. Sahadeva : son of one of the gods Ashvini Kumaras. Devavrata, named Bhishma : son of Shantanu and Ganga, the river goddess. Shikhandi Sugreeva : son of sun god Surya. Vali : son of the king of all gods, the thunder god Indra. Yudhishthira : son of the god of death and justice Yama and Kunti. Norse mythology ( edit ) Sæmingr : king of Norway, son of god Odin and queen Skade. Bragi : another son of Odin. Celtic mythology ( edit ) Cú Chulainn : Son of the god Lugh and the mortal woman Deichtine. Other ( edit ) Diarmuid Ua Duibhne : son of Donn and one of the Fianna. Māui ( Maori, New Zealand ). Gilgamesh : Sumerian king. Recent research claims he was not a demigod after all. Semiramis : Assyrian queen who, according to some legends was daughter of the fish goddess Atargatis or Derketo of Ascalon in Assyria and a mortal. Popular fiction ( edit ) Wonder Woman : In the fictional world of DC Comics, she is Diana, the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons of Themyscira. External links ( edit ) Demigods Demigod in Greek mythology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_demigods&oldid=807081041 '' Categories : Greek mythology Hindu mythology Mythology - related lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 19 : 44. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of demigods", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_demigods&amp;oldid=807081041" }

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{ "text": "Louisiana Purchase - wikipedia Louisiana Purchase Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Louisiana Purchase ( disambiguation ). Louisiana Purchase Vente de la Louisiane Expansion of the United States ← 1803 -- 1804 → → The modern United States, with Louisiana Purchase overlay History Established July 4, 1803 Disestablished October 1, 1804 Today part of United States Canada The Louisiana Purchase ( French : Vente de la Louisiane `` Sale of Louisiana '' ) was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory ( 828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km2 ) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ( $11,250,000 ) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ( $3,750,000 ) for a total of sixty - eight million francs ( $15 million, equivalent to $300 million in 2016 ). The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska ; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River ; a large portion of North Dakota ; a large portion of South Dakota ; the northeastern section of New Mexico ; the northern portion of Texas ; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide ; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( plus New Orleans ) ; and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves. The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France 's failure to put down the revolt in Saint - Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain. The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Before the purchase was finalized, the decision faced Federalist Party opposition ; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory, but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Negotiation 3 Domestic opposition and constitutionality 4 Treaty signing 5 Formal transfers and initial organization 6 Boundaries 7 Slavery 8 Asserting U.S. possession 9 Financing 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Background 1804 map of `` Louisiana '', edged on the west by the Rocky Mountains Throughout the second half of the 18th century, Louisiana was a pawn on the chessboard of European politics. It was controlled by the French, who had a few small settlements along the Mississippi and other main rivers. France ceded the territory to Spain in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ). Following French defeat in the Seven Years ' War, Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi and the British the territory to the east of the river. Following the establishment of the United States, the Americans controlled the area east of the Mississippi and north of New Orleans. The main issue for the Americans was free transit of the Mississippi to the sea. As the lands were being gradually settled by a few American migrants, many Americans, including Jefferson, assumed that the territory would be acquired `` piece by piece. '' The risk of another power taking it from a weakened Spain made a `` profound reconsideration '' of this policy necessary. New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the areas of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Pinckney 's Treaty, signed with Spain on October 27, 1795, gave American merchants `` right of deposit '' in New Orleans, granting them use of the port to store goods for export. Americans used this right to transport products such as flour, tobacco, pork, bacon, lard, feathers, cider, butter, and cheese. The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi, which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories. In 1798, Spain revoked the treaty allowing American use of New Orleans, greatly upsetting Americans. In 1801, Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo, and restored the American right to deposit goods. However, in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon 's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. The territory nominally remained under Spanish control, until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on December 20, 1803. A further ceremony was held in St. Louis, Upper Louisiana regarding the New Orleans formalities. The March 9 -- 10, 1804 event is remembered as Three Flags Day. James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston had traveled to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans in January 1803. Their instructions were to negotiate or purchase control of New Orleans and its environs ; they did not anticipate the much larger acquisition which would follow. The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history. Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, the purchase doubled the size of the United States. Before 1803, Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years. Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War, the Spanish did n't want the Americans to settle in their territory. Although the purchase was thought of by some as unjust and unconstitutional, Jefferson determined that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties allowed the purchase of what became fifteen states. In hindsight, the Louisiana Purchase could be considered one of his greatest contributions to the United States. On April 18, 1802, Jefferson penned a letter to United States Ambassador to France Robert Livingston. It was an intentional exhortation to make this supposedly mild diplomat strongly warn the French of their perilous course. The letter began : The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorely on the U.S. On this subject the Secretary of State has written to you fully. Yet I can not forbear recurring to it personally, so deep is the impression it makes in my mind. It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S. and will form a new epoch in our political course. Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have any conflict of right, and the most points of a communion of interests. From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend, as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference. Her growth therefore we viewed as our own, her misfortunes ours. There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three - eighths of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants. France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance. Spain might have retained it quietly for years. Her pacific dispositions, her feeble state, would induce her to increase our facilities there, so that her possession of the place would be hardly felt by us, and it would not perhaps be very long before some circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of something of more worth to her. Not so can it ever be in the hands of France. The impetuosity of her temper, the energy and restlessness of her character, placed in a point of eternal friction with us... Jefferson 's letter went on with the same heat to a much quoted passage about `` the day that France takes possession of New Orleans. '' Not only did he say that day would be a low point in France 's history, for it would seal America 's marriage with the British fleet and nation, but he added, astonishingly, that it would start a massive shipbuilding program. Negotiation While the transfer of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed, fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when, in 1801, Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans. Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana, which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere. Though Jefferson urged moderation, Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France. Undercutting them, Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with the United Kingdom, although relations were uneasy in that direction. In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ), which was then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion. Jefferson sent Livingston to Paris in 1801 after discovering the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France under the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Livingston was authorized to purchase New Orleans. In January 1802, France sent General Charles Leclerc to Saint - Domingue ( present - day Haiti ) to re-establish slavery, which had been abolished by the constitution of the French Republic of 1795, as well as to reduce the rights of free people of color and take back control of the island from Toussaint Louverture. Louverture had fended off invasions of St. Domingue by the Spanish and British empires, but had also begun to consolidate power for himself on the island. Before the Revolution, France had derived enormous wealth from St. Domingue at the cost of the lives and freedom of the slaves. Napoleon wanted its revenues and productivity for France restored. Alarmed over the French actions and its intention to re-establish an empire in North America, Jefferson declared neutrality in relation to the Caribbean, refusing credit and other assistance to the French, but allowing war contraband to get through to the rebels to prevent France from regaining a foothold. In November 1803, France withdrew its 7,000 surviving troops from Saint - Domingue ( more than two - thirds of its troops died there ) and gave up its ambitions in the Western Hemisphere. In 1804 Haiti declared its independence ; but, fearing a slave revolt at home, Jefferson and Congress refused to recognize the new republic, the second in the Western Hemisphere, and imposed a trade embargo against it. This, together with later claims by France to reconquer Haiti, encouraged by the United Kingdom, made it more difficult for Haiti to recover after ten years of wars. In 1803, Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, a French nobleman, began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson. Du Pont was living in the United States at the time and had close ties to Jefferson as well as the prominent politicians in France. He engaged in back - channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson 's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America. Jefferson disliked the idea of purchasing Louisiana from France, as that could imply that France had a right to be in Louisiana. Jefferson had concerns that a U.S. president did not have the constitutional authority to make such a deal. He also thought that to do so would erode states ' rights by increasing federal executive power. On the other hand, he was aware of the potential threat that France could be in that region and was prepared to go to war to prevent a strong French presence there. Throughout this time, Jefferson had up - to - date intelligence on Napoleon 's military activities and intentions in North America. Part of his evolving strategy involved giving du Pont some information that was withheld from Livingston. He also gave intentionally conflicting instructions to the two. Desperate to avoid possible war with France, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1803 to negotiate a settlement, with instructions to go to London to negotiate an alliance if the talks in Paris failed. Spain procrastinated until late 1802 in executing the treaty to transfer Louisiana to France, which allowed American hostility to build. Also, Spain 's refusal to cede Florida to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible. Monroe had been formally expelled from France on his last diplomatic mission, and the choice to send him again conveyed a sense of seriousness. Napoleon needed peace with the United Kingdom to implement the Treaty of San Ildefonso and take possession of Louisiana. Otherwise, Louisiana would be an easy prey for the UK or even for the United States. But in early 1803, continuing war between France and the UK seemed unavoidable. On March 11, 1803, Napoleon began preparing to invade the UK. As Napoleon had failed to re-enslave the emancipated population of Haiti, he abandoned his plans to rebuild France 's New World empire. Without sufficient revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean, Louisiana had little value to him. Spain had not yet completed the transfer of Louisiana to France, and war between France and the UK was imminent. Out of anger towards Spain and the unique opportunity to sell something that was useless and not truly his yet, Napoleon decided to sell the entire territory. Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan, on April 10, 1803, Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François de Barbé - Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. On April 11, 1803, just days before Monroe 's arrival, Barbé - Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million, ( equivalent to about $300 million in 2016 dollars, ) which averages to less than three cents per acre ( 7 ¢ / ha ). The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs, but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million. Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer. The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty was announced, but the documents did not arrive in Washington, D.C. until July 14. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert 's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States, at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre. Domestic opposition and constitutionality The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase Henry Adams and other historians have argued that Jefferson acted hypocritically with the Louisiana Purchase, due to his position as a strict constructionist regarding the Constitution since he stretched the intent of that document to justify his purchase. This argument goes as follows : The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition. Jefferson 's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Many people believed that he and others, including James Madison, were doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase, favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon, and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain. Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase 's constitutionality. Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase. Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition. The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase, but it failed by two votes, 59 -- 57. The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain, not France, but available records proved otherwise. The Federalists also feared that the power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens in the West, whose political and economic priorities were bound to conflict with those of the merchants and bankers of New England. There was also concern that an increase in the number of slave - holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between North and South as well. A group of Northern Federalists led by Senator Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy. Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French, Spanish, and free black people living in New Orleans, as the treaty would dictate. Critics in Congress worried whether these `` foreigners '', unacquainted with democracy, could or should become citizens. Spain protested the transfer on two grounds : First, France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and second, France had not fulfilled the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of Etruria recognized by all European powers. The French government replied that these objections were baseless since the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force, and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the Treaty of Amiens. Transfer of Louisiana by Ford P. Kaiser for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1904 ) Henry Adams claimed `` The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid ; if it were French property, Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the French Chambers ; if it were Spanish property, he could not alienate it at all ; if Spain had a right of reclamation, his sale was worthless. '' The sale of course was not `` worthless '' -- the U.S. actually did take possession. Furthermore, the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government `` the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests. '' Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30, a month before France turned it over to American officials. Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson 's alleged hypocrisy by asserting that countries change their borders in two ways : ( 1 ) conquest, or ( 2 ) an agreement between nations, otherwise known as a treaty. The Louisiana Purchase was the latter, a treaty. The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties ( Art. II, Sec. 2 ), which is just what Jefferson did. Jefferson 's Secretary of State, James Madison ( the `` Father of the Constitution '' ), assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution. Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president, the only way extending the country 's territory by treaty could not be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution ( which it was not ). Jefferson, as a strict constructionist, was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution, but felt the power of these arguments and was willing to `` acquiesce with satisfaction '' if the Congress approved the treaty. The Senate quickly ratified the treaty, and the House, with equal alacrity, authorized the required funding, as the Constitution specifies. The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self - interest, not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France indeed owned Louisiana or was required to sell it back to Spain should it desire to dispose of the territory. The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports. Also, many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers, who might go west instead, if the Louisiana Purchase went through. They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed, which would likely be Republican, and dilute the political power of New England Federalists. When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France, Madison responded that America had first approached Spain about purchasing the property, but had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory. Treaty signing Issue of 1953, commemorating the 150th Anniversary of signing The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on April 30 by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, `` We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank. '' The United States Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty with a vote of twenty - four to seven on October 20. The Senators who voted against the treaty were : Simeon Olcott and William Plumer of New Hampshire, William Wells and Samuel White of Delaware, James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy of Connecticut, and Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts. On the following day, October 21, 1803, the Senate authorized Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government. In legislation enacted on October 31, Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order. Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory, the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition. A timeline of legislation can be found at the Library of Congress : American Memory : The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline -- 1803 - 1804. Formal transfers and initial organization Flag raising in the Place d'Armes of New Orleans, marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States, December 20, 1803, as depicted by Thure de Thulstrup France turned over New Orleans, the historic colonial capital, on December 20, 1803, at the Cabildo, with a flag - raising ceremony in the Plaza de Armas, now Jackson Square. Just three weeks earlier, on November 30, 1803, Spanish officials had formally conveyed the colonial lands and their administration to France. On March 9 and 10, 1804, another ceremony, commemorated as Three Flags Day, was conducted in St. Louis, to transfer ownership of Upper Louisiana from Spain to the French First Republic, and then from France to the United States. From March 10 to September 30, 1804, Upper Louisiana was supervised as a military district, under Commandant Amos Stoddard. Effective October 1, 1804, the purchased territory was organized into the Territory of Orleans ( most of which would become the state of Louisiana ) and the District of Louisiana, which was temporarily under control of the governor and judicial system of the Indiana Territory. The following year, the District of Louisiana was renamed the Territory of Louisiana, aka Louisiana Territory ( 1805 -- 1812 ). New Orleans was the administrative capital of the Orleans Territory, and St. Louis was the capital of the Louisiana Territory. Boundaries A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana. The territory 's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain, nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France, nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States. The United States claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida. Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis. The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819, with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west. The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S. The relatively narrow Louisiana of New Spain had been a special province under the jurisdiction of the Captaincy General of Cuba while the vast region to the west was in 1803 still considered part of the Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas. Louisiana had never been considered one of New Spain 's internal provinces. If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank, the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill - defined British possession -- Rupert 's Land of British North America, now part of Canada. The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel. However, the territory north of the 49th parallel ( including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds ) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo - American Convention of 1818. The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River, from its source to the 31st parallel, though the source of the Mississippi was, at the time, unknown. The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear. The U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River, and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River. In early 1804, Congress passed the Mobile Act, which recognized West Florida as part of the United States. The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain ( 1819 ) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821. Today, the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle, and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida. Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the Purchase, President Jefferson immediately began to organize three missions to explore and map the new territory. All three started from the Mississippi River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804 ) traveled up the Missouri River ; the Red River Expedition ( 1806 ) explored the Red River basin ; the Pike Expedition ( 1806 ) also started up the Missouri, but turned south to explore the Arkansas River watershed. The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams -- Onís Treaty, which set the western boundary as follows : north up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the 32nd parallel, due north to the Red River, up the Red River to the 100th meridian, north to the Arkansas River, up the Arkansas River to its headwaters, due north to the 42nd parallel and due west to its previous boundary. Slavery See also : History of slavery in Louisiana, History of slavery in Missouri, and Slavery in the United States Governing the Louisiana Territory was more difficult than acquiring it. Its European peoples, of ethnic French, Spanish and Mexican descent, were largely Catholic ; in addition, there was a large population of enslaved Africans made up of a high proportion of recent arrivals, as Spain had continued the international slave trade. This was particularly true in the area of the present - day state of Louisiana, which also contained a large number of free people of color. Both present - day Arkansas and Missouri already had some slaveholders in the early 19th century. During this period, south Louisiana received an influx of French - speaking refugee planters, who were permitted to bring their slaves with them, and other refugees fleeing the large slave revolt in Saint - Domingue, today 's Haiti. Many Southern slaveholders feared that acquisition of the new territory might inspire American - held slaves to follow the example of those in Saint - Domingue and revolt. They wanted the US government to establish laws allowing slavery in the newly acquired territory so they could be supported in taking their slaves there to undertake new agricultural enterprises, as well as to reduce the threat of future slave rebellions. The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration, and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but incorporating provisions from the preceding French and Spanish rule ( for instance, Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769, but some slaves of mixed African - Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana when the U.S. took over ). In a freedom suit that went from Missouri to the US Supreme Court, slavery of Native Americans was finally ended in 1836. The institutionalization of slavery under U.S. law in the Louisiana Territory contributed to the American Civil War a half century later. As states organized within the territory, the status of slavery in each state became a matter of contention in Congress, as southern states wanted slavery extended to the west, and northern states just as strongly opposed new states being admitted as `` slave states. '' The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a temporary solution. Asserting U.S. possession Plan of Fort Madison, built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase, drawn 1810 After the early explorations, the U.S. government sought to establish control of the region, since trade along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was still dominated by British and French traders from Canada and allied Indians, especially the Sauk and Fox. The U.S. adapted the former Spanish facility at Fort Bellefontaine as a fur trading post near St. Louis in 1804 for business with the Sauk and Fox. In 1808 two military forts with trading factories were built, Fort Osage along the Missouri River in western present - day Missouri and Fort Madison along the Upper Mississippi River in eastern present - day Iowa. With tensions increasing with Great Britain, in 1809 Fort Bellefontaine was converted to a U.S. military fort, and was used for that purpose until 1826. During the War of 1812, Great Britain and allied Indians defeated U.S. forces in the Upper Mississippi ; the U.S. abandoned Forts Osage and Madison, as well as several other U.S. forts built during the war, including Fort Johnson and Fort Shelby. After U.S. ownership of the region was confirmed in the Treaty of Ghent ( 1814 ), the U.S. built or expanded forts along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, including adding to Fort Bellefontaine, and constructing Fort Armstrong ( 1816 ) and Fort Edwards ( 1816 ) in Illinois, Fort Crawford ( 1816 ) in Prairie du Chien Wisconsin, Fort Snelling ( 1819 ) in Minnesota, and Fort Atkinson ( 1819 ) in Nebraska. Financing The American government used $3 million in gold as a down payment, and issued bonds for the balance to pay France for the purchase. Earlier that year, Francis Baring and Company of London had become the U.S. government 's official banking agent in London. Because of this favored position, the U.S. asked the Baring firm to handle the transaction. Francis Baring 's son Alexander was in Paris at the time and helped in the negotiations. Another Baring advantage was a close relationship with Hope and Company of Amsterdam. The two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the Purchase. Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible, the two firms received the American bonds and shipped the gold to France. Napoleon used the money to finance his planned invasion of England, which never took place. See also Louisiana portal History portal Alaska Purchase Florida Purchase Corps of Discovery Franco - American alliance List of French possessions and colonies New France Historic regions of the United States Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States on stamps References Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Congressional series of United States public documents ''. U.S. Government Printing Office. January 1, 1864 -- via Google Books. ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ), p. 99 ^ Jump up to : Meinig ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warren, Rebecca ( 1976 ). `` The Role of American Diplomacy in the Louisiana Purchase ''. pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu. Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase History, Facts, & Map ''. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Three Flags Day - Naked History ''. Naked History. March 15, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Reliving Lewis and Clark : Louisiana Purchase Ceremony ''. news.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 8 Things You May Not Know About the Louisiana Purchase ''. HISTORY.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com ''. HISTORY.com. Retrieved July 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2006 ), pp. 4 -- 48 Jump up ^ Cerami ( 2003 ), pp. 57 - 58 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ), p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Milestones : 1801 -- 1829 - Office of the Historian ''. history.state.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ), p. 221 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1995 ), p. 209 Jump up ^ Matthewson ( 1996 ), pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duke ( 1977 ), pp. 77 -- 83 Jump up ^ Herring ( 2008 ), p. 101 Jump up ^ Kuepper, Justin ( October 8, 2012 ). `` 3 Of The Most Lucrative Land Deals In History ''. Jump up ^ Thomas, Ryland ; Williamson, Samuel H. ( 2018 ). `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then? ''. MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series. Jump up ^ Burgan ( 2002 ), p. 36. Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents of American History : Louisiana Purchase ''. Web Guides. Library of Congress. March 29, 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2014. Jump up ^ Malone, Roeder & Lang ( 1991 ), p. 30 Jump up ^ Louisiana Purchase Treaty. Wikisource. Jump up ^ `` The Louisiana Purchase : Jefferson 's constitutional gamble ''. National Constitution Center. October 20, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Louisiana, ( 5 July 1803 ) ''. Founders Online. National Archives and Records Administration. Footnote 2. Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( 2002 ), pp. 139 -- 40 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ), pp. 149ff Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ), pp. 65 -- 68. Jump up ^ Gayarre ( 1867 ), p. 544. Jump up ^ Adams ( 2011 ), pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nugent ( 2009 ), pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lawson & Seidman ( 2008 ), pp. 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ Banning ( 1995 ), pp. 7 -- 9, 178, 326 -- 7, 330 -- 3, 345 -- 6, 360 -- 1, 371, 384. ^ Jump up to : Ketcham ( 2003 ), pp. 420 -- 2. Jump up ^ The fledgling United States did not have $15 million in its treasury ; it borrowed the sum from Great Britain, at an annual interest rate of six percent. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2003 ), p. 79 Jump up ^ Peterson, Merrill D. ( 1974 ). `` James Madison : A Biography in his Own Words ''. Newsweek. pp. 237 -- 46. Jump up ^ `` America 's Louisiana Purchase : Noble Bargain, Difficult Journey ''. Lpb.org. Retrieved June 11, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello ''. www.monticello.org. Retrieved November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline ''. The Louisiana Purchase Legislative Timeline. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 2, 2018. Jump up ^ Schoultz ( 1998 ), pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Haynes ( 2010 ), pp. 115 -- 16 Jump up ^ Hämäläinen ( 2008 ), p. 183 Jump up ^ Weber ( 1994 ), pp. 223, 293 ^ Jump up to : Herring ( 2008 ), p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Foley, William E. ( October 1984 ). `` Slave Freedom Suits before Dred Scott : The Case of Marie Jean Scypion 's Descendants ''. Missouri Historical Review. 79 ( 1 ) : 1. Retrieved February 18, 2011 -- via The State Historical Society of Missouri. Jump up ^ Luttig ( 1920 ). ^ Jump up to : Prucha ( 1969 ). ^ Jump up to : Ziegler ( 1988 ). Jump up ^ Fleming ( 2003 ), pp. 129ff. Works cited Adams, Henry ( 2011 ) ( 1889 ). History of the United States of America ( 1801 -- 1817 ). vol. 2 : During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108033039. Banning, Lance ( 1995 ). The Sacred Fire of Liberty : James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic. Ithaca : Cornell University Press. Burgan, Michael ( 2002 ). The Louisiana Purchase. Capstone. ISBN 9780756502102. Cerami, Charles A. ( 2003 ). Jefferson 's Great Gamble. Sourcebooks. ISBN 9781402234354. Duke, Marc ( 1977 ). The du Ponts : Portrait of a Dynasty. Saturday Review Press. ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0429 - 6. Fleming, Thomas J. ( 2003 ). The Louisiana Purchase. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 26738 - 6. Gayarre, Charles ( 1867 ). History of Louisiana. Hämäläinen, Pekka ( 2008 ). The Comanche Empire. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9. Haynes, Robert V. ( 2010 ). The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier, 1795 -- 1817. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2577 - 0. Herring, George ( 2008 ). From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 976553 - 7. Ketcham, Ralph ( 2003 ). James Madison : A Biography. Newtown CT : American Political Biography Press. ISBN 9780813912653. Kennedy, David M. ; Cohen, Lizabeth & Bailey, Thomas Andrew ( 2008 ). The American Pageant : A History of the American People. Wadsworth. ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 16654 - 4. Lawson, Gary & Seidman, Guy ( 2008 ). The Constitution of Empire : Territorial Expansion and American Legal History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300128967. Lewis, James E., Jr. ( 2003 ). The Louisiana Purchase : Jefferson 's Noble Bargain?. UNC Press Books. Luttig, John C. ( 1920 ). Journal of a Fur - trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri : 1812 -- 1813. Kansas City MO : The Missouri Historical Society. Malone, Michael P. ; Roeder, Richard B. & Lang, William L. ( 1991 ). Montana : A History of Two Centuries. Seattle : University of Washington Press. ISBN 0 - 295 - 97129 - 0. Meinig, D.W. ( 1995 ). The Shaping of America : Volume 2. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300062908. Matthewson, Tim ( May 1995 ). `` Jefferson and Haiti ''. The Journal of Southern History. 61 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 48. JSTOR 2211576. Matthewson, Tim ( March 1996 ). `` Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti ''. American Philosophical Society. 140 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 48. JSTOR 987274. Nugent, Walter ( 2009 ). Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism. Random House. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9. Prucha, Francis P. ( 1969 ). The Sword of the Republic : The United States Army on the Frontier 1783 -- 1846. New York : Macmillan. Rodriguez, Junius P. ( 2002 ). The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 9781576071885. Schoultz, Lars ( 1998 ). Beneath the United States. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 92276 - 1. Thompson, Linda ( 2006 ). The Louisiana Purchase. Rourke Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59515 - 513 - 9. Weber, David J. ( 1994 ). The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05917 - 5. Ziegler, Philip ( 1988 ). The Sixth Great Power : Barings 1762 -- 1929. London : Collins. ISBN 0 - 00 - 217508 - 8. Further reading Hermann ( 1900 ). The Louisiana Purchase and our title west of the Rocky Mountains : with a review of annexation by the United States. Hosmer, James Kendall ( 1902 ). Louisiana Purchase. New York : D. Appleton & Co. Marshall ( 1914 ). A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, 1819 - 1841. U.S. Dept. of State ( 1903 ). State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louisiana Purchase. Wikisource has original text related to this article : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Text of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty Library of Congress : Louisiana Purchase Treaty Teaching about the Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Bicentennial 1803 -- 2003 * Lewis and Clark Trail Louisiana Purchase and Lewis & Clark student and teacher guide : dates, people, analysis, multimedia New Orleans / Louisiana Purchase 1803 The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase Case and Controversies in U.S. History, Page 42 Senator Pickering explains his opposition to the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. Booknotes interview with Jon Kukla on A Wilderness So Immense : The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America, July 6, 2003. 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{ "text": "Coco ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Coco ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation, search Coco Theatrical release poster Directed by Lee Unkrich Produced by Darla K. Anderson Screenplay by Adrian Molina Matthew Aldrich Story by Lee Unkrich Jason Katz Matthew Aldrich Adrian Molina Starring Anthony Gonzalez Gael García Bernal Benjamin Bratt Alanna Ubach Renée Victor Ana Ofelia Murguía Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Matt Aspbury Danielle Feinberg Edited by Steve Bloom Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 20, 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( Morelia ) November 22, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 -- 200 million Box office $800.5 million Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich, it is directed by him and co-directed by Adrian Molina. The story follows a 12 - year - old boy named Miguel Rivera who is accidentally transported to the land of the dead, where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great - great - grandfather to return him to his family among the living. The concept for Coco is based on the Mexican holiday of the Day of the Dead. The film was scripted by Molina and Matthew Aldrich from a story by Unkrich, Jason Katz, Aldrich and Molina. Pixar began developing the animation in 2016 ; Unkrich and some of the film 's crew visited Mexico for inspiration. Composer Michael Giacchino, who had worked on prior Pixar animated features, composed the score. The film 's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez, Gael García Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Alanna Ubach, Renée Victor, Ana Ofelia Murguía, and Edward James Olmos. Coco is the first - ever motion picture with a nine - figure budget to feature an all - Latino cast, with a cost of $175 -- 200 million. Coco premiered on October 20, 2017 during the Morelia International Film Festival in Morelia, Mexico. It was theatrically released in Mexico the following week, the weekend before Día de los Muertos, and in the United States on November 22, 2017. The film was praised for its animation, vocal performances, music, emotional story, and respect for Mexican culture, and grossed over $800 million worldwide, including and becoming the highest - grossing film of all - time in Mexico. Recipient of several accolades, Coco was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017. The film won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song ( `` Remember Me '' ). Additionally, it also won the Best Animated Film at the BAFTA Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Critic 's Choice Movie Awards, and Annie Awards. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Santa Cecilia, Mexico, Imelda Rivera was the wife of a musician, who left her and their 3 - year - old daughter Coco, to pursue a career in music. When he never returns, Imelda banishes music from her life and that of her family and opens a shoemaking family business. Ninety - six years later, her great - great - grandson, 12 - year - old Miguel, now lives with Coco and their family. He secretly dreams of becoming a musician like Ernesto de la Cruz, a popular actor and singer of Coco 's generation. One day, Miguel inadvertently damages the picture frame holding a photo of Coco with her parents at the center of the family ofrenda and removes the photograph, discovering that his great - great - grandfather ( whose face had been torn out ) was holding Ernesto 's famous guitar. Concluding that Ernesto is his great - great - grandfather, Miguel leaves to enter a talent show for the Day of the Dead despite the objections of his grandmother Elena. He enters Ernesto 's mausoleum and takes his guitar to use in the show, but becomes invisible to everyone in the village plaza. However, he can interact with his Xoloitzcuintli dog Dante and his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday. Taking him there, they realize that Imelda can not visit, as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda. Discovering that he is cursed for stealing from the dead, Miguel must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead ; to do so, he must receive a blessing from a member of his family using an Aztec marigold petal that can undo the curse placed upon him when he stole Ernesto 's guitar. Imelda offers Miguel a blessing but on the condition that he abandon his musical pursuits when he returns to the Land of the Living ; Miguel refuses and attempts to seek Ernesto 's blessing. Miguel encounters Héctor, a down - on - his - luck skeleton who once played music with Ernesto and offers to help Miguel reach him. In return, Héctor asks Miguel to take his photo back to the Land of the Living so he can visit his daughter before she forgets him and he disappears completely. Upon learning he has other relatives, however, Héctor attempts to return Miguel to them, but Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto 's mansion, learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before Héctor 's death. Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant, but Héctor confronts them, imploring Miguel to take his photo to the Land of the Living. After an argument between Ernesto and Héctor, Miguel soon realizes that Ernesto murdered Héctor using a poisoned drink and stole the songs Héctor had written, passing them off as his own to become famous. To maintain his legacy, Ernesto steals the photo and has Miguel and Héctor thrown into a cenote pit. Miguel realizes that Héctor is his actual great - great - grandfather and that Coco is Héctor 's daughter, the only living person who still remembers him. With the help of Dante -- who turns into an alebrije -- the dead Riveras find and rescue the duo. Miguel reveals that Héctor 's decision to return home to Imelda and Coco resulted in his death, and Imelda and Héctor gradually reconcile. They infiltrate Ernesto 's sunrise concert to retrieve Héctor 's photo from Ernesto and his crimes are revealed to everyone. Ernesto is crushed by a falling church bell as in his previous life, but Héctor 's photo falls into the water and disappears. As the sun rises, Héctor is in danger of being forgotten by Coco and disappearing. Imelda and Héctor bless Miguel with no conditions attached so he can return to the Land of the Living to try and help Coco remember her father. Miguel plays `` Remember Me '', a song Héctor wrote for her during her childhood. The song revitalizes her memory of Héctor, and she gives Miguel the torn - out piece of the photo from the ofrenda, which shows Héctor 's face, and tells her family stories about her father, thus keeping the memory of him alive. Elena reconciles with Miguel, accepting music back into the family. One year later, Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda -- including the restored photo of Héctor and Imelda -- to his new baby sister Socorro as Elena adds a photo of the now - deceased Coco. Letters kept by Coco contain evidence that Ernesto stole Héctor 's songs. As a result, Ernesto 's legacy is destroyed, and the community honors Héctor instead. In the Land of the Dead, Héctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living Riveras as Miguel sings and plays for his dead and living relatives. Cast ( edit ) Anthony Gonzalez as Miguel Rivera, a 12 - year - old aspiring musician. Gael García Bernal as Héctor, a charming trickster in the Land of the Dead who enlists Miguel to help him visit the Land of the Living, and is later revealed to be Miguel 's great - great - grandfather, Imelda 's husband, Coco 's father and the patriarch of the Rivera family. Bernal also voices Héctor in the Spanish version. Benjamin Bratt as Ernesto de la Cruz, the most famous musician in the history of Mexico and Miguel 's idol. Revered by fans worldwide until his untimely death, the charming and charismatic musician is even more beloved in the Land of the Dead. Antonio Sol provides de la Cruz 's singing voice, except for `` Remember Me ''. Alanna Ubach as Mamá Imelda Rivera, Miguel 's late great - great - grandmother, Héctor 's wife, Coco 's mother and the matriarch of the Rivera family. Renée Victor as Elena Rivera, Miguel 's grandmother ( `` Abuelita '' ) who strictly enforces the ban on music that is the legacy of her grandmother. Ana Ofelia Murguía as Mamá Socorro `` Coco '' Rivera, Miguel 's great - grandmother and the daughter of Héctor and Imelda. Edward James Olmos as Chicharrón, a friend of Héctor 's who is forgotten in the Land of the Dead. Alfonso Arau as Papá Julio Rivera, Miguel 's late great - grandfather and Coco 's husband. Arau also voices Papá Julio in the Spanish version. Selene Luna as Tía Rosita Rivera, Miguel 's late great - grandaunt, and Julio 's sister. Dyana Ortellí as Tía Victoria Rivera, Miguel 's late grandaunt, and Elena 's sister. Herbert Sigüenza as Tíos Oscar and Felipe Rivera, Miguel 's late identical twin great - great - granduncles. Jaime Camil as Papá Enrique Rivera, Miguel 's father and Elena 's son. Sofía Espinosa as Mamá Luisa Rivera, Miguel 's mother. She is pregnant with her second child during the events of the movie. Espinosa also voices Mamá Luisa in the Spanish version. Luis Valdez as Tío Berto Rivera, Miguel 's uncle. Valdez also voices Don Hidalgo. Polo Rojas as Abel Rivera, Miguel 's cousin. Montse Hernandez as Rosa Rivera, Miguel 's cousin. Lombardo Boyar as a Mariachi whom Miguel meets in Santa Cecilia Plaza. Boyar also voices Gustavo, a musician of the Land of the Dead Octavio Solis as the Arrival Agent. Gabriel Iglesias as the Head Clerk. Cheech Marin as a Corrections Officer. Carla Medina as a Departure Agent. Medina also voices the departure agent in the Spanish version. Blanca Araceli as an Emcee. Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Frida Kahlo. Salvador Reyes as a Security Guard. Reyes also voices the Security Guard in the Spanish version. John Ratzenberger as Juan Ortodoncia, a skeleton in the Land of the Dead with bad teeth. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Lee Unkrich ( pictured in 2009 ) first conceptualized Coco in 2010 Lee Unkrich first pitched an idea for the film in 2010, when Toy Story 3, which he also directed, was released. Initially the film was to be about an American child, learning about his Mexican heritage, while dealing with the death of his mother. Eventually the team realized that this was the wrong approach and reformed the film to focus on a Mexican child instead. Of the original version, Unkrich noted that it `` reflected the fact that none of us at the time were from Mexico. '' The fact that the film depicted `` a real culture '' caused anxiety for Unkrich, who `` felt an enormous responsibility on ( his ) shoulders to do it right. '' The Pixar team made several trips to Mexico to help define the characters and story of Coco. Unkrich said, `` I 'd seen it portrayed in folk art. It was something about the juxtaposition of skeletons with bright, festive colors that captured my imagination. It has led me down a winding path of discovery. And the more I learn about ( el ) Día de los Muertos, the more it affects me deeply. '' The team found it difficult working with skeletal creatures, as they lacked any muscular system, and as such had to be animated differently from their human counterparts. Coco also took inspiration from Hayao Miyazaki 's anime films Spirited Away ( 2001 ) and Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) as well as the action film John Wick ( 2014 ). Casting ( edit ) In 2016, the Coco team made an official announcement about the cast, which revealed that Gael Garcia Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Renée Victor, and Anthony Gonzalez would voice the characters. Filming ( edit ) On April 13, 2016, Unkrich announced that they had begun work on the animation. The film 's writer, Adrian Molina, was promoted to co-director in late 2016. Disney made a request to trademark the phrase `` Día de los Muertos '' for merchandising applications. This was met with criticism from the Mexican American community in the United States. Lalo Alcaraz, a Mexican American cartoonist, drew a film poster titled `` Muerto Mouse '', depicting a skeletal Godzilla - sized Mickey Mouse with the byline `` It 's coming to trademark your cultura. '' More than 21,000 people signed a petition on Change.org stating that the trademark was `` cultural appropriation and exploitation at its worst. '' A week later, Disney cancelled the attempt, with the official statement saying that the `` trademark filing was intended to protect any title for our film and related activities. It has since been determined that the title of the film will change, and therefore we are withdrawing our trademark filing. '' In 2015, Pixar hired Alcaraz to consult on the film, joining playwright Octavio Solis and former CEO of the Mexican Heritage Corp. Marcela Davison Aviles, to form a cultural consultant group. Soundtrack ( edit ) Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released November 10, 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Recorded August -- October 2017 Studio Eastwood Scoring Stage ( score ) Avatar Studios Henson Recording Studios Estudio 13 Audio By the Bay Crawford Media Services Genre Son mexicano Mariachi Son jarocho Ranchera Huapango Bolero Mexican pop Length 78 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino Tom MacDougall Germaine Franco Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Pixar chronology Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Michael Giacchino chronology War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino. Germaine Franco, Adrian Molina, Robert Lopez, and Kristen Anderson - Lopez wrote the songs. Recording for the score began on August 14, 2017. The score was released on November 10, 2017. All music composed by Michael Giacchino except where indicated. No. Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1. `` Remember Me '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Benjamin Bratt 1 : 49 2. `` Much Needed Advice '' Germaine Franco, Michael Giacchino, & Adrian Molina Bratt & Antonio Sol 1 : 46 3. `` Everyone Knows Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4. `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Anthony Gonzalez 1 : 52 5. `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier, Pat Beier, & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 55 6. `` The World Es Mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez & Sol 0 : 51 7. `` Remember Me ( Lullaby ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal, Gabriella Flores & Libertad García Fonzi 1 : 10 8. `` La Llorona '' Traditional Sol & Alanna Ubach 2 : 46 9. `` Remember Me ( Reunion ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonzalez & Ana Ofelia Murguía 1 : 14 10. `` Proud Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonzalez 2 : 04 11. `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Miguel feat. Natalia Lafourcade 2 : 44 12. `` Will He Shoemaker? '' 3 : 18 13. `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14. `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15. `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16. `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17. `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18. `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19. `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20. `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21. `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22. `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23. `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24. `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25. `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26. `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27. `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28. `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29. `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30. `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31. `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32. `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33. `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34. `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35. `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36. `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37. `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38. `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Total length : 78 : 17 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original No. Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1. `` Recuérdame ( Interpretada por Ernesto De la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Marco Antonio Solís 1 : 49 2. `` Dueto a Través del Tiempo '' Germaine Franco, Michael Giacchino, & Adrian Molina Solís 1 : 45 3. `` Juanita '' Franco & Molina Gael García Bernal 1 : 15 4. `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina García Bernal & Luis Ángel Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 52 5. `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier, Pat Beier, & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6. `` El Mundo es mi Familia '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo & Solís 0 : 50 7. `` Recuérdame ( Arrullo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez García Bernal & Lucy Hernández 1 : 09 8. `` La Llorona '' Traditional Solís & Angélica Vale 2 : 45 9. `` Recuérdame ( Reencuentro ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Rocío Garcel & Gómez Jaramillo 1 : 13 10. `` El Latido de mi Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gómez Jaramillo 2 : 01 11. `` Recuérdame '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Carlos Rivera 2 : 43 12. `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 13. `` El corrido de Miguel Rivera ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Bronco 3 : 57 14. `` La bikina ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Rubén Fuentes Karol Sevilla 2 : 56 15. `` Bésame mucho ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Consuelo Velázquez Jorge Blanco 2 : 57 16. `` Un mundo raro ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' La Santa Cecilia 3 : 27 17. `` Recuérdame ( Solo ) ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Lafourcade 2 : 43 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original ( Disc 2 ) No. Title Length 1. `` Will He Shoemaker? '' 3 : 18 2. `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 3. `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 4. `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 5. `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 6. `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 7. `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 8. `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 9. `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 10. `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 11. `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 12. `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 13. `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 14. `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 15. `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 16. `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 17. `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 18. `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 19. `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 20. `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 21. `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 22. `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 23. `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 24. `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 25. `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 26. `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 27. `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 ( show ) Banda Sonora Original em Português No. Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1. `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Ernesto de la Cruz ) '' Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez Mário Redondo 1 : 49 2. `` Conselho Muito Necessário '' Germaine Franco, Michael Giacchino, & Adrian Molina Redondo 1 : 45 3. `` Quem Não Conhece a Juanita? '' Franco & Molina Pedro Leitão 1 : 15 4. `` Un Poco Loco '' Franco & Molina Joao Pedro Gonçalves & Leitão 1 : 52 5. `` Jálale ( Instrumental ) '' Holger Beier, Pat Beier, & Camilo Lara Mexican Institute of Sound 2 : 54 6. `` O Mundo es Mi Família '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves & Redondo 0 : 50 7. `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Canção de Embalar ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Leitão & Maria Galante 1 : 09 8. `` La Llorona '' Traditional Alanna Ubach & Antonio Sol 2 : 45 9. `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Reunião ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Gonçalves & Ermelinda Duarte 1 : 13 10. `` Pulsar do Meu Corazón '' Franco & Molina Gonçalves 2 : 03 11. `` Remember Me ( Dúo ) '' Anderson - Lopez & Lopez Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel 2 : 44 12. `` Will He Shoemaker? '' 3 : 18 13. `` Shrine and Dash '' 1 : 24 14. `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' 1 : 17 15. `` The Strum of Destiny '' 1 : 10 16. `` It 's All Relative '' 2 : 38 17. `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' 1 : 49 18. `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' 2 : 45 19. `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' 1 : 10 20. `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' 1 : 08 21. `` Adiós Chicharrón '' 1 : 45 22. `` Plaza de la Cruz '' 0 : 21 23. `` Family Doubtings '' 2 : 24 24. `` Taking Sides '' 0 : 57 25. `` Fiesta Espactacular '' 0 : 56 26. `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' 2 : 33 27. `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' 1 : 15 28. `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' 4 : 45 29. `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' 2 : 22 30. `` Somos Familia '' 2 : 21 31. `` Reunión Familiar de Rivera '' 3 : 04 32. `` A Family Dysfunction '' 2 : 00 33. `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' 1 : 47 34. `` The Show Must Go On '' 2 : 32 35. `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' 2 : 02 36. `` A Run for the Ages '' 1 : 50 37. `` One Year Later '' 1 : 00 38. `` Coco -- Día de los Muertos Suite '' 5 : 47 Release ( edit ) Coco was released in Mexico on October 27, 2017, the weekend before Día de los Muertos. The film was released in the United States on November 22, 2017, during the Thanksgiving weekend, and three weeks after Día de los Muertos, and in the United Kingdom on January 19, 2018. The film was released in a crowded market, preceded by Thor : Ragnarok, Justice League and another animated film, The Star, and followed by Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film, Ferdinand three weeks after Thanksgiving. It is one of the three Disney film productions being released in the November -- December corridor. It is the second Pixar offering of the year, following Cars 3, with 2017 being the second year Pixar released two films, after 2015 ( with Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur ). The film was accompanied in theaters by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 21 - minute featurette Olaf 's Frozen Adventure as a limited time offering, featuring the characters from Frozen, making Coco the first Pixar film not to be accompanied by a Pixar short in theaters since their first film, Toy Story, in 1995. Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser trailer was released on March 15, 2017, two days before Disney 's Beauty and the Beast opened worldwide. The teaser trailer introduced the basic concept of the film, while highlighting its focus on music. Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the trailer as `` a terrific old - school Pixar sell, mostly consisting of a single sequence and offering just the barest hint of what 's to come. '' The film 's themes and imagery drew comparison to another animated film that centered around Día de Muertos, The Book of Life ( 2014 ). A two - minute short film, titled Dante 's Lunch -- A Short Tail, was released online on March 29, 2017. It introduces the film 's supporting character, a Xoloitzcuintle named Dante. The short was created early in the animation process by Unkrich and his team to have a better sense of the character. The first official trailer was released on June 7, 2017, followed by a second trailer on September 13. The film was marketed extensively in Mexico, including traditional wall - painted advertising usually used for local events and never for films. Cinépolis, a movie chain in the country, held a contest for dubbing a character in the film, and another movie chain held a contest to become an interviewer for the cast and crew of the film. The film will also have its own VR game, being Pixar 's first VR development. Home Media ( edit ) While still showing in theaters worldwide, Coco was released for High Definition online streaming and digital download on February 13, 2018, and on DVD, Blu - ray, and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray on February 27, 2018, by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. Coco will be made available on Netflix streaming in the United States from May 29th. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Coco grossed $209.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $590.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $800.5 million. United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada, Coco was projected to gross $55 -- 65 million from 3,987 theaters in its first five days, including around $40 million in its opening weekend. It made $2.3 million from Tuesday night previews, landing between Disney 's previous two November releases Moana ( $2.6 million ) and The Good Dinosaur ( $1.3 million ), and $13.2 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $50.8 million ( including a five - day total of $72.9 million ), finishing first at the box office. It was the 4th - biggest Thanksgiving opening weekend ever, behind fellow animated films Frozen, Moana and Toy Story 2. In its second weekend, the film dropped by 46 % to $27.5 million, a smaller drop than Moana, Frozen, Tangled, and The Good Dinosaur, and again topping the box office. It topped the box office once again in its third weekend, dropping by 33 % and grossing $18.5 million, a similar hold to Moana. It became the fourth film of 2017 to top the box office three times, following Split, The Fate of the Furious and The Hitman 's Bodyguard, before being overtaken by Disney 's own Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film, Ferdinand, in its fourth weekend. It fell to number six in its fifth weekend, due to competition from three new releases -- Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle, Pitch Perfect 3, and The Greatest Showman -- despite a small drop again ; it grossed $2.8 million on Christmas Day. On the holiday week of December 22 -- 28, the film finished at number six with a gross of $16.3 million, which was 6 % up from the previous week, despite losing over 1,000 theaters. It finished at number six in its sixth weekend, going up 39 % and 87 %, respectively, during the three - day and four - day weekends ; it grossed $2.6 million on New Year 's Day. It fell outside the top 10 in its eighth weekend ( which included Martin Luther King Jr. Day ), dropping 38 % and 14 % respectively, during the three - day and four - day weekends. Other countries ( edit ) Coco was released in Mexico on October 27, nearly a month before its release in the United States. It grossed $9.3 million on its opening weekend, the biggest opening weekend for an original animated film and the biggest debut for an animated film outside of the summer movie season in the market. In its second weekend, it earned another $10.8 million, a 12 % increase over its first weekend, bringing its total to $28 million. It became the fastest ten - day grosser ever for an animated feature in Mexico, as well as the biggest original animated release ever in the territory. It dropped by 23 % in its third weekend, grossing $8.4 million. That brought its total to MX $792 million ( US $41.4 million ), making it the highest - grossing animated film and the second - highest - grossing film of all time in Mexico, behind Disney 's own The Avengers, in local currency. A few days later, on November 15, it passed The Avengers to become the highest - grossing film in the Mexican market. In China, Coco finished number one at the weekend box office, with a three - day total of $18.2 million, making it the second - highest opening ever for a Disney or Pixar animated release in that market, behind Zootopia. After seeing increases each weekday on its first week, the film increased by 148 % on its second weekend, bringing its total to $75.6 million in the market. It dropped by 21 % in its third weekend, finishing first once again and grossing $35 million. The film fell to number three in its fourth weekend, due to competition from two new domestic releases, grossing an additional $17.1 million. Coco 's success in China came as a surprise to most box office analysts who were projecting a gross of $30 -- 40 million. By its second weekend, it had become the highest - grossing Pixar release ever in China, nearly doubling previous record - holder Finding Dory, and by its fifth weekend, it had surpassed Despicable Me 3 to become the second highest - grossing animated movie of all time in the country, behind Zootopia. The movie was released in Japan, its final market, on March 16, 2018. As of May 1, 2018 the film 's largest markets were China ( $189.2 million ), Mexico ( $57.8 million ), Japan ( $41.4 million ), France ( $33.2 million ), United Kingdom ( $26.1 million ), South Korea ( $25.9 million ), Spain ( $21.4 million ), Argentina ( $17.6 million ), Italy ( $14.4 million ) and Germany ( $12.3 million ). Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 97 % based on 274 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` Coco 's rich visual pleasures are matched by a thoughtful narrative that takes a family - friendly -- and deeply affecting -- approach to questions of culture, family, life, and death. '' It was the site 's highest - rated animated film and ninth highest - rated wide release of 2017. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating `` universal acclaim. '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score ; it was also the sixth Pixar film to earn the rating -- the previous being Up in 2009. It also earned a 95 % positive score, including a rare five - out - of - five rating, from filmgoers on PostTrak, along with a 76 % `` definite recommend ''. Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said, `` At every imaginative juncture, the filmmakers ( the screenplay is credited to Pixar veteran Molina and Matthew Aldrich ) create a richly woven tapestry of comprehensively researched storytelling, fully dimensional characters, clever touches both tender and amusingly macabre, and vivid, beautifully textured visuals. '' Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film, saying : `` If an animated movie is going to offer children a way to process death, it 's hard to envision a more spirited, touching and breezily entertaining example than Coco. '' In his review for Variety, Peter Debruge wrote, `` In any case, it works : Coco 's creators clearly had the perfect ending in mind before they 'd nailed down all the other details, and though the movie drags in places, and features a few too many childish gags... the story 's sincere emotional resolution earns the sobs it 's sure to inspire. '' Debruge also described the film as `` ( An ) effective yet hardly exceptional addition to the Pixar oeuvre. '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four, writing that `` There 's a touch of Japanese master Hayao Miyazaki in the film 's matter - of - fact depiction of the dead interacting with the living, as well as its portrayal of certain creatures '' such as Dante and Pepita. He concluded his review by stating, `` I had some minor quibbles about ( Coco ) while I was watching it, but I ca n't remember what they were. This film is a classic. '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 out of four, calling it a `` loving tribute to Mexican culture '', while praising the animation, vocal performances ( particularly of Gonzalez, García Bernal, and Bratt ), and its emotional and thematic tone and depth. The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips called the film `` vividly good, beautifully animated '', praising Giacchino 's musical score and the songs, as well drawing a comparison to the emotional tone of Inside Out. A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film as `` a time - tested tune with captivating originality and flair, and with roving, playful pop - culture erudition '', and called the film 's cultural vibe `` inclusive '' and `` a 21st - century Disney hallmark ''. Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times found the film to be `` full of life '' and deemed it `` a bouncy and heart - tugging adventure '', while lauding the vocal performances as `` fantastic '' and `` first - rate ''. Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as `` effervescent, clever and thoughtful, '' calling it one of `` Pixar 's most gorgeously animated outings '', and `` the most musical Pixar film, with a host of catchy tunes ''. Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger wrote that the backgrounds `` have a vibrancy, and its atmosphere carries a warmth. And even after it 's done, both linger, just a bit -- like a perfectly struck guitar chord ''. Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Coco ( 2017 film ) Coco was nominated for various awards and won a number of them, including several for Best Animated Feature. The song `` Remember Me '' was particularly praised. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it won Best Animated Feature Film while it was nominated for Best Original Song for the song, `` Remember Me ''. It led the 45th Annie Awards with most nominations, garnering thirteen, among them Best Animated Feature, Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production, Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production, and Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Gonzalez. At the 90th Academy Awards, it won the Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Giardina, Carolyn ; Kit, Borys ( July 14, 2017 ). `` New ' Incredibles 2 ', ' Toy Story 4 ' Details Revealed at D23 ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Hecht, John ( July 5, 2017 ). `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' to World Premiere at Mexico 's Morelia Fest ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 5, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Coco - British Board of Film Classification ''. British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved March 6, 2018. Jump up ^ `` COCO ( 2017 ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro, Anthony ( November 26, 2017 ). `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M, + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 26, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Topping ' Justice League ' With $70 Million Over Thanksgiving Weekend ''. Variety. November 23, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) - Financial Information - The Numbers ''. The Numbers. December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Coco ( 2017 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved May 1, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Coco Press Kit '' ( PDF ). wdsmediafile.com. Retrieved November 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Robinson, Joanna ( December 6, 2016 ). `` Pixar 's Coco is a ' Love Letter to Mexico ' in the Age of Trump ''. Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' feasts on ' Justice League ' at box office ''. New Haven Register. November 26, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` COCO, the new Disney Pixar movie, will open the 15th FICM ''. Festival Internacional del Cine en Morelia. July 21, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 15, 2017 ). `` ' Coco 's Otherworldly Mexico Run Lands Pixar Toon As Market 's No. 1 Movie Ever ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20, 2017 ). `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185 M Overseas, $390 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $739 M Global -- International Box Office ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dave Trumbore ( November 18, 2017 ). `` This Week in Animation : Pixar 's ' Coco ' Now Mexico 's # 1 Film of All - Time ''. Collider. Retrieved November 21, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( November 15, 2017 ). `` Disney - Pixar 's ' Coco ' Breaks Box Office Record in Mexico ''. Variety. Retrieved November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners ''. National Board of Review. November 28, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 9OSCARS ''. ABC. 2018 - 03 - 04. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05. ^ Jump up to : Milligan, Mercedes ( June 6, 2017 ). `` Disney - Pixar Introduces the ' Coco ' Character Family ''. Animation Magazine ( in inglês ). Retrieved June 8, 2017. CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coco / Latin Spanish cast ''. CHARGUIGOU. Jump up ^ Wintraub, Steve ( July 13, 2016 ). `` Benjamin Bratt on ' The Infiltrator ', ' Shot Caller ' and Pixar 's ' Coco ' ''. Collider. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` '' Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' by Various Artists on iTunes ``. 10 November 2017. Jump up ^ Crust, Kevin ( January 16, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' director Lee Unkrich gets down with the Day of the Dead for Pixar 's fall release ''. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017. Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda ( October 24, 2017 ). `` Nolan Gerard Funk Joins ' Berlin, I Love You ' ; Natalia Cordova - Buckley Set In ' Coco ' ''. Deadline. Retrieved October 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk ( August 28, 2017 ). `` John Ratzenberger Confirmed for `` Coco '' ``. Laughing Place. Retrieved August 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Robinson, Tasha. `` Pixar 's Lee Unkrich on the ' anxiety ' of directing Coco ''. The Verge. Retrieved 17 December 2017. Jump up ^ Taylor, Drew ( August 15, 2015 ). `` Meet the Newest Disney Pixar Marvel, Coco ''. Disney Insider. Archived from the original on August 17, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter ( June 16, 2017 ). `` Pixar Shares ' Coco ' Secrets at Annecy Animation Festival ''. Variety. Retrieved July 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The World of Coco Influenced by John Wick, Hayao Miyazaki, Mexican History ''. / Film. 28 August 2017. Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna. `` Pixar 's Coco Is a `` Love Letter to Mexico '' When It 's Needed Most ``. Jump up ^ Berman, Rachel ( April 13, 2016 ). `` Lee Unkrich Confirms That Animation Has Officially Started on Coco! ''. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. ^ Jump up to : Y. Rodriguez, Cindy ( May 11, 2013 ). `` Day of the Dead trademark request draws backlash for Disney ''. CNN. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Nevarez, Griselda ( August 21, 2015 ). `` Cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz to Work on Pixar 's Day of the Dead Film ' Coco ' ''. NBC News. Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015. Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen ( May 7, 2013 ). `` Disney Drops Controversial Dia De Los Muertos Trademark Bid After Online Uproar ''. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015. Jump up ^ T.J. & Julie ( August 17, 2017 ). `` Get a Peek into Michael Giacchino 's Scoring Process for Pixar 's ' Coco ' -- Courtesy of Director, Lee Unkrich ''. Pixar Post. Retrieved August 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc ( September 15, 2017 ). `` First listen : Hear three new songs from Pixar 's Coco ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original en Español ) ''. October 27, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original em Português ) ''. November 17, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017. Jump up ^ Watson, Ryan ( May 10, 2017 ). `` Latest film release changes : Coco pops in 2018 ''. Digital Cinema Media. Retrieved May 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Mendelson, Scott ( March 15, 2017 ). `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' Is Trapped Between ' Justice League ' And ' Star Wars ' ''. Forbes. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther ( March 15, 2017 ). `` Strum along with the first teaser for Pixar 's Coco ''. The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jack ( March 15, 2017 ). `` Coco trailer : First footage from Pixar Studio 's upcoming original film released ''. The Independent. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` First trailer launched for new Pixar film Coco ''. The Guardian. March 15, 2017. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Booth, Kaitlyn ( June 13, 2017 ). `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco ''. Bleeding Cool. Retrieved December 2, 2017. Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc ( June 13, 2017 ). `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure, debuts first look ''. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Hall, Jacob ( March 15, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' Trailer : Pixar 's Next Original Movie Reveals Its First Footage ''. / Film. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ White, James ( March 15, 2017 ). `` First Teaser Trailer For Pixar 's Coco ''. Empire. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Watkins, Gwynne ( March 29, 2017 ). `` New Pixar Short ' Dante 's Lunch ' Introduces ' Coco ' Dog, Plus Director Lee Unkrich on Whether ' Coco ' Will Make You Cry ( Exclusive ) ''. Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Lawrence, Derek ( June 7, 2017 ). `` Coco : New trailer digs deeper into the Land of the Dead ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott ( September 13, 2017 ). `` Trailer : ' Coco ' May Help Pixar Bounce Back From ' Cars 3 ' ''. Forbes. Retrieved September 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Interactive, IA. `` Inmortaliza Tu Voz ''. cinepolis.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Conviértete en el reportero Cinemex y entrevista a los creadores de Coco ''. Ganapromo.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Roettgers, Janko ( October 11, 2017 ). `` Pixar Makes Its Virtual Reality Debut With ' Coco VR ' ''. Variety. Retrieved November 6, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' Coco ' Blu - ray and DVD Release Date is February 27, 2018 ''. The Kingdom Insider. January 15, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Coco will be on Netflix in May 2018 ''. What 's on Netflix. April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( November 20, 2017 ). `` Can ' Coco ' Whip ' Justice League ' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch? -- Box Office Preview ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' ''. Associated Press. November 26, 2017. Retrieved November 28, 2017. ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 3, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( December 3, 2017 ). `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Soars To $280 M Worldwide, ' Wonder ' Tops $100 M Global ''. Forbes. Retrieved December 3, 2017. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 10, 2017 ). `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+, ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+, ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10, 2017 ). `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Wins as ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Waits in the Wings ''. Variety. Retrieved December 10, 2017. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 18, 2017 ). `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 26, 2017 ). `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M, ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results ''. Box Office Mojo. December 29, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2016. Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- 31, 2017 ''. Box Office Mojo. January 2, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` December 29 -- January 1, 2018 ''. Box Office Mojo. January 2, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Monday, January 1, 2018 ''. Box Office Mojo. January 2, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2018. Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 14, 2018 ''. Box Office Mojo. January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018. Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 15, 2017 ''. Box Office Mojo. January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 31, 2017 ). `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 5, 2017 ). `` Box Office : ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Nears $240 M, ' Coco ' Soars In Mexico ''. Forbes. Retrieved November 5, 2017. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 6, 2017 ). `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW, $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 12, 2017 ). `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ', ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 12, 2017. Jump up ^ ELBERT WYCHE ( November 26, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' debuts at number one in China ''. Screen Daily. Retrieved November 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 26, 2017 ). `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 1, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' Rockets To Epic 300 % Friday - To - Friday Gain In China For $39 M 8 - Day Cume ''. Forbes. Retrieved December 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 3, 2017 ). `` Hot ' Coco ' Sings In China ; ' Thor ' Tops $816 M, ' Justice League ' Lassos $567 M WW -- International Box Office ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017. Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10, 2017 ). `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays Strong With $55 Million at International Box Office ''. Variety. Retrieved December 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( December 17, 2017 ). `` China Box Office : Feng Xiaogang 's ' Youth ' Opens to $48 M, ' Coco ' Crosses $150 M ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 1, 2018. Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 16, 2017 ). `` With 1 Billion+ RMB / $152 M Cume ' Coco ' Has Now Quadrupled Pixar 's Previous China Record ''. Forbes. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 26, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' Has Single - Handedly Out - Grossed The Earnings of All 12 Prior Pixar Releases In China Combined ''. Forbes. Retrieved January 1, 2018. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ). `` ' Coco ' Sweet With $800 M Milestone At Worldwide Box Office ''. Deadline. Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02. Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Best - Reviewed Animated Movies 2017 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018. Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED MOVIES 2017 > WIDE RELEASES ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Coco Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen, Michael ( October 20, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' : Film Review ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Abele, Robert ( October 20, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Journey Down Mexico Way Pays Colorful, Moving Tribute to Family ''. TheWrap. Retrieved October 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter ( October 20, 2017 ). `` Film Review : Pixar 's ' Coco ' ''. Variety. Retrieved October 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller ( November 21, 2017 ). `` Coco Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) ''. RogerEbert.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Travers, Peter ( November 25, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Day - of - the - Dead Gem Is as Lively as They Come ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 25, 2017. Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( November 21, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' review : While not Pixar 's best, ' Coco ' is ' vividly good, ' beautifully animated ''. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Coco ' Brings the Pixar Touch to Death ''. The New York Times. A.O. Scott. November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 21, 2017 ). `` The exciting Land of the Dead is where ' Coco ' really comes to life ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Review : Joyful ' Coco ' breaks from the Pixar pack as a Mexican musical spectacular ''. USA Today. Brian Truitt. November 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Whitty, Stephen ( November 22, 2017 ). `` ' Coco ' review : Disney and Pixar set out a Mexican feast ''. New York Daily News. Retrieved December 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Film Awards and Nominations Scorecard ''. Metacritic. Retrieved January 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca ( December 11, 2017 ). `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List ''. Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick ( December 4, 2017 ). `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved December 4, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Oscar Winners : Full List ''. The New York Times. March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coco ( 2017 film ) Official website Coco on IMDb Coco at the TCM Movie Database Coco at The Big Cartoon DataBase Coco at AllMovie Coco at Rotten Tomatoes Pixar Animation Studios Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters, Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Upcoming Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films The Adventures of André & Wally B. ( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Bao ( 2018 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other works Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Flags and Waves ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Surprise ( 1991 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story Monsters, Inc. Finding Nemo The Incredibles Cars Associated productions It 's Tough to Be a Bug! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters Luxo Jr. List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada Pixar Photoscience Team A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Kingdom Hearts III Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios Book Films directed by Lee Unkrich Toy Story 2 ( 1999, co-directed ) Monsters, Inc. ( 2001, co-directed ) Finding Nemo ( 2003, co-directed ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Awards for Coco Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 2000s Shrek -- Aron Warner ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Happy Feet -- George Miller ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck, Jennifer Lee, and Peter Del Vecho ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 -- Don Hall, Chris Williams, and Roy Conli ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Jonas Rivera ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard, Rich Moore, and Clark Spencer ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich and Darla K. Anderson ( 2017 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells, Brenda Chapman, and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter, Lee Unkrich, and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film 2000s Cars -- John Lasseter ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin -- Steven Spielberg ( 2011 ) Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 -- Dean DeBlois ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature 1990s The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Chicken Run ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Song of the Sea ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) My Life as a Zucchini ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coco_(2017_film)&oldid=839454027 '' Categories : 2017 films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Coco (2017 film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Coco_(2017_film)&amp;oldid=839454027" }

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{ "text": "1998 Milwaukee Brewers season - wikipedia 1998 Milwaukee Brewers season Jump to : navigation, search 1998 Milwaukee Brewers Major League affiliations National League ( since 1998 ) Central Division ( since 1998 ) Location Milwaukee County Stadium ( since 1970 ) Milwaukee, Wisconsin ( since 1970 ) Other information Owner ( s ) Bud Selig General manager ( s ) Sal Bando Manager ( s ) Phil Garner Local television WCGV - TV Wisconsin Sports Net ( Matt Vasgersian, Bill Schroeder ) Local radio WTMJ ( AM ) ( Bob Uecker, Jim Powell ) < Previous season Next season > The Milwaukee Brewers ' 1998 season was the first season for the franchise as a member of the National League. The Brewers finished in fifth in the NL Central, 28 games behind the Houston Astros, with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses. Before the 1998 regular season began, two new teams -- the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays -- were added by Major League Baseball. This resulted in the American League and National League having fifteen teams. However, in order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play, both leagues would need to carry a number of teams that was divisible by two, so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL Central. This realignment was widely considered to have great financial benefit to the club moving. However, to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest, Commissioner ( then club owner ) Bud Selig decided another team should have the first chance to switch leagues. The choice was offered to the Kansas City Royals, who ultimately decided to stay in the American League. The choice then fell to the Brewers, who, on November 6, 1997, elected to move to the National League. Had the Brewers elected not to move to the National League, the Minnesota Twins would have been offered the opportunity to switch leagues. Also, Milwaukee was not totally unfamiliar with the National League, having been the home of the NL Braves for 13 seasons ( 1953 -- 1965 ). Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 2 Regular season 2.1 Season standings 2.2 Record vs. opponents 2.3 Notable transactions 2.4 Roster 3 Player stats 3.1 Batting 3.1. 1 Starters by position 3.1. 2 Other batters 3.2 Pitching 3.2. 1 Starting pitchers 3.2. 2 Other pitchers 3.2. 3 Relief pitchers 4 Farm system 5 References Offseason ( edit ) December 1, 1997 : Jack Voigt was released by the Brewers. December 8, 1997 : Mike Fetters, Ben McDonald, and Ron Villone were traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Marquis Grissom and Jeff Juden. January 14, 1998 : Bob Hamelin was signed as a free agent by the Brewers. March 11, 1998 : Mark Watson was traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Ben McDonald. Regular season ( edit ) Season standings ( edit ) NL Central Pct. GB Home Road Houston Astros 102 60 0.630 -- 55 -- 26 47 -- 34 Chicago Cubs 90 73 0.552 121⁄2 51 -- 31 39 -- 42 St. Louis Cardinals 83 79 0.512 19 48 -- 34 35 -- 45 Cincinnati Reds 77 85 0.475 25 39 -- 42 38 -- 43 Milwaukee Brewers 74 88 0.457 28 38 -- 43 36 -- 45 Pittsburgh Pirates 69 93 0.426 33 40 -- 40 29 -- 53 Record vs. opponents ( edit ) 1998 National League Records Sources : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) Team ARI ATL CHC CIN COL FLA HOU LAD MIL MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL AL Arizona -- 1 -- 8 5 -- 7 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 6 -- 2 4 -- 5 4 -- 8 6 -- 3 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 2 -- 7 6 -- 3 3 -- 9 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 5 -- 8 Atlanta 8 -- 1 -- 3 -- 6 7 -- 2 5 -- 3 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 8 -- 1 7 -- 2 6 -- 6 9 -- 3 8 -- 4 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 7 -- 2 6 -- 3 9 -- 7 Chicago 7 -- 5 6 -- 3 -- 6 -- 5 7 -- 2 7 -- 2 4 -- 7 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 7 -- 2 4 -- 5 3 -- 6 8 -- 3 5 -- 4 7 -- 3 4 -- 7 5 -- 8 Cincinnati 5 -- 4 2 -- 7 5 -- 6 -- 4 -- 5 9 -- 0 3 -- 8 5 -- 4 6 -- 5 8 -- 1 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 5 -- 7 1 -- 11 2 -- 7 8 -- 3 7 - 6 Colorado 6 -- 6 3 -- 5 2 -- 7 5 -- 4 -- 6 -- 3 6 -- 5 6 -- 6 4 -- 7 7 -- 2 3 -- 6 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 5 -- 7 7 -- 5 3 -- 6 4 -- 8 Florida 2 -- 6 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 0 -- 9 3 -- 6 -- 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 0 -- 9 5 -- 7 5 -- 7 6 -- 6 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 0 -- 9 4 -- 5 8 -- 8 Houston 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 7 -- 4 8 -- 3 5 -- 6 6 - 3 -- 3 -- 6 9 -- 2 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 7 -- 2 9 -- 2 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 5 -- 7 10 -- 4 Los Angeles 8 -- 4 1 -- 8 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 -- 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 3 -- 5 5 -- 4 7 -- 5 5 -- 7 6 -- 6 4 -- 5 8 -- 5 Milwaukee 3 -- 6 2 -- 7 6 -- 6 5 -- 6 7 -- 4 9 -- 0 2 -- 9 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 3 1 -- 8 4 -- 5 6 -- 5 3 -- 6 5 -- 4 3 -- 8 8 -- 6 Montreal 7 -- 2 6 -- 6 2 -- 7 1 -- 8 2 -- 7 7 -- 5 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 3 -- 6 -- 8 -- 4 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 4 -- 4 3 -- 6 3 -- 6 6 -- 10 New York 5 -- 4 3 -- 9 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 6 -- 3 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 5 -- 3 8 -- 1 4 -- 8 -- 8 -- 4 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 9 -- 7 Philadelphia 7 - 2 4 -- 8 6 -- 3 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 5 -- 4 7 -- 5 4 -- 8 -- 8 -- 1 1 -- 8 2 -- 6 3 -- 6 7 -- 9 Pittsburgh 3 -- 6 2 -- 7 3 -- 8 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 2 -- 9 5 -- 7 5 -- 6 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 1 -- 8 -- 5 -- 4 2 -- 7 6 -- 5 6 -- 7 San Diego 9 -- 3 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 11 -- 1 7 -- 5 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 7 -- 5 6 -- 3 4 -- 4 5 -- 4 8 -- 1 4 -- 5 -- 8 -- 4 6 -- 3 6 -- 7 San Francisco 7 -- 5 2 -- 7 3 -- 7 7 -- 2 5 -- 7 9 -- 0 3 -- 6 6 -- 6 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 5 -- 4 6 -- 2 7 -- 2 4 -- 8 -- 7 -- 5 8 -- 5 St. Louis 7 -- 2 3 -- 6 7 -- 4 3 -- 8 6 -- 3 5 - 4 7 -- 5 5 -- 4 8 -- 3 6 -- 3 3 -- 6 6 -- 3 5 -- 6 3 -- 6 5 -- 7 -- 4 -- 9 Notable transactions ( edit ) June 2, 1998 : J.J. Putz was drafted by the Brewers in the 17th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign. June 24, 1998 : Dave Weathers was selected off waivers by the Milwaukee Brewers from the Cincinnati Reds. July 23, 1998 : Doug Jones was traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Eric Plunk. July 31, 1998 : Mike Kinkade was traded by the Brewers to the New York Mets for Bill Pulsipher. August 7, 1998 : Jeff Juden was selected off waivers from the Brewers by the Anaheim Angels. Roster ( edit ) 1998 Milwaukee Brewers Roster Pitchers 52 Bobby Chouinard 58 Valerio de los Santos 21 Cal Eldred 40 Chad Fox 53 Rod Henderson 43 Joe Hudson 43 Doug Jones 14 Jeff Juden 42 Scott Karl 41 José Mercedes 57 Greg Mullins 28 Mike Myers 31 Bronswell Patrick 39 Eric Plunk 46 Bill Pulsipher 47 Al Reyes 52 Rafael Roque 89 Travis Smith 46 Paul Wagner 49 David Weathers 27 Bob Wickman 48 Brad Woodall 37 Steve Woodard Catchers 25 Brian Banks 33 Bobby Hughes 23 Marcus Jensen 16 Jesse Levis 22 Mike Matheny Infielders 11 Ronnie Belliard 26 Jeff Cirillo 30 Bob Hamelin 32 John Jaha 8 Mark Loretta 7 Dave Nilsson 2 José Valentín 1 Fernando Viña Outfielders 20 Jeromy Burnitz 9 Marquis Grissom 24 Darrin Jackson 5 Geoff Jenkins 50 Greg Martinez 10 Marc Newfield 39 Eric Owens Manager 3 Phil Garner Coaches 12 Chris Bando ( Bench ) 35 Bill Castro ( Bullpen ) 23 Lamar Johnson ( Hitting ) 29 Jim Lefebvre ( Hitting ) 38 Doug Mansolino ( First Base ), ( Third Base ) 45 Don Rowe ( Pitching ) 36 Joel Youngblood ( First Base ), ( Third Base ) Player stats ( edit ) = Indicates team leader Batting ( edit ) Starters by position ( edit ) Note : Pos = position ; G = Games played ; AB = At Bats ; R = Runs ; H = Hits ; Avg. = Batting Average ; HR = Home Runs ; RBI = Runs Batted In ; SB = Stolen Bases Pos Player AB Avg. HR RBI SB Mike Matheny 108 320 24 76. 238 6 27 1B John Jaha 73 216 29 45. 208 7 38 2B Fernando Viña 3B Jeff Cirillo SS José Valentín LF Geoff Jenkins 84 262 33 60. 229 9 28 CF Marquis Grissom RF Jeromy Burnitz Other batters ( edit ) Player AB HR RBI Avg. SB Dave Nilsson 102 309 39 83 12 56. 269 Pitching ( edit ) Starting pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Other pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Relief pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Farm system ( edit ) See also : Minor League Baseball Level Team League Manager AAA Louisville RiverBats International League Gary Allenson AA El Paso Diablos Texas League Ed Romero Stockton Ports California League Bernie Moncallo Beloit Snappers Midwest League Don Money Rookie Helena Brewers Pioneer League Tom Houk Rookie Ogden Raptors Pioneer League Ed Sedar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brewers switch leagues, join Reds in NL Central ''. The Kentucky Post ( Associated Press ). E.W. Scripps Company. November 6, 1997. Archived from the original on May 5, 2005. Jump up ^ Pappas, Doug, `` News Briefs : Fall 1997 '' Archived July 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Outside the Lines, Fall 1997. Jump up ^ Jack Voigt at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Marquis Grissom at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Bob Hamelin at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Ben McDonald at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ J.J. Putz at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/weathda01.shtml Jump up ^ Eric Plunk at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Bill Pulsipher at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Jeff Juden at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/MIL/1998.shtml Jump up ^ Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 3rd edition. Durham, North Carolina : Baseball America, 2007 1998 Milwaukee Brewers team at Baseball - Reference 1998 Milwaukee Brewers team page at www.baseball-almanac.com 1998 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Anaheim Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Florida Montréal New York Philadelphia NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Houston Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 1998 All - Star Game 1998 World Series Milwaukee Brewers Formerly the Seattle Pilots Based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin Franchise History ( Seattle Milwaukee ) Expansion and draft Seasons Records No - hitters Hall of Fame Walk of Fame Awards and All - Stars Players Management Opening Day starting pitchers First - round picks Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Sick 's Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Miller Park Spring training : Tempe Diablo Stadium Sun City Stadium Compadre Stadium Maryvale Baseball Park Culture and lore Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) Bernie Brewer Sausage Race Beer Barrel Man Secret Stadium Sauce Fight Song Roll Out The Barrel Mr. 3000 Hank T. Dog Bob Uecker Key personnel Owner : Mark Attanasio General Manager : David Stearns Manager : Craig Counsell Minor league affiliates Player overview AAA : Colorado Springs Sky Sox AA : Biloxi Shuckers A Adv. : Carolina Mudcats A : Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Rookie Adv. : Helena Brewers Rookie : AZL Brewers DSL Brewers Rivalries Chicago Cubs League pennants American League : 1982 National League : none Division titles AL East : 1981 ( second half ) 1982 NL Central : 2011 Wild Card berths National League : 2008 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Milwaukee_Brewers_season&oldid=815172691 '' Categories : Milwaukee Brewers seasons 1998 Major League Baseball season 1998 in sports in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 05 : 51. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "1998 Milwaukee Brewers season", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=1998_Milwaukee_Brewers_season&amp;oldid=815172691" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Milwaukee County Stadium ( since 1970 ) Milwaukee, Wisconsin ( since 1970 ) Other information Owner ( s ) Bud Selig General manager ( s ) Sal Bando Manager ( s ) Phil Garner Local television WCGV - TV Wisconsin Sports Net ( Matt Vasgersian, Bill Schroeder ) Local radio WTMJ ( AM ) ( Bob Uecker, Jim Powell ) < Previous season Next season > The Milwaukee Brewers ' 1998 season was the first season for the franchise as a member of the National League. The Brewers finished in fifth in the NL Central, 28 games behind the Houston Astros, with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses. Before the 1998 regular season began, two new teams -- the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays -- were added by Major League Baseball. This resulted in the American League and National League having fifteen teams. However, in order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play, both leagues would need to carry a number of teams that was divisible by two, so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL" ], "id": [ "13873374384369595746" ], "short_answers": [ "1998" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Laurence Mark Productions Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20, 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $434.6 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut, written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions. Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016. The film premiered on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2. It was released in the United States on December 20, 2017, by 20th Century Fox and grossed over $434 million worldwide, making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time. The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews, with praise for the performances, music, and production values, but criticism for its artistic license, with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow ''. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman. For the song `` This Is Me '', the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Historical accuracy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late 19th century, P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ( `` The Greatest Show '' ). In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, he becomes infatuated with their daughter, Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ), eventually marrying and raising two daughters, Caroline and Helen, in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ). They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more. Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '', Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus. '' Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler, an African - American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip, Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria. Afterwards, Barnum meets Jenny Lind, a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ). Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night, only to run into Carlyle 's parents, who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ). As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ). Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York, resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents ' home. Depressed, Barnum retreats to a local bar, where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments, they still consider themselves a family that needs him. An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore. Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ( `` From Now On '' ). Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife, and they decide to mend their relationship. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners, which Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks. The revamped circus is a huge success, and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ). Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur. Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice. Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner. His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey. Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett - Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum. Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale ''. Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice. Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D. 's younger sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest. Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon. Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones. Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne 's brother. Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese acrobat and blade - specialist. Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald. Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb. James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice. Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, Barnum 's older daughter. Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, Barnum 's younger daughter. Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house, selling tickets, reading the reviews, fending off the protestors, producing the posters and promotional materials, and distributing the circus posters on everything. Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela. Timothy Hughes as the Strongman, a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill. Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus. Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter, the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew. Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, the `` Siamese Twins. '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, the Three - Legged Man. Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, the Juggler. Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold, a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her. Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant - Skinned Man, a man who is based on Ralph Krooner. He was credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 3. '' Taylor James as Blockhead, a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart. He is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 4. '' Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady, a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant. She is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 5. '' Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins. They were credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 6 '' and `` Dancer Oddity # 7. '' Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man, a white - haired man in white clothes. He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 1. '' Alex Wong as Oriental Man, a man dressed in an oriental outfit. He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2. '' Julius Rubio as Golden Boy, a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him. He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2. '' Vincent - Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy, a performer with horns. He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 4. '' Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins. They are credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 5 '' and `` Ensemble Dancer '' # 6. Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer, a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti. She was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 7. '' Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria. Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum. Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum. Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum. Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role. In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct. In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs. On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film, and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast. The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen. Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016. Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, `` There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker. '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film. `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells, Justin Paul, and Benj Pasek, featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast. In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1. The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years. The cast album is now at 910,000 combined units, according to the Official Charts Company, made up of 420,000 physical copies, 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming. Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017. Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast, a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018. The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2. Marketing ( edit ) On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released. On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! ( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ). The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers. Home media ( edit ) In the United States, the film was released via digital download on March 20, 2018, and was released on Blu - ray, DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10, 2018. In the United Kingdom, the film was released first on digital download on April 27, 2018, while Blu - ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14. These versions include the sing - along version, two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features. Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $260.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $434.5 million, against a production budget of $84 million. It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally, respectively, and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million. In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days. It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi, Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3. In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office. The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever. In its third week, the film dropped 11 % to $14 million. The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively. The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place, and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ). It is the 13th highest - grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office. Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 208 reviews, and an average rating of 6 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore. Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype. '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars, saying, `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand. '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ', and said, `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs, '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10, and called the film, `` wildly entertaining. '' Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted, but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman. '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote, `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage. '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family. '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered. '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4, stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs. '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights. '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score, and said, `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes, '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable. '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ', calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative. '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars, stating, `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune - filled biography. '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5, saying, `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming. '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, `` A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd. '' Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic, and there 's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It 's magnificently idiotic. It 's an awful mess, but it 's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made. '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story. '' Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole. '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly. '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5, 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4, 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18, 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20, 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11, 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24, 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18, 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12, 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7, 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18, 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar, Jim Harrison, Jeff Carson, Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8, 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31, 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Kids ' Choice Awards March 24, 2018 Favorite Movie The Greatest Showman Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Zendaya Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24, 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 27, 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Won Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12, 2018 Choice Breakout Movie Star Keala Settle Nominated Choice Collaboration `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Drama Movie The Greatest Showman Won Choice Drama Movie Actor Zac Efron Won Hugh Jackman Nominated Choice Drama Movie Actress Zendaya Won Choice Liplock Zac Efron and Zendaya Nominated Choice Movie Ship Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Pop Song `` This Is Me '' -- Keala Settle Nominated Historical accuracy ( edit ) Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum, and the character portrayed in the film, Smithsonian magazine called the film `` pretty humbug. '' The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses, even though later in life he came to express some regrets. See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum ( musical ) Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman ''. AMC Theatres. Retrieved November 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Lang, Brent ( December 5, 2017 ). `` Hugh Jackman on The Greatest Showman, Saying Goodbye to Wolverine and Turning Down Bond ''. Variety. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 17, 2018. Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff ( December 21, 2017 ). `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 21, 2017. Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman review round - up : A `` crowd - pleaser '' with a `` sinister '' side ``. Digital Spy. Retrieved December 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Nourrie, Doug ( December 25, 2017 ). `` This Rotten Week : Predicting All The Money In The World Reviews ''. CinemaBlend. Retrieved January 7, 2018. Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca ( December 11, 2017 ). `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List ''. Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Hayes, Heather ( January 17, 2018 ). `` Discover Utah 's Loren Allred, the voice behind the hit song ' Never Enough ' from The Greatest Showman soundtrack ''. Deseret News. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Allred, Loren ( November 13, 2017 ). `` ( post ) ''. Instagram. Retrieved April 18, 2018. ^ Jump up to : No More Living in the Shadows at Tumbler Jump up ^ Jagernauth, Kevin ( August 11, 2011 ). `` Michael Gracey To Direct Hugh Jackman Musical The Greatest Showman On Earth ''. IndieWire. Retrieved July 10, 2017. Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela ; Kit, Borys ( August 17, 2011 ). `` Michael Gracey to Direct The Greatest Showman on Earth ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Grobar, Matt ( November 17, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul On The Revitalization Of The Original Hollywood Musical ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( June 15, 2016 ). `` Zac Efron in Talks to Join Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman ( Exclusive ) ''. Variety. Retrieved June 16, 2016. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( July 6, 2016 ). `` Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman on Earth ''. Variety. Retrieved January 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Pulver, Andrew ( July 8, 2016 ). `` Michelle Williams and Zac Efron sought for PT Barnum biopic ''. The Guardian. Retrieved January 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali ( July 6, 2016 ). `` Michelle Williams In Talks To Join The Greatest Showman With Hugh Jackman ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Giroux, Jack ( July 7, 2016 ). `` Michelle Williams Joins Hugh Jackman in The Greatest Showman on Earth ''. SlashFilm. Retrieved January 5, 2018. Jump up ^ Gold, Sylvaine ( December 19, 2017 ). `` Meet the Man Behind Hugh Jackman 's Moves in The Greatest Showman ''. Dance Magazine. Retrieved December 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Christine ( November 10, 2016 ). `` The Greatest Showman, starring Hugh Jackman & Zac Efron, begins filming in NYC soon! ''. On Location Vacations. Retrieved November 17, 2016. Jump up ^ La Cioppa, Bianca ( October 25, 2016 ). `` A personal touch : Hugh Jackman sings happy birthday to good pal Zac Efron ''. The Daily Mail. Retrieved November 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Stack, Tim ( December 22, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman Director On The Epic Musical Numbers And If It Could Head To Broadway ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon ( January 4, 2018 ). `` ' This Is Me ' From The Greatest Showman Is an Anthem for Outcasts ''. Variety. Retrieved January 17, 2018. Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob ( March 23, 2018 ). `` The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele 's massive UK chart record ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Sexton, Paul ( March 25, 2018 ). `` Greatest Showman Matches Adele 's Record Atop U.K. Albums Chart ''. Billboard. Retrieved March 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Cunard Line ( December 6, 2017 ). `` Cunard to Broadcast Live Red Carpet from The Greatest Showman World Premiere on Flagship Queen Mary 2 ''. PR Newswire. Retrieved December 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy ( November 13, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman Trailer : Hugh Jackman 's Singing & Dancing Ringmaster ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 14, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Sing - Along ( PG ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. January 25, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Rivera, Joshua ( June 28, 2017 ). `` Hugh Jackman Is Fun Again in The Greatest Showman Trailer ''. GQ. Retrieved November 24, 2017. Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino - Ray ( December 18, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman Live Movie Trailer Electrifies During A Christmas Story Live ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 18, 2017. Jump up ^ Natividad, Angela ( December 18, 2017 ). `` Hugh Jackman 's Live Ad Last Night for The Greatest Showman Was Quite the Circus ''. Adweek. Retrieved December 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Movie Plus Sing - Along ''. Amazon. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Simpson, George ( February 28, 2018 ). `` The Greatest Showman home release dates REVEALED for Blu - ray, DVD and Digital Download ''. Daily Express. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy ( March 29, 2018 ). `` This Is $400 M+ : The Greatest Showman Hits WW Milestone On Feel - Good Legs ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 29, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( November 28, 2017 ). `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record? ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 29, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( December 19, 2017 ). `` Jumanji, Greatest Showman, Pitch Perfect to Challenge the Star Wars Box Office Force ''. Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 26, 2017 ). `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M, ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( December 31, 2017 ). `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop : 1982 - Present ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 3, 2018. Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott ( December 31, 2017 ). `` Hugh Jackman 's The Greatest Showman Just Set A New Box Office Record ''. Forbes. Retrieved January 1, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( January 7, 2018 ). `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 7, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( January 21, 2018 ). `` January Slows As Jumanji Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics 12 Strong & Den Of Thieves In Mid-Teens ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 21, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( January 28, 2018 ). `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By Maze Runner & Oscar Holdovers ; Hostiles Gallops Past $10 M ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 28, 2018. Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ( February 4, 2018 ). `` Jumanji Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 4, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1, the Top 5 or Top 10 ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman Reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved December 22, 2017. Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Film Review : The Greatest Showman ''. Variety. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Catchy songs steal the show in The Greatest Showman ''. Chicago Sun - Times. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Persall, Steve ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Why The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs ''. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Bibbiani, William ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman review ''. IGN. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Peele, Britton ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Catchy musical The Greatest Showman, like its central character, reshapes truth for entertainment ''. The Dallas Morning News -- GuideLive. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Cooper, Jackie K ( December 21, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman Is Movie Magic ''. HuffPost. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Armitage, Hugh ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman review -- An undemanding spectacle for all the family ''. Digital Spy. Jump up ^ Jones, Alan ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman review : `` pure musical entertainment of a sumptuous vintage '' ``. Radio Times. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ O'Malley, Sheila ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman ''. RogerEbert.com. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Davidson, Douglas ( December 15, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman is an undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack ''. CLTure. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Berardinelli, James ( December 21, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman film review ''. ReelViews. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Wilson, Calvin ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman ''. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Kozlowski, Carl ( December 21, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses ''. Pasadena Weekly. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Means, Sean P. ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Hugh Jackman and some Utah - grown talent deliver Barnum 's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman ''. The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Lazic, Manuela ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman Review ''. Little White Lies. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman Review : Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick ( December 20, 2017 ). `` Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Film Review ''. The Hollywood Reporter. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Jump up ^ Travers, Peter ( December 19, 2017 ). `` Review : The Greatest Showman Is ' a Shrill Blast of Nothing ' ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Chang, Justin ( December 20, 2017 ). `` The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman 's P.T. Barnum into a hero, and cons the audience in the process ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley ( January 17, 2018 ). `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 17, 2018. Jump up ^ Appelo, Tim ( February 5, 2018 ). `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards ''. Movies for Grownups. AARP. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 23, 2018 ). `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 4, 2018 ). `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List ''. Variety. Jump up ^ Brockington, Ariana ; Caranicas, Peter ( January 18, 2018 ). `` ' Dunkirk, ' ' Black Mirror ' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards ''. Variety. Retrieved January 19, 2018. Jump up ^ Stone, Sasha ( January 10, 2018 ). `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees ''. Awards Daily. Retrieved January 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( December 6, 2017 ). `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 6, 2017. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( January 10, 2018 ). `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2018. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( January 31, 2018 ). `` Dorian Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Hailed as Film of the Year ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 31, 2018. Jump up ^ Ruby, Jennifer ( January 19, 2018 ). `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley ''. London Evening Standard. Retrieved January 29, 2018. Jump up ^ Ritman, Alex ( January 22, 2018 ). `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards ''. Georgia Film Critics Association. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018. Jump up ^ Respers, Lisa ( December 11, 2017 ). `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list ''. CNN. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 22, 2018 ). `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : Baby Driver, Dunkirk Among Sound Editors ' Nominees ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 11, 2018 ). `` Sufjan Stevens, Greatest Showman, Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees ''. Variety. Retrieved January 12, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award ''. Heartland Film. Retrieved February 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Haring, Bruce ( March 24, 2018 ). `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 Winners -- The Complete List ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 23, 2018. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 5, 2018 ). `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour, ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 5, 2018. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( March 15, 2018 ). `` ' Black Panther, ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018. Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam ( June 28, 2018 ). `` ' Black Panther ' Tops Saturn Awards with Five Wins ; ' The Last Jedi ' Takes Best Screenplay ''. Collider. Retrieved June 28, 2018. Jump up ^ Douglas, Esme. `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners ''. EW. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018. Jump up ^ Mansky, Jackie ( December 22, 2017 ). `` P.T. Barnum Is n't the Hero the `` Greatest Showman '' Wants You to Think ``. Smithsonian. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman on IMDb The Greatest Showman at AllMovie The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo The Greatest Showman at Metacritic The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes The Greatest Showman at History vs. Hollywood P.T. Barnum Acts and exhibits Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Anna Haining Bates Eli Bowen Chang and Eng Bunker Cardiff Giant Circassian beauties Henry Alexander Cooper Captain George Costentenus Nala Damajanti John Diamond ( dancer ) Admiral Dot Colonel Routh Goshen Fiji mermaid Joice Heth Fedor Jeftichew Annie Jones ( bearded woman ) Jumbo William S. Hutchings Nellie Keeler Jenny Lind Count Primo Magri Master Juba Maximo and Bartola Millie and Christine McKoy Edmund Newell Commodore Nutt Isaac W. Sprague General Tom Thumb Charles B. Tripp Lavinia Warren Minnie Warren Wild Men of Borneo Zip the Pinhead Fictional portrayals Barnum ( musical ) The Mighty Barnum The Greatest Showman The Greatest Show on Earth Related articles James `` Grizzly '' Adams Barnum 's American Museum Barnum 's Aquarial Gardens Barnum Museum Bridgeport half dollar William C. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ ". Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016. Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, `` There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker. '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film. `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams", "Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016. Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, `` There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker. '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film. `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough" ], "id": [ "17594784857244288738" ], "short_answers": [ "Benj Pasek", "Justin Paul" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Now You See Me ( film ) - wikipedia Now You See Me ( film ) Now You See Me Theatrical release poster Directed by Louis Leterrier Produced by Bobby Cohen Alex Kurtzman Roberto Orci Screenplay by Ed Solomon Boaz Yakin Edward Ricourt Story by Boaz Yakin Edward Ricourt Starring Jesse Eisenberg Mark Ruffalo Woody Harrelson Isla Fisher Dave Franco Mélanie Laurent Michael Caine Morgan Freeman Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Mitchell Amundsen Larry Fong Edited by Robert Leighton Vincent Tabaillon Production company K / O Paper Products Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date May 21, 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( New York City ) May 31, 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) ( United States ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $351.7 million Now You See Me is a 2013 American heist thriller film directed by Louis Leterrier and written by Ed Solomon, Boaz Yakin, and Edward Ricourt. The film features an ensemble cast of Jesse Eisenberg, Mark Ruffalo, Woody Harrelson, Isla Fisher, Dave Franco, Mélanie Laurent, Michael Caine, and Morgan Freeman. The plot follows an FBI agent and an Interpol detective who track a team of illusionists who pull off bank heists during their performances and reward their audiences with the money, attempting to bring them to justice. This is the first installment of a series. The film premiered in New York City on May 21, 2013 before its official release in the United States on May 31, 2013 by Summit Entertainment. The film received mixed reviews from critics but became a box office success, grossing $351.7 million worldwide against a budget of $75 million. The film won the Favorite Thriller Movie at the People 's Choice Awards in 2014 and also received nominations for the Empire Award for Best Thriller and the Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film and Best Music. A sequel was released on June 10, 2016. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Four stage magicians, J. Daniel `` Danny '' Atlas ( Jesse Eisenberg ), Merritt McKinney ( Woody Harrelson ), Henley Reeves ( Isla Fisher ), and Jack Wilder ( Dave Franco ), are each given a tarot card that leads them to the same empty New York City apartment where they find information from an unknown benefactor. A year later, the four have their first major performance as the Four Horsemen in an elaborate Las Vegas show funded by insurance magnate Arthur Tressler ( Michael Caine ). Their final trick appears to transport one of the audience members to the vault of his bank, the Crédit Républicain in Paris, where stacks of new euro bills are stored. At the magicians ' command, the fans in the vault activate, drawing the bills into the vents and then showering the Las Vegas crowd with them. The euros are shown to be real, and the vault in Paris is found to be empty of its recent shipment of euros. FBI agent Dylan Rhodes ( Mark Ruffalo ), and Interpol agent Alma Dray ( Mélanie Laurent ), are then partnered to investigate the Horsemen. The two question the magicians but have no evidence to hold them. Dylan and Alma turn to Thaddeus Bradley ( Morgan Freeman ), a former magician who now makes money by explaining the tricks behind magic acts. Thaddeus demonstrates how the Horsemen used a mock vault under the Las Vegas stage and says that the group must have stolen the money in Paris before it arrived at the bank, replacing it with flash paper that left no evidence. Dylan, Alma, and Thaddeus follow the Horsemen to their next show in New Orleans, where their final trick appears to transfer millions of dollars from Tressler 's private accounts to those in the audience, made up of people that were denied insurance claims by Tressler 's company in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Dylan and Alma attempt to apprehend the four, but the magicians elude arrest. Tressler hires Thaddeus to expose the Horsemen in revenge for the loss of his money. Alma investigates the Horsemen and determines they are connected to a group called the Eye, a small group of magicians that claim to have access to real magic. She finds out one of the Eye 's members, Lionel Shrike, had previously been exposed by Thaddeus but died in a locked - safe escape trick he was performing in an attempt to regain his standing. Alma suspects a fifth person is aiding the Horsemen. Alma 's research leads the FBI to the New York City apartment. When they raid it, three of the Horsemen escape while Jack recovers numerous documents and then leads the authorities on a high - speed car chase. Jack loses control of his car, causing it to flip and catch fire. Dylan is unable to save Jack, but manages to recover the papers, pointing to the Horsemen 's next planned crime, stealing millions of dollars in cash out of a large safe of the Elkhorn company. Dylan, Alma, and Thaddeus find the safe has already been stolen, and when they track it down, its contents have been replaced with balloon animals. The Horsemen broadcast they will perform their final show that night at 5 Pointz, inviting the public to attend. The FBI and police converge on the scene and amid the chaos search for the Horsemen. The remaining Horsemen appear to the crowd, giving their fans a farewell and a message about an ulterior purpose, and then run to jump off a roof ; Dylan attempts to shoot them but Alma holds him back. The three jump, turning into a shower of money over the crowd. The money is counterfeit, but the audience 's race to collect it prevents the authorities from tracking the real Horsemen. After the show, Thaddeus walks to his car, only to find it full of the money stolen from the Elkhorn safe. Assumed to be the fifth Horseman, he is arrested. Dylan speaks to Thaddeus in jail, where Thaddeus slowly comes to realize that Alma 's theory was correct, and Dylan was the fifth Horseman. Dylan quietly walks away, leaving Thaddeus shouting `` Why? ''. Elsewhere, the Horsemen ( including Jack, who had faked his death using a duplicate car and an already - dead body ) meet at the carousel in Central Park, and use their tarot cards to turn it on. Dylan arrives and welcomes the four to the Eye. Later, at the Pont des Arts, Dylan meets with Alma and reveals he is Shrike 's son. He brought the Horsemen together to get retribution for his father 's death : the Elkhorn Safe Company for providing a faulty safe that led to the accident ; Thaddeus for humiliating and impoverishing his father and forcing him to try the new trick to regain his standing ; and the Crédit Républicain and Tressler 's insurance companies for failing to pay out life insurance on Shrike afterwards. Alma, who has come into a romantic relationship with Dylan, decides not to turn him in. She takes a lock and a key that Dylan produces, attaching the lock among the other love locks on the railing and throwing the key into the Seine. Cast ( edit ) Jesse Eisenberg as J. Daniel `` Danny '' Atlas / The Lover : An arrogant illusionist and street magician, and the ostensible leader of the Four Horsemen. Mark Ruffalo as Dylan Rhodes - Shrike, an FBI agent struggling to capture and bring the Four Horsemen to justice for their unique heist agenda. In the outcome, he is revealed to be an illusionist, a member of the Eye himself, Lionel Shrike 's son and the plotter of the entire heist mission. Mélanie Laurent as Alma Dray, a French Interpol agent who is partnered up with Dylan Rhodes to investigate the Four Horsemen. Woody Harrelson as Merritt McKinney / The Hermit : A hypnotist, mentalist, and a self - proclaimed psychic. Originally more famous in his youth, his manager brother absconded with all his money, leaving McKinney with a long hard trek back to his former glory. Middle - aged, McKinney is the oldest of the Four Horsemen. Isla Fisher as Henley Reeves / The High Priestess : An escapist and stage magician. She is also J. Daniel Atlas ' former assistant and ex-lover. Morgan Freeman as Thaddeus Bradley, an ex-magician who, for thirty years, has profited by revealing the secrets behind other magicians ' tricks. Dave Franco as Jack Wilder / Death : A sleight of hand illusionist, street magician, and a talented impressionist of other people 's voices. Additionally, he is a pickpocket, and is able to pick locks. In his early twenties, Wilder is the youngest of the Four Horsemen. Michael Caine as Arthur Tressler, an insurance magnate and the Four Horsemen 's sponsor. David Warshofsky as FBI Agent Cowan. Michael Kelly as Agent Fuller, an FBI agent who serves as Rhodes ' sidekick. Common as Agent Evans, Rhodes 's supervisor at the FBI. José Garcia as Étienne Forcier, the account holder at the Crédit Républicain de Paris. Caitriona Balfe as Jasmine Tressler, Arthur Tressler 's young wife. Elias Koteas as Lionel Shrike, a magician who drowned while performing an escape trick thirty years earlier. Dylan is revealed to be his son at the end of the movie. Conan O'Brien as himself Production ( edit ) On October 25, 2011, Summit Entertainment announced the release date for Now You See Me for July 18, 2013. On November 3, 2011, the company revealed the film 's first synopsis and teaser poster. Filming ( edit ) On January 16, 2012, shooting began in New Orleans, Louisiana, which lasted until March 26, 2012. Additional filming took place in New York City on February 13 and in Las Vegas from April 9, 2012 to the following day. During filming of the scene where Henley Reeves tries to escape from a tank of water and piranhas, Isla Fisher came close to drowning. Fisher had become stuck and tried to alert the crew by banging on the window she was facing, but the cast and crew did not think anything of it because that was what the character was supposed to be doing. She was able to untangle the chain and get out of the tank safely. Music ( edit ) Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released May 28, 2013 Recorded 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 51 : 21 Label Glassnote Records Producer Brian Tyler Brian Tyler soundtrack chronology Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Iron Man 3 2013 Now You See Me ( 2013 ) Standing Up ( 2013 ) Standing Up 2013 Singles from Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Entertainment '' Released : 19 February 2013 The official soundtrack, titled Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ), for the film was composed by Brian Tyler and was released by Glassnote Records on May 28, 2013 for physical purchase and digital download. The film 's soundtrack song `` Entertainment '', performed by French rock band Phoenix, was featured in the film 's end credits. Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Brian Tyler, except where noted. No. Title Music Length 1. `` Now You See Me '' Brian Tyler 5 : 26 2. `` The Four Horsemen '' Brian Tyler 3 : 34 3. `` Now You See Me ( Reprise ) '' Brian Tyler 1 : 49 4. `` Sun '' ( Jesse Marco Remix ) Two Door Cinema Club 4 : 45 5. `` Now You Do n't '' Brian Tyler 4 : 21 6. `` Entertainment '' Phoenix 3 : 38 7. `` Sleight of the Mind '' Brian Tyler 4 : 45 8. `` Now You See Me '' ( Robert DeLong Remix ) Brian Tyler 3 : 40 9. `` Welcome to the Eye '' Brian Tyler 5 : 49 10. `` Codec '' Zedd 6 : 01 11. `` Cineramascope '' ( featuring Trombone Shorty and Corey Henry ) Galactic 3 : 14 12. `` Now You See Me '' ( Spellbound Remix ) Brian Tyler 4 : 19 Total length : 51 : 21 Release ( edit ) The film premiered in New York City on May 21, 2013 before its official release in the United States on May 31, 2013 by Summit Entertainment. Home media ( edit ) Now You See Me was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 3, 2013 through Lionsgate Home Entertainment. The Blu - ray release contains an extended version of the film featuring ten additional minutes. It also contains two featurettes : a behind - the - scenes and a `` History of Magic '', plus 30 minutes of deleted scenes. Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) By the end of its box office run, Now You See Me had grossed $117.7 million in the U.S. and Canada and $234 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $351.7 million, against a budget of $75 million. The film had a successful box office run, placing second behind Fast & Furious 6 and taking $29,350,389 on its opening weekend from 2,925 theaters. By the end of June, it had grossed double its production budget. The film stayed in the top 10 of the North American box office for six weeks after release. The biggest markets in other territories were France, China, Russia, South Korea, United Kingdom and Australia where the film grossed $25.7 million, $22.9 million, $21.2 million $17.1 million $16.8 million and $16.1 million, respectively. Critical response ( edit ) Now You See Me received mixed reviews from critics. The most common criticism is that various plot points were insufficiently resolved at the film 's conclusion, leaving some questions unanswered or answered unclearly ( although some suggested that this was intentional, leaving room for a sequel ). On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 49 %, based on 152 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, `` Now You See Me 's thinly sketched characters and scattered plot rely on sleight of hand from the director to distract audiences. '' Metacritic assigned the film a score of 50 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating `` mixed or average reviews ''. Audience polls conducted by CinemaScore give the film a grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale. Peter Hammond from Movieline wrote, `` Pure summer movie magic -- literally. More fun than Ocean 's 11, 12, and 13 combined. You wo n't believe your eyes -- and that 's the point. '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient Result Ref ( s ) People 's Choice Awards January 8, 2014 Favorite Thriller Movie Now You See Me Won Empire Awards 30 March 2014 Best Thriller Now You See Me Nominated Saturn Awards June 26, 2014 Best Thriller Film Now You See Me Nominated Best Music Brian Tyler Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Now You See Me 2 On July 3, 2013, after the box office success of the film, Lionsgate 's CEO Jon Feltheimer confirmed that there would be a sequel to the film with production beginning in 2014 for an unspecified release date. Louis Leterrier stated that he would return to direct the sequel ; however, in September 2014, it was confirmed that Jon M. Chu would replace Leterrier as director. Eisenberg, Ruffalo, Harrelson, Franco, Caine and Freeman were set to reprise their roles for the sequel. Fisher was unable to participate because of her third pregnancy and was replaced by Lizzy Caplan. The film was released on June 10, 2016, titled Now You See Me : The Second Act. On October 2, 2014, Michael Caine said in an interview that Daniel Radcliffe would be playing his son in the film. Filming began in late November. On May 22, 2015, Lionsgate revealed the details about the development of the sequel, when CEO Jon Feltheimer announced that they had `` already begun early planning for Now You See Me 3. '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NOW YOU SEE ME ( 12A ) ''. British Board of Film Classification. May 28, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013. Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy. `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ' to speed past ' After Earth ' at the box office ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 2, 2013. `` Now You See Me '' cost roughly $75 million ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me ( 2013 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 3, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me ( I ) ( 2013 ) Full Cast & Crew ''. imdb.com. IMDb. Retrieved November 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain ( October 25, 2011 ). `` ' Ender 's Game ' Has A Release Date, So Does ' Red 2, ' ' Now You See Me ' And Others ''. Slashfilm. Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam ( November 3, 2011 ). `` First Synopsis and Promo Poster for NOW YOU SEE ME Starring Jesse Eisenberg and Woody Harrelson ''. Collider. Jump up ^ `` Be on the lookout for Tom Cruise, Leonardo DiCaprio, Chris Evans, Tom Hanks, Jesse Eisenberg & more celebs filming in Louisianadate = December 21, 2011 ''. On Location Vacations. Jump up ^ `` ' Now You See Me ' filming in NYC tomorrow ''. On Location Vacations. February 13, 2012. Jump up ^ `` ' Now You See Me ', starring Jesse Eisenberg & Woody Harrelson, is filming in Las Vegas next week ''. On Location Vacations. April 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Graham, Caroline ( May 11, 2013 ). `` ' '' I feared that I was about to drown `` : Isla Fisher reveals moment daring underwater stunt went terrifyingly wrong ''. Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved December 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ''. Allmusic. allmusic.com. Retrieved November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me Arrives on Blu - ray and DVD September 3 ''. ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Judge -- International Box Office ''. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Now You See Me ' Starring Jesse Eisenberg, Woody Harrelson, Isla Fisher & Mark Ruffalo The Playlist ''. Blogs.indiewire.com. Retrieved June 2, 2013. Jump up ^ Now You See Me at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me ''. Metacritic. Retrieved November 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Stewart, Andrew ( June 2, 2013 ). `` ' Now You See Me ' Pulls $28 Mil - Plus Rabbit, Beating ' After Earth ' With $27 Mil ''. Variety. Retrieved June 22, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me - Movie Review ''. Youtube.com/user/MovielineNetwork. Retrieved May 30, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me ( I ) ( 2013 ) Awards ''. imdb.com. IMDb. Retrieved November 3, 2016. Jump up ^ Brew, Simon ( August 13, 2013 ). `` ' Now You See Me ' to get sequel ''. Den of Geek. Retrieved September 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Douglas, Edward ( August 28, 2013 ). `` ' Exclusive : Louis Leterrier Back for Now You See Me Sequel ''. ComingSoon.net. Retrieved September 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Sets Dates for Now You See Me 2 and Dirty Grandpa ''. ComingSoon.net. September 9, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe to Play Michael Caine 's Son in NOW YOU SEE ME 2 ''. GeekTyrant.com. October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014. Jump up ^ Mark Ruffalo. `` And so it begins... Now You See Me... again ''. Mark Ruffalo Facebook. Retrieved November 25, 2014. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( May 22, 2015 ). `` ' Now You See Me 3 ′ in the Works at Lionsgate ''. variety.com. Retrieved May 22, 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Now You See Me ( film ) Official website Now You See Me on IMDb Now You See Me at AllMovie Now You See Me at Box Office Mojo Now You See Me at Rotten Tomatoes Now You See Me at Metacritic hide Films directed by Louis Leterrier The Transporter ( 2002 ) Unleashed ( 2005 ) Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) Now You See Me ( 2013 ) Grimsby ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_You_See_Me_(film)&oldid=845303747 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s crime thriller films American films American crime thriller films American heist films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Fiction with unreliable narrators Films scored by Brian Tyler Films about con artists Films about magic and magicians Films about revenge Films directed by Louis Leterrier Films produced by Roberto Orci Films set in 2012 Films set in 2013 Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New Orleans Films set in New York City Films set in Queens, New York Films set in Paris Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Paris Lions Gate Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Universal Pictures films 2010s heist films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 22 : 01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Now You See Me (film)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Now_You_See_Me_(film)&amp;oldid=845303747" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "benefactor. A year later, the four have their first major performance as the Four Horsemen in an elaborate Las Vegas show funded by insurance magnate Arthur Tressler ( Michael Caine ). Their final trick appears to transport one of the audience members to the vault of his bank, the Crédit Républicain in Paris, where stacks of new euro bills are stored. At the magicians ' command, the fans in the vault activate, drawing the bills into the vents and then showering the Las Vegas crowd with them. The euros are shown to be real, and the vault in Paris is found to be empty of its recent shipment of euros. FBI agent Dylan Rhodes ( Mark Ruffalo ), and Interpol agent Alma Dray ( Mélanie Laurent ), are then partnered to investigate the Horsemen. The two question the magicians but have no evidence to hold them. Dylan and Alma turn to Thaddeus Bradley ( Morgan Freeman ), a former magician who now makes money by explaining the tricks behind magic acts. Thaddeus demonstrates how the Horsemen used a mock vault under the Las Vegas stage and says that the group must have stolen the money in Paris before it arrived at the bank, replacing it with flash paper that left no evidence. Dylan, Alma, and Thaddeus follow the Horsemen to their next show in New Orleans, where their final trick appears to" ], "id": [ "12544145896437005436" ], "short_answers": [ "Mark Ruffalo" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Philistine captivity of the ark - wikipedia Philistine captivity of the ark Jump to : navigation, search Fresco of the Philistine captivity of the ark, in the Dura - Europos synagogue. The Philistine captivity of the Ark was an episode described in the biblical history of the Israelites, in which the Ark of the covenant was in the possession of the Philistines, who had captured it after defeating the Israelites in a battle at a location between Eben - ezer, where the Israelites encamped, and Aphek ( probably Antipatris ), where the Philistines encamped. The ark narrative does not include any mention of Samuel ; Bill Arnold suggests that it is `` in order to celebrate the power of Yahweh 's ark. '' Many scholars put 1 Samuel 4 - 6 together with 2 Samuel 6 and believe that it reflects an old source that was eventually incorporated into the History of David 's Rise or into the later Deuteronomistic History. According to 1 Samuel 4, prior to the battle the Ark had been residing at the ancient sanctuary of Shiloh, but was brought out by the Israelites in hope of victory in the war. The Israelites suffered a significant defeat ; Hophni and Phinehas, sons of the High Priest Eli, were killed and the ark was captured. The news of the ark 's capture was such a shock to Eli that he fell off his chair and died, while Phinehas ' wife died in childbirth as she heard the news, giving birth to Ichabod, whose name means `` Where is the glory? '' Robert Alter argues that 1 Samuel 4 : 22 should be translated as `` Glory is exiled from Israel, '' and that the story of the Philistine captivity of the ark is one of exile. Peter Leithart suggests that Israel deserved to go into exile, but the ark did so instead : `` Yahweh went into exile, taking on the curse of the covenant for His people, and while in exile He fought for them and defeated the gods of Philistia. '' Nicolas Poussin, The Plague of Ashdod. 1 Samuel 5 and 6 describe the Philistines as having to move the Ark to several parts of their territory, as tumours or hemorrhoids ( `` emerods '' ) afflicted the people in each town to which it was taken : Ashdod, then Gath, then Ekron. The Septuagint adds that `` mice sprang up in the midst of their country ''. Stirrup points out that the `` severity of the punishments increases through the passage '' : tumours in Ashdod ( vv. 6 - 8 ), extensive tumours and panic in Gath, which had volunteered to take on the Ark ( vv. 9, 10a ), and tumours on those who did not die and deathly panic in Ekron, which was ' volunteered ' to take the Ark ( vv. 10b - 12 ). The text explicitly ascribes the plague to `` Yahweh 's hand '' ( 1 Samuel 5 : 6 ). In Ashdod, when the Ark was placed in the temple of Dagon, the statue of Dagon was found prostrate in front of the Ark the next morning ; after the statue of Dagon was restored to its place, it was again found prostrate the next morning, and this time its head and hands had also been broken off. Leithart provides a number of parallels between the Philistine captivity of the Ark and the Plagues of Egypt in the Book of Exodus. The ark brings about plagues, humbles the gods of the Philistines and returns full of treasure. In fact, the Philistine diviners refer to the events of the Exodus in 1 Samuel 6 : 6. On the advice of these diviners about how to end the plagues, the Philistines made a guilt offering of five golden tumors and five gold mice ( representing the five Philistine rulers ). They then placed the gold along with the ark on a cart drawn by two milch cows, who head straight for Israel and do not waver. The ark stops at Beth Shemesh before finding a more permanent home at Kiriath - Jearim. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill T. Arnold, `` Samuel, Books of '' in Bill T. Arnold and Hugh G.M. Williamson ( eds. ), Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press, 2005 ), 867. Jump up ^ K.L. Sparks, `` Ark of the Covenant '' in Bill T. Arnold and H.G.M. Williamson ( eds. ), Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press, 2005 ), 91. Jump up ^ Robert Alter, The David Story ( New York : W.W. Norton, 2000 ), 26. Jump up ^ Peter Leithart, A Son to Me : An Exposition of 1 & 2 Samuel ( Moscow, Idaho : Canon Press, 2003 ), 56. Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 5 : 6 ( Brenton Septuagint Translation ) Jump up ^ A. Stirrup, `` ' Why has Yahweh defeated us today before the Philistines? ' The question of the ark narrative, '' Tyndale Bulletin, 51 ( 2000 ), 94. Jump up ^ Peter Leithart, A Son to Me, 57. Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark&oldid=777095355 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible events Books of Samuel Philistines Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2017, at 05 : 32. About Wikipedia", "title": "Philistine captivity of the Ark", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark&amp;oldid=777095355" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "of the Ark and the Plagues of Egypt in the Book of Exodus. The ark brings about plagues, humbles the gods of the Philistines and returns full of treasure. In fact, the Philistine diviners refer to the events of the Exodus in 1 Samuel 6 : 6. On the advice of these diviners about how to end the plagues, the Philistines made a guilt offering of five golden tumors and five gold mice ( representing the five Philistine rulers ). They then placed the gold along with the ark on a cart drawn by two milch cows, who head straight for Israel and do not waver. The ark stops at Beth Shemesh before finding a more permanent home at Kiriath - Jearim. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill T. Arnold, `` Samuel, Books of '' in Bill T. Arnold and Hugh G.M. Williamson ( eds. ), Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press, 2005 ), 867. Jump up ^ K.L. Sparks, `` Ark of the Covenant '' in Bill T. Arnold and H.G.M. Williamson ( eds. ), Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press, 2005 ), 91. Jump up ^ Robert Alter, The David Story ( New York : W.W. Norton, 2000 ), 26. Jump up ^ Peter Leithart" ], "id": [ "3783046300236617926" ], "short_answers": [ "Kiriath-Jearim" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of highest points in London - wikipedia List of highest points in London 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Twenty of the twenty - one summits are clustered on six ridges. The exception, a large knoll ranking 13th, is Harrow on the Hill. The lowest two of the six ridges, with one peak over one hundred metres each, are Shooters Hill on the relatively small Blackheath ridge, and Orange Tree Hill in the heart of the old village of Havering - atte - Bower, between Brentwood and Chigwell, one of several in the North Weald Ridges and Valleys landscape. On opposite sides of London are the North Downs and the Grim 's Ditch ( Harrow ) ridge, which together have twelve sub-summits. This is a list of the highest natural points in Greater London, England. These are the 21 peaks at least 100 metres high. One is an isolated hill, a knoll, Harrow on the Hill, the rest are among the summits of modest hill ridges ( escarpments ). London 's highest building, the Shard London Bridge, stands at 309 metres ( 1,014 ft ) tall a few metres above sea level. It exceeds the height of any natural rises in London and adjoining counties, the highest being Walbury Hill. Contents 1 List 2 Settlements 3 See also 4 References List ( edit ) Rank Name London borough OS grid reference Height Westerham Heights Bromley TQ436564 ( 51 ° 17 ′ 17 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 36 '' E  /  51.288 ° N 0.060 ° E  / 51.288 ; 0.060 ) 245 metres ( 804 ft ) Sanderstead Plantation Croydon TQ343618 ( 51 ° 20 ′ 20 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.339 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.339 ; - 0.072 ) 175 metres ( 574 ft ) Stanmore Hill Harrow TQ164934 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 19 ′ 05 '' W  /  51.627 ° N 0.318 ° W  / 51.627 ; - 0.318 ) 152 metres ( 499 ft ) Big Wood peak north of Manor Hill / Corrigan Avenue Rec. Ground Sutton TQ282598 ( 51 ° 19 ′ 19 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 36 '' W  /  51.322 ° N 0.160 ° W  / 51.322 ; - 0.160 ) 150 metres ( 492 ft ) 5 Arkley Barnet TQ219956 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 42 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 17 '' W  /  51.645 ° N 0.238 ° W  / 51.645 ; - 0.238 ) 147 metres ( 482 ft ) 6 Highwood Hill / Moat Mount, Totteridge Fields Barnet TQ218941 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.632 ° N 0.240 ° W  / 51.632 ; - 0.240 ) 145 metres ( 476 ft ) 7 Harrow Weald Common Harrow TQ149931 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.624 ° N 0.340 ° W  / 51.624 ; - 0.340 ) 145 metres ( 475 ft ) 8 Hampstead Heath : West of Spaniards Road ‡ Camden TQ264869 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 01 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.567 ° N 0.177 ° W  / 51.567 ; - 0.177 ) 137 metres ( 449 ft ) 9 Shooter 's Hill Greenwich TQ438765 ( 51 ° 28 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 16 '' E  /  51.469 ° N 0.071 ° E  / 51.469 ; 0.071 ) 132 metres ( 433 ft ) 10 Hillcrest, North Hill, Highgate Haringey TQ282878 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 00 '' W  /  51.574 ° N 0.150 ° W  / 51.574 ; - 0.150 ) 129 metres ( 423 ft ) 11 Pinner Hill Harrow / Hillingdon TQ107916 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 24 ′ 04 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.401 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.401 ) 126 metres ( 413 ft ) 12 London part of Woodcock Hill north of Scratchwood Barnet TQ201953 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 35 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  51.643 ° N 0.264 ° W  / 51.643 ; - 0.264 ) 125 metres ( 410 ft ) 13 Harrow on the Hill ( occ. Harrow Hill ) Harrow TQ153874 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W  /  51.573 ° N 0.336 ° W  / 51.573 ; - 0.336 ) 124 metres ( 408 ft ) 14 Bournwell Hill Barnet / Enfield TQ256976 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' W  /  51.663 ° N 0.184 ° W  / 51.663 ; - 0.184 ) 115 metres ( 377 ft ) 15 Sydenham Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Lewisham / Southwark TQ340721 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.432 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.432 ; - 0.072 ) 112 metres ( 367 ft ) 16 Westow Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Bromley / Croydon / Lambeth TQ337707 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.419 ° N 0.077 ° W  / 51.419 ; - 0.077 ) 110 metres ( 361 ft ) 17 Forest Hill Lewisham TQ350735 ( 51 ° 26 ′ 46 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W  /  51.446 ° N 0.063 ° W  / 51.446 ; - 0.063 ) 106 metres ( 348 ft ) 18 Orange Tree Hill, Havering - atte - Bower Havering TQ512930 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' E  /  51.615 ° N 0.184 ° E  / 51.615 ; 0.184 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 19 Muswell Hill Haringey TQ283896 ( 51 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W  /  51.590 ° N 0.148 ° W  / 51.590 ; - 0.148 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 20 Woodcock Hill, Harefield Hillingdon TQ067915 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 32 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.459 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.459 ) 103 metres ( 338 ft ) 21 Ferny Hill ( Enfield Chase ) Enfield TQ280979 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W  /  51.665 ° N 0.149 ° W  / 51.665 ; - 0.149 ) 102 metres ( 334 ft ) ‡ was the highest point of the County of London and highest point in Inner London. Settlements ( edit ) Grouped by London Borough, South Street, a hamlet in Bromley, is the highest at 220 metres ( 722 ft ) above sea level. It is at the edge of the Surrey Hills AONB which covers the Surrey part of the North Downs and Greensand Ridge. The six next highest are all near - neighbours : Horns Green ( 216 metres ( 709 ft ) ), Berry 's Green and Biggin Hill ( both reaching 190 metres ( 623 ft ) ), Aperfield and Single Street ( both 180 metres ( 591 ft ) ), and Luxted at 177 metres ( 581 ft ). Outside Bromley the highest settlements are Sanderstead and Selsdon ( reaching 170 metres ( 558 ft ) and five metres below that, respectively ) in Croydon. Arkley in Barnet is built up to 147 metres ( 482 ft ). Lower neighbours are Monken Hadley and Chipping Barnet, both 131 metres ( 430 ft ), and Barnet Gate 129 metres ( 423 ft ). The Vale of Health is a micro-locality in Hampstead Heath in Camden at ( 130 metres ( 427 ft ). Harrow on the Hill in Harrow ( 124 metres ( 407 ft ) ) and Shooters Hill in Greenwich ( 120 metres ( 394 ft ) ) also have high positions. Some have peaks or crests ( in the table above ) in their definitively built - up area ( e.g. Sanderstead, Harrow on the Hill and Shooters Hill ). Blackheath, London is a minor ridge after a short dip reaching a peak at Shooter 's Hill in the east ; here the towers of central Lewisham and Croydon beyond to the south - west ( right ). The backdrop is the long crest of the North Downs in the far south of Bromley and adjoining Surrey See also ( edit ) List of highest points in the United Kingdom List of tallest buildings and structures in London References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Mountains of England and Wales -- London Borough Tops ^ Jump up to : `` The Physique of Middlesex ''. A History of the country of Middlesex. British History Online. 1969. Retrieved 17 March 2010. Jump up ^ `` Mountain Search ''. Jump up ^ 1 : 10,560 Sheet TQ28NE, Ordnance Survey, 1968 : Spot height 340 ft, top of Fortis Green Jump up ^ Explorer Sheet 173 London North, Ordnance Survey : 105 metres ( 344 ft ) contour around grid reference TQ286896 ( ( / / tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php? pagename = List_of_highest_points_in_London&params = 51.59 _N_0. 143_W_source : enwiki - osgb36 ( TQ286896 ) 51 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 35 '' W  /  51.590 ° N 0.143 ° W  / 51.590 ; - 0.143 ) ) but no spot height Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_points_in_London&oldid=848641507 '' Categories : Hills of London Geography of London Lists of highest points in the United Kingdom London - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with OS grid coordinates EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018, at 08 : 45 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of highest points in London", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_points_in_London&amp;oldid=848641507" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "; - 0.401 ) 126 metres ( 413 ft ) 12 London part of Woodcock Hill north of Scratchwood Barnet TQ201953 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 35 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  51.643 ° N 0.264 ° W  / 51.643 ; - 0.264 ) 125 metres ( 410 ft ) 13 Harrow on the Hill ( occ. Harrow Hill ) Harrow TQ153874 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W  /  51.573 ° N 0.336 ° W  / 51.573 ; - 0.336 ) 124 metres ( 408 ft ) 14 Bournwell Hill Barnet / Enfield TQ256976 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' W  /  51.663 ° N 0.184 ° W  / 51.663 ; - 0.184 ) 115 metres ( 377 ft ) 15 Sydenham Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Lewisham / Southwark TQ340721 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.432 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.432 ; - 0.072 ) 112 metres ( 367 ft ) 16 Westow Hill ( Crystal Palace" ], "id": [ "15794724282751417356" ], "short_answers": [ "124 metres (408 ft)" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation, search The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '', performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle, Washington Monroe, Washington Vancouver, British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15, 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternate history television series produced by Amazon Studios, Scott Free Productions, Headline Pictures, Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light Productions. The series is based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Philip K. Dick. In the series ' alternate version of 1962 America, the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into two puppet states : the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific States. The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different history from that of their own. Premiering in January 2015, the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began. '' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season, which was released in November, to positive reviews. A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016, with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season one 1.2 Season two 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Advertising controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States The central characters are Juliana Crain, Frank Frink, Joe Blake, John Smith, Nobusuke Tagomi, and Takeshi Kido. The series takes place in an alternate 1962. Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai, just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated. The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be. Her boyfriend, Frank Frink ( who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis ), believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events. Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City, Colorado, in the Neutral Zone, where she was going to meet someone. Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was. When she arrives in Canon City, she encounters Joe Blake. Blake is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith, a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS. Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City, which is Juliana, substituting for Trudy. Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) in San Francisco. He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener, who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes. Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer Adolf Hitler dies, or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson 's disease. Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States. Currently, however, Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare, with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically. Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities. Not having the information they seek, he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for, and they kill Frink 's sister and her two children in retaliation, using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions. This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess, but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan. Season two ( edit ) Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States, eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco. The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership. Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder. John Smith, seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed, steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself, ensuring it goes through, and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge. Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme, and also that he is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin, Martin Heusmann. Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and, in so doing, becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich 's Acting Chancellor title, which they do quickly and almost by default. Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies, and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary, including war. John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement. To gain insight in to why it has happened, he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi, Reinhard Heydrich, who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese, decimate their Empire, level Tokyo, kill their Emperor, and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich. John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and, as a final act, travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence of the conspiracy. Audiotapes, together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay, are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer, who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer 's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor. He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler, detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann, and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers, nixing the war - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and John Smith 's exposing of it. Upon learning this, the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men in general and then John Smith in particular. The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich, and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich. Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory, and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well. In a basement somewhere, John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain, a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she is an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco. Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese, as they killed Juliana 's father during the war. Rupert Evans as Frank Frink, Juliana 's boyfriend. He works in a factory, creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese, while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches. When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister, Frank is taken into custody, which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed. His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state. Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake, a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith. He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance. DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy, Frank 's co-worker and friend. He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being. Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi, the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America. His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season. Rufus Sewell as John Smith, an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York. He is a natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children. It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression. Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido, the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco Brennan Brown as Robert Childan ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ), an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell ( season 2 ), leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer ( season 2 ), a young Berlin - born filmmaker who crosses paths with Joe Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener, a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington, owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione, a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance. Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida, Inspector Kido 's right - hand man Arnold Chun as Kotomichi, Tagomi 's assistant Hank Harris as Randall Becker, a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers, Frank 's sister Allan Havey as the Origami Man, a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance Burn Gorman as the Marshal, a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy, a young albino man living in Canon City Rob LaBelle as Carl, a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer, a Jewish member of the Resistance Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson, a Jew living in the Pacific States who is Frank 's friend Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura, a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia Tao Okamoto as Betty, Paul 's wife Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka, an office worker in the Nippon building Bernhard Forcher as Hugo Reiss, the Nazi ambassador to the Japanese Pacific States Aaron Blakely as Erich Raeder, an SS - Sturmbannführer working with John Smith Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura, the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle ( season 2 ) Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann ( season 2 ), Joe Blake 's estranged father and a high - ranking member of the Reich Cara Mitsuko as Sarah ( season 2 ), a Japanese American Resistance member, Frank 's confidante and a survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp Tate Donovan as George Dixon ( season 2 ), a mysterious friend of the Crains Michael Hogan as Hagan ( season 2 ), an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance Tzi Ma as Rikugun - Taishō Hidehisa Onoda ( season 2 ), a leading member of the Japanese military John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith, John 's wife Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith, John and Helen 's son and the eldest child. A member of the Hitler Youth, it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family. Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith, John and Helen 's daughter Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith, John and Helen 's daughter Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker, Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker, Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker, Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai. However, she is shown alive at the end of the second season. Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi ( season 2 ), Nobusuke 's wife Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi ( season 2 ), Nobusuke and Michiko 's son Historical characters ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun, Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event. The season premiered on November 20, 2015. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15, 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) A young man, Joe Blake, volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies. In Japan - occupied San Francisco, Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy, only to see her get shot by the Japanese police. She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy 's treason. The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II, which Juliana watches. She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place. A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys. While Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City, the Kempeitai, who want to know her destination, arrest Frank in San Francisco. Joe calls a Nazi commandant, Smith, revealing that he is working for them. `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23, 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner, Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact. Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop the resistance, and orders him not to intervene. However, when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana, Joe drives up, and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death. In New York, Smith is attacked by resistance fighters. In prison, Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana. The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children, but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels. `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town, looking for the man Juliana killed. They go to dispose of his body and car, but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names. They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact. Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law. Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun. The bounty hunter realizes Juliana 's identity and tries to kill her. `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal. Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods, where they are surrounded by resistance fighters, who force them to give them the films and leave. Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal, causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent. The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway. When Juliana gets far enough, she burns her car and hides. When the Marshal reaches the car, he assumes that she has died. Back in the Reich, SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him, which route he was taking to work. In the Pacific States, Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him, but hesitates to do so. The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman. 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack, and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku, for not protecting the Crown Prince. Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman, he will do the same. Meanwhile, Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank, who alludes to his time in prison. Juliana visits her parents and learns the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children. When she later reports to the Japanese military, she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner Randall but is ultimately let go. She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building. Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office. He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City. Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped. Smith believes Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA day ( Victory in America day ). 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA day at Smith 's house. Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers. Smith, who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend, intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers. Smith has Wegener arrested. Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files. 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death. Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future, and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past. Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City. 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States, only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film, and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush. Meanwhile, Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery. The episode is named after the song of the same name, which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote. 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out, a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe. The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt. Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming, and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery. Meanwhile, Frank and Juliana, after taking possession of the new film, decide to watch it, but they are shocked to find out that the film describes, apparently in the near future, a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe, who is wearing an SS uniform. 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20, 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent. He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film. Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap. Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince. Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince, averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku. Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler. Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle ), but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches ), kills himself instead. Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler. Joe evades Lem 's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana 's place. Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained. Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16, 2016. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation, but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler. Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized. She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen, The Man in the High Castle, and his vast film collection. Meanwhile, General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis, much to Tagomi 's dismay. Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family. Desperate to clear Ed 's name, Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help. Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war. Gary Connell, leader of the West Coast Resistance, goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana, but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint. A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers. Karen is killed in the crossfire. 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved. Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura, who is a defense lawyer, to help Ed. In desperation, he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake, leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza, to whom Kasoura has a connection. Frank is almost killed by Okamura, the Yakuza leader, in the previous incident with Joe. However, he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery, with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant. Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed. He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen. Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father, a Reichminister named Heusmann, in Berlin. Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead. Meanwhile, Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco, to no avail. Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on, Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon, who is Trudy 's real father. Learning he may be in Brooklyn, Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum, while leaving a letter to Frank. 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler, the family physician, to end his son Thomas 's life, as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich. Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith, who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay. He keeps this a secret from Joe. Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states, though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal. While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt, Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders. While saving a Resistance member named Sarah, Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese. Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis, leading her to think he may have betrayed her. Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter 's treatment of his mother. He crosses paths with Nicole Becker, a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so. He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence. 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith 's wife Helen and Thomas. While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment, she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed. General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue. Enraged, Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission, much to Ed 's dismay. Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment. Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret. Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order. After escaping from her pursuers, Juliana is approached by Dixon. Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife Michiko, who is deceased in his own timeline. 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her. Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films. Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film. Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn, an experiment to perfect racial purity. Despite this, he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days. Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states, though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason. Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives. Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving. Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke, but discovers the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged. He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son. 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members, Lucy. Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America. She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity. Joe starts to get closer to Nicole, who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others. After spending the night with Nicole, Joe begins to embrace his real heritage. Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family, and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's foregoing of the Japanese culture. Kido is informed by his right hand man, Yoshida, that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films. 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit. Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis. Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go. Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting. However, Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information. While at Adler 's funeral, Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed. Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas, she notices he has a seizure and covers for him. Later, she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas 's condition. Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse. 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction. Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast. Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead. The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising, leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent. Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father. Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him. Enraged, he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising. Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido, Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war, leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks. Smith executes Heydrich, but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war. Hitler passes away, leaving Heusmann in charge, and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict. 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll. Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis, Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality. Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition, unaware that their conversation is being recorded. Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret. In a televised address, Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe 's horror. Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs. Before the operation, he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco. Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage. They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building, but are spotted by Kido, which starts a gunfight in the lobby. Just as Tagomi arrives, the bomb detonates, killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building. Frank and Sarah 's fate is not shown. 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16, 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido, who survived the bombing, deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ. Afterwards, Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb. The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana, but she escapes and kills Susan in the process. She then confronts and kills Dixon, who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas. Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler, exposing Heusmann as the traitor. After arresting Heusmann and Joe, Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle, possibly assuming control of the Reich, and rewards Smith for his service. The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized. After traveling to the Neutral Zone, a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive. Finally, Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi. Production ( edit ) In 2010, it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures, FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films. Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton. On February 11, 2013, Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries, with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers, co-produced with Scott Free Prods., Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods. On October 1, 2014, Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn, Washington, for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service. This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott, David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free, Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures, Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions. The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15, 2015. Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels. They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs, then release them and gather data on their success. The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series. On February 18, 2015, Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series, and a full season would be produced. Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014. Principal filming took place in Seattle, with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City, as well as Roslyn, Washington, which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure. Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail, the Paramount Theatre, a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area, as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill, International District, and Georgetown neighborhoods. In Roslyn, the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery. In April 2015, filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, in the downtown area of West Georgia Street, along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building. In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia. Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen, Austria, were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season. Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two. Reception ( edit ) The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics, with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10. The site 's critical consensus states, By executive producer Ridley Scott, The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV, with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia. Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100, based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating `` generally favorable reviews ''. Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote, `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot. It 's an impressive, streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel. '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb, frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns. '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex, and gripping, plot. The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz. '' The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing. '' Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building, '' cheering, `` The Man in the High Castle is king. '' After its first season, Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time. Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season. Season 2 was met with mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 critics, with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10. The site 's critical consensus states, Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy, The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions, bolstered by stunning visuals, strong performances, and intriguing new possibilities. Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100, based on reviews from ten critics. Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie, Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair, Paul Kim, Jose Limon, Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton, Linda King, Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode, Commercial, or Real - Time Project Casi Blume, David Andrade, Nick Chamberlain, Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming, Cory Jamieson, Casi Blume, Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian, Liz Ludwitzke, Candice Elzinga, Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton, Dawn Swiderski, Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming, Cory Jamieson, Casi Blume, Nick Chamberlain, David Andrade, Bill Parker, Justin Fox, Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand, Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season, one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show, including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States. In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '', the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group. MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that, `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board. Please note they 're commercial ads. '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said, `` This advertising, whether you find it distasteful or not, obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show. '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway. It was later announced that it was the MTA, not Amazon, that pulled the ad, due to pressure from Governor Cuomo. See also ( edit ) Fatherland, 1994 TV film SS - GB, 2017 TV series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle ''. Variety. November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Amazon Prime. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy. `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle, Mad Dogs ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ Spotnitz, Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17, 2015 ). `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3, 2015 ). `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle, ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon. # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 ''. Den of Geek. August 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Trendacosta, Katharine ( January 3, 2017 ). `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner ''. Gizmodo. Retrieved May 30, 2017. Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( April 15, 2016 ). `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved April 17, 2016. Jump up ^ Petski, Denise ( April 6, 2016 ). `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved April 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ''. Deadline.com. Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview ''. Newsweek. July 13, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Jarvey, Natalie ( August 3, 2015 ). `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date, Trailer, and Review ''. Den of Geek. December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Sweney, Mark ( October 7, 2010 ). `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series ''. The Guardian. Retrieved October 7, 2010. Jump up ^ Marechal, A.J. ( February 10, 2013 ). `` Syfy, Ridley Scott, Frank Spotnitz set miniseries ''. Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Muir, Pat ( October 6, 2014 ). `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle ''. Yakima Herald - Republic. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( July 24, 2014 ). `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle, comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1, Episode 1 ''. Amazon.com. January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs, The Man in the High Castle, The New Yorker Presents, and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ). Amazon.com. February 18, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building ''. Daily Journal of Commerce. October 9, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower ''. YVRShoots.com. April 21, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ Hauen, Jack ( June 1, 2015 ). `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC ''. The Ubyssey. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ). Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ). September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie ( January 3, 2017 ). `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon, Gets A Showrunner ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Woerner, Meredith ( January 16, 2015 ). `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great ''. io9. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review ''. IGN. November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win, but so do viewers ''. The Guardian. November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2015. Jump up ^ Adams, Sam ; Collins, Sean T. ; Fear, David ; Murray, Noel ; Scherer, Jenna ; Tobias, Scott ( May 26, 2016 ). `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original ''. The Hollywood Reporter. December 21, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle, Recently Renewed for Season Two, Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ). Amazon Studios. December 21, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews ''. Metacritic. Retrieved January 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN ''. IGN. Retrieved 4 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards ''. www.theasc.com. Retrieved March 10, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the High Castle ''. Emmys. Retrieved September 11, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Bryant, Jacob ( February 24, 2016 ). `` ' Star Wars, ' ' Mad Max, ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations ''. Variety. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( January 10, 2017 ). `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange, ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards ``. web.archive.org. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America ''. www.castingsociety.com. Retrieved March 10, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series ''. costumedesignersguild.com. Retrieved February 18, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards, Nominees by Name 2017 ''. www.leoawards.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures, ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 26, 2017. Jump up ^ McNary, Dave ( March 2, 2017 ). `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One, ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead ''. Variety. Retrieved March 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show, Man in the High Castle ''. NPR. November 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads, featuring Nazi symbols, removed from trains ''. CBS New York. November 24, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle. 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Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots, Androids, and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster, You 're Dead! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh, to Be a Blobel! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln, Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=834421755 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Parallel universes in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 17 : 05. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Man in the High Castle (TV series)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&amp;oldid=834421755" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "'s family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker, Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker, Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker, Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai. However, she is shown alive at the end of the second season. Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi ( season 2 ), Nobusuke 's wife Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi ( season 2 ), Nobusuke and Michiko 's son Historical characters ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun, Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event. The season premiered on November 20, 2015. No. overall No. in season Title" ], "id": [ "11408608365141431199" ], "short_answers": [ "Wolf Muser" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "List of places on land with elevations below sea level - wikipedia List of places on land with elevations below sea level This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of places below mean sea level that are on land. Places in tunnels, mines, basements, dug holes ( also with open sky ), under water, under ice, or existing temporarily as a result of ebbing of sea tide etc. are not included. Places where seawater and rainwater is pumped away are included. Fully natural places below sea level require a dry climate ; otherwise, rain would exceed evaporation and fill the area. All figures are in meters below sea level, arranged by depth, lowest first : This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. Contents 1 Africa 2 Antarctica 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 North America 6 Oceania 7 South America 8 Historic and ice - covered areas 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Africa ( edit ) Afar Depression Lake Assal, Djibouti, ( − 153 m ( − 502 ft ) ) lowest land in Africa Danakil Depression, Ethiopia, ( − 125 m ( − 410 ft ) ) Qattara Depression, Egypt, ( − 133 m ( − 436 ft ) ) Sebkha Tah, Western Sahara, in the Laâyoune - Boujdour - Sakia El Hamra region ( − 55 m ( − 180 ft ) ) Sabkhat Ghuzayyil, Libya ( − 47 m ( − 154 ft ) ) Chott Melrhir, Algeria, ( − 40 m ( − 131 ft ) ) Shatt al Gharsah, Tunisia, ( − 17 m ( − 56 ft ) ) Sebkhet Te - n - Dghamcha, Mauritania, ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Antarctica ( edit ) Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills, ( − 50 m ( − 164 ft ) ) Asia ( edit ) Jordan valley, Israel -- West Bank -- Jordan Neot HaKikar, Israel ( − 345 m ( − 1,132 ft ) ), Israeli settlement just south of Dead Sea. 30 ° 55 ′ 59.15 '' N 35 ° 22 ′ 36.11 '' E  /  30.9330972 ° N 35.3766972 ° E  / 30.9330972 ; 35.3766972 Dead Sea, Jordan -- West Bank -- Israel ( − 430 m ( − 1,411 ft ) ), lowest land in Asia and the world 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E  / 31.500 ; 35.500 Jericho, West Bank ( − 258 m ( − 846 ft ) ), lowest city in the world 31 ° 51 ′ N 35 ° 28 ′ E  /  31.85 ° N 35.46 ° E  / 31.85 ; 35.46 Bet She'an, Israel ( between Tiberias and Jericho ) ( − 122 m ( − 400 ft ) ) 32 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  32.50 ° N 35.50 ° E  / 32.50 ; 35.50 Sea of Galilee, Israel ( − 214 m ( − 702 ft ) ) 32 ° 48 ′ N 35 ° 36 ′ E  /  32.80 ° N 35.60 ° E  / 32.80 ; 35.60 Tiberias, Israel ( − 207 m ( − 679 ft ) ) 32 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 35 ° 32 ′ 09 '' E  /  32.7966 ° N 35.535717 ° E  / 32.7966 ; 35.535717 Turfan Depression, China ( − 154 m ( − 505 ft ) ) Caspian Basin Caspian Depression, Karagiye, Kazakhstan ( − 138 m ( − 453 ft ) ) Caspian Sea and its shores, Russia -- Kazakhstan -- Azerbaijan -- Iran -- Turkmenistan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) Kuttanad, India ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Hachirogata, Japan ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Europe ( edit ) Areas of the Netherlands located below sea level ( right ) compared to dry land ( left ). Caspian Depression Caspian Sea and its shores, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Kazakhstan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) Baku, Azerbaijan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ), lowest lying national capital in the world Atyrau Airport, Kazakhstan ( − 22 m ( − 72 ft ) ) -- lowest international airport Netherlands, coastal provinces ( ( − 1 to − 7 m ) ( − 3 to − 23 ft ) ) Zuidplaspolder ( − 7 m ( − 23 ft ) ) Haarlemmermeer ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Amsterdam Schiphol Airport ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Wieringermeer ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Flevoland ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Amsterdam ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Belgium, parts of West Flanders ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) Lammefjord, Denmark ( − 7 m ( − 23 ft ) ) The Fens, United Kingdom ( − 2.75 m ( − 9 ft ) ) Neuendorf - Sachsenbande, Germany ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Le Contane, Jolanda di Savoia, Italy ( − 3.44 m ( − 11.3 ft ) ) North Slob, County Wexford, Ireland ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) Camargue, France ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Kristianstad, Sweden ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Żuławy Wiślane, Poland, Baltic delta of the Vistula River ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) North America ( edit ) Sea level sign ( 2 / 3 of the way up the cliff face ) above Badwater Basin, Death Valley National Park, USA Death Valley Badwater Basin, California, United States ( − 85 m ( − 279 ft ) ) lowest point in North America Salton Sink, United States ( − 66 m ( − 217 ft ) ) Bombay Beach, California, United States ( − 69 m ( − 226 ft ) ) Salton Sea Beach, California, United States ( − 67 m ( − 220 ft ) ) Desert Shores, California, United States ( − 61 m ( − 200 ft ) ) Calipatria, California, United States ( − 56 m ( − 184 ft ) ) Westmorland, California, United States ( − 48 m ( − 157 ft ) ) Niland, California, United States ( − 43 m ( − 141 ft ) ) Salton City, California, United States ( − 38 m ( − 125 ft ) ) Brawley, California, United States ( − 37 m ( − 121 ft ) ) Thermal, California, United States ( − 37 m ( − 121 ft ) ) Coachella, California, United States ( − 22 m ( − 72 ft ) ) Imperial, California, United States ( − 18 m ( − 59 ft ) ) Seeley, California, United States ( − 13 m ( − 43 ft ) ) El Centro, California, United States ( − 12 m ( − 39 ft ) ) Indio, California, United States ( − 6 m ( − 20 ft ) ) Heber, California, United States ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Holtville, California, United States ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) New Orleans, Louisiana, United States ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Laguna Salada, Baja California, Mexico ( − 10 m ( − 33 ft ) ) Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic ( − 46 m ( − 151 ft ) ), lowest place on an island country. Oceania ( edit ) Lake Eyre, Australia, − 16 m ( − 52 ft ), lowest land in Australia Lake Frome, Australia, − 6 m ( − 20 ft ) Taieri Plain, New Zealand, − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) South America ( edit ) Laguna del Carbón, Argentina ( − 105 m ( − 344 ft ) ) lowest land in the Americas Bajo del Gualicho, Río Negro province, Argentina ( − 72 m ( − 236 ft ) ) Salina Grande and Salina Chica, Valdés Peninsula, Chubut Province, Argentina ( − 42 m ( − 138 ft ) ) Sechura Depression, Sechura Desert, Piura Region, Peru ( − 34 m ( − 112 ft ) ) Georgetown, Guyana ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it. Historic and ice - covered areas ( edit ) Deeper and larger than any of the trenches in the list above is the Bentley Subglacial Trench in Antarctica, at a depth of 2,540 m ( 8,330 ft ). It is subglacial, meaning that it is permanently covered by the largest ice cap in the world. Therefore, it is not included in any list on the page. If the ice melted it would be covered by sea. The biggest dry land area below sea level that has been known to exist in the geological past, as measured by continuous volume of atmospheric air below sea level, was the dry bed of the Mediterranean Sea in the late Miocene period during the Messinian salinity crisis. See also ( edit ) Extreme points of Earth List of countries by lowest point List of submarine topographical features References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scheffel, Richard L. ; Wernet, Susan J., eds. ( 1980 ). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association, Inc. p. 378. ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3. External links ( edit ) Earth portal `` Adjustable Sealevel Map ''. flood.firetree.net. `` Land Below Sea Level ''. geology.com. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level&oldid=865982979 '' Categories : Lists of places Geography - related lists Geology - related lists Physical geography Depressions ( geology ) Lowest points Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2009 All articles lacking sources Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 13 : 43 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "List of places on land with elevations below sea level", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level&amp;oldid=865982979" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ") Asia ( edit ) Jordan valley, Israel -- West Bank -- Jordan Neot HaKikar, Israel ( − 345 m ( − 1,132 ft ) ), Israeli settlement just south of Dead Sea. 30 ° 55 ′ 59.15 '' N 35 ° 22 ′ 36.11 '' E  /  30.9330972 ° N 35.3766972 ° E  / 30.9330972 ; 35.3766972 Dead Sea, Jordan -- West Bank -- Israel ( − 430 m ( − 1,411 ft ) ), lowest land in Asia and the world 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E  / 31.500 ; 35.500 Jericho, West Bank ( − 258 m ( − 846 ft ) ), lowest city in the world 31 ° 51 ′ N 35 ° 28 ′ E  /  31.85 ° N 35.46 ° E  / 31.85 ; 35.46 Bet She'an, Israel ( between Tiberias and Jericho ) ( − 122 m ( − 400 ft ) ) 32 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  32.50 ° N 35.50 ° E  / 32.50 ; 35.50 Sea of Galilee, Israel ( − 214 m ( − 702 ft ) ) 32 ° 48 ′ N 35 ° 36 ′ E  /  32.80 ° N 35.60 ° E  / 32.80 ; 35.60" ], "id": [ "9486446302550241184" ], "short_answers": [ "Jericho, West Bank" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "LeBron James - wikipedia LeBron James `` LeBron '' redirects here. For other uses, see Lebron ( disambiguation ). It has been suggested that LeBron James Jr. be merged into this article. ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018. LeBron James James with the Cavaliers in 2017 No. 23 -- Los Angeles Lakers Position Small forward / Shooting guard League NBA ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30, 1984 ( age 33 ) Akron, Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Listed weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Career information High school St. Vincent -- St. Mary ( Akron, Ohio ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2014 Miami Heat 2014 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2012, 2013, 2016 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2012, 2013, 2016 ) 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2006, 2008, 2018 ) 12 × All - NBA First Team ( 2006, 2008 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005, 2007 ) 5 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2013 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2008 ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ( 2017 ) 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013, 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012, 2016 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Mr. Basketball USA ( 2002, 2003 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2003 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2003 ) 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2004 Athens Team FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas LeBron Raymone James Sr. ( / ləˈbrɒn / ; born December 30, 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ). Often considered the best basketball player in the world and regarded by some as the greatest player of all time, James ' NBA accomplishments are extensive and include four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards, three NBA Finals MVP Awards, two Olympic gold medals, three All - Star Game MVP awards, and an NBA scoring title. He is the all - time NBA playoffs scoring leader and has amassed fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances, twelve All - NBA First Team designations, and five All - Defensive First Team honors. A prep - to - pro, James played high school basketball for St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio, where he was heavily touted in the national media as a future NBA superstar. He joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 as the first overall draft pick. James quickly emerged as a league star and concluded his first season by winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. He would go on to establish himself as one of the premier players in the NBA with multiple accolades, including being given the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2009 and 2010. However, after falling short of the championship expectations set by the media, fans, and himself, James departed Cleveland in 2010 as a free agent to sign with the Miami Heat. This move was announced in an ESPN special titled The Decision, and is one of the most controversial free agent decisions in American sports history. In Miami, James won his first NBA championship in 2012, and followed that with another title a year later. He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years. In 2014, James opted out of his contract with Miami after four seasons to re-sign with the Cavaliers. In 2016, James led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship by defeating the Golden State Warriors to end Cleveland 's 52 - year professional sports title drought. In 2018, he opted out of his Cleveland contract to sign with the Lakers. Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 2.1 Basketball 2.2 Football 3 Professional career 3.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3.1. 1 2003 -- 2004 : Rookie season 3.1. 2 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom 3.1. 3 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons 3.2 Miami Heat 3.2. 1 The Decision 3.2. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Year of media and fan scrutiny 3.2. 3 2011 -- 2013 : Back - to - back championships 3.2. 4 2013 -- 2014 : Final season in Miami 3.3 Return to the Cavaliers 3.3. 1 2014 -- 16 : Ending the Cleveland sports curse 3.3. 2 2016 -- 18 : Final seasons in Cleveland 3.4 Los Angeles Lakers 4 National team career 5 Player profile 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 6 Off the court 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Public image 6.3 Media figure and business interests 6.4 Activism 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 9 Filmography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life James was born on December 30, 1984, in Akron, Ohio to a 16 - year - old mother, Gloria Marie James. His father, Anthony McClelland, has an extensive criminal record and was not involved in their life. When James was growing up, life was often a struggle for the family, as they moved from apartment to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find steady work. Realizing that her son would be better off in a more stable family environment, Gloria allowed him to move in with the family of Frank Walker, a local youth football coach who introduced James to basketball when he was nine years old. James started playing organized basketball in the fifth grade. He later played Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars. The team enjoyed success on a local and national level, led by James and his friends Sian Cotton, Dru Joyce III, and Willie McGee. The group was inseparable and dubbed themselves the `` Fab Four '', promising each other that they would attend high school together. In a move that stirred local controversy, they chose to attend St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School, a predominantly white private Catholic school. High school career Basketball As a freshman, James averaged 21 points and 6 rebounds per game for the St. Vincent - St. Mary varsity basketball team. The Fighting Irish finished the year 27 -- 0, winning the Division III state title and becoming the only boys high school team to have an undefeated season. As a sophomore, James averaged 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game. For some home games during the season, St. Vincent - St. Mary played at the University of Akron 's 5,492 - seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni, fans, and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play. The Fighting Irish finished the season 26 -- 1 and repeated as state champions. For his outstanding play, James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team, becoming the first sophomore to do either. Prior to the start of his junior year, James appeared in SLAM Magazine and writer Ryan Jones lauded him as possibly `` the best high school basketball player in America right now ''. During the season, he appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so. With averages of 29 points, 8.3 rebounds, 5.7 assists, and 3.3 steals per game, he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team, and became the first junior to be named boys ' basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year. St. Vincent - St. Mary finished the year with a 23 -- 4 record, ending their season with a loss in the Division II championship game. Following the loss, James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA 's draft eligibility rules, which required prospective players to have at least a high school diploma, in an attempt to enter the 2002 NBA draft. During this time, he used marijuana, which he said was to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving. Throughout his senior year, James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams, including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2. Time Warner Cable, looking to capitalize on James 's popularity, offered St. Vincent - St. Mary 's games to subscribers on a pay - per - view basis throughout the season. For the year, James averaged 31.6 points, 9.6 rebounds, 4.6 assists, and 3.4 steals per game, was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year, and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year. He participated in three year - end high school basketball all - star games -- the EA Sports Roundball Classic, the Jordan Capital Classic, and the McDonald 's All - American Game -- losing his National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft. Many basketball analysts, scouts, and writers have remarked that James left high school as one of the best and most hyped prospects of all time. Also during his senior year, James was the centerpiece of several controversies. For his 18th birthday, he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother, who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing LeBron 's future earning power as an NBA superstar. This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance. James was cleared of any wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source. Later in the season, James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures, officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility. James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two - game suspension, allowing him to play the remainder of the year. The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins, their only official loss that season. In his first game back after the suspension, James scored a career - high 52 points. St. Vincent - St. Mary went on to win the Division II championship, marking their third division title in four years. Football As an underclassman, James played wide receiver for St. Vincent - St. Mary 's football team and was recruited by some Division I programs, including Notre Dame. In his sophomore year, he was named first team all - state, and as a junior, he helped lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals. After James broke his wrist during an AAU basketball game, he decided not to play football in his senior year. Some sports analysts, football critics, high school coaches, former and current players have speculated that he could have played in the National Football League. Professional career Cleveland Cavaliers 2003 -- 2004 : rookie season James picks up his dribble against the Washington Wizards in November 2006. James was selected by his hometown team, the Cleveland Cavaliers, as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. In his first regular season game, he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings, setting an NBA record for most points scored by a prep - to - pro player in his debut performance. At the conclusion of the season, he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year, finishing with averages of 20.9 points, 5.5 rebounds, and 5.9 assists per game. He became the first Cavalier to receive the honor and just the third player in NBA history to average at least 20 points, 5 rebounds, and 5 assists per game as a rookie. The Cavaliers finished the season 35 -- 47, failing to make the playoffs despite an 18 - game improvement over the previous year. 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom James earned his first NBA All - Star Game selection in 2004 -- 05, contributing 13 points, 8 rebounds, and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference. Around the league, teams took note of his rapid development, with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling Sports Illustrated, `` It 's weird talking about a 20 - year - old kid being a great player, but he is a great player... He 's the exception to almost every rule. '' On March 20, James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors, setting Cleveland 's new single - game points record. With final averages of 27.2 points, 7.4 rebounds, 7.2 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, he was named to his first All - NBA Team. Despite a 30 -- 20 record to start the year, the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs, finishing the season 42 -- 40. At the 2006 All - Star Game, James led the East to victory with 29 points and was named the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player. Behind final season averages of 31.4 points, 7 rebounds, and 6.6 assists per game, he also finished second in overall NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting to Steve Nash. Under James 's leadership, the Cavaliers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1998. In his postseason debut, James recorded a triple - double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards. In Game 3 of the series, he made the first game - winning shot of his career, making another in Game 5. Cleveland would go on to defeat the Wizards before being ousted by the Detroit Pistons in the second round. James engages in his pre-game ritual of tossing crushed chalk into the air, March 2008. The routine was mostly ended after 2011. In 2006 -- 07, James 's averages declined to 27.3 points, 6.7 rebounds, 6 assists, and 1.6 steals per game. Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection, which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus. The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East 's second seed. In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals, James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists, scoring 29 of Cleveland 's last 30 points, including the game - winning layup with two seconds left, against the Pistons. After the game, play - by - play announcer Marv Albert called the performance `` one of the greatest moments in postseason history '' and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as `` Jordan-esque ''. In 2012, ESPN ranked the performance the fourth greatest in modern NBA playoff history. The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and claim their first - ever Eastern Conference championship, earning them a matchup with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA Finals. During the championship round, James struggled, averaging 22 points, 7.0 rebounds, and 6.8 assists per game on just 35.6 percent shooting, and Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep. In February of the 2007 -- 08 season, James was named All - Star Game MVP for the second time behind a 27 - point, 8 - rebound, and 9 - assist performance. On March 21, he moved past Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers ' all - time leading scorer in a game against the Raptors, doing so in over 100 less games than Daugherty. His 30 points per game were also the highest in the league, representing his first scoring title. Despite his individual accomplishments, Cleveland 's record fell from the year before to 45 -- 37. Seeded fourth in the East entering the playoffs, the Cavaliers defeated the Wizards in the first round for the third consecutive season before being eliminated in seven games by the eventual - champion Boston Celtics in the next round. During the decisive seventh game in Boston, James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a game the Associated Press described as a `` shootout ''. 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons James and DeShawn Stevenson in April 2008. The two had a short feud after Stevenson called James `` overrated ''. At the conclusion of the 2008 -- 09 season, James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year voting and made his first NBA All - Defensive Team, posting 23 chase - down blocks and a career - high 93 total blocks. He also became only the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks in a single season. Behind his play and the acquisition of All - Star guard Mo Williams, Cleveland went a franchise record 66 -- 16 and fell just one game short of matching the best home record in league history. With final averages of 28.4 points, 7.6 rebounds, 7.2 assists, 1.7 steals, and 1.2 blocks per game, James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award. Reflecting on James 's performance for ESPN, John Hollinger later wrote, `` He 's having what is arguably the greatest individual season in history, and it 's time we gave him his due for it. '' In the playoffs, Cleveland swept the Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks to earn a matchup with the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals. In Game 1 of the series, James scored 49 points on 66 percent shooting in a losing effort for the Cavaliers. In Game 2, he hit a game - winner to tie the series at 1 -- 1. Cleveland would lose the series in six games, and following the loss in Game 6, James immediately left the floor without shaking hands with his opponents, which was an act that many media members viewed as unsportsmanlike. For the series, he averaged 38.5 points, 8.3 rebounds, and 8 assists per game, finishing the postseason with a career playoff - high 35.3 points per game. In February of the 2009 -- 10 season, James was forced into a temporary point guard role following a series of injuries to players in the Cavaliers ' backcourt. Behind his leadership, Cleveland lost no momentum, finishing the year with the best record in the league for the second consecutive season. Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers ' primary ball handler, James increased his statistical production, averaging 29.7 points, 7.3 rebounds, 8.6 assists, 1.6 steals, and 1 block per game on 50 percent shooting en route to another MVP Award. To open the playoffs, Cleveland advanced past the Bulls to earn a matchup with the Celtics in the second round. James was heavily criticized for not playing well in Game 5 of the series, shooting only 20 percent on 14 shots and scoring 15 points. The team suffered its worst loss in franchise history, and at the conclusion of the game, James walked off the court to a smattering of boos from Cleveland 's home crowd. The Cavaliers were officially eliminated from the postseason in Game 6, with James posting 27 points, 19 rebounds, 10 assists, and nine turnovers in the losing effort. Miami Heat The Decision Main article : The Decision ( TV special ) James with the Cavaliers in November 2009. He finished his first stint with the Cavs averaging 27.8 points, 7 rebounds, 7 assists, and 1.7 steals per game. James became an unrestricted free agent at 12 : 01 am EDT on July 1, 2010. During this time, he was contacted by several teams, including the Bulls, Los Angeles Clippers, Miami Heat, New York Knicks, New Jersey Nets, and Cavaliers. On July 8, he announced on a live ESPN special titled The Decision that he would sign with the Heat. The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich, Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity. An additional $3.5 million was raised from advertising revenue, which was donated to other charities. The day before the special, fellow free agents Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade also announced that they would sign with Miami ; reports later arose that the trio had discussed their upcoming 2010 free agencies among themselves back in 2006. James decided to join with Bosh and Wade in part so that he could shoulder less of the offensive load ; he thought that his improved teammates would give him a better chance of winning an NBA championship than had he stayed in Cleveland. Heat president Pat Riley played a major role in selling James on the idea of playing with Bosh and Wade. James would be relieved of the burden of scoring, and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple - double in a season. Upon leaving the Cavaliers, James drew intense criticism from sports analysts, executives, fans, and current and former players. The Decision itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary. Many thought that the prolonged wait for James 's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show. Upon learning that James would not be returning to Cleveland, Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert published an open letter to fans in which he aggressively denounced James 's actions. Some angry fans of the team recorded videos of themselves burning his jersey. Former NBA players, including Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson, were also critical of James, condemning him for joining with Bosh and Wade in Miami and not trying to win a championship as `` the guy ''. James drew further criticism in a September interview with CNN when he claimed that race might have been a factor in the fallout from The Decision. As a result of his actions during the 2010 free agency period, he quickly gained a reputation as one of America 's most disliked athletes, a radical change from years prior. The phrase `` taking my talents to South Beach '' became a punch line for critics. In retrospect, James has expressed some regret over his handling of The Decision. 2010 -- 2011 : year of media and Fan scrutiny James goes in for a slam dunk as a member of the Miami Heat in March 2011. James officially signed with the Heat on July 10, 2010. With the move, he became only the third reigning MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982. That evening, the Heat threw a welcome party for their new `` big three '' at the American Airlines Arena, an event that took on a rock concert atmosphere. During the gathering, James predicted a dynasty for the Heat and alluded to multiple championships. Outside of Miami, the spectacle was not well - received, furthering the negative public perception of James. Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season, James and the Heat were treated as villains by the media and opposing fanbases. To begin the year, they struggled to adjust to these new circumstances, going only 9 -- 8 after 17 games. James later admitted that the constant negativity surrounding the team made him play with an angrier demeanor than in years past. On December 2, James faced the Cavaliers in Cleveland for the first time since departing as a free agent. He scored 38 points and led Miami to a win while being booed every time he touched the ball. The Heat eventually turned their season around and finished as the East 's second seed, with James averaging 26.7 points, 7.5 rebounds, and 7 assists per game on 51 percent shooting. In the conference semifinals, James and his teammates found themselves matched up with the Celtics for the second consecutive year. In Game 5, he scored Miami 's last ten points to help seal a series - clinching win. After the final buzzer, he famously knelt on the court in an emotional moment, later telling reporters that it was an extremely personal victory for him and the team. The Heat eventually advanced to the Finals, where they were defeated by the Dallas Mavericks in six games. James received the brunt of the criticism for the loss, averaging only three points in fourth quarters in the series. His Finals scoring average of 17.8 points per game signified an 8.9 - point drop from the regular season, the largest point drop - off in league history. 2011 -- 2013 : back - to - back championships James was humbled by the Heat 's loss to the Mavericks, and the experience inspired him to leave behind the villain role that he had been embracing, which helped him regain a sense of joy on the court. He also decided that his post game needed improvement, so he worked with Hakeem Olajuwon during the offseason. Behind James 's significantly - expanded skillset, Miami began the year with a franchise - best 18 -- 6 record. He was eventually named MVP for the third time, finishing with averages of 27.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 6.2 assists, and 1.9 steals per game on 53 percent shooting. James stands at midcourt during a dead ball in January 2013. On that night, he became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career points. In the second round of the playoffs, Miami temporarily lost Chris Bosh to an abdominal injury and found themselves trailing the Indiana Pacers 2 -- 1. James responded with a 40 - point, 18 - rebound, and 9 - assist outing in Game 4 to help even the series. To compensate for Bosh 's absence, the Heat embraced a small - ball lineup with James at power forward, which they retained even after Bosh 's return in the Conference Finals against the Celtics. Facing elimination in Game 6, James scored 45 points to lead the Heat to victory in what The New York Times called a `` career - defining performance ''. Miami won Game 7 to advance to the Finals, earning them a matchup with the Oklahoma City Thunder and James 's budding rival, Kevin Durant. Late in Game 4 of the series, James hit a three - pointer to give the Heat a lead, helping them win the game despite missing time with leg cramps. In Game 5, he registered a triple - double as Miami defeated Oklahoma City for their second - ever championship and James 's first championship. James was unanimously voted the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player with averages of 28.6 points, 10.2 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game. His full postseason run, in which he averaged 30.3 points, 9.7 rebounds, and 5.6 assists per game, was ranked the second best in modern NBA history by ESPN. In February of the 2012 -- 13 season, James averaged 29.7 points and 7.8 assists per game while setting multiple shooting efficiency records. That same month, the Heat also began a 27 - game winning streak, the third longest in NBA history. Based on these accomplishments, James 's performance was described as a `` month for the ages '' by Sports Illustrated. Miami eventually finished the year with a franchise and league best 66 -- 16 record, and James was named MVP for the fourth time, falling just one vote shy of becoming the first player in NBA history to win the award unanimously. His final season averages were 26.8 points, 8 rebounds, 7.3 assists, and 1.7 steals per game on 56.5 percent shooting. In Game 1 of the Conference Finals, James scored a buzzer - beating layup to give Miami a one - point victory against the Pacers. Throughout the series, his supporting cast struggled significantly, and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his `` Cleveland days ''. Despite these struggles, the Heat advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs, signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier. At the beginning of the series, he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2 -- 3. In Game 6, he recorded his second triple - double of the series, including 16 fourth quarter points, to lead the Heat to a comeback victory. In Game 7, he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory, leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points. He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season, averaging 25.3 points, 10.9 rebounds, 7 assists, and 2.3 steals per game for the championship round. 2013 -- 2014 : final season in Miami On March 3 of the 2013 -- 14 season, James scored a career - high and franchise - record 61 points in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats. Throughout the year, he was one of the few staples for a Heat roster that used 20 different starting lineups due to injuries, finishing with averages of 27.1 points, 6.9 rebounds, and 6.4 assists per game on 56.7 percent shooting. In the second round of the playoffs, he tied a career postseason - high by scoring 49 points in Game 4 against the Brooklyn Nets. In the next round, Miami defeated the Pacers to earn their fourth consecutive Finals berth, becoming one of only four teams in NBA history to do so. In Game 1 of the Finals, James missed most of the fourth quarter because of leg cramps, helping the Spurs take an early series lead. In Game 2, he led the Heat to a series - tying victory with 35 points on a 64 percent shooting rate. San Antonio eventually eliminated the Heat in five games, ending Miami 's quest for a three - peat. For the Finals, James averaged 28.2 points, 7.8 rebounds, and 2.0 steals per game. Return to the Cavaliers James throws a pass in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves, December 2014. Later that season, he reached several passing milestones, including becoming the Cavaliers ' all - time assists leader. On June 25, 2014, James opted out of his contract with the Heat and officially became an unrestricted free agent on July 1. On July 11, he revealed via a first - person essay in Sports Illustrated that he intended to return to the Cavaliers. In contrast to The Decision, his announcement to return to Cleveland was well received. On July 12, he officially signed with the team, who had compiled a league - worst 97 -- 215 record in the four seasons following his departure. A month after James 's signing, the Cavaliers acquired Kevin Love from the Minnesota Timberwolves, forming a new star trio along with Kyrie Irving. 2014 -- 16 : ending the Cleveland Sports curse In January of the 2014 -- 15 season, James missed two weeks due to left knee and lower back strains, the longest stretch of missed games in his career. In total, he played a career - low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points, 6 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game. In the second round of the playoffs, he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2 -- 2 series tie with the Bulls. In the Conference Finals, the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals, making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals. For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors, Irving and Love were sidelined due to injury, giving James more offensive responsibilities. Behind his leadership, the Cavaliers opened the series with a 2 -- 1 lead before being eliminated in six games. Despite the loss, he received serious consideration for the Finals MVP Award, averaging 35.8 points, 13.3 rebounds, and 8.8 assists per game for the championship round. During the 2015 -- 16 season, James was criticized for his role in several off - court controversies, including the midseason firing of Cavaliers ' coach David Blatt. Despite these distractions, Cleveland finished the year with 57 wins and the best record in the East. James 's final averages were 25.3 points, 7.4 rebounds, and 6.8 assists per game on 52 percent shooting. In the playoffs, the Cavaliers advanced comfortably to the Finals, losing only two games en route to a rematch with the Warriors, who were coming off a record - setting 73 win season. To begin the series, Cleveland fell behind 3 -- 1, including two blowout losses. James responded by registering back - to - back 41 point games in Games 5 and 6, leading the Cavaliers to two consecutive wins to stave off elimination. In Game 7, he posted a triple - double and made a number of key plays, including a memorable chase - down block on Andre Iguodala in the final two minutes, as Cleveland emerged victorious, winning the city 's first professional sports title in 52 years and becoming the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit in the Finals. James became just the third player to record a triple - double in an NBA Finals Game 7, and behind series averages of 29.7 points, 11.3 rebounds, 8.9 assists, 2.3 blocks, and 2.6 steals per game, he also became the first player in league history to lead both teams in all five statistical categories for a playoff round, culminating in a unanimous Finals MVP selection. 2016 -- 18 : final seasons in Cleveland The 2016 -- 17 season was marred by injuries and unexpected losses for the Cavaliers ; James later described it as one of the `` strangest '' years of his career. Following a January defeat to the New Orleans Pelicans, he publicly criticized Cleveland 's front office for constructing a team that he felt was too `` top heavy '', for which he received counter criticism. The Cavaliers finished the season as the East 's second seed, with James averaging 26.4 points and career highs in rebounds ( 8.6 ), assists ( 8.7 ), and turnovers ( 4.1 ) per game. In Game 3 of the first round of the postseason, he registered 41 points, 13 rebounds, and 12 assists against the Pacers, leading Cleveland to a comeback victory after trailing by 25 points at halftime, representing the largest halftime deficit overcome in NBA playoff history. In Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Celtics, James scored 35 points and surpassed Michael Jordan as the league 's all - time postseason scoring leader. The Cavaliers won the game and the series, advancing to their third consecutive Finals against the Warriors. Behind averages of 33.6 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists per game, James became the first player to average a triple - double in the Finals, but Cleveland was defeated in five games. LeBron James and Celtics ' Kyrie Irving in October 2017. After the Cavaliers traded All - Star point guard Kyrie Irving in the off - season, Cleveland started the 2017 -- 18 season with a 3 -- 5 record. The next game, the Cavaliers defeated the Washington Wizards 130 -- 122. James scored 57 points in the game to set the second - highest point total of his career, making 23 of 34 field - goal tries and all nine free throws, adding 11 rebounds and seven assists. James reached at least 10 points for the 800th game in a row, joining Michael Jordan ( 866 ) as the only other NBA player with a streak that long. James also became the youngest player to reach 29,000 career points in the NBA. On November 28, 2017, James was ejected for the first time in his career during the third quarter of the Cavaliers ' 108 -- 97 win over the Miami Heat. James was in the midst of his 1,082 nd career regular season game, and 1,299 th overall. On December 16, 2017, he had his 60th career triple - double in a 109 -- 100 win over the Utah Jazz. James had his fifth triple - double of the season and passed Larry Bird for sixth on the career list. On January 23, 2018, in a 114 -- 102 loss to the San Antonio Spurs, James became the seventh player in NBA history to reach 30,000 career points. At 33 years and 24 days, James became the youngest player to score 30,000 -- Kobe Bryant was 34 years and 104 days when he got there. On February 27, 2018, he scored 31 points and finished a month averaging a triple - double for the first time in his career, as the Cavaliers defeated the Brooklyn Nets 129 -- 123. James also had 12 rebounds and 11 assists for his 12th triple - double of the season and 67th of his career. He reached 8,000 assists during the game to become the first player in NBA history to reach 30,000 points, 8,000 rebounds and 8,000 assists. On March 30, 2018, in a 107 -- 102 win over the Pelicans, James scored in double digits in his 867th straight game, breaking Michael Jordan 's long - standing record. During the 2018 NBA Playoffs, James was named to the All - NBA First Team for the 12th straight year, marking a new NBA record. With the Cavaliers defeating the Boston Celtics 87 -- 79 in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals, James reached the NBA Finals for the eighth straight year, which no player had done since members of the early Celtics dynasty did so in the 1960s. In Game 1 of the NBA Finals, James scored 51 points to go with eight assists and eight rebounds in a 124 -- 114 overtime loss. James became only the sixth player to ever score at least 50 points in a NBA Finals game. This also notched his eighth game of at least 40 points in the 2018 playoffs and tied Jerry West 's feat in 1965 for most in a single postseason. The Cavaliers went on to lose to the Warriors in four games, with James averaged 34 points ( his second - highest total ), 8.5 rebounds and 10 assists in the series despite playing with a self - inflicted hand injury that he sustained after Game 1. James scored 748 points in the playoffs, the second most in a postseason behind Jordan, who scored 759 in 1992. On June 29, 2018, James announced that he opted out of his contract with the Cavaliers to become a free agent. Los Angeles Lakers On July 1, James 's management agency announced that he had agreed to a four - year, $154 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers, which he signed on July 9. Within the first three hours of when his jersey went on sale, it saw a 600 percent spike compared to his new Cavaliers jersey upon his return to Cleveland in July 2014. National team career James attempts a shot over China 's Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing en route to the gold medal. James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Greece. He spent the Games mostly on the bench, averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games. Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal, becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding active NBA players to their line - up. James felt his limited playing time was a `` lowlight '' and believed he was not given `` a fair opportunity to play ''. His attitude during the Olympics was described as `` disrespectful '' and `` distasteful '' by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey, respectively. At the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan, James took on a greater role for Team USA, averaging 13.9 points, 4.8 rebounds, and 4.1 assists per game as co-captain. The team finished the tournament with an 8 -- 1 record, winning another bronze medal. James 's behavior was again questioned, this time by teammate Bruce Bowen, who confronted James during tryouts regarding his treatment of staff members. Before naming James to the 2008 Olympic team, Team USA managing director Jerry Colangelo and coach Mike Krzyzewski gave James an ultimatum to improve his attitude, and he heeded their advice. At the FIBA Americas Championship 2007, he averaged 18.1 points, 3.6 rebounds, and 4.7 assists per game, including a 31 - point performance against Argentina in the championship game, the most ever by an American in an Olympic qualifier. Team USA went 10 -- 0, winning the gold medal and qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China. James credited the team 's attitude and experience for their improvement, saying : `` I do n't think we understood what it meant to put on a USA uniform and all the people that we were representing in 2004. We definitely know that now. '' At the Olympics, Team USA went unbeaten, winning their first gold medal since 2000. In the final game, James turned in 14 points, 6 rebounds, and 3 assists against Spain. James did not play at the 2010 FIBA World Championship but rejoined Team USA for the 2012 Olympics in London, England. He became the leader of the team with Kobe Bryant, who would soon be 34, stepping back. James facilitated the offense from the post and perimeter, called the defensive sets, and provided scoring when needed. During a game against Australia, he recorded the first triple - double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points, 14 rebounds and 12 assists. Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal, again defeating Spain in the final game. James contributed 19 points in the win, becoming the all - time leading scorer in U.S. men 's basketball history. He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award, NBA championship, NBA Finals MVP, and Olympic gold medal in the same year. Afterwards, Krzyzewski said James `` is the best player, he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now. '' Player Profile It 's not just that ( LeBron James ) is really good in his 15th year. He 's the best player. -- Greg Anthony, NBA TV and TNT analyst Standing 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113 kg ), James has started at small forward and power forward, but he can also play the other three positions. His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson, Magic Johnson, and Michael Jordan. James 's career averages are 27.2 points, 7.4 rebounds, 7.2 assists, and 1.6 steals per game. Many basketball analysts, coaches, fans, and current and former players consider James to be one of the greatest players of all time, often ranking him as the best small forward and in the top five overall. Since 2011, he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated. He has earned All - NBA honors every season since his second year, All - Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014, and was named Rookie of the Year in his debut season. With four MVP awards, he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times, including Kareem Abdul - Jabbar, Jordan, Wilt Chamberlain, and Bill Russell ; James and Russell are the only two players who have won four MVP awards in a five - year span. James has never won the Defensive Player of the Year Award, but he has twice finished second in the voting and lists the award as one of his main goals. James has appeared in the Finals nine times and won three championships. Some analysts have criticized him for not having a better Finals record, while others have defended him, arguing that James usually performed well, but his team was defeated by superior competition. Offense James drives to the basket in March 2008. A deft finisher, he led the NBA in scoring and shooting percentage at the rim in 2013. James entered the NBA as an 18 - year - old rookie and made an immediate offensive impact when he led the Cavaliers in scoring. He holds numerous `` youngest to '' distinctions, including being the youngest player to score 28,000 career points. During his first stint in Cleveland, he was primarily used as an on - ball point forward. His shooting tendencies were perimeter - oriented, and he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball ; he led the NBA in three - point plays in 2006. His combination of speed, quickness, and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams because he was capable of blowing by larger defenders and overpowering smaller ones. These qualities became more apparent in transition, where he developed a reputation for grabbing defensive rebounds and then beating the defense downcourt for highlight - quality baskets. Around this time, James was frequently criticized for not having developed a reliable jump shot or post game. Teams would try to exploit these weaknesses by giving him space in the half court and forcing him to settle for three - pointers and long two - pointers, a strategy famously utilized by Spurs coach Greg Popovich in the 2007 Finals, where James converted on only 36 percent of his field goals in four games. In Miami, Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James 's role to a more unconventional one. James began spending more time in the post and shooting fewer three - pointers, attempting a career - low 149 in 2012. He improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots, finishing second in the league in catch - and - shoot field goal percentage in 2013. He also learned how to work as an off - ball cutter in the Heat 's `` pass - happy '' offense. Behind these improvements, James 's overall scoring efficiency rose to historically - great levels, peaking in 2014 when he registered a 64.9 true shooting percentage. During this period, ESPN 's Tom Haberstroh called James 's free - throw shooting his biggest weakness, describing it as `` average ''. Upon returning to the Cavaliers, James began to experience subtle age - related declines in productivity, posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016. His shooting also temporarily regressed, and he briefly ranked as the worst high - volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA. Despite these changes, he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control, strength, and varying attacking speeds. James 's playmaking ability is generally considered to be one of his premier skills, with some analysts ranking him among the greatest passers in NBA history. He is the only frontcourt player in league history to register over 7,000 career assists. Using his size, vision, and the attention he garners from opposing defenses to his advantage, James is able to create easy points for his teammates with accurate assists, manufacturing a league leading 2.6 three - pointers per game by way of his passing alone in 2013. He will often execute passes that would normally be considered unconventional, including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic. His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses, which forces teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters. Early in James 's career, he was criticized by the media for his buck passing play in pressure situations ; specifically, for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games. In a 2011 interview, teammate Chris Bosh stated that he would rather have Dwyane Wade and not James take a last - second shot. Later in James 's career, his clutch play was viewed more favorably ; for example, in 2015, FiveThirtyEight wrote that he might be `` the most clutch playoff shooter of his generation ''. Defense At the beginning of James 's NBA career, he was considered to be a poor defensive player, but he improved steadily through the years. Near the end of his first tenure in Cleveland, he became proficient at the chase - down block, which involved coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot. In Miami, he developed into a more versatile defensive player, and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions. James was paired with teammates Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade, and Miami used him in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme, with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position. Beginning in 2014, some analysts noted a regression in his defensive impact, stemming from a lack of effort and expected age - related declines. James himself admitted to taking plays off at times, referring to this approach as `` chill mode ''. Writing for ESPN in 2016, Nate Duncan observed that while James tended to take off more plays than in his younger days, he was able to raise his level in that year 's Finals and temporarily recapture his Miami form. Off the court Personal life James proposed to Savannah Brinson, his high school sweetheart, at a December 31, 2011 party celebrating New Year 's Eve and his 27th birthday. She accepted, and the two were married on September 14, 2013 in San Diego, California. Together, they have three children : LeBron James Jr. ( b. 2004 ), Bryce Maximus James ( b. 2007 ), and Zhuri Nova James ( b. 2014 ). During his stint with the Heat, James resided in Coconut Grove, where he bought a $9 million three - story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay. In November 2015, James bought a 9,350 square - foot ( 870 m ) East Coast -- style mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles for about $21 million. Public image James is considered by many people, including his fellow NBA players, to be the `` face of the NBA ''. His opinions have yielded significant influence on people who make important league decisions ; for example, in 2014 he asked commissioner Adam Silver to increase the duration of the All - Star break, and the request was granted the following season. On February 13, 2015, James was elected the first vice president of the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ). The WWI Destroy This Mad Brute poster and the April 2008 Vogue cover with James and Gisele Bündchen, which critics said referenced the earlier poster. Throughout his career, James has been ranked by Forbes as one of the world 's most influential athletes, and in 2017, he was listed by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. During his first stint with the Cavaliers, he was adored by local fans, and Sherwin - Williams displayed a giant Nike - produced banner of James on its world headquarters. Despite their affection for James, Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees. Following his actions during the 2010 free agency period and, more specifically, The Decision, he was listed as one of the world 's most disliked athletes. By 2013, his image had mostly recovered and he was reported by ESPN as the most popular player in the NBA for the second time in his career. In 2014, he was named the most popular male athlete in America by the Harris Poll. He has led the league in jersey sales six times. In March 2008, James became the first black man -- and third man overall after Richard Gere and George Clooney -- to appear on the cover of Vogue, when he posed with Gisele Bündchen. In response, noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and `` memorable for the wrong reasons '', describing the demeanor of James and his holding Bündchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong, a dark savage capturing his light - skinned love interest. Media figure and business interests James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports. His first agent was Aaron Goodwin, whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose. Rose joined Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) in 2007, and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas, who represented Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh, to bring James to Miami in 2010. James left CAA for Paul in 2012. James, Paul, Maverick Carter, and Randy Mims -- all childhood friends -- formed agent and sports - marketing company LRMR after James left Goodwin. LRMR handles James 's marketing, including the marketing of The Decision, for which it was criticized. Throughout his career, James has taken a unique approach to his NBA contracts, usually opting to sign shorter - term deals in order to maximize his earnings potential and flexibility ; for example, in 2006, he and the Cavaliers negotiated a three - year, $60 million contract extension instead of the four - year maximum as it allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season. This move ultimately allowed James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together. During his second stint in Cleveland, he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA 's rising salary cap. In 2016, he signed with the Cavaliers on a three - year deal, becoming the highest - paid player in the league for the first time in his career. Nike installed a 10 - stories - tall mural of James in downtown Cleveland. James has signed numerous endorsement contracts ; some of the companies that he has done business with are Audemars Piguet, Coca - Cola, Dunkin ' Brands, McDonald 's, Nike, State Farm and Beats by Dre. Coming out of high school, he was the target of a three - way bidding war among Nike, Reebok, and Adidas, eventually signing with Nike for approximately $90 million. His signature shoes have performed well for Nike. In 2011, Fenway Sports Group became the sole global marketer of his rights, and as part of the deal, he was granted a minority stake in the English Premier League football club Liverpool, who he has claimed his support for. As a result of James 's endorsement money and NBA salary, he has been listed as one of the world 's highest - paid athletes. In 2013, he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world, with earnings of $56.5 million. In 2014, James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple 's acquisition of Beats Electronics ; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones. In 2015, he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson, and third highest in 2016 ( after Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ). James has stated that he would like to own an NBA team in the future, albeit in a hands - off capacity. James and comedian Jimmy Kimmel co-hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards. In other comedic pursuits, he hosted the 33rd - season premiere of Saturday Night Live. He has also tried his hand at acting, appearing in a cameo role on the HBO series Entourage. In 2015, he played himself in the Judd Apatow film Trainwreck, receiving positive reviews for his performance. That same year, James 's digital video company, Uninterrupted, raised $15.8 million from Warner Bros. Entertainment and Turner Sports to help expand the company 's efforts to bring athlete - created content to fans. It is hosted on Bleacher Report and is used by several other athletes including New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski and Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman. James and his business partner Maverick Carter own production company SpringHill Entertainment, whose first work was the Lions Gate documentary More Than a Game, which was released in 2009 and chronicled James 's high school years. Series produced by SpringHill include the Disney XD sports documentaries Becoming, Starz sitcom Survivor 's Remorse, and animated web series The LeBrons. In 2016, CNBC aired an unscripted series hosted by James called Cleveland Hustles, where four up - and - coming Northern Ohio entrepreneurs will be financed on the condition of revitalizing a neighborhood in Cleveland. In the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, a 60 - minute Vince Carter documentary entitled The Carter Effect was executive produced by James and Maverick Carter along with rapper Drake and Future the Prince. In February 2018 it was announced that James ' production company will produce a new film in the House Party series with James expected to make a cameo. Later that month, Fox News journalist Laura Ingraham told James to `` Shut up and dribble '' as a response to his political agendas. This largely contributed to James creating a documentary series looking at the changing role of athletes in the current political and cultural climate, aptly named, `` Shut Up and Dribble '' on Showtime. Activism James, First Lady Michelle Obama, and Dwyane Wade tape a public service announcement, January 2014. James is an active supporter of non-profit organizations, including After - School All - Stars, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, and Children 's Defense Fund. He also has his own charity foundation, the LeBron James Family Foundation, which is based in Akron. Since 2005, the foundation has held an annual bike - a-thon to raise money for various causes. In 2015, James announced a partnership with the University of Akron to provide scholarships for as many as 2,300 children beginning in 2021. In 2016, he donated $2.5 million to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to support an exhibit on Muhammad Ali. In 2017, he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award from the NBA for his `` outstanding service and dedication to the community. '' In November of that same year, the Akron School Board approved the `` I Promise School '', a public elementary school created in a partnership with the LeBron James Family Foundation to help struggling elementary school students stay in school. James later reflected that it was his most important professional accomplishment of his life. The school officially opened on July 30, 2018. Throughout his career, James has taken stances on controversial issues. On several occasions, he mentioned a feeling of obligation to effect change using his status. Those include the War in Darfur, the Trayvon Martin case, the now - former NBA owner Donald Sterling 's racist comments in 2014, the Michael Brown verdict, and the death of Eric Garner. Following a racist incident at his Los Angeles home in 2017, James expressed, `` being black in America is tough. We got a long way to go for us as a society and for us as African Americans until we feel equal in America. '' Later on that same year, in the aftermath of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, James questioned president Donald Trump 's `` Make America Great Again '' slogan and said, `` It 's sad what 's going on in Charlottesville. Is this the direction our country is heading? Make America Great Again huh? '' and that `` Our youth deserve better!! '' James also called Trump a `` bum '' after the president rescinded a White House invitation to Stephen Curry. During a 2018 interview with CNN journalist Don Lemon, James accused the president for attempting to divide the country with sports, suggesting `` sports has never been something that divides people it 's always been something that brings someone together. '' He also declared he would `` never sit across from him. I 'd sit across from Barack ( Obama ) though. '' In response, Trump said `` LeBron James was just interviewed by the dumbest man on television, Don Lemon. He made LeBron look smart, which is n't easy to do. '' However, many players, including former NBA great Michael Jordan ( who was mentioned in Trump 's Tweet afterward ), supported James and disavowed President Trump 's statements on the subject. In June 2008, James donated $20,000 to a committee to elect Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama. Later that year, James gathered almost 20,000 people at the Quicken Loans Arena for a viewing of Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories, American Solutions television advertisement. The advertisement was shown on a large screen above the stage, where Jay - Z later held a free concert. In November 2016, James endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which James won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Cleveland 79 79 39.5. 417. 290. 754 5.5 5.9 1.6. 7 20.9 2004 -- 05 Cleveland 80 80 42.4 *. 472. 351. 750 7.4 7.2 2.2. 7 27.2 2005 -- 06 Cleveland 79 79 42.5. 480. 335. 738 7.0 6.6 1.6. 8 31.4 2006 -- 07 Cleveland 78 78 40.9. 476. 319. 698 6.7 6.0 1.6. 7 27.3 2007 -- 08 Cleveland 75 74 40.4. 484. 315. 712 7.9 7.2 1.8 1.1 30.0 * 2008 -- 09 Cleveland 81 81 37.7. 489. 344. 780 7.6 7.2 1.7 1.1 28.4 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 76 76 39.0. 503. 333. 767 7.3 8.6 1.6 1.0 29.7 2010 -- 11 Miami 79 79 38.8. 510. 330. 759 7.5 7.0 1.6. 6 26.7 2011 -- 12 † Miami 62 62 37.5. 531. 362. 771 7.9 6.2 1.9. 8 27.1 2012 -- 13 † Miami 76 76 37.9. 565. 406. 753 8.0 7.3 1.7. 9 26.8 2013 -- 14 Miami 77 77 37.7. 567. 379. 750 6.9 6.4 1.6. 3 27.1 2014 -- 15 Cleveland 69 69 36.1. 488. 354. 710 6.0 7.4 1.6. 7 25.3 2015 -- 16 † Cleveland 76 76 35.6. 520. 309. 731 7.4 6.8 1.4. 6 25.3 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 74 74 37.8 *. 548. 363. 674 8.6 8.7 1.2. 6 26.4 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 82 82 36.9 *. 542. 367. 731 8.6 9.1 1.4. 9 27.5 Career 1,143 1,142 38.8. 504. 344. 739 7.4 7.2 1.6. 8 27.2 All - Star 14 14 29.6. 530. 357. 743 6.3 6.0 1.3. 1 24.5 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2006 Cleveland 13 13 46.5. 476. 333. 737 8.1 5.8 1.4. 7 30.8 2007 Cleveland 20 20 44.7. 416. 280. 755 8.1 8.0 1.7. 5 25.1 2008 Cleveland 13 13 42.5. 411. 257. 731 7.8 7.6 1.8 1.3 28.2 2009 Cleveland 14 14 41.4. 510. 333. 749 9.1 7.3 1.6. 9 35.3 Cleveland 11 11 41.8. 502. 400. 733 9.3 7.6 1.7 1.8 29.1 2011 Miami 21 21 43.9. 466. 353. 763 8.4 5.9 1.7 1.2 23.7 2012 † Miami 23 23 42.7. 500. 259. 739 9.7 5.6 1.9. 7 30.3 2013 † Miami 23 23 41.7. 491. 375. 777 8.4 6.6 1.8. 8 25.9 2014 Miami 20 20 38.2. 565. 407. 806 7.1 4.8 1.9. 6 27.4 2015 Cleveland 20 20 42.2. 417. 227. 731 11.3 8.5 1.7 1.1 30.1 2016 † Cleveland 21 21 39.1. 525. 340. 661 9.5 7.6 2.3 1.3 26.3 2017 Cleveland 18 18 41.3. 565. 411. 698 9.1 7.8 1.9 1.3 32.8 2018 Cleveland 22 22 41.9. 539. 342. 746 9.1 9.0 1.4 1.0 34.0 Career 239 239 42.0. 491. 323. 743 8.9 7.1 1.8 1.0 28.9 Awards and honors Main article : List of career achievements by LeBron James James ( center ) celebrates during the Heat 's 2012 championship parade. NBA 3 × NBA Champion : 2012, 2013, 2016 3 × NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 2012, 2013, 2016 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013 14 × NBA All - Star : 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2006, 2008, 2018 14 × All - NBA selection : 12 × First team : 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 2 × Second team : 2005, 2007 6 × NBA All - Defensive selection : 5 × First team : 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Second team : 2014 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2004 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2004 NBA Scoring Champion : 2008 3 × NBA minutes leader : 2007, 2017, 2018 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award : 2017 National team 2 × Olympic Gold Medal winner : 2008, 2012 2004 Olympic Bronze Medal winner 2006 FIBA World Championship Bronze Medal winner 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Gold Medal winner 2012 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year Commemorative banner in Miami 's American Airlines Arena ( for his 2012 gold medal won as a member of the Miami Heat ) High school 2003 National Champion 3 × OHSAA Champion : 2000, 2001, 2003 2 × Gatorade National Player of the Year 2002, 2003 2 × USA Today High School Player of the Year 2002, 2003 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball : 2001, 2002, 2003 3 × USA Today All - USA First Team : 2001, 2002, 2003 2 × PARADE High School Player of the Year : 2002, 2003 2003 Naismith Prep Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's National Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's High School All - American 2003 McDonald 's All - American Game 2003 2003 EA Sports Roundball Classic MVP 2003 Jordan Capital Classic MVP Number 23 retired by St. Vincent - St. Mary St. Vincent - St. Mary Hall of Fame ( class of 2011 ) St. Vincent - St. Mary home basketball court named The LeBron James Arena Other 3 × Cleveland Sports Awards Professional Athlete of the Year : 2009, 2016, 2017 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013, 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012, 2016 ) 2011 -- 12 EFL Cup Champion ( as part owner of Liverpool F.C. ) 2012 Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2006 Sporting News NBA MVP 2004 Sporting News Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated NBA All - Decade First Team ( 2000s ) 19 × ESPY Award winner in various categories ( 15 individually, four as part of a team ) 2 × Hickok Belt winner : 2012, 2013 2017 NAACP Image Awards -- Jackie Robinson Award South Main Street in downtown Akron renamed King James Way Six - story commemorative banner in downtown Akron Three - story mural in Venice, California honoring his signing with the Lakers Honorary lockers at Ohio State 's football and basketball facilities Filmography Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 More than a Game Himself 2009 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants 2015 Trainwreck 2018 Smallfoot Gwangi ( voice ) Post-production Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 My Wife and Kids Himself Episode : `` Outbreak Monkey '' 2009 Entourage Episode : `` Give a Little Bit '' 2009 SpongeBob 's Truth or Square 2011 -- 2014 The LeBrons 2015 Survivor 's Remorse Episode : `` Guts '' 2016 Teen Titans Go! Episode : `` The Cruel Giggling Ghoul '' See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All - Star Game records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association season minutes leaders List of Olympic medalists in basketball Cleveland Cavaliers draft history Notes Jump up ^ Assists were recorded as an official Olympic statistic starting in 1976. Jump up ^ ESPN - 3rd ( March 2016 ), Sports Illustrated - 5th ( March 2016 ), Fox Sports - 2nd ( December 2016 ), CBS Sports - 2nd ( February 2017 ), Slam - 2nd ( February 2018 ). Jump up ^ ESPN. Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated. Jump up ^ References Jump up ^ Lynch, Andrew ( May 31, 2017 ). `` Here 's why LeBron James is the best NBA player of all time ''. FoxSports. Retrieved May 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Fromal, Adam ( April 27, 2017 ). `` LeBron Is the Best Player the NBA Has Ever Seen, Even If He 's Not the GOAT ''. Bleacher Report. Retrieved May 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Armen - Graham, Bryan ( June 11, 2017 ). `` It 's time to call LeBron James what he is : the NBA 's greatest ever player ''. The Guardian. Retrieved May 12, 2018. Jump up ^ Baillie, Ryan ( December 4, 2017 ). `` LeBron James Is The Best NBA Player Of All Time And It Is Time To Accept It ''. Odyssey Online. Retrieved September 14, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Jones, Ryan ( 2003 ). King James : Believe the Hype. 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Retrieved April 29, 2007. Jump up ^ Sheridan, Chris ( February 19, 2006 ). `` LeBron and Pistons lead East to All - Star game win ''. ESPN. Retrieved February 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Stats ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` James, Nash share Sporting News MVP award ''. ESPN. Associated Press. May 12, 2006. Retrieved May 5, 2007. Jump up ^ `` James, Cavs Top Mavs To Clinch Playoff Berth ''. NBA.com. March 29, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007. Jump up ^ `` James ' playoff debut triple - double carries Cavs ''. ESPN. Associated Press. April 22, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007. Jump up ^ The NBA Realist ( May 3, 2011 ). `` Kobe Bryant vs. Lebron James : Game Winning Shots ''. Chasing 23. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Win Series 4 -- 2 ''. ESPN. May 6, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007. Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA Playoffs Summary ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Jump up ^ Windhorst, Brian ( Oct 2, 2013 ). `` LeBron James returns to chalk toss ''. ESPN. Retrieved November 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Mandell, Nina ( October 30, 2014 ). `` LeBron James is bringing the chalk toss back after 95 % of Twitter users voted yes ''. USA Today. Retrieved November 16, 2014. Jump up ^ Simmons, Bill ( 2009 ). The Book of Basketball. New York : ESPN Books. p. 499. ISBN 9780345511768. Jump up ^ `` Now playoff - bound, Cavs ' 50th win caps season ''. ESPN. Associated Press. April 19, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2007. Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Cleveland Cavaliers ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 29, 2007. Jump up ^ `` LeBron bewilders Pistons as Cavaliers inch closer to NBA finals ''. ESPN. Associated Press. Jun 1, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2007. Jump up ^ LeBron James takes over Game 5! on YouTube ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com Staff ( June 20, 2012 ). `` Greatest NBA playoff performances ''. ESPN. Retrieved June 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's 31 points, James ' balanced play puts Cavs in NBA Finals ''. ESPN. Associated Press. June 2, 2007. Retrieved December 11, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 NBA Playoffs Summary ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Finals ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved 6 August 2017. Jump up ^ `` Allen 's flurry of 3s help East hold on for All - Star win ''. ESPN. Associated Press. February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2018. Jump up ^ Starkey, Mike ( March 21, 2008 ). `` LeBron James becomes Cleveland Cavaliers all - time scoring leader ''. cleveland.com. Retrieved February 4, 2018. Jump up ^ Haberstroh, Tom ( December 26, 2012 ). `` LeBron James : ' Scoring not my job ' ''. ESPN. Retrieved February 4, 2018. Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Standings ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA Playoffs Summary ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Pierce, James duke it out as Celtics close out Cavs in Game 7 ''. ESPN. Associated Press. May 19, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Jump up ^ MacMahon, Tim ( May 28, 2011 ). `` Stevenson : LeBron beef ' pretty much over ' ''. ESPN. Retrieved April 13, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Abrams, Jonathan ( May 5, 2010 ). `` On Defense, James Is Closer Than He Appears ''. The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Howard, Bryant headline 2008 -- 09 NBA All - Defensive First Team ''. NBA.com. May 6, 2009. Archived from the original on May 8, 2009. Jump up ^ Simmons, Bill ( 2009 ). The Book of Basketball. New York : ESPN Books. p. 477. ISBN 9780345511768. Jump up ^ `` LeBron sits as Cavs fail to match best home record ''. Toledo Blade. Associated Press. April 16, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Jump up ^ `` James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award ''. NBA.com. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2009. Jump up ^ Hollinger, John ( March 24, 2009 ). `` PER Diem : March 24, 2009 ''. ESPN Insider. ESPN. Retrieved October 8, 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Playoffs Summary ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Jump up ^ `` James ' dramatic buzzer - beater drops Magic, evens series at 1 -- 1 ''. ESPN. Associated Press. May 23, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Jump up ^ Taylor, Phil ( June 2, 2009 ). `` LeBron sent a clear message by not shaking hands with Magic ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 18, 2010. Not only would it have saved him the smattering of grief he 's been getting from the media and fans the last few days, it just would have also been the right thing to do Jump up ^ Rhoden, William ( June 2, 2009 ). `` A Handshake Is Not Too Much to Ask, Even From a King ''. The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2010. It 's hard for me to congratulate somebody after you just lose to them ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron : Do what 's best for team ''. ESPN. Associated Press. 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( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Lowe, Zach. `` The Miami Juggernaut ''. Grantland. Retrieved April 21, 2013. Jump up ^ Levy, Ian. `` What Drives LeBron James ' Scoring Efficiency? ''. Hardwood Paroxysm. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Haberstroh, Tom. `` Miami Heat : 2013 - 14 roster ( Subscription required ) ''. ESPN Insider. Retrieved September 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Shoals, Bethlehem. `` LeBron James Is Underrated and Overlooked ''. GQ. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Jump up ^ Engelmann, Jeremias. `` NBA has co-MVPs this season ''. ESPN Insider. Retrieved April 9, 2016. Jump up ^ John Schuhmann ( @ johnschuhmann ) ( 29 December 2015 ). `` The worst high - volume shooters from outside the paint, a list topped by LeBron James & Kobe Bryant '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter. Jump up ^ Lowe, Zach. `` The Decision 2.0 : OK, What 's Next? ''. Grantland. Jump up ^ McMenamin, Dave. `` LeBron James gets 7,000 th career assist in first quarter vs. Hornets ''. ESPN. Retrieved January 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Michael ( May 21, 2012 ). `` Do n't hate LeBron, enjoy him ; he 's most gifted player in NBA history ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 7, 2013. Jump up ^ Mahoney, Rob. `` The Case For : LeBron James as Most Valuable Player ''. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013. Jump up ^ Windhorst, Brian. `` LeBron James ' unprecedented season of sharing has arrived ''. ESPN. Retrieved January 15, 2017. Jump up ^ Morre, Matt ( March 10, 2012 ). `` Heat 93, Pacers 91 : LeBron is clutch, then not clutch, clutch enough? ''. CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Jackson, Scoop ( March 8, 2012 ). `` LeBron 's stomach - turning stigma ''. ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Jump up ^ Chiavetta, Ryan ( January 13, 2012 ). `` Chris Bosh Says Dwyane Wade, Not Lebron James, Should Be Heat Closer ''. New England Sports Network. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Pane, Neil. `` LeBron May Be The Most Clutch Playoff Shooter Of His Generation ''. Retrieved May 22, 2015. Jump up ^ `` LeBron against the all - time greats ''. ESPN. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Jump up ^ Haberstroh, Tom. `` ' Point center ' LeBron James fourth in DPOY ''. ESPN. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Jump up ^ Lowe, Zach. `` Lights, Cameras, Revolution ''. Grantland. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Jump up ^ Harper, Zach. `` LeBron James ' defensive assignment allows versatility for Miami Heat ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved June 11, 2013. Jump up ^ Haberstroh, Tom. `` Who 's the real plus - minus MVP? ''. ESPN Insider. Retrieved June 8, 2014. Jump up ^ Partnow, Seth. `` Here 's proof LeBron James is exiting the prime of his career ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 7, 2016. Jump up ^ Pelton, Kevin. `` LeBron 's ' chill mode ' hurting Cavs ''. ESPN. Retrieved April 8, 2017. Jump up ^ Duncan, Nate. `` Player profiles : Projecting LeBron, Kyrie, Love and the Cavs ''. ESPN Insider. Retrieved October 26, 2016. Jump up ^ Wire Reports ( January 1, 2012 ). `` LeBron James and Savannah Brinson are engaged ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 2, 2012. Jump up ^ `` LEBRON WEDS GIRLFRIEND IN SAN DIEGO ''. AP. Retrieved September 15, 2013. Jump up ^ Amato. `` LeBron James ' Kids : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know ''. Heavy.com. Retrieved October 7, 2015. Jump up ^ Said. `` LeBron James Kids ''. TheRichest. Retrieved October 7, 2015. Jump up ^ CNN Library. `` LeBron James Fast Facts ''. CNN. Retrieved August 18, 2014. Jump up ^ Carter, Nicole ( December 9, 2010 ). `` Miami heat : LeBron James buys $9 M mansion in Coconut Grove, Fla ''. New York : NY Daily News. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Snags Brentwood Mansion for $21 Million ''. Variety. November 10, 2015. Jump up ^ Vardon, Joe. `` LeBron James is the ' face ' of the NBA, but is Stephen Curry next? ''. Cleveland.com. Retrieved February 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Feldman, Dan. `` LeBron James reportedly asked Adam Silver for longer All - Star break, fewer back - to - backs ''. NBC Sports. Retrieved February 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Pollakoff, Brett. `` Report : LeBron James elected Vice President of NBA Players Association ''. NBC Sports. Retrieved February 16, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Some Call LeBron James ' ' Vogue ' Cover Offensive ''. National Public Radio. March 27, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Hill, Jemele ( March 21, 2008 ). `` LeBron should be more careful with his image ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved October 13, 2010. But this cover gave you the double - bonus of having LeBron and Gisele strike poses that others in the blogosphere have noted draw a striking resemblance to the racially charged image of King Kong enveloping his very fair - skinned lady love interest. Jump up ^ `` The Most Influential Athletes ''. Forbes. April 21, 2010. Jump up ^ Van Riper, Tom. `` Most Influential Athletes 2013 ''. Forbes. Retrieved July 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Dove, Rita. `` LeBron James : Time 100 ''. Time. Retrieved May 21, 2017. Jump up ^ Cho, Janet. `` Sherwin - Williams replaces LeBron poster with Cleveland skyline ''. Cleveland.com. Retrieved July 1, 2012. Jump up ^ Briggs, David ( October 5, 2007 ). `` LeBron spurns Tribe, sports Yanks cap ''. MLB.com. Jump up ^ America 's Most Disliked Athletes. Forbes ; February 7, 2012. Jump up ^ Rovell, Darren. `` LeBron James NBA 's most popular ''. ESPN. Retrieved July 27, 2013. Jump up ^ Harper, Zach. `` LeBron James is finally the most popular male athlete in America ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved July 25, 2014. Jump up ^ Rovell, Darren. `` LeBron James tops jersey sale ''. ESPN. Retrieved April 27, 2014. Jump up ^ Chronicle News Services. `` NBA : LeBron becomes third man on Vogue cover ''. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 26, 2013. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James -- Forbes ''. Forbes. Retrieved June 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Windhost, Brian ( September 13, 2012 ). `` LeBron chooses Rich Paul as agent ''. ESPN.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Freeman, Eric ( September 13, 2012 ). `` On LeBron James ' bold move to leave CAA, and the league - wide implications that could result ''. yahoo.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Taddeo, Lisa ( July 6, 2010 ). `` LeBron James 's Magnum - sized, Ultrashiny, Nike - powered Lawn Mower to the Next Century ''. Esquire. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Jump up ^ Windhorst, Brian. `` LeBron James transitioning from businessman to a business, man ''. ESPN. Retrieved May 8, 2016. Jump up ^ Winderman,, Ira ( July 8, 2010 ). `` Sun Sentinel : LeBron James to join Chris Bosh, Heat 's Dwyane Wade ''. SunSentinel. Retrieved July 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` LeBron officially signs contract extension with Cavs ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved May 7, 2007. Jump up ^ Megdal, Howard. `` LeBron James, decisions, and how Carmelo Anthony squandered all his leverage ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved February 20, 2017. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Opts Out of Contract ''. International Business Times. Retrieved June 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-sign Forward LeBron James ''. NBA.com. July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015. Jump up ^ Sam, Amick. `` LeBron James gets two - year contract with Cavaliers ''. USA Today. Retrieved May 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers And LeBron James Sign Multi-Year Contract ''. NBA.com. August 12, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016. Jump up ^ Bradley, Pat. `` NBA Scoreboard Stats Standings Teams Players Odds LeBron James Just Became NBA 's Highest - Paid Player For First Time Ever ''. NESN. Retrieved September 2, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Iconic LeBron James banner getting championship upgrade ''. USA Today. Associated Press. October 17, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2018. Jump up ^ Adams, Ariel. `` You Can Now Buy The $51,500 LeBron James Limited Edition Watch By Audemars Piguet ''. Forbes. Retrieved May 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to : Highkin, Sean. `` Magic Johnson thinks LeBron does n't have enough endorsements ''. USA Today. Retrieved June 9, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' aims at China with pork donuts, LeBron James ''. Reuters. March 5, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` James to endorse for McDonald 's ''. ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James enters partnership with State Farm ''. USA Today. February 13, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre signs UFC star Conor McGregor to endorsement deal as it moves deeper into popular culture ''. The Drum. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ Rovell, Darren. `` LeBron James Signs New Deal With Nike ''. CNBC. Retrieved June 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Berman, John. `` Is LeBron James Worth $90 Million? ''. ABC News. Retrieved June 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Eagle, Ben. `` LeBron James reportedly leads all NBA players in U.S. shoe sales ''. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013. Jump up ^ Futterman, Matthew ( April 6, 2011 ). `` LeBron James in Deal With Fenway Sports ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 6, 2011. Jump up ^ `` 10 famous Liverpool fans from North America ''. Liverpool F.C. April 12, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2015. Jump up ^ Badenhausen, Kurt. `` Full List : The World 's 50 Highest - Paid Athletes ''. Forbes. Retrieved July 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Golliver, Ben. `` LeBron James passes Kobe Bryant on SI 's ' Fortunate 50 ' highest - earning athletes list ''. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013. Jump up ^ Windhorst, Brian. `` Heat look to target Carmelo Anthony ''. ESPN. Retrieved June 21, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities ''. Forbes. November 15, 2015. Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes List 2016 ''. Forbes. June 15, 2016. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : `` My Dream Is To Actually Own An NBA Team '' ``. Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services. `` LeBron, Kimmel to co-host ESPY Awards ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved February 26, 2013. Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts : LeBron James ''. SNL Transcripts. Retrieved February 26, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Lebron James Matt Damon `` Entourage '' Cameo October 4 ``. Pop Crunch. Retrieved July 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Smith, Troy L. `` LeBron James filming ' Trainwreck ' with Amy Schumer and other movie projects ''. Cleveland.com. Retrieved August 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Movie Performance by an Active Professional Basketball Player ''. The New Yorker. July 20, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James 's confessional video web site for athletes gets investment from Turner and Warner Bros ''. Mashable. Retrieved December 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' SpringHill Entertainment Signs Deal With Warner Bros ''. The Hollywood Reporter. July 22, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ Levin, Josh. `` Self - Love and Basketball ''. Slate. Retrieved February 26, 2013. Jump up ^ Windhorst, Brian ( February 10, 2015 ). `` Disney XD picks up ' Becoming ' ''. ESPN. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` King of Comedy : Trailer for LeBron 's new sitcom released ''. Fox Sports. Retrieved August 31, 2014. Jump up ^ `` The LeBrons : Season 2 Kickoff Party with LeBron James ''. Houston Press. February 18, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' reality TV show ' Cleveland Hustles ' to premiere Aug. 24 ''. Crain 's Cleveland Business. April 1, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up ^ `` '' The Carter Effect '' Trailer ``. cowbellkingdom.com. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Look : LeBron, business partner dine with Drake ''. theScore.com. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' production company to remake 1990 hit ' House Party ' ''. ABC.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/19/587097707/laura-ingraham-told-lebron-james-to-shutup-and-dribble-he-went-to-the-hoop Jump up ^ `` LeBron doc ' Shut Up and Dribble ' set to air on TV ''. ESPN.com. Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Charity Work, Events and Causes ''. Look to the Stars. Retrieved July 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Just Delivered Nikes He Helped Design for Kids With Disabilities ''. Global Citizen. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ). `` Inspiring Videos : Cleveland Cavaliers Star LeBron James Pays Respect To A Fan In The Middle Of A Game ''. Enstarz. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25. Jump up ^ `` The LeBron James Family Foundation to Unveil its Brand New Website, LeBronJamesFamilyFoundation.org ''. NBA.com. Retrieved July 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` LeBron 's bike event stresses education ''. ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved July 1, 2012. Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services. `` LeBron James, Akron to fund 4 - year scholarships for I Promise students ''. ESPN. Retrieved October 3, 2015. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James donates $2.5 million to Smithsonian 's Muhammad Ali exhibit ''. ESPN.com. November 17, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins PBWA 's 2016 - 17 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ''. Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website. Retrieved May 21, 2017. Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/11/28/board-oks-plan-for-lebron-james-i-promise-school-in-akron/108092894/ Jump up ^ Singer, Michael. `` LeBron James : Opening school is my most important professional accomplishment ''. USA Today. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ Jump up to : Wallace, Michael. `` LeBron : No place for Sterling ''. ESPN. Retrieved April 27, 2014. Jump up ^ `` James Draws Criticism For Stand on Darfur Issue ''. Yahoo. May 28, 2007. Jump up ^ Beck, Howard ( May 16, 2007 ). `` Cavalier Seeks Players ' Support for Darfur ''. The New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2007. Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Jonathan. `` On Darfur, LeBron James drops the ball ''. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 7, 2007. Jump up ^ Smith, Shelley ( May 16, 2008 ). `` LeBron speaking out on Darfur ''. ESPN. Jump up ^ Hill, Jemele. `` The Heat 's hoodies as change agent ''. ESPN. Retrieved April 27, 2014. Jump up ^ McMenamin, Dave. `` LeBron James : Bigger issues at play ''. ESPN. Retrieved December 11, 2014. Jump up ^ McMenamin, Dave. `` LeBron, Irving in ' I Ca n't Breathe ' tees ''. ESPN. Retrieved December 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger, Colin. `` Cavs ' LeBron James responds to racist graffiti on house with powerful statement ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved 8 August 2018. Jump up ^ Tsuji, Alysha. `` LeBron James saddened by Charlottesville : ' Make America Great Again huh?! ' ''. For The Win. USA Today. Retrieved 8 August 2018. Jump up ^ Bonesteel, Matt ; Marissa Payne. `` LeBron James sticks up for Stephen Curry, calls President Trump a ' bum ' ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 August 2018. Jump up ^ Gaydos, Ryan. `` LeBron : Trump is using sports to ' divide ' the country ''. New York Post. Retrieved 8 August 2018. Jump up ^ Lieu, Amy. `` Trump tweet slams LeBron James, Don Lemon over CNN interview ''. Fox News. Retrieved 8 August 2018. Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2018/8/4/17651332/lebron-james-donald-trump-tweets Jump up ^ `` Lebron donates cash to Obama ''. InsideHoops.com. July 31, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z, LeBron James get out vote for Obama ''. msnbc. October 30, 2008. Jump up ^ Rooney, Kyle ( November 8, 2016 ). `` Lebron James lets fans know Love, genuine LOVE and FAITH they 'll get through ''. Hotnewhiphop. Retrieved November 8, 2016. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ''. USA Basketball Official Website. Retrieved June 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Andrew Wiggins Named Naismith Player of the Year ; Quincy Lewis Named Coach of the Year ''. SLAM Online. Retrieved July 4, 2013. Jump up ^ Grimala, Michael. `` Shabazz Muhammad is McDonald 's POY ''. ESPN. Retrieved July 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's High School Basketball All American Teams ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved July 4, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Cavaliers choose LeBron James with No. 1 pick in 2003 : NBA Draft rewind ''. Cleveland.com. Retrieved July 4, 2013. Jump up ^ `` James ' Number Retired ''. Associated Press via cincinnati.com. Retrieved February 20, 2003. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena ''. St. Vincent - St. Mary High School. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena ''. St. Vincent St. Mary. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Finalists & Past Winners ''. Cleveland Sports Awards. Retrieved January 28, 2016. Jump up ^ Young, Royce. `` LeBron James named 2013 AP Male Athlete of the Year ''. CBS Sports. Retrieved March 29, 2016. Jump up ^ Jenkins, Lee ( December 3, 2012 ). `` Miami Heat 's LeBron James named SI 's Sportsman of the Year ''. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2012 ''. Sporting News. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` James, Nash share Sporting News MVP award ''. ESPN. Retrieved June 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award Winners ''. Basketball Reference. Retrieved June 22, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The NBA All - Decade Team ''. Sports Illustrated. December 15, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2013. Jump up ^ `` 2016 ESPY Awards ''. ESPN. Retrieved July 14, 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Akron designates downtown street `` King James Way '' ``. Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved June 23, 2016. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has honorary locker at OSU ''. Fox Sports. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has football locker at OSU ''. Cavaliers 24 / 7. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16. Jump up ^ Zillgitt, Jeff ( June 30, 2018 ). `` LeBron James ' show ' Survivor 's Remorse ' begins second season ''. usatoday.com. Retrieved June 30, 2018. Further reading Freedman, Lew ( 2008 ). LeBron James : A Biography. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34361 - 2. Morgan, David Lee ( 2003 ). LeBron James : The Rise of a Star. Cleveland : Gray & Co. ISBN 1 - 886228 - 74 - 4. Pluto, Terry ; Windhorst, Brian ( 2007 ). The Franchise : Lebron James and the Remaking of the Cleveland Cavaliers. Cleveland : Gray & Co. ISBN 1 - 59851 - 028 - 2. External links Find more aboutLeBron Jamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from NBA.com, or Basketball-Reference.com Official website NBA.com Prospect Profile : LeBron James USA Basketball -- LeBron James 100 Olympic Athletes to Watch : 1. LeBron James LeBron James ' 61 - point game vs Charlotte Bobcats on YouTube LeBron James on IMDb `` LeBron James collected news and commentary ''. The New York Times. Los Angeles Lakers current roster 0 Kuzma 1 Caldwell - Pope 2 Ball 3 Hart 4 Caruso ( TW ) 6 Stephenson 7 McGee 9 Deng 10 Mykhailiuk 11 Beasley 14 Ingram 15 Wagner 17 Bonga 21 Wear ( TW ) 23 James 30 Carroll 40 Zubac -- Berry -- Rondo -- Williams Head coach : Walton Assistant coaches : Keefe Madsen Mermuys Moser Murray Owens Robertson Shaw LeBron James Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games The Decision The Block Family Savannah James ( wife ) LeBron James Jr. ( son ) Films More than a Game Other Big Three ( Miami Heat ) I Promise School The LeBrons Links to related articles Mr. Basketball USA winners 1955 : Chamberlain 1956 : Robertson 1957 : Lucas 1958 : Lucas 1959 : Raftery 1960 : Hawkins 1961 : Bradley 1962 : Russell 1963 : Lacy 1964 : Alcindor 1965 : Alcindor 1966 : Murphy 1967 : Haywood 1968 : Westphal 1969 : McGinnis 1970 : McMillen 1971 : Lucas 1972 : Buckner 1973 : Dantley 1974 : Malone 1975 : Cartwright 1976 : Griffith 1977 : King 1978 : Aguirre 1979 : Kellogg 1980 : Rivers 1981 : Ewing 1982 : Tisdale 1983 : R. Williams 1984 : J. Williams 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bibby 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Lewis 1999 : Bender 2000 : Miles 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Telfair 2005 : Ellis 2006 : Oden 2007 : Mayo 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Kidd - Gilchrist 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year Award Boys 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Paulus 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Barkley 2009 : Gilbert 2010 : Knight 2011 : Bundy 2012 : Gray 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Towns 2015 : Murray 2016 : Tatum 2017 : Gore Girls 2003 : Felix 2004 : Parker 2005 : Barboza 2006 : Charles 2007 : Moore 2008 : Price 2009 : Diggins 2010 : Ogwumike 2011 : Brian 2012 : Stewart 2013 : Andrews 2014 : Turner 2015 : Hill 2016 : McLaughlin 2017 : McLaughlin McDonald 's Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year 1997 : Battier 1998 : Curry 1999 : Williams 2000 : Duhon 2001 : Miles 2002 : Francis 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Monroe 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Parker 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Carter 2018 : Barrett McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker 2018 : Little & Williams 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz 2018 : Ayton NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. 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{ "text": "Rise of the Guardians - Wikipedia Rise of the Guardians This article is about the film. For the video game, see Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game. Rise of the Guardians Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Ramsey Produced by Christina Steinberg Nancy Bernstein Screenplay by David Lindsay - Abaire Based on The Guardians of Childhood by William Joyce Starring Chris Pine Alec Baldwin Hugh Jackman Isla Fisher Jude Law Music by Alexandre Desplat Edited by Joyce Arrastia Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 10, 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) ( Mill Valley Film Festival ) November 21, 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $145 million Box office $306.9 million Rise of the Guardians is a 2012 American 3D computer - animated fantasy film based on William Joyce 's The Guardians of Childhood book series and The Man in the Moon short film by Joyce and Reel FX Creative Studios. Peter Ramsey directed the film, while Joyce and Guillermo del Toro were executive producers with voice acting by Chris Pine, Alec Baldwin, Hugh Jackman, Isla Fisher, and Jude Law. Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, it was released on November 21, 2012. Set about 300 years after the book series, the film tells a story about Guardians Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, the Easter Bunny, and the Sandman, who enlist Jack Frost to stop Pitch Black from engulfing the world in darkness. The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film. This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Video game 8 Possible sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Frost awakens from a frozen pond with amnesia. Upon realizing no one can see or hear him, he disappears. Three hundred years later, Jack, as the young Spirit of Winter, enjoys delivering snow days to school kids, but resents that they do not believe in him. At the North Pole, the Man in the Moon warns Nicholas St. North that Pitch Black is threatening the children of the world with his nightmares. He calls E. Aster Bunnymund, Sandy, and Tooth, to arms. They are then told that Jack Frost has been chosen to be a new Guardian. Visiting Tooth 's world, Jack learns that each and every baby tooth contains childhood memories of the children who lost it, Jack 's teeth included. However, Pitch raids Tooth 's home, kidnapping all of her subordinate tooth fairies except Baby Tooth and stealing all the teeth, thus preventing Tooth from sharing Jack 's memories and weakening children 's belief in Tooth. In order to thwart Pitch 's plan, the group decides to collect children 's teeth. During their journey, a quarrel between North and Bunnymund awakens a boy, Jamie. Since he still believes, he can see everybody except for Jack. Pitch 's nightmares then attack, provoking Sandy as the Guardian of Dreams. Jack tries to intervene, but Sandy is overwhelmed and killed by Pitch. As Easter approaches, the dejected Guardians gather in Bunnymund 's home. With the unexpected aid of Jamie 's little sister, Sophie, they begin the process of painting eggs for Easter. After Jack takes Sophie home, he is lured to Pitch 's lair by a voice. Pitch taunts him with his memories and fear of non-belief, distracting him long enough for Pitch to destroy the eggs, causing children to stop believing in Easter and Bunnymund. Losing his trust in the Guardians, Jack isolates himself in Antarctica, where Pitch tries to convince him to join his side. When Jack refuses, Pitch threatens to kill Baby Tooth unless Jack gives him his staff, the source of his magic. He agrees, but Pitch breaks Jack 's staff and throws him down a chasm. Unlocking his memories, he learns that he was a mortal teenager who fell into ice while saving his younger sister. Inspired, Jack repairs his staff and returns to the lair to rescue the kidnapped baby fairies. In New York Due to Pitch, every child in the world except Jamie disbelieves, drastically weakening the Guardians. Finding Jamie 's belief wavering, Jack makes it snow in his room, renewing Jamie 's belief and letting him see Jack. Jack and Jamie gather the boy 's friends, whose renewed belief bolsters their fight against Pitch. Pitch threatens them, but their dreams prove stronger than his nightmares, resulting in Sandy 's resurrection. Defeated and disbelieved in, Pitch tries to retreat, but his nightmares, sensing his own fears, turn on him and trap him in his lair. Afterward, Jamie and his friends bid goodbye to the Guardians as Jack accepts his place as the Guardian of Fun. Cast ( edit ) Chris Pine as Jack Frost, the spirit of winter. Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations ; he just wants to use his staff to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun, but also wants to be believed in. At the end of the film, Jack became the Guardian of Fun. While he can not fly, per se, he can be carried on currents of wind, allowing him to span great distances. Alec Baldwin as Nicholas St. North ( Santa Claus ), the leader of the guardians, and the Guardian of Wonder. He lives at the North Pole in the Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives, the Yetis ( who built the castle and workshop ) and the Christmas Elves. He carries a Russian accent / culture persona. Hugh Jackman as E. Aster Bunnymund ( Easter Bunny ), the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope. He has an Australian accent. Isla Fisher as Tooth ( Tooth Fairy ), the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories. Tooth is part human and part hummingbird. Assisted by mini fairies that are split - off extensions of herself, she collects the children 's teeth, which hold their most precious memories. Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most. She seems to have a crush on Jack, ( or more acurately, his pure white teeth ). Jude Law as Pitch Black ( The Boogeyman ), the essence of fear and the Nightmare King. Dakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett, a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians. Sandy ( The Sandman ), the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon. He does not speak, but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head. Georgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett, Jamie 's little sister Dominique Grund as Cupcake Olivia Mattingly as Pippa Production ( edit ) In 2005, William Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture, Aimesworth Amusements, to produce CG - animated feature films, one of which was set to be The Guardians of Childhood, based on Joyce 's idea. The film was not realized, but they did create a short animated film, The Man in the Moon, directed by Joyce, which introduced the Guardians idea, and served as an inspiration for the film. Early in 2008, Joyce sold the film rights to DreamWorks Animation, after the studio assured him it would respect his vision for the characters and that he would be involved with the creative process. In November 2009, it was revealed that DreamWorks had hired Peter Ramsey to make his feature debut as director of what was then titled The Guardians, and playwright David Lindsay - Abaire to script. Joyce acted as a co-director for the first few years, but left this position after the death of his daughter Mary Katherine, who died of a brain tumor. Joyce continued to assist as an executive producer, while Ramsey took over full directing, making him the first African American to direct a big - budget CG animated film. As with some previous DreamWorks films, Guillermo del Toro came on board as an executive producer. Present almost from the beginning, he was able to help shape the story, character design, theme and structure of the film. He said he was proud that the filmmakers were making parts of the film `` dark and moody and poetic, '' and expressed hope this might `` set a different tone for family movies, for entertainment movies. '' The final title, Rise of the Guardians was announced in early 2011, along with the first cast. Roger Deakins, the cinematographer who had already worked on the previous DreamWorks ' film, How to Train Your Dragon, advised on the lighting to achieve its real look. He selected photographic references for color keys, and during the production gave notes on contrast, saturation, depth of field and light intensity. The film contains a lot of special effects, particularly the volumetric particles for depicting Sandman and Pitch. For this, DreamWorks Animation developed OpenVDB, a more efficient tool and format for manipulating and storing volume data, like smoke and other amorphous materials. OpenVDB had been already used on Puss in Boots and Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted, and was released in August 2012 for free as an open - source project with a hope to become an industry standard. Although the film is based on the Joyce 's book series, it contains differences from the books. The book series, begun in 2011, explains the origins of the characters, while the film takes place about 300 years after the books, and shows how the characters function in present time. Joyce explained, `` Because I do n't want people to read the book and then go see the movie and go, ' Oh, I like the book better, ' and I also did n't want them to know what happens in the movie. And I also knew that during the progress of film production, a lot of things can change. So I wanted to have a sort of distance, so we were able to invoke the books and use them to help us figure out the world of the movie, but I did n't want them to be openly competitive to each other. '' The idea for the Guardians came from Joyce 's daughter, who asked him `` if he thought Santa Claus had ever met the Easter Bunny. '' The film includes a dedication to her, as well a song, `` Still Dream, '' sung over the end credits. Originally, the film was set to be released on November 2, 2012, but DreamWorks Animation pushed the film to November 21, 2012 to avoid competition with Pixar 's upcoming film Monsters University, which in turn had been pushed to November 2, 2012 to avoid competition with The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2. Monsters University was then pushed to June 21, 2013, with Disney 's Wreck - It Ralph taking its place. Soundtrack ( edit ) French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film, which was released on November 13, 2012 by Varèse Sarabande. The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, with a choral contribution by London Voices. David Lindsay - Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end - credit song, `` Still Dream, '' which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming. Stravinsky 's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears. This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers ( mainly John Powell, Henry Jackman, Harry Gregson - Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson - Williams ). Rise of the Guardians Film score by Alexandre Desplat Released November 13, 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Score Length 67 : 47 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat film scores chronology Argo ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) Track listing : No. Title Length 1. `` Still Dream '' ( performed by Renée Fleming ) 3 : 12 2. `` Calling the Guardians '' 2 : 06 3. `` Alone in the World '' 2 : 04 4. `` Fanfare of the Elves '' 0 : 53 5. `` Wind Take Me Home! '' 1 : 28 6. `` Dreamsand '' 2 : 03 7. `` Pitch on the Globe '' 0 : 57 8. `` The Moon '' 1 : 32 9. `` Snowballs '' 1 : 31 10. `` Busy Workshop '' 1 : 33 11. `` Sleigh Launch '' 1 : 45 12. `` Nightmares Attack '' 7 : 17 13. `` Tooth Collection '' 2 : 22 14. `` Jamie 's Bedroom '' 2 : 31 15. `` Jack & Sandman '' 4 : 18 16. `` Memorial '' 1 : 21 17. `` Guardians Regroup '' 0 : 58 18. `` Easter '' 3 : 39 19. `` Jack Betrays '' 3 : 20 20. `` Kids Stop Believing '' 2 : 35 21. `` Jack 's Memories '' 2 : 24 22. `` Pitch at North Pole '' 2 : 00 23. `` Jamie Believes '' 3 : 01 24. `` Jack 's Center '' 4 : 52 25. `` Sandman Returns '' 2 : 36 26. `` Dreamsand Miracles '' 2 : 18 27. `` Oath of the Guardians '' 3 : 11 Total length : 67 : 47 Release ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival : Christina Steinberg, producer ; Peter Ramsey, director ; Jeffrey Katzenberg, DreamWorks Animation 's CEO ; Nancy Bernstein, producer ; Bill Damaschke, DreamWorks Animation 's Chief Creative Officer Rise of the Guardians had its premiere on October 10, 2012, at The Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley, California, followed by the international premiere at The International Rome Film Festival on November 13, 2012. Under distribution by Paramount Pictures, the film was released on November 21, 2012, in American theaters. Digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, it was shown in limited international and domestic IMAX theaters. It was the second film released in the firm Barco 's Auro 11.1 3D audio format, after Red Tails. The film was also shown in Dolby Atmos, a surround sound technology introduced in 2012. Rise of the Guardians was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by Paramount, as DreamWorks has signed a five - year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox, which started in 2013 with The Croods. Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians was released on Blu - ray Disc ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on March 12, 2013. That was the last DreamWorks Animation home media release to be distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment, since 20th Century Fox announced its distribution agreement with DreamWorks Animation a few months before the theatrical release. The film was more successful at home media sales than at the box office, having at the end of the second quarter of 2013 `` the highest box office to DVD conversion ratio among major releases. '' In the first quarter of 2013, it sold 3.2 million home entertainment units worldwide, and in the second quarter 0.9 million units, for a total of 4.1 million units. As of August 2013, 2 million DVDs were sold domestically. It was re-released on DVD on November 5, 2013 and comes with a wind - up marching elf toy. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Based on 148 reviews, the film holds a rating of 74 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 6.5 / 10, based on 151 reviews. The website 's critical consensus reads : `` A sort of Avengers for the elementary school set, Rise of the Guardians is wonderfully animated and briskly paced, but it 's only so - so in the storytelling department. '' Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 57 based on 34 reviews, or `` Mixed or average. '' The film earned an `` A '' from audiences polled by CinemaScore. Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and found the film 's characters to have `` a primal familiarity, as though they were developed by a tag team of Maurice Sendak and Walt Disney. '' Olly Richards of Empire wrote, `` It 's gorgeously designed, deftly written and frequently laugh - out - loud funny. For child or adult, this is a fantasy to get lost in. '' The Washington Post 's Michael O'Sullivan also gave the film a positive review and said, `` Thoughts become things. That 's the message of Rise of the Guardians, a charming if slightly dark and cobwebbed animated feature about how believing in something makes it real, or real enough. '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars and wrote in his review, `` There 's an audience for this film. It 's not me. I gather younger children will like the breakneck action, the magical ability to fly and the young hero who has tired of only being a name. '' Though he did say, `` Their parents and older siblings may find the 89 - minute running time quite long enough. '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` a lively but derivative 3D storybook spree for some unlikely action heroes. '' Conversely, Justin Chang in Variety said, `` Even tots may emerge feeling slightly browbeaten by this colorful, strenuous and hyperactive fantasy, which has moments of charm and beauty but often resembles an exploding toy factory rather than a work of honest enchantment. '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found that the film `` lacks a resonant center, '' and that the script, `` seems to have been written by committee, with members lobbying for each major character, and the action, set in vast environments all over the map, spreads itself so thin that a surfeit of motion vitiates emotion. '' Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians grossed $103,412,758 in North America, and $203,528,912 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $306,941,670. In North America, the film opened to $32.3 million over its extended five - day weekend, and with $23.8 million over the three - day weekend, it reached fourth place behind The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2, Skyfall, and Lincoln. The film 's opening was the lowest debut for a DreamWorks Animation film since Flushed Away. While the film did gross more than double of its $145 million budget, it still did not turn a profit for DreamWorks Animation due to its high production and marketing costs, forcing the studio to take an $83 million write - down. This marked the first time that the studio had lost money on an animated film since Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas. As a result of this combined with other factors, in February 2013, the studio announced it was laying off 350 employees as part of a company - wide restructuring. Accolades ( edit ) The Rome Film Festival and Vanity Fair magazine awarded the new Vanity Fair International Award for Cinematic Excellence in November 2012 to Rise of the Guardians. The film also received the Hollywood Animation Award at the 16th Annual Hollywood Film Festival, held on October 22, 2012. List of awards and nominations Award Recipients Result African - American Film Critics Association Best Animation Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Isla Fisher ( Tooth ) Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film Joyce Arrastia Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Animated Effects in an Animated Production Andy Hayes, Carl Hooper, David Lipton Won Character Animation in a Feature Production David Pate Nominated Phillppe LeBrun Pierre Perifel Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Patrick Hanenberger, Max Boas, Jayee Borcar Woonyoung Jung, Perry Maple, Peter Maynez Stan Seo, Felix Yoon Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Johanne Matte Won Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jude Law Nominated Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Joyce Arrastia Critics Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Animated Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Hollywood Film Festival Best Animated Feature Peter Ramsey Won International Film Music Critics Association Awards Film Composer of the Year Alexandre Desplat, also for Argo, Moonrise Kingdom, Rust and Bone, and Zero Dark Thirty Nominated Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Alexandre Desplat Won Mill Valley Film Festival Audience Favorite Children 's Film Peter Ramsey Producers Guild of America Outstanding Producer of An Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein, Christina Steinberg Nominated Satellite Awards 2012 Best Animated or Mixed Media Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein, David Prescott, Peter Ramsey, Christina Steinberg Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture The North Pole : Eric Bouffard, Sonja Burchard, Andy Harbeck, Peter Maynez Nominated Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Last Stand : Andy Hayes, Carl Hooper, Andrew Wheeler, Stephen Wood Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Best Family Film Rise of the Guardians -- tied with Life of Pi Won Video game ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game A video game based on the film was released by D3 Publisher on November 20, 2012 in North America, and released on November 23, 2012 in Europe. It allows gamers to lead the Guardians in their battle against Pitch. The game is a 3D beat - em - up, where the player travels through each of the worlds : Burgess, North Pole, Bunnymund Valley, Tooth Palace, and Sandman 's Ship, to fight Pitch 's army of Nightmares. The player can switch between all five guardians at any time, and freely customize their powers, and they learn new special abilities as they level up. All the game versions support up to 4 - player gameplay. It is available on the Wii, Wii U, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and Nintendo 3DS. POSSIBLE sequel ( edit ) After the release of the film, the creators of Rise of the Guardians expressed hope that the strong A - Cinemascore average for the film and an enthusiastic word - of - mouth would gather support for the `` chance to make a sequel or two. '' Author and co-producer of the series, William Joyce, also mentioned in March 2013 that he was still in talks about a sequel with DreamWorks Animation : `` There is something that we are proposing that we hope they will want to do. '' Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014, the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to Universal Pictures. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grady, Pam ( September 23, 2012 ). `` Mill Valley Film Fest : stars, new powers ''. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 2, 2012. ^ Jump up to : McCarthy, Todd ( October 11, 2012 ). `` Rise of the Guardians : Film Review ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Lieberman, David ( May 2, 2012 ). `` UPDATE : DreamWorks Animation Will Have Distribution Plan By Labor Day ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 3, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014. Jump up ^ Globe, Golden ( 13 December 2012 ). `` Golden Globes 2013 : full list of nominations ''. guardian.co.uk. Retrieved January 3, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Finke, Nikki ( August 20, 2012 ). `` DreamWorks Animation To Fox For New 5 - Year Distribution Deal ; UPDATE : Paying Fees Of 8 % Theatrical And 6 % Digital ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved August 21, 2012. ^ Jump up to : `` DreamWorks Animation Names All - Star Cast Featuring Chris Pine, Alec Baldwin, Hugh Jackman, Isla Fisher and Jude Law for Rise of the Guardians on November 21, 2012 ''. DreamWorksAnimation.com ( Press release ). January 27, 2011. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians -- Yetis ''. DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Natives of the North Pole, Yetis are the blue - collar workers in North 's toy factory. Not only did they build the Ice Castle and workshop for North, the Yetis would also do anything for him and serve him loyally. Jump up ^ Tooth ( June 13, 2012 ). `` You remembered to floss, right? ''. DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page. Retrieved October 29, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Up - and - coming child actor Dakota Goyo will voice a character in DWAnimation 's RiseOfTheGuardians! ''. DreamWorks Animation verified Twitter page. February 17, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Did you know Sandman is the oldest of the Guardians? ''. DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page. October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Sandman ( September 6, 2012 ). `` Sandman was the first Guardian chosen by the Man in the Moon ''. DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Although he does n't speak, he communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head... '' DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page. June 13, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ `` AIMESWORTH AMUSEMENTS, LTD ''. Business Profiles. Retrieved October 12, 2012. Jump up ^ Daly, Helen ( June 1, 2005 ). `` Hot House : Reel FX Creative Studios Ramps Up for Animated Fare ''. Studio Daily. Retrieved October 12, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Connelly, Brendon ( April 23, 2009 ). `` Dreamworks Teaming Up With William Joyce For The Guardians of Childhood ''. / Film. Retrieved October 12, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Jardine, William ( July 29, 2012 ). `` Interview : William Joyce, Moonbot Studios Co-Founder and Co-Director of Morris Lessmore ''. A113 Animation. Retrieved July 30, 2012. I was ( co-director )... and then there was a tragic thing, my daughter became ill in post-production, and we lost her, so I had to bow out of directing at that point. ^ Jump up to : Feinberg, Scott ( October 15, 2012 ). `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' Unveiled, Rises to Top Tier of Animated Contenders ( Analysis ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael ( November 2, 2009 ). `` DreamWorks sets scribe for ' Guardians ' ''. Variety. Retrieved September 1, 2011. Jump up ^ Tulich, Katherine ( July 21, 2012 ). `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' director a self - taught success ''. Glendale News - Press. Glendale, California. Retrieved September 18, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Weintraub, Steve ( August 3, 2012 ). `` Guillermo del Toro Talks ' Rise of the Guardians ' and ' Pinocchio ' ; Hopes to Begin Voice Recording in Jan 2013 and Ron Perlman Will Play Stromboli ''. Collider.com. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro on his experience as executive producer of Rise of the Guardians ''. In The Works ( DreamWorks Animation official blog ). October 10, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve ( November 20, 2012 ). `` Director Peter Ramsey Talks RISE OF THE GUARDIANS, Roger Deakins, HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 2, Working with David Fincher on FIGHT CLUB, and More ''. Collider.com. Retrieved November 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Orden, Erica ( November 20, 2012 ). `` DreamWorks Releases Software Used in ' Guardians ' ''. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 22, 2012. Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Releases Proprietary Volumetric Format OpenVDB to Open Source Community ''. DreamWorks Animation. August 3, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2012. Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete ( November 5, 2012 ). `` AFI Fest : ' Rise Of The Guardians ' Tries To Stake Its Claim In Oscar Race And At Holiday Box Office ''. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Subers, Ray ( August 4, 2010 ). `` Disney Shifts ' Monsters Inc. 2, ' Drops Two Others ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Disney Changes Dates For ' Monsters University ', ' Reboot Ralph ' ''. Deadline Hollywood. April 4, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Famed Soprano Renee Fleming Performs Original Single `` Still Dream '' With Music By Alexandre Desplat and Lyrics By David Lindsay - Abaire for DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ). DreamWorks Animation. October 15, 2012. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians ''. Varèse Sarabande. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012. ^ Jump up to : J. Lyman, Eric ( October 2, 2012 ). `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive New ' Vanity Fair ' Honor at Upcoming Rome Fest ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 2, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 7 Festival Internazionale del Film di Roma - Guide e Programma '' ( PDF ). Roma Cinema Fest. p. 5. Retrieved November 6, 2012. Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki ( November 1, 2012 ). `` ' Rise Of The Guardians ' To Play IMAX Nov. 21 ''. Deadline.com. Retrieved November 1, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Barco Auro 11.1 3D sound technology will be featured in global release of DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ). Barco. October 5, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn ( October 31, 2012 ). `` ' Rise of the Guardians, ' ' Gravity, ' ' Pacific Rim ' Will Be Mixed in Dolby Atmos ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Blu - ray 3D Release Date, Details and Pre-Order ''. The HD Room. January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013. Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation SKG Management Discusses Q2 2013 Results - Earnings Call Transcript ''. Seeking Alpha. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports First Quarter 2013 Financial Results ''. DreamWorks Animation. April 30, 2013. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports Second Quarter 2013 Financial Results ''. DreamWorks Animation. July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians - DVD Sales ''. The Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2013. Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Of-The-Guardians-Marching/dp/B00EDDUKGY/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&qid=1383683671&sr=8-7&keywords=rise+of+the+guardians Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) ''. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved June 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Reviews ''. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Subers, Ray ( November 25, 2012 ). `` Weekend Report : ' Twilight, ' Bond Dominate Fruitful Thanksgiving ''. Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2012. Jump up ^ ' Rise of the Guardians, ' protecting truth, justice and the childhood way ' Rise of the Guardians, ' protecting truth, justice and the childhood way Retrieved February 17, 2013 Jump up ^ Reviews Rise Of The Guardians Retrieved February 17, 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians Scaring up Magic from Childhood Retrieved February 17, 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians ( PG ) Retrieved February 17, 2013 Jump up ^ Chang, Justin ( October 11, 2012 ). `` Rise of the Guardians ''. Variety. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ A Visionary Director 's Sumptuous ' Pi ' Retrieved February 17, 2013 ^ Jump up to : Child, Ben ( February 27, 2013 ). `` DreamWorks Animation facing jobs cuts after Rise of the Guardians tanks ''. The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Shaw, Lucas ( February 27, 2013 ). `` DreamWorks Animation to Lay Off 350 Employees ''. The Wrap. Retrieved February 26, 2013. The Glendale, Calif. - based company posted a loss of $83 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2012 due to development costs and the poor performance of its latest film, Rise of the Guardians. ^ Jump up to : Feinberg, Scott ( September 4, 2012 ). `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive Animation Prize at 16th Hollywood Film Awards ( Exclusive ) ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 6, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Nominations Unveiled ''. Deadline. December 3, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012. Jump up ^ Beck, Jerry ( February 2, 2013 ). `` Annie Award Winners ''. Cartoon Brew. Retrieved February 3, 2013. Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete ( December 11, 2012 ). `` ' Lincoln ', ' Les Miserables ', ' Silver Linings ' Top List Of Nominees For 18th Annual Critics Choice Movie Awards ''. Deadline. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 70th Golden Globe Awards Nominations ''. Deadline. December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012. Jump up ^ Kay, Jeremy ( October 15, 2012 ). `` Life Of Pi wins 35th Mill Valley Film Festival audience award ''. Screen Daily. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg ( December 3, 2012 ). `` Satellite Awards Nominates 10 Films for Best Motion Picture ''. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 4, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 11th Annual VES Awards ''. ComingSoon.net. January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013. Jump up ^ `` VES Awards : ' Life Of Pi ' Wins 4 Including Feature, ' Brave ', ' Game Of Thrones ' Other Big Winners ''. Deadline. February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher ( December 22, 2012 ). `` ' Zero Dark Thirty ' fares well with Women Film Critics Circle ''. HitFix. Retrieved December 31, 2012. Jump up ^ Marchiafava, Jeff ( June 7, 2012 ). `` Rise of the Guardians ''. Game Informer. Retrieved November 8, 2012. Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher reveals product details for ' Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game ' ''. Bandai Namco. July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012. Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher and DreamWorks Animation Announce Multi-Property Agreement for Next Three Animated Feature Films '' ( Press release ). DreamWorks Animation. February 7, 2012. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2012. Jump up ^ `` E3 2012 : Rise of the Guardians annoncé ''. JeuxVideo.com. June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012. ' Les versions PS3, Xbox 360, Wii, DS et 3DS sont attendues pour cet automne, et la déclinaison Wii U est déjà confirmée. / The PS3, Xbox 360, Wii, DS and 3DS are expected this autumn and the... Wii U is already confirmed. Jump up ^ Willman, Chris ( November 29, 2012 ). `` ' Rise of Guardians ' Filmmakers Hoping to Make Sword - Wielding - Santa Sequels ''. The Wrap. Retrieved April 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Philbrick, Jami ( March 11, 2013 ). `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : AUTHOR / ILLUSTRATOR WILLIAM JOYCE TALKS ' RISE OF THE GUARDIANS ' BLU - RAY / DVD, AND A POSSIBLE SEQUEL ''. iamROGUE.COM. Retrieved April 20, 2013. Jump up ^ Chney, Alexandra ( July 29, 2014 ). `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates, SEC Investigation Revealed ''. Variety. Retrieved July 30, 2014. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rise of the Guardians. 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( 1995 ) Fairy Tale about Father Frost, Ivan and Nastya ( 2000 ) Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game ( 2012 ) Literature `` The Frost King '' The Runaway Shadows See also Jack Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature 1990s The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Chicken Run ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Song of the Sea ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) My Life as a Zucchini ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Guardians&oldid=865931821 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2012 3D films 2012 animated films 2012 computer - animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American Christmas films American computer - animated films American fantasy adventure films American films Children 's fantasy films Animated Christmas films Crossover animation Crossover films Directorial debut films DreamWorks Animation animated films Easter films Films about fairies and sprites Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films about children Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Paramount Pictures films Paramount Pictures animated films Jack Frost Moon in film Santa Claus in film Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 03 : 45 ( UTC ). 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "disbelieves, drastically weakening the Guardians. Finding Jamie 's belief wavering, Jack makes it snow in his room, renewing Jamie 's belief and letting him see Jack. Jack and Jamie gather the boy 's friends, whose renewed belief bolsters their fight against Pitch. Pitch threatens them, but their dreams prove stronger than his nightmares, resulting in Sandy 's resurrection. Defeated and disbelieved in, Pitch tries to retreat, but his nightmares, sensing his own fears, turn on him and trap him in his lair. Afterward, Jamie and his friends bid goodbye to the Guardians as Jack accepts his place as the Guardian of Fun. Cast ( edit ) Chris Pine as Jack Frost, the spirit of winter. Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations ; he just wants to use his staff to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun, but also wants to be believed in. At the end of the film, Jack became the Guardian of Fun. While he can not fly, per se, he can be carried on currents of wind, allowing him to span great distances. Alec Baldwin as Nicholas St. North ( Santa Claus ), the leader of the guardians, and the Guardian of Wonder. He lives at the North Pole in" ], "id": [ "5026135996128403648" ], "short_answers": [ "Chris Pine" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "54th Massachusetts Infantry regiment - wikipedia 54th Massachusetts Infantry regiment 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry The 54th Massachusetts at the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863 Active March 13, 1863 -- August 4, 1865 Country United States of America Allegiance Union Branch Union Army Type Infantry Size 1,100 Engagements American Civil War Battle of Grimball 's Landing Second Battle of Fort Wagner Battle of Olustee Battle of Honey Hill Battle of Boykin 's Mill Commanders Colonel Robert Gould Shaw Colonel Edward Needles Hallowell The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was the first African - American regiment organized in the northern states during the Civil War. Authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation, the regiment consisted of African - American enlisted men commanded by white officers. The unit began recruiting in February 1863 and trained at Camp Meigs outside Boston, Massachusetts. Prominent abolitionists were active in recruitment efforts, including Frederick Douglass, whose two sons were among the first to enlist. Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew, who had long pressured the U.S. Department of War to begin recruiting African - Americans, placed a high priority on the formation of the 54th Massachusetts. Andrew appointed Robert Gould Shaw, the son of Boston abolitionists, to command the regiment as Colonel. The free black community in Boston was also instrumental in recruiting efforts, utilizing networks reaching beyond Massachusetts and even into the southern states to attract soldiers and fill out the ranks. After its departure from Massachusetts on May 28, 1863, the 54th Massachusetts was shipped to Beaufort, South Carolina and became part of the X Corps commanded by Major General David Hunter. During its service with the X Corps, the 54th Massachusetts took part in operations against Charleston, South Carolina, including the Battle of Grimball 's Landing on July 16, 1863, and the more famous Second Battle of Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863. During the latter engagement, the 54th Massachusetts, with other Union regiments, executed a frontal assault against Fort Wagner and suffered casualties of 20 killed, 125 wounded, and 102 missing ( primarily presumed dead ) -- roughly 40 percent of the unit 's numbers at that time. Col. Robert G. Shaw was killed on the parapet of Fort Wagner. In 1864, as part of the Union Army 's Department of Florida, the 54th Massachusetts took part in the Battle of Olustee. The service of the 54th Massachusetts, particularly their charge at Fort Wagner, soon became one of the most famous episodes of the war, interpreted through artwork, poetry and song. More recently, the 54th Massachusetts gained prominence in popular culture through the award - winning film Glory. Contents 1 Organization and early service 2 Battle of Fort Wagner 3 Battle of Olustee 4 Pay controversy 5 Legacy 6 2008 reactivation 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Organization and early service ( edit ) Massachusetts Gov. John A. Andrew ordered the formation of the 54th Massachusetts after receiving authorization from Secretary of War Stanton General recruitment of African Americans for service in the Union Army was authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton accordingly instructed the Governor of Massachusetts, John A. Andrew, to begin raising regiments including `` persons of African descent '' on January 26, 1863. Andrew selected Robert Gould Shaw to be the regiment 's colonel and Norwood Penrose `` Pen '' Hallowell to be its lieutenant colonel. Like many officers of regiments of African - American troops, both Robert Gould Shaw and Hallowell were promoted several grades, both being captains at the time. The rest of the officers were evaluated by Shaw and Hallowell : these officers included Luis Emilio, and Garth Wilkinson `` Wilkie '' James, brother of Henry James and William James. Many of these officers were of abolitionist families and several were chosen by Governor Andrew himself. Lt. Col. Norwood Hallowell was joined by his younger brother Edward Needles Hallowell who commanded the 54th as a full colonel for the rest of the war after Shaw 's death. Twenty - four of the 29 officers were veterans, but only six had been previously commissioned. The soldiers were recruited by black abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and Major Martin Robison Delany, M.D., and white abolitionists, including Shaw 's parents. Lieutenant J. Appleton, the first white man commissioned in the regiment, posted a notice in the Boston Journal. Wendell Phillips and Edward L. Pierce spoke at a Joy Street Church recruiting rally, encouraging free blacks to enlist. About 100 people were actively involved in recruitment, including those from Joy Street Church and a group of individuals appointed by Governor Andrew to enlist black men for the 54th. Among those appointed was George E. Stephens, African - American military correspondent to the Weekly Anglo - African who recruited over 200 men in Philadelphia and would go on to serve as a First Sergeant in the 54th. The 54th trained at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston. While there they received considerable moral support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including Ralph Waldo Emerson. Material support included warm clothing items, battle flags and $500 contributed for the equipping and training of a regimental band. As it became evident that many more recruits were coming forward than were needed, the medical exam for the 54th was described as `` rigid and thorough '' by the Massachusetts Surgeon - General. This resulted in what he described as `` a more robust, strong and healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the United States. '' Despite this, as was common in the Civil War, a few men died of disease prior to the 54th 's departure from Camp Meigs. By most accounts the 54th left Boston with very high morale. This was despite the fact that Jefferson Davis 's proclamation of December 23, 1862, effectively put both African - American enlisted men and white officers under a death sentence if captured on the grounds that they were inciting servile insurrection. After muster into federal service on May 13, 1863, the 54th left Boston with fanfare on May 28, and arrived to more celebrations in Beaufort, South Carolina. They were greeted by local blacks and by Northern abolitionists, some of whom had deployed from Boston a year earlier as missionaries to the Port Royal Experiment. In Beaufort, they joined with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, a unit of South Carolina freedmen led by James Montgomery. After the 2nd Volunteers ' successful Raid at Combahee Ferry, Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia. The population had fled, and Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town. Shaw objected to this activity and complained over Montgomery 's head that burning and looting were not suitable activities for his model regiment. Battle of Fort Wagner ( edit ) William Harvey Carney circa 1864 The regiment 's first battlefield action took place in a skirmish with Confederate troops on James Island, South Carolina, on July 16. The regiment stopped a Confederate assault, losing 42 men in the process. The regiment gained recognition on July 18, 1863, when it spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. 270 of the 600 men who charged Fort Wagner were `` killed, wounded or captured. '' At this battle Colonel Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men ; 24 more later died of wounds, 15 were captured, 52 were missing in action and never accounted for, and 149 were wounded. The total regimental casualties of 270 would be the highest total for the 54th in a single engagement during the war. Although Union forces were not able to take and hold the fort ( despite taking a portion of the walls in the initial assault ), the 54th was widely acclaimed for its valor during the battle, and the event helped encourage the further enlistment and mobilization of African - American troops, a key development that President Abraham Lincoln once noted as helping to secure the final victory. Decades later, Sergeant William Harvey Carney was awarded the Medal of Honor for grabbing the U.S. flag as the flag bearer fell, carrying the flag to the enemy ramparts and back, and singing `` Boys, the old flag never touched the ground! '' While other African Americans had since been granted the award by the time it was presented to Carney, Carney 's is the earliest action for which the Medal of Honor was awarded to an African American. Battle of Olustee ( edit ) Under the command of now - Colonel Edward Hallowell, the 54th fought a rear - guard action covering the Union retreat at the Battle of Olustee. During the retreat, the unit was suddenly ordered to counter-march back to Ten - Mile station. The locomotive of a train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down and the wounded were in danger of capture. When the 54th arrived, the men attached ropes to the engine and cars and manually pulled the train approximately three miles ( 4.8 km ) to Camp Finnegan, where horses were secured to help pull the train. After that, the train was pulled by both men and horses to Jacksonville for a total distance of ten miles ( 16 km ). It took forty - two hours to pull the train that distance. As part of an all - black brigade under Col. Alfred S. Hartwell, they unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate militia at the November 1864 Battle of Honey Hill. In mid-April 1865, they fought at the Battle of Boykin 's Mill, a small affair in South Carolina that proved to be one of the last engagements of the war. Pay controversy ( edit ) The enlisted men of the 54th were recruited on the promise of pay and allowances equal to their white counterparts. This was supposed to amount to subsistence and $13 a month. Instead, they were informed upon arriving in South Carolina, the Department of the South would pay them only $7 per month ( $10 with $3 withheld for clothing, while white soldiers did not pay for clothing at all. ) Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting the measure. Although the state of Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay, on principle, a regiment - wide boycott of the pay tables on paydays became the norm. After Shaw 's death at Fort Wagner, Colonel Edward Needles Hallowell took up the fight to get full pay for the troops. Lt. Col. Hooper took command of the regiment starting June 18, 1864. After nearly a month Colonel Hallowell returned on July 16. Refusing their reduced pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th. In fact, at the Battle of Olustee, when ordered forward to protect the retreat of the Union forces, the men moved forward shouting, `` Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month! '' The Congressional bill, enacted on June 16, 1864, authorized equal and full pay to those enlisted troops who had been free men as of April 19, 1861. Of course not all the troops qualified. Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, rationalized that because he did not believe in slavery he could therefore have all the troops swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861. Before being given their back pay the entire regiment was administered what became known as `` the Quaker oath ''. Colonel Hallowell skillfully crafted the oath to say : `` You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor on or before the 19th day of April 1861. So help you God ''. On September 28, 1864, the U.S. Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th. Most of the men had served 18 months. Legacy ( edit ) Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment by Augustus Saint - Gaudens A monument to Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts regiment, constructed 1884 -- 1898 by Augustus Saint - Gaudens on the Boston Common, is part of the Boston Black Heritage Trail. A plaster of this monument was also displayed in the entryway to the U.S. paintings galleries at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900. Of the regiment, Governor John A. Andrew said, `` I know not where, in all of human history, to any given thousand men in arms there has been committed a work at once so proud, so precious, so full of hope and glory. '' A famous composition by Charles Ives, `` Col. Shaw and his Colored Regiment '', the opening movement of Three Places in New England, is based both on the monument and the regiment. Detail from Saint - Gauden 's original tinted plaster model Colonel Shaw and his men also feature prominently in Robert Lowell 's Civil War centennial poem `` For the Union Dead. '' It was originally titled `` Colonel Shaw and the Massachusetts ' 54th '' and published in Life Studies ( 1959 ). In the poem, Lowell uses the Robert Gould Shaw memorial as a symbolic device to comment on broader societal change, including racism and segregation, as well as his more personal struggle to cope with a rapidly changing Boston. A Union officer had asked the Confederates at Battery Wagner for the return of Shaw 's body, but was informed by the Confederate commander, Brigadier General Johnson Hagood, `` We buried him with his niggers. '' Shaw 's father wrote in response that he was proud that Robert, a fierce fighter for equality, had been buried in that manner. `` We hold that a soldier 's most appropriate burial - place is on the field where he has fallen. '' As a recognition and honor, at the end of the Civil War, the 1st South Carolina Volunteers, and the 33rd Colored Regiment were mustered out at the Battery Wagner site of the mass burial of the 54th Massachusetts. More recently, the story of the unit was depicted in the 1989 Academy Award - winning film Glory, starring Matthew Broderick as Shaw, Denzel Washington as Private Tripp, Morgan Freeman, Cary Elwes, Jihmi Kennedy and Andre Braugher. The film re-established the now - popular image of the combat role African Americans played in the Civil War, and the unit, often represented in historical battle reenactments, now has the nickname the `` Glory '' regiment. 2008 reactivation ( edit ) The unit was reactivated on November 21, 2008, to serve as the Massachusetts National Guard ceremonial unit to render military honors at funerals and state functions. The new unit is now known as the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment. See also ( edit ) 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment List of United States Colored Troops Civil War units List of Massachusetts Civil War units Massasoit Guards Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Headley, 450. Jump up ^ `` 54th Regiment! ''. Massachusetts historical Society. Retrieved December 6, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Bowen, 672. Jump up ^ Washington, 136 Jump up ^ Berlin, 195. Jump up ^ Blatt, 232 - 233. ^ Jump up to : Dyer, 1266. ^ Jump up to : Bowen, 676. Jump up ^ Headley, 451. Jump up ^ Blatt, 1. Jump up ^ Blatt, 3. Jump up ^ Emilio, 2. ^ Jump up to : Emilio 1995, pp. 1 -- 5. Jump up ^ Cox 1991, p. 90. Jump up ^ Emilio 1995, p. 6. Jump up ^ Burchard 1965, pp. 77 -- 78. Jump up ^ `` To Colored Men. 54th Regiment! Massachusetts Volunteers, Of African Descent ''. Massachusetts Historical Society. 16 February 1863. Jump up ^ Emilio 1995, p. 11. Jump up ^ Shepard 2017, pp. 37 - 39. Jump up ^ Emilio 1995, pp. 15 -- 16. Jump up ^ Emilio 1995, pp. 19 -- 20. Jump up ^ Emilio 1894, pp. 339 - 388. Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Davis 's Proclamation Regarding Captured Black Soldiers, December 23, 1862 ''. University of Maryland, College Park. Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ `` Battle Unit Details - The Civil War ( U.S. National Park Service ) ''. Jump up ^ Rose 1964, pp. 248249. Jump up ^ Rose 1964, pp. 250 -- 249. Jump up ^ Rose 1964, pp. 251 -- 252. Jump up ^ Rose 1964, p. 252. Jump up ^ Rose 1964, pp. 252 -- 253. Jump up ^ Emilio 1995, pp. 51 -- 57. Jump up ^ `` Exhibit : 54th Mass Casualty List ''. National Archives and Records Administration. 1996. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18. Jump up ^ Emilio 1991, pp. viii -- ix, 8 -- 9. Jump up ^ Rose 1964, p. 261. Jump up ^ Emilio 1995, pp. 47 -- 48, 109. Jump up ^ Emilio 1995, pp. 130 -- 131, 136 -- 138. ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1964, pp. 217 -- 218. ^ Jump up to : `` Lt. Col. Henry N. Hooper, 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry ''. Florida Department of Environmental Protection -- Recreation and Parks and the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park Citizens Support Organization. Retrieved April 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Fuller 2001, p. 40. ^ Jump up to : Joseph R. Laplante, Standard Times staff writer. `` The 54th Regiment : Black soldiers remembered in bronze, prose and song ''. South Coast Today. Retrieved April 30, 2013. Jump up ^ Fischer, Diane P. ( 1999 ). Paris 1900 : The `` American School '' at the Universal Exposition. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2640 - X. Jump up ^ Emilio, title page verso Jump up ^ Garvin, 165. Jump up ^ Burchard 1989, p. 143. Jump up ^ Buescher, John. `` Robert Gould Shaw ''. Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved 12 July 2011. Jump up ^ Brown 1867, p. 380. Jump up ^ Glory on IMDb Jump up ^ Tierney McAffee ( January 14, 2009 ). `` 54th Mass. Regiment to march in inaugural parade ''. The Bay State Banner. Sources ( edit ) Berlin, Ira ( 1992 ). Slaves No More : Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War. Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University Press. OCLC 748551423. Bielakowski, Alexander M. ( 2013 ). Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military : An Encyclopedia. ABC - CLIO. ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 427 - 6. Blatt, Martin H. ( 2009 ). Hope & Glory : Essays on the Legacy of the Fifty - Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781558497221. Bowen, James L. ( 1889 ). Massachusetts in the War, 1861 -- 1865. Springfield, Massachusetts : Clark W. Bryan & Co. OCLC 1986476. Brown, William Wells ( 1867 ). The Negro in the American Rebellion : His Heroism and His Fidelity. Boston : Lee & Shepherd. Burchard, Peter ( 1989 ). One Gallant Rush : Robert Gould Shaw and his Brave Black Regiment. New York : St. Martin 's Press. ISBN 978 - 0312046439. Cox, Clinton ( 1991 ). Undying Glory : The Story of the Massachusetts 54th Regiment. New York : Scholastic. ISBN 978 - 0590441711. Dyer, Frederick H. ( 1908 ). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Des Moines : Dyer Publishing Co. OCLC 247098372. Egerton, Douglas ( 2016 ). Thunder at the Gates : The Black Civil War Regiments That Redeemed America. Basic Books. ISBN 978 - 0 - 465096640. Emilio, Luis Fenollosa ( 1894 ). History of the Fifty - Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863 - 1865 ( 2nd Edition, Revised and Correct, with Appendix upon Treatment of Colored Prisoners of WAr ). Boston : The Boston Book Company. Emilio, Luis F. ( 1995 ) ( 1891 ). A Brave Black Regiment : the history of the Fifty - Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863 -- 1865. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978 - 0306806230. Fuller, James ( 2001 ). Men of Color, To Arms! : Vermont African - Americans in the Civil War. Lincoln, NE : iUniverse. ISBN 978 - 0595158263. Garvin, Harry R. ( 1977 ). Twentieth - century Poetry, Fiction, Theory. Lewisburg : Bucknell University Press. ISBN 9780838719343. Headley, Phineas C. ( 1866 ). Massachusetts in the Rebellion : a Record of the Historical Position of the Commonwealth, and the Services of the Leading Statesmen, the Military, the Colleges, and the People, in the Civil War of 1861 - 65. Boston : Walker, Fuller and Co. OCLC 8406829. McPherson, James ( 1964 ). The Struggle for Equality. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press. Rose, Willie Lee ( 1964 ). Rehearsal for Reconstruction : The Port Royal Experiment. Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill. Shepard, Ray Anthony ( 2017 ). Now or Never! 54th Massachusetts Infantry 's War to End Slavery. Honesdale, Pennsylvani : Calkins Creek. ISBN 9781629793405. Washington, Booker T. ( 2012 ) ( 1899 ). Frederick Douglass : A Biography. New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers. Further reading ( edit ) Shaw, Robert Gould ( 1999 ). Duncan, Russell, ed. Blue - Eyed Child of Fortune : The Civil War Letters of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. Athens, Ga : University of Georgia Press. External links ( edit ) `` Louisiana and Massachusetts -- Abraham Lincoln and Freedom ''. The Lincoln Institute. 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18. `` Exhibit : 54th Mass Casualty List ''. National Archives and Records Administration. 1996. Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18. Written in Glory, Letters from the Soldiers and Officers of the 54th Massachusetts 54th Massachusetts at the Battle of Olustee Photograph of Sgt. Major Lewis Douglass Photograph of Charles Douglass History of the Fifty - Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863 -- 1865 ( 1894 ) on the Internet Archive American Civil War Battles of Fort Wagner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=54th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment&oldid=865867793 '' Categories : African - American military units and formations of the American Civil War Massachusetts Civil War regiments African - American history of the United States military Military units and formations disestablished in 1865 Military units and formations established in 1863 1863 establishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Melayu Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 18 : 10 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=54th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment&amp;oldid=865867793" }

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{ "text": "Ford Fusion Hybrid - Wikipedia Ford Fusion Hybrid Jump to : navigation, search Ford Fusion Hybrid Overview Manufacturer Ford Production 2008 -- present Model years 2010 -- present Assembly Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline - electric hybrid powered version of the mid-sized Ford Fusion sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford, now in its second generation. A plug - in hybrid version, the Ford Fusion Energi, was released in the U.S. in February 2013. The first generation was launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 for model year 2010, together with its badge - engineered variants, the Mercury Milan Hybrid and the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid. The second generation was launched under the Ford and Lincoln brands for model year 2013, went on sale in the U.S. in October 2012. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rated the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid at 39 mpg ( 6.0 L / 100 km ; 47 mpg ) combined city / highway. The second generation hybrid improved the fuel economy rating to 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) for combined city / highway driving. The EPA rated the Energi 's combined city / highway fuel economy in all - electric mode at 88 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.7 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ; 106 mpg ). In hybrid operation ( charge - sustaining mode ), the Energi has a combined fuel economy of 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ). The Fusion Hybrid has won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award, and the entire 2013 Ford Fusion line - up, including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants, won the 2013 Green Car of the Year. As of December 2016, over 285,000 units of the Fusion hybrid family have been sold in the United States since 2009, including the plug - in hybrid variant. As of December 2016, sales of the Fusion Energi totaled 43,327 units delivered in its main market, the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation 1.1 History and development 1.2 Design and technology 1.3 Safety 1.4 Fuel economy and environmental performance 1.5 SmartGauge for eco driving 1.6 Tax credit 1.7 Other markets 2 Second generation 3 Ford Fusion Energi 4 Awards and recognitions 5 Sales 6 See also 7 References 8 External links First generation ( edit ) First generation Overview Production December 2008 -- 2012 Model years 2010 -- 2012 Body and chassis Platform Ford CD3 platform Related Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Ford Fusion Powertrain Engine Gasoline : I4 2.5 L / 156 hp ( 116 kW ) Atkinson cycle Electric : Permanent Magnet AC Synchronous Motor 106 hp ( 79 kW ) @ 6,500 rpm, 275 volts Transmission Aisin power split device Dimensions Wheelbase 107.4 in ( 2,728 mm ) Length 190.6 in ( 4,841 mm ) Width 72.2 in ( 1,834 mm ) Height 56.9 in ( 1,445 mm ) Curb weight 3,720 lb ( 1,690 kg ) History and development ( edit ) The hybrid electric version of the Fusion was announced at the 2005 North American International Auto Show, along with the public introduction of the original 2006 Fusion. At that time Ford announced that the hybrid version was scheduled to be introduced in early 2009 for the 2010 model year, for a suggested retail price of US $27,270. The new Fusion Hybrid and Fusion Sport officially debuted at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2008. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford 's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora, Mexico. Ford set a modest sales target of about 25,000 vehicles a year for the Fusion Hybrid and the similar Mercury Milan. The Milan and Fusion hybrids share the same powertrain but feature different front and rear fascia designs, and distinct headlamps and taillights. The Fusion Hybrid was made available for press testing in December 2008 and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009. During the same month two other new hybrid models also came on sale, the Honda Insight and the Mercury Milan. During the few days that were available to the public, Ford 's new Fusion and Milan hybrids sold a combined 451 units, representing 3.0 % of all Fusion and Milan models sold in March 2009. The Fusion is the first new hybrid vehicle the Ford brand offered in five years, and is the second hybrid vehicle after the Ford Escape Hybrid. The Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids join the Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid for Mexican - built hybrid vehicles. The 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid, launched in the U.S. market in September 2010, shares the hybrid powertrain from the Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids, and delivers an estimated fuel economy of 41 mpg ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ). The MKZ Hybrid offers several improvements of Ford 's Smart Gauge with EcoGuide, first introduced in the 2010 Fusion Hybrid. Design and technology ( edit ) The Fusion Hybrid is a `` full '' hybrid because both propulsion sources, an electric motor powered by a Sanyo supplied 275 V nickel - metal hydride battery, and a 2.5 L Atkinson cycle I4 156 hp 136 ft. lbs. gasoline engine with intake variable cam timing ( iVCT ), have substantial power ratings and either can be used alone to propel the vehicle. When braking or decelerating, the Fusion 's hybrid system uses regenerative braking, where the electric drive motor becomes a generator, converting the vehicle 's momentum back to electricity for storage in the batteries. Ford claims that nearly 94 percent energy recovery is achieved by first delivering full regenerative braking followed by friction brakes during city driving. Under ideal conditions, Ford claims the Fusion Hybrid can cruise 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) at up to 47 miles per hour ( 76 km / h ) on battery power alone. Once perceived as a laggard in hybrid technology, Ford now claims nearly 500 hybrid patents that allow the Fusion Hybrid to achieve 41 MPG on the highway. According to Hybridcars.com, Ford has pointed to its talented inventors, making `` special mention of Ming Kuang who has helped Ford since 2000 to expand its portfolio of hybrid patents from just 10 patents when he began to 461 today. '' Quoted in Autotrader.com, the veteran engineer says `` it 's about helping make the world my children live in - and the world my children 's children will live in - a better place. '' Safety ( edit ) The Ford Fusion line - up was included in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2010 `` Top Safety Pick 's '' rating for the mid-size category. As of June 2010, Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids are the only two mid-size hybrid vehicles in the list. Due to the fact that Ford recently modified and strengthened the roof structure of the Flex, Fusion, and MKT vehicles, these 2010 ratings apply only to Lincoln MKZs, Mercury Milan and Fusions built after April 2010. Fuel economy and Environmental performance ( edit ) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has rated the fuel economy for the 2010 Fusion Hybrid at 41 miles per US gallon ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) city, 36 miles per US gallon ( 6.5 L / 100 km ; 43 mpg ) highway. The following table compares fuel economy, carbon footprint, and petroleum consumption between the hybrid version and other drivetrains of the Fusion family as estimated by the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy : Economic and environmental performance comparison among the several Fusion powertrains available in the U.S. market Type of Powertrain Type of fuel Year model EPA City mileage ( mpg ) EPA Highway mileage ( mpg ) Annual fuel cost ( USD ) Carbon footprint ( Ton / yr of CO ) Annual Petroleum Use ( barrel ) Hybrid electric FWD Automatic ( variable gear ratios ), 4 cyl, 2.5 L Gasoline 2011 41 36 $1,083 4.8 8.8 FWD Automatic 6 - spd, 4 cyl, 2.5 L Gasoline 2011 23 33 $1,629 7.2 13.2 FWD Automatic ( S6 ), 6 cyl, 3.0 L Gasoline 2011 20 28 $1,840 8.1 14.9 E85 flex - fuel 2011 14 21 $2,269 6.6 5.0 FWD Automatic ( S6 ), 6 cyl, 3.5 L Gasoline 2011 18 27 $2,013 8.9 16.3 AWD Automatic ( S6 ), 6 cyl, 3.0 L Gasoline 2011 18 26 $2,115 9.3 17.1 E85 flex - fuel 2011 13 19 $2,421 7.1 5.3 Notes : ( 1 ) Estimates assumes 45 % highway driving, 55 % city driving, and 15,000 annual miles. ( 2 ) Average U.S. prices : $2.82 / gallon for gasoline, and $2.42 / gallon for E85 fuel. E85 prices vary widely by region. As of early November 2010 the minimum price was $2.02 / gallon in Illinois and the maximum price was $2.99 / gallon in New York. ( 3 ) Direct carbon footprint only and does not account for any potential indirect land use change impacts of biofuels. The Ford Fusion Hybrid EPA 's fuel economy rating is better than the 2011 Toyota Camry Hybrid ( 32 miles per gallon city, 33 highway ), the Nissan Altima Hybrid ( 35 miles per gallon city, 33 highway ), and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid ( 26 miles per gallon city, 34 highway ), considered its main competitors in the mid-size sedan segment. The newer 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE model ( 43 miles per gallon city, 39 highway ) now has an advantage over the 2012 Ford Fusion ( 41 miles per gallon city, 39 highway ) by a slight margin in the city. Economic and environmental performance comparison among the Fusion Hybrid and same class hybrid models available in the U.S. Vehicle Year model EPA City mileage ( mpg ) EPA Highway mileage ( mpg ) Annual fuel cost ( USD ) Tailpipe emissions ( grams per mile CO ) EPA Air Pollution Score Cal / Other Annual Petroleum Use ( barrel ) Toyota Prius ( 3rd gen ) 2010 / 11 / 12 51 48 $1,150 178 9 / 7 6.6 Honda Civic Hybrid 2012 44 44 $1,300 202 9 / 8 7.5 Toyota Prius v 2012 44 40 $1,350 212 8 / 7 7.8 Lexus CT 200h 2011 / 12 43 40 $1,350 212 8 / 7 7.8 Honda Insight ( 2nd gen ) 2012 41 41 $1,350 212 9 / 7 7.8 Honda Civic Hybrid 40 45 $1,350 212 9 / 8 7.8 Honda Civic Hybrid 2011 40 43 $1,400 217 9 / 8 8.0 Honda Insight ( 2nd gen ) 2010 / 11 40 43 $1,400 217 9 / 8 8.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE ( XV50 ) 2012 43 39 $1,400 217 9 / 7 8.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE ( XV50 ) 2012 40 38 $1,400 222 9 / 7 8.2 Ford Fusion Hybrid Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid 2010 / 11 / 12 2010 / 11 2011 / 12 41 36 $1,450 228 9 / 7 8.4 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid Kia Optima Hybrid 2011 / 12 35 40 $1,550 240 8 / 8 8.9 Nissan Altima Hybrid 35 33 $1,650 261 9 9.7 Toyota Camry Hybrid 33 34 $1,650 261 9 / 7 9.7 Nissan Altima Hybrid 2011 33 33 $1,700 269 9 10.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid 2011 31 35 $1,700 269 9 / 7 10.0 Notes : ( 1 ) Estimates assumes 15,000 miles ( 24,000 km ) per year ( 45 % highway, 55 % city split ) using average fuel price $3.79 / gallon ( national average as of March 2012 ). ( 2 ) Cal : California and Northeastern States ; Other : All states except California and Northeastern States. The Nissan Altima Hybrid was available only in California. Source : U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency In 2009, Edmunds tested a Fusion Hybrid over two days of mixed city and highway driving against other hybrids or fuel efficient cars like the Toyota Prius, the Honda Insight, the Volkswagen Jetta TDI automatic and the MINI Cooper with manual transmission. The results are summarized in the following table : Edmunds comparison of the Fusion Hybrid with several hybrids and fuel efficient cars ( mpg ) Vehicle Back roads City loop Highway Overall EPA City / Hwy 2010 Toyota Prius 47.2 48.7 47.4 47.6 51 / 48 2010 Honda Insight 44.1 43.4 38.6 42.3 40 / 43 2009 Volkswagen Jetta TDI A6 41.2 31.6 40.6 38.1 29 / 40 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid 39.6 35.1 36.0 37.3 41 / 36 2009 MINI Cooper M6 38.5 30.1 33.3 34.5 28 / 37 Motor Trend found that their Fusion Hybrid delivered only 33.5 mpg ( 7.0 L / 100 km ; 40.2 mpg ) in 500 miles ( 800 km ) of mixed driving, 5 mpg off the EPA combined rating. Over another 160 miles ( 260 km ) of testing against a Toyota Camry Hybrid, the same car only achieved 31.8 mpg ( 7.4 L / 100 km ; 38.2 mpg ), while the Camry Hybrid delivered 32.7 mpg ( 7.2 L / 100 km ; 39.3 mpg ). `` If our early numbers hold up, the Fusion Hybrid would be a rare instance of the EPA relapsing into the world of mileage make - believe. '' However, they noted that when driven very conservatively, the EPA numbers could be achieved. `` In typical driving, you might as well throw the Fusion 's EPA numbers out the window. But if you decide to really work at it, they 're possible. '' Car and Driver also tested a Fusion Hybrid and achieved no more than 34 mpg ( 6.9 L / 100 km ; 41 mpg ) over 300 miles ( 480 km ) of driving, which was greater than the Camry Hybrid ( 31 miles per US gallon ( 7.6 L / 100 km ; 37 mpg ) ) or Nissan Altima Hybrid ( 32 miles per US gallon ( 7.4 L / 100 km ; 38 mpg ) ) though not by the margin indicated by the EPA ratings. The 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid promotional vehicle involved in the 1000 Mile Challenge According to Ford, the vehicle was built to have a fuel efficiency of 41 mpg in the city and 36 mpg on the highway by EPA standards. On December 2008, Autoblog Green staff reported they had obtained in - city mileage of 43.1 mpg on the streets of Los Angeles. In addition, a Los Angeles Times reporter informed in December 2008 that he had obtained 52 mpg in mixed city - highway driving with little difficulty. On a single - tank publicity stunt conducted on April 2009, a Fusion Hybrid managed 81.5 miles per US gallon ( 2.89 L / 100 km ; 97.9 mpg ) on a 1,445.7 mile trip. Edmunds ' InsideLine received a 2010 Fusion Hybrid as a long - term test car. Over 11,000 miles ( 18,000 km ) of driving, their vehicle had only averaged 31.3 mpg ( 7.5 L / 100 km ; 37.6 mpg ), with a best tank of 37.7 mpg ( 6.24 L / 100 km ; 45.3 mpg ) and a worst tank of 24.4 mpg ( 9.6 L / 100 km ; 29.3 mpg ). Payback time According to Edmunds.com, the price premium paid for the Fusion Hybrid takes 5 years to recover in fuel savings as compared to its non-hybrid sibling, and is one of the quickest payback periods among top selling hybrids as of February 2012. Edmunds compared the hybrid version priced at US $27,678 with a comparably - equipped gasoline - powered Fusion priced at US $24,493 and found that the payback period is 6 years for gasoline at US $3 per gallon, 4 years at US $4 per gallon, and drops to 3 years with gasoline prices at US $5 per gallon. These estimates assume an average of 15,000 mi ( 24,000 km ) annual driving and vehicle prices correspond to Edmunds. com 's true market value estimates. For the same two vehicles, the U.S. EPA estimates the Fusion Hybrid annual fuel cost at US $1,431 while the gasoline - powered Fusion has an annual fuel cost of US $2,320. EPA estimates are based on 45 % highway and 55 % city driving, over 15,000 annual miles, and gasoline price of US $3.72 per gallon, the national average as of February 2012. The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid has no price premium. SmartGauge for eco driving ( edit ) Digital panels to keep track of eco driving style ( top ) and current drive propulsion ( bottom ). The Fusion Hybrid comes with a SmartGauge with EcoGuide which features two 4.3 - inch high - resolution, full - color LCD screens on either side of the vehicle 's analog speedometer. The objective of these panel display is to coach drivers on how to optimize the performance of their hybrid by keeping track of their eco driving improvements. These screens can be configured to show different levels of driver information, including fuel and battery power levels, and average and instant fuel economy. When set in tutorial mode, the instrument panel in the right side `` grows '' leaves and vines on - screen to reward fuel - efficient driving. The more leaves and vines that appear, the more efficient the driving behavior is and the more fuel is being saved. Long - term fuel efficiency can be also be displayed as a traditional chart. The left side display shows when the car is in pure - electric mode, and shows the state of battery charge. The 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid, launched in September 2010, offers an improvement of Ford 's SmartGauge with EcoGuide introduced with the 2010 Fusion and Milan hybrids. In 2012, with the introduction of the second generation Fusion, Ford redesigned its SmartGauge with EcoGuide system giving it a newer look and new customizable MyView features. One of the new features, Brake Coach, gives instant feedback on the driver 's braking habits and gives them advice to maximize the efficiency of the regenerative braking system. Other new features included, Inform, Enlighten, Engage, and Empower. Tax credit ( edit ) The Fusion Hybrid qualified for a maximum hybrid tax credit of US $3,400 if purchased by March 31, 2009. The credit dropped to US $1,700 if purchased by September 30, 2009, to US $850 if purchased from October 2009 and March 31, 2010, and phased out on April 1, 2010. Other markets ( edit ) The Brazilian version of the Fusion Hybrid was unveiled at the 2010 São Paulo International Auto Show. Sales began in November 2010 at a price of R $ 133,900 ( US $78,500 ). The Fusion Hybrid was the first full hybrid car sold in Brazil. Imported from Mexico, the Fusion Hybrid engine performance and fuel system durability was tested with the Brazilian mandatory E20 to E25 ethanol blends. Second generation ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production 2012 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Body and chassis Platform Ford CD4 platform Related Ford Mondeo Lincoln MKZ Powertrain Engine 2.0 L I4 Transmission CVT, Ford HF35 ( hybrid and PHEV ) Battery 1.4 kWh lithium - ion Dimensions Wheelbase 112.2 in ( 2,850 mm ) Length 191.7 in ( 4,869 mm ) Width 72.9 in ( 1,852 mm ) Height 58.1 in ( 1,476 mm ) A complete redesign of the Ford Fusion lineup for the model year 2013 was unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show. The new lineup includes three optional engines for the conventional four - cylinder - only gasoline model, a next - generation hybrid version, and a plug - in hybrid version, the Ford Fusion Energi. The Ford Fusion became the first production sedan to offer these three powertrain options. In April 2012 Ford announced that an auto start - stop system will be available for the 1.6 - liter EcoBoost engine non-hybrid version, at a price of US $295. The expected fuel economy was a combined 37 mpg ( 6.4 L / 100 km ; 44 mpg ). Sales of the gasoline - powered and hybrid version began in the U.S. in October 2012. Sales in Europe and Asia, under the Ford Mondeo name, were planned to start in 2013. Ford began taking orders of the Mondeo Hybrid in Germany in August 2014. Production of the Mondeo Hybrid began at Ford 's Valencia, Spain, plant in November 2014. The nickel - metal hydride batteries used in the hybrid first generation were replaced with lithium - ion batteries. The 2013 model year Fusion Hybrid is more fuel efficient than its predecessor, with a US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rating of 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) combined, 44 mpg ( 5.3 L / 100 km ; 53 mpg ) in city and 41 mpg ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) in highway driving. Initially, the second generation Fusion Hybrid was rated 47 mpg ( 5.0 L / 100 km ; 56 mpg ) with the same rating for combined / city / highway cycles. However, in June 2014 Ford announced that it was downgrading the EPA fuel economy ratings on six of its 2013 and 2014 model year vehicles, including all its C - Max, Fusion and MKZ full hybrids and its two plug - in Energi models. The ratings were lowered after an error was discovered in the company 's internal testing data. Ford is making a goodwill payments to around 200,000 customers affected by its mistake. After the ratings were lowered the 2013 / 14 Fusion Hybrid still slightly outperforms the 2012 / 2014 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE by 1 mpg - US city and 2 mpg - US highway, and the Camry XLE by 4 mpg - US city and 3 mpg - US highway. Ford Fusion Hybrid The second generation hybrid has a powertrain with a 2.0 - liter Atkinson - cycle inline - four -- downsized from the 2.5 - liter unit used in the first generation Fusion Hybrid. Total output is estimated at 185 hp ( 138 kW ) and 130 ft lb ( 180 N m ), running to the front wheels via an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission. The lithium - ion battery pack saves weight and generates more power than previous NiMH batteries, and allows the second generation Fusion Hybrid to raise its maximum speed under electric - only power from 47 to 62 mph ( 76 to 100 km / h ). The 2013 Fusion Hybrid includes driver assistance and technologies based on sensors, cameras and radar that enable the car to see and respond. Fusion can help drivers maintain proper lane position ( Lane Keeping System ) ; adjust vehicle speed to changing traffic conditions through adaptive cruise control ; active park assist to help identify suitable parking spaces and help park ; and Blind Spot Information System ( BLIS ) with cross-traffic alert, which consists of sensors in both rear quarter - panels that are able to detect traffic in a driver 's blind spot, providing both audible and visual warnings if traffic unseen by the driver is detected. BLIS technology enables cross-traffic alert, even aiding drivers backing out of parking space where visibility is obstructed. Lincoln MKZ Hybrid The 2013 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid was unveiled at the 2012 New York International Auto Show During the 2012 North American International Auto Show Ford also unveiled the Lincoln MKZ concept model. Ford offers a hybrid option of the redesigned 2013 Lincoln MKZ, and like the previous MKZ generation, the MKZ Hybrid is available for the same price as the non-hybrid model. The EPA rated initially the 2013 MKZ Hybrid at 45 mpg ( 5.2 L / 100 km ; 54 mpg ) with the same rating for combined / city / highway cycles. After the ratings of six Ford models were downgraded in June 2014, the MKZ was the model with the largest fuel economy reduction, 7 mpg in city / highway combined. The revised EPA ratings of 2013 / 14 MKZ Hybrid are 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) combined, 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) in city and 37 mpg ( 6.4 L / 100 km ; 44 mpg ) in highway driving. Despite sharing the same powertrain, the 2013 / 14 MKZ Hybrid is rated 4 mpg combined less than its sibling the second generation Ford Fusion Hybrid, and 6 mpg less in city driving. Ford Mondeo Hybrid The Mondeo Hybrid shares the same powertrain of the Fusion Hybrid combining a 2.0 - liter gasoline engine with an electric motor and 1.4 kilowatt - hour lithium - ion battery. Under the New European Driving Cycle the Mondeo is rated at 67.3 mpg ( 4.20 L / 100 km ; 56.0 mpg ) in combined driving, and 100.9 mpg ( 2.80 L / 100 km ; 84.0 mpg ) for urban driving, with CO emissions of 99 g / km. Ford set a pricing for the Mondeo Hybrid that is competitive with Mondeo diesel powertrain variants. Retail deliveries are scheduled to begin in the UK in December 2014 at a pricing starting at GB £ 24,995. Controversy over fuel economy ratings This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( July 2014 ) In December 2012, Motor Trend reported that Consumer Reports and Green Car Reports have found that the 2013 Ford C - Max Hybrid and 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid, which share the same powertrain, do not deliver their triple 47 mpg ( 5.0 L / 100 km ; 56 mpg ) EPA ratings in real - world use. After running both vehicles through Consumer Reports real - world tests, the magazine found that 2013 Fusion hybrid achieved a combined fuel economy average of 39 mpg ( 6.0 L / 100 km ; 47 mpg ), with 35 and 41 mpg ( 6.7 and 5.7 L / 100 km ; 42 and 49 mpg ) for city and highway. Consumer Reports concluded that the overall fuel economy for the Fusion Hybrid is off by 8 mpg, representing a deviation of about 20 %. The consumer magazine said that their overall fuel economy results are usually close to the EPA 's combined - mpg estimate, and among current models tested, more than 80 % fall within 2 mpg margin. The largest discrepancy the magazine has previously found was 7 and 6 mpg for the Toyota Prius c and the Prius hatchback, respectively. A few days later the Environmental Protection Agency said it will review claims that two new Ford hybrid vehicles are not delivering the advertised 47 mpg. Linc Wehrly, Director of Light - duty Vehicle Center Compliance Division at EPA 's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor, Michigan commented that hybrids have far more variability in miles per gallon than a conventional vehicle. Most vehicles ' real - world gasoline mileage is less than the EPA sticker number, and can often be 20 % less than the sticker number depending on speed, temperature and other factors. The EPA explained that with hybrids the gap is much wider, as high as a 30 % drop. Ford responded in a statement, saying that, `` Early C - MAX Hybrid and Fusion Hybrid customers praise the vehicles and report a range of fuel economy figures, including some reports above 47 mpg. This reinforces the fact that driving styles, driving conditions, and other factors can cause mileage to vary. '' A Ford spokesman also said they followed EPA 's test guidelines and the company is standing by the ratings as determined by the current testing protocols. Nevertheless, they are working closely with the agency to determine if any changes are needed for the industry relative to hybrid vehicle testing. In July 2013, Ford issued a voluntary software update for the 2013 model year Fusion, C - Max and MKZ Hybrid, that attempts to improve on the lower - than - expected MPG claims. Some of the changes include : Increasing the maximum pure electric speed from 62 to 85 mph ( 100 to 137 km / h ), allowing increased use of electric - only mode on the highway Optimizing the use of Active Grille Shutters to reduce aerodynamic drag under more driving and temperature conditions including cold weather, during air conditioner use and when the engine coolant temperature is higher Reducing the electric fan speed as a function of coolant temperature to minimize the fan 's energy consumption Shortening engine warm - up time by up to 50 percent to enable electric - only driving and engine shutdown at stops sooner after cold starts Optimizing the climate control system to minimize use of the air conditioning compressor and reduce the energy used in cold weather operation. In August 2013, and due to the criticism and after several lawsuits about the worse - than - expected fuel economy, Ford voluntarily lowered all three EPA ratings of the C - Max Hybrid and will pay about a rebate to some 32,000 C - Max owners. The revised fuel economy ratings for combined was lowered from to 47 to 45 mpg ( 5.0 to 5.2 L / 100 km ; 56 to 54 mpg ). Ford has no plans to change the fuel economy ratings on the 2013 Fusion hybrid, because the company used the Fusion hybrid test to generate the fuel economy label for the C - Max Hybrid following EPA 's rules. Ford Fusion Energi ( edit ) Ford Fusion Energi Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production January 2013 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size car Body style 4 - door sedan Platform Ford CD4 platform Related Ford C - Max Energi Powertrain Engine 105 kW ( 141 hp ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline Electric motor 88 kW ( 118 hp ) Battery 7.6 kWh lithium - ion Electric range MY 2017 22 mi ( 35 km ) ( EPA ) MY 2013 / 2016 20 mi ( 32 km ) ( EPA ) The Fusion Energi is a plug - in hybrid unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show, and retail sales in the U.S. began in February 2013. Initially it was priced at US $39,495, and in January 2014 the starting price was reduced to US $35,525. Due to the capacity of its battery pack, the Energi qualifies for a federal tax credit up to US $3,750 and any applicable state and local incentives. Energi models purchased in or after 2010 are eligible for a $4,007 tax credit, which is based on the capacity of the battery used to fuel the vehicle. The 2013 Fusion Energi is eligible for access to California 's high - occupancy vehicle lanes ( HOV ) with a solo driver, and also for a US $1,500 California state tax rebate. A refreshed 2017 Fusion Energi is scheduled to be released by mid-2016. In addition to a new fascia and other technological upgrades, the 2017 model year has more efficient electric motors, allowing the refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi to increase its all - electric range and to improve its EPA fuel economy ratings. As of December 2016, over 43,700 units have been sold in North America, with 43,327 units delivered in the U.S. and about 386 units in Canada. Specs and range The Fusion Energi uses the same non-turbo 2 - liter 4 - cylinder engine supplements as the 2013 Fusion Hybrid to assist the electric motor. The Energi has a 7.6 kWh lithium - ion battery that powers the 88 kW ( 118 hp ) electric motor. The plug - in hybrid delivers total horsepower of 195 ( 145 kW ) with a fully charged battery and has an electric - only top speed of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ), 23 mph ( 37 km / h ) more than the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid. Charging port of the 2017 Ford Fusion Energi The Fusion Energi, model years 2013 through 2016, has an official EPA all - electric range of 20 mi ( 32 km ) and the total range with a full tank of gasoline and a fully charged battery is 550 mi ( 890 km ) according to the EPA. The all - electric range of the refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi increases to 22 mi ( 35 km ), and thanks to a better fuel economy, the total range increases to 610 mi ( 980 km ). The EPA 's 2015 edition of the `` Light - Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends '' presents utility factors for plug - in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, in electric only or blended modes. Both the Fusion and C - Max Energi models have a utility factor in EV mode of 45 %, compared with 83 % for the BMW i3 REx, 66 / 65 % for the Chevrolet Volt / Cadillac ELR, 43 % for the McLaren P1, 37 % for the BMW i8, and 29 % for the Toyota Prius PHV. The refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi improved its EPA rated fuel economy in all - electric mode to 97 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ). Hybrid 2.0 L gasoline powered - engine ( left ) and inverter system controller on top of the AC electric motor. In May 2016, Ford reported, based on data collected from more than 610 million miles ( 976 million km ) logged by its electrified vehicles through its telematics system, that drivers of these vehicles run an average of 13,500 mi ( 21,700 km ) annually on their vehicles, with about half of those miles operating in all - electric mode. A break down of these figures show an average daily commute of 42 mi ( 68 km ) for Ford Energi plug - in hybrid drivers. Ford notes that with the enhanced electric range of the 2017 model year model, the average Fusion Energi commuter could go the entire day using no gasoline, if the car is fully charged both, before leaving for work and before leaving for home. According to Ford data, currently most customers are likely charging their vehicles only at home. Fuel economy Initially, the EPA rated the Energi 's combined city / highway fuel economy in all - electric mode at 100 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.4 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ). Later, due to complaints from owners not achieving the sticker fuel economy, and following a technical review, the official EPA rating in EV mode was downgraded to 88 MPG - e ( 2.7 L / 100 km ). The Fusion Energi combined fuel economy equivalent is the same as the 2013 Ford C - Max Energi. In a similar way, in hybrid operation, initially the Energi had an EPA combined city / highway fuel economy of 43 mpg ( 5.5 L / 100 km ; 52 mpg ). It was later downgraded by the EPA to 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ). EPA 's rating for combined EV / hybrid operation is 51 MPG - e ( 4.6 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ), which allowed the Fusion Energi to rank at the time in sixth place, together with the C - Max Energi, among the top ten EPA - Rated Fuel Sippers since 1984. The refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi has an increased EPA rated fuel economy in all - electric mode to 97 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.4 L / 100 km ) for combined city / highway driving, with an energy consumption of 35 kWh / 100 mi. The EPA rating in hybrid operation rose to 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ). A police pursuit version achieves 38 mpg, whereas the regular Interceptor gets 18 mpg. Awards and recognitions ( edit ) First generation In April 2009, Kelley Blue Book included the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid among its 2009 list of `` Top 10 Green Cars ''. The 2009 U.S. News & World Report car ranking for best affordable mid-size cars is led by the 2010 Mercury Milan Hybrid followed by the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid. The 2010 Toyota Prius is ranked No. 4 together with the 2010 Toyota Camry Hybrid, and the 2009 Nissan Altima Hybrid ranks No. 12. In November 2009, the entire 2010 Ford Fusion line - up, including the Fusion Hybrid, was selected as the 2010 Motor Trend Car of the Year. The 2013 Ford Fusion line - up, including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants, won the 2013 Green Car of the Year. In December 2009, Car and Driver magazine listed the 2010 Fusion Hybrid among one of the `` 10 Best Cars ''. The magazine stated that the Fusion Hybrid was the most advanced of all the cars they tested. In December 2009, Automobile Magazine named the Fusion Hybrid one of the 2010 Automobile All - Stars. In January 2010, the Fusion Hybrid won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award at the Detroit Auto Show. In February 2010, Consumer Reports included the Fusion Hybrid in the `` American Top Picks 2010 '' leading the Green Car category. In April 2010, Kelley Blue Book again included the Ford Fusion Hybrid among its 2010 list of `` Top 10 Green Cars ''. In March 2010, Mother Earth News included the 2010 Fusion Hybrid in its list of `` Best Green Cars of 2010 ''. In February 2011, Consumer Reports included the Fusion Hybrid in the `` American Top Picks 2011 '' leading the Green Car category. Second generation In November 2012, the entire 2013 Ford Fusion line - up, including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants, and the gasoline and EcoBoost engine options, won the 2013 Green Car of the Year awarded by the Green Car Journal at the Los Angeles Auto Show. Sales ( edit ) 2009 - 2012 During 2009, the Fusion Hybrid sold in the U.S. market a total of 15,554 units and the Milan Hybrid 1,486 units, as reported by the manufacturers. Although the Fusion Hybrid helped Ford bypass Honda to become the second biggest seller of hybrids in the US market in the month of December 2009, for the whole year of 2009, Honda sold more hybrid vehicles ( 35,691 units ) than Ford ( 33,520 units ) and the 2010 Honda Insight also outsold the Fusion Hybrid, with 20,572 units. For the year 2010, U.S. sales of Ford Fusion Hybrid reached of 20,816 units, helping the model to become the third best selling hybrid in 2010 after the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight. The Milan Hybrid sold 1,416 units in 2010 and its production was discontinued as part of Ford 's decision to phase out the entire Mercury brand. Purchases by the US Government at the behest of the Obama administration accounted for almost a third of the Ford Fusion Hybrids produced between 2009 and late 2010. Ford reported that Fusion sales reached 151,004 units through July 2011, of which, 7,780 were the hybrid version, representing a 5.1 % market share of all Fusion sales. During year 2011, the Fusion Hybrid sold 11,286 units and the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid sold 5,739 units, ranking sixth and tenth correspondingly, in hybrid sales for calendar year 2011. Fusion hybrid sales in 2012 increased 24.9 % over 2011 sales, and hybrid models represented a 5.8 % share of the 241,263 Fusion sold in 2012. 2013 The introduction of the redesigned 2013 model year Fusion, with a more fuel efficient second generation powertrain, resulted in increased sales of the hybrid version, and by August 2013, sales were up 275.2 % over the same period in 2012. The Fusion Energi achieved record sales in August 2013. Also during this month, the Fusion Hybrid recorded its best sales month ever in Washington, D.C., San Francisco and Seattle, and its second best - selling month in Los Angeles, another key hybrid market. This rapid increase in sales contributed to Ford achieving its best August electric drive vehicle sales ever. The Fusion Hybrid sales increased 164.3 % from 2012 and ended 2013 as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. after the Prius liftback, the Prius c and the Toyota Camry Hybrid. The redesigned 2013 model year Lincoln MKZ hybrid also experienced somewhat stronger sales during 2013. In July 2013, Ford announced that for the 2014 model year MKZ hybrid it would increase the share of production allocated to the hybrid version, from 20 % for the 2013 model year to 40 % of the 2014 model year. The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is popular among consumers in part because it has the same base price as the non-hybrid MKZ. 2014 Sales of hybrid electric cars in the U.S. in 2014 declined 8.8 % from 2013. Following the trend of the hybrid market, Fusion Hybrid sales were down 5.0 % from 2013, and continued to rank as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. Sales of Lincoln MKZ Hybrid continued its growth trend with sales up 34.3 % from a year earlier. The American plug - in hybrid market in 2014 was up 13.1 % from 2013, while combined sales of both of Ford 's Energi models ( Fusion and C - Max ) increased by 50.9 % despite the reduction of their fuel economy ratings. Sales of the Fusion Energi were up 89.7 % from 2013 while C - Mx Energi sales were up only by 17.9 %. Frontal view of the refreshed 2017 Ford Fusion Hybrid 2015 The American hybrid electric segment continued to decline in 2015, down 15 % from 2014. Following the general U.S. trend, Fusion Hybrid sales were down 30.3 % from 2014, and the Fusion continued to rank as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. Sales of Lincoln MKZ Hybrid fell 16.2 % from a year earlier. The American plug - in hybrid market in 2015 was up 5.8 % from 2014, however, sales of the Fusion Energi were down 15.6 % from 2014, and C - Mx Energi sales were down by 10.0 %. The Fusion Energi ranked as the second top selling plug - in hybrid in the country after the Chevrolet Volt, up from third place in 2014, and passing the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid. Total US sales Since 2009 a total of 285,093 units of the Fusion hybrid family, including the Energi plug - in hybrid, have been sold in the United States through December 2016. U.S. sales by year for each model and the share of hybrids out of total model sales are shown in the following table : Ford Fusion hybrid family sales in the U.S. 2009 - 2016 Year Ford Fusion Hybrid HEV share Mercuy Milan Hybrid HEV share Lincoln MKZ Hybrid HEV share Ford Fusion Energi PHEV share 2009 15,554 8.6 % 1,468 5.4 % 20,816 9.5 % 1,416 4.9 % 1,192 5.3 % 2011 11,286 4.5 % 5,739 20.8 % 2012 14,100 5.8 % 6,067 21.6 % 2013 37,270 12.6 % 7,469 23.1 % 6,089 2.1 % 2014 35,405 11.5 % 10,033 29.5 % 11,550 3.8 % 2015 24,681 8.2 % 8,403 27.2 % 9,750 3.2 % 2016 33,648 12.7 % 7,219 23.6 % 15,938 6.0 % Total sales 192,760 9.4 % 2,884 5.1 % 46,122 22.4 % 43,327 3.7 % See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Fusion Hybrid. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Fusion Energi. Ford CD2 platform Ford CD4 platform Ford Fusion ( regular non-hybrid version ) Ford Motor Company Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States List of hybrid vehicles List of modern production plug - in electric vehicles Plug - in electric vehicles in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jesse Sears ( February 27, 2013 ). `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi : Fuel Economy, Pricing and Release Date ''. Cars Direc. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Jay Cole ( March 3, 2013 ). `` February 2013 Plug - In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card ''. Inside EVs. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2013. ^ Jump up to : `` US Hybrid Sales in March 2009 Down 44 % Year - on - Year ; Monthly New Vehicle Market Share of 2.5 % ''. Green Car Congress. April 3, 2009. 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Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07. ^ Jump up to : Cobb, Jeff ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ). `` December 2015 Dashboard ''. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19. ^ Jump up to : Cobb, Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ). `` December 2016 Dashboard ''. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20. Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion hybrid to hit auto show circuit soon ''. DetroitNews.com. August 15, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. Jump up ^ Gluckman, David ( August 2007 ). `` Spied : 2009 Ford Fusion -- Car News ''. Car and Driver. Retrieved November 18, 2007. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid to pace NASCAR Sprint Cup ''. WorldCarFans.com. Black Falcon Media Group. November 11, 2008. ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Ford Fusion '' ( PDF ). Ford Motor Company. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 19, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009. Jump up ^ Bill Vlasic ( December 30, 2008 ). `` Ford Hybrid Emphasizes High Mileage ''. New York Times. 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Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion, Mercury Milan hybrids earn IIHS `` Top Safety Pick '' ``. AutoblogGreen. June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid Information ''. January 8, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009. Jump up ^ `` 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD -- Source ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion FWD 2.5 L - Source ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Comparison Ford Fusion FWD FFV vs Gasoline - Source ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion FWD 3.5 L - Source ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Comparison Ford Fusion AWD FFV vs Gasoline - Source ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved December 19, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Reported E85 Prices ''. E85Prices.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Hybrid Vehicles : Model Years : 2012 - 2013 ''. U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved March 13, 2012. Click on Fuel Economy tab and Energy and Environment tab. See also here to compare for other model years ^ Jump up to : `` Find and Compare Cars ''. U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved March 13, 2012. For model year 2010 and 2011 browse by model selecting the corresponding year, make and model. Jump up ^ `` Personalize : estimated with fuel economy default values ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved March 13, 2012. ^ Jump up to : James Riswick ( March 8, 2009 ). `` Fuel Sipper Smackdown 2 : Which Car Gets the Best Fuel Economy? ''. Edmunds.com. Retrieved March 6, 2010. Jump up ^ Kim Reynolds ( January 2009 ). `` Comparison : 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid vs 2009 Toyota Camry Hybrid ''. Motor Trend. Retrieved June 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid vs. Camry Hybrid, Altima Hybrid, and Malibu Hybrid -- Comparison Tests ''. Car and Driver. February 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 41 mpg! All - new FORD Fusion hybrid is now America 's most fuel - efficient mid-size car ''. Ford Motor Company. December 23, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2009. Jump up ^ `` First Drive : 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid ''. AutoblogGreen. December 13, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008. Jump up ^ Neil, Dan ( December 19, 2008 ). `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid : 52 mpg and the darkness before dawn ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 2, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Ford Fusion hybrid hypermiles, goes 1,445 miles on a single tank ''. April 28, 2009. Jump up ^ Jim Motavalli ( April 29, 2009 ). `` Ford Hybrid Goes 1,400 Miles on Single Tank of Gas ''. New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2010. Jump up ^ Scott Oldham ( December 29, 2010 ). `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid : Fuel Economy Update ''. Edmunds InsideLine. Retrieved April 19, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Michelle Krebs ( February 28, 2012 ). `` Will Higher Gas Prices Boost Hybrid, EV Sales? ''. Edmunds.com. Retrieved February 29, 2012. Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( February 2012 ). `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2012 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD and 2012 Ford Fusion FWD ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved February 29, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Robert E. Calem. `` Eco-Driving Systems : Now Your Car Can Gently Nag You Into Being More Fuel-Wise ''. Edmunds. Retrieved December 26, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Ford Fusion SmartGauge with EcoGuide Coaches Drivers to Maximum Fuel Efficiency '' ( PDF ). Ford Motor Company. Retrieved December 26, 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid ''. Carspondent. May 26, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2009. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Fusion and 2009 Escape Hybrids Provide Buyers Top Tax Credits ''. Ford Motor Company. January 28, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2009. Jump up ^ Luís Guilherme Barrucho ( October 23, 2010 ). `` Fusão verde : o primeiro híbrido completo do Brasil ''. Veja ( in Portuguese ). Retrieved October 24, 2010. Jump up ^ Valor Econômico ( October 1, 2010 ). `` Sonho do carro elétrico está mais perto do brasileiro '' ( in Portuguese ). Protec. Retrieved October 24, 2010. Jump up ^ Josh Pihl ( January 2014 ). `` Table 33. Batteries for Selected Hybrid - Electric Vehicles, Model Years 2013 - 2014 ''. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21. Jump up ^ Ford. `` 2013 Fusion ''. Ford. Retrieved June 10, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ford prices Auto Start - Stop system in non-hybrid 2013 Fusion 1.6 L EcoBoost model at $295 ''. Green Car Congress. April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Ford Press Release ( January 9, 2012 ). `` Ford introduces new Fusion midsize sedan with new hybrid and Energi plug - in hybrid versions ''. Green Car Congress. Retrieved January 9, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Christopher Jensen ( January 9, 2012 ). `` Ford Adds Plug - In Hybrid to Fusion Arsenal ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Staff ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ). `` First Order für den neuen Ford Mondeo '' ( First Order for the new Ford Mondeo ). KFZ - betrieb ( in German ). Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09. ^ Jump up to : Philippe Crowe ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ). `` Ford Mondeo Hybrid Now In EU Production ''. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30. ^ Jump up to : Jeff Cobb ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ). `` Ford Downgrades Hybrid Model MPG Ratings ''. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17. ^ Jump up to : Brandon Turkus ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ). `` Official : Ford lowers MPG ratings on six vehicles ''. Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE - 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE - 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD ''. www.fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Steven J. Ewing ( January 9, 2012 ). `` 2013 Ford Fusion debuts along with 47 - MPG Fusion Hybrid, 100 - MPGe Fusion Energi ''. Autoblog Green. Retrieved January 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Paul Stenquist ( December 29, 2011 ). `` New Ford Fusion Will Warn Drivers Who Drift ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2012. Jump up ^ Jerry Garrett ( January 10, 2012 ). `` MKZ Concept Is the Next Step in Lincoln 's Reinvention ''. The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( October 16, 2012 ). `` Lincoln MKZ Hybrid rated at 45 mpg, below 47 - mpg Fusion Hybrid ''. Autoblog.com. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Jump up ^ Tamara Warren ( April 3, 2012 ). `` In New York, Lincoln MKZ Makes a Proposition ''. The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2012. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2014 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid FWD - 2014 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD ''. www.fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Jake Holmes ( December 4, 2012 ). `` We Hear : 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid, C - Max Hybrid Do n't Achieve EPA Fuel - Economy Ratings ''. Motor Trend. Retrieved December 24, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Consumer Reports ( December 6, 2012 ). `` Tests show Ford Fusion, C - Max hybrids do n't live up to 47 - mpg claims ''. Consumer Reports. Retrieved December 24, 2012. Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( November 20, 2012 ). `` Ford Hybrids ' Fuel Economy Failing To Live Up To EPA Ratings? ''. Green Car Reports. Retrieved December 24, 2012. ^ Jump up to : Jerry Hirsch ( December 6, 2012 ). `` Consumer Reports says Ford Fusion, C - Max do n't achieve MPG claims ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 24, 2012. ^ Jump up to : David Shepardson and Karl Henkel ( December 8, 2012 ). `` EPA will review Ford C - Max, Fusion 47 mpg claims ''. The Detroit News. Retrieved December 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Karl Henkel ( December 14, 2012 ). `` Ford stands behind fuel efficiency numbers for C - Max Hybrid ''. The Detroit News. Retrieved December 24, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ford 's math on hybrid fuel economy ; standing by the C - MAX EPA ratings, acknowledging large real - world variance ''. Green Car Congress. December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Ford Further Improving On - Road Hybrid Fuel Economy and Hiring for Future, as Electrified Vehicle Share Quadruples '' ( Press release ). U.S. : Ford. July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Nick Bunkley, Bradford Wernle and Gabe Nelson ( August 15, 2013 ). `` Ford lowers fuel economy rating on C - Max hybrid 8.5 % to 43 mpg ''. Automotive News. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sabatini ( June 2013 ). `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi Titanium Plug - In Hybrid ''. Car and Driver. Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14. ^ Jump up to : Cole, Jay ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ). `` Refreshed 2017 Fusion Energi Gets Range Bump, Better MPG ''. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15. ^ Jump up to : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ). `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2016 / 2017 Ford Fusion Energi Plug - in Hybrid ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27. ^ Jump up to : Justin Berkowitz ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ). `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi ( You Know, the Plug - In Hybrid ) Priced at $39,495 ''. Car and Driver. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22. Jump up ^ Jay Cole ( January 7, 2014 ). `` Breaking : Ford Fusion Energi Gets A $4,000 Price Reduction To $34,700 ''. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved January 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Federal Tax Credits for Plug - in Hybrids ''. US Department of Energy. Jump up ^ David Undercoffler ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ). `` Ford 's Fusion Energi plug - in hybrid granted carpool - lane access ''. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26. Jump up ^ Kane, Mark ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ). `` 2017 Ford Fusion Energi Gets New Look, Better MPG, Improved Electric Driving ''. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15. Jump up ^ Klippenstein, Matthew ( February 2017 ). `` Canadian Plug - in Electric Vehicle Sales ''. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21. Estimated sales. Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ). `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2013 / 14 / 15 / 16 Ford Fusion Energi Plug - in Hybrid ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15. Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( December 2015 ). `` Light - Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends : 1975 Through 2015 '' ( PDF ). EPA. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2, 2016. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15. See Table 7.2 - MY 2015 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Powertrain and Range. Jump up ^ Millikin, Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ). `` 2017 Ford Fusion Energi PHEV boosts total range to 610 miles ''. Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27. Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ). `` Ford C - MAX Energi : Most Range, More Efficiency and Affordability Than Any Plug - in Hybrid ''. Media Ford. Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02. EPA ratings in MPG - e for combine, city and highway cycles. Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( January 17, 2013 ). `` New Plug - in Hybrids ''. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved January 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Mark Phelan ( November 14, 2012 ). `` Ford readies Fusion Energi plug - in hybrid for debut in 2013 ''. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 18, 2012. Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ). `` Fueleconomy. gov 's Top Ten EPA - Rated Fuel Sippers ( 1984 to present ) - All Years ''. fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11. Excludes all - electric vehicles. Click on the tab `` EPA Rated - All Years. The 2013 - 2014 Fusion / C - Max Energi has a combined electric / hybrid fuel economy of 51 MPG - e, 55 MPG - e in city and 46 MPG - e in highway. Jump up ^ `` Ford 's First Hybrid Cop Car Is One Mean, Green Machine ''. Wired. 2017 - 04 - 10. Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06. Jump up ^ `` KBB Green : Top 10 Green Cars for 2009 ''. Kelley Blue Book. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Car Rankings : Affordable Midsize Cars ''. U.S. News & World Report Rankings and Reviews : Automotive. Retrieved October 17, 2009. Jump up ^ Matt Stone ( November 17, 2009 ). `` 2010 Motor Trend Car of the Year : Ford Fusion ''. Motor Trend. Retrieved December 10, 2009. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid -- 10Best Cars ''. Car and Driver. November 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2009. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Automobile All - Stars ''. Automobile Magazine. December 16, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2010 ''. Consumer Reports Cars Blog. February 26, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Jump up ^ `` KBB 's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid ''. USA Today. April 20, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. Jump up ^ `` 2010 Best Green Cars ''. Mother Earth News. March 2010. Retrieved May 2, 2010. April -- May 2010 issue Jump up ^ `` Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2011 ''. Consumer Reports. March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012. Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercury Milan Hybrid ''. Edmunds.com. Retrieved February 5, 2011. Jump up ^ Scott Doggett ( November 23, 2010 ). `` Obama Administration Buys Nearly 1 in 4 Hybrids as Consumer Market Slumps ''. Edmunds.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Co. 's July Sales Up 9 Percent ; Ford Brand Utilities, Stronger Lincoln Lead the Way '' ( PDF ). Ford Motor Company. August 2, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2011. Jump up ^ `` July 2011 Dashboard : Hybrid Sales Show Signs of Recovery ''. HybridCars.com. August 3, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011. Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( September 2013 ). `` Ford Fusion Sales Figures ''. Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved September 8, 2013. Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ). `` August 2013 Dashboard ''. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08. Jump up ^ Ford Press Release ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ). `` Ford Delivers Best August Hybrid Sales Ever with C - MAX Energi and Fusion Energi Achieving Record Sales ''. Reuters. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08. Jump up ^ Karl Henkel ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ). `` Lincoln to double production of MKZ Hybrid ''. The Detroit News. Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08. ^ Jump up to : Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ). `` Ford Fusion Sales Figures ''. Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ). `` Mercury Milan Sales Figures ''. Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19. Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ). `` Lincoln MKZ Sales Figures ''. Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19. External links ( edit ) Ford 's Fusion Hybrid page ( Click on Green ) Fusion Hybrid timetable on tax credits Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars B - Max C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan Ford Taurus VII Pickup Trucks F - Series Ranger Super Duty Transit SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer / Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Econovan Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy Soybean Car 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Tierra / Meteor LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ford Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria and Police Interceptor Maverick Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Courier Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Fairlane ( Australia ) Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X GT Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s SVT Raptor Ford Falcon Ute ( Australia ) Ford Falcon ( Australia ) Ford Territory ( Australia ) Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons `` previous -- Ford car timeline, United States & Canada, 1980 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Fiesta Festiva Aspire Fiesta Compact Pinto Escort Escort Escort Focus Focus Focus Fairmont Tempo Tempo Contour Granada Mid-size Granada LTD Fusion Fusion Taurus Taurus Taurus Taurus Full - size LTD LTD Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Country Squire Five Hundred Taurus Taurus Personal luxury Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sport compact EXP EXP Probe Probe Escort ZX2 ZX2 Fiesta ST Focus ST Focus RS Sports Mustang Mustang Mustang Mustang Supercar GT GT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Fusion_Hybrid&oldid=796683993 '' Categories : Ford vehicles 2010s automobiles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Mid-size cars Hybrid electric cars Plug - in hybrid vehicles Sedans Police vehicles Partial zero - emissions vehicles Cars introduced in 2009 Cars introduced in 2013 Ford Mondeo Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017, at 13 : 24. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Ford Fusion Hybrid - Wikipedia Ford Fusion Hybrid Jump to : navigation, search Ford Fusion Hybrid Overview Manufacturer Ford Production 2008 -- present Model years 2010 -- present Assembly Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline - electric hybrid powered version of the mid-sized Ford Fusion sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford, now in its second generation. A plug - in hybrid version, the Ford Fusion Energi, was released in the U.S. in February 2013. The first generation was launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 for model year 2010, together with its badge - engineered variants, the Mercury Milan Hybrid and the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid. The second generation was launched under the Ford and Lincoln brands for model year 2013, went on sale in the U.S. in October 2012. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rated the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid at 39 mpg ( 6.0 L /" ], "id": [ "8831179148033432813" ], "short_answers": [ "gasoline-electric" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Trees ( poem ) - wikipedia Trees ( poem ) Joyce Kilmer 's Columbia University yearbook photograph, c. 1908 `` Trees '' is a lyric poem by American poet Joyce Kilmer. Written in February 1913, it was first published in Poetry : A Magazine of Verse that August and included in Kilmer 's 1914 collection Trees and Other Poems. The poem, in twelve lines of rhyming couplets of iambic tetrameter verse, describes what Kilmer perceives as the inability of art created by humankind to replicate the beauty achieved by nature. Kilmer is most remembered for `` Trees '', which has been the subject of frequent parodies and references in popular culture. Kilmer 's work is often disparaged by critics and dismissed by scholars as being too simple and overly sentimental, and that his style was far too traditional and even archaic. Despite this, the popular appeal of `` Trees '' has contributed to its endurance. Literary critic Guy Davenport considers it `` the one poem known by practically everybody ''. `` Trees '' is frequently included in poetry anthologies and has been set to music several times -- including a popular rendition by Oscar Rasbach, performed by singers Nelson Eddy, Robert Merrill, and Paul Robeson. The location for a specific tree as the possible inspiration for the poem has been claimed by several places and institutions connected to Kilmer 's life ; among these are Rutgers University, the University of Notre Dame, and towns across the country that Kilmer visited. However, Kilmer 's eldest son, Kenton, declares that the poem does not apply to any one tree -- that it could apply equally to any. `` Trees '' was written in an upstairs bedroom at the family 's home in Mahwah, New Jersey, that `` looked out down a hill, on our well - wooded lawn ''. Kenton Kilmer stated that while his father was `` widely known for his affection for trees, his affection was certainly not sentimental -- the most distinguished feature of Kilmer 's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home ''. Contents 1 Writing 1.1 Mahwah : February 1913 1.2 Kilmer 's inspiration 2 Scansion and analysis 3 Publication and reception 3.1 Publication 3.2 Popular appeal 3.3 Critical reception 4 Refuted claims regarding inspiration 5 Adaptations and parodies 5.1 Musical adaptations 5.2 Parodies 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 7 External links Writing ( edit ) The Kilmer family home in Mahwah, New Jersey, where `` Trees '' was written in February 1913 Mahwah : February 1913 ( edit ) According to Kilmer 's oldest son, Kenton, `` Trees '' was written on 2 February 1913, when the family resided in Mahwah, New Jersey, in the northwestern corner of Bergen County. The Kilmers lived on the southwest corner of the intersection of Airmount Road and Armour Road in Mahwah for five years and the house overlooked the Ramapo Valley. It was written in the afternoon in the intervals of some other writing. The desk was in an upstairs room, by a window looking down a wooded hill. It was written in a little notebook in which his father and mother wrote out copies of several of their poems and, in most cases, added the date of composition. On one page the first two lines of ' Trees ' appear, with the date, February 2, 1913, and on another page, further on in the book, is the full text of the poem. It was dedicated to his wife 's mother, Mrs. Henry Mills Alden, who was endeared to all her family. In 2013, the notebook alluded to by Kilmer 's son was uncovered by journalist and Kilmer researcher Alex Michelini in Georgetown University 's Lauinger Library in a collection of family papers donated to the university by Kilmer 's granddaughter, Miriam Kilmer. The `` Mrs. Henry Mills Alden '' to whom the poem was dedicated was Ada Foster Murray Alden ( 1866 -- 1936 ), the mother of Kilmer 's wife, Aline Murray Kilmer ( 1888 -- 1941 ). Alden, a writer, had married Harper 's Magazine editor Henry Mills Alden in 1900. Kilmer 's inspiration ( edit ) Kilmer 's poetry was influenced by `` his strong religious faith and dedication to the natural beauty of the world. '' Although several communities across the United States claim to have inspired `` Trees '', nothing can be established specifically regarding Kilmer 's inspiration except that he wrote the poem while residing in Mahwah. Both Kilmer 's widow, Aline, and his son, Kenton, refuted these claims in their correspondence with researchers and by Kenton in his memoir. Kenton wrote to University of Notre Dame researcher Dorothy Colson : Mother and I agreed, when we talked about it, that Dad never meant his poem to apply to one particular tree, or to the trees of any special region. Just any trees or all trees that might be rained on or snowed on, and that would be suitable nesting places for robins. I guess they 'd have to have upward - reaching branches, too, for the line about ' lifting leafy arms to pray. ' Rule out weeping willows. According to Kenton Kilmer, the upstairs room in which the poem was written looked down the hill over the family 's `` well - wooded lawn '' that contained `` trees of many kinds, from mature trees to thin saplings : oaks, maples, black and white birches, and I do not know what else. '' A published interview with Joyce Kilmer in 1915 mentioned the poet 's large woodpile at the family 's Mahwah home : while Kilmer might be widely known for his affection for trees, his affection was certainly not sentimental -- the most distinguished feature of Kilmer 's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home. The house stood in the middle of a forest and what lawn it possessed was obtained only after Kilmer had spent months of weekend toil in chopping down trees, pulling up stumps, and splitting logs. Kilmer 's neighbors had difficulty in believing that a man who could do that could also be a poet. Scansion and analysis ( edit ) `` Trees '' ( 1913 ) I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree. A tree whose hungry mouth is prest Against the earth 's sweet flowing breast ; A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms to pray ; A tree that may in Summer wear A nest of robins in her hair ; Upon whose bosom snow has lain ; Who intimately lives with rain. Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree. `` Trees '' is a poem of twelve lines in strict iambic tetrameter. All but one of the lines has the full eight syllables of iambic tetrameter. The eleventh, or penultimate, line begins on the stressed syllable of the iambic foot and drops the unstressed syllable -- an acephalous ( or `` headless '' ) catalectic line -- that results in a truncated seven - syllable iambic tetrameter line. Making the meter of a line catalectic can change the feeling of the poem, and is often used to achieve a certain effect as a way of changing tone or announcing a conclusion. The poem 's rhyme scheme is rhyming couplets rendered aa bb cc dd ee aa. Despite its deceptive simplicity in rhyme and meter, `` Trees '' is notable for its use of personification and anthropomorphic imagery : the tree of the poem, which Kilmer depicts as female, is depicted as pressing its mouth to the Earth 's breast, looking at God, and raising its `` leafy arms '' to pray. The tree of the poem also has human physical attributes -- it has a `` hungry mouth '', arms, hair ( in which robins nest ), and a bosom. Rutgers - Newark English professor and poet Rachel Hadas described the poem as being `` rather slight '' although it `` is free of irony and self consciousness, except that little reference to fools like me at the end, which I find kind of charming ''. Scholar Mark Royden Winchell points out that Kilmer 's depiction of the tree indicates the possibility that he had several different people in mind because of the variety of anthropomorphic descriptions. Winchell posits that if the tree described were to be a single human being it would be `` an anatomically deformed one ''. In the second stanza, the tree is a sucking babe drawing nourishment from Mother Earth ; in the third it is a supplicant reaching its leafy arms to the sky in prayer... In the fourth stanza, the tree is a girl with jewels ( a nest of robins ) in her hair ; and in the fifth, it is a chaste woman living alone with nature and with God. There is no warrant in the poem to say that it is different trees that remind the poet of these different types of people. However, Winchell observes that this `` series of fanciful analogies... could be presented in any order without damaging the overall structure of his poem ''. Publication and reception ( edit ) The cover of Joyce Kilmer 's Trees and Other Poems, published in 1914 Publication ( edit ) `` Trees '' was first published in the August 1913 issue of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse. The magazine, which had begun publishing the year before in Chicago, Illinois, quickly became the `` principal organ for modern poetry of the English - speaking world '' publishing the early works of poets who became the major influences on the development of twentieth - century literature ( including T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, H.D., Wallace Stevens, Robert Frost and Edna St. Vincent Millay ). Poetry paid Kilmer six dollars to print the poem, which was immediately successful. The following year, Kilmer included `` Trees '' in his collection Trees and Other Poems published by the George H. Doran Company. Joyce Kilmer 's reputation as a poet is staked largely on the widespread popularity of this one poem. `` Trees '' was liked immediately on first publication in Poetry : A Magazine of Verse ; when Trees and Other Poems was published the following year, the review in Poetry focused on the `` nursery rhyme '' directness and simplicity of the poems, finding a particular childlike naivety in `` Trees '', which gave it `` an unusual, haunting poignancy ''. However, the same review criticized the rest of the book, stating `` much of the verse in this volume is very slight indeed. '' Despite the enduring popular appeal of `` Trees '', most of Joyce Kilmer 's works are largely unknown and have fallen into obscurity. A select few of his poems, including `` Trees '', are published frequently in anthologies. `` Trees '' began appearing in anthologies shortly after Kilmer 's 1918 death, the first inclusion being Louis Untermeyer 's Modern American Poetry ( 1919 ). Journalist and author Mark Forsyth ranks the first two lines of `` Trees '' as 26th out of 50 lines in an assessment of the `` most quoted lines of poetry '' as measured by Google hits. Popular appeal ( edit ) With `` Trees '', Kilmer was said to have `` rediscovered simplicity '', and the simplicity of its message and delivery is a source of its appeal. In 1962, English professor Barbara Garlitz recounted that her undergraduate students considered the poem as `` one of the finest poems ever written, or at least a very good one '' -- even after its technical flaws were discussed -- because of its simple message and that it `` paints such lovely pictures ''. The students pointed to `` how true the poem is '', and it appealed to both her students ' `` romantic attitude towards nature '' and their appreciation of life, nature, solace, and beauty because of its message that `` the works of God completely overshadow our own feeble attempts at creation ''. Considering this sentiment, the enduring popularity of `` Trees '' is evinced by its association with annual Arbor Day observances and the planting of memorial trees as well as the several parks named in honor of Kilmer, including the Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock Wilderness and Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest tracts within the Nantahala National Forest in Graham County, North Carolina. `` Trees '' has been described by literary critic Guy Davenport as `` the one poem known by practically everybody ''. According to journalist Rick Hampson, `` Trees '' was `` memorized and recited by generations of students... It comforted troops in the trenches of World War I. It was set to music and set in stone, declaimed in opera houses and vaudeville theaters, intoned at ceremonies each April on Arbor Day. '' According to Robert Holliday, Kilmer 's friend and editor, `` Trees '' speaks `` with authentic song to the simplest of hearts ''. Holliday added that this `` exquisite title poem now so universally known made his reputation more than all the rest he had written put together '' and was `` made for immediate widespread popularity ''. Critical reception ( edit ) The Joyce Kilmer Tree in New York City 's Central Park, located near several World War I monuments, planted after the poet 's death Several critics -- including both Kilmer 's contemporaries and modern scholars -- have disparaged Kilmer 's work as being too religious, simple, and overly sentimental and suggested that his style was far too traditional, even archaic. Poet Conrad Aiken, a contemporary of Kilmer, lambasted his work as being unoriginal -- merely `` imitative with a sentimental bias '' and `` trotting out of the same faint passions, the same old heartbreaks and love songs, ghostly distillations of fragrances all too familiar ''. Aiken characterized Kilmer as a `` dabbler in the pretty and sweet '' and `` pale - mouthed clingers to the artificial and archaic ''. Kilmer is considered among the last of the Romantic era poets because his verse is conservative and traditional in style and does not break any of the formal rules of poetics -- a style often criticized today for being too sentimental to be taken seriously. The entire corpus of Kilmer 's work was produced between 1909 and 1918 when Romanticism and sentimental lyric poetry fell out of favor and Modernism took root -- especially with the influence of the Lost Generation. In the years after Kilmer 's death, poetry went in drastically different directions, as is seen in the work of T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, and academic criticism grew with it to eschew the more sentimental and straightforward verse. The poem was criticized by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren in their textbook Understanding Poetry first published in 1938. Brooks and Warren were two of the major contributors to the New Criticism movement, where its supporters opposed using literature as a surrogate for religion. New Criticism proponents analyzed poetry on its aesthetic formulae and excluded reader 's response, the author 's intention, historical and cultural contexts, and moralistic bias from their analysis. They attributed the popularity of Trees largely to its religious appeal and believed it was a `` stock response that has nothing to do, as such, with poetry '', adding : It praises God and appeals to a religious sentiment. Therefore, people who do not stop to look at the poem itself or to study the images in the poem and think about what the poem really says, are inclined to accept the poem because of the pious sentiment, the prettified little pictures ( which in themselves appeal to stock responses ), and the mechanical rhythm. Literary critic Mark Royden Winchell believed that Brooks and Warren 's criticism of Kilmer 's poem was chiefly to demonstrate that `` it is sometimes possible to learn as much about poetry from bad poems as from good ones ''. Refuted claims regarding inspiration ( edit ) Due to the enduring popular appeal of `` Trees '', several local communities and organizations across the United States have staked their claim to the genesis of the poem. While the accounts of family members and of documents firmly establish Mahwah being the place where Kilmer wrote the poem, several towns throughout the country have claimed that Kilmer wrote `` Trees '' while staying there or that a specific tree in their town inspired Kilmer 's writing. Local tradition in Swanzey, New Hampshire asserts without proof that Kilmer wrote the poem while summering in the town. Montague, Massachusetts, claims that either `` a sprawling maple dominated the grounds near a hospital where Kilmer once was treated '' or `` a spreading maple in the yard of an old mansion '' inspired the poem. In New Brunswick, New Jersey, Kilmer 's hometown, the claim involved a large white oak on the Cook College campus ( now the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences ), at Rutgers University. This tree, the `` Kilmer Oak '', was estimated to be over 300 years old. Because it had been weakened by age and disease, the Kilmer Oak was removed in 1963, and in reporting by The New York Times and other newspapers the local tradition was repeated with the claim that `` Rutgers said it could not prove that Kilmer had been inspired by the oak. '' Currently, saplings from acorns of the historic tree are being grown at the site, throughout the Middlesex County and central New Jersey, as well as in major arboretums around the United States. The remains of the original Kilmer Oak are presently kept in storage at Rutgers University. Because of Kilmer 's close identification with Roman Catholicism and his correspondence with many priests and theologians, a tree located near a grotto dedicated to the Virgin Mary at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, has been asserted as the inspiration for the poem. According to Dorothy Corson, the claim was first made by a priest named Henry Kemper. There are several accounts that Kilmer visited the campus of Notre Dame to lecture and to visit friends, but none of these accounts or occasions date before 1914. In his 1997 book of essays entitled The Geography of the Imagination, American writer Guy Davenport suggests a different inspiration for Kilmer 's poem. Trees were favorite symbols for Yeats, Frost, and even the young Pound... But Kilmer had been reading about trees in another context (, ) the movement to stop child labor and set up nursery schools in slums... Margaret McMillan... had the happy idea that a breath of fresh air and an intimate acquaintance with grass and trees were worth all the pencils and desks in the whole school system... The English word for gymnasium equipment is ' apparatus. ' And in her book Labour and Childhood ( 1907 ) you will find this sentence : ' Apparatus can be made by fools, but only God can make a tree. ' It appears that Davenport must have loosely and erroneously paraphrased the sentiments expressed by McMillan, as this exact quote does not appear in her text. Instead, McMillan is expressing the observation that several nineteenth - century writers, including William Rankin, William Morris and Thomas Carlyle, opposed the effects of machinery on society and craftsmanship and thus eschewed machine - made items. Davenport 's observation likely was derived in some way from McMillan 's examination and quotation of Carlyle : He ( Carlyle ) often makes comparisons between men and machines, and even trees and machines, greatly to the disadvantage of the latter. For example, ' O, that we could displace the machine god and put a man god in his place! ' and ' I find no similitude of life so true as this of a tree! Beautiful! Machine of the universe! ' Adaptations and parodies ( edit ) Musical adaptations ( edit ) Several of Kilmer 's poems, including `` Trees '', were set to music and published in England by Kilmer 's mother, Annie Kilburn Kilmer, who was a writer and amateur composer. The more popular musical setting of Kilmer 's poem was composed in 1922 by American pianist and composer Oscar Rasbach. This setting had been performed and recorded frequently in twentieth century, including Ernestine Schumann - Heink, John Charles Thomas, Nelson Eddy, Robert Merrill, Perry Como, and Paul Robeson. Rasbach 's song appeared on popular network television shows, including All in the Family, performed by the puppets Wayne and Wanda in The Muppet Show, and as an animated feature segment featuring Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians performing the song in the 1948 animated film Melody Time, the last of the short - film anthology features produced by Walt Disney. Rasbach 's setting has also been lampooned, most notably in the Our Gang short film `` Arbor Day '' ( 1936 ), directed by Fred C. Newmeyer, in which Alfalfa ( played by Carl Switzer ), sings the song in a whiny, strained voice after a `` woodsman, spare that tree '' dialogue with Spanky ( George McFarland ). Film critic Leonard Maltin has called this `` the poem 's all - time worst rendition ''. In his album Caught in the Act, Victor Borge, when playing requests, responds to a member of the audience : `` Sorry I do n't know that ' Doggie in the Window '. I know one that comes pretty close to it '' and proceeds to play the Rasbach setting of `` Trees ''. Dutch composer Henk van der Vliet included a setting of `` Trees '' as the third in a set of five songs written in 1977, which included texts by poets Christina Rossetti, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Kilmer, Matthew Prior, and Sir John Suckling. Parodies ( edit ) Because of the varied reception to Kilmer 's poem and its simple rhyme and meter, it has been the model for several parodies written by humorists and poets alike. While keeping with Kilmer 's iambic tetrameter rhythm and its couplet rhyme scheme, and references to the original poem 's thematic material, such parodies are often immediately recognizable, as is seen in `` Song of the Open Road '' written by poet and humorist Ogden Nash : `` I think that I shall never see / A billboard lovely as a tree. / Indeed, unless the billboards fall, / I 'll never see a tree at all. '' `` Chee $ e '' I think that we should never freeze Such lively assets as our cheese. The sucker 's hungry mouth is pressed Against the cheese 's caraway breast.... Poems are nought but warmed - up breeze. DOLLARS are made by Trappist Cheese. A similar sentiment was expressed in a 1968 episode of the animated series Wacky Races titled `` The Wrong Lumber Race '', where the villainous Dick Dastardly chops down a tree and uses it as a roadblock against the other racers, declaring proudly : `` I think that I shall never see / A roadblock lovely as a tree. '' Further, Trappist monk, poet and spiritual writer Thomas Merton used Kilmer 's poem as a model for a parody called `` Chee $ e '' -- with a dollar sign purposefully substituted for the letter `` s '' -- in which Merton ridiculed the lucrative sale of homemade cheese by his monastery, the Abbey of Gethsemani in Kentucky. This poem was not published during Merton 's lifetime. Merton often criticized the `` commodification of monastic life and business for a profit '', claiming that it affected the well - being of the spirit. In his poem, Merton attributed his parody to `` Joyce Killer - Diller ''. from Superman II LUTHOR :... Give me another one... ( EVE, hands him another crystal at random. LUTHOR shoves it in the mechanism - JOR - EL reappears. ) JOR - EL : Education crystal 108. Earth Culture. A typical ode, much loved by the people you will live among, Kal - El. `` Trees '' by Joyce Kilmer. `` I think that I shall never see a poem as lovely as a tree ; a tree whose branches wide and strong... '' ( LUTHOR, to his credit, quickly yanks the tape out. ) LUTHOR : Good god! EVE : Hey wait! I love `` Trees. '' LUTHOR : So does the average Cocker Spaniel. Like Kilmer, Merton was a graduate of Columbia University and a member of its literary society, the Philolexian Society, which has hosted the annual Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest since 1986. `` Trees '' is read at the conclusion of each year 's event. Kilmer 's poem was recited in the 1980 film Superman II, as well as its 2006 director 's cut. In the scene, villain Lex Luthor ( played by Gene Hackman ) and others enter Superman 's Fortress of Solitude and comes across a video of an elder ( John Hollis ) from planet Krypton reciting `` Trees '' as an example of `` poetry from Earth literature ''. Luthor ridicules the poem. References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There is also an Airmont Road in Mahwah ; the Kilmers lived in Airmount, not Airmont. Jump up ^ The fourth line is quoted as `` Against the sweet earth 's flowing breast ; '' ( with `` sweet '' at a different position ) in text archive Bartleby.com 's copy of the poem. ( This seems to be a typo rather than a variant. ) Jump up ^ The original footage filmed by director Richard Donner before he was fired from the production featured Marlon Brando ( playing as Superman 's father Jor - El ). Brando 's scenes were not included in the 1980 theatrical release due to ongoing financial and contractual disputes between Brando and the producers. Lester reshot Brando 's scenes with Hollis. Brando 's scenes were restored for the re-edited director 's cut Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut released in 2006 that featured Donner 's original vision for the film. For a comparison of the two versions of the film, see : Wheeler, Jeremy. AMG Review : Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut - Critics ' Reviews. Retrieved 21 July 2013. Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Letter from Kenton Kilmer to Dorothy Colson in Grotto Sources file, Dorothy Corson Collection, University of Notre Dame ( South Bend, Indiana ). ^ Jump up to : Kilmer, Joyce. `` Trees '' in Monroe, Harriet ( editor ), Poetry : A Magazine of Verse. ( Chicago : Modern Poetry Association, August 1913 ), 2 : 160. ^ Jump up to : Kilmer, Joyce. Trees and Other Poems. ( New York : Doubleday Doran and Co., 1914 ), 18. ^ Jump up to : Hart, James A. Joyce Kilmer 1886 -- 1918 ( Biography ) at Poetry Magazine. ( Retrieved 15 August 2012 ). ^ Jump up to : Hampson, Rick. `` Shift in education priorities could topple poem ' Trees ' '' in USA Today ' ( 6 May 2013 ). Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ Jump up to : Kilmer, Miriam A. Joyce Kilmer ( 1886 -- 1918 ) - Author of Trees and Other Poems ( website of family member ). Retrieved 22 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Kilmer, Kenton. Memories of My Father, Joyce Kilmer ( New Brunswick : Joyce Kilmer Centennial Commission, 1993 ), 89. ^ Jump up to : Hillis, John. Joyce Kilmer : A Bio-Bibliography. Master of Science ( Library Science ) Thesis. Catholic University of America. ( Washington, DC : 1962 ). ^ Jump up to : Pries, Allison. `` Letter backs Mahwah 's claim on Joyce Kilmer poem ' Trees ' '' in The Record ( 10 May 2013 ). Retrieved 22 May 2013. Jump up ^ In a 1929 letter, Kilmer 's widow, Aline, wrote a verbatim account : `` The poem, I definitely remember, was written at home, in the afternoon, in the intervals of some writings. The desk was in an upstairs room, by a window looking down a wooded hill. '' Letter, Aline Kilmer to Joanna Zanders ( 25 March 1929 ), in the Georgetown University Lauinger Library ( Washington, DC ). Jump up ^ McGlone, Peggy. `` Mystery solved : Joyce Kilmer 's famous ' Trees ' penned in N.J. '' in The Star - Ledger ( 10 May 2013 ). Retrieved 22 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Henry Alden, Writer, dies at 70. Was Widow of Editor of Harper 's. Won National Award at 76. Published at 15. Poem, ' Trees, ' Was Dedicated to her by Author, Joyce Kilmer, Her Son - in - Law. '' The New York Times 12 April 1936. Jump up ^ `` In and Around the Village '' in Metuchen Recorder ( 24 February 1900 ). Jump up ^ Hartley, Marsden. `` Tribute to Joyce Kilmer '' in Poetry : A Magazine of Verse ( December 1918 ), 149 -- 154. ^ Jump up to : What a Difference a Tree Makes Archived 2006 - 08 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. citing Lax, Roer and Smith, Frederick. The Great Song Thesaurus. ( New York : Oxford University Press, 1989 ). ISBN 0 - 19 - 505408 - 3. Retrieved 25 December 2006. ^ Jump up to : Devlin, John C. `` Kilmer Recalled as Oak is Felled ; Kilmer 's Tree ( Or Was It? ) Will Inspire No More '' in The New York Times ( 19 September 1963 ). ^ Jump up to : Corson, Dorothy V. A Cave of Candles : The Story behind the Notre Dame Grotto, found online here ( accessed 15 August 2012 ). ^ Jump up to : Curley, John. `` End of Legend : Kilmer 's Oak to Fall '' The Free Lance - Star. ( 17 September 1963 ). Jump up ^ Kilmer, Joyce. `` Trees '' in The Poems of Joyce Kilmer ( 1918 ), reproduced at ELCore.net Jump up ^ Harmon, William. `` Catalexis '' in A Handbook to Literature. ( Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 2005 ). Jump up ^ Fenton, James. An Introduction to English Poetry. ( New York : Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2002 ), 128. Jump up ^ Dunnings, Stephen. `` Scripting : A Way of Talking '' in The English Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6 ( September 1974 ), 32 - 40, passim. Jump up ^ Boyle, Frederick H. `` Eighth Graders Discover Poetry '' in The English Journal, Vol. 46, No. 8 ( November 1957 ), 506 - 507. ^ Jump up to : Winchell, Mark Royden. Cleanth Brooks and the Rise of Modern Criticism ( Charlottesville, Virginia : University of Virginia Press, 1996 ), 159. Jump up ^ Hadas ' comments were on the public radio program segment exploring legacy of Kilmer 's poem as `` one of the most quoted poems in American history '' and its many interpretations in `` A poem as lovely as a tree '' on American Public Media 's Weekend America ( 3 December 2005 ), segment producer : Sarah Elzas, editors : Amanda Aronczyk and Jim Gates. Retrieved 21 July 2013. Jump up ^ `` Monroe, Harriet ''. Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia Of Literature. ( Springfield, Massachusetts : Merriam - Webster, Inc., 1995 ), 773. Jump up ^ Goodyear, Dana, `` The Moneyed Muse : What can two hundred million dollars do for poetry? '' in The New Yorker ( double issue : 19 February / 26 February 2007 ). Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : Cargas, Harry J. I Lay Down My Life : Biography of Joyce Kilmer ( Boston : St. Paul Editions, 1964 ), 43. Retrieved 23 July 2013 ^ Jump up to : Tietjens, Eunice. Trees and Other Poems by Joyce Kilmer ( book review ) in Poetry : A Magazine of Verse ( December 1914 ), 140 -- 141. Retrieved 23 July 2013. Jump up ^ Kilmer, Joyce. `` Trees '' in Untermeyer, Louis. Modern American Poetry. ( New York : Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1919 ). Jump up ^ Although an unscientific poll, Kilmer 's couplet is ranked 26th of 50 with 1,080,000 Google hits, see : Forsyth, M ( ark ). H. `` The Most Quoted Lines of Poetry '' in The Inky Fool : On Words, Phrases, Grammar, Rhetoric and Prose ( blog ). ( 8 February 2010 ). Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ Jump up to : Garlitz, Barbara. `` Uprooting `` Trees '' in College English 23 ( 4 ) ( January 1962 ), 299 - 301. Jump up ^ Brewer, Alberta, and Brewer, Carson. Valley So Wild. ( Knoxville, Tennessee : East Tennessee Historical Society, 1975 ), 350 - 351. ^ Jump up to : Davenport, Guy. `` Trees '', in The Geography of the Imagination. ( Boston : David R. Godine, 1997 ), 177 - 179. ISBN 1 - 888173 - 33 - 5. Jump up ^ Holliday, Robert Cortes. `` Memoir, '' in Joyce Kilmer, edited by Holliday ( New York : Doran, 1918 ), I : 17 -- 101. ^ Jump up to : Aiken, Conrad Potter. `` Chapter XVIII : Confectionery and Caviar : Edward Bliss Reed, John Cowper Powys, Joyce Kilmer, Theodosia Garrison, William Carlos Williams, '' in Scepticisms : Notes on Contemporary Poetry. ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1919 ), 178 -- 86. Jump up ^ Perkins, David. A History of Modern Poetry in two volumes : Volume I : From the 1890s to the High Modernist Mode ( Cambridge, Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1976 - ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39941 - 9 ) and Volume II : Modernism and After ( Cambridge, Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1987 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39947 - 1 ), passim. ^ Jump up to : Brooks, Cleanth and Warren, Robert Penn. Understanding Poetry ( 3rd Edition - New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1960 ), 391. Jump up ^ Several writers formulated the views of the `` New Criticism '' school of thought. In addition to Brooks and Warren 's Understanding Poetry, see Ransom, John Crowe The New Criticism ( New York : New Directions, 1941 ) ; Ransom, John Crowe. `` Criticism, Inc. '' in The Virginia Quarterly Review ( Autumn 1937 ) ; Brooks, Cleanth. `` The New Criticism, '' in The Sewanee Review 87 : 4 ( 1979 ). For analysis of the New Criticism, see : Leitch, Vincent B., et al. ( editors ). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company, 2001 ) ; Jancovich, Mark. The Cultural Politics of the New Criticism. ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1993 ) ; Searle, Leroy. `` New Criticism '' in Groden, Michael ; Kreiswirth, Martin ; and Szeman, Imre ( editors ). The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory. 2nd Edition. ( Baltimore, Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 ). Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project for the Works Progress Administration of the State of New Hampshire. New Hampshire : A Guide to the Granite State ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1938 ), 103. Jump up ^ Kelly, Mike. `` Did Mahwah 's trees inspire Joyce Kilmer 's famous poem? '' in The Bergen Record ( 26 January 2013 ). Retrieved 18 June 2013. Jump up ^ Associated Press. `` Doomed Oak Said Kilmer Poem Source '' in The Berkshire Eagle ( 16 September 1963 ), 8. Jump up ^ Kilmer Oak Tree, Highland Park ( NJ ) Environmental Commission ( no further authorship information given ). Retrieved 26 December 2006. Jump up ^ Press Release : `` Cook Student Named New Jersey Cooperative Education and Internship Association Student of the Year '' Archived 2006 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. ( Press Release : 13 June 2006 ), published by Cook College, Rutgers University and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, no further authorship information given. Retrieved 26 December 2006. Jump up ^ Corson cites : `` They say the big tree that shades Our Lady 's niche ' a tree that looks at God all day and lifts her leafy arms to pray, ' was the inspiration that made the patriot convert, Joyce Kilmer, famous, with his best - known poem. '' Kemper, Henry. `` University Statue Shrine Stories '' in The Kerrville Times ( 1943 ), 24, in the University of Notre Dame Archives. ^ Jump up to : McMillan, Margaret. Labour and Childhood. ( London : Swan Sonnenschein, 1907 ), 127. Jump up ^ McMillan is quoting Carlyle, Thomas. `` LECTURE I : The Hero as Divinity. Odin. Paganism : Scandinavian Mythology '' in On Heroes, Hero - Worship, and the Heroic in History. ( London : Chapman & Hall, 1840 ), 25. Jump up ^ Brother Roberto, C.S.C., Death Beneath the Trees : A Story of Joyce Kilmer. ( South Bend, Indiana : Dujarie Press - University of Notre Dame, 1967 ), 68. Jump up ^ Rasbach, Oscar ( composer ). `` Trees ( song ). Poem by Joyce Kilmer. Music by Oscar Rasbach. '' ( New York : G. Schirmer, Inc., 1922 ). Jump up ^ Recording of Oscar Rasbach 's setting of `` Trees '' ( from poem by Joyce Kilmer ) sung by Ernestine Schumann - Heink, ( Matrix B - 30950, 1924 ; Matrix BVE - 30950 1926, the latter released on Victor 1198, Gramophone 3 - 3125, and Gramophone DA - 838 1926 ). Jump up ^ Recording of Oscar Rasbach 's setting of `` Trees '' ( from poem by Joyce Kilmer ) sung by John Charles Thomas ( Victor 1525 - A ) on Victor Red Seal label 78RPM. Jump up ^ Recording of Oscar Rasbach 's setting of `` Trees '' ( from poem by Joyce Kilmer ) sung by Nelson Eddy ( Victor # 4366 - A / C27 - 1 ), on Victor Red Seal label, 10 '' 78RPM. Jump up ^ Recording of Oscar Rasbach 's setting sung by Robert Merrill on `` Robert Merrill Songs you Love '' ( Dutton Vocalion CDVS 1952 ) Jump up ^ `` Perry Como 's Kraft Music Hall '' ( TV series ) episode aired 21 March 1959. Jump up ^ Recording of Oscar Rasbach 's setting of `` Trees '' ( from poem by Joyce Kilmer ) sung by Paul Robeson ( Victor 26168, 1939 ) on Victor black - and - gold label 10 '' 78RPM record. Jump up ^ All in the Family Season 9, Episode 11 `` The Bunkers Go West '' ( aired 10 December 1978 ), directed by Paul Bogart, script written by Norman Lear, Johnny Speight, Larry Rhine, and Mel Tolkin. Jump up ^ `` The Muppet Show '' Season 1, Episode 13 ( aired 4 December 1976 ). The episode featuring guest performer Bruce Forsyth. Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley. `` Disney 's Newest Cartoon Array, ' Melody Time, ' Opens at Astor -- Seven Scenes Featured '' in The New York Times ( 28 May 1948 ). Retrieved 21 July 2013. Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard. The Little Rascals : Remastered and Uncut, Volume 10 ( Introduction ) ( Videorecording ). ( New York : Cabin Fever Entertainment / Hallmark Entertainment, 1994 ) ; and Maltin, Leonard and Bann, Richard W. The Little Rascals : The Life and Times of Our Gang. ( New York : Crown Publishing / Three Rivers Press, 1977, rev. 1992 ). Jump up ^ Movies : Arbor Day ( 1936 ) ( review summary ) on The New York Times website. Retrieved 24 June 2013. Jump up ^ Victor Borge Caught in the Act. ( 1999, Collectables Records 6031, CD ) Jump up ^ van der Vliet, Henk ( composer ). `` Trees / tekst van J. Kilmer '' from 5 Songs for medium voice and piano ( 1977 ) ( Amsterdam : Donemus, 1978 - publisher 's number 05099 ). Retrieved 21 July 2013. Jump up ^ Nash, Ogden. `` Song of the Open Road '' first published in Argosy. Vol. 12 No. 8. ( July 1951 ), 63. Jump up ^ Merton, Thomas. `` Chee $ e '' in The Collected Poems of Thomas Merton ( New York : New Directions, 1977 ), 799 - 800. Jump up ^ Screenplay for Wacky Races episode WR - 8 `` The Wrong Lumber Race '' written by Larz Bourne, Dalton Sandifer, Tom Dagenais, Michael Maltese and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Aired on CBS 2 November 1968. Jump up ^ Cooper, David D. ( editor ). Thomas Merton and James Laughlin : Selected Letters ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company, 1997 ), 382. Jump up ^ Cunningham, Lawrence. Thomas Merton and the Monastic Vision. ( Grand Rapids, Michigan : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999 ), 60. Jump up ^ Merton, Thomas. Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander ( New York : Image, 1968 ), 25. Jump up ^ Mahon, J. Patrick. `` Technology and Contemplation '', ChristFaithPower : Online Faith Community Dedicated to Thomas Merton ( blog ) ( 27 September 2011 ). Retrieved 17 June 2013. Jump up ^ Merton Center Manuscripts : ' CHEE $ E, by Joyce Killer - Diller : A Christmas Card for Brother Cellarer ' at The Thomas Merton Center at Bellarmine University. Retrieved 17 June 2013. ^ Jump up to : Mankiewicz, Tom. `` Scene 350 : `` Intruders at the Fortress of Solitude '' in Shooting Script for `` Superman II '' ( 18 April 1977 ). Note that this scene was later labelled as Scenes 161 and 162 after Lester took over the production Shooting Script for Superman II ( Revised ). Retrieved 21 July 2013. ^ Jump up to : Jaynes, Gregory. `` About New York : No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse '' in The New York Times ( 5 December 1987 ). Retrieved 24 June 2013. Jump up ^ Haenschen, Katherine. `` Poets Perform in Off - Beat Event '' in The Columbia Spectator ( 1 December 2000 ). Retrieved 21 July 2013. External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Trees ( Kilmer ) The Poems of Joyce Kilmer ( 1918 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trees_(poem)&oldid=855277014 '' Categories : Poetry by Joyce Kilmer 1913 poems American poems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Español فارسی ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018, at 04 : 32 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Trees (poem)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Trees_(poem)&amp;oldid=855277014" }

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{ "text": "Code - division multiple access - wikipedia Code - division multiple access Jump to : navigation, search This article is about a channel access method. For the mobile phone technology referred to as CDMA, see cdmaOne and CDMA2000. Multiplexing Analog modulation AM FM PM QAM SM SSB Circuit mode ( constant bandwidth ) TDM FDM / WDM SDMA Polarization Spatial OAM Statistical multiplexing ( variable bandwidth ) Packet switching Dynamic TDMA FHSS DSSS OFDMA SC - FDM MC - SS Related topics Channel access methods Media access control Code - division multiple access ( CDMA ) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies ( see bandwidth ). To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme ( where each transmitter is assigned a code ). CDMA is used as the access method in many mobile phone standards. IS - 95, also called `` cdmaOne '', and its 3G evolution CDMA2000, are often simply referred to as `` CDMA '', but UMTS, the 3G standard used by GSM carriers, also uses `` wideband CDMA '', or W - CDMA, as well as TD - CDMA and TD - SCDMA, as its radio technologies. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Uses 3 Steps in CDMA modulation 4 Code - division multiplexing ( synchronous CDMA ) 4.1 Example 5 Asynchronous CDMA 5.1 Advantages of asynchronous CDMA over other techniques 5.1. 1 Efficient practical utilization of the fixed frequency spectrum 5.1. 2 Flexible allocation of resources 5.2 Spread - spectrum characteristics of CDMA 6 Collaborative CDMA 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The technology of code - division multiple access channels has long been known. In the Soviet Union ( USSR ), the first work devoted to this subject was published in 1935 by Dmitry Ageev. It was shown that through the use of linear methods, there are three types of signal separation : frequency, time and compensatory. The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK - 1 by him, with a base station. LK - 1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20 -- 30 km operating distance, and 20 -- 30 hours of battery life. The base station, as described by the author, could serve several customers. In 1958, Kupriyanovich made the new experimental `` pocket '' model of mobile phone. This phone weighed 0.5 kg. To serve more customers, Kupriyanovich proposed the device, which he called `` correllator. '' In 1958, the USSR also started the development of the `` Altai '' national civil mobile phone service for cars, based on the Soviet MRT - 1327 standard. The phone system weighed 11 kg ( 24 lb ). It was placed in the trunk of the vehicles of high - ranking officials and used a standard handset in the passenger compartment. The main developers of the Altai system were VNIIS ( Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications ) and GSPI ( State Specialized Project Institute ). In 1963 this service started in Moscow, and in 1970 Altai service was used in 30 USSR cities. Uses ( edit ) A CDMA2000 mobile phone One of the early applications for code - division multiplexing is in the Global Positioning System ( GPS ). This predates and is distinct from its use in mobile phones. The Qualcomm standard IS - 95, marketed as cdmaOne. The Qualcomm standard IS - 2000, known as CDMA2000, is used by several mobile phone companies, including the Globalstar network. The UMTS 3G mobile phone standard, which uses W - CDMA. CDMA has been used in the OmniTRACS satellite system for transportation logistics. Steps in CDMA modulation ( edit ) CDMA is a spread - spectrum multiple - access technique. A spread - spectrum technique spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. A spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a narrow ambiguity function, unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Data for transmission is combined by bitwise XOR ( exclusive OR ) with the faster code. The figure shows how a spread - spectrum signal is generated. The data signal with pulse duration of T b ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( b ) ) ( symbol period ) is XORed with the code signal with pulse duration of T c ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( c ) ) ( chip period ). ( Note : bandwidth is proportional to 1 / T ( \\ displaystyle 1 / T ), where T ( \\ displaystyle T ) = bit time. ) Therefore, the bandwidth of the data signal is 1 / T b ( \\ displaystyle 1 / T_ ( b ) ) and the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is 1 / T c ( \\ displaystyle 1 / T_ ( c ) ). Since T c ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( c ) ) is much smaller than T b ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( b ) ), the bandwidth of the spread - spectrum signal is much larger than the bandwidth of the original signal. The ratio T b / T c ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( b ) / T_ ( c ) ) is called the spreading factor or processing gain and determines to a certain extent the upper limit of the total number of users supported simultaneously by a base station. Generation of a CDMA signal Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance occurs when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user 's code, then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user 's code has nothing in common with the signal, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible ( thus eliminating the signal ) ; this is referred to as cross-correlation. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible. This is referred to as auto - correlation and is used to reject multi-path interference. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room ( channel ) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking ( time division ), speak at different pitches ( frequency division ), or speak in different languages ( code division ). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate. In general, CDMA belongs to two basic categories : synchronous ( orthogonal codes ) and asynchronous ( pseudorandom codes ). Code - division multiplexing ( synchronous CDMA ) ( edit ) The digital modulation method is analogous to those used in simple radio transceivers. In the analog case, a low - frequency data signal is time - multiplied with a high - frequency pure sine - wave carrier and transmitted. This is effectively a frequency convolution ( Wiener -- Khinchin theorem ) of the two signals, resulting in a carrier with narrow sidebands. In the digital case, the sinusoidal carrier is replaced by Walsh functions. These are binary square waves that form a complete orthonormal set. The data signal is also binary and the time multiplication is achieved with a simple XOR function. This is usually a Gilbert cell mixer in the circuitry. Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality between vectors representing the data strings. For example, binary string 1011 is represented by the vector ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ). Vectors can be multiplied by taking their dot product, by summing the products of their respective components ( for example, if u = ( a, b ) and v = ( c, d ), then their dot product u v = ac + bd ). If the dot product is zero, the two vectors are said to be orthogonal to each other. Some properties of the dot product aid understanding of how W - CDMA works. If vectors a and b are orthogonal, then a ⋅ b = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( b ) = 0 ) and : a ⋅ ( a + b ) = ∥ a ∥ 2, since a ⋅ a + a ⋅ b = ∥ a ∥ 2 + 0, ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot ( \\ mathbf ( a ) + \\ mathbf ( b ) ) = \\ \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ ^ ( 2 ), \\ ( \\ text ( since ) ) \\ \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( a ) + \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( b ) = \\ \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ ^ ( 2 ) + 0, ) a ⋅ ( − a + b ) = − ∥ a ∥ 2, since − a ⋅ a + a ⋅ b = − ∥ a ∥ 2 + 0, ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot ( - \\ mathbf ( a ) + \\ mathbf ( b ) ) = - \\ \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ ^ ( 2 ), \\ ( \\ text ( since ) ) \\ ( - \\ mathbf ( a ) ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( a ) + \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( b ) = - \\ \\ mathbf ( a ) \\ ^ ( 2 ) + 0, ) b ⋅ ( a + b ) = ∥ b ∥ 2, since b ⋅ a + b ⋅ b = 0 + ∥ b ∥ 2, ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ cdot ( \\ mathbf ( a ) + \\ mathbf ( b ) ) = \\ \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ ^ ( 2 ), \\ ( \\ text ( since ) ) \\ \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( a ) + \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( b ) = 0 + \\ \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ ^ ( 2 ), ) b ⋅ ( a − b ) = − ∥ b ∥ 2, since b ⋅ a − b ⋅ b = 0 − ∥ b ∥ 2. ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ cdot ( \\ mathbf ( a ) - \\ mathbf ( b ) ) = - \\ \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ ^ ( 2 ), \\ ( \\ text ( since ) ) \\ \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( a ) - \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( b ) = 0 - \\ \\ mathbf ( b ) \\ ^ ( 2 ). ) Each user in synchronous CDMA uses a code orthogonal to the others ' codes to modulate their signal. An example of 4 mutually orthogonal digital signals is shown in the figure below. Orthogonal codes have a cross-correlation equal to zero ; in other words, they do not interfere with each other. In the case of IS - 95, 64 - bit Walsh codes are used to encode the signal to separate different users. Since each of the 64 Walsh codes is orthogonal to all other, the signals are channelized into 64 orthogonal signals. The following example demonstrates how each user 's signal can be encoded and decoded. Example ( edit ) An example of 4 mutually orthogonal digital signals Start with a set of vectors that are mutually orthogonal. ( Although mutual orthogonality is the only condition, these vectors are usually constructed for ease of decoding, for example columns or rows from Walsh matrices. ) An example of orthogonal functions is shown in the picture on the right. These vectors will be assigned to individual users and are called the code, chip code, or chipping code. In the interest of brevity, the rest of this example uses codes v with only two bits. Each user is associated with a different code, say v. A 1 bit is represented by transmitting a positive code v, and a 0 bit is represented by a negative code − v. For example, if v = ( v, v ) = ( 1, − 1 ) and the data that the user wishes to transmit is ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ), then the transmitted symbols would be ( v, − v, v, v ) = ( v, v, − v, − v, v, v, v, v ) = ( 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, − 1, 1, − 1 ). For the purposes of this article, we call this constructed vector the transmitted vector. Each sender has a different, unique vector v chosen from that set, but the construction method of the transmitted vector is identical. Now, due to physical properties of interference, if two signals at a point are in phase, they add to give twice the amplitude of each signal, but if they are out of phase, they subtract and give a signal that is the difference of the amplitudes. Digitally, this behaviour can be modelled by the addition of the transmission vectors, component by component. If sender0 has code ( 1, − 1 ) and data ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ), and sender1 has code ( 1, 1 ) and data ( 0, 0, 1, 1 ), and both senders transmit simultaneously, then this table describes the coding steps : Step Encode sender0 Encode sender1 0 code0 = ( 1, − 1 ), data0 = ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ) code1 = ( 1, 1 ), data1 = ( 0, 0, 1, 1 ) encode0 = 2 ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ) − ( 1, 1, 1, 1 ) = ( 1, − 1, 1, 1 ) encode1 = 2 ( 0, 0, 1, 1 ) − ( 1, 1, 1, 1 ) = ( − 1, − 1, 1, 1 ) signal0 = encode0 ⊗ code0 = ( 1, − 1, 1, 1 ) ⊗ ( 1, − 1 ) = ( 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, − 1, 1, − 1 ) signal1 = encode1 ⊗ code1 = ( − 1, − 1, 1, 1 ) ⊗ ( 1, 1 ) = ( − 1, − 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ) Because signal0 and signal1 are transmitted at the same time into the air, they add to produce the raw signal ( 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, − 1, 1, − 1 ) + ( − 1, − 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ) = ( 0, − 2, − 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 ). This raw signal is called an interference pattern. The receiver then extracts an intelligible signal for any known sender by combining the sender 's code with the interference pattern. The following table explains how this works and shows that the signals do not interfere with one another : Step Decode sender0 Decode sender1 0 code0 = ( 1, − 1 ), signal = ( 0, − 2, − 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 ) code1 = ( 1, 1 ), signal = ( 0, − 2, − 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 ) decode0 = pattern. vector0 decode1 = pattern. vector1 decode0 = ( ( 0, − 2 ), ( − 2, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ) ) ( 1, − 1 ) decode1 = ( ( 0, − 2 ), ( − 2, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ), ( 2, 0 ) ) ( 1, 1 ) decode0 = ( ( 0 + 2 ), ( − 2 + 0 ), ( 2 + 0 ), ( 2 + 0 ) ) decode1 = ( ( 0 − 2 ), ( − 2 + 0 ), ( 2 + 0 ), ( 2 + 0 ) ) data0 = ( 2, − 2, 2, 2 ), meaning ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ) data1 = ( − 2, − 2, 2, 2 ), meaning ( 0, 0, 1, 1 ) Further, after decoding, all values greater than 0 are interpreted as 1, while all values less than zero are interpreted as 0. For example, after decoding, data0 is ( 2, − 2, 2, 2 ), but the receiver interprets this as ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ). Values of exactly 0 means that the sender did not transmit any data, as in the following example : Assume signal0 = ( 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, − 1, 1, − 1 ) is transmitted alone. The following table shows the decode at the receiver : Step Decode sender0 Decode sender1 0 code0 = ( 1, − 1 ), signal = ( 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, − 1, 1, − 1 ) code1 = ( 1, 1 ), signal = ( 1, − 1, − 1, 1, 1, − 1, 1, − 1 ) decode0 = pattern. vector0 decode1 = pattern. vector1 decode0 = ( ( 1, − 1 ), ( − 1, 1 ), ( 1, − 1 ), ( 1, − 1 ) ) ( 1, − 1 ) decode1 = ( ( 1, − 1 ), ( − 1, 1 ), ( 1, − 1 ), ( 1, − 1 ) ) ( 1, 1 ) decode0 = ( ( 1 + 1 ), ( − 1 − 1 ), ( 1 + 1 ), ( 1 + 1 ) ) decode1 = ( ( 1 − 1 ), ( − 1 + 1 ), ( 1 − 1 ), ( 1 − 1 ) ) data0 = ( 2, − 2, 2, 2 ), meaning ( 1, 0, 1, 1 ) data1 = ( 0, 0, 0, 0 ), meaning no data When the receiver attempts to decode the signal using sender1 's code, the data is all zeros, therefore the cross-correlation is equal to zero and it is clear that sender1 did not transmit any data. Asynchronous CDMA ( edit ) See also : Direct - sequence spread spectrum and near - far problem When mobile - to - base links can not be precisely coordinated, particularly due to the mobility of the handsets, a different approach is required. Since it is not mathematically possible to create signature sequences that are both orthogonal for arbitrarily random starting points and which make full use of the code space, unique `` pseudo-random '' or `` pseudo-noise '' ( PN ) sequences are used in asynchronous CDMA systems. A PN code is a binary sequence that appears random but can be reproduced in a deterministic manner by intended receivers. These PN codes are used to encode and decode a user 's signal in asynchronous CDMA in the same manner as the orthogonal codes in synchronous CDMA ( shown in the example above ). These PN sequences are statistically uncorrelated, and the sum of a large number of PN sequences results in multiple access interference ( MAI ) that is approximated by a Gaussian noise process ( following the central limit theorem in statistics ). Gold codes are an example of a PN suitable for this purpose, as there is low correlation between the codes. If all of the users are received with the same power level, then the variance ( e.g., the noise power ) of the MAI increases in direct proportion to the number of users. In other words, unlike synchronous CDMA, the signals of other users will appear as noise to the signal of interest and interfere slightly with the desired signal in proportion to number of users. All forms of CDMA use spread - spectrum process gain to allow receivers to partially discriminate against unwanted signals. Signals encoded with the specified PN sequence ( code ) are received, while signals with different codes ( or the same code but a different timing offset ) appear as wideband noise reduced by the process gain. Since each user generates MAI, controlling the signal strength is an important issue with CDMA transmitters. A CDM ( synchronous CDMA ), TDMA, or FDMA receiver can in theory completely reject arbitrarily strong signals using different codes, time slots or frequency channels due to the orthogonality of these systems. This is not true for asynchronous CDMA ; rejection of unwanted signals is only partial. If any or all of the unwanted signals are much stronger than the desired signal, they will overwhelm it. This leads to a general requirement in any asynchronous CDMA system to approximately match the various signal power levels as seen at the receiver. In CDMA cellular, the base station uses a fast closed - loop power - control scheme to tightly control each mobile 's transmit power. Advantages of asynchronous CDMA over other techniques ( edit ) Efficient practical utilization of the fixed frequency spectrum ( edit ) In theory CDMA, TDMA and FDMA have exactly the same spectral efficiency, but, in practice, each has its own challenges -- power control in the case of CDMA, timing in the case of TDMA, and frequency generation / filtering in the case of FDMA. TDMA systems must carefully synchronize the transmission times of all the users to ensure that they are received in the correct time slot and do not cause interference. Since this can not be perfectly controlled in a mobile environment, each time slot must have a guard time, which reduces the probability that users will interfere, but decreases the spectral efficiency. Similarly, FDMA systems must use a guard band between adjacent channels, due to the unpredictable Doppler shift of the signal spectrum because of user mobility. The guard bands will reduce the probability that adjacent channels will interfere, but decrease the utilization of the spectrum. Flexible allocation of resources ( edit ) Asynchronous CDMA offers a key advantage in the flexible allocation of resources i.e. allocation of a PN codes to active users. In the case of CDM ( synchronous CDMA ), TDMA, and FDMA the number of simultaneous orthogonal codes, time slots and frequency slots respectively are fixed, hence the capacity in terms of number of simultaneous users is limited. There are a fixed number of orthogonal codes, time slots or frequency bands that can be allocated for CDM, TDMA, and FDMA systems, which remain underutilized due to the bursty nature of telephony and packetized data transmissions. There is no strict limit to the number of users that can be supported in an asynchronous CDMA system, only a practical limit governed by the desired bit error probability, since the SIR ( signal - to - interference ratio ) varies inversely with the number of users. In a bursty traffic environment like mobile telephony, the advantage afforded by asynchronous CDMA is that the performance ( bit error rate ) is allowed to fluctuate randomly, with an average value determined by the number of users times the percentage of utilization. Suppose there are 2N users that only talk half of the time, then 2N users can be accommodated with the same average bit error probability as N users that talk all of the time. The key difference here is that the bit error probability for N users talking all of the time is constant, whereas it is a random quantity ( with the same mean ) for 2N users talking half of the time. In other words, asynchronous CDMA is ideally suited to a mobile network where large numbers of transmitters each generate a relatively small amount of traffic at irregular intervals. CDM ( synchronous CDMA ), TDMA, and FDMA systems can not recover the underutilized resources inherent to bursty traffic due to the fixed number of orthogonal codes, time slots or frequency channels that can be assigned to individual transmitters. For instance, if there are N time slots in a TDMA system and 2N users that talk half of the time, then half of the time there will be more than N users needing to use more than N time slots. Furthermore, it would require significant overhead to continually allocate and deallocate the orthogonal - code, time - slot or frequency - channel resources. By comparison, asynchronous CDMA transmitters simply send when they have something to say and go off the air when they do n't, keeping the same PN signature sequence as long as they are connected to the system. Spread - spectrum characteristics of CDMA ( edit ) Most modulation schemes try to minimize the bandwidth of this signal, since bandwidth is a limited resource. However, spread - spectrum techniques use a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimal required signal bandwidth. One of the initial reasons for doing this was military applications including guidance and communication systems. These systems were designed using spread spectrum because of its security and resistance to jamming. Asynchronous CDMA has some level of privacy built in because the signal is spread using a pseudo-random code ; this code makes the spread - spectrum signals appear random or have noise - like properties. A receiver can not demodulate this transmission without knowledge of the pseudo-random sequence used to encode the data. CDMA is also resistant to jamming. A jamming signal only has a finite amount of power available to jam the signal. The jammer can either spread its energy over the entire bandwidth of the signal or jam only part of the entire signal. CDMA can also effectively reject narrow - band interference. Since narrow - band interference affects only a small portion of the spread - spectrum signal, it can easily be removed through notch filtering without much loss of information. Convolution encoding and interleaving can be used to assist in recovering this lost data. CDMA signals are also resistant to multipath fading. Since the spread - spectrum signal occupies a large bandwidth, only a small portion of this will undergo fading due to multipath at any given time. Like the narrow - band interference, this will result in only a small loss of data and can be overcome. Another reason CDMA is resistant to multipath interference is because the delayed versions of the transmitted pseudo-random codes will have poor correlation with the original pseudo-random code, and will thus appear as another user, which is ignored at the receiver. In other words, as long as the multipath channel induces at least one chip of delay, the multipath signals will arrive at the receiver such that they are shifted in time by at least one chip from the intended signal. The correlation properties of the pseudo-random codes are such that this slight delay causes the multipath to appear uncorrelated with the intended signal, and it is thus ignored. Some CDMA devices use a rake receiver, which exploits multipath delay components to improve the performance of the system. A rake receiver combines the information from several correlators, each one tuned to a different path delay, producing a stronger version of the signal than a simple receiver with a single correlation tuned to the path delay of the strongest signal. Frequency reuse is the ability to reuse the same radio channel frequency at other cell sites within a cellular system. In the FDMA and TDMA systems frequency planning is an important consideration. The frequencies used in different cells must be planned carefully to ensure signals from different cells do not interfere with each other. In a CDMA system, the same frequency can be used in every cell, because channelization is done using the pseudo-random codes. Reusing the same frequency in every cell eliminates the need for frequency planning in a CDMA system ; however, planning of the different pseudo-random sequences must be done to ensure that the received signal from one cell does not correlate with the signal from a nearby cell. Since adjacent cells use the same frequencies, CDMA systems have the ability to perform soft hand - offs. Soft hand - offs allow the mobile telephone to communicate simultaneously with two or more cells. The best signal quality is selected until the hand - off is complete. This is different from hard hand - offs utilized in other cellular systems. In a hard - hand - off situation, as the mobile telephone approaches a hand - off, signal strength may vary abruptly. In contrast, CDMA systems use the soft hand - off, which is undetectable and provides a more reliable and higher - quality signal. Collaborative CDMA ( edit ) In a recent study, a novel collaborative multi-user transmission and detection scheme called collaborative CDMA has been investigated for the uplink that exploits the differences between users ' fading channel signatures to increase the user capacity well beyond the spreading length in MAI - limited environment. The authors show that it is possible to achieve this increase at a low complexity and high bit error rate performance in flat fading channels, which is a major research challenge for overloaded CDMA systems. In this approach, instead of using one sequence per user as in conventional CDMA, the authors group a small number of users to share the same spreading sequence and enable group spreading and despreading operations. The new collaborative multi-user receiver consists of two stages : group multi-user detection ( MUD ) stage to suppress the MAI between the groups and a low - complexity maximum - likelihood detection stage to recover jointly the co-spread users ' data using minimal Euclidean - distance measure and users ' channel - gain coefficients. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to CDMA. CDMA spectral efficiency CDMA2000 cdmaOne Comparison of mobile phone standards Orthogonal variable spreading factor ( OVSF ), an implementation of CDMA Pseudo-random noise Spread spectrum W - CDMA References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Guowang Miao ; Jens Zander ; Ki Won Sung ; Ben Slimane ( 2016 ). Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107143217. Jump up ^ Ageev, D.V. ( 1935 ). `` Bases of the Theory of Linear Selection. Code Demultiplexing ''. Proceedings of the Leningrad Experimental Institute of Communication : 3 -- 35. Jump up ^ Nauka i Zhizn 8, 1957, p. 49. Jump up ^ Yuniy technik 7, 1957, p. 43 -- 44. Jump up ^ Nauka i Zhizn 10, 1958, p. 66. Jump up ^ Tekhnika Molodezhi 2, 1959, p. 18 -- 19. Jump up ^ `` First Russian Mobile Phone ''. September 18, 2006. Jump up ^ Ipatov, Valeri ( 2000 ). Spread Spectrum and CDMA. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Jump up ^ Dubendorf, Vern A. ( 2003 ). Wireless Data Technologies. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Jump up ^ `` CDMA Spectrum ''. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29. Jump up ^ Skylar, Bernard ( 2001 ). Digital Communications : Fundamentals and Applications ( Second ed. ). Prentice - Hall PTR. Jump up ^ Rapporteur, Theodore S. ( 2002 ). Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice. Prentice - Hall, Inc. ^ Jump up to : Harte, Levine, Kikta, Lawrence, Richard, Romans ( 2002 ). 3G Wireless Demystified. McGowan - Hill. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shakya, Indu L. ( 2011 ). `` High User Capacity Collaborative CDMA ''. IET Communications. Further reading ( edit ) Viterbi, Andrew J. ( 1995 ). CDMA : Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication ( 1st ed. ). Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0 - 201 - 63374 - 4. `` CDMA Spectrum ''. Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 29. External links ( edit ) CDMA Development Group Talk at Princeton Institute for Advanced Study on Solomon Golomb 's work on pseudorandom sequences ( hide ) Spread spectrum in digital communications Main articles Spread spectrum Code - division multiple access ( CDMA ) History Hedy Lamarr Commercial use More... Spread spectrum methods Direct - sequence spread spectrum ( DSSS ) Frequency - hopping spread spectrum ( FHSS ) Chirp spread spectrum ( CSS ) Time - hopping spread spectrum ( THSS ) CDMA schemes W - CDMA TD - CDMA TD - SCDMA DS - CDMA FH - CDMA MC - CDMA Major implementations Space Network ( NASA ) GPS Galileo GLONASS Bluetooth Cordless phones : DECT Cellular EV - DO Mobile IS - 95 ( aka cdmaOne ) CDMA2000 ( aka IS - 2000 ) Also Qualcomm Verizon Major concepts PN ( pseudorandom noise ) code Chip Near -- far problem Power spectral density ( PSD ) Process gain Rake receiver Low probability of intercept See also Digital communication Modulation Statistical multiplexing Waveform Channel access methods and Media access control Channel - based FDMA OFDMA WDMA SC - FDMA TDMA MF - TDMA STDMA CDMA W - CDMA TD - CDMA TD - SCDMA DS - CDMA FH - CDMA MC - CDMA SDMA HC - SDMA PDMA PAMA Packet - based Collision recovery ALOHA Slotted ALOHA R - ALOHA AX. 25 Collision avoidance MACA MACAW CSMA CSMA / CD CSMA / CA DCF PCF HCF CSMA / CARP Collision - free Token ring Token bus MS - ALOHA Delay & disruption tolerant MANET VANET DTN Dynamic Source Routing Duplexing methods TDD FDD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code-division_multiple_access&oldid=813020165 '' Categories : Channel access methods Code division multiple access Multiplexing Radio resource management Media access control Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017, at 07 : 18. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Code-division multiple access", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Code-division_multiple_access&amp;oldid=813020165" }

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{ "text": "United States - Wikipedia United States Jump to : navigation, search `` United States of America '', `` America '', `` US '', and `` USA '' redirect here. For the landmass comprising North and South America, see Americas. For other uses, see America ( disambiguation ), US ( disambiguation ), USA ( disambiguation ), and United States ( disambiguation ). Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W  /  40 ° N 100 ° W  / 40 ; - 100 United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many, one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington, D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W  /  38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W  / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W  /  40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W  / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 5.6 % Asian 2.6 % Other / multiracial 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino Religion ( 2015 ) 70.6 % Christian 22.8 % Unaffiliated 1.9 % Jewish 0.9 % Muslim 0.7 % Buddhist 0.7 % Hindu 1.8 % Other faiths Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence Speaker of the House Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4, 1776 Confederation March 1, 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3, 1783 Constitution June 21, 1788 Last polity admitted March 24, 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,365,189 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 90.6 / sq mi ( 35.0 / km ) ( 180th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $57,220 ( 14th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $57,467 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 41.1 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone ( UTC − 4 to − 12, + 10, + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD. us Website usa.gov The United States of America ( USA ), commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries. Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories, displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the outlawing of slavery. By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar. The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 moon landing. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower. The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States ( OAS ), and other international organizations. The United States is a highly developed country, with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP. The U.S. economy is the fastest - growing in the Americas and is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world. Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total, Americans hold 33.2 % of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country. The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending. It is also a global leader in science and technology. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization 2.6 World War I, Great Depression, and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography, climate, and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income, poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Food 10.2 Literature, philosophy, and the arts 10.3 Music 10.4 Cinema 10.5 Sports 10.6 Media 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Internet sources 17 External links Etymology See also : Naming of America, Names for United States citizens, and American ( word ) The Americas are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere the Americas in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ). The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by Stephen Moylan, Esq., George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army. Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed, Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort. The first known publication of the phrase `` United States of America '' was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776. The second draft of the Articles of Confederation, prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17, 1776, at the latest, declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America ' ''. The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' ''. In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence. This draft of the document did not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation. The short form `` United States '' is also standard. Other common forms are the `` U.S. '', the `` USA '', and `` America ''. Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A. '' and, internationally, the `` States ''. `` Columbia '', a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century, derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia ''. The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g., `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865. The singular form -- e.g., `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War. The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States ''. The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit. A citizen of the United States is an `` American ''. `` United States '', `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '', `` U.S. forces '' ). In English, the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States. History Main articles : History of the United States, Timeline of United States history, American business history, Economic history of the United States, and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : Pre-Columbian era and Colonial history of the United States Artist 's re-creation of the Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture, as it may have looked The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. After crossing the land bridge, the first Americans moved southward, either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC, and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas. While the Clovis culture was thought, throughout the late 20th century, to represent the first human settlement of the Americas, in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures. Over time, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex, and some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state - level societies. From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished, and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest, most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States. In the southern Great Lakes region, the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War. The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate. Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD. During his third and final voyage, Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii. After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour, Kauai, Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy. European settlements Further information : European colonization of the Americas and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine, Florida, the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact, 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492, other explorers followed. The first Europeans to arrive in territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León, who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 ; however, if unincorporated territories are accounted for, then credit would go to Christopher Columbus who landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage. Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe. The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River. Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620. Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom. The continent 's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619, the Mayflower Compact, signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. Most settlers in every colony were small farmers, but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements. Cash crops included tobacco, rice and wheat. Extraction industries grew up in furs, fishing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships, and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply. Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs. English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups. As coastal land grew more expensive, freed indentured servants pushed further west. A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun. The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south, because of less disease and better food and treatment, leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves. Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice. But by the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor, especially in southern regions. With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732, the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism. With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly. Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed. The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. During the Seven Years ' War ( in America, known as the French and Indian War ), British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the Native Americans, who were being conquered and displaced, the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, about one - third that of Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas. The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government, but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority. In 1774 the Spanish Navy ship Santiago, under Juan Pérez had entered and anchored in the inlet at Nootka Sound. Although the Spanish did not land, natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California. At the time, the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America, granting limited licenses to the Portuguese. When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska the Spanish began to challenge the Russians, with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest. After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778, Captain Cook sailed north and then north - east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude, naming his landing point Cape Foulweather. Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward. In March 1778, Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound ''. He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka, apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka, a place you can `` go around '' ). There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth, the natives ' autonym ( name for themselves ). It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot, the native name of the place. Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, and James Cook With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States, the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced. The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived, and for various reasons, primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles. Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans, though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements. In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars. At the same time, however, many natives and settlers came to depend on each other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts, natives for guns, ammunition and other European wares. Natives taught many settlers where, when and how to cultivate corn, beans and squash. European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles. Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months. He returned to the Hawaii to resupply, initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island, trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779. When his ships and company left the islands, a ship 's mast broke in bad weather, forcing them to return in mid-February. Cook would be killed days later. Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War, United States Declaration of Independence, American Revolution, and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power. Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures. They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation ''. The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and the conflict escalated into war. Following the passage of the Lee Resolution, on July 2, 1776, which was the actual vote for independence, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, which proclaimed, in a long preamble, that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain, and declared, in the words of the resolution, that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States. The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day. The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where, heretofore, the words ' United Colonies ' have been used, the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' ``. In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789. Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781. In the peace treaty of 1783, American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River. Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution, ratified in state conventions in 1788. The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in 1789. George Washington, who had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the first president elected under the new constitution. The Bill of Rights, forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791. Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South, and along with it, the slave population. The Second Great Awakening, especially 1800 -- 1840, converted millions to evangelical Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism ; in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations. Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars. The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area. The War of 1812, declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. nationalism. A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819. Expansion was aided by steam power, when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems, which were connected by new canals, such as the Erie and the I&M ; then, even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land. From 1820 to 1850, Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854. The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations. The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny. The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest. Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest. The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states. After the American Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans. Over a half - century, the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures. In 1869, a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native - Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship, although conflicts, including several of the largest Indian Wars, continued throughout the West into the 1900s. The Statue of Liberty in New York City, dedicated in 1886, is a symbol of the United States as well as its ideals of freedom, democracy and opportunity. Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction Era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion over social order between northern and southern states in early United States society, particularly regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans, ultimately led to the American Civil War. Initially, states entering the Union alternated between slave and free states, keeping a sectional balance in the Senate, while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives. But with additional western territory and more free - soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories, whether and how to expand or restrict slavery. With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians. Following the Union victory in 1865, three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution : the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment provided citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves, and the Fifteenth Amendment ensured that they had the right to vote. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves. Southern white conservatives, calling themselves `` Redeemers '' took control after the end of Reconstruction. By the 1890 -- 1910 period Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites. Blacks faced racial segregation, especially in the South. Racial minorities occasionally experienced vigilante violence. Further Immigration, expansion, and industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island, in New York City, was a major gateway for European immigration In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture. National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West. The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life. United States and its territories at their greatest extent from 1898 to 1902 The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets. Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii, which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish -- American War. Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role. Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry, homes, and for street lighting. Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry. The American economy boomed, becoming the world 's largest, and the United States achieved great power status. These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements. This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including women 's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions. World War I, Great Depression, and world War II Further information : World War I, Great Depression, and World War II Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I, in 1914, until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '', alongside the formal Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this, and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations. In 1920, the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage. The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television. The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal, which included the establishment of the Social Security system. The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration. At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe, the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers. During the war, the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union and China. Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers, it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence. The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and other Allies, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war. The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2, ending World War II. Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day, or V-J Day. Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ), History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ), and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War, Civil Rights Movement, War on Poverty, Space Race, and Reaganomics U.S. President Ronald Reagan at his `` Tear down this wall! '' speech in Berlin, Germany on June 12, 1987. After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and, according to the school of geopolitics, a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps. They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence. While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict. The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored. American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53. The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969. A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation, as the Vietnam War. At home, the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments. In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country. The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968, sought to end racial discrimination. Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending, including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor, respectively, and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children. The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation. After his election in 1980, President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms. Following the collapse of détente, he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR. After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade, by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed. The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR, and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War. This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower. The concept of Pax Americana, which had appeared in the post-World War II period, gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order. Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War, September 11 attacks, War on Terror, 2008 financial crisis, and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center, newly - built in its place After the Cold War, the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990, when Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait, an ally of the United States. Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions, President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield, a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia, and Operation Desert Storm, in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations, led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, restoring the former monarchy. Originating in U.S. defense networks, the Internet spread to international academic networks, and then to the public in the 1990s, greatly affecting the global economy, society, and culture. Due to the dot - com boom, stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan, and reduced social welfare spending, the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history, ending in 2001. Beginning in 1994, the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ), linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico by January 1, 2008. Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force. On September 11, 2001, Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people. In response, the United States launched the War on Terror, which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War. In 2007, the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War, which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region. Government policy designed to promote affordable housing, widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance, and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble, which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis, the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression. Barack Obama, the first African American and multiracial president, was elected in 2008 amid the crisis, and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis. The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment. Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection, although there is evidence it may have had a negative impact on small banks. In 2010, the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act, which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades, including mandates, subsidies and insurance exchanges. The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance, with 24 million covered during 2016, but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs, insurance premiums, and economic performance. Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009, voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery. The Republicans, who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies, won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014. American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010, and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011. The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency, leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al - Qaeda in the region. In 2014, Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961. The next year, the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program. Geography, climate, and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States, Climate of the United States, and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the contiguous United States is 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ). Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ). Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area. The populated territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ). Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada. The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured : calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles ( 9,522,055.0 km ) to 3,717,813 square miles ( 9,629,091.5 km ) to 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,516.6 km ). The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont. The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest. The Mississippi -- Missouri River, the world 's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado. Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ). The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California, and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart. At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ), Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America. Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature. The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world. The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical, as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country, mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South. Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782. The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland. The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, and 295 amphibian species. About 91,000 insect species have been described. The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States, and is an enduring symbol of the country itself. There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas. Altogether, the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area. Most of this is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching ; about. 86 % is used for military purposes. Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970. Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy, dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and deforestation, and international responses to global warming. Many federal and state agencies are involved. The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ), created by presidential order in 1970. The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States, Americans, List of U.S. states by population density, and List of United States cities by population Population Historical population Census Pop. % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2016 323,127,513 4.7 % 1610 -- 1780 population data. Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 323,425,550 as of April 25, 2016, and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds, or about 6,646 people per day. The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century, from about 76 million in 1900. The third most populous nation in the world, after China and India, the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected. In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children, by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56. Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014. Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010, representing one third of the population increase. The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015. The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which is 5 births below the world average. Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 %, higher than that of many developed nations. In fiscal year 2015, over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence. Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act. China, India, and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s. As of 2012, approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants. As of 2015, 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic, 26 % are Asian, 18 % are white and 8 % are black. The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing. Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one, and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044. According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3.4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual, bisexual, or transgender. A 2016 Gallup poll also concluded that 4.1 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT. The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ), while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 %. In a 2013 survey, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6 % of Americans identify as straight, while 1.6 % identify as gay or lesbian, and 0.7 % identify as being bisexual. In 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ). The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010, over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity. The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend. The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent. Between 2000 and 2010, the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 %. Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007, 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born, with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America. About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000. The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions, the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California. In 2008, 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four global cities had over two million ( New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston ). There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million. Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas, 47 are in the West or South. The metro areas of San Bernardino, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008. Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,153,634 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City, NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,310,447 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim, CA MSA West Chicago 9,512,999 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville, IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,233,323 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington, TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,656,947 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington, D.C. 6,772,470 Washington, DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,070,500 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington, PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,066,387 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach, FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,789,700 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell, GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,794,447 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy, MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,679,166 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont, CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,661,537 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler, AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,527,837 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario, CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,297,617 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn, MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,798,902 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue, WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,551,036 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington, MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,317,749 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos, CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 3,032,171 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater, FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,853,077 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood, CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,807,002 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2015 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America, List of endangered languages in the United States, and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80 % of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12 % of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language. Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language, as it is in 32 states. Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii, by state law. Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English. While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French. Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms. Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English : Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively ; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there. The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies, are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ), French ( 1.5 million ), and German ( 500,000 ). Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin, Japanese, ASL, Italian, and Chinese. 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English. Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties, including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States See also : History of religion in the United States, Freedom of religion in the United States, Separation of church and state in the United States, and List of religious movements that began in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Jewish 1.9 1.9 Muslim 0.9 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Hindu 0.7 0.7 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligious 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment. Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too. In a 2013 survey, 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '', a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation. In a 2009 Gallup poll, 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi. Experts, researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a `` Protestant nation '' or `` founded on Protestant principles, '' specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage. As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious. Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30. Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s, and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious. According to a 2012 study, the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 %, thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time. Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians. The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians. According to a 2014 survey, 70.6 % of adults identified themselves as Christian, Protestant denominations accounted for 46.5 %, while Roman Catholicism, at 20.8 %, was the largest individual denomination. The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9 %. Other religions include Judaism ( 1.9 % ), Islam ( 0.9 % ), Buddhism ( 0.7 % ), Hinduism ( 0.7 % ). The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no religion, up from 8.2 % in 1990. There are also Unitarian Universalist, Baha'i, Sikh, Jain, Shinto, Confucian, Taoist, Druid, Native American, Wiccan, humanist and deist communities. Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States. Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism, and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination. Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas and, in part, in the English Catholic Proprietary of Maryland, It later grew because of Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics with 40 percent of the total population. Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany. North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran. Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants. Although it has spread across the United States, it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast. Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam ( New York City ) before spreading westward. Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population. The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming. The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average. By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States. Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007, 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married, 6 % were widowed, 10 % were divorced, and 25 % had never been married. Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees. The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women. The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991. In 2013, the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama, and the lowest in Wyoming. Abortion is legal throughout the U.S., owing to Roe v. Wade, a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations. In 2013, the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women. The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman. Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ). In 2001, with over 127,000 adoptions, the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide. Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt. Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States, State governments of the United States, Local government in the United States, and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol, where Congress meets : the Senate, left ; the House, right The White House, home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building, where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation. It is a representative democracy, `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law ''. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country 's supreme legal document. For 2016, the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index. In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal, state, and local. The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district. There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is rare at lower levels. The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government. Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ), and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies. Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional. The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two - year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year. At the 2010 census, seven states had the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, had 53. The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at - large to six - year terms ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The President is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia. The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life. The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature. The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote. The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus. The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall. Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States, U.S. state, Territories of the United States, List of states and territories of the United States, and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone, highlighting states, territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a federal district, five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions. The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country. These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities. The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, Washington DC. The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States. Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three. Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population. Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The total number of Representatives is 435, and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories. The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree, as it does with the states ' sovereignty. American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy, but also like the states, tribes are not allowed to make war, engage in their own foreign relations, or print and issue currency. State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14, 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3, 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14, 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15, 1836 California : Sep. 9, 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1, 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9, 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7, 1787 Florida : Mar. 3, 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2, 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21, 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3, 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3, 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11, 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28, 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29, 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1, 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30, 1812 Maine : Mar. 15, 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28, 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6, 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26, 1837 Minnesota : May 11, 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10, 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10, 1821 Montana : Nov. 8, 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1, 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31, 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21, 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18, 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6, 1912 New York : Jul. 26, 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21, 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2, 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1, 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16, 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14, 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12, 1787 Rhode Island : May 29, 1790 South Carolina : May 23, 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2, 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1, 1796 Texas : Dec. 29, 1845 Utah : Jan. 4, 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4, 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25, 1788 Washington : Nov. 11, 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20, 1863 Wisconsin : May 29, 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10, 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7, 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12, 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18, 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2, 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9, 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6, 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28, 1788 : Maryland May 23, 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21, 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25, 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26, 1788 : New York Nov. 21, 1789 : North Carolina May 29, 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4, 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1, 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1, 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1, 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30, 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11, 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10, 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3, 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14, 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15, 1820 : Maine Aug. 10, 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15, 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26, 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3, 1845 : Florida Dec. 29, 1845 : Texas Dec. 28, 1846 : Iowa May 29, 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9, 1850 : California May 11, 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14, 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29, 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20, 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31, 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1, 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1, 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2, 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2, 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8, 1889 : Montana Nov. 11, 1889 : Washington Jul. 3, 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10, 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4, 1896 : Utah Nov. 16, 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6, 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14, 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3, 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21, 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011. Donald Trump 45th President since January 20, 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20, 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history. For elective offices at most levels, state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote. The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system. Within American political culture, the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal ''. The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as `` blue states '', are relatively liberal. The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative. Republican Donald Trump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is currently serving as the 45th President of the United States. Current leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans, and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats. In state governorships, there are 33 Republicans, 16 Democrats, and 1 Independent. Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors, there are 2 Republicans, 1 Democrat, 1 New Progressive, and 2 Independents. Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952. The United States has an established structure of foreign relations. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters. It is a member of the G7, G20, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ). The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and several European Union countries, including France, Italy, Germany, and Spain. It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world. As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous. The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau. These are Pacific island nations, once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II, which gained independence in subsequent years. On October 25, 2017, Vice President Mike Pence announced at a In Defense of Christians annual dinner meeting in Washington that the United States would stop funding United Nations relief efforts, cases tackling the persecution of Christians in the Middle East, but insisted that the U.S. would instead help and aid Christians directly through the U.S. Agency for International Development. Pence said that he will be visiting the Middle East in December and will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss peace agreements. Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP, from 1790 to 2013. Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal, state, and local government levels. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP. During FY2012, the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue, up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion. Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ), Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ), and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ). Based on CBO estimates, under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979, while other income groups will remain at historic lows. U.S. taxation is generally progressive, especially the federal income taxes, and is among the most progressive in the developed world. The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes, and about half of all taxes. Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax, with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains. The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers. However, according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile, making the system progressive. The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009, and the top 1 %, with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income, paid 22.3 % of federal taxes. In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 %, 27.2 % for the top quintile, 13.8 % for the middle quintile, and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile. The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades. State and local taxes vary widely, but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams, though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation. During FY 2012, the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis, down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion. Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ), Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ), Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ), non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ), other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ). The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014. Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk, Ronald Reagan, and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces, including the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors. Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System. American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy 's 11 active aircraft carriers, and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad, and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries. The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion, 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.7 % of GDP, the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders, after Saudi Arabia. U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA. Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades, from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011. US global military presence. The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan. The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War. Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8, 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan. Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States, Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, Human rights in the United States § Justice system, Incarceration in the United States, and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments. Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments, with state police providing broader services. The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country. Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws. At the federal level and in almost every state, a legal system operates on a common law. State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts. Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial. In 2015, there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014, a 10.8 per cent increase, the largest since 1971. The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people. In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8.6 %, with 17,250 murders that year. The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 %, compared to 90 % in 1965. In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States, a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980. In 2001 -- 2, the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations. A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher. '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate. From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders. Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span, at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ), and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites. Most homicides were intraracial, with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites. In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S., and New Hampshire the lowest. The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes. Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31 states. No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma. Meanwhile, several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2015, the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world. At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults. In December 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997. The prison population has quadrupled since 1980, and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period. However, the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012. The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses. The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate. In 2008, Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate, and Maine the lowest. Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) Real GDP growth 1.4 % ( Q2 2016 ) 2.6 % ( 2015 ) CPI inflation 1.1 % ( August 2016 ) Employment - to - population ratio 59.7 % ( August 2016 ) Unemployment 4.9 % ( August 2016 ) Labor force participation rate 62.8 % ( August 2016 ) Total public debt $19.808 trillion ( October 25, 2016 ) Household net worth $89.063 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) United States export treemap ( 2011 ) : The U.S. is the world 's second - largest exporter. The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity. According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ). The nominal GDP of the U.S. is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 %, compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7. The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita ( first in the Americas ) and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP. The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency. The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing in the Americas. The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion. Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners. In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export. Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt. The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities, including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve, who hold the majority of the debt. In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 %. The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1. While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP, the United States remains an industrial power. The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing. In the franchising business model, McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world. Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world. Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field. The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its second - largest importer. It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium, copper, lead, magnesium, zinc, titanium and others. Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP, yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans. The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts, oats, rye, wheat, rice, cotton, corn, barley, hay, sunflowers, and oilseeds. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef, poultry, pork, and dairy products. The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food, representing half of the world 's biotech crops. Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015. In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12 % of workers are unionized, compared to 30 % in Western Europe. The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers. The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to. The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right, with the others being Papua New Guinea, Suriname and Liberia. While federal law currently does not require sick leave, it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations. 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits. In 2009, the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands. The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. Income, Poverty and wealth A tract housing development in San Jose, California Further information : Income in the United States, Poverty in the United States, Affluence in the United States, United States counties by per capita income, and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income. According to the Census Bureau, median household income was $59,039 in 2016. Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population, Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth, and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires. The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013. Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents, and more than every EU nation. For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ). After years of stagnant growth, in 2016, according to the Census, median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth, although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income. There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s. However, the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance. The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected income inequality, leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations. The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015, where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers, The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate. United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth, while the bottom half claim only 2 %. According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve, the top 1 % controlled 38.6 % of the country 's wealth in 2016. Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value. Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down $14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels. At the end of 2014, household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion, down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008. There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014, with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program. In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households, about 35 % more than 2007 levels, though only 1.1 % of U.S. children, or 845,000, saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic. According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau, one in five young adults lives in poverty today, up from one in seven in 1980. Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System, which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ). Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads, including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91700 km ). The world 's second - largest automobile market, the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans. About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans, SUVs, or light trucks. The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day, traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ). Map showing current rail speeds in the United States. Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips. Transport of goods by rail is extensive, though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel, partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior. However, ridership on Amtrak, the national intercity passenger rail system, grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010. Also, light rail development has increased in recent years. Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal. The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned. The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways. Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and the fourth - busiest, O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001, the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners. Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them. The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year. Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year, the 10th - highest rate in the world. In 2005, 40 % of this energy came from petroleum, 23 % from coal, and 22 % from natural gas. The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources. The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum. The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves. It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil. For decades, nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants were filed. Water supply and sanitation Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce. Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows. Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819, is one of the many public universities in the United States. Universal government - funded education exists in the United States, while there are also many privately funded institutions. American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally, kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade, the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17. About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools. Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled. The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world, spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student. Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities. The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education. The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition. Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6 % graduated from high school, 52.6 % attended some college, 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree, and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees. The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 %. The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world. As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending. As of 2012, student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars, more than Americans owe on credit cards. Culture Main article : Culture of the United States See also : Alaska Natives § Cultures, Native American cultures in the United States, Culture of the Native Hawaiians, Social class in the United States, Public holidays in the United States, and Tourism in the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values. Aside from the Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Native Alaskan populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries. Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa. More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics. Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation. Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic, competitiveness, and individualism, as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty, equality, private property, democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited government. Americans are extremely charitable by global standards. According to a 2006 British study, Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity, more than any other nation studied, more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 %, and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 %. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants. Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate. While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society, scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values. Americans ' self - images, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree. While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement, being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute. Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine. Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers. These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving, when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion. Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner. Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed. Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea. Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages. American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations. Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not, most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans. Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic, John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence ''. The American fast food industry, the world 's largest, pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s. Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic ''. Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular, and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake. Literature, philosophy, and the arts Main articles : American literature, American philosophy, Architecture of the United States, Visual art of the United States, and American classical music Mark Twain, American author and humorist. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet. A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ), Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ), F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel ''. Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Bob Dylan in 2016. William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century. Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo. The transcendentalists, led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, established the first major American philosophical movement. After the Civil War, Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism. In the 20th century, the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty, and later Noam Chomsky, brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia. John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy. Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia. Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman, James M. Buchanan, and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy. In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene. Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry. Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography, with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, and Ansel Adams. Times Square in New York City, the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum, who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841. The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards. Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, and August Wilson. Though little known at the time, Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition, while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition. Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music. Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance, while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet. Music Main article : Music of the United States The Grammy Award is awarded to leading music artists. The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European traditions. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century. Country music developed in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay - Z, Eminem and Kanye West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales. Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles, California Hollywood, a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is one of the leaders in motion picture production. The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope. The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film, also in New York, and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization. Director D.W. Griffith, the top American filmmaker during the silent film period, was central to the development of film grammar, and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising. Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history, and, like others such as John Huston, broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting, with great influence on subsequent directors. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '', from the early sound period until the early 1960s, with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures. In the 1970s, film directors such as Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '', grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period. Since, directors such as Steven Spielberg, George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films, often characterized by high production costs, and in return, high earnings at the box office, with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion. Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, Casablanca ( 1942 ), The Godfather ( 1972 ), Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ), Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ), The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ), The Graduate ( 1967 ), On the Waterfront ( 1954 ), Schindler 's List ( 1993 ), Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ), It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ). The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929, and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944. Sports Main article : Sports in the United States Most popular American sports are American football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally. Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century, with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league. Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ). These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year. College football and basketball attract large audiences. In soccer, the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ). The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion, roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. As of 2014, the United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country, and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second most behind Norway. While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact. The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR. Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S., with registered players numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants. Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ), Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ), the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ), and Fox. The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches. Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day. In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions and corporate underwriting. Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ). NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart, PBS, was also created by the same legislation. ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other. ) As of September 30, 2014, there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ). Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times and USA Today. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage. With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers, for example, New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly, to name two of the best - known. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups. Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century. In 1938, Superman, the comic book superhero of DC Comics, developed into an American icon. Aside from web portals and search engines, the most popular websites are Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Yahoo!, eBay, Amazon, and Twitter. More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English. Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971. The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race. The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a machine tool industry, enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing. Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison 's research laboratory, one of the first of its kind, developed the phonograph, the first long - lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera. The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight. The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States. During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age, while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and aeronautics. The invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern electronics, led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry. This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California. Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ), and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems, Apple Inc., IBM, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet. These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use. As of 2013, 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer, and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service. 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013. The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet. In the 21st century, approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector. The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor. Health See also : Health care in the United States, Health care reform in the United States, and Health insurance in the United States New York - Presbyterian Hospital in New York City is one of the world 's busiest hospitals. Pictured is the Weill Cornell facility ( white complex at center ). The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990. The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries. Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987, to 42nd in 2007. Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years, are the highest in the industrialized world, and are among the highest anywhere. Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight. Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals. In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Alzheimer 's disease, drug abuse, kidney disease, cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates. U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics. The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation. America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five. Since 1966, more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined. From 1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe. The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation, measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP. Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal. In 2014, 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance. The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue. In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance. Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014, though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy. See also United States portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii, and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska. Algonquian, Cherokee, and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country. French is a de facto, but unofficial, language in Maine and Louisiana, while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status. Jump up ^ In five territories, English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico, Samoan in American Samoa, Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands. Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States. Jump up ^ Except American Samoa and the Virgin Islands. Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed. Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km, and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters. The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km, and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km. This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters. Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest which dated back to the 16th century. During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants, encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government, made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights. The endeavours of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition. The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion. Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki, a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono. After the HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands, the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūkaʻilimoku, the Hawaiian deity of war. Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13, while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return, one of only two long boats was stolen. The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenging the foreigners. In retaliation, Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii, Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats. The following morning of February 14, 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping. One of ruler 's wives, Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop. Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians. Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused. As the townspeople began to surrounding them, Cook and his men raised their guns. Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet. The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook, who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword. Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet. Kanaʻina released Cook, who fell to the ground as another attendant, Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death. Jump up ^ The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members. German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ), Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ). White Americans are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census, Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group, not a `` racial '' group ), and third - largest ancestry group. Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, and Indian Americans. Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime, compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ). Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ), and over 50 % of children under age one, and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042. This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports, based on the U.S. census data, which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white. The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 %. Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above, the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ), followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ), Tagalog ( 92.8 % ), Spanish ( 74.1 % ), Korean ( 71.5 % ), Chinese ( 70.4 % ), and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ). Jump up ^ In January 2015, U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion, or about 72 % of U.S. GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion, giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion. By 2012, total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP. The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's, AAA from Fitch, and AAA from Moody 's. Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI, found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009, and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014, followed by Russia, China ( PRC ), and Germany. Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water. As for drinking water quality, there are concerns about disinfection by - products, lead, perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances, but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good. References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007, p. 280. Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007, p. 91. Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov ''. Public Law 105 - 225 - Aug. 12, 1998. uscode.house.gov. August 12, 1999. pp. 112 Stat. 1263. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10. Section 304. `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march. '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983, p. 195. Jump up ^ García 2011, p. 167. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES ''. QuickFacts. U.S. Department of Commerce. July 1, 2016. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11. ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape ''. Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` Population Clock ''. U.S. and World Population Clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. July 4, 2017. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11. The United States population on July 4, 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 ''. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2017. The 2016 estimate is as of July 1, 2016. The 2010 census is as of April 1, 2010. ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects ''. IMF. Retrieved June 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Data refer to the year 2016. ( 1 ) ( selecting all countries, GDP per capita ( current US $ ), World Bank. Accessed on July 1, 2017. Jump up ^ `` OECD Income Distribution Database : Gini, poverty, income, Methods and Concepts ''. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 29 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2017. Jump up ^ The New York Times 2007, p. 670. Jump up ^ Onuf 2010, p. xvii. Jump up ^ U.S. State Department, Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights, December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80. -- and U.S. General Accounting Office Report, U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016. Jump up ^ `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates - Geography - U.S. Census Bureau ''. State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11. Jump up ^ `` China ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 31, 2010. Jump up ^ `` United States ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 31, 2010. Jump up ^ `` United States ''. CIA World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved June 10, 2016. Jump up ^ `` China ''. CIA World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved June 10, 2016. Jump up ^ UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre. `` Megadiverse Countries definition Biodiversity A-Z ''. Biodiversity A-Z. UN WCMC. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11. `` 17 countries which have been identified as the most biodiversity - rich countries of the world, with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity ''. Jump up ^ Erlandson, Rick & Vellanoweth 2008, p. 19. Jump up ^ Greene, Jack P. ; Pole, J.R., eds. ( 2008 ). A Companion to the American Revolution. pp. 352 -- 361. Bender, Thomas ( 2006 ). A Nation Among Nations : America 's Place in World History. New York : Hill & Wang. p. 61. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 7235 - 4. `` Overview of the Early National Period ''. Digital History. University of Houston. 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2015. ^ Jump up to : Carlisle, Rodney P. ; Golson, J. Geoffrey ( 2007 ). Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America. Turning Points in History Series. ABC - CLIO. p. 238. ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 833 - 0. Jump up ^ `` The Civil War and emancipation 1861 -- 1865 ''. Africans in America. Boston, Massachusetts : WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2009 ). Wallenfeldt, Jeffrey H., ed. The American Civil War and Reconstruction : People, Politics, and Power. America at War. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 264. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 045 - 7. Jump up ^ White, Donald W. ( 1996 ). `` 1 : The Frontiers ''. The American Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 0 - 300 - 05721 - 0. Retrieved March 26, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Work in the Late 19th Century ''. Library of Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2015. Jump up ^ Tony Judt ; Denis Lacorne ( June 4, 2005 ). With Us Or Against Us : Studies in Global Anti-Americanism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 61. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8085 - 4. Richard J. Samuels ( December 21, 2005 ). Encyclopedia of United States National Security. SAGE Publications. p. 666. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6535 - 3. Paul R. Pillar ( January 1, 2001 ). Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution Press. p. 57. ISBN 0 - 8157 - 0004 - 0. Gabe T. Wang ( January 1, 2006 ). China and the Taiwan Issue : Impending War at Taiwan Strait. University Press of America. p. 179. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3434 - 2. Understanding the `` Victory Disease, '' From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond. DIANE Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 1052 - 2. Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( 2011 ). U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide. ABC - CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38375 - 5. Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015 ''. ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ). `` List of South American countries by GDP per capita ''. World Economic Outlook. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved September 25, 2017. ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ). `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita ''. World Economic Outlook. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 24. Retrieved February 22, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing, value added ( current US $ ) ''. World Bank Open Data. World Bank. Retrieved February 11, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Databook 2016 ''. Credit Suisse Research Institute. Retrieved May 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices ''. OECD. Retrieved April 30, 2016. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Workers World 's Most Productive ''. CBS News. February 11, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 ''. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. April 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Martone 2016, p. 504. Jump up ^ Sider 2007, p. 226. Jump up ^ DeLear, Byron ( July 4, 2013 ) Who coined ' United States of America '? Mystery might have intriguing answer. `` Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name ' United States of America ' was first used and by whom... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq., wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., during the Siege of Boston. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington 's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed 's absence. '' Christian Science Monitor ( Boston, MA ). Jump up ^ Touba, Mariam ( November 5, 2014 ) Who Coined the Phrase ' United States of America '? You May Never Guess `` Here, on January 2, 1776, seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine 's Common Sense, Stephen Moylan, an acting secretary to General George Washington, spells it out, ' I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain ' to seek foreign assistance for the cause. '' New - York Historical Society Museum & Library Jump up ^ Fay, John ( July 15, 2016 ) The forgotten Irishman who named the ' United States of America ' `` According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase `` United States of America. '' But who was Stephen Moylan? '' IrishCentral.com Jump up ^ `` '' To the inhabitants of Virginia, '' by A PLANTER. Dixon and Hunter 's. April 6, 1776, Williamsburg, Virginia. Letter is also included in Peter Force 's American Archives ``. 5 ( 1287 ). 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Retrieved February 25, 2015. `` What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? ''. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. June 2004. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007. Kudeba, Nicolas ( February 28, 2014 ). `` Chapter 1 -- The First Big Steppe -- Aboriginal Canadian History ''. The History of Canada Podcast. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ). `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas? ''. Smithsonian Magazine. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ Fladmark, K.R., ( 1979 ) ( 2017 ). `` Routes : alternate migration corridors for early man in North America ''. American Antiquity. 44 : 55 -- 69. JSTOR 279189. doi : 10.2307 / 279189. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Katz, Brigit ( April 5, 2017 ). `` Found : One of the Oldest North American Settlements ''. Smithsonian. Retrieved August 26, 2017. 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Alden T. Vaughan, ed. New England Encounters : Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600 -- 1850. North Eastern University Press. Rausch, David A. ( 1994 ). Native American Voices. Baker Books, Grand Rapids. p. 180. ISBN 9780801077739. Remini, Robert V. ( 2007 ). The House : The History of the House of Representatives. HarperCollins. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 134111 - 3. Richter, Daniel K., and James H. Merrell, eds. ( 2003 ). Beyond the Covenant Chain : the Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600 -- 1800. University Park, Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0 - 271 - 02299 - X. Ripper, Jason ( 2008 ). American Stories : To 1877. M.E. Sharpe. p. 299. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2903 - 6., Book Russell, John Henderson ( 1913 ). The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619 -- 1865. Johns Hopkins University. p. 196., E'Book Safire, William ( 14 May 2003 ). No Uncertain Terms : More Writing from the Popular `` On Language '' Column in The New York Times Magazine. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4955 - 3. Samuel, Bunford ( 1920 ). Secession and Constitutional Liberty : In which is Shown the Right of a Nation to Secede from a Compact of Federation and that Such Right is Necessary to Constitutional Liberty and a Surety of Union. Neale publishing Company. Schneider, Dorothy ; Schneider, Carl J. ( 2007 ). Slavery in America. Infobase Publishing. p. 554. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0813 - 1., Book Schultz, David Andrew ( 2009 ). Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution. Infobase Publishing. p. 904. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2677 - 7., Book Sider, Sandra ( 2007 ). Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533084 - 7. Simonson, Peter ( 2010 ). Refiguring Mass Communication : A History. Urbana : University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07705 - 0. He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation 's unofficial motto, e pluribus unum, even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated., Book Smith, Andrew F. ( 2004 ). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America. New York : Oxford University Press, pp. 131 -- 32. ISBN 0 - 19 - 515437 - 1. Soss, Joe ( 2010 ). Hacker, Jacob S. ; Mettler, Suzanne, eds. Remaking America : Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61044 - 694 - 5., Book Stannard, David E. ( November 18, 1993 ). American Holocaust : The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508557 - 0. Tadman, Michael ( 2000 ). The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas. American Historical Review. 105. Oxford University Press. JSTOR 2652029. Taylor, Alan ( 2002 ). Eric Foner, ed. American Colonies : The Settling of North America. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0 - 670 - 87282 - 2., Book Thornton, Russell ( 1987 ). American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 49. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2220 - 5., Book Vaughan, Alden T. ( 1999 ). New England Encounters : Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600 -- 1850. North Eastern University Press. Walton, Gary M. ; Rockoff, Hugh ( 2009 ). History of the American Economy. Cengage Learning., Book Williams, Daniel K. ( 2012 ). `` Questioning Conservatism 's Ascendancy : A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics ; ( Reviews in American History ) '' ( PDF ). Reviews in American History. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 40 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 331. doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2012.0043. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 17, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013. Winchester, Simon ( 2013 ). The men who United the States. Harper Collins. pp. 198, 216, 251, 253. ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 207960 - 2. Zinn, Howard ( 2005 ). A People 's History of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. pp. 321 -- 357. ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5. Internet sources `` Country Profile : United States of America ''. BBC News. London. April 22, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008. Cohen, Eliot A. ( July -- August 2004 ). `` History and the Hyperpower ''. Foreign Affairs. Washington D.C. Retrieved July 14, 2006. `` Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island ''. `` History of `` In God We Trust '' ``. U.S. Department of the Treasury. March 8, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2013. `` Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County ''. Mercer County Historical Society. 2005. Archived from the original on March 10, 2005. Retrieved April 6, 2016., Book Nick Hayes ( November 6, 2009 ). `` Looking back 20 years : Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? ''. MinnPost. Retrieved March 11, 2013. `` 59e. The End of the Cold War ''. U.S. History.org. Independence Hall Association. Retrieved March 10, 2013. Levy, Peter B. ( 1996 ). Encyclopedia of the Reagan - Bush Years. ABC - CLIO. p. 442. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29018 - 3. Census Bureau, US ( 2016 ). `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES ''. QuickFacts. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09. Wallander, Celeste A. ( 2003 ). `` Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union ''. Journal of Cold War Studies. President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 5 ( 4 ) : 137 -- 177. doi : 10.1162 / 152039703322483774. Retrieved March 11, 2013. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "− 4 to − 12, + 10, + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD. us Website usa.gov The United States of America ( USA ), commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self - governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state" ], "id": [ "11414438029662553261" ], "short_answers": [ "50" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the book. For other uses, see Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( disambiguation ). Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Cover for one of the earliest UK editions Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator Thomas Taylor ( UK Edition ) Jonny Duddle ( 2014 UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Kazu Kibuishi ( 2013 US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated edition ) Series Harry Potter Release number 1st in series Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) Publication date 26 June 1997 ( UK ) 1 September 1998 ( US ) Pages 223 ( UK Edition ) 332 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 309 ( US Edition ) 336 ( 2013 US Edition ) 256 ( Illustrated Edition ) ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 Followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowling 's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry 's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old. The novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best - selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000. It has been translated into at least seventy three other languages and has been made into a feature - length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels. Most reviews were very favourable, commenting on Rowling 's imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction, although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed. The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen, one of Rowling 's favourite authors, Roald Dahl, whose works dominated children 's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter, and the Ancient Greek story - teller Homer. While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories, others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues. Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, along with the rest of the Harry Potter series, has been attacked by several religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft, but other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints, including the power of self - sacrifice and the ways in which people 's decisions shape their personalities. The series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Plot 1.2 Main characters 2 Development, publication and reception 2.1 Development 2.2 Publication and reception in the United Kingdom 2.3 U.S. publication and reception 2.4 Translations 3 Style and themes 4 Legacy 4.1 Sequels 4.2 Illustrated Version 4.3 Film version 4.4 Video games 4.5 Uses in education and business 5 Release history 6 Footnotes 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Plot ( edit ) As the main title suggests, the plot centres on a legendary alchemical substance which is believed by some to give immortality The most evil and powerful dark wizard in history, Lord Voldemort, murders James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappears after failing to kill their infant son, Harry. While the wizarding world celebrates Voldemort 's apparent downfall, Professor Dumbledore, Professor McGonagall and half - giant Rubeus Hagrid place the one - year - old orphan in the care of his surly and cold Muggle uncle and aunt, Vernon and Petunia Dursley and their spoilt and bullying son, Dudley. For ten years, living at number Four Privet Drive, Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs. Shortly before his eleventh birthday, a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive, but Uncle Vernon destroys them before Harry can read them, leading to an influx of more and more letters. To evade the pursuit of these letters, Vernon first takes the family to a hotel, but when the letters arrive there too, he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island. It is Harry 's eleventh birthday and at midnight, Hagrid bursts through the door to deliver the letter and to tell Harry what the Dursleys have kept from him : Harry is a wizard and has been accepted into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, where Hagrid is groundskeeper and Dumbledore is Headmaster. Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley, where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards, who refer to him as `` the boy who lived. '' He also finds that his parents ' inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank. Guided by Hagrid, he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts and as a birthday gift Harry receives a pet owl from Hagrid ( which he names `` Hedwig '' ). A month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys ' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King 's Cross railway station. There he meets the Weasley family, who show him how to pass through the magic wall to Platform 93⁄4, where the train that will take them to Hogwarts is waiting. While on the train, Harry meets two fellow first years, Ron Weasley, who immediately becomes his friend, and Hermione Granger, with whom the ice is a bit slower to break. Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first - year, Draco Malfoy. Draco offers to advise Harry, but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of `` friendship ''. At Hogwarts, the first - years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities. While Harry is being sorted, the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards, but when Harry objects, the Hat sends him to Gryffindor. Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor. Draco is sorted into Slytherin, like his whole family before him. Harry starts classes at Hogwarts School, with lessons including Transfiguration with head of Gryffindor, Minerva McGonagall, Herbology with Head of Hufflepuff, Pomona Sprout, Charms with Head of Ravenclaw Filius Flitwick, and Defence Against the Dark Arts with Quirinus Quirrell. Harry 's least favourite class is Potions, taught by Severus Snape, the vindictive Head of Slytherin who seems to loathe Harry. Harry, Ron, and Hermione become far more interested by extracurricular matters within and outside the school, particularly after they discover that a huge three - headed dog is standing guard over a trap door in a forbidden corridor. They also become suspicious of Snape 's behaviour and become convinced that he is looking for ways to get past the trapdoor to whatever it 's hiding. Harry discovers an innate talent for flying on broomsticks and is appointed as Seeker on his House 's Quidditch team, a wizards ' sport played in the air. His first game goes well until his broomstick wobbles in mid-air and almost throws him off. Ron and Hermione suspect foul play from Snape, whom they saw behaving oddly. For Christmas, Harry receives an invisibility cloak from an anonymous source and begins exploring the school at night and investigating the hidden object further. He discovers the Mirror of Erised ( backwards for `` desire '' ), in which the viewer sees his or her deepest desires becoming true. Thanks to an indiscretion from Hagrid, Harry and his friends work out that the object kept at the school is a Philosopher 's Stone, made by an old friend of Dumbledore named Nicolas Flamel, which grants its user immortality, as long as it 's constantly used. Harry is also informed by a centaur he meets in the forest that a plot to steal the Philosopher 's Stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself, who would use it to be restored to his body and come back to power. When Dumbledore is lured from Hogwarts under false pretences, Harry and his friends fear that the theft is imminent and descend through the trapdoor themselves. They encounter a series of obstacles, each of which requires unique skills possessed by one of the three, and one of which requires Ron to sacrifice himself in a life - sized game of wizard 's chess. In the final room, Harry, now alone, finds Quirrell, who admits that he had tried to kill Harry at his Quidditch match against Slytherin. He also admits that he let a troll into Hogwarts. Snape had been trying to protect Harry all along rather than to kill him, and his suspicious behaviour came from his own suspicions about Quirrell. Quirrell is one of Voldemort 's followers, and is now partly possessed by him : Voldemort 's face has sprouted on the back of his own head, hidden by his turban. Voldemort needs Harry 's help to get past the final obstacle : the Mirror of Erised. When stood in front of it, the Mirror recognises Harry 's lack of greed for the Stone and surreptitiously deposits it in his pocket. Quirrell promptly tries to seize the Stone, but his flesh burns on contact with Harry, proving lethal for Quirrell. Harry passes out and awakens in the school hospital, where Dumbledore explains to him that he survived because his mother sacrificed her life to protect him, and this left a powerful protective charm on him. It is also revealed that the invisibility cloak was left by his father for Dumbledore to keep and give to Harry. Voldemort left Quirrell to die and is likely to return by some other means. The Stone has now been destroyed. The school year ends at the final feast, during which Gryffindor wins the House Cup. Harry returns to the Dursleys ' for the summer holiday but does not tell them that under - age wizards are forbidden to use magic outside of Hogwarts. Main characters ( edit ) Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a `` scrawny, black - haired, bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard. '' She developed the series ' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there. Apart from the first chapter, the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry 's eleventh birthday. Voldemort 's attack left a lightning bolt - shaped scar on Harry 's forehead, which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present. Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person in decades to get on their team in their first year. Ronald Weasley is Harry 's age and Rowling describes him as the ultimate best friend, `` always there when you need him. '' He is freckled, red - haired and quite tall. He grew up in a fairly large pure - blood family as the sixth born of seven children. Although his family is quite poor, they still live comfortably and happily. His loyalty and bravery in the face of a game of Wizards Chess plays a vital part in finding the Philosopher 's Stone. Hermione Granger, the daughter of an all - Muggle family, is a bossy girl who has apparently memorised most of the textbooks before the start of term. Rowling described Hermione as a `` very logical, upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness ''. Despite her nagging efforts to keep Harry and Ron out of trouble, she becomes a close friend of the two boys after they save her from a troll, and her magical and analytical skills play an important role in finding the Philosopher 's Stone. She has bushy brown hair and rather large front teeth. Neville Longbottom is a plump, diffident boy, so forgetful that his grandmother gives him a Remembrall, although he can not remember why. Neville 's magical abilities are weak and appeared just in time to save his life when he was eight. Despite his timidity, Neville will fight anyone after some encouragement or if he thinks it is right and important. Rubeus Hagrid, a half - giant nearly 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall, with tangled black hair and beard, was expelled from Hogwarts and his wand was snapped in half ( resulting in him never to use a wand again ), however Professor Dumbledore let him stay on as the school 's gamekeeper, a job which enables him to lavish affection and pet names on even the most dangerous of magical creatures. Hagrid is fiercely loyal to Dumbledore and quickly becomes a close friend of Harry, Ron and, later, Hermione, but his carelessness makes him unreliable. Professor Albus Dumbledore, a tall, thin man who wears half - moon spectacles and has silver hair and a beard that tucks into his belt, is the headmaster of Hogwarts, and thought to be the only wizard Voldemort fears. Dumbledore, while renowned for his achievements in magic, he shrugs off praise, he is aware of his own brilliance. Rowling described him as the `` epitome of goodness ''. Professor Minerva McGonagall, a tall, severe - looking woman with black hair tied in a tight bun, teaches Transfiguration, and sometimes transforms herself into a cat. She is Deputy Headmistress, and Head of Gryffindor House and, according to the author, `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy ''. Petunia Dursley, the sister of Harry 's mother Lily, is a thin woman with a long neck that she uses for spying on the neighbours. She regards her magical sister as a freak and tries to pretend that she never existed. Vernon Dursley is the husband of Petunia Dursley, is a heavily built man whose irascible bluster covers a narrow mind and a fear of anything unusual. Dudley Dursley is an overweight, spoiled bully, and cousin of Harry Potter ( who uses Harry as his punching bag ). Draco Malfoy is a slim, pale boy who speaks in a bored drawl. He is arrogant about his skill in Quidditch, and despises anyone who is not a pure - blood wizard -- and wizards who do not share his views. His parents had supported Voldemort, but changed sides after the dark wizard 's disappearance, claiming they had been bewitched. Draco avoids direct confrontations, and tries to get Harry and his friends into trouble. Oliver Wood is Harry 's Quidditch captain for the Gryffindor Quidditch team. He plays as keeper. Professor Quirrell is a twitching, stammering man who teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts. Reputedly he was a brilliant scholar, but his nerve was shattered by an encounter with vampires. Quirrell wears a turban to conceal the fact that he is voluntarily possessed by Voldemort, whose face appears on the back of Quirrell 's head. Professor Severus Snape, who has a hooked nose, sallow complexion and greasy black hair, teaches Potions, but would prefer to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts. Snape praises pupils in Slytherin, his own House but seizes every opportunity to humiliate others, especially Harry. Several incidents, beginning with the shooting pain in Harry 's scar during the start - of - term feast, lead Harry and his friends to think Snape is a follower of Voldemort. Argus Filch, the school caretaker who knows the school 's secret passages better than anyone else except, possibly, the Weasley twins. His cat, Mrs. Norris, aids his constant hunt for misbehaving pupils. Other members of staff include the dumpy Herbology teacher and Head of Hufflepuff House Professor Sprout, Professor Flitwick, the tiny and excitable Charms teacher, and Head of Ravenclaw House, the soporific History of Magic teacher, Professor Binns, a ghost who does not seem to have noticed his own death ; and Madam Hooch, the Quidditch coach, who is strict, but a considerate and methodical teacher. The poltergeist Peeves wanders around the castle causing trouble wherever he can. In the book, Rowling introduces an eclectic cast of characters. The first character to be introduced is Vernon Dursley, Harry 's uncle. Most of the actions centre on the eponymous hero Harry Potter, an orphan who escapes his miserable childhood with the Dursley family. Rowling imagined him as a `` scrawny, black - haired, bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard '', and says she transferred part of her pain about losing her mother to him. During the book, Harry makes two close friends, Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger. Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend, `` always there when you need him ''. Rowling has described Hermione as a `` very logical, upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness ''. Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults. The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful, but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore, who becomes Harry 's confidant ; Rowling described him as `` epitome of goodness ''. His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall, who according to the author `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '', the friendly half - giant Rubeus Hagrid, who saved Harry from the Dursley family, and the sinister Severus Snape. Professor Quirrell is also featured in the novel. The main antagonists are Draco Malfoy, an elitist, bullying classmate and Lord Voldemort, the most powerful evil wizard who becomes disembodied when he tries to kill baby Harry. According to a 1999 interview with Rowling, the character of Voldemort was created as a literary foil for Harry, and his backstory was intentionally not fleshed - out at first : The basic idea... Harry, I saw Harry very very very clearly. Very vividly. And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard. (... ) And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, that he would n't know what he was. (... ) When he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harry 's parents, and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him. (... ) And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason, the curse did n't work on Harry. So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, who has been in hiding ever since. Development, publication and reception ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The book, which was Rowling 's debut novel, was written between approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995. In 1990 Jo Rowling, as she preferred to be known, wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words, `` One weekend after flat hunting, I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head... A scrawny, little, black - haired, bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me... I began to write Philosopher 's Stone that very evening. Although, the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product. '' Then Rowling 's mother died and, to cope with her pain, Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry. Rowling spent six years working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury, she obtained a grant of £ 8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council, which enabled her to plan the sequels. She sent the book to an agent and a publisher, and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers, most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words. Barry Cunningham, who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by new authors for Bloomsbury Children 's Books, recommended accepting the book, and the eight - year - old daughter of Bloomsbury 's chief executive said it was `` so much better than anything else ''. Publication and reception in the United kingdom ( edit ) Imitation of the fictional Platform 93⁄4 at the real King 's Cross railway station, with a luggage trolley apparently halfway through the magical wall Bloomsbury accepted the book, paying Rowling a £ 2,500 advance, and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors, critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched. He was less concerned about the book 's length than about its author 's name, since the title sounded like a boys ' book to him, and he believed boys preferred books by male authors. Rowling therefore adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling just before publication. In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher 's Stone with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback, three hundred of which were distributed to libraries. Her original name, `` Joanne Rowling '', can be found in small print on the copyright page of this first British edition. ( The 1998 first American edition would remove reference to `` Joanne '' completely. ) The short initial print run was standard for first novels, and Cunningham hoped booksellers would read the book and recommend it to customers. Examples from this initial print run have sold for as much as US $33,460 in a 2007 Heritage Auction. Lindsey Fraser, who had supplied one of the blurb comments, wrote what is thought to be the first published review, in The Scotsman on 28 June 1997. She described Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone as `` a hugely entertaining thriller '' and Rowling as `` a first - rate writer for children ''. Another early review, in The Herald, said, `` I have yet to find a child who can put it down. '' Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book, with glowing reviews in The Guardian, The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday, and in September 1997 Books for Keeps, a magazine that specialised in children 's books, gave the novel four stars out of five. The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' ; a view echoed by the Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are, this time, justified '' ), while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' and The Scotsman said it had `` all the makings of a classic ''. In 1997 the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 to 11 year - olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize. The Smarties award, which is voted for by children, made the book well - known within six months of publication, while most children 's books have to wait for years. The following year, Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children. It was also shortlisted for children 's books awards adjudicated by adults, but did not win. Sandra Beckett comments that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards -- for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Roald Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling 's books. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read. Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit, the British Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year and the Booksellers ' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year. By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies, and the story was still the UK 's best - selling title in December 2001. A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press. Platform 93⁄4, from which the Hogwarts Express left London, was commemorated in the real - life King 's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall. US publication and reception ( edit ) Original U.S. cover of Sorcerer 's Stone UK to American translation examples UK American mum, mam mom sherbet lemon lemon drop motorbike motorcycle chips fries crisp chip jelly Jell - O jacket potato baked potato jumper sweater Scholastic Corporation bought the U.S. rights at the Bologna Book Fair in April 1997 for US $105,000, an unusually high sum for a children 's book. They thought that a child would not want to read a book with the word `` philosopher '' in the title and, after some discussion, the American edition was published in September 1998 under the title Rowling suggested, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone. Rowling claimed that she regretted this change and would have fought it if she had been in a stronger position at the time. Philip Nel has pointed out that the change lost the connection with alchemy, and the meaning of some other terms changed in translation, for example from `` crumpet '' to `` muffin ''. While Rowling accepted the change from both the British English `` mum '' and Seamus Finnigan 's Irish variant `` mam '' to `` mom '' in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone, she vetoed this change in the later books, which was then reversed in later editions of Philosopher 's Stone. However, Nel considered that Scholastic 's translations were considerably more sensitive than most of those imposed on British English books of the time, and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits. Since the British editions of early titles in the series were published a few months earlier than the American versions, some American readers became familiar with the British English versions after buying them via the Internet. At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book, leaving it to book trade and library publications such as Kirkus Reviews and Booklist, which examined it only by the entertainment - oriented criteria of children 's fiction. However, more penetrating specialist reviews ( such as one by Cooperative Children 's Book Center Choices, which pointed out the complexity, depth and consistency of the world Rowling had built ) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers. Although The Boston Globe and Michael Winerip in The New York Times complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book, they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise. A year later the US edition was selected as an American Library Association Notable Book, a Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1998, and a New York Public Library 1998 Best Book of the Year, and won Parenting Magazine 's Book of the Year Award for 1998, the School Library Journal Best Book of the Year, and the American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults. In August 1999, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone topped the New York Times list of best - selling fiction, and stayed near the top of the list for much of 1999 and 2000, until the New York Times split its list into children 's and adult sections under pressure from other publishers who were eager to see their books given higher placings. Publishers Weekly 's report in December 2001 on cumulative sales of children 's fiction placed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone 19th among hardbacks ( over 5 million copies ) and 7th among paperbacks ( over 6.6 million copies ). In May 2008, Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book that was released on 1 October 2008 to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release. For the fifteenth anniversary of the books, Scholastic re-released Sorcerer 's Stone, along with the other six novels in the series, with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013. Translations ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter in translation By mid-2008, official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages.By September 11, 2017, official translations of the book had been published in 74 languages. Bloomsbury have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek, and the latter was described as `` one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries ''. Style and themes ( edit ) See also : Harry Potter influences and analogues Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story - line -- for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. Like Austen 's heroines, Harry often has to re-examine his ideas near the ends of books. Some social behaviour in the Harry Potter books is remininiscent of Austen, for example the excited communal reading of letters. Both authors satirise social behaviour and give characters names that express their personalities. However in Nel 's opinion Rowling 's humour is more based on caricature and the names she invents are more like those found in Charles Dickens 's stories, and Amanda Cockrell noted that many of these express their owners ' traits through allusions that run from ancient Roman mythology to eighteenth - century German literature. Rowling, like the Narnia series ' author C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genres ‍ -- ‌ fantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, Bildungsroman and many others. Some reviewers compared Philosopher 's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher 's Stone, seven of the ten most popular children 's books were by Dahl, including the one in top place. The only other really popular children 's author of the late 1990s was an American, R.L. Stine. Some of the story elements in Philosopher 's Stone resembled parts of Dahl 's stories ; for example, the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts‍ -- ‌one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, who treated Harry as a servant. However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation, able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside. Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor Stephen Brown noted the liveliness and detail of descriptions, especially of shop scenes such as Diagon Alley. Tad Brennan commented that Rowling 's writing resembles that of Homer : `` rapid, plain, and direct in expression. '' Stephen King admired `` the sort of playful details of which only British fantasists seem capable '' and concluded that they worked because Rowling enjoys a quick giggle and then moves briskly forward. Nicholas Tucker described the early Harry Potter books as looking back to Victorian and Edwardian children 's stories : Hogwarts was an old - style boarding school in which the teachers addressed pupils formally by their surnames and were most concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated ; characters ' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances, starting with the Dursleys ; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed, including Filch 's cat Mrs Norris ; and the hero, a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life, was charismatic and good at sports, but considerate and protective towards the weak. Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes. However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain : a class system that was breaking down but defended by those whose power and status it upheld ; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts ' students ; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species ; and school bullying. Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books, as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws, accountability or any kind of legal challenge. This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order. As a side - effect Harry and Hermione, who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world, find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards. For example, Hermione notes that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher 's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it. Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status - conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling 's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the `` preferred norm '', while the author was a single mother. Harry 's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series, and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father - figures. Legacy ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on July 2, 1998 and in the US on June 2, 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8, 1999 and in the US on September 8, 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on June 21, 2003. Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on July 16, 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on July 21, 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release : 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US. Illustrated version ( edit ) An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in October 2015, with illustrations by Jim Kay. The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist. Film version ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) In 1999, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ). Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books. After extensive casting, filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London, with production ending in July 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001. Reviewers ' comments were positive, as reflected by an 80 % Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and by a score of 64 % at Metacritic, representing `` generally favourable reviews ''. Video games ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( video game ) Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts, loosely based on the film and book : Developer Release date Platform Genre GameRankings Metacritic Notes KnowWonder 15 November 2001 Microsoft Windows Adventure / puzzle 67.35 % 65 / 100 Argonaut PlayStation Action - adventure 66.98 % 64 / 100 Griptonite Game Boy Color Role - playing game 73 % N / A Game Boy Advance Action puzzle 68.37 % 64 / 100 Aspyr 28 February 2002 Mac OS X Adventure / puzzle N / A N / A Port of Windows version Warthog 9 December 2003 GameCube Action - adventure 63.31 % 62 / 100 PlayStation 2 57.90 % 56 / 100 Xbox 61.82 % 59 / 100 Uses in Education and business ( edit ) Writers on education and business subjects have used the book as an object lesson. Writing about clinical teaching in medical schools, Jennifer Conn contrasted Snape 's technical expertise with his intimidating behaviour towards students ; on the other hand Quidditch coach Madam Hooch illustrated useful techniques in the teaching of physical skills, including breaking down complex actions into sequences of simple ones and helping students to avoid common errors. Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture, society, and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory ''. Stephen Brown noted that the early Harry Potter books, especially Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone, were a runaway success despite inadequate and poorly organised marketing. Brown advised marketing executives to be less preoccupied with rigorous statistical analyses and the `` analysis, planning, implementation, and control '' model of management. Instead he recommended that they should treat the stories as `` a marketing masterclass '', full of enticing products and brand names. For example, a real - world analogue of Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans was introduced under licence in 2000 by toymaker Hasbro. Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Edition ( Hardback / Paperback ) Publisher Pages Canada 1 December 1998 Hardback Children 's Edition Raincoast 223 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 1 November 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 31 August 2000 Paperback Children 's Edition 16 October 2002 Paperback Magic Edition 4 October 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 12 January 2011 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) Bloomsbury 223 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) United Kingdom 26 June 1997 Hardback Children 's Edition Paperback Children 's Edition 11 September 1998 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 27 September 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 8 October 2001 Paperback Special Edition 10 July 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 4 October 2004 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 223 1 November 2010 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 18 July 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 United States 1 September 1998 Hardback Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic 309 8 September 1999 Paperback 1 November 2000 Hardback Collector 's Edition 1 November 2001 Mass Market Paperback 400 September 2008 Paperback ( Exclusive Scholastic School Market Edition ) 309 1 October 2008 Hardback 10th Anniversary Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling was christened Joanne Rowling, without a middle name, and adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling for publication. She says that she was always known as `` Jo '' The book 's copyright page gives her name as `` Joanne Rowling ''. Jump up ^ The Children 's Book Award, The Young Telegraph Paperback of the Year Award, the Birmingham Cable Children 's Book Award and the Sheffield Children 's Book Award. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : J.K. Rowling : Bloomsbury Childrens ''. Bloomsbury. Retrieved 26 June 2015. ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Official Site : Biography ''. J.K. Rowling. 2007. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2009. ^ Jump up to : Rowling, J.K. ( 20 October 1999 ). `` Interview with J.K. Rowling ''. The Diane Rehm Show ( Interview ). Interview with Diane Rehm. Washington : Accio Quote. Retrieved 2 March 2009 -- via WAMU. I saw Harry very very very clearly... And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, that he would n't know what he was... When he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harry 's parents, and then he tried to kill Harry... but for some mysterious reason, the curse did n't work on Harry. So he 's left with this lightning bolt - shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, Voldemort, who has been in hiding ever since. ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and Me ''. Accio Quote. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ Jump up to : Fraser, Lindsey ( 15 August 2004 ). `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival ''. Accio Quote. Retrieved 12 January 2009. ^ Jump up to : Solomon, Evan ( 13 July 2000 ). `` J.K. Rowling Interview ''. CBCNewsWorld Hot Type. Accio Quote. Retrieved 12 January 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com ''. Scholastic.com. Accio Quote. 16 October 2000. Retrieved 12 January 2009. ^ Jump up to : Riccio, Heather ( 1995 -- 2009 ). `` Interview with JK Rowling, Author of Harry Potter ''. Hilary Magazine. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Lydon, Christopher. J.K. Rowling interview transcript ''. The Connection ( WBUR Radio ). Accio Quote. 12 October 1999. Retrieved 12 January 2009. Jump up ^ Lydon, Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ). `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript ''. The Connection. Accio Quote. Retrieved 22 January 2009. ^ Jump up to : `` BBC `` Red Nose Day '' Online Chat Transcript ``. BBC. MuggleNet. 12 March 2001. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Jump up ^ Rogers, Shelagh ( 23 October 2000 ). `` Interview : J.K. Rowling ''. This Morning. Accio Quote. Retrieved 3 August 2013. Jump up ^ Rowling, J.K. ( 1997 ). Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone. Bloomsbury. p. copyright notice. ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3274 - 5. Jump up ^ Kirk, Connie Ann ( 1 January 2003 ). `` Early Career ''. J.K. Rowling : A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 0313322058. Retrieved 14 March 2014. ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare, Julia ( 2002 ). `` The Publishing of a Phenomenon ''. A guide to the Harry Potter novels. Continuum International. pp. 7 -- 14. ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 1. Retrieved 15 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Revealed : the eight - year - old girl who saved Harry Potter ''. The Independent. London. 3 July 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2009. Jump up ^ Lawless, John ( 29 May 2005 ). `` Nigel Newton ''. Bloomberg Businessweek. McGraw - Hill. Retrieved 9 September 2006. Jump up ^ Elisco, Lester. `` The Phenomenon of Harry Potter ''. TomFolio.com. Retrieved 22 January 2009. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Mystery of the Author 's Name ''. Cotsen Children 's Library. Princeton University. Retrieved 16 September 2014. Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling : The Rare True First Edition of the First Harry Potter Book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone. ''. Heritage Auctions. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2010. ^ Jump up to : Nel, Philip ( 2001 ). `` Reviews of the Novels ''. J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels : a reader 's guide. Continuum International. pp. 53 -- 55. ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9. Retrieved 15 May 2009. ^ Jump up to : Knapp, N.F. ( 2003 ). `` In Defense of Harry Potter : An Apologia '' ( PDF ). School Libraries Worldwide. International Association of School Librarianship. 9 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 91. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Awards ''. Arthur A. Levine Books. Retrieved 21 May 2006. ^ Jump up to : Beckett, Sandra L. ( 2008 ). `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction ''. Crossover Fiction. Taylor & Francis. pp. 112 -- 115. ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read ''. BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 12 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Books : Bestsellers ''. The Independent. UK. 27 March 1999. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Jump up ^ Jury, J. ( 22 December 2001 ). `` Harry Potter hides fall in number of books sold a downturn in book sales ''. The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2009. Jump up ^ Thomas, Scott ( 2007 ). 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Retrieved 26 May 2009. Jump up ^ Conn, Jennifer J. ( 2002 ). `` What can clinical teachers learn from Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone? ''. Medical Education. 36 ( 12 ) : 1176 -- 1181. PMID 12472752. doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2923.2002. 01376. x. Jump up ^ `` Hasbro Wins Wide Range of Rights for Harry Potter from Warner Bros. Consumer Products ''. Burbank, California : Time Warner. 11 February 2000. Retrieved 14 May 2009. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone British Children 's Cloth Edition ''. Amazon.com ( Canada ), Amazon.com, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Philosopher 's Stone ''. Amazon.com ( Canada ), Amazon.com, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : Deluxe Gift Edition ''. Amazon.com ( Canada ), Amazon.com, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2013. Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Children 's Paperback Edition ''. Amazon.com ( Canada ), Amazon.com, Inc. 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Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) ''. Amazon.com ( US ), Amazon.com, Inc. Retrieved 12 April 2016. External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Muggles ' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter -- Wikipedia book Quotations related to Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone at Wikiquote Background information and storylines from the Harry Potter Lexicon Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on Open Library at the Internet Archive The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016, also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018, also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World VIAF : 277356519 LCCN : nr00008597 GND : 4615979 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone&oldid=801538323 '' Categories : Harry Potter books 1990s fantasy novels 1997 British novels Alchemy in fiction Bloomsbury Publishing books British Book Award - winning works British novels adapted into films Debut novels Scholastic Corporation books British children 's novels 1997 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Use dmy dates from February 2016 Use British English from August 2011 Good articles Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2017 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017, at 08 : 16. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone&amp;oldid=801538323" }

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{ "text": "Montgomery Ward - wikipedia Montgomery Ward Jump to : navigation, search Montgomery Ward Montgomery Ward retailer logo, also the store 's 1982 -- 1995 and 2004 -- present logo Former type Private -- Original incarnation, mail order and department store Current incarnation, online retailer and catalog merchant Industry Retail Fate Bankruptcy in 2000 ; Full liquidation in 2001 namesake retailer launched in 2004 after purchase of trademarks Founded 1872 ; 146 years ago ( 1872 ) ( as mail order company and later department store, defunct 2001 ) 2004 ( as current online retailer ) Defunct June 2001 ( original company ) Headquarters Original company in Chicago, Illinois, United States 2004 to 2008 : namesake company Monroe, Wisconsin, United States Key people Original company : 1872 founder, Aaron Montgomery Ward namesake company : John Baumann, president of parent company Swiss Colony Products Clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, appliances, housewares, tools, and electronics. Brands Riverside Airline Powr - Kraft Divisions Electric Avenue Wards Kids Montgomery Ward Catalog Montgomery Wards Auto Express Website www.wards.com Montgomery Ward is the name of two historically distinct American retail enterprises. It can refer either to the defunct mail order and department store retailer, which operated between 1872 and 2001, or to the current catalog and online retailer also known as Wards. Contents ( hide ) 1 Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) 1.1 Company origins 1.2 Expansion into retail outlets 1.3 Government seizure 1.4 Decline 1.5 Bankruptcy, restructuring, and liquidation 1.6 Termination of pension plan 1.7 Distribution centers 2 As online retailer 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Company origins ( edit ) `` Progress Lighting the Way for Commerce '', designed for Montgomery Ward by sculptor J. Massey Rhind, appeared as a medallion on many of their stores Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872. Ward had conceived of the idea of a dry goods mail - order business in Chicago, Illinois, after several years of working as a traveling salesman among rural customers. He observed that rural customers often wanted `` city '' goods, but their only access to them was through rural retailers who had little competition and did not offer any guarantee of quality. Ward also believed that by eliminating intermediaries, he could cut costs and make a wide variety of goods available to rural customers, who could purchase goods by mail and pick them up at the nearest train station. Ward started his business at his first office, either in a single room at 825 North Clark Street, or in a loft above a livery stable on Kinzie Street between Rush and State Streets. He and two partners used $1,600 they had raised in capital and issued their first catalog in August 1872. It consisted of an 8 in × 12 in ( 20 cm × 30 cm ) single - sheet price list, listing 163 items for sale with ordering instructions for which Ward had written the copy. His two partners left the following year, but he continued the struggling business and was joined by his future brother - in - law, George Robinson Thorne. In the first few years, the business was not well received by rural retailers. Considering Ward a threat, they sometimes publicly burned his catalog. Despite the opposition, however, the business grew at a fast pace over the next several decades, fueled by demand primarily from rural customers who were inspired by the wide selection of items that were unavailable to them locally. Customers were also inspired by the innovative company policy of `` satisfaction guaranteed or your money back '', which Ward began in 1875. Ward turned the copy writing over to department heads, but he continued poring over every detail in the catalog for accuracy. In 1883, the company 's catalog, which became popularly known as the `` Wish Book '', had grown to 240 pages and 10,000 items. In 1896, Wards encountered its first serious competition in the mail order business, when Richard Warren Sears introduced his first general catalog. In 1900, Wards had total sales of $8.7 million, compared to $10 million for Sears, and both companies would struggle for dominance during much of the 20th century. By 1904, the company had expanded such that it mailed three million catalogs, weighing 4 lb ( 1.8 kg ) each, to customers. In 1908, the company opened a 1.25 - million - square - foot ( 116,000 m ) building stretching along nearly one - quarter mile of the Chicago River, north of downtown Chicago. The building, known as the Montgomery Ward & Co. Catalog House, served as the company headquarters until 1974, when the offices moved across the street to a new tower designed by Minoru Yamasaki. The catalog house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978 and a Chicago historic landmark in May 2000. In the decades before 1930, Montgomery Ward built a network of large distribution centers across the country in Baltimore, Fort Worth, Kansas City, St. Paul, Portland, and Oakland. In most cases, these reinforced concrete structures were the largest industrial structures in their respective locations. The Baltimore Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. 1968 -- 1982 Montgomery Ward logo 1995 -- 1997 Montgomery Ward logo Expansion into retail outlets ( edit ) Ward died in 1913, after 41 years running the catalog business. The company president, William C. Thorne ( the eldest son of the co-founder ), died in 1917, and was succeeded by Robert J. Thorne. Robert Thorne retired in 1920 due to ill health. In 1926, the company broke with its mail - order - only tradition when it opened its first retail outlet store in Plymouth, Indiana. It continued to operate its catalog business while pursuing an aggressive campaign to build retail outlets in the late - 1920s. In 1928, two years after opening its first outlet, it had opened 244 stores. By 1929, it had more than doubled its number of outlets to 531. Its flagship retail store in Chicago was located on Michigan Avenue between Madison and Washington streets. In 1930, the company declined a merger offer from its rival chain Sears. Losing money during the Great Depression, the company alarmed its major investors, including J.P. Morgan. In 1931, Morgan hired Sewell Avery as president who cut staff levels and stores, changed lines, hired store rather than catalog managers and refurbished stores. These actions caused the company to become profitable before the end of the 1930s. Wards was very successful in its retail business. `` Green awning '' stores dotted hundreds of small towns across the country. Larger stores were built in the major cities. By the end of the 1930s, Montgomery Ward had become the country 's largest retailer and Sewell Avery became the company 's chief executive officer. In 1939, as part of a Christmas promotional campaign, staff copywriter Robert L. May created the character and illustrated poem of `` Rudolph, the Red - Nosed Reindeer. '' The store distributed six - million copies of the storybook in 1946 and actor and singer Gene Autry popularized the song nationally. Vacant Montgomery Ward store, Regency Mall, Augusta, GA Former Montgomery Ward store, Huntington Center, Huntington Beach, CA, demolished in 2010 `` Electric Avenue '' logo on closed store in Panorama City, California ( 2010 ) In 1946, the Grolier Club, a society of bibliophiles in New York City, exhibited the Wards catalog alongside Webster 's Dictionary as one of 100 American books chosen for their influence on life and culture of the people. The brand name of the store became embedded in the popular American consciousness and was often called by the nickname Monkey Ward ( a bastardization of Mont'gy Ward ), both affectionately and derisively. Government seizure ( edit ) In April 1944, four months into a nationwide strike by the company 's 12,000 workers, U.S. Army troops seized the Chicago offices of Montgomery Ward & Company. The seizure was ordered because Avery refused to settle the strike as requested by the Roosevelt administration because of its adverse effect on the delivery of needed goods in wartime. Avery had refused to comply with a War Labor Board order to recognize the unions and institute the terms of a collective bargaining agreement. Eight months later, with Montgomery Ward continuing to refuse to recognize the unions, President Roosevelt issued an executive order seizing all of Montgomery Ward 's property nationwide, citing the War Labor Disputes Act as well as his power under the Constitution as commander - in - chief. In 1945, Truman ended the seizure and the Supreme Court ended the pending appeal as moot. Decline ( edit ) After World War II, Sewell Avery believed the country would fall back into a recession or even a depression. He decided to not open any new stores, and did not even permit expenditure for paint to freshen the existing stores. His plan was to bank profits to preserve liquidity when the recession or depression hit, and then buy up his retail competition. However, without new stores or any investment back into the business, Montgomery Ward declined in sales volume compared to Sears ; many have blamed the conservative decisions of Avery, who seemed to not understand the changing economy of the postwar years. As new shopping centers were built after the war, it was Sears that got the best locations, and Wards was shut out of any opportunity to expand. Nonetheless, for many years Wards was still the nation 's third - largest department store chain. In 1955, investor Louis Wolfson waged a high - profile proxy fight to obtain control of the board of Montgomery Ward. The new board forced the resignation of Avery. This fight led to a state court decision that Illinois corporations are not entitled to stagger election of their board members under that state 's laws, as well as to tax litigation over whether the costs of a proxy fight are an `` ordinary and necessary business expense. '' In time, it helped inspire new Securities and Exchange Commission rules concerning proxies. Meanwhile, throughout the 1950s, the company was slow to respond to the general movement of the American middle class to suburbia. While its competitors Sears, JCPenney, Macy 's, Gimbels, and Dillard 's established new anchor outlets in the growing number of suburban shopping malls, Avery and succeeding top executives had been reluctant to pursue such expansion. They stuck to their downtown and main street stores until the company had lost too much market share to compete with its rivals. After Avery 's departure in 1955, it took two years before the first new store since the 1930s was opened in 1957. Wards tried to become more aggressive with store opening, but it was too late : competition had already taken the best locations. As the existing stores looked worn and disheveled, malls would often not allow Wards to build there. Its catalog business had also begun to slip by the 1960s. In 1961 then president John Barr hired Robert Elton Brooker to lead Montgomery Ward as president in its turnaround. Brooker brought with him a number of key new management people, including Edward Donnell, former manager of Sears ' Los Angeles stores. Wards new management team achieved the turnaround reducing the number of suppliers from 15,000 to 7,000 and the number of brands being carried dropped from 168 to 16. Ward 's private brands were given 95 percent of the volume compared with 40 percent in 1960. The results of these changes were lower handling costs and higher quality standards. Buying was centralized but store operations were decentralized, under a new territory system modeled after Sears. In 1966, Ed Donnell was named President of Montgomery Ward. Brooker continued as Chairmen and Chief Executive Officer until the mid 1970s. In 1968 as Brooker helped engineer a friendly merger with the Container Corporation of America ; the new company was named MARCOR. In 1974, Mobil oil company bought MARCOR. During the 1970s, the company continued to struggle. In 1973, its 102nd year in business, it purchased a small discount store chain, the Miami - based Jefferson Stores, Inc. It renamed the stores Jefferson Ward. In 1976 Mobil, flush with cash from the recent rise in oil prices, acquired Montgomery Ward. By 1980, Mobil realized that the Montgomery Ward stores were doing poorly in comparison to the Jefferson stores, and decided that high quality discount units, along the lines of Dayton Hudson Company 's Target stores, would be the retailer 's future. Within 18 months, management quintupled the size of the operation, now called Jefferson Ward, to more than 40 units and planned to convert one - third of Montgomery Ward 's existing stores to the Jefferson Ward model. The burden of servicing the new stores fell to the tiny Jefferson staff, who were overwhelmed by the increased store count, had no experience in dealing with some of the product lines they now carried, and were unfamiliar with buying for northern markets. Almost immediately, Jefferson had turned from a small moneymaker into a large drain on profits. The company sold the chain 's 18 - store northern division to Bradlees, a division of Stop & Shop, in 1985. The remaining stores closed. In 1985, the company closed its catalog business after 113 years and began an aggressive policy of renovating its remaining stores. It restructured many of the store layouts in the downtown areas of larger cities and affluent neighborhoods into boutique - like specialty stores, as these were drawing business from traditional department stores. In 1988, the company management undertook a successful $3.8 billion leveraged buyout, making Montgomery Ward a privately held company. In 1987, the company began a push into consumer electronics, using the `` Electric Avenue '' name. Montgomery Ward greatly expanded its electronics presence by shifting from a predominantly private label mix to an assortment dominated by major brands such as Sony, Toshiba, Hitachi, Panasonic, JVC, and others. Vice President Vic Sholis, later president of the Tandy Name Brand Retail Group ( McDuff, VideoConcepts, and Incredible Universe ), led this strategy. In 1994, revenues increased 94 % largely due to Montgomery Ward 's tremendously successful direct - marketing arms. For a short period, the company reentered the mail - order business, through `` Montgomery Ward Direct '', a mail order business licensed to the catalog giant Fingerhut. However, by the mid-1990s, sales margins eroded in the competitive electronics and appliance hardlines, which traditionally were Montgomery Ward 's strongest lines. In 1989, Jim Hamilton who headed the Small Electronics department ( later known as the Father of Computer Retailing ) ran an aggressively priced PC in Montgomery Ward advertising. The low promotional price was $1499, unheard of at the time. The Computer promotion was a huge success. ( Hamilton, with the cooperation of Packard Bell, later, for the first time ever, broke the $999 PC price point floor for a `` back to school '' promotion. ) After the successful promotion, Hamilton developed a business plan to launch the first National Branded Computer Product Department in the world. Executives approved the plan and allocated space in three Sacramento stores to create the SOHO ( Small Office Home Office ) department. Since many of the brands, like Hewlett Packard and Panasonic would not disrupt their dealer channel and sell direct to Montgomery Ward. Hamilton had to create relationships with many distributors to pull together the branded department. When the Sacramento stores opened the shelves included brands like Hewlett Packard Printers, OkiData Printers and others that had never been in a National Retailer. The test was a major success and the SOHO department was rolled out to all Montgomery Ward locations. Montgomery Ward was one of the first retailers to carry consumer products from IBM, Apple, Compaq, Hewlett Packard, Western Digital and many others. The SOHO Department was carved into a separate division of the company and quickly became Montgomery Ward 's largest revenue producing division, with over $4 Billion in revenues. In 1994, Wards acquired the now - defunct New England retail chain Lechmere. Bankruptcy, restructuring, and liquidation ( edit ) In 1997, the logo was changed to simply `` Wards '' which was used until the chain liquidated in 2001. By the 1990s, however, even its rivals began to lose ground to low - price competition from Kmart, Wal - Mart, and especially Target, which eroded even more of Montgomery Ward 's traditional customer base. In 1997, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, emerging from protection by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois in August 1999 as a wholly owned subsidiary of GE Capital, which was by then its largest shareholder. As part of a last - ditch effort to remain competitive, the company closed over 100 retail locations in 30 U.S. states ( including all the Lechmere stores ), abandoned the specialty store strategy, renamed and rebranded the chain as simply Wards ( although unrelated, Wards was the original name for the now - defunct Circuit City ), and spent millions of dollars to renovate its remaining outlets to be flashier and more consumer - friendly. However, GE Capital reneged on promises of further financial support of Montgomery Ward 's restructuring plans. On December 28, 2000, after lower - than - expected sales during the Christmas season, the company announced it would cease operating, close its remaining 250 retail outlets, and lay off its 37,000 employees. All stores closed within weeks of the announcement. The subsequent liquidation was at the time the largest retail Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation in American history ( this would be later surpassed by the 2009 liquidation of Circuit City and the 2018 liquidation of Toys ' R ' Us ). Roger Goddu, Montgomery Ward 's CEO, received an offer from JCPenney to become CEO, but he declined under pressure from GE Capital. One of the last stores to close was the Salem, Oregon, location in which the human resources division was located. All of Montgomery Ward was liquidated by the end of May 2001, ending a 130 - year enterprise. Termination of pension plan ( edit ) In 1999, Montgomery Ward completed a standard termination of its $1.1 billion employee pension plan ( Wards Retirement Plan WRP and Retired / Terminated Associate Plan RTAP ), which at that time had an alleged estimated surplus of $270 million. The termination of the pension plan included 30,000 Wards retirees and 22,000 active employees who were employed by Wards in 1999. According to tax rules at that time ( to avoid paying a 50 % federal excise tax on the plan 's termination ), Wards then placed 25 % of the plan 's surplus into a replacement pension plan, and paid federal tax of just 20 % on the balance of the surplus. The final result : the estimated remaining $25 to $50 million of the employee pension plan surplus went to Wards free of income taxes, because the company, which was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, had huge operating losses. In reality, Wards received an alleged estimated $25 to $50 million for ending the employee pension plan and avoided paying hundreds of thousands in yearly pension premiums to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. Employees and retirees vested in the pension plan were given a choice of receiving an annuity from an insurance company or a lump sum payment. Distribution centers ( edit ) Four of the six massive catalog distribution centers Montgomery Ward built between 1921 and 1929 remain. Three have been subject to renovations for adaptive reuse and the buildings are perhaps the most tangible legacy of Montgomery Ward. Two others have been demolished for various types of redevelopment. In Baltimore, the 1925 warehouse, an eight - story, 1.3 - million - square - foot ( 120,000 m ) building at 1800 Washington Blvd. southwest of downtown Baltimore, now known as Montgomery Park, has been restored for office use. It has a green building with a green roof, storm water reutilization systems, and extensive use of recycled building materials. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as the Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store. The eight - story Fort Worth facility at West 7th St and Carroll was built in 1928 to replace the previous operation in a former Chevrolet assembly plant across the street. In its history, the warehouse survived a flood in 1949 that reached the second floor and a direct hit from a tornado in 2000. After the demise of the company, developers renovated the structure as a mixed - use condominium project and retail center known as Montgomery Plaza. The Portland, Oregon, center at NW 27th and Vaughn, ceased operation as a warehouse in 1976. A developer purchased the property in 1984 and renamed it Montgomery Park, converting it for offices making it the second - largest office building in Portland. The Kansas City distribution center at St. John Street and North Belmont Boulevard houses the Super Flea flea market. The St. Paul, Minnesota, center at 1450 University Ave West was the fourth of the distribution centers to be built and employed up to 2,500 employees in the 1920s. It had nearly 1.2 million square feet ( 110,000 m ) or approximately 27 acres under roof, making it the largest building in St. Paul at the time. The last remaining section of the original building was demolished in 1996. The site was redeveloped as a shopping center called Midway Marketplace. The Oakland, California, facility, constructed in 1923, was an eight - story 950,000 - square - foot ( 88,000 m ) structure of reinforced concrete frame that was the largest industrial building in Oakland. After years of community organizing that urged city leaders to either demolish or re-purpose the site, despite opposition by preservation groups, the building at 2875 International Boulevard was demolished in 2003. It has been replaced by the Cesar Chavez Education Center, an elementary school. As online retailer ( edit ) At its height, the original Montgomery Ward was one of the largest retailers in the United States. After its demise, the familiarity of its brand meant its name, corporate logo, and advertising were still considered valuable intangible assets. In 2004, catalog marketer Direct Marketing Services Inc. ( DMSI ), an Iowa - based direct marketing company, purchased much of the intellectual property assets of the former Wards, including the `` Montgomery Ward '' and `` Wards '' trademarks, for an undisclosed amount of money. DMSI applied the brand to a new online and catalog - based retailing operation, with no physical stores, headquartered in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. DMSI then began operating under the Montgomery Ward branding and managed to get it up and running in three months. The new firm began operations in June 2004, selling essentially the same categories of products as the former brand, but as a new, smaller catalog. The DMSI version of Montgomery Ward was not the same company as the original. The company did not honor obligations of the previous company, such as gift cards and items sold with a lifetime guarantee. David Milgrom, then president of the firm, said in an interview with the Associated Press : `` We 're rebuilding the brand, and we want to do it right. '' In July 2008, DMSI announced it was on the auction block, with sale scheduled for the following month. Catalog retailer Swiss Colony purchased DMSI August 5, 2008. Swiss Colony -- which changed its name to Colony Brands Inc. on June 1, 2010 -- announced it would keep the Montgomery Ward catalog division open. The website launched September 10, 2008, with new catalogs mailing in February 2009. A month before the catalog 's launch, Swiss Colony President John Baumann told United Press International the retailer might also resurrect Montgomery Ward 's Signature and Powr - Kraft store brands. To augment its vast selection, Montgomery Ward started promoting several exclusive new brands in July 2012 in its Early Fall 2012 catalog and on its website, including Devonshire Collection, Apothecarie Collection and Elysian Forest Collection furniture, Chef Tested kitchen products, Comfort Creek towels and sheets, Freshica shoes, Sleep Connection bedding, and Color Connection window treatments. See also ( edit ) Montgomery Ward Building ( disambiguation ) ( numerous buildings ) Montgomery Ward Company Complex References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Robertson, Patrick ( November 8, 2011 ). Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What For the First Time. New York City : Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978 - 1596915794. Jump up ^ `` A. Montgomery Ward Park ''. Chicago Park District. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` About Us ''. Montgomery Ward. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward & Co. Catalog House ''. City of Chicago. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ). `` National Register Information System ''. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store ''. Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Horne, Louther ( April 30, 1944 ). `` Montgomery Ward Seizure Stirs Wide Criticism ''. The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2014. ( Subscription required ( help ) ). The seizure by troops on Wednesday of the Chicago units of Montgomery Ward Co., second largest of the country 's merchandising corporations, has raised a Central West storm of criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's action among business and industrial leaders and the usual Republican denouncers of the national Administration. Jump up ^ `` This Day in History - December 27, 1944 : FDR seizes control of Montgomery Ward ''. History Channel. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Emerson, Frank D. ( January 1, 1956 ). `` Congressional Investigation of Proxy Regulation : A Case Study of Committee Exploratory Methods and Techniques ''. Villanova Law Review. Villanova University. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` GENERAL MERCHANDISE RETAILING IN AMERICA : '', American National Business Hall of Fame, 25 October 2014. Retrieved on 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ `` Mobil Corporation '', Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved on 8 December 2017. Jump up ^ Talley, Jim ; Herzog, Carl ( July 12, 1985 ). `` Jefferson Ward Store Closed ''. Sun - Sentinel. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Aldrich, Dave. `` It 's the Montgomery, Not the Ward ''. Pleasant Family Shopping. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Talley, Jim ( November 1, 1985 ). `` Jefferson Closes Stores ''. Sun Sentinel. Retrieved February 11, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Company News ; Montgomery Ward Emerges From Bankruptcy ''. The New York Times. August 3, 1999. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Jump up ^ TELEVISIONARCHIVES ( October 28, 2009 ). `` Montgomery Ward going out of business commercial ''. Retrieved March 14, 2018 -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward to close doors ''. The Cincinnati Enquirer. December 29, 2000. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` 1800 Washington Blvd, Baltimore, MD - street view ''. Google maps. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Park ushers in a new era of entrepreneurial spirit ''. Montgomery Park. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ). `` National Register Information System ''. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Jump up ^ `` W 7th & Carroll Street, Ft. Worth, TX - Street view ''. Google maps. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Trinity River flood of May 17, 1949 covered most of near west side ''. Fort Worth Architecture. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Retail Store & Warehouse ''. Fort Worth Architecture. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` About Montgomery Plaza : Now ''. Montgomery Plaza. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` NW Vaughn St & NW 27th Ave, Portland, OR - street view ''. Google Maps. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly Archived December 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` Projects : Montgomery Park ''. Naito Development. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Our Location ''. Super Flea. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Millett, Larry ( September 15, 1996 ). Twin Cities Then and Now. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ASIN 0873513274. ISBN 978 - 0873513272. CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Company ''. Oakland Public Library. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ League for Protection of Oakland 's Architectural and Historic Resources v. Oakland, 52 Cal. App. 4th 896 A074348 ( February 10, 1997 ). Jump up ^ `` Cesar Chavez Education Center ''. Collaborative for High Performance Schools. Retrieved May 20, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Carpenter, Dave ( December 10, 2006 ). `` Revival on Internet puts Montgomery Ward back in business ''. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Tierney, Jim ( August 8, 2008 ). `` Swiss Colony Acquires DMSI ''. Multichannel Merchant. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ Harrington, Gerry ( January 14, 2009 ). `` Montgomery Ward catalog to return ''. United Press International. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward ''. Retrieved May 20, 2014. Further reading ( edit ) Boorstin, Daniel J. `` A. Montgomery Ward 's Mail - Order Business, '' Chicago History ( 1973 ) 2 # 3 pp 142 -- 152. Latham, Frank B. 1872 -- 1972 : A Century of Serving Consumers. The Story of Montgomery Ward ( 1972 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgomery Ward. 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Phoebus cartel Now integrated into other GE divisions or business groupings Sold or spun off Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_Ward&oldid=840266328 '' Categories : 1872 establishments in Illinois Retail companies established in 1872 Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1997 Companies based in Illinois Companies based in Iowa Companies based in Wisconsin Former General Electric subsidiaries Defunct department stores of the United States Defunct companies based in Chicago Manufactured home manufacturers Online retailers of the United States Re-established companies Retail companies disestablished in 2001 Retail companies established in 2004 Defunct retail companies of the United States Retailers Retailing Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Use mdy dates from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018, at 19 : 55. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "Key people Original company : 1872 founder, Aaron Montgomery Ward namesake company : John Baumann, president of parent company Swiss Colony Products Clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, appliances, housewares, tools, and electronics. Brands Riverside Airline Powr - Kraft Divisions Electric Avenue Wards Kids Montgomery Ward Catalog Montgomery Wards Auto Express Website www.wards.com Montgomery Ward is the name of two historically distinct American retail enterprises. It can refer either to the defunct mail order and department store retailer, which operated between 1872 and 2001, or to the current catalog and online retailer also known as Wards. Contents ( hide ) 1 Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) 1.1 Company origins 1.2 Expansion into retail outlets 1.3 Government seizure 1.4 Decline 1.5 Bankruptcy, restructuring, and liquidation 1.6 Termination of pension plan 1.7 Distribution centers 2 As online retailer 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Company origins ( edit ) ``" ], "id": [ "15528674230365726659" ], "short_answers": [ "2001" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) Jump to : navigation, search The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC One Original release 24 August ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) -- 26 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 6 Next → Series 8 The seventh series of The Great British Bake Off aired from 24 August 2016, with twelve contestants competing to be crowned the series 7 winner. This series was the last to be broadcast on BBC One, as the production company Love Productions opted to move the show to Channel 4. It was also the last series on the show for Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc, as they decided to leave as presenters of the show. It is also the last series of the show to feature Mary Berry as a judge. This series was won by Candice Brown, with Andrew Smyth and Jane Beedle finishing as runners - up. Contents ( hide ) 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cake 3.2 Episode 2 : Biscuits 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Batter 3.5 Episode 5 : Pastry 3.6 Episode 6 : Botanical 3.7 Episode 7 : Desserts 3.8 Episode 8 : Tudor 3.9 Episode 9 : Pâtisserie ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Royal picnic ( final ) 4 Christmas specials 4.1 Episode 1 4.2 Episode 2 5 Controversies 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Links Andrew Smyth 25 Aerospace engineer Derby / Holywood, County Down Benjamina Ebuehi 23 Teaching assistant South London Candice Brown 31 PE teacher Barton - Le - Clay, Bedfordshire Jane Beedle 61 Garden designer Beckenham Kate Barmby 37 Nurse Brooke, Norfolk Lee Banfield 67 Pastor Bolton Louise Williams 46 Hairdresser Cardiff Michael Georgiou 20 Student Durham Rav Bansal 28 Student support Erith Selasi Gbormittah 30 Client service associate London Tom Gilliford 26 Project engagement manager Rochdale Valerie `` Val '' Stones 66 Semi-retired, Substitute teacher Yeovil Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Candice SB SB SB WINNER Andrew SB SB Runner Up Jane SB Runner Up Selasi OUT Benjamina SB OUT Tom SB SB OUT Rav OUT Val OUT Kate OUT Michael OUT Louise OUT Lee OUT Colour key : Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week, but was not eliminated. Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week, but was not the Star Baker. Baker got through to the next round. Baker was eliminated. Baker was the Star Baker. Baker was a series runner - up. Baker was the series winner. Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Episode 1 : cake ( edit ) For the first challenge, the bakers were given two hours to make a drizzle cake, the brief being that the cake be moist and well permeated with the drizzle. For the technical challenge, the bakers were instructed to make Mary 's recipe for twelve jaffa cakes. The recipe used a whipped fatless sponge, orange jelly and tempered chocolate with a design of sorts. For the final challenge, the bakers were instructed to make a mirror glaze cake. The cake had to have a genoise sponge and have a very shiny, mirror - like top, covering the cake entirely. Baker Signature ( Drizzle Cake ) Technical ( 12 Jaffa Cakes ) Showstopper ( Mirror Glaze Cake ) Andrew Lemon and Rosemary Drizzle Cake 12th ' Ultimate Indulgence ' Mirror Glaze Cake Benjamina Pistachio, Cardamom and Lemon Drizzle Cake 6th White Chocolate Mirror Glaze with Salted Praline Buttercream Candice Raspberry and Rhubarb Drizzle Custard Bundt Cake 5th Mirror Mirror On The Wall, Who Is The Shiniest Cake Of Them All? Jane Lemon and Poppy Seed Drizzle Cake 7th Chocolate Orange Mirror Cake Kate Berry Best Apple and Bramble Drizzle Cake 4th One Swallow Does Not Make A Summer Cake Lee St Clements Orange and Lemon Drizzle Cake 11th Strawberry Surprise Mirror Cake Louise Orange Liqueur and Lemonade Drizzle Cake 9th White Chocolate Trifle Mirror Glaze Cake Michael Lime, Ginger and Honey Drizzle Cake 3rd Matcha Tea Chocolate Mirror Glaze Rav Ginger Spice Yuzu Drizzle Cake 8th Colombian Mocha Mirror Glaze Cake Selasi Citrus and Spice Drizzle Cake 1st Raspberry, Sloe and White Chocolate Mirror Glaze Cake Tom G&T Drizzle Cake 2nd Black Forest Broken Mirror Val Mum 's Orange & Lemon Drizzle 10th Chocolate Sponge with Four Fruit Frosting Episode 2 : biscuits ( edit ) For the Signature Challenge, the bakers were given two and a half hours to make 24 iced biscuits ( cookies ). The biscuits had to be crisp and uniform. Viennese Whirls were set as the technical challenge. To be completed in an hour and a half, they had to be filled with buttercream and jam, and had have a defined shape. For the showstopper, a gingerbread scene was set as the challenge, the only brief being it that it had to be 30 cm high, and contain eight characters or objects. The bakers had four hours for this challenge. Host Sue Perkins did not appear in the episode. Baker Signature ( 24 Iced Biscuits ) Technical ( 12 Viennese Whirls ) Showstopper ( Gingerbread 3D Scene ) Andrew Beehive Biscuits 4th Punting in Cambridge Benjamina Bouquet Biscuits 3rd New York, New York Candice Salted Caramel, Chocolate Iced Shiny Hearts 8th Gingerbread Pub with Sticky Ginger Carpet Jane Flower Pot Iced Biscuits 2nd Hastings Old Town Fishing Net Shops and Boat Kate `` A Biscuit for the Broads '' 1st `` I Promise I will do my best '' Louise Baa Bara Brith Biscuits 10th Gingerbread Wedding Michael Malt, Chocolate and Orange Iced `` Beer '' Biscuits 9th Trip to See Santa in Lapland Rav Union Jack Bunting Biscuits 6th Gingerbread Christmas Fairground Selasi `` Wheelie Hot Iced Biscuits '' 11th Stained Glass Window Gingerbread Church Tom Chai Frappelatteccino Biscuits 7th Tom and Pod 's Near Death Experience Val Sunday Treat Iced Ice Cream Cone Biscuits 5th From Holland to New York via Yorkshire Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For the bakers ' first challenge, they had to make a chocolate loaf in two and a half hours. The loaf had to contain chocolate in some form, whether it be cocoa powder or actual pieces of chocolate. For the technical challenge, the bakers were required to make twelve Dampfnudel, a recipe Paul called `` notoriously difficult ''. In two hours, the bakers had to make twelve steamed bread rolls with two types of sauce. A savoury plaited ( braided ) centrepiece was set as the showstopper. In four hours, bakers had to make a centrepiece using at least three flours. Baker Signature ( Chocolate Loaf ) Technical ( Dampfnudel ) Showstopper ( Savoury Plaited ( Braided ) Centrepiece ) Andrew Chocolate Barmbrack Bread 2nd Braided Harvest Bread Basket Benjamina Chocolate, Tahini and Almond Babka 6th Braided Bread Heart Candice Chocolate, Salted Caramel & Pecan Brittle Brioche Loaf 3rd Italian Light and Dark Rye Twist Jane Chocolate and Cranberry Couronne 9th Chorizo and Chilli Flower with Parmesan and Pesto Centre Kate Cobbled Loaf 8th The Corn Maiden Michael Chocolate and Chilli Swirl Plait 7th Cypriot Dove and Olive Branch Plaited Loaf with Houmous Rav Chocolate, Cardamom and Hazelnut Loaf 10th Three Tier Diwali Bread Centrepiece Selasi Chocolate, Orange and Cinnamon Bread 5th Bedouin Escape Tear and Share Bread Tom Chocolate Orange and Chilli Swirl Bread 4th Jörmungandr and Mjölnir Val Double Chocolate Cinnamon Twist Loaf 1st `` And They All Went Into The Ark To Get Out Of The Rain '' Episode 4 : batter ( edit ) The first task was to make Yorkshire puddings, which involved the standard recipe filled with a variety of ingredients and flavours. The technical challenge was to make 12 heart - shaped `` lace '' pancakes, which required the bakers to draw a heart - shaped design with the batter. The showstopper challenge was to make 36 churros. Baker Signature ( Filled Yorkshire Puddings ) Technical ( 12 Heart - Shaped Lace Pancakes ) Showstopper ( Churros ) Andrew Yorkshire ' Tapas ' Puddings 4th Churros Window Box Benjamina Red Onion Chutney, Brie and Bacon Yorkshire Puddings 1st Tropical Churros Candice Yorkshire Wellingtons 2nd Two - Way Peanut Butter Churros Jane Meat and Two Veg Yorkshires 3rd Pistachio and White Chocolate Churros Kate Christmas Dinner Compromise 7th Hot Cross Bunny Churros Rav Thai Tofu Panang Yorkshires 9th Three Dip Matcha Pistachio Churros Selasi Perfect Sunday Roast Accompaniment 8th Lemon and Anise Churros Tom West Yorkshire Fusion Puddings 5th Fennel Churros Snake In The Grass Val Mum 's Chilli Yorkshire Puddings 6th Chocolate Orange Churros Episode 5 : pastry ( edit ) For the signature bake, bakers were tasked with baking 24 breakfast pastries. Two different batches of 12 pastries were to be made. The technical challenge required the bakers to make one feathered Bakewell tart. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were challenged to make 48 filled filo amuse - bouche ; 24 with a savoury filling and 24 with a sweet filling. Baker Signature ( 24 breakfast pastries ) Technical ( Bakewell tart ) Showstopper ( 48 filo amuse - bouche ) Andrew Mum and Dad 's Breakfast Pastries 6th Spicy Chorizo Squash Parcels & Baklava Bites Benjamina ' Good Morning America ' Swirls & Peanut Butter and Banana Pinwheels 5th Plantain and Spinach Samosas & Chai Pear Cups Candice Danish Pastry Croque Monsieur Kites & Cinnamon Apple, Vanilla Créme Rose Danish 2nd Sausage, Black Pudding and Apple Rounds & Banoffee Whiskey Cups Jane Orange Pain aux Raisins Secs, Raspberry, Chocolate and Almond Danish 1st Roquefort, Fig and Walnut Parcels & Cherry and Chocolate Cones Rav Cinnamon Swirls & Pecan, Walnut and Maple Plaits 8th Chinese - Style Prawn Filo Tartlets & Spiced White Chocolate and Hazelnut Samosas Selasi Rhubarb, Mango and Ginger Plait & Pineapple and Coconut Pinwheels 3rd Parma Ham, Asparagus and Cheese Filo Cigars & Coffee Cream Filo Cups Tom Mega Breakfast Bonanzas ; Granola Spirals & Wheat Foldovers 4th Yin and Yang Amuse - bouche Val Pecan and Maple Syrup Pinwheels & Apple, Sultana and Cinnamon Swirls 7th Caramelised Red Onion, Goat 's Cheese Tartlets & Mincemeat and Apple Spiced Parcels Episode 6 : botanical ( edit ) In the signature, the seven remaining bakers were asked to create a meringue pie containing citrus fruit, such as orange, grapefruits and lemons. In the technical, the contestants had to create two leaf - shaped herb fougasses. In the showstopper, the contestants were asked to create a three - tier cake with a flower theme. All the tiers could be the same flavour, or each one a different flavour, and the cakes could be decorated with flowers. Baker Signature ( Citrus Meringue Pie ) Technical ( 2 Herb Fougasse ) Showstopper ( Three - Tier Flower Cake ) Andrew Tangy Lime and Ginger Meringue Pie 6th Spring Elderflower Trio Benjamina Grapefruit and Ginger Meringue Pie 2nd Floral Tea Cake Candice Lime, Coconut and Lemongrass Sugar Meringue Pie 5th Four Seasons Cake Jane Lime and Coconut Meringue Pie 4th Three - Tier Orange Cake with a Floral Chocolate Collar Rav Mandarin Margarita Meringue Pie 3rd Blossom Cake Selasi Grapefruit, Orange and Mint Meringue Pie 7th Three - Tiered Ombré Floral Cake Tom Blood Orange Halloween Pumpkin Pie 1st Floral Tea Cake Episode 7 : desserts ( edit ) The Signature challenge required the bakers to make a family - sized roulade. The judges were looking for a light sponge cake, even layers of filling, and a clean swirl. The technical challenge was for a Marjolaine or dacquoise, an unusual layered cake made with meringue, decorated with ganache and nuts. The showstopper challenge tasked the bakers with making 24 mini mousse cakes in two flavours ( 12 of each ). Baker Signature ( Family - Sized Roulade ) Technical ( Marjolaine ) Showstopper ( 24 Mini Mousse Cakes ) Andrew Tropical Holiday Roulade 1st Childhood Ice Cream Mousse Cakes Benjamina Piña Colada Roulade 3rd Apple Crumble Mousse Cake and Chocolate Coffee Mousse Cake Candice Crowd Pleaser Roulade 2nd Blackberry and Raspberry Bubbles and After Dinner Mousse Jane Chocolate and Hazelnut Roulade 4th Chocolate, Coffee and Vanilla Joconde Cake s and Blackcurrant and Vanilla Ombré Mousse s Selasi Summer Picnic Roulade 6th Lemon, Strawberry and Passionfruit and Chocolate and Mint Mini Mousse Cakes Tom Millionaire 's Roulade 5th Hipster Picnic Episode 8 : Tudor ( edit ) Week eight featured the show 's first Tudor theme, featuring food common in the 16th century. During the signature challenge, the five remaining bakers were asked to bake a shaped pie with Tudor flavours. The pie could be any type of pastry and they could use whichever fillings they wanted. In the technical, the contestants were asked to produce a dozen jumbles -- six knot balls and six Celtic knots. In the showstopper challenge, the contestants were asked to bake a marchpane ( marzipan ) cake in a three - dimensional shape. However, all of the cakes had to be Tudor - themed. Baker Signature ( Shaped Savoury Pies ) Technical ( 12 Jumbles ) Showstopper ( 3D Marchpane Cake ) Andrew Da Vinci Inspired Geared Pies 2nd Jousting Knights Marchpane Benjamina Mexican Adventure 4th Tudor Garden Candice Cheesy Cheeky Fish Pies 1st Peacock Jane Tudor Rose Pies 5th Swans Selasi Bouquet of Flowers 3rd Fruity Tudor Marchpane Episode 9 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) The first task for pastry or pâtisserie week required the remaining four contestants to bake 24 palmiers, with two different savoury fillings and shapes. The technical challenge was to make a Savarin, a liqueur - soaked yeast cake, which none of the contestants had made before. The final challenge was to make 36 fondant fancies. Baker Signature ( 24 savoury palmiers ) Technical ( Savarin ) Showstopper ( 36 fondant fancies ) Andrew Cheesy Elephant Ears & Herby Treble Clefs 2nd Philharmonic Fondants Candice Red Onion, Cambozola and Walnut Palmiers & Walnut, Streaky Bacon and Mushroom Palmiers 3rd Chocolate Praline Fondant Fancies & Cherry Bakewell Fondant Fancies Jane Pesto and Sundried Tomato Palmiers & Goat Cheese, Olive and Parma Ham Palmiers 1st Pistachio and Raspberry Fondant Fancies & Lemon Curd Surprise Fondant Fancies Selasi Sundried Tomato, Onion, Peppers and Parmesan Palmiers & Salmon, Spinach and Mushroom Palmiers 4th Lime and Ginger Fondant Fancies & Pink Velvet and Raspberry Prosecco Fondant Fancies Episode 10 : royal picnic ( final ) ( edit ) In the final signature challenge, the bakers had to make a filled meringue crown, which had to contain at least three layers of meringue, in three hours. In the technical, the judges decided to make a familiar bake challenging : the bakers had to make a Victoria sandwich, with no recipe or method given, in 90 minutes. The final showstopper involved the largest number of bakes ever requested in a challenge. The bakers were given five hours to make a picnic fit for the Queen, including one chocolate celebration cake, 12 sausage rolls, 12 mini quiches, 12 savoury scones and 12 fruit and custard tarts. Baker Signature ( Meringue crowns ) Technical ( Victoria sandwich with no recipe ) Showstopper ( Picnics ) Andrew Crunchy Caramel Cassis Crown 1st Family and Friends ' Favourites Picnic Candice Queen Victoria 's Mango and Strawberry Crown 2nd Picnic for Pearly Kings and Queens Jane Red, White and Blue Meringue Crown 3rd Family Favourites Feast Christmas specials ( edit ) The Masterclass episodes were replaced by two Christmas specials, which featured eight contestants from the series 2 -- 5. The two Christmas specials were the last to be aired on BBC before the channel move, and thus featured the last appearances of hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins and judge Mary Berry. Judge Paul Hollywood would then followed the channel move. The first Christmas special featured Mary - Anne Boermans ( Series 2 ), Cathryn Dresser ( Series 3 ), Ali Imdad ( Series 4 ) and Norman Calder ( Series 5 ). The competition was won by Mary - Anne Boermans. The second Christmas special featured Janet Basu ( Series 2 ), James Morton ( Series 3 ), Howard Middleton ( Series 4 ) and Chetna Makan ( Series 5 ). The competition was won by Chetna Makan. Episode 1 ( edit ) The signature challenge required the bakers to create 2 batches of edible Christmas tree decorations, 12 of each type, using biscuits. The technical challenge, set by Mary, tasked the bakers to make a choux wreath consisting of 36 choux buns, filled and decorated festively with chocolate. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were required to make a Christmas scene cake, which must be at least three tiers. Baker Signature ( 24 edible biscuit tree decorations ) Technical ( choux wreath ) Showstopper ( Christmas scene cake ) Ali Rose & Fennel Henna - Inspired Biscuits and Date & Orange Ma'amoul Bauble Biscuits 1st Celebration of Jesus Cake Cathryn Chocolate Peppermint Candy Canes and Clementine, Cranberry & Rosemary Holly Leaf Biscuits 2nd Our Christmas Eve Mary - Anne Christmas Pudding and Christmas Wreath Biscuits 3rd My Christmas Cakey Bakey Norman Orange & Cinnamon Dufrickies and Whisky Shortbread Ding Dangs 4th Gâteau De Joyeux Noël Episode 2 ( edit ) The bakers were tasked to make 24 savoury Christmas canapés, 12 of two types in the signature challenge. The technical challenge was set by Paul, in which the bakers were tasked of baking a Kanellängd, a spiced Scandinavian celebratory Christmas loaf with the meaning of `` cinnamon length ''. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were required to make 36 sweet Christmas miniatures, 12 each of three types, arranged as a celebratory centerpiece. Baker Signature ( 24 savoury Christmas canapés ) Technical ( Kanellängd ) Showstopper ( 36 sweet Christmas miniatures ) Chetna Aubergine & Tomato Canapés and Spiced Potato Canapés 3rd Family Favourites ( Baked Alaska, Bûche de Noël and Ginger & Citrus Cheesecake ) Howard Smoked Trout Trees with Pea Pastry and Partridge & Pear Treats 2nd Camp as Christmas Trio ( Cranberry Sherry Glass Trifle, Gingerbread `` House - and - Garden '' Cheesecake and Stollen ) James Mackerel Mousse Mille - feuille and Red Onion & Goats Cheese Swirls 1st Merry Extravaganza ( Apple Pie & Custard Doughnut, Chocolate - orange Macaron and Christmas Cake ) Janet Crab Pâté Gougère Barguettes and Mushroom & Chicken Liver Tartlets 4th Festive Friends ( Tri-coloured Petit Four, Mont Blanc and Chocolate & Orange Dome ) Controversies ( edit ) Before the series had begun, some viewers complained of the `` gendered '' icing in preview pictures of the bakers. In the promo shots of the bakers, the male bakers were given blue icing while the female bakers were given pink icing, whereas the previous year, every baker was given the same colour regardless. As a result, the BBC altered the colouring of the icing. Ratings ( edit ) The opening episode had an average viewing figure of 10.4 million according to overnight ratings, an improvement over the figure of 9.3 million for the corresponding episode in 2015. This made it the most watched TV show of 2016 so far, with the official figure also making it the most watched TV show since the 2015 Bake Off Final. Its run on the BBC ended with an average overnight viewing figure of 14 million for the final, peaking at 14.8 million, which is a record for the show. The series dominated the list of most - watched programmes in 2016, with nine of the top ten being episodes of the show. Its finale was watched by 15.9 million viewers ( 7 days cumulative figure ), the most popular of the year. Official episode viewing figures are from BARB. Episode no. Airdate 7 day viewers ( millions ) 28 day viewers ( millions ) BBC One weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels BBC iPlayer requests 24 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 13.58 13.86 1,989,000 31 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) 13.45 13.74 1,949,000 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 13.01 13.38 2,314,000 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 13.29 13.88 2,291,000 5 21 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 13.12 13.33 1,984,000 6 28 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 13.13 13.41 1,397,000 7 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 13.45 13.72 2,154,000 8 12 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 13.26 13.45 1,957,000 9 19 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 13.44 13.65 1,901,000 10 26 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 15.90 16.03 1,602,000 Specials ( edit ) Episode no. Airdate 7 day viewers ( millions ) 28 day viewers ( millions ) BBC One weekly ranking BBC iPlayer requests The Great British Bake Off, Class of 2015 27 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 4.28 4.45 25 N / A The Great Christmas Bake Off 25 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 8.21 8.35 853,000 26 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) 6.37 6.52 15 N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 : everything you need to know -- Olympics will delay new series ''. Telegraph. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics ''. The Independent. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016. Jump up ^ Sillito, David ( 13 September 2016 ). `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4? ''. BBC. Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mel and Sue to quit as hosts ''. BBC. 19 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mary Berry leaves but Paul Hollywood stays ''. BBC. 22 September 2016. Jump up ^ Great British Bake Off 2016 contestants : which ones are on Twitter? Rav, Tom, Candice, Jane, Lousie, Andrew, Selasi, Michael, Benjamani Jump up ^ BBC 's Great British Bake Off 2016 line up is revealed Daily Mail Online Jump up ^ Norfolk nurse vying to be star baker in new series of The Great British Bake Off -- Going Out -- Eastern Daily Press Jump up ^ `` Andrew Smyth on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` GBBO : How Andrew Smyth kept the result a secret ''. BBC. 27 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Benjamina Ebuehi on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Candice Brown on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off Final : Bedfordshire 's Candice crowned winner of baking competition ''. Bedfordshire On Sunday. October 26, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Jane Beedle on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Kate Barmby on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ Long, Jessica ( 18 August 2016 ). `` Norfolk 's Great British Bake Off hopeful Kate Barmby reveals her baking secrets ''. Jump up ^ Hannah Furness, Alice Shaw ( 20 August 2016 ). `` Great British Bake Off contestant Reverend Lee Banfield has God on his side ''. The Daily Telegraph. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Louise Williams on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Michael Georgiou on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Rav Bansal on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Selasi Gbormittah on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Tom Gilliford on Twitter ''. Jump up ^ `` Val Stones on Instagram ''. Jump up ^ `` Sue Perkins will be missing from tonight 's Great British Bake Off episode ''. BBC. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ `` Why is Sue Perkins not presenting The Great British Bake Off episode 2? ''. Radio Times. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01. Jump up ^ Wright, Alice ( 14 September 2016 ). `` Great British Bake Off : What happened during Batter Week? ''. Metro. Retrieved 19 September 2016. Jump up ^ Newall, Sally ( 6 October 2016 ). `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 episode seven recap ''. The Independent. Retrieved 6 October 2016. Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael ( 6 October 2016 ). `` The Great British Bake Off : how a ' millennium wheel of lard ' stole the show -- plus the rest of the action from Dessert Week ''. The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 October 2016. Jump up ^ Hogan, Michael ( 13 October 2016 ). `` The Great British Bake Off : Tudor Week proved to be unexpectedly tricky -- with an even more unexpected ending ''. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 October 2016. Jump up ^ Samadder, Rhik ( 19 October 2016 ). `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 semi-final -- as it happened ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2016. Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off semi-final : Selasi is eliminated, Andrew named Star Baker but Candice is favourite ''. The Daily Telegraph. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016. Jump up ^ Newall, Sally ( 26 October 2016 ). `` Our recap of The Great British Bake Off 2016 final ''. The Independent. Retrieved 28 October 2016. Jump up ^ Wollaston, Sam ( 27 October 2016 ). `` The Great British Bake Off final review -- equal parts flour, butter, sugar, eggs and tears ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2016. Jump up ^ Higgins, Michelle ( 28 October 2016 ). `` When are the Great British Bake Off 2016 Christmas specials and who are the contestants? ''. The Sun. Retrieved 28 October 2016. Jump up ^ The Great British Bake Off in sexism storm as viewers get heated over ' gendered ' icing -- Mirror Online Jump up ^ BBC accused of sexism over ' gendered ' Great British Bake Off icing Jump up ^ Great British Bake Off 2016 contestants : Promo shots spark controversy with ' backward ' gendered icing Jump up ^ `` The BBC has digitally altered Great British Bake Off icing colours following outrage ''. 2016 - 08 - 17. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21. Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : More than 10 million tune in to first episode ''. BBC. 25 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off reaches record audience ''. BBC. 27 October 2016. Jump up ^ Foster, Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ). `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year? ''. The Daily Telegraph. Jump up ^ Lambert, Laura ( 21 December 2016 ). `` Bake Off dominates the list of the most watched TV shows of 2016 with nine episodes in the top ten -- so how WILL the BBC replace it? ''. Daily Mail. Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes ''. Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 17 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes ''. Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 6 August 2016. ^ Jump up to : http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/iplayer/iplayer-performance-nov16.pdf Jump up ^ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/iplayer/iplayer-performance-dec16.pdf ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_7)&oldid=843637192 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes 2016 in British television English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use British English from August 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2016 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 12 : 58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "The Great British Bake Off (series 7)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_7)&amp;oldid=843637192" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ") Series chronology ← Previous Series 6 Next → Series 8 The seventh series of The Great British Bake Off aired from 24 August 2016, with twelve contestants competing to be crowned the series 7 winner. This series was the last to be broadcast on BBC One, as the production company Love Productions opted to move the show to Channel 4. It was also the last series on the show for Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc, as they decided to leave as presenters of the show. It is also the last series of the show to feature Mary Berry as a judge. This series was won by Candice Brown, with Andrew Smyth and Jane Beedle finishing as runners - up. Contents ( hide ) 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cake 3.2 Episode 2 : Biscuits 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Batter 3.5 Episode 5 : Pastry 3.6 Episode 6 : Botanical 3.7 Episode 7 : Desserts 3.8 Episode 8 : Tudor 3.9 Episode 9 : Pâtisserie ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Royal picnic ( final ) 4 Christmas specials 4.1 Episode 1 4.2 Episode" ], "id": [ "11089844751530929026" ], "short_answers": [ "Candice Brown" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Crank Yankers - Wikipedia Crank Yankers Jump to : navigation, search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crank Yankers Created by Adam Carolla Daniel Kellison Jimmy Kimmel Starring Tony Barbieri Adam Carolla Jim Florentine Jimmy Kimmel Tracy Morgan Kevin Nealon Sarah Silverman Wanda Sykes Biz Markie Theme music composer Adam Schlesinger Steven Gold Opening theme Adam Schlesinger, Steven Gold Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 Production Running time 21 -- 22 minutes Release Original network Comedy Central ( 2002 -- 05 ) MTV2 ( 2007 ) Original release June 3, 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 03 ) -- March 30, 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) External links Website www.mtv2.com # crank_yankers / Crank Yankers is an American television show produced by Adam Carolla, Jimmy Kimmel and Daniel Kellison that featured actual crank calls made by show regulars and celebrity guests, and re-enacted onscreen by puppets for a visual aid to show the viewer what is happening in the call. The show premiered in 2002 on Comedy Central and returned to MTV2 on February 9, 2007, running again until March 30, 2007. The show screened in Australia on SBS Television and The Comedy Channel between 2003 and 2008. Contents ( hide ) 1 Behind the scenes 2 Regular characters 3 Performers 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2002 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4.4 Season 3 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 4.5 Season 4 ( 2007 ) 5 DVD releases 6 CD releases 7 References 8 External links Behind the scenes ( edit ) The performers are given a basic outline of a premise by the writers, and call telephone numbers from a list of selected targets ( known as `` marks '' ). Using the basic premises, the performers improvise most of their lines, playing off of the responses of their marks, with the intention to keep them on the phone as long as possible. With the exception of a few outside sources ( including previous material from Jim Florentine and the Touch - Tone Terrorists ), all the calls are made from Nevada. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 makes it illegal in most states to record telephone calls without both parties ' consent. Under Nevada law, only one of the parties has to give consent ( i.e., the caller ), so prank calls can be recorded without the consent of the prank victims. One result of this was the series ' schedule of creating and airing new episodes was fairly sporadic due to most of the celebrities living in Los Angeles, having Los Angeles - based jobs, and so were only periodically able to go to Las Vegas to make calls. Adam Carolla, for example, took his radio program to Las Vegas once or twice a year, and while there would record new calls for the program. The puppets are then constructed based on the various marks ' voices, and, along with a series of stock characters ( such as `` Niles Standish '', `` Bobby Fletcher '', and `` Special Ed '' ) based on the performers ' character voices, the calls are re-enacted for the skits. The main character puppets for the first season were constructed by Bob Flanagan 's company Den Design with additional puppets built by BJ Guyer, Carol Binion, Rick Lyon, Ron Binion, Jim Kroupa, and Artie Esposito. An in - house puppet shop was set up for the following seasons to accommodate the fast - paced schedule of the show and the sheer volume of puppet characters required for each episode. The puppets are puppeteered by Ronald Binion, Rick Lyon, BJ Guyer, Victor Yerrid, Paul McGinnis, Alice Dinean Vernon, and Artie Esposito. Originally, the show was titled Prank Puppets ; it was renamed after Comedy Central lawyers deemed that it implied malice. Regular characters ( edit ) Karl Malone : Jimmy Kimmel 's impression of then - NBA star Karl Malone. He regularly refers to himself in the third - person. `` Do n't hang up on Karl Malone. '' Gladys Murphy ( Wanda Sykes ) : A boisterous black woman who makes embarrassing announcements, generally of a scatological or sexual nature. Her many children do things like gluing her buttocks to the toilet and stealing money from a malfunctioning bank machine. Niles Standish ( Tony Barbieri ) : The British Earl of Yankerville, he is a rich and eccentric middle - aged pervert with homosexual tendencies. He frequently calls various services and asks for their price, then orders them to `` double it. '' ( Once even confusing someone by telling them to `` cut it in half, and double it! '' ). Special Ed ( Jim Florentine ) : Bobby Fletcher 's mentally challenged younger cousin who constantly repeats himself, makes random comments, and shouts his catchphrase `` Yay! '' until the other caller gets frustrated. He makes a cameo in one of Bobby 's prank calls, the `` Let Me Put My Brother on the Phone '' call. In two prank calls of his own ( one to a movie theater and one to a video store ), Ed reveals that his favorite movie is Air Bud. In the video - store call, he works in several references to The Shining. Dick Birchum ( Adam Carolla ) : A psychotic Vietnam War veteran whose hobbies include carpentry, Shotokan karate, spying on women in their beds or bathrooms by drilling holes or a hidden camera, and gun ownership. He has a 600 - pound wife and conjoined twin daughters. He lost part of his right leg in the war and 3 right - hand fingers in a carpentry accident. He frequently refers to his time in Vietnam and `` smoking hash out of a human skull. '' Jimmy ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : A Kimmel - based grown man who lives with his mother. He also has 2 young children who use foul language and play juvenile pranks. Bobby Fletcher ( Jim Florentine ) : Ed 's drug - using underachiever older cousin. He is extremely rude and insulting, and known for generating copious amounts of gas and belching into the phone. Elmer Higgins ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : A crabby, long - winded stereotype of an elderly man ( based on Kimmel 's grandfather ). He makes complaint calls and frequently goes off on unrelated, long - winded tangents about his younger days and various irrelevant subjects. He frequently blames the situations he 's complaining about on his gay grandson, Terrance Catheter. Helen Higgins ( Susie Essman ) : Elmer 's beautiful wife of over 60 years, she is an elderly Jewish woman who likes to proposition young men. Her son gave her a pet parrot who is well - versed in curse words. In a late - in - the - series sketch about Elmer wanting driving lessons, he mentions that she has died. Landalious `` The Truth '' Truefeld ( David Alan Grier ) : A former football player who likes to rap. Spoonie Luv ( Tracy Morgan ) : A smooth - talking African American hip hop - type character who makes lewd and suggestive comments. He often refers to himself as `` Spoonie Luv from Up Above. '' In one particularly noteworthy prank call, he attempts to sell a video store tapes of himself masturbating. Hadassah Guberman ( Sarah Silverman ) : A Jewish female college student who works various part - time jobs, including conducting surveys for O magazine. She frequently asks intrusive questions and makes veiled passive - aggressive insults. Her sexuality and sanity seem highly questionable. Terrence Catheter ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : Elmer Higgins ' grandson is an effeminate redhead who acts as spokesperson for various celebrities, such as Tom Cruise, Bill Cosby, Jared Fogle, J.K. Rowling, Mr. T, and the Olsen twins. He calls various places of business to book appearances and asks them to comply with the celebrities ' ridiculous demands. Tony Deloge ( Bob Einstein ) : A loud - mouthed, fast - paced politician who calls random people to pander for votes as `` district selectman. '' He occasionally tries to use his political power to get things for free. Cammie Smith ( Lisa Kushell ) : An oversexed, conceited, condescending 22 - year - old exotic dancer. Boomer and the Nudge ( Jimmy Kimmel and Patton Oswalt ) : Two obnoxious morning - radio disc jockeys who call people to make `` on - air dares. '' Junkyard Willie ( Touch - Tone Terrorists ) : An obstructionist in the form of a gravelly - voiced black man who is actually an import from the Touch - Tone Terrorists where he is a regular character. He appears in two sketches as a supervisor at YPS ( `` Yankerville Package Service '' ). Jim Bob the Handicapped Hillbilly ( Touch - Tone Terrorists ) : A mentally challenged hillbilly who works with Junkyard Willie at YPS. Sav Macauley ( Dane Cook ) : The overly enthusiastic host of a phone game show, `` The Phone Zone, '' where he calls people and asks ridiculous random trivia questions for cash prizes and interjects his own sound effects. OCD Ken ( Kevin Nealon ) : An accountant with obsessive - compulsive disorder who prefers cleanliness and even numbers. He often requests people to press the pound key as part of his disorder. Danny ( David Alan Grier ) : A man who repeatedly gets nervous or disgusted causing him to vomit over the phone. The vomit is depicted as an Exorcist - like liquid shooting out of the puppet 's throat. Chip Douglas ( Fred Armisen ) : A Mexican immigrant who is perpetually building a house with minimal supplies and poor command of the English language. He makes two prank calls to newspaper offices, one to attempt to sell cartoons and the other ( a prank call in Spanish ) to inform a Spanish - language newspaper that he has not received that day 's edition. Katie ( Katie Kimmel ) : Jimmy Kimmel 's daughter made occasional appearances from 2003, initially with a few short lines but later making entire crank calls herself ( notably pretending to be a drunken 9 - year - old trying to order alcohol by phone ). Kevin ( Kevin Kimmel ) : Jimmy Kimmel 's son made occasional appearances from 2003, including as Elmer Higgins ' grandson. Foreign Guy ( Dane Cook ) : A nameless immigrant who calls various places looking for assistance or to purchase something. To confuse the person he calls, he frequently switches between speaking in extremely broken English in an incomprehensible accent to speaking fluently, with no accent. The switch is demonstrated visually by having the puppet move between the two halves of a room across a clear dividing line. Gene Winterbuck ( Dane Cook ) : A wheelchair - bound young man who calls libraries requesting books with titles referring to disabilities, such as `` Johnny NoodleLegs ''. Lou Vilman ( Kevin Nealon ) : An easily impressed guy who responds `` Wow! '' to everything. Dick Rogers ( Seth MacFarlane ) : A stereotypical fast - talking 1940s detective whose sketches appear in black - and - white. He 'll often call to complain about issues that would make someone from the 1940s uncomfortable, such as being hit on by men at a gay bar or getting a haircut from a female hairdresser. He also calls the YMCA for help with his alcohol problem. Performers ( edit ) Jimmy Kimmel Adam Carolla Drew Carey Dave Chappelle Dane Cook David Cross Eminem Tracy Morgan Sarah Silverman Tony Barbieri Jeff Goldblum Jamie Kennedy Jack Black Tom Kenny Kyle Gass Susie Essman Jim Florentine Touch - Tone Terrorists Fred Armisen Nicole Sullivan Kevin Nealon Super Dave Osborne David Alan Grier Rick Rosner Wanda Sykes Snoop Dogg Ludacris Jack Osbourne Sharon Osbourne Billy West Lisa Kushell Stephen Colbert Patton Oswalt Denis Leary Biz Markie Chamillionaire Seth MacFarlane Mitch Hedberg Dr. Drew Pinsky Wu - Tang Clan Seth Green Lil ' Jon Andy Milonakis Steve - O Ryan Dunn Nick Cannon Kenan Thompson Robert Smigel Josh Gardner Good Charlotte Jonathan Kimmel Gilbert Gottfried Bobcat Goldthwait Bob Odenkirk Chief artists working for the show include : Xavier Corby Chris Davis Todd Hulin Shane Klein David Kolodny - Nagy Dutch Merrick Kristie Moore Brook Shafer Jason Tyne Mark Walbaum Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 2, 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 02 ) August 4, 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) 30 March 4, 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) April 13, 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 13 ) 22 July 20, 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 20 ) March 30, 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) 8 February 9, 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) March 30, 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` Jimmy Kimmel & Wanda Sykes '' June 2, 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 02 ) `` Denis Leary & Sarah Silverman '' June 9, 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 09 ) `` Wu - Tang Clan '' June 16, 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) `` Jimmy Kimmel & Wanda Sykes '' June 23, 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 23 ) 5 5 `` David Alan Grier & Dave Attell '' June 30, 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 30 ) 6 6 `` Susie Essman & Jim Florentine '' July 7, 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 07 ) 7 7 `` Sarah Silverman & Tracy Morgan '' July 14, 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 14 ) 8 8 `` Kevin Nealon & Super Dave Osborne '' July 21, 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) 9 9 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' July 28, 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 28 ) 10 10 `` Dane Cook & Sarah Silverman '' August 4, 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) Season 2 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 11 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Sarah Silverman '' March 4, 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) 12 `` Wanda Sykes & Robert Schimmel '' March 11, 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 11 ) 13 `` Snoop Dogg & Kevin Nealon '' March 18, 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 18 ) 14 `` Jeff Garlin & Gilbert Gottfried '' March 25, 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 25 ) 15 5 `` Fred Armisen & Kevin Nealon '' April 1, 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) 16 6 `` Wanda Sykes & Bobcat Goldthwait '' April 8, 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 08 ) 17 7 `` Adam Carolla & Jim Florentine '' April 15, 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 15 ) 18 8 `` Adam Carolla & Dr. Drew Pinsky '' April 22, 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 22 ) 19 9 `` Jimmy Kimmel & David Alan Grier '' April 29, 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 20 10 `` Fred Armisen & Sarah Silverman '' May 6, 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 06 ) 21 11 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Fred Armisen '' September 16, 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 16 ) 22 12 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' September 23, 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) 23 13 `` Adam Carolla & Kevin Kimmel '' September 30, 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 30 ) 24 14 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Gilbert Gottfried '' October 7, 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) 25 15 `` David Alan Grier & Super Dave Osborne '' October 14, 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 14 ) 26 16 `` Robert Smigel & Adam Carolla '' October 21, 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 21 ) 27 17 `` David Alan Grier & Jeff Garlin '' October 28, 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 28 ) 28 18 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' November 4, 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 04 ) 29 19 `` Bob Odenkirk & Fred Armisen '' November 11, 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 11 ) 30 20 `` Jim Florentine & Kathy Griffin '' November 18, 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 18 ) 31 21 `` Sarah Silverman & David Alan Grier '' February 10, 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 10 ) 32 22 `` Kevin Nealon & Wanda Sykes '' February 17, 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 17 ) 33 23 `` Jamie Kennedy & David Alan Grier '' February 24, 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 24 ) 34 24 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' March 2, 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 02 ) 35 25 `` Adam Carolla & David Alan Grier '' March 9, 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 09 ) 36 26 `` Sarah Silverman & Jeff Goldblum '' March 16, 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 16 ) 37 27 `` Seth Green & Jamie Kennedy '' March 23, 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 23 ) 38 28 `` Wanda Sykes & Adam Carolla '' March 30, 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 30 ) 39 29 `` Kevin Nealon & Sarah Silverman '' April 6, 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 06 ) 40 30 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Fred Armisen '' April 13, 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 13 ) Season 3 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 41 `` Eminem & Tracy Morgan '' July 20, 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 20 ) 42 `` Jack & Sharon Osbourne '' July 27, 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 27 ) 43 `` Andy Richter & Sarah Silverman '' August 3, 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 03 ) 44 `` Bob Odenkirk & Adam Carolla '' August 10, 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) 45 5 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Kevin Nealon '' August 17, 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 46 6 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' August 24, 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 24 ) 47 7 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' August 31, 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) 48 8 `` Adam Carolla & David Alan Grier '' September 7, 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 07 ) 49 9 `` Dane Cook & Kevin Nealon '' September 14, 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 14 ) 50 10 `` Tracy Morgan & Adam Carolla '' September 21, 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) 51 11 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' December 21, 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 21 ) 52 12 `` Tracy Morgan & Jimmy Kimmel '' January 12, 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 12 ) 53 13 `` Ludacris & Drew Carey '' January 19, 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) 54 14 `` Bob Odenkirk & Tracy Morgan '' February 2, 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) 55 15 `` Drew Carey & Jeff Goldblum '' February 9, 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 09 ) 56 16 `` Jason Schwartzman & David Alan Grier '' February 16, 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 16 ) 57 17 `` Wanda Sykes & Sarah Silverman '' February 23, 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 23 ) 58 18 `` Tracy Morgan & Jimmy Kimmel '' March 2, 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 02 ) 59 19 `` Ludacris & Kevin Nealon '' March 9, 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 09 ) 60 20 `` Holiday Special '' March 16, 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 16 ) 61 21 `` Best - of Special 1 '' March 23, 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 23 ) 62 22 `` Best - of Special 2 '' March 30, 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) Season 4 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 63 `` Lil Jon & Sarah Silverman '' February 9, 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) 64 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Steve - O '' February 16, 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) 65 `` Dane Cook & Chamillionaire '' February 23, 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ) 66 `` Good Charlotte & Lil Jon '' March 2, 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 02 ) 67 5 `` Dave Chappelle & Seth Green '' March 9, 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) 68 6 `` Andy Milonakis & Ryan Dunn '' March 16, 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 16 ) 69 7 `` Adam Carolla & Dane Cook '' March 23, 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) 70 8 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Nick Cannon '' March 30, 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) Dvd releases ( edit ) DVD Name Release Date Ep # Additional Information Season 1 Uncensored September 28, 2004 10 `` Dial ' T ' for Torment : Mini-Documentary, Two Unaired Calls. Season 2 Volume 1 Uncensored April 26, 2005 15 Unaired Calls. Season 2 Volume 2 Uncensored November 29, 2005 15 4 exclusive audio calls from Fred Armisen, Eminem, Jim Florentine, and Jimmy Kimmel. The Best of Crank Yankers December 4, 2007 N / A Includes 58 favorite calls. There are currently no plans for a DVD release for seasons 3 & 4 CD releases ( edit ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls, Volume 1 ( 2002 ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls, Volume 2 ( 2002 ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls, Volume 3 ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Crank Yankers '' at IMDB Jump up ^ `` The Adam Carolla Show : Matt Atchity ( January 6, 2012 ) ''. Podcast. ACE Broadcasting. January 6, 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012. @ 31 : 00min : Crank Yankers was originally called ' Prank Puppets ' and the pussy fucking lawyers said... External links ( edit ) Official website from Comedy Central Crank Yankers on IMDb Adam Carolla Audio The Adam Carolla Show ( radio ) The Adam Carolla Show ( podcast ) Television The Man Show Crank Yankers Too Late with Adam Carolla The Adam Carolla Project Catch a Contractor Film The Hammer Road Hard Winning : The Racing Life of Paul Newman No Safe Spaces Related Carolla Digital Jackhole Productions 4535 Adamcarolla Comedy Central original programming Former 1990s debuts Alan King : Inside the Comedy Mind ( 1991 ) Afterdrive ( 1991 ) Clash! ( 1991 ) Comedy Central Presents ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Exit 57 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Frank Leaves for the Orient ( 1999 ) The Higgins Boys and Gruber ( 1991 ) Make Me Laugh ( 1997 -- 98 ) The Man Show ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1991 -- 96 ) Night After Night with Allan Havey ( 1991 -- 92 ) Politically Incorrect ( 1994 -- 97 ) Premium Blend ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Pulp Comics ( 1997 -- 99 ) Short Attention Span Theater ( 1991 -- 94 ) Sports Monster ( 1991 ) Strangers with Candy ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The Unnaturals ( 1991 ) Upright Citizens Brigade ( 1998 -- 2000 ) The Vacant Lot ( 1994 ) Viva Variety ( 1997 -- 98 ) Vs. ( 1999 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 2000s debuts American Body Shop ( 2007 ) Atom TV ( 2008 - 10 ) BattleBots ( 2000 -- 02 ) Beat the Geeks ( 2001 -- 02 ) Blue Collar TV ( 2004 -- 06 ) Chappelle 's Show ( 2003 -- 06 ) Chocolate News ( 2008 ) The Colbert Report ( 2005 -- 14 ) The Comedians of Comedy ( 2005 ) Con ( 2005 ) Contest Searchlight ( 2002 ) Crank Yankers ( 2002 -- 05 ) Crossballs : The Debate Show ( 2004 ) Drawn Together ( 2004 -- 07 ) Distraction ( 2005 -- 06 ) Dog Bites Man ( 2006 ) Do n't Forget Your Toothbrush ( 2000 ) Freak Show ( 2006 ) Friday Night Stand - Up with Greg Giraldo ( 2005 -- 06 ) Futurama ( 2008 -- 13 ) Gerhard Reinke 's Wanderlust ( 2003 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) The Graham Norton Effect ( 2004 ) Halfway Home ( 2007 ) The Hollow Men ( 2005 ) I 'm with Busey ( 2003 ) Important Things with Demetri Martin ( 2009 -- 10 ) Insomniac with Dave Attell ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Jeff Dunham Show ( 2009 ) Kid Notorious ( 2003 ) Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire ( 2009 ) Let 's Bowl ( 2001 -- 02 ) Lewis Black 's Root of All Evil ( 2008 ) Lil ' Bush ( 2007 -- 08 ) Live at Gotham ( 2006 -- 09 ) Michael & Michael Have Issues ( 2009 ) Mind of Mencia ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Naked Trucker and T - Bones Show ( 2007 ) Primetime Glick ( 2001 -- 03 ) Reality Bites Back ( 2008 ) Reno 911! ( 2003 -- 09 ) The Sarah Silverman Program ( 2007 -- 10 ) Secret Girlfriend ( 2009 ) Shorties Watchin ' Shorties ( 2004 ) The Showbiz Show with David Spade ( 2005 -- 07 ) Stella ( 2005 ) Straight Plan for the Gay Man ( 2004 ) Strip Mall ( 2000 -- 01 ) That 's My Bush! ( 2001 ) Too Late with Adam Carolla ( 2005 ) Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn ( 2003 -- 04 ) Travel Sick ( 2001 -- 02 ) Trigger Happy TV ( 2003 ) TV Funhouse ( 2000 -- 01 ) Wanda Does It ( 2004 ) Weekends at the D.L. ( 2005 ) 2010s debuts @ midnight with Chris Hardwick ( 2013 -- 17 ) Adam DeVine 's House Party ( 2013 - 16 ) The Adventures of Marley & Denny ( 2014 -- 15 ) The Ben Show ( 2013 ) The Benson Interruption ( 2010 ) Big Lake ( 2010 ) Big Time in Hollywood, FL ( 2015 ) Brickleberry ( 2012 -- 15 ) Brody Stevens : Enjoy It! ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Burn with Jeff Ross ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Comedy Awards ( 2011 -- 12 ) Comedy Underground with Dave Attell ( 2014 ) Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution ( 2011 - 14 ) John Oliver 's New York Stand - Up Show ( 2010 -- 13 ) Jon Benjamin Has a Van ( 2011 ) The Jeselnik Offensive ( 2013 ) Key & Peele ( 2012 -- 15 ) Kroll Show ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail ( 2014 -- 16 ) Moonbeam City ( 2015 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore ( 2015 -- 16 ) Not Safe with Nikki Glaser ( 2016 ) Onion SportsDome ( 2011 ) Review ( 2014 -- 17 ) Sports Show with Norm Macdonald ( 2011 ) Time Traveling Bong ( 2016 ) TripTank ( 2014 - 16 ) Ugly Americans ( 2010 -- 12 ) Why? with Hannibal Buress ( 2015 ) Workaholics ( 2011 -- 17 ) Current and upcoming Current Another Period ( since 2015 ) Broad City ( since 2014 ) Comedy Central Roast ( since 2003 ) The Daily Show ( since 1996 ) Drunk History ( since 2013 ) Detroiters ( since 2017 ) The Gorburger Show ( since 2017 ) The Half Hour ( since 2012 ) The High Court with Doug Benson ( since 2017 ) Idiotsitter ( since 2016 ) Inside Amy Schumer ( since 2013 ) Jeff & Some Aliens ( since 2017 ) The Jim Jefferies Show ( since 2017 ) Legends of Chamberlain Heights ( since 2016 ) Nathan for You ( since 2013 ) Problematic with Moshe Kasher ( since 2017 ) The President Show ( since 2017 ) South Park ( since 1997 ) Tosh. 0 ( since 2009 ) Upcoming The Opposition with Jordan Klepper ( 2017 ) MusicBrainz : f64a3e83 - 477d - 46b3 - 8114 - 32a7185ffc4d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crank_Yankers&oldid=800307981 '' Categories : 2002 American television series debuts 2007 American television series endings 2000s American comedy television series Comedy Central shows Television programs featuring puppetry MTV television series American sketch comedy television shows Prank calling Pranksters Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from December 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from December 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2010 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français עברית Magyar Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017, at 18 : 33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Crank Yankers", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Crank_Yankers&amp;oldid=800307981" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "on Karl Malone. '' Gladys Murphy ( Wanda Sykes ) : A boisterous black woman who makes embarrassing announcements, generally of a scatological or sexual nature. Her many children do things like gluing her buttocks to the toilet and stealing money from a malfunctioning bank machine. Niles Standish ( Tony Barbieri ) : The British Earl of Yankerville, he is a rich and eccentric middle - aged pervert with homosexual tendencies. He frequently calls various services and asks for their price, then orders them to `` double it. '' ( Once even confusing someone by telling them to `` cut it in half, and double it! '' ). Special Ed ( Jim Florentine ) : Bobby Fletcher 's mentally challenged younger cousin who constantly repeats himself, makes random comments, and shouts his catchphrase `` Yay! '' until the other caller gets frustrated. He makes a cameo in one of Bobby 's prank calls, the `` Let Me Put My Brother on the Phone '' call. In two prank calls of his own ( one to a movie theater and one to a video store ), Ed reveals that his favorite movie is Air Bud. In the video - store call, he works in several references to The Shining. Dick Birchum ( Adam Carolla ) : A psychotic Vietnam War veteran whose hobbies include carpentry, Shotokan karate, spying" ], "id": [ "11016672886729308087" ], "short_answers": [ "Jim Florentine" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan - wikipedia Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan Jump to : navigation, search This is a list of all the amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan. # Amendments Proposal date Enactment date Full text 1st Redefined the boundaries of Pakistan and removed references to East Pakistan. May 4, 1974 Full Text 2nd Defined a Muslim and declared the status of Ahmadis as minority and ' non-Muslim '. September 7, 1974 Full Text 3rd Extended the period of preventive detention. February 18, 1975 Full Text 4th Decreed additional seats for minorities, it also deprived courts of the power to grant bail to any person detained under any preventive detention. November 21, 1975 Full Text 5th Widened the scope of restriction on the High Courts. September 5, 1976 Full Text 6th Provided that Chief Justice of Supreme Court will be retired at the age of 65 and High Court judges at age 62. December 22, 1976 Full Text 7th Enables the Prime Minister to obtain a vote of confidence of the people of Pakistan. May 16, 1977 Full Text 8th Changed Pakistan 's government from a Parliamentary system to a Semi-presidential system by giving the President a number of additional powers. November 11, 1985 Full Text 9th Bill to impose Shariah law as the supreme law of land. The bill was passed by Senate but could never be passed by National Assembly owing to the latter 's dissolution. 1985 Not passed Full Text 10th Fixed the interval period between sessions of the National Assembly to not exceed 130 days. March 29, 1987 Full Text 11th Revision of the reserved seats for women in the National and the provincial assemblies. The bill was withdrawn in 1992. Not passed Full Text 12th Created Speedy Trial Court for 3 years. 1991 Full Text 13th Stripped the President of Pakistan of his reserve power to dissolve the National Assembly of Pakistan, and thereby triggering new elections and dismissing the Prime Minister. Full Text 14th Allowed members of parliament to be dismissed if they defect. July 3, 1997 Full Text 15th Bill to impose Shariah law as supreme law of land. Was never passed. 1998 Not passed Full Text 16th Increased the term appointed for quota system as per 1973 Constitution from 20 to 40 years. 1999 Full Text 17th Made changes dealing with the office of the President and the reversal of the effects of the Thirteenth Amendment. 2003 Full Text 18th Removed the power of President of Pakistan to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally. April 8, 2010 Full Text 19th Provided for the appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and made amendments in the number of members of the parliamentary committee for the appointment of Chief Electoral Officers at Election Commission of Pakistan. December 22, 2010 Full Text 20th For Free and Fair Elections. February 14, 2012 Full Text 21st For Speedy Trial Military Courts to deal with terrorism. January 7, 2015 Full Text 22nd ECP powers deputed to Chief Election Commissioner June 8, 2016 Full Text 23rd The 23rd Amendment was passed to re-establish the military courts for further two years till 6th January 2019. In 2015, National Assembly passed the 21st Amendment and created the military courts for the period of 2 years. The period of two years was expired on 6th January 2017 hence this 23rd Amendment was passed to re-establish the military courts for further two years till 6th January 2019. At the end of this period all the amendments will be expired / removed automatically. January 7, 2017 Full Text 24th Reallocation of National Assembly seats among federating units and allowing election authorities to update boundaries of constituencies based on provisional results of 2017 Census of Pakistan. December 22, 2017 Full Text 25th 2017 Not passed 26th 2017 Not passed 27th 2017 Not passed 28th 2017 Not passed 29th 2017 Not passed 30th 2017 Not passed 31st Merges Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2018 Not passed References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zardari signs 20th Constitutional Amendment bill ''. DAWN.COM. DAWN MEDIA GROUP. Retrieved 24 April 2014. Jump up ^ Wasim, Amir ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ). `` Senate passes 22nd constitution amendment bill ''. Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02. Jump up ^ `` constitution of pakistan amendment ''. External links ( edit ) The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan By year 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949, incorporated 1985 ) Amendments II III IV V VI VII VIII IX * X XI * XII XIII XIV XV * XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV * XXVI * XXVII * XXVIII * XXIX * XXX * XXXI * * Not passed Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan&oldid=843384397 '' Categories : Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 20 : 10. About Wikipedia", "title": "Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan&amp;oldid=843384397" }

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{ "text": "Hierarchy of hazard controls - wikipedia Hierarchy of hazard controls Jump to : navigation, search Infographic by NIOSH. Control methods at the top of graphic are potentially more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following this hierarchy normally leads to the implementation of inherently safer systems, where the risk of illness or injury has been substantially reduced. Occupational hazards Physical Chemical Biological Psychosocial Hierarchy of hazard controls Elimination Substitution Engineering controls Administrative controls Personal protective equipment Occupational hygiene Occupational exposure limit Exposure assessment Workplace health surveillance Occupational epidemiology Prevention through design Hierarchy of hazard control is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards. It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is taught to managers in industry, to be promoted as standard practice in the workplace. Various illustrations are used to depict this system, most commonly a triangle. The hazard controls in the hierarchy are, in order of decreasing effectiveness : Elimination Substitution Engineering controls Administrative controls Personal protective equipment Contents ( hide ) 1 Components of the hierarchy 1.1 Elimination 1.2 Substitution 1.3 Engineering controls 1.4 Administrative controls 1.5 Personal protective equipment 2 Role in Prevention through Design 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Components of the Hierarchy ( edit ) Elimination ( edit ) Main article : Hazard elimination Eliminating the hazard -- physically removing it -- is the most effective hazard control. For example, if employees must work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by moving the piece they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights. Substitution ( edit ) Main article : Hazard substitution This pesticide contains DDT, an effective substitution would be to replace it with a green pesticide. Substitution, the second most effective hazard control, involves replacing something that produces a hazard ( similar to elimination ) with something that does not produce a hazard -- for example, replacing lead - based paint with titanium white. To be an effective control, the new product must not produce another hazard. Because airborne dust can be hazardous, if a product can be purchased with a larger particle size, the smaller product may effectively be substituted with the larger product. Engineering controls ( edit ) Main article : Engineering controls The third most effective means of controlling hazards is engineered controls. These do not eliminate hazards, but rather isolate people from hazards. Capital costs of engineered controls tend to be higher than less effective controls in the hierarchy, however they may reduce future costs. For example, a crew might build a work platform rather than purchase, replace, and maintain fall arrest equipment. `` Enclosure and isolation '' creates a physical barrier between personnel and hazards, such as using remotely controlled equipment. Fume hoods can remove airborne contaminants as a means of engineered control. Administrative controls ( edit ) This sign warns people that there are explosives in Walker Lake, however it can not prevent people from swimming in it. Main article : Administrative controls Administrative controls are changes to the way people work. Examples of administrative controls include procedure changes, employee training, and installation of signs and warning labels ( such as those in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System ). Administrative controls do not remove hazards, but limit or prevent people 's exposure to the hazards, such as completing road construction at night when fewer people are driving. Personal protective equipment ( edit ) Main article : Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment ( PPE ) includes gloves, Nomex / Uniform, respirators, hard hats, safety glasses, high - visibility clothing, and safety footwear. PPE is the least effective means of controlling hazards because of the high potential for damage to render PPE ineffective. Additionally, some PPE, such as respirators, increase physiological effort to complete a task and, therefore, may require medical examinations to ensure workers can use the PPE without risking their health. Role in Prevention through Design ( edit ) The hierarchy of controls is a core component of the Prevention through Design, the concept of applying methods to minimize occupational hazards early in the design process. Prevention through Design emphasizes addressing hazards at the top of the hierarchy of controls ( mainly through elimination and substitution ) at the earliest stages of project development. See also ( edit ) Prevention through design Control banding Job safety analysis Safety engineering References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy of Controls ''. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31. Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy of Controls '' ( PDF ). Health and Safety Authority ( Ireland ). ^ Jump up to : `` Hierarchy of Hazard Controls ''. New York Committee for Occupational Safety & Health. Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 05. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` How the hierarchy of control can help you fulfil your health and safety duties ''. Occupational Health & Safety Handbook. 2012 - 01 - 20. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. ^ Jump up to : `` Hazard Control ''. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 2006 - 04 - 20. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. ^ Jump up to : `` Engineering Controls ''. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Tree Work -- Working at height ''. UK Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy of control diagram ''. Safework SA. Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 27. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy of Controls ''. SA Unions. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ MANUAL HANDLING HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS Jump up ^ `` Manual Handling : Hierarchy of Controls '' ( PDF ). WorkCover New South Wales. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 12 - 22. Jump up ^ `` Hazard identification, risk assessment & risk control in the workplace ''. WorkSafe Victoria. Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 23. Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11. Jump up ^ `` CDC - Hierarchy of Controls - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic ''. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07. External links ( edit ) Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety document Hierarchy of prevention and control measures on OSH Wiki ( EU ) ( hide ) Occupational safety and health Occupational diseases and injuries Acrodynia Asbestosis Asthma Berylliosis Brucellosis Byssinosis ( `` brown lung '' ) Chalicosis Chimney sweeps ' carcinoma Chronic solvent - induced encephalopathy ( CSE ) Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis ( `` black lung '' ) Concussions in sport Decompression sickness De Quervain syndrome Exposure to human nail dust Farmer 's lung Fiddler 's neck Flock worker 's lung Glassblower 's cataract Golfer 's elbow Hearing Loss Hospital - acquired infection Indium lung Laboratory animal allergy Lead poisoning Mad hatter disease Mesothelioma Metal fume fever Mule spinners ' cancer Noise - induced hearing loss Phossy jaw Pneumoconiosis Radium jaw Repetitive strain injury Silicosis Silo - filler 's disease Sports injury Surfer 's ear Tennis elbow Tinnitus Writer 's cramp Occupational hygiene Occupational hazard Hierarchy of hazard controls Prevention through design Exposure assessment Occupational exposure limit Occupational epidemiology Professions Environmental health Industrial engineering Occupational health nursing Occupational health psychology Occupational medicine Occupational therapist Safety engineering Agencies and organizations European Agency for Safety and Health at Work UK Health and Safety Executive International Labour Organization U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration World Health Organization Standards Bangladesh Accord Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 OHSAS 18001 Worker Protection Standard ( US ) Working Environment Convention, 1977 See also Environment, health and safety Environmental toxicology Ergonomics Health physics Indoor air quality International Chemical Safety Card National Day of Mourning ( Canadian observance ) Process safety management Public health Risk management Safety data sheet ( SDS ) Toxic tort Workers ' compensation Occupational diseases Commons Journals Organizations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls&oldid=797679996 '' Categories : Hazard analysis Occupational safety and health Public health Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017, at 15 : 48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Hierarchy of hazard controls", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls&amp;oldid=797679996" }

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{ "text": "Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) - wikipedia Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ministry of Trade and Industry Agency overview Formed March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 ) Jurisdiction Government of Singapore Employees 2,932 ( 2015 est. ) Annual budget $3.05 billion SGD ( 2015 est. ) Ministers responsible Chan Chun Sing, Minister Chee Hong Tat, Senior Minister of State Koh Poh Koon, Senior Minister of State Tan Wu Meng, Senior Parliamentary Secretary S Iswaran, Minister In Charge of Trade Relations Agency executives Loh Khum Yean, Permanent Secretary Lee Ark Boon, Deputy Secretary ( Trade ) Ngiam Shih Chun, Deputy Secretary ( Industry ) Child agencies A * STAR Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore Economic Development Board Energy Market Authority Enterprise Singapore Hotel Licensing Board JTC Corporation Sentosa Development Corp. Singapore Tourism Board Website www.mti.gov.sg The Ministry Of Trade and Industry ( Abbreviation : MTI ; Malay : Kementerian Perdagangan dan Perusahaan ; Chinese : 贸 工 部 ; Tamil : வர்த்தக, தொழில் அமைச்சு ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore that directs the formulation of policies related to the development of trade and industry in Singapore. Contents 1 Departments & Statutory boards 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Departments & statutory boards ( edit ) The ministry oversees a department and 9 statutory boards. These are : Singapore Department of Statistics Agency for Science, Technology and Research ( A * STAR ) Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore ( CCCS ) Economic Development Board ( EDB ) Energy Market Authority ( EMA ) Hotel Licensing Board ( HLB ) JTC Corporation ( JTC ) Sentosa Development Corporation ( SDC ) Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) Enterprise Singapore See also ( edit ) Government of Singapore References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Head V : Ministry of Trade and Industry '' ( PDF ). Budget 2015 : Revenue and Expenditure Estimates. Ministry of Finance. February 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ). Government of Singapore Cabinet of Singapore Ministries Prime Minister 's Office Ministry of Communications and Information ( List ) Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth ( List ) Ministry of Defence ( List ) Ministry of Education ( List ) Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources ( List ) Ministry of Finance ( List ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( List ) Ministry of Health ( List ) Ministry of Home Affairs ( List ) Ministry of Law ( List ) Ministry of Manpower ( List ) Ministry of National Development ( List ) Ministry of Social and Family Development ( List ) Ministry of Trade and Industry ( List ) Ministry of Transport ( List ) Statutory agencies Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority Agency for Science, Technology and Research Building and Construction Authority Casino Regulatory Authority Central Provident Fund Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore Civil Service College Defence Science and Technology Agency Economic Development Board Energy Market Authority Government Technology Agency Health Promotion Board Health Sciences Authority Housing and Development Board Info - communications Media Development Authority Immigration and Checkpoints Authority International Enterprise Singapore Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore Intellectual Property Office of Singapore ISEAS -- Yusof Ishak Institute JTC Corporation Land Transport Authority Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore Media Development Authority National Arts Council National Environment Agency National Heritage Board National Library Board People 's Association Public Transport Council Public Utilities Board SPRING Singapore Singapore Accountancy Commission Singapore Land Authority Singapore Tourism Board Sport Singapore Urban Redevelopment Authority Workforce Singapore Former statutory agencies Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore Nanyang Technological University National University of Singapore Post Office Savings Bank Singapore Broadcasting Authority Singapore Broadcasting Corporation Singapore Harbour Board Singapore Improvement Trust Singapore Telecommunications National Computer Board Telecommunication Authority of Singapore Public Works Department Central bank Monetary Authority of Singapore Sovereign wealth fund Government of Singapore Investment Corporation Temasek Holdings Politics of Singapore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Singapore)&oldid=845439030 '' Categories : Government ministries of Singapore Foreign trade of Singapore Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from March 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Use dmy dates from July 2011 Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters Articles containing Malay - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018, at 20 : 16 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Singapore)&amp;oldid=845439030" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ ", Deputy Secretary ( Trade ) Ngiam Shih Chun, Deputy Secretary ( Industry ) Child agencies A * STAR Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore Economic Development Board Energy Market Authority Enterprise Singapore Hotel Licensing Board JTC Corporation Sentosa Development Corp. Singapore Tourism Board Website www.mti.gov.sg The Ministry Of Trade and Industry ( Abbreviation : MTI ; Malay : Kementerian Perdagangan dan Perusahaan ; Chinese : 贸 工 部 ; Tamil : வர்த்தக, தொழில் அமைச்சு ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore that directs the formulation of policies related to the development of trade and industry in Singapore. Contents 1 Departments & Statutory boards 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Departments & statutory boards ( edit ) The ministry oversees a department and 9 statutory boards. These are : Singapore Department of Statistics Agency for Science, Technology and Research ( A * STAR ) Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore ( CCCS ) Economic Development Board ( EDB ) Energy Market Authority ( EMA ) Hotel Licensing Board ( HLB ) JTC Corporation ( JTC ) Sentosa Development Corporation ( SDC ) Singapore Tourism Board (" ], "id": [ "6051176698849204123" ], "short_answers": [ "directs the formulation of policies related to the development of trade and industry in Singapore" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Yanny or Laurel - wikipedia Yanny or Laurel `` Yanny '' redirects here. For the Greek musician, see Yanni. For other uses, see Yanni ( disambiguation ). `` Yanny or Laurel '' This low quality recording of the pronunciation of `` Laurel '', which went viral on Twitter, enhances the illusion according to Brad Story. Problems playing this file? See media help. `` Yanny or Laurel '' is an auditory illusion of a re-recording of a vocabulary word plus added background sounds, also mixed into the recording, which became popular in May 2018. In the brief audio recording, 53 % of over 500,000 people answered on a Twitter poll that they heard a man saying the original word `` Laurel '', while 47 % reported hearing a voice saying the name `` Yanny ''. Analysis of the sound frequencies has confirmed that both sets of sounds are present in the mixed recording, but some users focus on the higher frequency sounds in `` Yanny '' and can not seem to hear the lower sounds of the word `` Laurel ''. When the audio clip has been slowed to lower frequencies, then the word `` Yanny '' has been heard by more listeners, while faster playback loudens `` Laurel '' ( see below : Pitch - shifted versions ). Contents 1 Background 2 Pop culture 3 Scientific analysis 3.1 Pitch - shifted versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The mixed re-recording was created by students who played the sound of the word `` laurel '' ( a laurel wreath ), while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room. The audio clip of the main word `` laurel '' originated in 2007 from a recording of Jay Aubrey Jones, an opera singer, who spoke the word `` laurel '' as one of 200,000 reference pronunciations produced and published by vocabulary.com in 2007. The clip was made at Jones ' home using a laptop and microphone, with surrounding foam to help soundproof the recording. The discovery of the ambiguity phenomenon is attributed to Katie Hetzel, a 15 - year - old freshman at Flowery Branch High School, near Atlanta, Georgia, who posted a description publicly on Instagram on May 11, 2018. The illusion reached further popularity when the student 's friend posted it on Reddit the next day. It was picked up by YouTuber Cloe Feldman on her Twitter account. Pop culture ( edit ) Notable individuals who responded to the auditory illusion included Ellen DeGeneres, Stephen King, and Chrissy Teigen. Laurel Halo and Yanni, whose names are similar to those given in the auditory illusion, also responded. In a video released by the White House, various members of the Trump administration reacted to the meme, and President Donald Trump said, `` I hear covfefe '', as a reference to his `` covfefe '' tweet the previous year. According to The Guardian, the clip was the most divisive subject on the internet since the gold / blue dress controversy in 2015. Several days after the clip became viral, the team at Vocabulary.com added a separate entry for the word `` Yanny '', which contained an audio clip identical to `` Laurel ''. Its definition is about the Internet trend. Scientific analysis ( edit ) On May 16, 2018, a report in The New York Times noted a spectrogram analysis confirmed how the extra sounds for `` yanny '' can be graphed in the mixed re-recording. The sounds also were simulated by combining syllables of the same Vocabulary.com voice saying the words `` Yangtze '' and `` uncanny '' as a mash - up of sounds which gave a similar spectrogram as the extra sounds graphed in the laurel re-recording. Benjamin Munson, a professor of audiology at the University of Minnesota, suggested that `` Yanny '' can be heard in higher frequencies while `` Laurel '' can be heard in lower frequencies. Older people, whose ability to hear higher frequencies is more likely to have degraded, usually hear `` Laurel ''. Kevin Franck, the director of audiology at the Boston hospital Massachusetts Eye and Ear says that the clip exists on a `` perceptual boundary '' and compared it to the Necker Cube illusion. Professor David Alais from the University of Sydney 's school of psychology also compared the clip to the Necker Cube or the face / vase illusion, calling it a `` perceptually ambiguous stimulus ''. Brad Story, a professor of speech, language, and audiology at the University of Arizona said that the low quality of the recording creates ambiguity. Dr. Hans Rutger Bosker, psycholinguist and phonetician at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, showed that it is possible to make the same person hear the same audio clip differently by presenting it in different acoustic contexts : if one hears the ambiguous audio clip after a lead - in sentence without any high frequencies ( > 1000 Hz ), this makes the higher frequencies in the following ambiguous audio clip stand out more, making people report `` Yanny '' where they previously maybe heard `` Laurel ''. Pitch - shifted versions ( edit ) `` Yanny or Laurel '' ( pitch shifted higher ) By pitch shifting the original audio by 20 %, `` Laurel '' is clearer Problems playing this file? See media help. By pitch shifting the original audio to higher or lower frequencies, the same listener can report different interpretations. The New York Times released an interactive tool on their website that changes the pitch of the recording in real - time. The interactive slider allows the recording to be played back at any pitch between 3 semitones higher ( to help the listener hear `` Laurel '' ), and 6 semitones lower ( to help the listener hear `` Yanny '' ). This change in volume of frequencies has a similar effect in the `` brainstorm - green needle '' auditory illusion. See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Internet portal List of Internet phenomena Malapropism McGurk effect Mondegreen Optical illusion The dress References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson, Amanda ( May 16, 2018 ). `` Laurel or Yanny? What science has to say ''. CNN. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Kirby, Jen ( May 16, 2018 ). `` Why you hear `` Laurel '' or `` Yanny '' in that viral audio clip, explained ``. Vox. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Salam, Maya ; Victor, Daniel ( May 15, 2018 ). `` Laurel or Yanny? What We Heard From the Experts ''. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018. ^ Jump up to : Josh Katz ; Jonathan Corum and Jon Huang ( May 16, 2018 ). `` We Made a Tool So You Can Hear Both Yanny and Laurel ''. Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01. playing the `` laurel '' clip over speakers and re-recording it introduced noise and exaggerated the higher frequencies. Jump up ^ `` Meet the Voice behind That ' Laurel ' ( or ' Yanny ' ) Clip That 's Driving Everyone Nuts ''. Time.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Laurel '' at vocabulary.com Archived May 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Jump up to : Matsakis, Louise ( May 16, 2018 ). `` The True History of ' Yanny ' and ' Laurel ' ''. WIRED. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Hughes, Virginia ( May 27, 2018 ). `` We Got To The Bottom Of A Geeky Conspiracy Theory About Yanny And Laurel ''. BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018. Jump up ^ Katie Hetzel, 15 yr old Flowery Branch High Freshman interview with Francesca Amiker on 11alive.com Archived May 29, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. ( published to YouTube on May 18, 2018 ) Jump up ^ Hoggatt, Aja ( May 15, 2018 ). `` Is your favorite celeb a Yanny or a Laurel? ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 16, 2018. Jump up ^ O'Kane, Caitlin ( May 16, 2018 ). `` Yanny vs. Laurel : What do you hear? ''. CBS News. Retrieved May 16, 2018. Jump up ^ Gray, Julia ( May 16, 2018 ). `` Yanny Or Laurel : Yanni And Laurel Halo Weigh In ''. Stereogum. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Laurel, Yanny or... covfefe? White House joins in on debate ''. Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump weighs in on the Yanny or Laurel debate ''. YouTube. Guardian News. Retrieved 9 June 2018. ^ Jump up to : Watson, Chloe ( May 17, 2018 ). `` Laurel or Yanny debate : why do some people hear a different word? ''. the Guardian. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018. Jump up ^ `` Here 's why you 're hearing `` Yanny '' -- and why it 's technically `` Laurel '' ``. CBS News. May 17, 2018. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` Yanny - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com ''. www.vocabulary.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018. Jump up ^ Ducharme, Jamie ( May 16, 2018 ). `` An Audiologist Explains Why You Hear ' Yanny ' or ' Laurel ' -- Or Both ''. Time. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018. Jump up ^ `` The Psychology of Laurel and Yanny ''. Psychology Today. Retrieved May 29, 2018. Jump up ^ Gutman, Rachel ( May 15, 2018 ). `` A Linguist Explains Why ' Laurel ' Sounds Like ' Yanny ' ''. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018. Jump up ^ `` We Ca n't Trust Our Ears Anymore Now The ' Brainstorm ' / ' Green Needle ' Auditory Illusion Is Breaking Our Brains ''. digg.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018. External links ( edit ) Vocabulary.com definition for `` yanny '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yanny_or_Laurel&oldid=854724227 '' Categories : 2007 works 2018 in science Auditory illusions Internet memes Internet memes introduced in 2018 May 2018 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2018 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Français Հայերեն Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 10 : 27 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Yanny or Laurel", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Yanny_or_Laurel&amp;oldid=854724227" }

[ { "answer_passages": [], "id": [ "8202949001046538912" ], "short_answers": [], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Cigarettes After Sex - wikipedia Cigarettes After Sex Jump to : navigation, search Cigarettes After Sex Origin El Paso, Texas, US Genres Dream pop shoegaze ambient pop slowcore Years active 2008 -- present Labels Partisan Website cigarettesaftersex.com Members Greg Gonzalez Jacob Tomsky Phillip Tubbs Randall Miller Past members Greg Leah Steve Herrada Emily Davis Cigarettes After Sex is an American ambient pop band from El Paso, Texas, formed in 2008 by Greg Gonzalez. The band 's debut EP, I., was released in 2012 with the singles `` Affection '' and `` K. '' following in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Their first full - length record, Cigarettes After Sex, was released on June 9, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Musical style and influences 3 Members 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Extended plays 4.3 Singles 4.4 Demos 5 References History ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex was formed in El Paso, Texas, in 2008. Gonzalez recorded the first EP, I., in a four - story stairway at his alma mater, University of Texas at El Paso, calling the experience `` basically an accident ; kind of an experiment ''. `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '', `` I 'm a Firefighter '', `` Dreaming of You '', and `` Starry Eyes '' were recorded for I. Gonzalez relocated to Brooklyn, New York, where the band 's single `` Affection '' was recorded and released in 2015 along with a cover of REO Speedwagon 's `` Keep On Loving You ''. Through music recommendations, Cigarettes After Sex has gained millions of views on YouTube, leading to live performances across Europe, Asia, and the US. Cigarettes After Sex released their self - titled debut studio album on June 9, 2017. `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '' was featured in episode 7 of the first season of The Handmaid 's Tale., episode 7 of The Sinner, and episode 9 of the eighth season of Shameless. Musical style and influences ( edit ) In a feature for Noisey by Vice, Christina Cacouris describes Cigarettes After Sex as `` elemental, hazy and romantic, but with a noir edge underneath Gonzalez 's androgynous voice '' as well as `` sweet and sentimental ''. `` As the band 's name suggests, it 's reminiscent of lying in bed, but its ambient qualities do n't prevent it from being music you can dance to. '' Gonzalez cites Françoise Hardy as his favorite singer and Miles Davis as having great impact. The band also includes The Cowboy Junkies ' album The Trinity Session, Julee Cruise, and Cocteau Twins as influences. The music blog Eardrums Music describes the band as `` slow, dreamy and beautiful with gorgeous, tender vocals and very good lyrics. '' and compares it to Mazzy Star Music bloggers behind Swell Tone describe Cigarettes After Sex as a band producing `` melancholy, slow pop that will sweetly rock any listener into a listless stupor. '' Reviewing Affection for Independentmusicnews.com, Jae Pyl concludes that `` there 's just such an intimacy to Cigarettes After Sex 's sound that it 's impossible to not let it into the pit of your belly. '' Members ( edit ) Since inception in 2008, the group has included a number of different members and collaborators led by Greg Gonzalez : Current members : Greg Gonzalez -- founder, lead vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bass Phillip Tubbs -- keyboards, electric guitar Randall Miller -- bass Jacob Tomsky -- drums Previous members : Greg Leah -- drums Steve Herrada -- keyboards Emily Davis -- acoustic guitar Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex ( 2017 ) Extended plays ( edit ) I. ( 2012 ) Singles ( edit ) `` Affection '' ( 2015 ) `` K. '' ( 2016 ) `` Apocalypse '' ( 2017 ) `` Each Time You Fall in Love '' ( 2017 ) `` Sweet '' ( 2017 ) Demos ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex ( Romans 13 : 9 ) ( 2011 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cook, Cameron ( June 8, 2017 ). `` Cigarettes After Sex : Cigarettes After Sex ''. Pitchfork. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Jump up ^ BrushedRed ( March 21, 2017 ). `` New Cigarettes After Sex Album ''. Sputnikmusic. Retrieved June 12, 2017. Jump up ^ Lathan, Ryan ( June 21, 2017 ). `` Cigarettes After Sex : Cigarettes After Sex ''. PopMatters. Retrieved July 10, 2017. Jump up ^ Hadi, Eddino Abdul ( June 14, 2017 ). `` The slow burn of Cigarettes After Sex 's debut album ''. The Straits Times. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Jump up ^ Simpson, Dave ( April 19, 2017 ). `` Cigarettes After Sex review -- breathtaking ambient - pop enigmas ''. The Guardian. Retrieved September 1, 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` Cigarettes After Sex - Tickets - The Echo - Los Angeles, California - April 27th, 2016 ''. The Echo and Echoplex. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14. ^ Jump up to : `` The Diehard Romanticism of Cigarettes After Sex NOISEY ''. NOISEY. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13. ^ Jump up to : `` Records ''. Cigarettes After Sex. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13. ^ Jump up to : `` Review / Cigarettes After Sex / Affection ''. Independent Music News. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14. Jump up ^ http://www.cigarettesaftersex.com/ Jump up ^ `` Cigarettes After Sex - 10 New Artists You Need to Know : January 2016 ''. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14. Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale - S1 E7 The Other Side ''. tunefind. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ `` The End Credits Song In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 9 Epitomizes Moira 's Spirit ''. BUSTLE. Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13. Jump up ^ `` ' The Sinner ' Soundtrack : Listen to the Killer Playlist for USA 's Addictive Murder Mystery ''. Indiewire. Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06. Jump up ^ `` Shameless - S8 E9 The Fugees ''. tunefind. Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14. ^ Jump up to : `` New Music : Cigarettes After Sex -- `` Affection '' ``. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13. Jump up ^ `` Tune : Cigarettes After Sex -- `` Affection '' ``. Swell Tone. Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarettes_After_Sex&oldid=830598611 '' Categories : 2008 establishments in Texas Dream pop musical groups Musical groups established in 2008 Musical groups from Brooklyn Musical groups from Texas Musical quartets Partisan Records artists Sadcore and slowcore groups Shoegazing musical groups Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018, at 20 : 30. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cigarettes After Sex", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cigarettes_After_Sex&amp;oldid=830598611" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "pop band from El Paso, Texas, formed in 2008 by Greg Gonzalez. The band 's debut EP, I., was released in 2012 with the singles `` Affection '' and `` K. '' following in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Their first full - length record, Cigarettes After Sex, was released on June 9, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Musical style and influences 3 Members 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Extended plays 4.3 Singles 4.4 Demos 5 References History ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex was formed in El Paso, Texas, in 2008. Gonzalez recorded the first EP, I., in a four - story stairway at his alma mater, University of Texas at El Paso, calling the experience `` basically an accident ; kind of an experiment ''. `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '', `` I 'm a Firefighter '', `` Dreaming of You '', and `` Starry Eyes '' were recorded for I. Gonzalez relocated to Brooklyn, New York, where the band 's single `` Affection '' was recorded and released in 2015 along with a cover of REO Speedwagon 's `` Keep On Loving You ''. Through music recommendations," ], "id": [ "15978055399995103272" ], "short_answers": [ "Cigarettes After Sex" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Manna - wikipedia Manna Jump to : navigation, search For the Polynesian word, see mana. For other uses, see Manna ( disambiguation ). The Gathering of the Manna by James Tissot Manna ( Hebrew : מָן ‎ mān, Greek : μάννα ; Arabic : المَنّ ‎, Persian : گزانگبین ‎ ), sometimes or archaically spelled mana, is an edible substance which God provided for the Israelites during their travels in the desert during the forty - year period following the Exodus and prior to the conquest of Canaan. Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Biblical / canonical description 1.2 Manna in the New Testament 1.3 Manna in the Qurʾān 1.4 Identification 1.5 Potential discrepancies 2 Origin 3 Use and function 4 Gathering 4.1 Sabbath 5 Duration of supply 6 Later cultural references 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Biblical / canonical description ( edit ) Manna is described as having the appearance of bdellium. Manna is described as white and comparable to hoarfrost in color. Hoarfrost on grass lawn. According to the book of Exodus, manna is like a coriander seed in size but which is white ( this is explained by ancient commentaries as a comparison to the round shape of the coriander seed ). In the Hebrew Bible, manna is described twice : once in Exodus 16 : 1 -- 36 with the full narrative surrounding it, and once again in Numbers 11 : 1 -- 9 as a part of a separate narrative. In the description in the Book of Exodus, manna is described as being `` a fine, flake - like thing '' like the frost on the ground. It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night. Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in color, similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun, and was like a coriander seed in size but white in color. Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium, adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes, which were then baked, resulting in something that tasted like cakes baked with oil. Exodus states that raw manna tasted like wafers that had been made with honey. The Israelites were instructed to eat only the manna they had gathered for each day. Stored manna `` bred worms and stank '' : the exception being that stored the day before the Sabbath ( Preparation Day ), when twice the amount of manna was gathered. This manna did not spoil overnight, because, Exodus 16 : 23 -- 24 states : This is what the Lord commanded : `` Tomorrow is to be a day of rest, a holy Sabbath to the Lord. So bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil. Save whatever is left and keep it until morning. '' So they saved it until morning, as Moses commanded, and it did not stink or get maggots in it. Manna in the New Testament ( edit ) In the Bread of Life Discourse in John 's Gospel, the evangelist refers three times to the manna which the Jews ' ancestors ate in the desert : the Jews refer to the manna given to them by Moses as a sign of God 's promised covenant, and Jesus asserts that the manna was from God and not from Moses, and that the people who ate it were nourished on their journey but ultimately died. In contrast, according to the gospel, Jesus offered living bread, and whoever ate this bread would never die. Manna in the Qurʾān ( edit ) The word mana appears three times in the Qurʾān, in Quran 2 : 57, 7 : 160 and 20 : 80. It is narrated in the hadith Sahih Muslim that the Prophet Mohammad said `` Truffles are part of the ' manna ' which Allah sent to the people of Israel through Moses, and its juice is a medicine for the eye. '' Identification ( edit ) Some scholars have proposed that manna is cognate with the Egyptian term mennu, meaning `` food '', a term that has never been attested to in history. At the turn of the twentieth century, Arabs of the Sinai Peninsula were selling resin from the tamarisk tree as man es - simma, roughly meaning `` heavenly manna ''. Tamarisk trees ( particularly Tamarix gallica ) were once comparatively extensive throughout the southern Sinai, and their resin is similar to wax, melts in the sun, is sweet and aromatic ( like honey ), and has a dirty - yellow color, fitting somewhat with the Biblical descriptions of manna. However, this resin is mostly composed of sugar, so it would be unlikely to provide sufficient nutrition for a population to survive over long periods of time, and it would be very difficult for it to have been compacted into cakes. Other researchers have believed manna to be a form of lichen - a plant colony that often has a low mass per unit volume density and a large `` sail area. '' In particular, Lecanora esculenta has been postulated. Known natural aerial falls of various lichens have been described as occurring in accounts separate from that in the bible. `` In some parts of Asia Lecanora esculenta covers the soil to such a degree that, according to Parrot, it forms beds 15 to 20 centimetres thick. '' Pine branch with Marchalina hellenica honeydew In the Biblical account, the name manna is said to derive from the question man hu, seemingly meaning `` What is it? '' ; this is perhaps an Aramaic etymology, not a Hebrew one. Man is possibly cognate with the Arabic term man, meaning plant lice, with man hu thus meaning `` this is plant lice '', which fits one widespread modern identification of manna, the crystallized honeydew of certain scale insects. In the environment of a desert, such honeydew rapidly dries due to evaporation of its water content, becoming a sticky solid, and later turning whitish, yellowish, or brownish ; honeydew of this form is considered a delicacy in the Middle East, and is a good source of carbohydrates. In particular, there is a scale insect that feeds on tamarisk, the Tamarisk manna scale ( Trabutina mannipara ), which is often considered to be the prime candidate for biblical manna. Another type is turkey oak manna, also called Persian gezengevi - gezo, men, Turkish Kudret helvasi, man - es - simma, also Diarbekir manna, or Kurdish manna. It is formed by aphids and appears white. It was common in western Iran, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey. When dried it forms into crystalline lumps which are hard and look like stone. They are pounded before inclusion in breads. Psilocybe cubensis A tamarisk tree in the Negev Desert A number of ethnomycologists, including Terence McKenna, have suggested that most characteristics of manna are similar to that of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms, notorious breeding grounds for insects, which decompose rapidly. These peculiar fungi naturally produce a number of molecules that resemble human neurochemicals, and first appear as small fibres ( mycelia ) that resemble hoarfrost. Psilocybin, the primary psychoactive molecule in the `` Psilocybe cubensis '' mushroom, has been shown to produce spiritual experiences, with `` personal meaning and spiritual significance '' when test subjects were evaluated 14 months later. Other minority identifications of manna are that it was a kosher species of locust, or that it was the sap of certain succulent plants ( such as those of the genus Alhagi, which have an appetite - suppressing effect ). Potential discrepancies ( edit ) Some form critics posit conflicting descriptions of manna as derived from different lore, with the description in Numbers being from the Jahwist tradition, and the description in Exodus being from the later Priestly tradition. The Babylonian Talmud states that the differences in description were due to the taste varying depending on who ate it, with it tasting like honey for small children, like bread for youths, and like oil for the elderly. Similarly, classical rabbinical literature rectifies the question of whether manna came before or after dew, by holding that the manna was sandwiched between two layers of dew, one falling before the manna, and the other after. Origin ( edit ) Manna is from Heaven, according to the Hebrew Bible and to Jesus in the New Testament, but the various identifications of manna are naturalistic. In the Mishnah, manna is treated as a natural but unique substance, `` created during the twilight of the sixth day of Creation '', and ensured to be clean, before it arrives, by the sweeping of the ground by a northern wind and subsequent rains. According to classical rabbinical literature, manna was ground in a heavenly mill for the use of the righteous, but some of it was allocated to the wicked and left for them to grind themselves. Use and function ( edit ) Until they reached Canaan, the Israelites are implied by some passages in the Bible to have eaten only manna during their desert sojourn, despite the availability of milk and meat from the livestock with which they traveled, and the references to provisions of fine flour, oil, and meat, in parts of the journey 's narrative. As a natural food substance, manna would produce waste products ; but in classical rabbinical literature, as a supernatural substance, it was held that manna produced no waste, resulting in no defecation among the Israelites until several decades later, when the manna had ceased to fall. Modern medical science suggests the lack of defecation over such a long period of time would cause severe bowel problems, especially when other food later began to be consumed again. Classical rabbinical writers say that the Israelites complained about the lack of defecation, and were concerned about potential bowel problems. Many Christian vegetarians say that God had originally intended man would not eat meat because plants can not move and killing them would not be sinful : manna, a nonmeat substance, is used to support this theory. Further, when the people complained and wished for quail, God gave it to them, but they apparently still complained and some greedily gathered the quail. `` While the meat was still between their teeth, before it was chewed, the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people. '' Food was not manna 's only use ; one classical rabbinical source states that the fragrant odor of manna was used in an Israelite perfume. Gathering ( edit ) The Gathering of the Manna, c. 1460 - 1470. Exodus says each day one omer of manna was gathered per family member ( about 3.64 litres ), and may imply this was regardless of how much effort was put into gathering it ; a midrash attributed to Rabbi Tanhuma remarks that although some were diligent enough to go into the fields to gather manna, others just lay down lazily and caught it with their outstretched hands. The Talmud states that this factor was used to solve disputes about the ownership of slaves, since the number of omers of manna each household could gather would indicate how many people were legitimately part of the household ; the omers of manna for stolen slaves could be gathered only by legitimate owners, and therefore legitimate owners would have spare omers of manna. According to the Talmud, manna was found near the homes of those with strong belief in God, and far from the homes of those with doubts ; indeed, one classical midrash says that manna was intangible to Gentiles, as it would inevitably slip from their hands. The Midrash Tanhuma holds that manna melted, formed liquid streams, was drunk by animals, flavored the animal flesh, and was thus indirectly eaten by Gentiles, this being the only way that Gentiles could taste manna. Despite these hints of uneven distribution, classical rabbinical literature expresses the view that manna fell in very large quantities each day. It holds that manna was layered out over 2,000 cubits square, between 50 and 60 cubits in height, enough to nourish the Israelites for 2,000 years and to be seen from the palaces of every king in the East and West. This is probably a metaphorical statement. Sabbath ( edit ) According to Exodus, Shabbat ( Sabbath ) was reinstituted the first week manna appeared. It states that twice as much manna as usual was available on the sixth morning of the week, and none at all could be found on the seventh day ; although manna usually rotted and became maggot - infested after a single night, that which had been collected on the sixth day remained fresh until the second night. Moses stated that the double portion of Preparation Day was to be consumed on Shabbat ; and that God instructed him that no one should leave his place on Shabbat, so that the people could rest during it. Form critics regard this part of the manna narrative to be spliced together from the Yahwist and Priestly traditions, with the Yahwist tradition emphasizing rest during Shabbat, while the Priestly tradition merely states that Shabbat exists, implying that the meaning of `` Shabbat '' was already known. These critics regard this part of the manna narrative as an etiological supernature story designed to explain the origin of Shabbat observance, which in reality was probably pre-Mosaic. Duration of supply ( edit ) Exodus states that the Israelites consumed the manna for forty years, starting from the fifteenth day of the second month ( Iyar 15 ), but that it then ceased to appear once they had reached a settled land, and once they had reached the borders of Canaan ( inhabited by the Canaanites ). Form critics attribute this variation to the view that each expression of the manna ceasing derives from different lore ; the `` settled land '' is attributed to the Priestly tradition, and `` Canaan 's borders '' to the Yahwist tradition, or to a hypothetical later redaction to synchronize the account with that of the Book of Joshua, which states that the manna ceased to appear on the day after the annual Passover festival ( Nisan 14 ), when the Israelites had reached Gilgal. The duration from Iyar 15 to Nisan 14, taken literally, is forty years less one month. There is also a disagreement among classical rabbinical writers as to when the manna ceased, particularly in regard to whether it remained after the death of Moses for a further forty days, seventy days, or fourteen years ; indeed, according to Joshua ben Levi, the manna ceased to appear at the moment that Moses died. Despite the eventual termination of the supply of manna, Exodus states that a small amount of it survived within an omer - sized pot or jar, which was kept facing the Testimony ( possibly, adjacent to the Ark of the Covenant ) ; it indicates that God instructed this of Moses, who delegated it to Aaron. The Epistle to the Hebrews states that the pot was stored inside the Ark. Classical rabbinical sources believe the pot was made of gold ; some say it was only there for the generation following Moses, and others that it survived at least until the time of Jeremiah. However, the First Book of Kings states that it was absent earlier than Jeremiah, during Solomon 's reign in the tenth century B.C. Form critics attribute the mention of the pot to the Priestly tradition, concluding that the pot existed in the early sixth century B.C. Later cultural references ( edit ) Manna ash By extension, `` manna '' has been used to refer to any divine or spiritual nourishment. At the Basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari, Italy, there is an annual ceremony of collecting a clear liquid from the tomb of Saint Nicholas ; legend credits the pleasant perfume of this liquid with warding off evil, and it is sold to pilgrims as `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas ''. The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself ; since the town of Bari is a harbor, and the tomb is below sea level, there are several natural explanations for the manna fluid, including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action. In the seventeenth century, a woman marketed a clear, tasteless product as a cosmetic, `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas of Bari ''. After the deaths of some 600 men, Italian authorities discovered that the alleged cosmetic was a preparation of arsenic, used by their wives. In a modern botanical context, manna is often used to refer to the secretions of various plants, especially of certain shrubs and trees, and in particular the sugars obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash, extracted by making small cuts in the bark. The manna ash, native to southern Europe and southwest Asia, produces a blue - green sap, which has medicinal value as a mild laxative, demulcent, and weak expectorant. The names of both the sugar mannose and its hydrogenated sugar alcohol, mannitol, are derived from manna. Robert Nozick references `` manna from heaven '' in a thought experiment about distributive justice. Further reading ( edit ) Arthur, James ( 2000 ). Mushrooms and Mankind : The Impact of Mushrooms on Human Consciousness and Religion. Escondido, CA : Book Tree. ISBN 1 - 58509 - 151 - 0. Heinrich, Clark ( 2002 ). Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy. Rochester, VT : Park Street Press. ISBN 0 - 89281 - 997 - 9. Merkur, Dan ( 2000 ). The Mystery of Manna : The Psychedelic Sacrament of the Bible. Rochester, VT : Park Street Press. ISBN 0 - 89281 - 772 - 0. McKenna, Terence ( 1993 ). Food of the Gods : The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge, A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York, NY : Bantam Books. ISBN 0 - 553 - 37130 - 4. See also ( edit ) Food portal Ambrosia Golden Calf Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe, `` flesh of the Gods '' / teonanacatl Soma and Haoma, sacraments of the Rigveda and Zoroastrian canons, respectively References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rashi on Exodus 16 : 31 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 14 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 9 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 21 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 31 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 7 However, commentators such as John Gill prefer to interpret the word translated `` bdellium '' as `` bdeloah '', meaning a white precious stone ( John Gill, Commentary on Numbers 11 : 7 ). Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 8 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 20 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ John 6 : 30 -- 58 Jump up ^ Rippin, Andrew ( 24 April 2017 ). Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. John Wiley & Sons. p. 308. ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 96480 - 4. Retrieved 6 April 2017. Jump up ^ 23 : 5084 Jump up ^ George Ebers, Durch Gosen zum Sinai, p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica ^ Jump up to : Peake 's commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/diyarbakir-manna.html Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/manna-lichens.html Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Manna Sinai ''. Jump up ^ `` tamarisk manna scale - insect ''. Encyclopædia Britannica. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy ''. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2013. Jump up ^ `` Sherbet&Spice : The complete story of Turkish sweets & deserts '' by Mary Isin, publisher I.B. Tauris, ISBN 9781848858985 Jump up ^ `` Manna From Heaven ''. deoxy.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Jump up ^ Griffiths, Roland R. `` Mystical - type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later ''. Jump up ^ `` Pancakes or Locusts ''. gottnotes.com. Jump up ^ Peake 's Commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, `` Book of Exodus '', `` Book of Numbers '' Jump up ^ Yoma 75b Jump up ^ Psalm 78 : 24 - 25, 105 : 40 Jump up ^ John 6 : 31 Jump up ^ Pirkei Avot 5 : 9 Jump up ^ Mekhilta, Beshalah, Wayassa, 3 Jump up ^ Numbers 21 : 5 ^ Jump up to : Sifre ( on Numbers ) 87 - 89 Jump up ^ Soler, Jean, The Semiotics of Food in the Bible, p. 58. Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 4 - 11 : 35 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Tanhuma, Beshalah 22 ^ Jump up to : Yoma 75a Jump up ^ Midrash Abkir ( on Exodus ) 258 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanhuma Jump up ^ Yoma 76a ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 23 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 5, 16 : 22, 16 : 26 - 27 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 24 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 27 - 29 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 30 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia, `` Book of Exodus '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 35 Jump up ^ Joshua 5 : 10 - 12 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, `` Manna '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 34 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 32 - 33 Jump up ^ Hebrews 9 : 4 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 9 Jump up ^ Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas, St. Nicholas Center Jump up ^ Carroll, Rory, 2000 - 12 - 22, Bones of contention, The Guardian Jump up ^ Girling, Richard, 2004 - 12 - 12, Talking Point : Now do you believe in Santa Claus?, The Times ^ Jump up to : Manna, Time magazine, 1927 - 08 - 29 Jump up ^ Rushforth, K., 1999, Trees of Britain and Europe, Collins, ISBN 0 - 00 - 220013 - 9 Jump up ^ Grieve, Mrs. M., Ash, Manna Jump up ^ Cooley 's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts, 6th ed. ( 1880 ) Jump up ^ Feser, Edward. `` Robert Nozick ( 1938 -- 2002 ) ''. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. External links ( edit ) Media related to Manna at Wikimedia Commons Jewish Encyclopedia, Manna chabad.org, The Manna Catholic Encyclopedia, Manna Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas Lycaeum, Manna as a mushroom ( psilocybe ) ( hide ) Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manna&oldid=843094733 '' Categories : Hebrew words and phrases Mythological substances Breads Fungi and humans Book of Exodus Book of Numbers Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018, at 20 : 59. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "5 Duration of supply 6 Later cultural references 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Biblical / canonical description ( edit ) Manna is described as having the appearance of bdellium. Manna is described as white and comparable to hoarfrost in color. Hoarfrost on grass lawn. According to the book of Exodus, manna is like a coriander seed in size but which is white ( this is explained by ancient commentaries as a comparison to the round shape of the coriander seed ). In the Hebrew Bible, manna is described twice : once in Exodus 16 : 1 -- 36 with the full narrative surrounding it, and once again in Numbers 11 : 1 -- 9 as a part of a separate narrative. In the description in the Book of Exodus, manna is described as being `` a fine, flake - like thing '' like the frost on the ground. It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night. Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in color, similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun, and was like a coriander seed in size but white in color. Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium, adding that the Israelites ground it", "8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Biblical / canonical description ( edit ) Manna is described as having the appearance of bdellium. Manna is described as white and comparable to hoarfrost in color. Hoarfrost on grass lawn. According to the book of Exodus, manna is like a coriander seed in size but which is white ( this is explained by ancient commentaries as a comparison to the round shape of the coriander seed ). In the Hebrew Bible, manna is described twice : once in Exodus 16 : 1 -- 36 with the full narrative surrounding it, and once again in Numbers 11 : 1 -- 9 as a part of a separate narrative. In the description in the Book of Exodus, manna is described as being `` a fine, flake - like thing '' like the frost on the ground. It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night. Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in color, similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun, and was like a coriander seed in size but white in color. Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium, adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes, which were then baked, resulting in something that tasted like" ], "id": [ "3033519910532791356" ], "short_answers": [ "Exodus 16:1–36", "Numbers 11:1–9" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Trade winds - wikipedia Trade winds This article is about the weather phenomenon. For other uses, see Tradewind. The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator. The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries, and enabled colonial expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In meteorology, the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic, Pacific, and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America, Southeast Asia, and Madagascar and eastern Africa, respectively. Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea, as well as portions of southeastern North America. Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes, and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion, which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge. The weaker the trade winds become, the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses. Contents 1 History 2 Cause 3 Weather effects 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery, Volta do Mar, and Age of sail The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade, ' meaning `` path '' or `` track. '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar, meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century. From West Africa, the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Africa, that is, to west and northwest. They could then turn northeast, to the area around the Azores islands, and finally east to mainland Europe. They also learned that to reach South Africa, they needed to go far out in the ocean, head for Brazil, and around 30 ° S go east again. Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere. In the Pacific ocean, the full wind circulation, which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies, was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565. The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel. During the Age of Sail, the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access, and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography. For example, Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all. Edmond Halley 's map of the trade winds, 1686 By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ', `` ( foreign ) commerce ''. Between 1847 and 1849, Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans. Cause ( edit ) 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface. See also : Air mass, Hadley cell, Humidity, Intertropical Convergence Zone, Monsoon, Monsoon trough, Near - equatorial trough, and Prevailing winds As part of the Hadley cell, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles. A low - pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums, near - equatorial trough, intertropical front, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone. When located within a monsoon region, this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough. Around 30 ° in both hemispheres, air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges. The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends, the temperature increases, but the absolute humidity remains constant, which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass. This warm, dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass. An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion. When it occurs within a trade wind regime, it is known as a trade wind inversion. The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing, these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums. As they blow across tropical regions, air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight. Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ), and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge. Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses. The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean. Weather effects ( edit ) Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height, and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion. Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season, and are stronger in the winter than the summer. As an example, the windy season in the Guianas, which lie at low latitudes in South America, occurs between January and April. When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm, trade winds are stronger within the tropics. The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds. When the trade winds are weaker, more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics, such as Central America. During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ), the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ). When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates. Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America, much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida. Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year. Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s. See also ( edit ) Intertropical Convergence Zone Volta do mar Westerly wind burst Winds in the Age of Sail References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ). Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed. ). Random House. p. 1385. ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8. Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ). Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States. Read Books. p. 38. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6. ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ). Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500 -- 2000. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5. Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ). A text - book of commercial geography. D. Appleton and company. p. 19. Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed. ). p. 225. Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ). Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500 -- 2000. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 152. ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5. ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ). Introduction to Meteorology. Mcgraw - Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 110. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ). `` Doldrums ''. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ). `` Intertropical Convergence Zone ''. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 02. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ). `` Monsoon Trough ''. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ). `` Superior air ''. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ). `` trade winds ''. Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08. Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr ; Frank Morton McMurry ; Almon Ernest Parkins ( 1909 ). Advanced geography. State Printing. p. 246. Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ). `` How to read weather maps ''. National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 22. Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ). `` Tropical air ''. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28. Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ). `` Trade air ''. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06. Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28. Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ). Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer. p. 128. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6. Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ). `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign ''. Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08. Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ). Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1. Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus ( 2004 ). `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis ''. Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 145 -- 151. Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208... 145A. doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007. Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ). `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought ''. Texas A&M University. Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ). Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer. p. 185. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6. Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ). African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality. Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10. Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ). Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks. Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10. Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ). Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S., Caribbean. Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10. Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ). Coral Mortality and African Dust. Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&oldid=857071338 '' Categories : Climate patterns Atmospheric dynamics Wind Age of Sail Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 11 : 09 ( UTC ). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Trade winds", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&amp;oldid=857071338" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "Trade winds - wikipedia Trade winds This article is about the weather phenomenon. For other uses, see Tradewind. The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator. The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries, and enabled colonial expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In meteorology, the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that" ], "id": [ "3748377679223833325" ], "short_answers": [ "The trade winds" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Interwar period - wikipedia Interwar period Jump to : navigation, search `` Between the Wars '' redirects here. For other uses, see Between the Wars ( disambiguation ). Europe, 1923 Population densities in Europe, 1923 In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939. Despite the relatively short period of time, this period represented an era of significant changes worldwide. Petroleum and associated mechanisation expanded dramatically leading to the Roaring Twenties ( and the Golden Twenties ), a period of economic prosperity and growth for the middle class in North America, Europe and many other parts of the world. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio broadcasts and more became commonplace among populations in the developed world. The indulgences of this era subsequently led to the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn which severely damaged many of the world 's largest economies. Politically, this era saw the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution, at the end of World War I, and ultimately the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany. China was in the midst of long period of instability and civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. The Empires of Britain, France and others faced challenges as imperialism was increasingly viewed negatively in Europe, and independence movements in British India, French Vietnam, Ireland and other regions gained momentum. The former Ottoman, Austro - Hungarian and German Empires were dismantled, with the Ottoman and German Empire 's colonies redistributed among the Allies. The far western part of the Russian Empire broke into independent states : Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. However, the Communists in Moscow managed to regain control in Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Ireland was split, with the larger part being independent of Britain. In the Middle East, Egypt and Iraq gained independence, while open conflict erupted in Palestine over the question of a Jewish homeland. During the Great Depression, Latin American countries nationalised many foreign companies ( particularly American ) in a bid to strengthen their local economies. Japanese, German, Italian and Russian territorial ambitions led to expansions of these empires, which set the stage for the subsequent world war. Contents ( hide ) 1 Turmoil in Europe 2 International relations 3 Roaring Twenties 4 Great Depression 5 Britain and its Empire 6 French Empire 7 Germany 7.1 Weimar Republic 7.2 Nazi era, 1933 -- 39 8 Italy 9 Regional patterns 9.1 East Asia : Japanese dominance 9.2 Latin America 9.2. 1 Sports 9.3 Africa and Asia 10 End of an era 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Turmoil in Europe ( edit ) Main article : Aftermath of World War I Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended World War I, the years 1919 -- 24 were marked by turmoil as affected regions struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War and the destabilising effects of the loss of four large historic empires : the German Empire, Austro - Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. There were numerous new nations in Eastern Europe, most of them small in size. The United States gained dominance in world finance. Thus, when Germany could no longer afford war reparations to Britain, France and other Allies, the Americans came up with the Dawes Plan and Wall Street invested heavily in Germany, which repaid its reparations to nations that, in turn, used the dollars to pay off their war debts to Washington. By the middle of the decade, prosperity was widespread, with the second half of the decade known, especially in Germany, as the `` Golden Twenties ''. International relations ( edit ) Main article : International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) The important stages of interwar diplomacy and international relations included resolutions of wartime issues, such as reparations owed by Germany and boundaries ; American involvement in European finances and disarmament projects ; the expectations and failures of the League of Nations ; the relationships of the new countries to the old ; the distrustful relations of the Soviet Union to the capitalist world ; peace and disarmament efforts ; responses to the Great Depression starting in 1929 ; the collapse of world trade ; The collapse of democratic regimes one by one ; the growth of economic autarky ; Japanese aggressiveness toward China ; Fascist diplomacy, including the aggressive moves by Mussolini 's Italy and Hitler 's Germany ; the Spanish Civil War ; the appeasement of Germany 's expansionist moves toward the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and the last, desperate stages of rearmament as the second world war increasingly loomed. Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Main articles : 1920s, Roaring Twenties, Golden Twenties, and Années folles The `` Roaring Twenties '' highlighted novel and highly visible social and cultural trends and innovations. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin and London. The Jazz Age began and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee - length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave. The women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. Not all was new : `` normalcy '' returned to politics in the wake of hyper - emotional wartime passions in the United States, France, and Germany. The leftist revolutions in Finland, Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Spain were defeated by conservatives, but succeeded in Russia, which became the base for Soviet Communism. In Italy the fascists came to power under Mussolini after threatening a march on Rome. Most independent countries enacted women 's suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917, Britain in 1918 and the United States in 1920. There were a few major countries that held out until after the Second World War ( such as France, Switzerland and Portugal ). Leslie Hume argues : The women 's contribution to the war effort challenged the notion of women 's physical and mental inferiority and made it more difficult to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth. But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work ; the point was that women 's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women 's entry into the public arena. In Europe, according to Derek Aldcroft and Steven Morewood, `` Nearly all countries registered some economic progress in the 1920s and most of them managed to regain or surpass their pre-war income and production levels by the end of the decade. '' The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Greece did especially well, while Eastern Europe did poorly. In advanced economies the prosperity reached middle class households and many in the working class. with radio, automobiles, telephones, and electric lighting and appliances. There was unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Major cities built large sports stadiums for the fans, in addition to palatial cinemas. Great Depression ( edit ) The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing varied across nations ; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The depression originated in the United States, after a slow decline in lofty stock prices and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 ( known as Black Tuesday ). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15 %. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1 % from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50 %. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25 % and in some countries rose as high as 33 %. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60 %. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. the Weimar Republic in Germany gave way to two episodes of political and economic turmoil, the first culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. The second convulsion, brought on by the worldwide depression, resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regard to China. Democracy and prosperity largely went together in the 1920s. The worldwide Great Depression that began in 1929 led to the collapse of democracy in most of Europe and the rise of expansionary dictatorships in Russia, Italy, Japan and Germany, as well as local dictatorships in Poland, Spain and elsewhere. Britain and its Empire ( edit ) Main article : Interwar Britain The Second British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. The issue of the empire 's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the British pride, its finance and its trade - oriented economy. George V with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference India strongly supported the Empire in the First World War. It expected a reward, but failed to get home rule as the Raj kept control in British hands and feared another rebellion like that of 1857. The Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Mounting tension, particularly in the Punjab region, culminated in the Amritsar Massacre in 1919. Nationalism surged, and centered in the Congress Party led by Gandhi. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. Egypt had been under de facto British control since the 1880s, despite its nominal ownership by the Ottoman Empire. In 1922 it was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a client state following British guidance. Egypt joined the League of Nations. Egypt 's King Faud and his son King Farouk, and their conservative allies, stayed in power with lavish life styles thanks to an informal alliance with Britain who would protect them from both secular and Muslim radicalism. Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained official independence in 1932 when King Faisal agreed to British terms of a military alliance and an assured flow of oil. In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency. The Dominions ( Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland ) were self - governing and gained semi-independence in the World War. Britain still controlled foreign policy and defence. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy was recognised in 1923 and formalised by the 1931 Statute of Westminster. Ireland effectively broke all ties with London in 1937. French Empire ( edit ) French Empire in Interwar period Main article : French colonial empire French census statistics from 1931 show an imperial population, outside of France itself, of 64.3 million people living on 11.9 million square kilometers. Of the total population, 39.1 million lived in Africa and 24.5 million lived in Asia ; 700,000 lived in the Caribbean area or islands in the South Pacific. The largest colonies were Indochina with 21.5 million ( in five separate colonies ), Algeria with 6.6 million, Morocco, with 5.4 million, and West Africa with 14.6 million in nine colonies. The total includes 1.9 million Europeans, and 350,000 `` assimilated '' natives. A hallmark of the French colonial project from the late 19th century to the post-World War Two era was the civilising mission ( mission civilisatrice ). The principle was that it was France 's duty to bring civilisation to benighted peoples. As such, colonial officials undertook a policy of Franco - Europeanisation in French colonies, most notably French West Africa and Madagascar. Catholicism was a major factor in the civilising mission, and many missionaries were sent. Often they operated schools and hospitals. During the 19th century, French citizenship along with the right to elect a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies was granted to the four old colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne and Réunion as well as to the residents of the `` Four Communes '' in Senegal. Typically the elected deputies were white Frenchmen, although there were some blacks, such as the Senegalese Blaise Diagne, who was elected in 1914. Elsewhere, in the largest and most populous colonies, a strict separation between `` sujets français '' ( all the natives ) and `` citoyens français '' ( all males of European extraction ) with different rights and duties was maintained until 1946. French colonial law held that the granting of French citizenship to natives was a privilege and not a right. Two 1912 decrees dealing with French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa enumerated the conditions that a native had to meet in order to be granted French citizenship ( they included speaking and writing French, earning a decent living and displaying good moral standards ). For the 116 years from 1830 to 1946, only between 3,000 and 6,000 native Algerians were granted French citizenship. In French West Africa, outside of the Four Communes, there were 2,500 `` citoyens indigènes '' out of a total population of 15 million. French conservatives had been denouncing the assimilationist policies as products of a dangerous liberal fantasy. In the Protectorate of Morocco, the French administration attempted to use urban planning and colonial education to prevent cultural mixing and to uphold the traditional society upon which the French depended for collaboration, with mixed results. After World War II, the segregationist approach modeled in Morocco had been discredited by its connections to Vichyism, and assimilationism enjoyed a brief renaissance. Critics of French colonialism gained an international audience in the 1920s, and often used documentary reportage and access to agencies such as the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization to make their protests heard. The main criticism was the high level of violence and suffering among the natives. Major critics included Albert Londres, Félicien Challaye, and Paul Monet, whose books and articles were widely read. Germany ( edit ) Main article : History of Germany Weimar Republic ( edit ) The humiliating peace terms in the Treaty of Versailles provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. That Treaty stripped Germany of all of its overseas colonies, of Alsace and Lorraine, and of predominantly Polish districts. The Allied armies occupied industrial sectors in Germany 's West, who was not allowed to have a real Army, Navy or Air Force, stationed troops in the Rhineland. Reparations were demanded, especially by France, involving shipments of raw materials, as well as annual payments. When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district ( January 1923 ). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to passive resistance : shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal - mines would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The German government printed vast quantities of paper money, causing hyperinflation, which also damaged the French economy. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss - making deal for the French government. But the hyperinflation caused many prudent savers to lose all the money they had saved. Weimar added new internal enemies every year, as anti-democratic Nazis, nationalists and Communists battled each other in the streets. See 1920s German inflation. Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany accorded the Soviet Union de jure recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. In October 1925 the Treaty of Locarno was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy ; it recognised Germany 's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rheinland. Locarno paved the way for Germany 's admission to the League of Nations in 1926. Nazi era, 1933 -- 39 ( edit ) Main articles : Nazi Germany and Causes of World War II Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Communists and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy, along with the Jews. Japanese poster promoting the Axis cooperation in 1938 Hitler 's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the League of Nations ( 1933 ), rejected the Versailles Treaty and began to re-arm ( 1935 ), won back the Saar ( 1935 ), remilitarized the Rhineland ( 1936 ), formed an alliance ( `` axis '' ) with Mussolini 's Italy ( 1936 ), sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ), seized Austria ( 1938 ), took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938, formed a peace pact with Joseph Stalin 's Soviet Union in August 1939, and finally invaded Poland in September 1939. Britain and France declared war and World War II began -- somewhat sooner than the Nazis expected or were ready for. After establishing the `` Rome - Berlin axis '' with Benito Mussolini, and signing the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan -- which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 -- Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian - born Hitler entered Vienna, he was greeted by loud cheers. Four weeks later, 99 % of Austrians voted in favour of the annexation ( Anschluss ) of their country Austria to the German Reich. After Austria, Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia, where the 3.5 million - strong Sudeten German minority was demanding equal rights and self - government. At the Munich Conference of September 1938, Hitler, the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by Czechoslovakia. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich 's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement, in March 1939, Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between Slovaks and Czechs as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the same month, he secured the return of Memel from Lithuania to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed. Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Second Italo - Ethiopian War and Italian invasion of Albania Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. The map shows territories to become sovereign or dependency territory ( in dark - green ) and client states ( in light - green ). Maximum extent of Imperial Italy. In 1922, the leader of the Italian fascist movement, Benito Mussolini, became Prime Minister of Italy after the March on Rome. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the Dodecanese at the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which formalized Italian administration of both Libya and the Dodecanese Islands, in return for a payment to Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, though he failed in an attempt to extract a mandate of a portion of Iraq from Britain. The month following the ratification of the Lausanne treaty, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of Corfu after the Corfu incident. The Italian press supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a Venetian possession for four hundred years. The matter was taken by Greece to the League of Nations, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate Italian troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of Jubaland in 1924, which was merged into Italian Somaliland. During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini 's speeches. Amongst Mussolini 's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world 's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called `` The March to the Oceans '', and included in the official records of a meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism. This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation 's independence : countries with free access to the high seas were independent ; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a `` semi-independent nation '', and alleged to be a `` prisoner in the Mediterranean '' : `` The bars of this prison are Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, and Cyprus. The guards of this prison are Gibraltar and Suez. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy ; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterrean. Greece, Turkey, and Egypt have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico - military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy 's expansion... The aim of Italian policy, which can not have, and does not have continental objectives of a European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto -- to march to the oceans. '' -- Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans In the Balkans, the Fascist regime claimed Dalmatia and held ambitions over Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vardar Macedonia, and Greece based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions. Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states. The regime also sought to establish protective patron - client relationships with Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a League of Nations mandate of the former German Cameroon and a free hand in Ethiopia from France in return for Italian support against Germany ( see Stresa Front ). This was refused by French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence. The failed resolution of the Abyssinia Crisis led to the Second Italo - Ethiopian War, in which Italy annexed Ethiopia to its empire. Italy 's stance towards Spain shifted between the 1920s and the 1930s. The Fascist regime in the 1920s held deep antagonism towards Spain due to Miguel Primo de Rivera 's pro-French foreign policy. In 1926, Mussolini began aiding the Catalan separatist movement, which was led by Francesc Macià, against the Spanish government. With the rise of the left - wing Republican government replacing the Spanish monarchy, Spanish monarchists and fascists repeatedly approached Italy for aid in overthrowing the Republican government, in which Italy agreed to support them in order to establish a pro-Italian government in Spain. In July 1936, Francisco Franco of the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, `` future relations would be more than friendly '' and that Italian support `` would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of Spain ''. Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the Balearic Islands and creating a client state in Spain. Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position -- Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its North African colonies and between British Gibraltar and Malta. After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Allied intelligence was informed that Italy was pressuring Spain to permit an Italian occupation of the Balearic Islands. Italian newspaper in Tunisia that represented Italians living in the French protectorate of Tunisia. After the United Kingdom signed the Anglo - Italian Easter Accords in 1938, Mussolini and foreign minister Ciano issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding Djibouti, Tunisia and the French - run Suez Canal. Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for Italy to demand an Italian takeover of Albania. Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to `` breathe easily '' if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them. In 1938, Italy demanded a sphere of influence in the Suez Canal in Egypt, specifically demanding that the French - dominated Suez Canal Company accept an Italian representative on its board of directors. Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because, under the French - dominated Suez Canal Company, all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal. In 1939, Italy invaded and captured Albania and made it a part of the Italian Empire as a separate kingdom in personal union with the Italian crown. The region of modern - day Albania had been an early part of the Roman Empire, which had actually been held before northern parts of Italy had been taken by the Romans, but had long since been populated by Albanians, even though Italy had retained strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its sphere of influence. It is possible that Mussolini simply wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany 's absorption of Austria and Czechoslovakia. Italian King Victor Emmanuel III took the Albanian crown, and a fascist government under Shefqet Verlaci was established to rule over Albania. Regional patterns ( edit ) East Asia : Japanese dominance ( edit ) Latin America ( edit ) The Great Depression posed a great challenge to the region. The collapse of the world economy meant that the demand for raw materials drastically declined, undermining many of the economies of Latin America. Intellectuals and government leaders in Latin America turned their backs on the older economic policies and turned toward import substitution industrialization. The goal was to create self - sufficient economies, which would have their own industrial sectors and large middle classes and which would be immune to the ups and downs of the global economy. Despite the potential threats to United States commercial interests, the Roosevelt administration ( 1933 -- 1945 ) understood that the United States could not wholly oppose import substitution. Roosevelt implemented a Good Neighbor policy and allowed the nationalization of some American companies in Latin America. Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas nationalized American oil companies, out of which he created Pemex. Cárdenas also oversaw the redistribution of a quantity of land, fulfilling the hopes of many since the start of the Mexican Revolution. The Platt Amendment was also repealed, freeing Cuba from legal and official interference of the United States in its politics. The Second World War also brought the United States and most Latin American nations together, with Argentina the main hold out. Sports ( edit ) Sports became increasingly popular, drawing enthusiastic fans to large stadia. The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) worked to encourage Olympic ideals and participation. Following the 1922 Latin American Games in Rio de Janeiro, the IOC helped to establish national Olympic committees and prepare for future competition. In Brazil, however, sporting and political rivalries slowed progress as opposing factions fought for control of international sport. The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics games in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes. English and Scottish engineers brought futebol ( soccer ) to Brazil in the late 1800s. The International Committee of the YMCA of North America and the Playground Association of America played major roles in training coaches. Across the globe after 1912, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) played the chief role in the transformation of association football into a global game, working with national and regional organizations, and setting up the rules and customs, and establishing championships such as the World Cup. Africa and Asia ( edit ) End of an era ( edit ) The interwar period ended in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II. 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Jump up ^ Derek Sayer, `` British reaction to the Amritsar massacre 1919 -- 1920. '' Past & Present 131 ( 1991 ) : 130 -- 64. Jump up ^ Mowat, C.L. ( 1968 ). The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12 : The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898 -- 1945 ( 2nd ed. ). -- 25 chapters ; 845 pp Jump up ^ Hugh McLeave, The Last Pharaoh : Farouk of Egypt ( 1970_. Jump up ^ Gerald De Gaury, Three kings in Baghdad, 1921 -- 1958 ( 1961 ). Jump up ^ Bulliet, Richard ( 2010 ). The earth and its peoples : A global history. Vol. 2 : Since 1500. et al. ( 5th ed Cengage Learning ed. ). excerpt pp. 774 -- 845 Jump up ^ Mowat 12 : 269 -- 96. Jump up ^ Mowat, 12 : 373 -- 402. Jump up ^ Herbert Ingram Priestley, France overseas : a study of modern imperialism ( 1938 ) pp. 440 -- 41. Jump up ^ Raymond F. Betts ( 2005 ). Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890 -- 1914. University of Nebraska Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780803262478. Jump up ^ Elizabeth Foster, Faith in Empire : Religion, Politics, and Colonial Rule in French Senegal, 1880 -- 1940 ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Spencer Segalla, The Moroccan Soul : French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912 -- 1956. 2009 ) Jump up ^ J.P. Daughton, `` Behind the Imperial Curtain : International Humanitarian Efforts and the Critique of French Colonialism in the Interwar Years, '' French Historical Studies, ( 2011 ) 34 # 3 pp. 503 -- 28 Jump up ^ Ian Kershaw, Weimar : Why did German Democracy Fail? Jump up ^ Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany : Promise and Tragedy ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Wolfgang Elz, `` Foreign policy '' in Anthony McElligott, ed., Weimar Germany ( 2009 ) pp. 50 -- 77 Jump up ^ Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich ( 2005 ) and Evans, The Third Reich in Power ( 2006 ). Jump up ^ Gerhard L. Weinberg, Hitler 's foreign policy 1933 -- 1939 : The road to World War II. ( 2013 ), Originally published in two volumes. Jump up ^ Donald Cameron Watt, How war came : the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938 -- 1939 ( 1989 ). Jump up ^ R.J. Overy, The Origins of the Second World War ( 2014 ). Jump up ^ Lowe, pp. 191 -- 199 ^ Jump up to : Smith, Dennis Mack ( 1981 ). Mussolini, p. 170. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. ^ Jump up to : Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson ( 2002 ). Vital crossroads : Mediterranean origins of the Second World War, 1935 -- 1940, pp. 105 -- 106. Cornell University Press ^ Jump up to : Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries. A history of eastern Europe : crisis and change. London, England, UK ; New York, New York, USA : Routledge, 1998. Pp. 467. Jump up ^ Allan R. Millett, Williamson Murray. Military Effectiveness, Volume 2. New edition. New York, New York, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 184. ^ Jump up to : Burgwyn, James H. ( 1997 ). Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918 -- 1940, p. 68. Praeger Publishers. ^ Jump up to : Robert H. Whealey. Hitler And Spain : The Nazi Role In The Spanish Civil War, 1936 -- 1939. Paperback edition. Lexington, Kentucky, USA : University Press of Kentucky, 2005. P. 11. Jump up ^ Sebastian Balfour, Paul Preston. Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. London, England, UK ; New York, New York, USA : Routledge, 1999. P. 152. Jump up ^ R.J.B. Bosworth. The Oxford handbook of fascism. Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press, 2009. Pp. 246. Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W.W. Norton & Company, 2003. Jump up ^ The Road to Oran : Anglo - Franch Naval Relations, September 1939 -- July 1940. Pp. 24. ^ Jump up to : Reynolds Mathewson Salerno. Vital Crossroads : Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935 -- 1940. Cornell University, 2002. p 82 -- 83. ^ Jump up to : `` French Army breaks a one - day strike and stands on guard against a land - hungry Italy '', LIFE, 19 Dec 1938. Pp. 23. ^ Jump up to : Dickson ( 2001 ), pg. 69 Jump up ^ Victor Bulmer - Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence ( 2nd ed. 2003 ) pp. 189 -- 231. Jump up ^ David M.K. Sheinin, ed., Sports Culture in Latin American History ( 2015 ). Jump up ^ Cesar R. Torres, `` The Latin American ' Olympic Explosion ' of the 1920s : causes and consequences. '' International Journal of the History of Sport 23.7 ( 2006 ) : 1088 -- 111. Jump up ^ Claudia Guedes, `` ' Changing the cultural landscape ' : English engineers, American missionaries, and the YMCA bring sports to Brazil -- the 1870s to the 1930s. '' International Journal of the History of Sport 28.17 ( 2011 ) : 2594 -- 608. Jump up ^ Paul Dietschy, `` Making football global? FIFA, Europe, and the non-European football world, 1912 -- 74. '' Journal of Global History 8.2 ( 2013 ) : 279. Jump up ^ Overy, RJ ( 2015 ) ( 1st pub. 2010 : Longman ). The Inter-war Crisis, 1919 - 1939 ( 2nd revised ed. ). London, New York : Routledge. ISBN 978 - 1 - 1381 - 379 - 36. OCLC 949747872. Further reading ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié, René. ( 1958 ). A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna. -- 736 pp ; basic survey Dailey, Andy, and David G. Williamson. ( 2012 ) Peacemaking, Peacekeeping : International Relations 1918 -- 36 ( 2012 ) 244 pp ; textbook, heavily illustrated with diagrams and contemporary photographs and colour posters. Duiker, William J., and Jackson J. Spielvogel. ( 2013 ). World History, Volume II : Since 1500 ( Cengage Learning ed. ). pp. 678 -- 736. Grenville, J.A.S. ( 2000 ). A History of the World in the Twentieth Century. pp. 77 -- 254. Hobsbawm, Eric J. ( 1994 ). The age of extremes : a history of the world, 1914 -- 1991. -- a view from the Left. Kaiser, David E. ( 1980 ). Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War : Germany, Britain, France, and Eastern Europe, 1930 -- 1939. Princeton University Press. Keylor, William R. ( 2001 ). The Twentieth - century World : An International History ( 4th ed. ). Marks, Sally ( 2002 ). The Ebbing of European Ascendancy : An International History of the World 1914 -- 1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 121 -- 342. Mowat, C.L. ed. ( 1968 ). The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12 : The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898 -- 1945 ( 2nd ed. ). -- 25 chapters by experts ; 845 pp Seton - Watson, Hugh. ( 1945 ) Eastern Europe Between The Wars 1918 -- 1941 ( 1945 ) online Somervell, D.C. ( 1936 ). The Reign of King George V ( PDF ). -- 550 pp ; wide - ranging political, social and economic coverage of Britain, 1910 -- 35 ( hide ) History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&oldid=808686435 '' Categories : Interwar period Aftermath of World War I Former polities of the interwar period 1918 1919 1920s 1930s Chronology of World War II Modern history 20th century in Africa 20th century in Asia 20th century in Europe 20th century in Oceania 20th century in North America 20th century in South America Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017, at 13 : 46. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Interwar period", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Interwar_period&amp;oldid=808686435" }

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{ "text": "Cold War ( general term ) - wikipedia Cold War ( general term ) Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the general term for a type of international conflict. For the specific conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States, see Cold War. Part of a series about War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Slavery Theater War crimes War film War games War novel Wartime sexual violence World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most commonly used to refer to the Soviet - American Cold War. The surrogates are typically states that are `` satellites '' of the conflicting nations, i.e., nations allied to them or under their political influence. Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid, such as weapons, tactical support or military advisors, to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the term 2 List of tensions called Cold War 2.1 Cold War II 2.2 Saudi Arabia vs. Iran 2.3 India vs. Pakistan 2.4 China vs. Japan 2.5 Korean peninsula 3 References Origins of the term ( edit ) The expression `` cold war '' was rarely used before 1945. Some writers credit the fourteenth century Spaniard, Don Juan Manuel for first using the term ( in Spanish ), when dealing with the conflict between Christianity and Islam as a `` cold war ''. However he used the term `` tepid '' not `` cold ''. The word `` cold '' first appeared in a faulty translation of his work in the 19th century. At the end of World War II, George Orwell used the term in the essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' published October 19, 1945, in the British newspaper Tribune. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear war, he warned of a `` peace that is no peace '', which he called a permanent `` cold war ''. Orwell directly referred to that war as the ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the Western powers. Moreover, in The Observer of March 10, 1946, Orwell wrote that `` ( a ) fter the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire. '' The definition which has now become fixed is of a war waged through indirect conflict. The first use of the term in this sense, to describe the post -- World War II geopolitical tensions between the USSR and its satellites and the United States and its western European allies ( which in practice acted as satellites of the opposing force ) is attributed to Bernard Baruch, an American financier and presidential advisor. In South Carolina, on April 16, 1947, he delivered a speech ( by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope ) saying, `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war. '' Newspaper reporter - columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency, with the book Cold War ( 1947 ). List of tensions called Cold War ( edit ) Since the NATO - Warsaw Pact Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ), a number of global and regional tensions have also been called `` Cold War ''. Cold War II ( edit ) Main article : Cold War II Cold War II, also called Second Cold War, Cold War 2.0, or the New Cold War refers to a renewed state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power - blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia or China, and the other led by the United States or NATO. This is akin to the original Cold War that saw a global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, Russia 's predecessor. Saudi Arabia vs Iran ( edit ) Main article : Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict An Atlantic Council member Bilal Y. Saab, an About.com writer Primoz Manfreda, an Iranian scholar Seyyed Hossein Mousavian and a Princeton University scholar Sina Toossi, journalist Kim Ghattas, Foreign Policy journalist Yochi Dreazen, Brookings Institution researcher Sultan Barakat, and Newsweek journalist Jonathan Broder use the term `` cold war '' to refer to tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. In February 2016, a University of Isfahan professor Ali Omidi dismissed the assumptions that the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia would grow tense. India vs Pakistan ( edit ) A commentator Ehsan Ahrari, a writer Bruce Riedel, a political commentator Sanjaya Baru and a Princeton University academic Zia Mian have used the term `` cold war '' since 2002 to refer to long - term tensions between India and Pakistan, which were part of the British India until its partition in 1947. China vs Japan ( edit ) China 's Defense Ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng, The Diplomat editor Shannon Tiezzi, and The Guardian columnist Simon Tisdall used the term to refer to tensions between China and Japan. China 's state - run newspaper Global Times says that China and Japan `` are stuck in a state of ' cold peace ' and ( m ) ust avoid sliding into a cold war. '' Korean peninsula ( edit ) A Naval Postgraduate School academic Edward A. Olsen, a British politician David Alton, a York University professor Hyun Ok Park, and a University of Southern California professor David C. Kang used the term to refer to tensions between North Korea and South Korea, which have been divided since the end of World War II in 1945. They interchangeably called it the `` Korean Cold War ''. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simon Dalby ; Gearoid O.u Tuathail ( 2002 ). Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge. p. 67. Jump up ^ Kort, Michael ( 2001 ). The Columbia Guide to the Cold War. Columbia University Press. p. 3. Jump up ^ Geiger, Till ( 2004 ). Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War. Ashgate Publishing. p. 7. Jump up ^ Orwell, George, The Observer, March 10, 1946 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005, p. 54 Jump up ^ Safire, William ( October 1, 2006 ). `` Islamofascism Anyone? ''. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved December 25, 2008. Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ). `` This Day on History - April 16, 1947 : Bernard Baruch coins the term `` Cold War '' ``. A + E Networks. Retrieved August 23, 2016. Full quote in the context of industrial labor problems in the United States of America in 1947 which could only solved, according to Bernard Baruch, through `` unity '' between labor and management which in return would give the United States the power to play its role as the major force by which, in the words of Baruch, `` the world can renew itself physically or spiritually. '' : `` Let us not be deceived - we are today in the midst of a cold war. Our enemies are to be found abroad and at home. Let us never forget this : Our unrest is the heart of their success. The peace of the world is the hope and the goal of our political system ; it is the despair and defeat of those who stand against us. We can depend only on ourselves. '' Jump up ^ Lippmann, Walter ( 1947 ). Cold War. Harper. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02. Jump up ^ Dmitri Trenin ( 4 March 2014 ). `` Welcome to Cold War II ''. Foreign Policy. Graham Holdings. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Jump up ^ As Cold War II Looms, Washington Courts Nationalist, Rightwing, Catholic, Xenophobic Poland, Huffington Post, 15 October 2015. Jump up ^ Mackenzie, Ryan ( 3 October 2015 ). `` Rubio : U.S. ' barreling toward a second Cold War ' ''. The Des Moines Register. USA Today. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ Bovt, George ( 31 March 2015 ). `` Who Will Win the New Cold War? ''. The Moscow Times. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ Trenin, Dmitri ( 2 March 2014 ). `` The crisis in Crimea could lead the world into a second cold war ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cold war 2.0 : how Russia and the west reheated a historic struggle ''. The Guardian. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016. Jump up ^ Eve Conant ( 12 September 2014 ). `` Is the Cold War Back? ''. National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Jump up ^ Simon Tisdall ( 19 November 2014 ). `` The new cold war : are we going back to the bad old days? ''. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 4 February 2015. Jump up ^ Philip N. Howard ( 1 August 2012 ). `` Social media and the new Cold War ''. Reuters. Reuters Commentary Wire. Retrieved 2 August 2016. Jump up ^ Powell, Bill. `` A New Cold War, Yes. But It 's With China, Not Russia ''. Newsweek.com. Newsweek. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Jump up ^ Saab, Bilal Y. ( 18 October 2016 ). `` Why an Iran - Saudi Arabia Conflict Is More Likely Today Than Ever Before ''. Newsweek. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Jump up ^ Manfreda, Primoz. `` Iran and Saudi Arabia -- Middle East Cold War ''. About.com. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Jump up ^ Mousavian, Seyyed Hossein ; Toossi, Sina ( 19 September 2016 ). `` Ending the Iran - Saudi Cold War ''. LoebLog. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Jump up ^ Ghattas, Kim ( 15 July 2015 ). `` The Saudi Cold War With Iran Heats Up ''. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 18 October 2016. ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Dreazen, Yochi ( 27 March 2015 ). `` In Yemen, the Middle East 's cold war could get hot ''. The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Jump up ^ Barakat, Sultan ( 22 June 2016 ). `` Is the Iranian - Saudi ' cold war ' heating up? How to reduce the temperature ''. Brookings Institution. Retrieved 11 July 2016. Jump up ^ Broder, Jonathan ( 11 January 2016 ). `` The Loser of the Cold War Between Iran and Saudi Arabia May Be Obama ''. Newsweek. Retrieved 11 July 2016. Jump up ^ Omidi, Ali ( February 2016 ). `` Five reasons why Iran - Saudi conflict wo n't escalate ''. Al - Monitor. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Jump up ^ Ahrari, Ehsan ( 21 June 2002 ). `` Similarity breeds contempt : India and Pakistan ''. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016. Jump up ^ Riedel, Bruce ( 26 May 2014 ). `` Indian and Pakistani Leaders Seek to End Their Cold War, but Will the ' Deep State ' Allow Peace? ''. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 9 December 2016. Jump up ^ Baru, Sanjaya ( October 2016 ). `` An Indo - Pak Cold War ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 6 November 2016. Jump up ^ Mian, Zia ( 7 December 2016 ). `` Kashmir, climate change, and nuclear war ''. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 9 December 2016. Jump up ^ `` China Lashes Out at Japan 's New Defence Plan, Says Tokyo Maintaining ' Cold War Mentality ' ''. NDTV. Associated Press. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2016. Jump up ^ Tiezzi, Shannon ( 25 January 2016 ). `` The New Cold War : China vs Japan ''. The Diplomat. Retrieved 8 November 2016. Jump up ^ Tisdall, Simon ( 17 January 2005 ). `` Sino - Japanese ' cold war ' stirs new tensions ''. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2016. Jump up ^ `` China, Japan must avoid slide into cold war ''. Global Times. Jump up ^ Olsen, Edward A. ( 1992 ). `` Korean Security : Is Japan 's ' Comprehensive Security ' Model a Viable Alternative? ''. In Doug Bandow ; Ted Galen Carpenter. The U.S. - South Korean Alliance : Time for a Change. New Brunswick, New Jersey : Transaction Publishers. p. 140. Retrieved 5 March 2017. Jump up ^ Olsen, Edward A. ( 2013 ) ( 2002 ). US National Defense for the Twenty - first Century : Grand Exit Strategy. Routledge. pp. 115 -- 116. ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5098 - 6. LCCN 2002073300. Retrieved 5 March 2017. Jump up ^ Alton, David ; Rob Chidley ( 2013 ). `` Marshall Aid for Korea ''. Building Bridges : Is there hope for North Korea?. Lion Hudson. p. 185. Retrieved 5 March 2017. Jump up ^ Hyun Ok Park ( 2015 ). The Capitalist Unconscious : From Korean Unification to Transnational Korea. Columbia University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 17192 - 2. LCCN 2015010090. Retrieved 5 March 2017. Jump up ^ Kang, David C. ( 31 December 2010 ). `` Korea 's New Cold War ''. The National Interest. Retrieved 4 March 2017. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_war_(general_term)&oldid=797264837 '' Categories : Warfare by type Wars by type Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Kurdî Português Slovenčina Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017, at 23 : 13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Cold war (general term)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cold_war_(general_term)&amp;oldid=797264837" }

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{ "text": "History of agriculture - wikipedia History of agriculture Jump to : navigation, search `` Agricultural history '' redirects here. For the journal, see Agricultural History ( journal ). `` Agrarian history '' redirects here. For the social philosophy, see agrarianism. For the topic of agricultural society, see agrarian society. Ploughing with a yoke of horned cattle in Ancient Egypt. Painting from the burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. 1200 BC The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC. From around 9,500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops -- emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas, and flax -- were cultivated in the Levant. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC, followed by sheep between 11,000 and 9,000 BC. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC. Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 7,000 BC. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 5,000 BC. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 8,000 and 5,000 BC, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. Bananas were cultivated and hybridized in the same period in Papua New Guinea. In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was domesticated to maize by 4,000 BC. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3,000 BC. In the Middle Ages, both in the Islamic world and in Europe, agriculture was transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees such as the orange to Europe by way of Al - Andalus. After 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips, and livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats to the Americas. Irrigation, crop rotation, and fertilizers were introduced soon after the Neolithic Revolution and developed much further in the past 200 years, starting with the British Agricultural Revolution. Since 1900, agriculture in the developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as human labour has been replaced by mechanization, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and selective breeding. The Haber - Bosch process allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields. Modern agriculture has raised social, political, and environmental issues including water pollution, biofuels, genetically modified organisms, tariffs and farm subsidies. In response, organic farming developed in the twentieth century as a consciously pesticide - free alternative. Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Origin hypotheses 1.2 Early development 2 Civilizations 2.1 Sumer 2.2 Ancient Egypt 2.3 Indus valley 2.4 Ancient China 2.5 Ancient Greece and Hellenistic world 2.6 Roman Empire 2.7 Mesoamerica 2.8 South America 2.9 North America 2.10 Australia 3 Middle Ages and Early Modern 3.1 Arab world 3.2 Europe 3.3 Columbian exchange 4 Modern agriculture 4.1 British agricultural revolution 4.2 20th century 4.3 Green Revolution 4.4 Organic agriculture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Surveys 7.2 Premodern 7.3 Modern 7.4 Europe 7.5 North America 8 External links Origins ( edit ) Main article : Neolithic Revolution Origin hypotheses ( edit ) A traditional hunter - gatherer society in Wyoming, 1870 Scholars have developed a number of hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from hunter - gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an antecedent period of intensification and increasing sedentism ; examples are the Natufian culture in southwest Asia, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Current models indicate that wild stands that had been harvested previously started to be planted, but were not immediately domesticated. Localised climate change is the favoured explanation for the origins of agriculture in the Levant. When major climate change took place after the last ice age ( c. 11,000 BC ), much of the earth became subject to long dry seasons. These conditions favoured annual plants which die off in the long dry season, leaving a dormant seed or tuber. An abundance of readily storable wild grains and pulses enabled hunter - gatherers in some areas to form the first settled villages at this time. Early development ( edit ) Further information : List of food origins Sumerian harvester 's sickle, 3,000 BC, made from baked clay Early people began altering communities of flora and fauna for their own benefit through means such as fire - stick farming and forest gardening very early. Exact dates are hard to determine, as people collected and ate seeds before domesticating them, and plant characteristics may have changed during this period without human selection. An example is the semi-tough rachis and larger seeds of cereals from just after the Younger Dryas ( about 9,500 BC ) in the early Holocene in the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent. Monophyletic characteristics were attained without any human intervention, implying that apparent domestication of the cereal rachis could have occurred quite naturally. An Indian farmer with a rock - weighted scratch plough pulled by two oxen. Similar ploughs were used throughout antiquity. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. Some of the earliest known domestications were of animals. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 BC. Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 11,000 and 9,000 BC. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3,000 BC. Centres of origin identified by Nikolai Vavilov in the 1930s. Papua New Guinea ( not shaded ) was identified more recently. It was not until after 9,500 BC that the eight so - called founder crops of agriculture appear : first emmer and einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax. These eight crops occur more or less simultaneously on Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) sites in the Levant, although wheat was the first to be grown and harvested on a significant scale. At around the same time ( 9400 BC ), parthenocarpic fig trees were domesticated. By 7,000 BC, sowing and harvesting reached the fertile soil of Mesopotamia, where Sumerians systematized it and scaled it up. By 8,000 BC, farming was entrenched on the banks of the River Nile. About this time, agriculture was developed independently in the Far East, probably in China, with rice rather than wheat as the primary crop. Maize was domesticated from the wild grass teosinte in West Mexico by 6,700 BC. The potato ( 8,000 BC ), tomato, pepper ( 4,000 BC ), squash ( 8,000 BC ) and several varieties of bean ( 8,000 BC onwards ) were domesticated in the New World. Agriculture was independently developed on the island of New Guinea. In Greece from c. 11,000 BC lentils, vetch, pistachios, and almonds were cultivated, while wild oats and wild barley appear in quantity from c. 7,000 BC alongside einkorn wheat, barley, sheep, goats and pigs, while emmer was used on Cyprus between 9,100 and 8,600 BC. Banana cultivation of Musa acuminata, including hybridization, dates back to 5,000 BC, and possibly to 8,000 BC, in Papua New Guinea. Bees were kept for honey in the Middle East around 7,000 BC. Archaeological evidence from various sites on the Iberian peninsula suggest the domestication of plants and animals between 6,000 and 4,500 BC. Céide Fields in Ireland, consisting of extensive tracts of land enclosed by stone walls, date to 3,500 BC and are the oldest known field systems in the world. The horse was domesticated in the Pontic steppe around 4,000 BC. In Siberia, Cannabis was in use in China in Neolithic times and may have been domesticated there ; it was in use both as a fibre for ropemaking and as a medicine in Ancient Egypt by about 2,350 BC. Clay and wood model of a bull cart carrying farm produce in large pots, Mohenjo - daro. The site was abandoned in the 19th century BC. In China, rice and millet were domesticated by 8,000 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. In the Sahel region of Africa, local rice and sorghum were domesticated by 5,000 BC. Kola nut and coffee were domesticated in Africa. In New Guinea, ancient Papuan peoples began practicing agriculture around 7,000 BC, domesticating sugarcane and taro. In the Indus Valley from the eighth millennium BC onwards at Mehrgarh, 2 - row and 6 - row barley were cultivated, along with einkorn, emmer, and durum wheats, and dates. In the earliest levels of Merhgarh, wild game such as gazelle, swamp deer, blackbuck, chital, wild ass, wild goat, wild sheep, boar, and nilgai were all hunted for food. These are successively replaced by domesticated sheep, goats, and humped zebu cattle by the fifth millennium BC, indicating the gradual transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Maize and squash were domesticated in Mesoamerica ; potato in South America, and sunflower in the Eastern Woodlands of North America. Civilizations ( edit ) Sumer ( edit ) Domesticated animals on a Sumerian cylinder seal. 2500 BC See also : Neolithic Revolution Sumerian farmers grew the cereals barley and wheat, starting to live in villages from about 8,000 BC. Given the low rainfall of the region, agriculture relied on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Irrigation canals leading from the rivers permitted the growth of cereals in large enough quantities to support cities. The first ploughs appear in pictographs from Uruk around 3,000 BC ; seed - ploughs that funneled seed into the ploughed furrow appear on seals around 2300 BC. Vegetable crops included chickpeas, lentils, peas, beans, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. They grew fruits including dates, grapes, apples, melons, and figs. Alongside their farming, Sumerians also caught fish and hunted fowl and gazelle. The meat of sheep, goats, cows and poultry was eaten, mainly by the elite. Fish was preserved by drying, salting and smoking. Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Agricultural scenes of threshing, a grain store, harvesting with sickles, digging, tree - cutting and ploughing from Ancient Egypt. Tomb of Nakht, 15th century BC Main article : Ancient Egyptian agriculture The civilization of Ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river 's predictability and the fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians were among the first peoples to practice agriculture on a large scale, starting in the pre-dynastic period from the end of the Paleolithic into the Neolithic, between around 10,000 and 4,000 BC. This was made possible with the development of basin irrigation. Their staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus. Indus Valley ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in India Cotton was cultivated by the 5th - 4th millennium BC. Wheat, barley, and jujube were domesticated in the Indian subcontinent by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats. Barley and wheat cultivation -- along with the domestication of cattle, primarily sheep and goats -- followed in Mehrgarh culture by 8,000 -- 6,000 BC. This period also saw the first domestication of the elephant. Pastoral farming in India included threshing, planting crops in rows -- either of two or of six -- and storing grain in granaries. By the 5th millennium BC, agricultural communities became widespread in Kashmir. Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4,500 BC. The size and prosperity of the Indus civilization grew as a result of this innovation, leading to more thoroughly planned settlements which used drainage and sewers. Archeological evidence of an animal - drawn plough dates back to 2,500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization. Ancient China ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in China and Agriculture ( Chinese mythology ) Ancient rice terraces in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Records from the Warring States, Qin Dynasty, and Han Dynasty provide a picture of early Chinese agriculture from the 5th century BC to 2nd century AD which included a nationwide granary system and widespread use of sericulture. An important early Chinese book on agriculture is the Chimin Yaoshu of AD 535, written by Jia Sixia. Jia 's writing style was straightforward and lucid relative to the elaborate and allusive writing typical of the time. Jia 's book was also very long, with over one hundred thousand written Chinese characters, and it quoted many other Chinese books that were written previously, but no longer survive. The contents of Jia 's 6th century book include sections on land preparation, seeding, cultivation, orchard management, forestry, and animal husbandry. The book also includes peripherally related content covering trade and culinary uses for crops. The work and the style in which it was written proved influential on later Chinese agronomists, such as Wang Zhen and his groundbreaking Nong Shu of 1313. For agricultural purposes, the Chinese had innovated the hydraulic - powered trip hammer by the 1st century BC. Although it found other purposes, its main function to pound, decorticate, and polish grain that otherwise would have been done manually. The Chinese also began using the square - pallet chain pump by the 1st century AD, powered by a waterwheel or oxen pulling an on a system of mechanical wheels. Although the chain pump found use in public works of providing water for urban and palatial pipe systems, it was used largely to lift water from a lower to higher elevation in filling irrigation canals and channels for farmland. By the end of the Han dynasty in the late 2nd century, heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards. These would slowly spread west, revolutionizing farming in Northern Europe by the 10th century. ( Glick, however, argues for a development of the Chinese plough as late as the 9th century, implying its spread east from similar designs known in Italy by the 7th century. ) Asian rice was domesticated 8,200 -- 13,500 years ago in China, with a single genetic origin from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon, in the Pearl River valley region of China. Rice cultivation then spread to South and Southeast Asia. Ancient Greece and Hellenistic World ( edit ) Further information : Agriculture in ancient Greece and Agriculture in Greece An ear of barley, symbol of wealth in the city of Metapontum in Magna Graecia ( i.e. the Greek colonies of southern Italy ), stamped stater, c. 530 -- 510 BCE The major cereal crops of the ancient Mediterranean region were wheat, emmer, and barley, while common vegetables included peas, beans, fava, and olives, dairy products came mostly from sheep and goats, and meat, which was consumed on rare occasion for most people, usually consisted of pork, beef, and lamb. Agriculture in ancient Greece was hindered by the topography of mainland Greece that only allowed for roughly 10 % of the land to be cultivated properly, necessitating the specialized exportation of oil and wine and importation of grains from Thrace ( centered in what is now Bulgaria ) and the Greek colonies of southern Russia. During the Hellenistic period, the Ptolemaic Empire controlled Egypt, Cyprus, Phoenicia, and Cyrenaica, major grain - producing regions that mainland Greeks depended on for subsistence, while the Ptolemaic grain market also played a critical role in the rise of the Roman Republic. In the Seleucid Empire, Mesopotamia was a crucial area for the production of wheat, while nomadic animal husbandry was also practiced in other parts. Roman Empire ( edit ) Further information : Roman agriculture Roman harvesting machine, a vallus, from a wall in Belgium In the Greco - Roman world of Classical antiquity, Roman agriculture was built on techniques originally pioneered by the Sumerians, transmitted to them by subsequent cultures, with a specific emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade and export. The Romans laid the groundwork for the manorial economic system, involving serfdom, which flourished in the Middle Ages. The farm sizes in Rome can be divided into three categories. Small farms were from 18 - 88 iugera ( one iugerum is equal to about 0.65 acre ). Medium - sized farms were from 80 - 500 iugera ( singular iugerum ). Large estates ( called latifundia ) were over 500 iugera. The Romans had four systems of farm management : direct work by owner and his family ; slaves doing work under supervision of slave managers ; tenant farming or sharecropping in which the owner and a tenant divide up a farm 's produce ; and situations in which a farm was leased to a tenant. Mesoamerica ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Mesoamerica In Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was transformed through human selection into the ancestor of modern maize, more than 6,000 years ago. It gradually spread across North America and was the major crop of Native Americans at the time of European exploration. Other Mesoamerican crops include hundreds of varieties of locally domesticated squash and beans, while cocoa, also domesticated in the region, was a major crop. The turkey, one of the most important meat birds, was probably domesticated in Mexico or the U.S. Southwest. In Mesoamerica, the Aztecs were active farmers and had an agriculturally focused economy. The land around Lake Texcoco was fertile, but not large enough to produce the amount of food needed for the population of their expanding empire. The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed terraced hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed chinampas or artificial islands, also known as `` floating gardens ''. The Mayas between 400 BC to 900 AD used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland on the Yucatán Peninsula. South America ( edit ) See also : Incan agriculture Inca farmers using a human - powered foot plough In the Andes region of South America, with civilizations including the Inca, the major crop was the potato, domesticated approximately 7,000 -- 10,000 years ago. Coca, still a major crop to this day, was domesticated in the Andes, as were the peanut, tomato, tobacco, and pineapple. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Animals were also domesticated, including llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs. North America ( edit ) Further information : History of agriculture in the United States The indigenous people of the Eastern U.S.A. domesticated numerous crops. Sunflowers, tobacco, varieties of squash and Chenopodium, as well as crops no longer grown, including marsh elder and little barley, were domesticated. Wild foods including wild rice and maple sugar were harvested. The most common varieties of strawberry were domesticated from Eastern North America. Two major crops, pecans and Concord grapes, were utilized extensively in prehistoric times but do not appear to have been domesticated until the 19th century. The indigenous people in what is now California and the Pacific Northwest practiced various forms of forest gardening and fire - stick farming in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands, ensuring that desired food and medicine plants continued to be available. The natives controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low - intensity fire ecology which prevented larger, catastrophic fires and sustained a low - density agriculture in loose rotation ; a sort of `` wild '' permaculture. A system of companion planting called the Three Sisters was developed in North America. Three crops that complemented each other were planted together : winter squash, maize ( corn ), and climbing beans ( typically tepary beans or common beans ). The maize provides a structure for the beans to climb, eliminating the need for poles. The beans provide the nitrogen to the soil that the other plants use, and the squash spreads along the ground, blocking the sunlight, helping prevent the establishment of weeds. The squash leaves also act as a `` living mulch ''. Australia ( edit ) Native millet, Panicum decompositum, was planted and harvested by Indigenous Australians in eastern central Australia. Main article : Fire - stick farming From the time of British colonization of Australia in 1788, Indigenous Australians were characterised as nomadic hunter - gatherers who did not engage in agriculture, despite evidence to the contrary. In 1969, the archaeologist Rhys Jones proposed that Indigenous Australians engaged in systematic burning as a way of enhancing natural productivity, what has been termed fire - stick farming. In the 1970s and 1980s archaeological research in south west Victoria established that the Gunditjmara and other groups had developed sophisticated eel farming and fish trapping systems over a period of nearly 5,000 years. The archaeologist Harry Lourandos suggested in the 1980s that there was evidence of ' intensification ' in progress across Australia, a process that appeared to have continued through the preceding 5,000 years. These concepts led the historian Bill Gammage to argue that in effect the whole continent was a managed landscape. In two regions of Australia, the central west coast and eastern central Australia, forms of early agriculture may have been practiced. People living in permanent settlements of over 200 residents sowed or planted on a large scale and stored the harvested food. The Nhanda and Amangu of the central west coast grew yams ( Dioscorea hastifolia ), while various groups in eastern central Australia ( the Corners Region ) planted and harvested bush onions ( yaua - Cyperus bulbosus ), native millet ( cooly, tindil -- Panicum decompositum ) and a sporocarp, ngardu ( Marsillea drumondii ). Middle Ages and early Modern ( edit ) From 100 BC to 1600 AD, world population continued to grow along with land use, as evidenced by the rapid increase in methane emissions from cattle and the cultivation of rice. Arab World ( edit ) Noria wheels to lift water for irrigation and household use were among the technologies introduced to Europe via Al - Andalus in the medieval Islamic world. Main article : Arab Agricultural Revolution From the 8th century, the medieval Islamic world underwent a transformation in agricultural practice, described by the historian Andrew Watson as the Arab Agricultural Revolution. This transformation was driven by a number of factors including the diffusion of many crops and plants along Muslim trade routes, the spread of more advanced farming techniques, and an agricultural - economic system which promoted increased yields and efficiency. The shift in agricultural practice changed the economy, population distribution, vegetation cover, agricultural production, population levels, urban growth, the distribution of the labour force, cooking, diet, and clothing across the Islamic world. Muslim traders covered much of the Old World, and trade enabled the diffusion of many crops, plants and farming techniques across the region, as well as the adaptation of crops, plants and techniques from beyond the Islamic world. This diffusion introduced major crops to Europe by way of Al - Andalus, along with the techniques for their cultivation and cuisine. Sugar cane, rice, and cotton were among the major crops transferred, along with citrus and other fruit trees, nut trees, vegetables such as aubergine, spinach and chard, and the use of spices such as cumin, coriander, nutmeg and cinnamon. Intensive irrigation, crop rotation, and agricultural manuals were widely adopted. Irrigation, partly based on Roman technology, made use of noria water wheels, water mills, dams and reservoirs. Europe ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in the Middle Ages The Middle Ages saw further improvements in agriculture. Monasteries spread throughout Europe and became important centers for the collection of knowledge related to agriculture and forestry. The manorial system allowed large landowners to control their land and its laborers, in the form of peasants or serfs. During the medieval period, the Arab world was critical in the exchange of crops and technology between the European, Asia and African continents. Besides transporting numerous crops, they introduced the concept of summer irrigation to Europe and developed the beginnings of the plantation system of sugarcane growing through the use of slaves for intensive cultivation. Agricultural calendar, c. 1470, from a manuscript of Pietro de Crescenzi By AD 900, developments in iron smelting allowed for increased production in Europe, leading to developments in the production of agricultural implements such as ploughs, hand tools and horse shoes. The carruca heavy plough improved on the earlier scratch plough, with the adoption of the Chinese mouldboard plough to turn over the heavy, wet soils of northern Europe. This led to the clearing of northern European forests and an increase in agricultural production, which in turn led to an increase in population. At the same time, some farmers in Europe moved from a two field crop rotation to a three field crop rotation in which one field of three was left fallow every year. This resulted in increased productivity and nutrition, as the change in rotations permitted nitrogen - fixing legumes such as peas, lentils and beans. Improved horse harnesses and the whippletree further improved cultivation. Watermills were introduced by the Romans, but were improved throughout the Middle Ages, along with windmills, and used to grind grains into flour, to cut wood and to process flax and wool. Crops included wheat, rye, barley and oats. Peas, beans, and vetches became common from the 13th century onward as a fodder crop for animals and also for their nitrogen - fixation fertilizing properties. Crop yields peaked in the 13th century, and stayed more or less steady until the 18th century. Though the limitations of medieval farming were once thought to have provided a ceiling for the population growth in the Middle Ages, recent studies have shown that the technology of medieval agriculture was always sufficient for the needs of the people under normal circumstances, and that it was only during exceptionally harsh times, such as the terrible weather of 1315 -- 17, that the needs of the population could not be met. Columbian exchange ( edit ) The Harvesters. Pieter Bruegel -- 1565 Main article : Columbian exchange After 1492, a global exchange of previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred. Maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes and manioc were the key crops that spread from the New World to the Old, while varieties of wheat, barley, rice and turnips traveled from the Old World to the New. There had been few livestock species in the New World, with horses, cattle, sheep and goats being completely unknown before their arrival with Old World settlers. Crops moving in both directions across the Atlantic Ocean caused population growth around the world and a lasting effect on many cultures. Maize and cassava were introduced from Brazil into Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century, becoming staple foods, replacing native African crops. After its introduction from South America to Spain in the late 1500s, the potato became a staple crop throughout Europe by the late 1700s. The potato allowed farmers to produce more food, and initially added variety to the European diet. The increased supply of food reduced disease, increased births and reduced mortality, causing a population boom throughout the British Empire, the US and Europe. The introduction of the potato also brought about the first intensive use of fertilizer, in the form of guano imported to Europe from Peru, and the first artificial pesticide, in the form of an arsenic compound used to fight Colorado potato beetles. Before the adoption of the potato as a major crop, the dependence on grain had caused repetitive regional and national famines when the crops failed, including 17 major famines in England between 1523 and 1623. The resulting dependence on the potato however caused the European Potato Failure, a disastrous crop failure from disease that resulted in widespread famine and the death of over one million people in Ireland alone. Modern agriculture ( edit ) British agricultural Revolution ( edit ) Main article : British Agricultural Revolution See also : List of agricultural machinery, Industrial agriculture, and Mechanized agriculture The agriculturalist Charles ' Turnip ' Townshend introduced four - field crop rotation and the cultivation of turnips Between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, Britain saw a large increase in agricultural productivity and net output. New agricultural practices like enclosure, mechanization, four - field crop rotation to maintain soil nutrients, and selective breeding enabled an unprecedented population growth to 5.7 million in 1750, freeing up a significant percentage of the workforce, and thereby helped drive the Industrial Revolution. The productivity of wheat went up from about 19 bushels per acre in 1720 to around 30 bushels by 1840, marking a major turning point in history. Jethro Tull 's seed drill, invented in 1701 Advice on more productive techniques for farming began to appear in England in the mid-17th century, from writers such as Samuel Hartlib, Walter Blith and others. The main problem in sustaining agriculture in one place for a long time was the depletion of nutrients, most importantly nitrogen levels, in the soil. To allow the soil to regenerate, productive land was often let fallow and in some places crop rotation was used. The Dutch four - field rotation system was popularised by the British agriculturist Charles Townshend in the 18th century. The system ( wheat, turnips, barley and clover ), opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop allowing livestock to be bred year - round. The use of clover was especially important as the legume roots replenished soil nitrates. The mechanisation and rationalisation of agriculture was another important factor. Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke introduced selective breeding, and initiated a process of inbreeding to maximise desirable traits from the mid 18th century, such as the New Leicester sheep. Machines were invented to improve the efficiency of various agricultural operation, such as Jethro Tull 's seed drill of 1701 that mechanised seeding at the correct depth and spacing and Andrew Meikle 's threshing machine of 1784. Ploughs were steadily improved, from Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham iron plough in 1730 to James Small 's improved `` Scots Plough '' metal in 1763. In 1789 Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies was producing 86 plough models for different soils. Powered farm machinery began with Richard Trevithick 's stationary steam engine, used to drive a threshing machine, in 1812. Mechanisation spread to other farm uses through the 19th century. The first petrol - driven tractor was built in America by John Froelich in 1892. The scientific investigation of fertilization began at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1843 by John Bennet Lawes. He investigated the impact of inorganic and organic fertilizers on crop yield and founded one of the first artificial fertilizer manufacturing factories in 1842. Fertilizer, in the shape of sodium nitrate deposits in Chile, was imported to Britain by John Thomas North as well as guano ( birds droppings ). The first commercial process for fertilizer production was the obtaining of phosphate from the dissolution of coprolites in sulphuric acid. 20th century ( edit ) Early 20th century image of a tractor ploughing an alfalfa field Dan Albone constructed the first commercially successful gasoline - powered general purpose tractor in 1901, and the 1923 International Harvester Farmall tractor marked a major point in the replacement of draft animals ( particularly horses ) with machines. Since that time, self - propelled mechanical harvesters ( combines ), planters, transplanters and other equipment have been developed, further revolutionizing agriculture. These inventions allowed farming tasks to be done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible, leading modern farms to output much greater volumes of high - quality produce per land unit. Bt - toxins in genetically modified peanut leaves ( bottom ) protect from damage by corn borers ( top ). The Haber - Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a major breakthrough and allowed crop yields to overcome previous constraints. It was first patented by German chemist Fritz Haber. In 1910 Carl Bosch, while working for German chemical company BASF, successfully commercialized the process and secured further patents. In the years after World War II, the use of synthetic fertilizer increased rapidly, in sync with the increasing world population. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, water pollution, and farm subsidies. Other applications of scientific research since 1950 in agriculture include gene manipulation, hydroponics, and the development of economically viable biofuels such as ethanol. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic movement. Famines continued to sweep the globe through the 20th century. Through the effects of climactic events, government policy, war and crop failure, millions of people died in each of at least ten famines between the 1920s and the 1990s. The historical processes that have allowed agricultural crops to be cultivated and eaten well beyond their centers of origin continues in the present through globalization. On average, 68.7 % of a nation 's food supplies and 69.3 % of its agricultural production are of crops with foreign origins. Green Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Green Revolution Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution of the 1970s, is credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation. The Green Revolution was a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, between the 1940s and the late 1970s. It increased agriculture production around the world, especially from the late 1960s. The initiatives, led by Norman Borlaug and credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high - yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers. Synthetic nitrogen, along with mined rock phosphate, pesticides and mechanization, have greatly increased crop yields in the early 20th century. Increased supply of grains has led to cheaper livestock as well. Further, global yield increases were experienced later in the 20th century when high - yield varieties of common staple grains such as rice, wheat, and corn were introduced as a part of the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution exported the technologies ( including pesticides and synthetic nitrogen ) of the developed world to the developing world. Thomas Malthus famously predicted that the Earth would not be able to support its growing population, but technologies such as the Green Revolution have allowed the world to produce a surplus of food. Although the Green Revolution significantly increased rice yields in Asia, yield increases have not occurred in the past 15 -- 20 years. The genetic `` yield potential '' has increased for wheat, but the yield potential for rice has not increased since 1966, and the yield potential for maize has `` barely increased in 35 years ''. It takes only a decade or two for herbicide - resistant weeds to emerge, and insects become resistant to insecticides within about a decade, delayed somewhat by crop rotation. Organic agriculture ( edit ) An organic farmer, California, 1972 Main article : Organic farming For most of its history, agriculture has been organic, without synthetic fertilisers or pesticides, and without GMOs. 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Amacom Publishing Jump up ^ Douglas, James S., Hydroponics, 5th ed. Bombay : Oxford UP, 1975. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ `` Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources : Assessing Biofuels '' ( PDF ). United Nations Environment Programme. 16 October 2009. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2009. Jump up ^ Philpott, Tom ( 19 April 2013 ). `` A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer ''. Mother Jones. Retrieved 7 May 2013. Jump up ^ `` Ten worst famines of the 20th century ''. Sydney Morning Herald. 15 August 2011. Jump up ^ Khoury, C.K. ; Achicanoy, H.A. ; Bjorkman, A.D. ; Navarro - Racines, C. ; Guarino, L. ; Flores - Palacios, X. ; Engels, J.M.M. ; Wiersema, J.H. ; Dempewolf, H. ; Sotelo, S. ; Ramírez - Villegas, J. ; Castañeda - Álvarez, N.P. ; Fowler, C. ; Jarvis, A. ; Rieseberg, L.H. ; Struik, P.C. ( 2016 ). `` Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide ''. Proc. R. Soc. B. 283 ( 1832 ) : 20160792. doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2016.0792. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hazell, Peter B.R. ( 2009 ). The Asian Green Revolution. IFPRI Discussion Paper. International Food Policy Research Institute. GGKEY : HS2UT4LADZD. Jump up ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei ; Bradsher, Keith ( 8 December 2005 ). `` Sometimes a Bumper Crop Is Too Much of a Good Thing ''. The New York Times. ^ Jump up to : Tilman, D. ; Cassman, K.G. ; Matson, P.A. ; Naylor, R. ; Polasky, S. ( August 2002 ). `` Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices '' ( PDF ). Nature. 418 ( 6898 ) : 671 -- 7. Bibcode : 2002Natur. 418... 671T. PMID 12167873. doi : 10.1038 / nature01014. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Paull, John ( 2011 ). `` Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course : Rudolf Steiner 's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924 '' ( PDF ). European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 70. Jump up ^ Paull, John ( 2014 ). `` Lord Northbourne, the man who invented organic farming, a biography '' ( PDF ). Journal of Organic Systems. 9 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 53. Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Civitello, Linda. Cuisine and Culture : A History of Food and People ( Wiley, 2011 ) excerpt Federico, Giovanni. Feeding the World : An Economic History of Agriculture 1800 - 2000 ( Princeton UP, 2005 ) highly quantitative Grew, Raymond. Food in Global History ( 1999 ) Heiser, Charles B. Seed to Civilization : The Story of Food ( W.H. Freeman, 1990 ) Herr, Richard, ed. Themes in Rural History of the Western World ( Iowa State UP, 1993 ) Mazoyer, Marcel, and Laurence Roudart. A History of World Agriculture : From the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis ( Monthly Review Press, 2006 ) Marxist perspective Prentice, E. Parmalee. Hunger and history : the influence of hunger on human history ( Harper, 1939 ) Tauger, Mark. Agriculture in World History ( Routledge, 2008 ) Premodern ( edit ) Bakels, C.C. The Western European Loess Belt : Agrarian History, 5300 BC - AD 1000 ( Springer, 2009 ) Barker, Graeme, and Candice Goucher, eds. The Cambridge World History : Volume 2, A World with Agriculture, 12,000 BCE -- 500 CE. ( Cambridge UP, 2015 ) Bowman, Alan K. and Rogan, Eugene, eds. Agriculture in Egypt : From Pharaonic to Modern Times ( Oxford UP, 1999 ) Cohen, M.N. The Food Crisis in Prehistory : Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture ( Yale UP, 1977 ) Crummey, Donald and Stewart, C.C., eds. Modes of Production in Africa : The Precolonial Era ( Sagem 1981 ) Jared Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel ( W.W. Norton, 1997 ) Duncan - Jones, Richard. Economy of the Roman Empire ( Cambridge UP, 1982 ) Habib, Irfan. Agrarian System of Mughal India ( Oxford UP, 3rd ed. 2013 ) Harris, D.R., ed. The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, ( Routledge, 1996 ) Isager, Signe and Jens Erik Skydsgaard. Ancient Greek Agriculture : An Introduction ( Routledge, 1995 ) Lee, Mabel Ping - hua. The economic history of china : with special reference to agriculture ( Columbia University, 1921 ) Murray, Jacqueline. The First European Agriculture ( Edinburgh UP, 1970 ) Oka, H-I. Origin of cultivated rice ( Elsevier, 2012 ) Price, T.D. and A. Gebauer, eds. Last Hunters -- First Farmers : New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture ( 1995 ) Srivastava, Vinod Chandra, ed. History of Agriculture in India ( 5 vols 2014 ) from 2000 BC to present. Stevens, C.E. `` Agriculture and Rural Life in the Later Roman Empire '' in Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. I, The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages ( 1971 ) Teall, John L ( 1959 ). `` The grain supply of the Byzantine Empire, 330 - 1025 ''. Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13 : 87 -- 139. JSTOR 1291130. Yasuda, Y., ed... The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture ( SAB, 2003 ) Modern ( edit ) Collingham, E.M. The Taste of War : World War Two and the Battle for Food ( Penguin, 2012 ) Kerridge, Erik. `` The Agricultural Revolution Reconsidered. '' Agricultural History ( 1969 ) 43 : 4, 463 - 75. in JSTOR, in Britain, 1750 -- 1850 Ludden, David, ed. New Cambridge History of India : An Agrarian History of South Asia ( Cambridge UP, 1999 ). excerpt and online search from Amazon.com ; also online edition McNeill, William H ( 1999 ). `` How the Potato Changed the World 's History ''. Social Research. 66 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83. JSTOR 40971302. Mintz, Sidney. Sweetness and Power : The Place of Sugar in Modern History ( Penguin, 1986 ) Reader, John. Propitious Esculent : The Potato in World History ( Heinemann, 2008 ) a standard scholarly history Salaman, Redcliffe N. The History and Social Influence of the Potato, ( Cambridge, 2010 ) Europe ( edit ) Ambrosoli, Mauro. The Wild and the Sown : Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1350 -- 1850 ( Cambridge UP, 1997 ) Brassley, Paul, Yves Segers, and Leen Van Molle, eds. War, Agriculture, and Food : Rural Europe from the 1930s to the 1950s ( Routledge, 2012 ) Brown, Jonathan. Agriculture in England : A Survey of Farming, 1870 -- 1947 ( Manchester UP, 1987 ) Clark, Gregory ( 2007 ). `` The long march of history : Farm wages, population, and economic growth, England 1209 -- 1869 '' ( PDF ). Economic History Review. 60 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 135. doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2006. 00358. x. Dovring, Folke, ed. Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century : a comparative survey of recent agrarian history ( Springer, 1965 ) Gras, Norman. A history of agriculture in Europe and America ( Crofts, 1925 ) Harvey, Nigel. The Industrial Archaeology of Farming in England and Wales ( HarperCollins, 1980 ) Hoffman, Philip T. Growth in a Traditional Society : The French Countryside, 1450 -- 1815 ( Princeton UP, 1996 ) Hoyle, Richard W., ed. The Farmer in England, 1650 -- 1980 ( Routledge, 2013 ) online review Kussmaul, Ann. A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538 -- 1840 ( Cambridge UP, 1990 ) Langdon, John. Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation : The Use of Draught Animals in English Farming from 1066 to 1500 ( Cambridge UP, 1986 ) McNeill, William H ( 1948 ). `` The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland ''. Journal of Modern History. 21 : 218 -- 21. JSTOR 1876068. doi : 10.1086 / 237272. Moon, David. The Plough that Broke the Steppes : Agriculture and Environment on Russia 's Grasslands, 1700 -- 1914 ( Oxford UP, 2014 ) Slicher van Bath, B.H. The agrarian history of Western Europe, AD 500 -- 1850 ( Edward Arnold, reprint, 1963 ) Thirsk, Joan, et al. The Agrarian History of England and Wales ( Cambridge UP, 8 vols., 1978 ) Williamson, Tom. Transformation of Rural England : Farming and the Landscape 1700 -- 1870 ( Liverpool UP, 2002 ) Zweiniger - Bargielowska, Ina, Rachel Duffett, and Alain Drouard, eds. Food and war in twentieth century Europe ( Ashgate, 2011 ) North America ( edit ) Cochrane, Willard W. The Development of American Agriculture : A Historical Analysis ( U of Minnesota P, 1993 ) Fite, Gilbert C. ( 1983 ). `` American Farmers : The New Minority ''. Annals of Iowa. 46 ( 7 ) : 553 -- 555. Gras, Norman. A history of agriculture in Europe and America, ( F.S. Crofts, 1925 ) Gray, L.C. History of agriculture in the southern United States to 1860 ( P. Smith, 1933 ) Volume I online ; Volume 2 Hart, John Fraser. The Changing Scale of American Agriculture. ( U of Virginia Press, 2004 ) Hurt, R. Douglas. American Agriculture : A Brief History ( Purdue UP, 2002 ) Mundlak, Yair ( 2005 ). `` Economic Growth : Lessons from Two Centuries of American Agriculture ''. Journal of Economic Literature. 43 ( 4 ) : 989 -- 1024. doi : 10.1257 / 002205105775362005. O'Sullivan, Robin. American Organic : A Cultural History of Farming, Gardening, Shopping, and Eating ( UP of Kansas, 2015 ) Rasmussen, Wayne D. ed. Readings in the history of American agriculture ( U of Illinois Press, 1960 ) Robert, Joseph C. The story of tobacco in America ( U of North Carolina P, 1949 ) Russell, Howard. A Long Deep Furrow : Three Centuries of Farming In New England ( UP of New England, 1981 ) Russell, Peter A. How Agriculture Made Canada : Farming in the Nineteenth Century ( McGill - Queen 's UP, 2012 ) Schafer, Joseph. The social history of American agriculture ( Da Capo, 1970 ( 1936 ) ) Schlebecker John T. Whereby we thrive : A history of American farming, 1607 - 1972 ( Iowa State UP, 1972 ) Weeden, William Babcock. Economic and Social History of New England, 1620 - 1789 ( Houghton, Mifflin, 1891 ) Yeargin, Billy. North Carolina Tobacco : A History ( History Press, 2008 ) External links ( edit ) `` The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture '' from Cornell University Library ; includes 2100 fulltext books and runs of 36 scholarly journals ; coverage of agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, animal science, crops and their protection, food science, forestry, human nutrition, rural sociology, and soil science. Agriculture General Agribusiness Agricultural supplies Agricultural science Agricultural engineering Agroforestry Agronomy Animal husbandry Animal - free agriculture Extensive farming Farm Free range Intensive farming Intensive animal farming Mechanised agriculture Organic farming Permaculture Sustainable agriculture Universities and colleges Urban agriculture History Prehistoric Neolithic Revolution Agriculture in Mesoamerica Ancient Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Medieval Arab Agricultural Revolution Modern British Agricultural Revolution Green Revolution Organic Types Aquaculture Cattle Dairy farming Goat farming Grazing Hydroponics Livestock Pig farming Orchards Poultry farming Sheep farming Categories Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Biotechnology Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Category Portal Wikiproject History of biology Fields and disciplines History of agriculture History of agricultural science History of anatomy History of botany History of evolutionary thought History of ecology History of medicine History of model organisms History of plant systematics History of paleontology History of geology History of zoology ( through 1859 ) History of zoology ( since 1859 ) History of phycology History of genetics History of biochemistry History of molecular biology History of RNA biology History of molecular evolution History of immunology History of biotechnology Institutions Rothamsted Experimental Station Pasteur Institute Max Planck Society Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Stazione Zoologica Marine Biological Laboratory Rockefeller University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Laboratory of Molecular Biology Experiments Griffith 's experiment ( 1928 ) Luria -- Delbrück experiment ( 1943 ) Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment ( 1944 ) Miller -- Urey experiment ( 1952 ) Hershey -- Chase experiment ( 1952 ) Meselson -- Stahl experiment ( 1958 ) Crick, Brenner et al. experiment ( 1961 ) Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment ( 1961 ) Nirenberg and Leder experiment ( 1964 ) Theories and concepts Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene -- one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world hypothesis Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation Influential figures Classical antiquity Aristotle Aristotle 's biology On Generation and Corruption History of Animals Theophrastus Historia Plantarum Pedanius Dioscorides De Materia Medica Galen Renaissance, Early Modern Conrad Gessner Historia animalium Andreas Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica William Harvey De Motu Cordis Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Micrographia Francesco Redi 18th and 19th centuries Carolus Linnaeus Systema Naturae Georges - Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Histoire Naturelle Jean - Baptiste Lamarck Philosophie Zoologique Alexander von Humboldt Charles Lyell Principles of Geology Robert Chambers Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species The Descent of Man Alfred Russel Wallace Henry Walter Bates Gregor Mendel `` Experiments on Plant Hybridization '' Ronald Fisher `` On Mendelian Inheritance '' Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Ernst Haeckel Ivan Pavlov Sergei Winogradsky Jacques Loeb Hugo de Vries E.B. Wilson 20th century Thomas Hunt Morgan Aleksandr Oparin Alexander Fleming Edmund Jaeger J.B.S. Haldane Sewall Wright R.A. Fisher What Is Life? Konrad Lorenz Barbara McClintock Theodosius Dobzhansky Genetics and the Origin of Species Ernst Mayr George Beadle Seymour Benzer Rosalind Franklin Photo 51 James D. Watson and Francis Crick `` Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids '' `` Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease '' Fred Sanger Max Perutz John Kendrew Sydney Brenner Joshua Lederberg Walter Gilbert Kary Mullis Stephen Jay Gould Lynn Margulis Carl Woese Jane Goodall Related History of science Philosophy of biology Timeline of biology and organic chemistry Ethnobotany Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Humboldtian science Relationship between religion and science Eugenics Human Genome Project History of creationism History of the creation - evolution controversy Category Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_agriculture&oldid=802360968 '' Categories : History of agriculture History of industries Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. Good articles All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 17 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "History of agriculture", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=History_of_agriculture&amp;oldid=802360968" }

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{ "text": "Election Commission of India - Wikipedia Election Commission of India Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the body which oversees elections in India. For similar title in other jurisdictions, see Election Commission. This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Election Commission of India The official logo Election Commission of India Commission overview Formed 25 January 1950 ( Later celebrated as National Voters Day ) Jurisdiction India Headquarters Nirvachan Sadan, Ashoka Road, New Delhi 28 ° 37 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 41 '' E  /  28.623902 ° N 77.21140000000003 ° E  / 28.623902 ; 77.21140000000003 Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 41 '' E  /  28.623902 ° N 77.21140000000003 ° E  / 28.623902 ; 77.21140000000003 Employees Around 300 Commission executives Om Prakash Rawat, IAS, Chief Election Commissioner of India Sunil Arora, IAS, Election Commissioner of India Ashok Lavasa, IAS, Election Commissioner of India Website Official Website India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) Vice president -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governor Chief minister Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Part of the Politics series Elections Basic types By - election ( special election ) Direct / Indirect Fixed - term General Local Mid-term Primary Recall Show Snap Sortition ( allotment ) Terminology Anonymous elector Apportionment Boundary delimitation ( redistricting ) Crossover voting Election silence Gerrymandering Cash For Vote Initiative Psephology ( electoral study and analysis ) Secret ballot Suffrage Two - round ( `` runoff '' ) Subseries Political party Voting Electoral systems Lists Elections by country Most recent Next general elections Electoral calendars for 2018 National Local Related Criticisms of electoral politics Election security Electoral fraud Referendum ( by country ) Politics portal The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India. The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country. The Election Commission operates under the authority of Constitution per Article 324, and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act. The Commission has the powers under the Constitution, to act in an appropriate manner when the enacted laws make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of an election. Being a constitutional authority, Election Commission is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom, along with the country 's higher judiciary, the Union Public Service Commission and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Removal from office 2 Functions 3 Modernisation 4 Criticism 5 2017 Hackathon 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) See also : Chief Election Commissioner of India and Election Commissioner of India Originally in 1950, the commission had only a Chief Election Commissioner. Two additional Commissioners were appointed to the commission for the first time on 16 October 1989 but they had a very short tenure, ending on 1 January 1990. The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1989 made the Commission a multi-member body. The concept of a 3 - member Commission has been in operation since then, with the decisions being made by a majority vote. The Chief Election Commissioner and the two Election Commissioners who are usually retired IAS officers draw salaries and allowances at par with those of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India as per the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners ( Conditions of Service ) Rules, 1992. The Commission is served by its Secretariat located in New Delhi. The Election Commissioners are assisted by Deputy Election Commissioners, who are generally IAS officers. They are further assisted by Directors General, Principal Secretaries, and Secretaries and Under Secretaries. At the state level, Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the State, who is an IAS officer of Principal Secretary rank. At the district and constituency levels, the District Magistrates ( in their capacity as District Election Officers ), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work. Removal from office ( edit ) The Chief Election Commissioner of India can be removed from his office similar to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court of India which requires a resolution passed by the Parliament with a two - thirds majority in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity. Other Election Commissioners can be removed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. A Chief Election Commissioner has never been impeached in India. In 2009, just before the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections, Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami sent a recommendation to President Prathibha Patil to remove Election Commissioner Navin Chawla, who was soon to take office as the Chief Election Commissioner and to subsequently supervise the Lok Sabha Election, citing his partisan behavior in favor of one political party. The President opined that such a recommendation is not binding on the President, and hence rejected it. Subsequently, after Gopalswami 's retirement the next month, Chawla became the Chief Election Commissioner and supervised the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections. Functions ( edit ) See also : Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct One of the most important features of the democratic policy is elections at regular intervals. Holding periodic free and fair elections are essentials of a democratic system and a part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The Election Commission is regarded as the guardian of elections in the country. In every election, it issues a Model code of Conduct for political parties and candidates to conduct elections in a free and fair manner. The Commission issued the code for the first time in 1971 for the 5th Lok Sabha elections and revised it from time to time. It lays down guidelines for the conduct of political parties and candidates during an election period. However, there have been instances of violation of the code by various political parties with complaints being received for misuse of official machinery by the candidates. The code does not have any specific statutory basis but only a persuasive effect. It contains the rules of electoral morality. However, this lack of statutory backing does not prevent the Commission from enforcing it. A law regarding the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989 and a number of parties got registered with the Commission. The registration helps avoid confusion ensures that the political parties are brought under the purview of the commission. The election commission has the right to allow symbols to the political parties. It gives recognition to the national parties, state parties and regional parties. It set limits on poll expenses. The commission prepare electoral rolls and update the voter 's list from time to time. Notifications of dates and schedules of election for filing nominations are issued by the commission. It is noteworthy that Election commission can not allot same symbol to two regional political parties even if they are not in the same state. The Commission can issue an order for prohibition of publication and disseminating of results of opinion polls or exit polls to prevent influencing the voting trends in the electorate. To curb the growing influence of money during elections, the Election Commission has made many suggestions and changes in this regard. The Commission has appointed IRS officers of the Income Tax Department as Election Observers ( Expenditure ) of all elections and has fixed the legal limits on the amount of money which a candidate can spend during election campaigns. These limits have been revised over time. The Election Commission, by appointing expenditure observers from the Indian Revenue Service, keeps an eye on the individual account of election expenditure. The commission takes details of the candidate 's assets on affidavit at the time of submitting nomination paper, who are also required to give details of their expenditure within 30 days of the declaration of results. The campaign period has also been reduced by the Commission from 21 to 14 days for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections to cut down election expenditure. In an attempt to decriminalise politics, the Election Commission has approached the Supreme Court to put a lifetime ban on convicted politicians from contesting elections. Modernisation ( edit ) The Election Commission had tried to bring improvements in election procedures by the introduction of Electronic voting machines or EVMs. It was thought that these would reduce malpractices and improve efficiency. It was first tried out on an experimental basis in the state of Kerala for the 1982 Legislative Assembly Elections. After a successful testing and the legal inquiries, the Commission took the decision to begin the use of these voting machines. The Election Commission launched a web site of its own on 28 February 1998 in order to provide accurate information, management, administration and instant results of the elections. In an effort to prevent electoral fraud, in 1993, EPICs or Electors Photo Identity Cards were issued, which became mandatory by the 2004 elections. However ration cards have been allowed for election purposes in certain situations. In 1998, the Commission decided on a programme for the ' computerisation ' of the electoral rolls. The introduction of Voter - verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) in eight Lok Sabha constituencies in 2014 Indian General Elections was a big achievement for the Election Commission. This Voter - verified paper audit trail ( VVPAT ) system was first used with EVMs in a by - poll in September 2013 in Noksen ( Assembly Constituency ) in Nagaland. and eventually in all elections from September 2013 onwards in various Legislative elections in the country. NOTA symbol in India In 2014, None of the above or NOTA was also added as an option on the voting machines which is now a mandatory option to be provided in any election. The specific symbol for NOTA, a ballot paper with a black cross across it, was introduced on 18 September 2015. The symbol has been designed by National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad. With the Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015, the state became the first to have photo electoral rolls, with photographs of the candidates on the EVMs. Criticism ( edit ) The Election Commission of India came under severe criticism when an RTI application filed by activist Dr Satendra Singh revealed the commission 's ill - preparedness to safeguard electors with disabilities in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. There were many violations of the Supreme Court order from 2014 to enfranchise persons with disabilities. 2017 hackathon ( edit ) Election Commission organised an open hackathon on 3 June at 10 am, to attempt hacking of Electronic Voting Machine used by the Commission in various Indian elections. The NCP and CPI ( M ) were the only two parties that registered for the event but none of them participated. Functioning of EVMs and VVPAT machines were demonstrated to the teams. See also ( edit ) Chief Election Commissioner of India Election Commissioners of India Elections in India India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management ( IIIDEM ) Lawmaking procedure in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Contact Us ''. Election Commission of India. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ Jump up to : `` About ECI ''. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 ( Act No. 31 of 1952 ) '' ( PDF ). Election Commission of India. 14 March 1952. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Part XV of the Constitution of India - Elections - Article 324 '' ( PDF ). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Representation of the People Act, 1951 '' ( PDF ). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Election Commission ( Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business ) Act, 1991 ( Act No. 11 of 1991 ) '' ( PDF ). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 25 January 1991. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : Laxmikanth, M ( 2017 ). Indian Polity. McGraw Hill. p. 42.5. ISBN 9789352603633. Jump up ^ Ram, N. ( 31 January 2009 ). `` Chief Election Commissioner Gopalaswami ' recommends ' removal of Navin Chawla ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` President rejects Gopalaswami 's report against Navin Chawla ''. The Hindu. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` A job well done ''. The Hindu. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : Chhibber, Maneesh ( 5 November 2015 ). `` Model Code is only moral code, but carries weight ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : Joyita ( 14 April 2014 ). `` Model Code of Conduct and the 2014 General Elections ''. PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved 9 September 2017. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Iqbal, Aadil Ikram Zaki ( 4 January 2017 ). `` UP poll dates announced, results on March 11 ''. India. Essel Group. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Election Commission enforces model code of conduct in Manipur ''. Hindustan Times. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Sharma, Test ( 10 October 2007 ). `` Gujarat, Himachal get dates for Assembly polls ''. News18. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Registration of political parties under section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 '' ( PDF ). Election Commission of India. 23 March 1992. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Handbook of Symbols, 2004 '' ( PDF ). Election Commission of India. 2004. Clause 9. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Subject - Guidelines for Publication and Dissemination of Results of Opinion Polls / Exit Polls ''. Election Commission of India. 20 January 1998. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Election Commission bans exit polls in election - bound states ''. The Times of India. 29 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Chopra, Ritika ( 16 February 2017 ). `` Exit polls and why they are restricted by the panel : All your questions answered ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Kumar, Pradeep ( 23 March 2017 ). `` RK Nagar byelection : Observers appointed ''. The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Deployment of observers in RK Nagar a new national record : Election Commission ''. The New Indian Express. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Chandrakant, Nagnath ( 29 April 2010 ). `` Role Of Election Commission ''. Legal Services India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` The Function ( Electoral System ) ''. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Anand, Utkarsh ( 21 March 2017 ). `` Election Commission supports lifetime ban on convicts from contesting ''. The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Rautray, Samanwaya ( 15 September 2016 ). `` Lifetime ban on convicted netas : Supreme Court seeks Center, Election Commission 's views ''. The Economic Times. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` A Constitutional Body ''. Election Commission of India. Jump up ^ `` When using ration card as identity proof, entire family should vote ''. The Indian Express. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` India devises flawless ballot mechanism ''. The News International. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Singh, Bikash ( 4 September 2013 ). `` VVPAT used or the first time in Noksen bypolls ''. The Economic Times. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Joshua, Anita ( 13 October 2013 ). `` Election Commission okays NOTA option ''. The Hindu. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` NOTA to be provided in general elections ''. The Times of India. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` Now, ' NOTA ' has an electoral symbol too ''. Daily News and Analysis. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Jain, Bharti ( 18 September 2015 ). `` ' None of the Above ' option on EVMS to carry its own symbol from Bihar polls ''. The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Shivadekar, Sanjeev ( 30 March 2015 ). `` Now, photos of candidates on EVMs to weed out ' dummies ' ''. Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Virk, Aviral ( 21 September 2015 ). `` Contesting the Bihar Polls? Dummy Candidates Beware ''. The Quint. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ Gohain, Manash Pratim ( 27 January 2014 ). `` Polls near, but no data of voters with disabilities ''. Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Jump up ^ `` विकलांगों के लिए गंभीर नहीं चुनाव आयोग '' ( Election Commission not serious about persons with disablities ). Punjab Kesari ( in Hindi ). 26 January 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2017. CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AAP calls EC 's EVM challenge ' farce ', begins registration for its hackathon ''. The Economic Times. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : Prabhu, Sunil ( 3 June 2017 ). Tikku, Aloke, ed. `` The EVM ( Vote Machine ) ' Hackathons ' That Were n't : 10 Points ''. NDTV. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ Jump up to : `` EVM ' hackathon ' challenge : NCP, CPM did n't participate, but understood the process, says EC ''. Firstpost. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017. External links ( edit ) Official website Links to Official Web Sites of Chief Electoral Officers of 28 States and 7 UTs ECI 's Online Voters List Options : ' Voter Name ' search Parliamentary, Assembly constituency wise. Also one can get full Electoral Rolls ' Voting Booth ' wise. Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Chief Election Commissioners of India Sukumar Sen Kalyan Sundaram S.P. Sen Verma Nagendra Singh T. Swaminathan S.L. Shakdhar R.K. Trivedi R.V.S. Peri Sastri V.S. Ramadevi T.N. Seshan M.S. Gill J.M. Lyngdoh T.S. Krishnamurthy B.B. Tandon N. Gopalaswami Navin Chawla S.Y. Quraishi V.S. Sampath H.S. Brahma Nasim Zaidi Achal Kumar Jyoti Om Prakash Rawat Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 2019 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal National election commissions Africa Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Comoros DR Congo Egypt Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Seychelles South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zimbabwe Americas Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Jamaica Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iraq Iran EO GC Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Palestinian territories Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Abkhazia Albania Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Estonia Finland France Georgia Hungary Iceland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Norway Poland Portugal Russia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_India&oldid=832821284 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries 1950 establishments in India Election Commission of India Government agencies established in 1950 Election commissions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from July 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 05 : 09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Election Commission of India", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_India&amp;oldid=832821284" }

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{ "text": "You 'll Never Walk Alone - wikipedia You 'll Never Walk Alone For other uses, see You 'll Never Walk Alone ( disambiguation ). `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Song Published 1945 Genre Show tune Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers Lyricist ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel. In the second act of the musical, Nettie Fowler, the cousin of the protagonist Julie Jordan, sings `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' to comfort and encourage Julie when her husband, Billy Bigelow, the male lead, falls on his knife and dies after a failed robbery attempt. It is reprised in the final scene to encourage a graduation class of which Louise ( Billy and Julie 's daughter ) is a member. The now invisible Billy, who has been granted the chance to return to Earth for one day in order to redeem himself, watches the ceremony and is able to silently motivate the unhappy Louise to join in the song. The song is also sung at association football clubs around the world, where it is performed by a massed chorus of supporters on matchday ; this tradition began at Liverpool F.C. after the chart success of the 1963 single of the song by the local Liverpool group Gerry and the Pacemakers. Contents 1 Background 2 Subsequent history 3 Sporting anthem 4 Recorded versions 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Christine Johnson, who created the role of Nettie Fowler, introduced the song in the original Broadway production. Later in the show Jan Clayton, as Julie Jordan, reprised it, with the chorus joining in. In the film, it is first sung by Claramae Turner as Nettie. The weeping Julie Jordan ( Shirley Jones ) tries to sing it but can not ; it is later reprised by Julie and those attending the graduation. Subsequent History ( edit ) Besides the recordings of the song on the Carousel cast albums and the film soundtrack, the song has been recorded by many artists, with notable hit versions made by Roy Hamilton, Frank Sinatra, Billy Eckstine, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Andy Williams, Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge, Olivia Newton - John and Doris Day. Progressive rock group Pink Floyd took a recording by the Liverpool Kop choir, and `` interpolated '' it into their own song, `` Fearless '', on their 1971 album Meddle. From 1964 through 2010, Jerry Lewis concluded the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon by singing the song. After the end of a concert by the rock band Queen, the audience spontaneously sang this song, according to lead guitarist Brian May, and this helped to inspire the creation of their songs `` We Are the Champions '' and `` We Will Rock You ''. Italian - American tenor Sergio Franchi sang a notable version accompanied by the Welsh Men 's Choir on the 9 June 1968 telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show. He also covered this song in his 1964 RCA Victor album The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi. American singer and songwriter Barbra Streisand sang this song in a surprise appearance at the close of the 2001 Emmy Awards, in honor of the victims of the 11 September 2001 attacks. In 1990 at the Nelson Mandela : An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium London, the audience spontaneously broke out into a mass rendition. Mandela turned to Adelaide Tambo who accompanied him onto the stage and asked what the song was. She replied, `` A football song ''. Renée Fleming sang the song at the Concert for America, which marked the first anniversary of 9 / 11 ( 11 / 9 ), and for the Inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009. In 2010, this was sung during the festivities of the Last Night of the Proms, with the choir at the Royal Albert Hall joined by crowds of the public from Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland ; Caird Hall, Dundee ; Hyde Park, London ; Salford, Greater Manchester ; and Wales, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Oscar Hammerstein II. In the second season of American Horror Story, this song was recited as a poem. It has been the song of the Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps song since 1954, where they first performed it as a part of their first field show in 1954. Challenged by the Rosemont Cavaliers singing `` Over the Rainbow '' in 1957, the corps responded with `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '', and it has been the official corps song ever since. Punk band Dropkick Murphys covered the song for their 2017 album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory. Vocalist / bassist Ken Casey said in a December 2016 interview discussing the reason behind their version. `` As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in ( the Boston ) area. I 've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al 's lost a brother in law. It 's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad, but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone. I hope you like our version ''. Sporting anthem ( edit ) `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers from the album How Do You Like It Released October 1963 Recorded 2 July 1963 Studio EMI Studios, London Genre Merseybeat, baroque pop Length 2 : 40 Label Columbia ( EMI ) ( UK ), Laurie Records ( US ) Composer ( s ) Richard Rodgers Lyricist ( s ) Oscar Hammerstein II Producer ( s ) George Martin In the UK, the song 's most successful cover was released in 1963 by the Liverpudlian Merseybeat group Gerry and the Pacemakers, peaking at number one on the UK singles chart for four consecutive weeks. Sung by Liverpool fans in 1963, the song quickly became the anthem of Liverpool F.C. and is sung by its supporters moments before the start of each home game with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the public address system. According to former player Tommy Smith, lead vocalist Gerry Marsden presented Liverpool manager Bill Shankly with a recording of his forthcoming cover single during a pre-season coach trip in the summer of 1963. `` Shanks was in awe of what he heard... Football writers from the local newspapers were travelling with our party and, thirsty for a story of any kind between games, filed copy back to their editors to the effect that we had adopted Gerry Marsden 's forthcoming single as the club song. '' The squad was subsequently invited to perform the track with the band on The Ed Sullivan Show with Marsden stating, `` Bill came up to me. He said, ' Gerry my son, I have given you a football team and you have given us a song '. '' The ' Shankly Gates ' entrance to Liverpool 's home stadium Anfield Shankly picked the song as his eighth and final selection for the BBC 's Desert Island Discs on the eve of the 1965 FA Cup Final. As Liverpool fans sang `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' at Wembley during the 1965 FA Cup Final win over Leeds, commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme referred to it as `` Liverpool 's signature tune ''. Marsden told BBC Radio how, in the 1960s, the disc jockey at Anfield would play the top ten commercial records in descending order, with the number one single played last, shortly before kickoff. Liverpool fans on the Kop would sing along, but unlike with other hit singles, once `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' dropped out of the top ten, instead of disregarding the song, supporters continued to sing it. The song was adopted by Scottish team Celtic after a 1966 Cup Winners Cup semi-final against Liverpool at Anfield. It is now sung by Celtic fans prior to every home European tie. The song has also been adopted by Dutch team Feyenoord, SC Cambuur, Germany 's Borussia Dortmund, 1. FSV Mainz 05, TSV 1860 Munich, Japan 's F.C. Tokyo, Spain 's CD Lugo. the Marist St. Pats MSP 80 / 80 Blues, and Bali United. In ice hockey, the song has been adopted by German Deutsche Eishockey Liga side Krefeld Pinguine and Croatian Medveščak Zagreb. A special recording of the song was made in solidarity with Bradford City following the Valley Parade fire in 1985, when 56 spectators died and many more were seriously injured. The song was performed by The Crowd, which was a supergroup featuring Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney and others, and spent two weeks at number one in the UK. Some years later, after witnessing a rendition of `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to his country 's wordless national anthem, the Marcha Real, ahead of Madrid 's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games. During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, legislator Tam Yiu Chung quoted the song during a Legislative Council of Hong Kong meeting, to salute the Hong Kong Police, who had received widespread criticism for using excessive force against pro-democracy protesters. More than 2,000 Liverpool Football Club fans in Hong Kong condemned his inappropriate use of the song, comparing his support of the police action to the police actions in the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, where South Yorkshire Police were found to have distorted facts relating to the unlawful killing by negligence of 96 Liverpool supporters. On 13 March 2016, after Borussia Dortmund 's 2 - 0 win against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga, supporters of both teams performed the song to commemorate a Dortmund fan who died from a cardiac arrest in the stands during the game. Recorded versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Adicts Alfie Boe ( `` Onward '' ) ( 2007 ) Alicia Keys ( Hurricane Katrina disaster relief, 2005 ) André Rieu ( 2009 Maastricht concert ) Andy Williams ( with orchestra conducted by Archie Bleyer ) Aretha Franklin ( 1972, on the live album Amazing Grace ) Barry Manilow & Cilla Black ( 1993 ) Bela B. & the Tikiwolves feat. Gary'o'Wolf ( official FC St. Pauli Stadionhymn, 1992 ) Bernadette Peters Billy Eckstine ( 1960 ) : Live album No Cover, No Minimum, recorded in Las Vegas. Production was by Teddy Reig. The album was originally released by Roulette Records, but is also available on the Blue Note label. Bryn Terfel ( 1996 ) -- Something Wonderful : Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Charice ( 2008 ) Celtic Woman ( Believe 2011 ) Chris de Burgh ( 2008 ) Christy Gibson ( Thai Language Version ) ( 2001 ) -- Soo Yod Kao Christine Johnson on the Carousel Original Cast Album ( 1945 ) Claramae Turner on the Carousel film soundtrack ( 1956 ) The Crowd ( 1985 ) The Crusaders ( 1966 ) David Campbell ( 2010 ) David Phelps on the album Classic ( 2012 ) Die Toten Hosen ( 2000, Bayern ep ) Dionne Warwick ( 1967, On Stage and in the Movies album track ) Doris Akers ( 1963 ) Doris Day ( on the You 'll Never Walk Alone album ) ( 1962 ) Dropkick Murphys ( appears on their album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ) ( 2017 ) Dudu Fisher ( 2006 ) Elha Mae Nympha ( 2015, performed on the Live Semi-finals on the second season of The Voice Kids, and was moved to the grand finals ) Elvis Presley ( 1968 single release ) Engelbert Humperdinck ( 1972 album `` Live at the Riviera '', in Las Vegas ) Frank Sinatra ( 1945 ) ( 1963 ) Frankie Vaughan ( 1979 ) Gene Vincent ( 1958 ) ( Gene Vincent Rocks and the Blue Caps Roll album track ) Gerry & The Pacemakers ( 1963 ) Glen Campbell ( 1970 ) Hayley Westenra ( 2001 ) Il Divo ( A Musical Affair, 2013 ) Jackie Wilson ( 1965 ) Jerry Reed ( 1971 ) ( Ko - Ko Joe album track ) Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae ( 1963 ) John Barrowman ( 2010 ) ( John Barrowman album track ) John Farnham ( 1998 ) - The Spirit of Christmas ( compilation album ) Johnny Cash ( 2003 ) Johnny Preston ( 1960 ) Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge ( 1969 ) Joseph Calleja ( Last Night of the Proms, 2012 ) Josh Groban ( 2015 ) Joyce DiDonato ( 2012 ) Juan Diego Flórez ( Live 8 -- Berlin ) ( 2005 ) Judy Garland ( 1960 ) Katherine Jenkins ( 2005 ) Kevin Rowland ( 1999 ) Kiri Te Kanawa with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir ( 1990 ) -- Songs of Inspiration The Knickerbockers ( 1966 ) Lee Greenwood Lee Towers ( 1976 ) The Lettermen ( 1964 ) Tammy Wynette ( 1969 Inspiration ) Liverpool F.C. ( 1977 ) ( FA Cup single : A-side - `` We Can Do It '' / `` Liverpool Lou '' B - side - `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' / `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ) Los Fastidios Louis Armstrong ( 1954 ) in a medley with Tenderly Mahalia Jackson Malena Ernman ( 2013 ) Malcolm Vaughan ( 1959 ) Mark Vincent ( 2010 ) Mario Lanza ( 1952 and 1956 ) Maureen Forrester on the Carousel MCA Classics album ( 1987 ) Melanie Chisholm ( 2012 ) Michael Crawford ( 1987 ) Mormon Tabernacle Choir ( 1971 ) Nina Simone ( 1960, At Newport ) Olivia Newton - John ( 1989 ) -- Warm and Tender Patricia Neway in the soundtrack of the 1967 television adaptation of Carousel ( 1967 ) Patti Labelle & The Blue Belles ( 1964 ) Patti LaBelle ( 1980 's ) Pink Floyd ( 1971 ) -- `` Fearless '' Pips, Chips & Videoclips ( Dernjava album, 1995 ) The Priests ( 2009 ) Perry Como ( 1951 ) ( with Mitchell Ayres Orchestra ) Ray Charles ( Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul album track, July 1963 ) Regine Velasquez ( 1992 ) Renée Fleming ( 2003 ) The Righteous Brothers ( 1965 ) Riverdale Cast featuring main vocals of Madelaine Petsch ( 2018 ), appeared on Riverdale Robin S ( appears on the 1998 movie soundtrack, Welcome to Woop Woop ) Robson & Jerome ( 1996 ) Roy Hamilton ( 1954 ) Roy Orbison ( 1969 ) recorded ( 2015 ) ( Released ) ) Samuel Ramey ( 1989 ) Sergio Franchi recorded on 1964 RCA album, The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi The Shadows ( Reflection album track, 1990 ) Shirley Bassey ( 1962, single B - side to `` Ave Maria '' ) Shirley Jones recorded it on the original movie soundtrack of Carousel and again on her 1989 album Silent Strength Sissel Kyrkjebø ( 2004 ) Smoking Popes The Soldiers ( 2011 ) Steven Houghton ( 1997 ) -- Steven Houghton Susan Boyle ( Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage, 2012 ) The Three Tenors ( The Three Tenors : Paris 1998, 1998 ) Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra ( 2009 ) -- Paradise Blue Tom Jones ( 1969 ) Trisha Yearwood ( 2016 ) - The Passion Vocal Majority ( 1997 ) -- How Sweet the Sound Wayne Hussey and Julianne Regan ( as Hussey - Regan ) ( 2011 ) ( in support of Liverpool F.C. 's disability charity, Respect 4 All ) Keith Jack ( 2008 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart, Simon ( 25 October 2013 ). `` Anfield 's 50 years of never walking alone ''. The Independent. Retrieved 6 April 2015. Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Walk Alone ( original version 1945 ) ''. Youtube. Retrieved April 20, 2011. ^ Jump up to : Gilliland, John ( 1969 ). `` Show 3 - The Tribal Drum : The rise of rhythm and blues. ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Jump up ^ `` Milestones : Retiring : Jerry Lewis '', Time magazine, May 30, 2011, p. 17 Jump up ^ Interview with Tom Browne for BBC Radio One, broadcast Christmas Eve and Boxing Day 1977 Jump up ^ `` SOFA Entertainment - Ed Sullivan Show ''. www.edsullivan.com. Jump up ^ `` Discogs - Database and Marketplace for Music on Vinyl, CD, Cassette a... ''. July 13, 2014. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Jump up ^ Streisand 's stage fright spiked with thought of terror, By Edna Gundersen, USA Today, December 12, 2001 Jump up ^ Scott Simon ( April 28, 2018 ). `` ' Carousel ' Returns To Broadway ''. Weekend Edition Saturday. NPR. Retrieved April 30, 2018. : `` SIMON :... ' You 'll Never Walk Alone ' - you sang this at the Obama inauguration too, did n't you? FLEMING : Yes, and also the 9 / 11 memorial a year after the attacks. '' Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Gallo, Phil ( January 18, 2009 ). `` We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration ''. Variety. RBI. Retrieved February 8, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Gerry 's Datebook ''. www.britbands.bravepages.com. Jump up ^ Nik Brumsack. The story of ' You 'll Never Walk Alone ', independent.co.uk, April 14, 2014. Jump up ^ Liverpool vs. Leeds United on YouTube, F.A. Cup Final, BBC, 1965. `` The song was covered by Liverpool group Gerry & The Pacemakers in 1963. At this time, supporters standing on the Spion Kop terrace at Anfield began singing popular chart songs of the day. The mood was captured on camera by a BBC Panorama camera crew in 1964. One year later, when Liverpool faced Leeds in the cup final, the travelling Kop sang the same song and match commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme commended the ' Liverpool signature tune '. '' Paul Coslett, You 'll Never Walk Alone BBC Online. June 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Smith, Tommy. Anfield Iron, Bantam Press, p. 68 - 69 Jump up ^ Bill Shankly, Desert island Discs BBC, Mon April 26, 1965. ^ Jump up to : Why Liverpool fans sing ' You 'll Never Walk Alone '. FourFourTwo. Retrieved 10 October 2016 Jump up ^ Cavanagh, John. `` The History of You 'll Never Walk Alone '', BBC Songlines, 2006. Jump up ^ Morgan, John. `` The Other Mersey Sound '', BBC Panorama, 1964. Jump up ^ Aldred, Jessica. Liverpool or Celtic : who Walked Alone first? The Guardian. March 12, 2003. Jump up ^ Whyatt, Chris. McClaren 's new charges BBC. August 13, 2008. ^ Jump up to : Bela B. & The Tikiwolves feat. Gary ' O ' Wolf : You 'll Never Walk Alone ( FC St. Pauli hymn ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Jump up ^ Nagatomo tells Japan `` You 'll never walk alone '', The mainichi Daily News. March 2011. Jump up ^ anfieldcarro ( June 30, 2011 ). `` '' You ́ ll never walk alone '' polo Anfield Carro PUNTO PELOTA '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ Chants, North Side Boys 12. `` Bali United YNWA ''. Youtube. Youtube. Retrieved 1 May 2018. Jump up ^ Liverpool fans inspire Spain to write words to anthem, Reuters. June 5, 2005 Jump up ^ Spain to add lyrics to wordless national anthem, MSNBC. June 26, 2007. Jump up ^ Legistrative Council Record. Jump up ^ 香港 特別 行政區 立法 會 ( October 16, 2014 ). `` 立法 會 會議 ( 2014 / 10 / 16 ) - IV. 立法 會 休會 待 續 議案 - 根據 《 議事 規則 》 第 16 ( 2 ) 條 動議 的 立法 會 休會 待 續 議案 ( 第 五 部分 ) '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` 利 迷 聯 署 強烈 譴責 : 譚耀宗 勿 侮辱 YNWA - Yahoo 奇摩 新聞 ''. Jump up ^ Hong Kong Legislative Council Record 08 : 07 : 18 - 08 : 07 : 35 Jump up ^ Whaling, James ( 13 March 2016 ). `` Borussia Dortmund fan dies from heart attack during Bundesliga match against Mainz ''. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 14 August 2016. Jump up ^ John The Punk. `` Welcome to The Adicts Official Website! ''. Adicts.us. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011. Jump up ^ `` Cilla Black Discography : You 'll Never Walk Alone ( duet with Barry Manilow ) -- Single ''. Retrieved May 21, 2009. Jump up ^ Johnny Preston, Running Bear Retrieved September 10, 2015 Jump up ^ `` Richard Rogers : You 'll Never Walk Alone - Last Night of the BBC Proms 2012 ''. BBC YouTube channel. September 8, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Stages -- Josh Groban ''. iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved March 10, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Joyce contributes to highly anticipated new recording : Rogers & Hammerstein at the Movies ''... joycedidonato.com. August 22, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012. Jump up ^ Recorded for Capitol Records Archived April 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Judy Garland with Orchestra conducted, by Norrie Paramor, August 3, 1960. Jump up ^ It 's Raining In My Heart ( LP / MC ) ( Goud & Platina ) 1976 Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Walk Alone ''. Thelettermen.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011. Jump up ^ https://genius.com/Riverdale-cast-youll-never-walk-alone-lyrics Jump up ^ Columbia Catalog Number DB4816 '' Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Walk Alone ''. Youtube.com ( Liverpool FC 's Channel ). Retrieved December 27, 2011. External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live! Songs `` Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal! It 's a Outrage! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello, Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long, Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Liverpool Football Club Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs `` Anfield Rap '' `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. Liverpool The Boot Room Fenway Sports Group Liverpool F.C. Women Respect 4 All Spice Boys Spion Kop Superleague Formula team 1915 British football betting scandal Book WikiProject Ferenc Molnár 's Liliom Films Liliom ( 1930 ) Liliom ( 1934 ) Carousel ( 1955 ) Other Carousel ( 1945 musical ) Carousel ( 2002 ballet ) Carousel Music `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Related Sin of a Beautiful Woman Roy Hamilton Singles `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Hurt '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` So Long '' `` Do n't Let Go '' `` Pledging My Love '' `` You Can Have Her '' The Bachelors Studio albums The Bachelors and 16 Great Songs Songs `` ( I 'll Be With You ) In Apple Blossom Time '' `` Charmaine '' `` Far Away Places '' `` Diane '' `` I Believe '' `` Ramona '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' `` Hello, Dolly! '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` The Unicorn '' `` I 'll Walk with God '' `` Turn Around, Look at Me '' `` Where the Blue of the Night ( Meets the Gold of the Day ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ll_Never_Walk_Alone&oldid=855754231 '' Categories : 1945 songs 1964 singles Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs from Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals Shirley Jones songs Gerry and the Pacemakers songs Barbra Streisand songs Labelle songs Andy Williams songs Jane Morgan songs Johnny Preston songs Glen Campbell songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Liverpool F.C. songs Feyenoord songs Celtic F.C. songs Football songs and chants Protest songs Mahalia Jackson songs Roy Hamilton songs Columbia Graphophone Company singles Laurie Records singles Number - one singles in Scotland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018, at 16 : 15 ( UTC ). 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{ "text": "Symbolic link - wikipedia Symbolic link Jump to : navigation, search For the Microsoft data exchange format, see SYmbolic LinK ( SYLK ). In computing, a symbolic link ( also symlink or soft link ) is the nickname for any file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path and that affects pathname resolution. Symbolic links were already present by 1978 in minicomputer operating systems from DEC and Data General 's RDOS. Today they are supported by the POSIX operating system standard, most Unix - like operating systems such as FreeBSD, Linux, and Mac OS X. Limited support also exists in Windows operating systems such as Windows Vista, Windows 7 and to some degree in Windows 2000 and Windows XP in the form of shortcut files. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 POSIX and Unix - like operating systems 2.1 Storage of symbolic links 2.2 Mac OS aliases 3 Microsoft Windows 3.1 NTFS symbolic link 3.2 NTFS junction points 3.3 Shortcuts 3.4 Folder shortcuts 3.5 Shell objects 3.6 Cygwin symbolic links 3.7 Summary 4 Amiga 5 OS / 2 6 Variable symbolic links 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) A symbolic link contains a text string that is automatically interpreted and followed by the operating system as a path to another file or directory. This other file or directory is called the `` target ''. The symbolic link is a second file that exists independently of its target. If a symbolic link is deleted, its target remains unaffected. If a symbolic link points to a target, and sometime later that target is moved, renamed or deleted, the symbolic link is not automatically updated or deleted, but continues to exist and still points to the old target, now a non-existing location or file. Symbolic links pointing to moved or non-existing targets are sometimes called broken, orphaned, dead, or dangling. Symbolic links are different from hard links. Hard links do not link paths on different volumes or file systems, whereas symbolic links may point to any file or directory irrespective of the volumes on which the link and target reside. Hard links always refer to an existing file, whereas symbolic links may contain an arbitrary path that does not point to anything. Symbolic links operate transparently for many operations : programs that read or write to files named by a symbolic link will behave as if operating directly on the target file. However, they have the effect of changing an otherwise hierarchical filesystem from a tree into a directed graph, which can have consequences for such simple operations as figuring out the current directory of a process. Even the Unix... convention for navigating to a directory 's parent directory no longer works reliably in the face of symlinks. Some shells heuristically try to uphold the illusion of a tree - shaped hierarchy, but when they do, this causes them to produce different results from other programs that manipulate pathnames without such heuristic, relying on the operating system instead. Programs that need to handle symbolic links specially ( e.g., shells and backup utilities ) thus need to identify and manipulate them directly. Some Unix as well as Linux distributions use symbolic links extensively in an effort to reorder the file system hierarchy. This is accomplished with several mechanisms, such as variant, context - dependent symbolic links. This offers the opportunity to create a more intuitive or application - specific directory tree and to reorganize the system without having to redesign the core set of system functions and utilities. POSIX and Unix - like operating systems ( edit ) In POSIX - compliant operating systems, symbolic links are created with the symlink system call. The ln shell command normally uses the link system call, which creates a hard link. When the ln - s flag is specified, the symlink ( ) system call is used instead, creating a symbolic link. Symlinks were introduced in 4.2 BSD Unix from U.C. Berkeley. The following command creates a symbolic link at the command - line interface ( shell ) : ln - s target_path link_path target_path is the relative or absolute path to which the symbolic link should point. Usually the target will exist, although symbolic links may be created to non-existent targets. link_path is the path of the symbolic link. After creating the symbolic link, it may generally be treated as an alias for the target. Any file system management commands ( e.g., cp, rm ) may be used on the symbolic link. Commands which read or write file contents will access the contents of the target file. The rm ( delete file ) command, however, removes the link itself, not the target file. The POSIX directory listing application, ls, denotes symbolic links with an arrow after the name, pointing to the name of the target file ( see following example ), when the long directory list is requested ( - l option ). When a directory listing of a symbolic link that points to a directory is requested, only the link itself will be displayed. In order to obtain a listing of the linked directory, the path must include a trailing directory separator character ( ' / ', slash ). Note : In Below Example do not create `` three '' directory before creation of link in / tmp directory. $ mkdir - p / tmp / one / two $ echo `` test_a '' > / tmp / one / two / a $ echo `` test_b '' > / tmp / one / two / b $ cd / tmp / one / two $ ls - l - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cd / tmp $ ln - s / tmp / one / two three $ ls - l three lrwxrwxrwx 1 user group 12 Jul 22 10 : 02 / tmp / three - > / tmp / one / two $ ls - l three / - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cd three $ ls - l - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cat a test_a $ cat / tmp / one / two / a test_a $ echo `` test_c '' > / tmp / one / two / a $ cat / tmp / one / two / a test_c $ cat a test_c Storage of symbolic links ( edit ) Early implementations of symbolic links stored the symbolic link information as data in regular files. The file contained the textual reference to the link 's target, and an indicator denoting it as a symbolic link. This method was slow and an inefficient use of disk - space on small systems. An improvement, called fast symlinks, allowed storage of the target path within the data structures used for storing file information on disk ( inodes ). This space normally stores a list of disk block addresses allocated to a file. Thus, symlinks with short target paths are accessed quickly. Systems with fast symlinks often fall back to using the original method if the target path exceeds the available inode space. The original style is retroactively termed a slow symlink. It is also used for disk compatibility with other or older versions of operating systems. Although storing the link value inside the inode saves a disk block and a disk read, the operating system still needs to parse the path name in the link, which always requires reading additional inodes and generally requires reading other, and potentially many, directories, processing both the list of files and the inodes of each of them until it finds a match with the link 's path components. Only when a link points to a file in the same directory do `` fast symlinks '' provide significantly better performance than other symlinks. The vast majority of POSIX - compliant implementations use fast symlinks. However, the POSIX standard does not require the entire set of file status information common to regular files to be implemented for symlinks. This allows implementations to use other solutions, such as storing symlink data in directory entries. The file system permissions of a symbolic link are not used, the access modes of the target file are controlled by the target file 's own permissions. Some operating systems, such as FreeBSD, offer the ability to modify file permissions and filesystem attributes of a symbolic link, through lchmod and lchflags system calls respectively. The reported size of a symlink is the number of characters in the path it points to. Mac OS aliases ( edit ) Main article : Alias ( Mac OS ) In Mac OS, applications or users can also employ aliases, which have the added feature of following the target, even if it is moved to another location on the same volume. This is not to be confused with the shell command alias. Microsoft Windows ( edit ) NTFS symbolic link ( edit ) Main article : NTFS symbolic link NTFS 3.1 introduced support symbolic links for any type of file. It was included with Windows XP, but was only enabled by default for kernel mode programs ; Windows Vista and later versions of Windows enabled support for symbolic links to user mode applications, as well, and supplied the command line utility mklink for creating them. Third - party drivers are required to enable support for NTFS symbolic links in Windows XP. Unlike junction points, a symbolic link can also point to a file or remote Server Message Block ( SMB ) network path. Additionally, the NTFS symbolic link implementation provides full support for cross-filesystem links. However, the functionality enabling cross-host symbolic links requires that the remote system also support them. Symbolic links are designed to aid in migration and application compatibility with POSIX operating systems. Microsoft aimed for Windows Vista 's symbolic links to `` function just like UNIX links ''. However, the implementation varies from Unix symbolic links in several ways. For example, Windows Vista users must manually indicate when creating a symbolic link whether it is a file or a directory. Windows 7 and Vista support a maximum of 31 reparse points ( and therefore symbolic links ) for a given path ( i.e. any given path can have at most 31 indirections before Windows gives up ). Only users with the new Create Symbolic Link privilege, which only administrators have by default, can create symbolic links. If this is not the desired behavior, it must be changed in the Local Security Policy management console. Additionally, NTFS symbolic links to files are distinct from NTFS symbolic links to directories and therefore can not be used interchangeably, unlike on POSIX where the same symbolic link can refer to either files or directories. In Windows Vista and later, when the working directory path ends with a symbolic link, the current parent path reference,..., will refer to the parent directory of the symbolic link rather than that of its target. This behaviour is also found at the shell level in at least some POSIX systems, including Linux, but never in accessing files and directories through operating system calls. For instance, bash builtin commands pwd and cd operate on the current logical directory. pwd is often used in scripts to determine the actual current working directory. When any path is used with a system call, any use of... will use the actual filesystem parent of the directory containing the... pseudo-directory entry. So, cd... ; cat something and cat... / something may return completely different results. Example : mklink / D `` C : \\ Users \\ < yourusername > \\ Appdata \\ Local \\ Plex Media Server '' `` G : \\ Plex Media Server '' NTFS junction points ( edit ) Main article : NTFS junction point The Windows 2000 version of NTFS introduced reparse points, which enabled, among other things, the use of Volume Mount Points and junction points. Junction points are for directories only, and moreover, local directories only ; junction points to remote shares are unsupported. The Windows 2000 and XP Resource Kits include a program called linkd to create junction points ; a more powerful one named Junction was distributed by Sysinternals ' Mark Russinovich. Not all standard applications support reparse points. Most noticeably, Backup suffers from this problem and will issue an error message 0x80070003 when the folders to be backed up contain a reparse point. Shortcuts ( edit ) Shortcuts, which are supported by the graphical file browsers of some operating systems, may resemble symbolic links but differ in a number of important ways. One difference is what type of software is able to follow them : Symbolic links are automatically resolved by the file system. Any software program, upon accessing a symbolic link, will see the target instead, whether the program is aware of symbolic links or not. Shortcuts are treated like ordinary files by the file system and by software programs that are not aware of them. Only software programs that understand shortcuts ( such as the Windows shell and file browsers ) treat them as references to other files. Another difference are the capabilities of the mechanism : Microsoft Windows shortcuts normally refer to a destination by an absolute path ( starting from the root directory ), whereas POSIX symbolic links can refer to destinations via either an absolute or a relative path. The latter is useful if both the location and destination of the symbolic link share a common path prefix, but that prefix is not yet known when the symbolic link is created ( e.g., in an archive file that can be unpacked anywhere ). Microsoft Windows application shortcuts contain additional metadata that can be associated with the destination, whereas POSIX symbolic links are just strings that will be interpreted as absolute or relative pathnames. Unlike symbolic links, Windows shortcuts maintain their references to their targets even when the target is moved or renamed. Windows domain clients may subscribe to a Windows service called Distributed Link Tracking to track the changes in files and folders to which they are interested. The service maintains the integrity of shortcuts, even when files and folders are moved across the network. Additionally, in Windows 9x and later, Windows shell tries to find the target of a broken shortcut before proposing to delete it. Folder shortcuts ( edit ) Almost like shortcuts, but transparent to the Windows shell. They are implemented as ordinary folders ( which need to have the read only and / or system attribute ) containing a shortcut named target. lnk which refers to the target and a ( hidden ) desktop. ini with ( at least ) the following contents : (. ShellClassInfo ) CLSID2 = ( 0AFACED1 - E828 - 11D1 - 9187 - B532F1E9575D ) Folder shortcuts are created and used from the Windows shell in the network neighborhood for example. Shell objects ( edit ) The shell objects or shell folders are defined in the Windows registry and can be used to implement a sort of symbolic link too. Like folder shortcuts, they are transparent to the Windows shell. A minimal implementation is ( the CLSID ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) is used as a placeholder ) : ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \\ CLSID \\ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) ) @ = `` display name '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \\ CLSID \\ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \\ DefaultIcon ) @ = ``... '' ; path to icon ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \\ CLSID \\ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \\ InProcServer32 ) @ = `` % SystemRoot % \\ \\ System32 \\ \\ ShDocVw. Dll '' `` ThreadingModel '' = `` Apartment '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \\ CLSID \\ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \\ Instance ) `` CLSID '' = `` ( 0AFACED1 - E828 - 11D1 - 9187 - B532F1E9575D ) '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \\ CLSID \\ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \\ Instance \\ InitPropertyBag ) `` Attributes '' = hex : 15, 00, 00, 00 `` Target '' = ``... '' ; absolute ( WITHOUT `` TargetKnownFolder '' or `` TargetSpecialFolder '' only ) ; or relative path to target `` TargetKnownFolder '' = `` ( guidguid - guid - guid - guid - guidguidguid ) '' ; GUID of target folder, Windows Vista and later `` TargetSpecialFolder '' = `` 0x00xy '' ; CSIDL of target ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \\ CLSID \\ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \\ ShellFolder ) `` Attributes '' = hex : 00, 00, 00, 00 The My Documents folder on the Desktop as well as the Fonts and the Administrative Tools folders in the Control Panel are examples of shell objects redirected to file - system folders. Cygwin symbolic links ( edit ) Cygwin simulates POSIX - compliant symbolic links in the Microsoft Windows file system. It uses identical programming and user utility interfaces as Unix ( see above ), but creates Windows shortcuts (. lnk files ) with additional information used by Cygwin at the time of symlink resolution. Cygwin symlinks are compliant with both Windows and the POSIX standard. Additionally, Cygwin can be set up to support native Windows symbolic links which can be used out of Cygwin without restrictions. This requires : Editing CYGWIN variable ( or use another way to set Cygwin option ) ; Running the Cygwin with elevated rights because Windows restricts the creation of symbolic links to privileged users Some differences exist, however. Cygwin has no way to specify shortcut - related information -- such as working directory or icon -- as there is no place for such parameters in ln - s command. To create standard Microsoft. lnk files Cygwin provides the mkshortcut and readshortcut utilities The Cygwin User 's Guide has more information on this topic. Summary ( edit ) Property / Action Symbolic link Junction Hard link When the link is deleted Target remains unchanged Target is deleted ( except when using special tools ) Reference counter is decremented ; when it reaches 0, the target is deleted When target is moved Symbolic link becomes invalid Junction becomes invalid Hard link remains valid Relative path Allowed Not allowed ( on saving, becomes an absolute path ) N / A Crossing filesystem boundaries Supported Supported Not supported ( target must be on same filesystem ) Windows For files Windows Vista and later ( administrator rights required ) No Yes For folders Yes No Unix For files Yes N / A Yes For directories Yes N / A Partial Amiga ( edit ) The command creating symbolic links is makelink, which is also used for hard links. Internally the dos. library returns an error code indicating that a target is a soft link if you try to perform actions on it that are only legal for a file, and applications that wish to follow the symbolic link then needs to explicitly make a call to follow the link and retry the operation. The AmigaDOS shell will follow links automatically. OS / 2 ( edit ) In the OS / 2 operating system, symbolic links somewhat resemble shadows in the graphical Workplace Shell. However, shadows, due to the fully object - oriented System Object Model, are considerably more powerful and robust than a simple link. For example, shadows do not lose their capabilities when renamed or when either the object or subject of the link is relocated. Variable symbolic links ( edit ) Symbolic links may be implemented in a context - dependent or variable fashion, such that the link points to varying targets depending on a configuration parameter, run - time parameter, or other instantaneous condition. A variable or variant symbolic link is a symbolic link that has a variable name embedded in it. This allows some flexibility in filesystem order that is not possible with a standard symbolic link. Variables embedded in a symbolic link may include user and environment specific information. Operating systems that make use of variant symbolic links include FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Domain / OS. Tru64 uses a context dependent symbolic link where the context is the cluster member number. Pyramid Technology 's OSx Operating System implemented conditional symbolic links which pointed to different locations depending on which universe a program was running in. The universes supported were AT&T 's SysV. 3 and the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD 4.3 ). For example : if the ps command was run in the att universe, then the symbolic link for the directory / bin would point to /. attbin and the program /. attbin / ps would be executed. Whereas if the ps command was run in the ucb universe, then / bin would point to /. ucbbin and /. ucbbin / ps would be executed. Similar Conditional Symbolic Links were also created for other directories such as / lib, / usr / lib, / usr / include. See also ( edit ) Symlink race -- a security - vulnerability caused by symbolic links freedup -- generates links between identical data automatically References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pathname resolution, POSIX. Jump up ^ Pike, Rob ( 2000 ). Lexical file names in Plan 9 or getting dot - dot right ( PDF ). Proc. USENIX Annual Tech. Conf. Jump up ^ symlink, symlinkat. IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition. Jump up ^ link, linkat. IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition. Jump up ^ `` lchmod ( 2 ) ''. Manual pages for FreeBSD 11. Jump up ^ `` lchflags ( 2 ) ''. Manual pages for FreeBSD 11. Jump up ^ `` Link Shell Extension website ''. Link Shell Extension website. Jump up ^ Symbolic Links, MSDN Library, Win32 and COM Development, 2008 - 01 - 18 Jump up ^ CreateSymbolicLink Function, MSDN Library, Win32 and COM Development Jump up ^ Symbolic Link Programming Considerations, MSDN Jump up ^ Mark Russinovich : Inside the Windows Vista Kernel : Part 1 -- File - based symbolic links, Microsoft Technet, February 2007. Jump up ^ Sysinternals Junction documentation Jump up ^ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/973455 Jump up ^ `` Distributed Link Tracking and Object Identifiers ''. Microsoft Developers Network. Microsoft Corporation. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011. Jump up ^ Specifying a Namespace Extension 's Location Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Unable to remove Read - Only attribute from folder Jump up ^ Creating Shell Extensions with Shell Instance Objects. msdn.microsoft.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cygwin User 's Guide, Cygwin. Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Microsoft. lnk files in Cygwin Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Cygwin User 's Guide, Cygwin. Jump up ^ The Windows implementation is not POSIX compliant Jump up ^ POSIX permits hard links on directories but does not require them Jump up ^ ( 5 ) What 's new for FreeBSD 10 External links ( edit ) Q & A : The difference between hard and soft links as applied to Linux Junction : maintain NTFS junction points ( for Windows 2000 and above ) FSUtil Hardlink : Microsoft Technet page on using the command - line tool FSUtil to create hardlinks ( for Windows 2000 and above ) Link Shell Extension : Windows Explorer context menu, overlay icons and property sheet handler to maintain hardlinks, NTFS junction points, symbolic links etc. Symbolic Drivers for Windows XP ( in Japanese ) : file system drivers to enables Symbolic Links for Windows XP ( also mirrored on Link Shell Extension site ). Sources available. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Linux commands This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later. ( hide ) Computer files Types Binary file / Text file File format List of file formats File signatures Magic number Metafile Sidecar file Sparse file Swap file System file Temporary file Zero - byte file Properties Filename 8.3 filename Long filename Filename mangling Filename extension List of filename extensions File attribute Extended file attributes File size Hidden file / Hidden directory Organisation Directory / Folder NTFS junction point Temporary folder Directory structure File sequence File system Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Path Operations Open Close Read Write Linking Alias File descriptor Hard link Shadow Shortcut Symbolic link Management File comparison File compression File manager Comparison of file managers File system permissions File transfer File sharing File verification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_link&oldid=798992027 '' Categories : Computer file systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017, at 00 : 54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia", "title": "Symbolic link", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Symbolic_link&amp;oldid=798992027" }

[ { "answer_passages": [ "graph, which can have consequences for such simple operations as figuring out the current directory of a process. Even the Unix... convention for navigating to a directory 's parent directory no longer works reliably in the face of symlinks. Some shells heuristically try to uphold the illusion of a tree - shaped hierarchy, but when they do, this causes them to produce different results from other programs that manipulate pathnames without such heuristic, relying on the operating system instead. Programs that need to handle symbolic links specially ( e.g., shells and backup utilities ) thus need to identify and manipulate them directly. Some Unix as well as Linux distributions use symbolic links extensively in an effort to reorder the file system hierarchy. This is accomplished with several mechanisms, such as variant, context - dependent symbolic links. This offers the opportunity to create a more intuitive or application - specific directory tree and to reorganize the system without having to redesign the core set of system functions and utilities. POSIX and Unix - like operating systems ( edit ) In POSIX - compliant operating systems, symbolic links are created with the symlink system call. The ln shell command normally uses the link system call, which creates a hard link. When the ln - s flag is specified, the symlink ( ) system call is used instead, creating a symbolic link. Symlinks were introduced in 4.2" ], "id": [ "4797584781988461528" ], "short_answers": [ "to reorder the file system hierarchy" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]

{ "text": "Great Depression - wikipedia Great Depression Jump to : navigation, search This article is about the severe worldwide economic downturn in the 1930s. For other uses, see The Great Depression ( disambiguation ) and The Great Slump ( disambiguation ). Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in Nipomo, California, March 1936 USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960, with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) highlighted. The unemployment rate in the U.S. during 1910 -- 60, with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) highlighted. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, originating in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations ; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until 1941. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world 's economy can decline. The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 ( known as Black Tuesday ). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product ( GDP ) fell by an estimated 15 %. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1 % from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50 %. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25 % and in some countries rose as high as 33 %. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60 %. Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Contents ( hide ) 1 Start 1.1 Economic indicators 2 Causes 2.1 Mainstream explanations 2.1. 1 Keynesian 2.1. 2 Monetarist 2.1. 3 Common position 2.1. 4 Additional modern nonmonetary explanations 2.1. 4.1 Debt deflation 2.1. 4.2 Expectations hypothesis 2.2 Heterodox theories 2.2. 1 Austrian School 2.2. 2 Marxist 2.2. 3 Inequality 2.2. 4 Productivity shock 3 Worsening of global depression 3.1 Gold standard 3.2 Breakdown of international trade 3.3 Effect of tariffs 3.4 German banking crisis of 1931 and British crisis 4 Turning point and recovery 4.1 Role of women and household economics 4.2 World War II and recovery 5 Effects 5.1 Australia 5.2 Canada 5.3 Chile 5.4 China 5.5 France 5.6 Germany 5.7 Greece 5.8 Iceland 5.9 Ireland 5.10 Italy 5.11 Japan 5.12 Latin America 5.13 Netherlands 5.14 New Zealand 5.15 Portugal 5.16 Puerto Rico 5.17 South Africa 5.18 Soviet Union 5.19 Spain 5.20 Sweden 5.21 Thailand 5.22 United Kingdom 5.23 United States 6 Literature 7 Naming 7.1 Other `` great depressions '' 8 Comparison with the Great Recession 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Contemporary 12 External links Start See also : Timeline of the Great Depression The Dow Jones Industrial, 1928 -- 30 Economic historians usually attribute the start of the Great Depression to the sudden devastating collapse of U.S. stock market prices on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. However, some dispute this conclusion and see the stock crash as a symptom, rather than a cause, of the Great Depression. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time. John D. Rockefeller said `` These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come and gone. Prosperity has always returned and will again. '' The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April. This was still almost 30 % below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the corresponding period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered severe losses in the stock market the previous year, cut back their expenditures by 10 %. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U.S. Unemployed men outside a soup kitchen opened by Al Capone in Depression - era Chicago, Illinois, the US, 1931. By mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928. Prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930. Then a deflationary spiral started in 1931. Conditions were worse in farming areas, where commodity prices plunged and in mining and logging areas, where unemployment was high and there were few other jobs. The decline in the U.S. economy was the factor that pulled down most other countries at first ; then, internal weaknesses or strengths in each country made conditions worse or better. Frantic attempts to shore up the economies of individual nations through protectionist policies, such as the 1930 U.S. Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act and retaliatory tariffs in other countries, exacerbated the collapse in global trade. By late 1930, a steady decline in the world economy had set in, which did not reach bottom until 1933. Economic indicators Change in economic indicators 1929 -- 32 United States Great Britain France Germany Industrial production − 46 % − 23 % − 24 % − 41 % Wholesale prices − 32 % − 33 % − 34 % − 29 % Foreign trade − 70 % − 60 % − 54 % − 61 % Unemployment + 607 % + 129 % + 214 % + 232 % Causes Main article : Causes of the Great Depression Money supply decreased considerably between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States. Crowd gathering at the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street after the 1929 crash U.S. industrial production ( 1928 -- 39 ) The two classical competing theories of the Great Depression are the Keynesian ( demand - driven ) and the monetarist explanation. There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. The consensus among demand - driven theories is that a large - scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand. Monetarists believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but the shrinking of the money supply greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression. Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right, or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending, particularly investment, is the primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression. Today the controversy is of lesser importance since there is mainstream support for the debt deflation theory and the expectations hypothesis that building on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz add non-monetary explanations. There is consensus that the Federal Reserve System should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse. If the Fed had done that the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter. Mainstream explanations Keynesian British economist John Maynard Keynes argued in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that lower aggregate expenditures in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average. In such a situation, the economy reached equilibrium at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment. Keynes ' basic idea was simple : to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during times of economic crisis to pick up the slack by increasing government spending and / or cutting taxes. As the Depression wore on, Franklin D. Roosevelt tried public works, farm subsidies, and other devices to restart the U.S. economy, but never completely gave up trying to balance the budget. According to the Keynesians, this improved the economy, but Roosevelt never spent enough to bring the economy out of recession until the start of World War II. Monetarist The Great Depression in the U.S. from a monetary view. Real gross domestic product in 1996 - Dollar ( blue ), price index ( red ), money supply M2 ( green ) and number of banks ( grey ). All data adjusted to 1929 = 100 %. Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression. Monetarists follow the explanation given by Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz. They argue that the Great Depression was caused by the banking crisis that caused one - third of all banks to vanish, a reduction of bank shareholder wealth and more importantly monetary contraction by 35 %. This caused a price drop by 33 % ( deflation ). By not lowering interest rates, by not increasing the monetary base and by not injecting liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling the Federal Reserve passively watched the transforming of a normal recession into the Great Depression. Friedman argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would merely have been an ordinary recession if the Federal Reserve had taken aggressive action. The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures -- particularly that of the New York Bank of United States -- which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed. He claimed that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought government bonds on the open market to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did. With significantly less money to go around, businessmen could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing. This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the New York Branch. One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was the gold standard. At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the Federal Reserve Act, which required 40 % gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued. By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession. This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes. A `` promise of gold '' is not as good as `` gold in the hand '', particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40 % of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding. During the bank panics a portion of those demand notes were redeemed for Federal Reserve gold. Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit. On April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 making the private ownership of gold certificates, coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold. Common position From the point of view of today 's mainstream schools of economic thought, government should strive to keep the interconnected macroeconomic aggregates money supply and / or aggregate demand on a stable growth path. When threatened by the forecast of a depression central banks should pour liquidity into the banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to keep the nominal money stock and total nominal demand from collapsing. At the beginning of the Great Depression most economists believed in Say 's law and the self - equilibrating powers of the market and failed to explain the severity of the Depression. Outright leave - it - alone liquidationism was a position mainly held by the Austrian School. The liquidationist position was that a depression is good medicine. The idea was the benefit of a depression was to liquidate failed investments and businesses that have been made obsolete by technological development in order to release factors of production ( capital and labor ) from unproductive uses so that these could be redeployed in other sectors of the technologically dynamic economy. They argued that even if self - adjustment of the economy took mass bankruptcies, then so be it. An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of some Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist thesis led to disastrous consequences. Regarding the policies of President Hoover, economists like Barry Eichengreen and J. Bradford DeLong point out that President Hoover tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932, when he lost confidence in his Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and replaced him. Despite liquidationist expectations, a large proportion of the capital stock was not redeployed but vanished during the first years of the Great Depression. According to a study by Olivier Blanchard and Lawrence Summers, the recession caused a drop of net capital accumulation to pre-1924 levels by 1933. Milton Friedman called the leave - it - alone liquidationism `` dangerous nonsense ''. He wrote : `` I think the Austrian business - cycle theory has done the world a great deal of harm. If you go back to the 1930s, which is a key point, here you had the Austrians sitting in London, Hayek and Lionel Robbins, and saying you just have to let the bottom drop out of the world. You 've just got to let it cure itself. You ca n't do anything about it. You will only make it worse.... I think by encouraging that kind of do - nothing policy both in Britain and in the United States, they did harm. '' Additional modern non-monetary explanations The monetary explanation has two weaknesses. First it is not able to explain why the demand for money was falling more rapidly than the supply during the initial downturn in 1930 -- 31. Second it is not able to explain why in March 1933 a recovery took place although short term interest rates remained close to zero and the Money supply was still falling. These questions are addressed by modern explanations that build on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz but add non-monetary explanations. Debt deflation Crowds outside the Bank of United States in New York after its failure in 1931 Irving Fisher argued that the predominant factor leading to the Great Depression was a vicious circle of deflation and growing over-indebtedness. He outlined nine factors interacting with one another under conditions of debt and deflation to create the mechanics of boom to bust. The chain of events proceeded as follows : Debt liquidation and distress selling Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off A fall in the level of asset prices A still greater fall in the net worth of businesses, precipitating bankruptcies A fall in profits A reduction in output, in trade and in employment Pessimism and loss of confidence Hoarding of money A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation adjusted interest rates During the Crash of 1929 preceding the Great Depression, margin requirements were only 10 %. Brokerage firms, in other words, would lend $9 for every $1 an investor had deposited. When the market fell, brokers called in these loans, which could not be paid back. Banks began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits en masse, triggering multiple bank runs. Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used. Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets. Outstanding debts became heavier, because prices and incomes fell by 20 -- 50 % but the debts remained at the same dollar amount. After the panic of 1929, and during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 U.S. banks failed. ( In all, 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s ). By April 1933, around $7 billion in deposits had been frozen in failed banks or those left unlicensed after the March Bank Holiday. Bank failures snowballed as desperate bankers called in loans which the borrowers did not have time or money to repay. With future profits looking poor, capital investment and construction slowed or completely ceased. In the face of bad loans and worsening future prospects, the surviving banks became even more conservative in their lending. Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans, which intensified deflationary pressures. A vicious cycle developed and the downward spiral accelerated. The liquidation of debt could not keep up with the fall of prices which it caused. The mass effect of the stampede to liquidate increased the value of each dollar owed, relative to the value of declining asset holdings. The very effort of individuals to lessen their burden of debt effectively increased it. Paradoxically, the more the debtors paid, the more they owed. This self - aggravating process turned a 1930 recession into a 1933 great depression. Fisher 's debt - deflation theory initially lacked mainstream influence because of the counter-argument that debt - deflation represented no more than a redistribution from one group ( debtors ) to another ( creditors ). Pure re-distributions should have no significant macroeconomic effects. Building on both the monetary hypothesis of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz as well as the debt deflation hypothesis of Irving Fisher, Ben Bernanke developed an alternative way in which the financial crisis affected output. He builds on Fisher 's argument that dramatic declines in the price level and nominal incomes lead to increasing real debt burdens which in turn leads to debtor insolvency and consequently leads to lowered aggregate demand, a further decline in the price level then results in a debt deflationary spiral. According to Bernanke, a small decline in the price level simply reallocates wealth from debtors to creditors without doing damage to the economy. But when the deflation is severe falling asset prices along with debtor bankruptcies lead to a decline in the nominal value of assets on bank balance sheets. Banks will react by tightening their credit conditions, that in turn leads to a credit crunch which does serious harm to the economy. A credit crunch lowers investment and consumption and results in declining aggregate demand which additionally contributes to the deflationary spiral. Expectations hypothesis Since economic mainstream turned to the new neoclassical synthesis, expectations are a central element of macroeconomic models. According to Peter Temin, Barry Wigmore, Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer, the key to recovery and to ending the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations. The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive in March 1933 when Franklin D. Roosevelt took office. Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation, industrial production bottomed out in March 1933, and investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933. There were no monetary forces to explain that turn around. Money supply was still falling and short term interest rates remained close to zero. Before March 1933 people expected further deflation and a recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment. But when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion. With these positive expectations, interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do. Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible. The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments. The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard, a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937. If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued, the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933, and output would have been 30 % lower in 1937 than in 1933. The recession of 1937 -- 38, which slowed down economic recovery from the Great Depression, is explained by fears of the population that the moderate tightening of the monetary and fiscal policy in 1937 would be first steps to a restoration of the pre-March 1933 policy regime. Heterodox theories Austrian school Theorists of the `` Austrian School '' who wrote about the Depression include Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek and American economist Murray Rothbard, who wrote America 's Great Depression ( 1963 ). In their view and like the monetarists, the Federal Reserve, which was created in 1913, shoulders much of the blame ; but in opposition to the monetarists, they argue that the key cause of the Depression was the expansion of the money supply in the 1920s that led to an unsustainable credit - driven boom. In the Austrian view it was this inflation of the money supply that led to an unsustainable boom in both asset prices ( stocks and bonds ) and capital goods. By the time the Fed belatedly tightened in 1928, it was far too late and, in the Austrian view, a significant economic contraction was inevitable. In February 1929 Hayek published a paper predicting the Federal Reserve 's actions would lead to a crisis starting in the stock and credit markets. According to Rothbard, government support for failed enterprises and keeping wages above their market values actually prolonged the Depression. Hayek, unlike Rothbard, believed since the 1970s, along with the monetarists, that the Federal Reserve further contributed to the problems of the Depression by permitting the money supply to shrink during the earliest years of the Depression. However, in 1932 and 1934 Hayek had criticised the FED and the Bank of England for not taking a more contractionary stance. Hans Sennholz argued that most boom and busts that plagued the American economy in 1819 -- 20, 1839 -- 43, 1857 -- 60, 1873 -- 78, 1893 -- 97, and 1920 -- 21, were generated by government creating a boom through easy money and credit, which was soon followed by the inevitable bust. The spectacular crash of 1929 followed five years of reckless credit expansion by the Federal Reserve System under the Coolidge Administration. The passing of the Sixteenth Amendment, the passage of The Federal Reserve Act, rising government deficits, the passage of the Hawley - Smoot Tariff Act, and the Revenue Act of 1932, exacerbated the crisis, prolonging it. Ludwig von Mises wrote in the 1930s : `` Credit expansion can not increase the supply of real goods. It merely brings about a rearrangement. It diverts capital investment away from the course prescribed by the state of economic wealth and market conditions. It causes production to pursue paths which it would not follow unless the economy were to acquire an increase in material goods. As a result, the upswing lacks a solid base. It is not a real prosperity. It is illusory prosperity. It did not develop from an increase in economic wealth, i.e. the accumulation of savings made available for productive investment. Rather, it arose because the credit expansion created the illusion of such an increase. Sooner or later, it must become apparent that this economic situation is built on sand. '' Marxist Karl Marx saw recession and depression as unavoidable under free - market capitalism as there are no restrictions on accumulations of capital other than the market itself. In the Marxist view, capitalism tends to create unbalanced accumulations of wealth, leading to over-accumulations of capital which inevitably lead to a crisis. This especially sharp bust is a regular feature of the boom and bust pattern of what Marxists term `` chaotic '' capitalist development. It is a tenet of many Marxist groupings that such crises are inevitable and will be increasingly severe until the contradictions inherent in the mismatch between the mode of production and the development of productive forces reach the final point of failure. At which point, the crisis period encourages intensified class conflict and forces societal change. Inequality Power farming displaces tenants from the land in the western dry cotton area. Childress County, Texas, 1938 Two economists of the 1920s, Waddill Catchings and William Trufant Foster, popularized a theory that influenced many policy makers, including Herbert Hoover, Henry A. Wallace, Paul Douglas, and Marriner Eccles. It held the economy produced more than it consumed, because the consumers did not have enough income. Thus the unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression. According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global over-investment in heavy industry capacity compared to wages and earnings from independent businesses, such as farms. The proposed solution was for the government to pump money into the consumers ' pockets. That is, it must redistribute purchasing power, maintaining the industrial base, and re-inflating prices and wages to force as much of the inflationary increase in purchasing power into consumer spending. The economy was overbuilt, and new factories were not needed. Foster and Catchings recommended federal and state governments to start large construction projects, a program followed by Hoover and Roosevelt. Productivity shock It can not be emphasized too strongly that the ( productivity, output and employment ) trends we are describing are long - time trends and were thoroughly evident prior to 1929. These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression, nor are they the result of the World War. On the contrary, the present depression is a collapse resulting from these long - term trends. -- M. King Hubbert The first three decades of the 20th century saw economic output surge with electrification, mass production and motorized farm machinery, and because of the rapid growth in productivity there was a lot of excess production capacity and the work week was being reduced. The dramatic rise in productivity of major industries in the U.S. and the effects of productivity on output, wages and the work week are discussed by Spurgeon Bell in his book Productivity, Wages, and National Income ( 1940 ). Worsening of global Depression This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The gold standard was the primary transmission mechanism of the Great Depression. Even countries that did not face bank failures and a monetary contraction first hand were forced to join the deflationary policy since higher interest rates in countries that performed a deflationary policy led to a gold outflow in countries with lower interest rates. Under the gold standards price -- specie flow mechanism countries that lost gold but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline ( deflation ). There is also consensus that protectionist policies such as the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act helped to worsen the depression. Gold standard The Depression in international perspective Some economic studies have indicated that just as the downturn was spread worldwide by the rigidities of the Gold Standard, it was suspending gold convertibility ( or devaluing the currency in gold terms ) that did the most to make recovery possible. Every major currency left the gold standard during the Great Depression. Great Britain was the first to do so. Facing speculative attacks on the pound and depleting gold reserves, in September 1931 the Bank of England ceased exchanging pound notes for gold and the pound was floated on foreign exchange markets. Great Britain, Japan, and the Scandinavian countries left the gold standard in 1931. Other countries, such as Italy and the U.S., remained on the gold standard into 1932 or 1933, while a few countries in the so - called `` gold bloc '', led by France and including Poland, Belgium and Switzerland, stayed on the standard until 1935 -- 36. According to later analysis, the earliness with which a country left the gold standard reliably predicted its economic recovery. For example, Great Britain and Scandinavia, which left the gold standard in 1931, recovered much earlier than France and Belgium, which remained on gold much longer. Countries such as China, which had a silver standard, almost avoided the depression entirely. The connection between leaving the gold standard as a strong predictor of that country 's severity of its depression and the length of time of its recovery has been shown to be consistent for dozens of countries, including developing countries. This partly explains why the experience and length of the depression differed between national economies. Breakdown of international trade Many economists have argued that the sharp decline in international trade after 1930 helped to worsen the depression, especially for countries significantly dependent on foreign trade. In a 1995 survey of American economic historians, two - thirds agreed that the Smoot - Hawley tariff act at least worsened the Great Depression. Most historians and economists partly blame the American Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act ( enacted June 17, 1930 ) for worsening the depression by seriously reducing international trade and causing retaliatory tariffs in other countries. While foreign trade was a small part of overall economic activity in the U.S. and was concentrated in a few businesses like farming, it was a much larger factor in many other countries. The average ad valorem rate of duties on dutiable imports for 1921 -- 25 was 25.9 % but under the new tariff it jumped to 50 % during 1931 -- 35. In dollar terms, American exports declined over the next four ( 4 ) years from about $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.7 billion in 1933 ; so, not only did the physical volume of exports fall, but also the prices fell by about 1 / 3 as written. Hardest hit were farm commodities such as wheat, cotton, tobacco, and lumber. Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as : `` imposing tariffs, import quotas, and exchange controls ''. These restrictions formed a lot of tension between trade nations, causing a major deduction during the depression. Not all countries enforced the same measures of protectionism. Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions, while other countries condensed `` trade and exchange restrictions only marginally '' : `` Countries that remained on the gold standard, keeping currencies fixed, were more likely to restrict foreign trade. '' These countries `` resorted to protectionist policies to strengthen the balance of payments and limit gold losses. '' They hoped that these restrictions and depletions would hold the economic decline. Countries that abandoned the gold standard, allowed their currencies to depreciate which caused their Balance of payments to strengthen. It also freed up monetary policy so that central banks could lower interest rates and act as lenders of last resort. They possessed the best policy instruments to fight the Depression and did not need protectionism. `` The length and depth of a country 's economic downturn and the timing and vigor of its recovery is related to how long it remained on the gold standard. Countries abandoning the gold standard relatively early experienced relatively mild recessions and early recoveries. In contrast, countries remaining on the gold standard experienced prolonged slumps. '' Effect of tariffs See also : Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act Many economist think that the tariff act was not a major contribution to the great depression : Economist Paul Krugman argues against the notion that protectionism caused the Great Depression. `` Where protectionism really mattered was in preventing a recovery in trade when production recovered ''. He cites a report by Barry Eichengreen and Douglas Irwin : Figure 1 in that report shows trade and production dropping together from 1929 to 1932, but production increasing faster than trade from 1932 to 1937. The authors argue that adherence to the gold standard forced many countries to resort to tariffs, when instead they should have devalued their currencies. Milton Friedman also said that Smoot - Hawley tariff of 1930 did n't cause the Great Depression. Douglas A. Irwin writes : `` most economists, both liberal and conservative, doubt that Smoot Hawley played much of a role in the subsequent contraction. '' Peter Temin an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology explains a tariff is an expansionary policy, like a devaluation as it diverts demand from foreign to home producers. He notes that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929, they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff. He concludes that contrary the popular argument, contractionary effect of the tariff was small. ( Temin, P. 1989. Lessons from the Great Depression, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass ) William Bernstein writes `` most economic historians now believe that only a minuscule part of that huge loss of both world GDP and the United States ' GDP can be ascribed to the tariff wars '' because trade was only nine percent of global output, not enough to account for the seventeen percent drop in GDP following the Crash. He thinks the damage done could not possibly have exceeded 2 percent of world GDP and tariff `` did n't even significantly deepen the Great Depression. '' ( A Splendid Exchange : How Trade Shaped the World ) Nobel laureate Maurice Allais, thinks that tariff was rather helpful in the face of deregulation of competition in the global labor market and excessively loose credit prior to the Crash which, according to him, caused the crisis Financial and banking sectors. He notes higher trade barriers were partly a means to protect domestic demand from deflation and external disturbances. He obserses domestic production in the major industrialized countries fell faster than international trade contracted ; if contraction of foreign trade had been the cause of the Depression, he argues, the opposite should have occurred. So, the decline in trade between 1929 and 1933 was a consequence of the Depression, not a cause. Most of the trade contraction took place between January 1930 and July 1932, before the introduction of the majority of protectionist measures, excepting limited American measures applied in the summer of 1930. It was the collapse of international liquidity that caused of the contraction of trade. German banking crisis of 1931 and British crisis It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled European banking crisis of 1931. ( Discuss ) ( September 2017 ) The financial crisis escalated out of control in mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the Credit Anstalt in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil. With the rise in violence of Nazi and communist movements, as well as investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies. Investors withdrew their short - term money from Germany, as confidence spiraled downward. The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June, 540 million in the second, and 150 million in two days, June 19 -- 20. Collapse was at hand. U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a moratorium on Payment of war reparations. This angered Paris, which depended on a steady flow of German payments, but it slowed the crisis down and the moratorium, was agreed to in July 1931. International conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on August 19 a standstill agreement froze Germany 's foreign liabilities for six months. Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England. The funding only slowed the process ; it 's nothing. Industrial failures began in Germany, a major bank closed in July and a two - day holiday for all German banks was declared. Business failures more frequent in July, and spread to Romania and Hungary. The crisis continued to get worse in Germany, bringing political upheaval that finally led to the coming to power ( through free elections ) of Hitler 's Nazi regime in January 1933. The world financial crisis now began to overwhelm Britain ; investors across the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £ 21⁄2 millions a day. Credits of £ 25 millions each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of £ 15 millions fiduciary note slowed, but did not reverse the British crisis. The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget ; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald 's Labour government agreed ; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits 20 %. The attack on welfare was totally unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but King George V insisted he remain and form an all - party coalition `` National government. '' The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on, along with a small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the gold standard, and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression. In the 1931 British election the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as Prime Minister for a largely Conservative coalition. Turning point and recovery The overall course of the Depression in the United States, as reflected in per - capita GDP ( average income per person ) shown in constant year 2000 dollars, plus some of the key events of the period. Dotted red line = long term trend 1920 -- 1970. In most countries of the world, recovery from the Great Depression began in 1933. In the U.S., recovery began in early 1933, but the U.S. did not return to 1929 GNP for over a decade and still had an unemployment rate of about 15 % in 1940, albeit down from the high of 25 % in 1933. The measurement of the unemployment rate in this time period was unsophisticated and complicated by the presence of massive underemployment, in which employers and workers engaged in rationing of jobs. There is no consensus among economists regarding the motive force for the U.S. economic expansion that continued through most of the Roosevelt years ( and the 1937 recession that interrupted it ). The common view among most economists is that Roosevelt 's New Deal policies either caused or accelerated the recovery, although his policies were never aggressive enough to bring the economy completely out of recession. Some economists have also called attention to the positive effects from expectations of reflation and rising nominal interest rates that Roosevelt 's words and actions portended. It was the rollback of those same reflationary policies that led to the interrupting recession of 1937. One contributing policy that reversed reflation was the Banking Act of 1935, which effectively raised reserve requirements, causing a monetary contraction that helped to thwart the recovery. GDP returned to its upward trend in 1938. According to Christina Romer, the money supply growth caused by huge international gold inflows was a crucial source of the recovery of the United States economy, and that the economy showed little sign of self - correction. The gold inflows were partly due to devaluation of the U.S. dollar and partly due to deterioration of the political situation in Europe. In their book, A Monetary History of the United States, Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz also attributed the recovery to monetary factors, and contended that it was much slowed by poor management of money by the Federal Reserve System. Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke agreed that monetary factors played important roles both in the worldwide economic decline and eventual recovery. Bernanke also saw a strong role for institutional factors, particularly the rebuilding and restructuring of the financial system, and pointed out that the Depression should be examined in an international perspective. Role of women and household Economics Women 's primary role were as housewives ; without a steady flow of family income, their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care. Birthrates fell everywhere, as children were postponed until families could financially support them. The average birthrate for 14 major countries fell 12 % from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930, to 17.0 in 1935. In Canada, half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births. Among the few women in the labor force, layoffs were less common in the white - collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work. However, there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job, so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed. Across Britain, there was a tendency for married women to join the labor force, competing for part - time jobs especially. In rural and small - town areas, women expanded their operation of vegetable gardens to include as much food production as possible. In the United States, agricultural organizations sponsored programs to teach housewives how to optimize their gardens and to raise poultry for meat and eggs. In American cities, African American women quiltmakers enlarged their activities, promoted collaboration, and trained neophytes. Quilts were created for practical use from various inexpensive materials and increased social interaction for women and promoted camaraderie and personal fulfillment. Oral history provides evidence for how housewives in a modern industrial city handled shortages of money and resources. Often they updated strategies their mothers used when they were growing up in poor families. Cheap foods were used, such as soups, beans and noodles. They purchased the cheapest cuts of meat -- sometimes even horse meat -- and recycled the Sunday roast into sandwiches and soups. They sewed and patched clothing, traded with their neighbors for outgrown items, and made do with colder homes. New furniture and appliances were postponed until better days. Many women also worked outside the home, or took boarders, did laundry for trade or cash, and did sewing for neighbors in exchange for something they could offer. Extended families used mutual aid -- extra food, spare rooms, repair - work, cash loans -- to help cousins and in - laws. In Japan, official government policy was deflationary and the opposite of Keynesian spending. Consequently, the government launched a nationwide campaign to induce households to reduce their consumption, focusing attention on spending by housewives. In Germany, the government tried to reshape private household consumption under the Four - Year Plan of 1936 to achieve German economic self - sufficiency. The Nazi women 's organizations, other propaganda agencies and the authorities all attempted to shape such consumption as economic self - sufficiency was needed to prepare for and to sustain the coming war. The organizations, propaganda agencies and authorities employed slogans that called up traditional values of thrift and healthy living. However, these efforts were only partly successful in changing the behavior of housewives. World War II and recovery A female factory worker in 1942, Fort Worth, Texas. Women entered the workforce as men were drafted into the armed forces The common view among economic historians is that the Great Depression ended with the advent of World War II. Many economists believe that government spending on the war caused or at least accelerated recovery from the Great Depression, though some consider that it did not play a very large role in the recovery. It did help in reducing unemployment. The rearmament policies leading up to World War II helped stimulate the economies of Europe in 1937 -- 39. By 1937, unemployment in Britain had fallen to 1.5 million. The mobilization of manpower following the outbreak of war in 1939 ended unemployment. When the United States entered into the war in 1941, it finally eliminated the last effects from the Great Depression and brought the U.S. unemployment rate down below 10 %. In the U.S., massive war spending doubled economic growth rates, either masking the effects of the Depression or essentially ending the Depression. Businessmen ignored the mounting national debt and heavy new taxes, redoubling their efforts for greater output to take advantage of generous government contracts. Effects This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An impoverished American family living in a shanty, 1936 The majority of countries set up relief programs and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the right. Many of the countries in Europe and Latin America that were democracies saw them overthrown by some form of dictatorship or authoritarian rule, most famously in Germany in 1933. The Dominion of Newfoundland gave up democracy voluntarily. Australia Main article : Great Depression in Australia Australia 's dependence on agricultural and industrial exports meant it was one of the hardest - hit developed countries. Falling export demand and commodity prices placed massive downward pressures on wages. Unemployment reached a record high of 29 % in 1932, with incidents of civil unrest becoming common. After 1932, an increase in wool and meat prices led to a gradual recovery. Canada Main article : Great Depression in Canada Unemployed men march in Toronto, Ontario, Canada Harshly affected by both the global economic downturn and the Dust Bowl, Canadian industrial production had fallen to only 58 % of the 1929 level by 1932, the second lowest level in the world after the United States, and well behind nations such as Britain, which fell to only 83 % of the 1929 level. Total national income fell to 56 % of the 1929 level, again worse than any nation apart from the United States. Unemployment reached 27 % at the depth of the Depression in 1933. Chile Further information : Great Depression in Chile The League of Nations labeled Chile the country hardest hit by the Great Depression because 80 % of government revenue came from exports of copper and nitrates, which were in low demand. Chile initially felt the impact of the Great Depression in 1930, when GDP dropped 14 %, mining income declined 27 %, and export earnings fell 28 %. By 1932, GDP had shrunk to less than half of what it had been in 1929, exacting a terrible toll in unemployment and business failures. Influenced profoundly by the Great Depression, many national leaders promoted the development of local industry in an effort to insulate the economy from future external shocks. After six years of government austerity measures, which succeeded in reestablishing Chile 's creditworthiness, Chileans elected to office during the 1938 -- 58 period a succession of center and left - of - center governments interested in promoting economic growth by means of government intervention. Prompted in part by the devastating 1939 Chillán earthquake, the Popular Front government of Pedro Aguirre Cerda created the Production Development Corporation ( Corporación de Fomento de la Producción, CORFO ) to encourage with subsidies and direct investments an ambitious program of import substitution industrialization. Consequently, as in other Latin American countries, protectionism became an entrenched aspect of the Chilean economy. China Main article : Nanjing Decade China was largely unaffected by the Depression, mainly by having stuck to the Silver standard. However, the U.S. silver purchase act of 1934 created an intolerable demand on China 's silver coins, and so in the end the silver standard was officially abandoned in 1935 in favor of the four Chinese national banks ' `` legal note '' issues. China and the British colony of Hong Kong, which followed suit in this regard in September 1935, would be the last to abandon the silver standard. In addition, the Nationalist Government also acted energetically to modernize the legal and penal systems, stabilize prices, amortize debts, reform the banking and currency systems, build railroads and highways, improve public health facilities, legislate against traffic in narcotics and augment industrial and agricultural production. On November 3, 1935, the government instituted the fiat currency ( fapi ) reform, immediately stabilizing prices and also raising revenues for the government. France Main article : Great Depression in France The crisis affected France a bit later than other countries, hitting around 1931. While the 1920s grew at the very strong rate of 4.43 % per year, the 1930s rate fell to only 0.63 %. The depression was relatively mild : unemployment peaked under 5 %, the fall in production was at most 20 % below the 1929 output ; there was no banking crisis. However, the depression had drastic effects on the local economy, and partly explains the February 6, 1934 riots and even more the formation of the Popular Front, led by SFIO socialist leader Léon Blum, which won the elections in 1936. Ultra-nationalist groups also saw increased popularity, although democracy prevailed into World War II. France 's relatively high degree of self - sufficiency meant the damage was considerably less than in nations like Germany. Germany Main article : Weimar Republic Adolf Hitler speaking in 1935 The Great Depression hit Germany hard. The impact of the Wall Street Crash forced American banks to end the new loans that had been funding the repayments under the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. The financial crisis escalated out of control and mid-1931, starting with the collapse of the Credit Anstalt in Vienna in May. This put heavy pressure on Germany, which was already in political turmoil. With the rise in violence of Nazi and communist movements, as well as investor nervousness at harsh government financial policies. Investors withdrew their short - term money from Germany, as confidence spiraled downward. The Reichsbank lost 150 million marks in the first week of June, 540 million in the second, and 150 million in two days, June 19 -- 20. Collapse was at hand. U.S. President Herbert Hoover called for a moratorium on Payment of war reparations. This angered Paris, which depended on a steady flow of German payments, but it slowed the crisis down and the moratorium, was agreed to in July 1931. International conference in London later in July produced no agreements but on August 19 a standstill agreement froze Germany 's foreign liabilities for six months. Germany received emergency funding from private banks in New York as well as the Bank of International Settlements and the Bank of England. The funding only slowed the process ; it 's nothing. Industrial failures began in Germany, a major bank closed in July and a two - day holiday for all German banks was declared. Business failures more frequent in July, and spread to Romania and Hungary. In 1932, 90 % of German reparation payments were cancelled. ( In the 1950s, Germany repaid all its missed reparations debts. ) Widespread unemployment reached 25 % as every sector was hurt. The government did not increase government spending to deal with Germany 's growing crisis, as they were afraid that a high - spending policy could lead to a return of the hyperinflation that had affected Germany in 1923. Germany 's Weimar Republic was hit hard by the depression, as American loans to help rebuild the German economy now stopped. The unemployment rate reached nearly 30 % in 1932, bolstering support for the Nazi ( NSDAP ) and Communist ( KPD ) parties, causing the collapse of the politically centrist Social Democratic Party. Hitler ran for the Presidency in 1932, and while he lost to the incumbent Hindenburg in the election, it marked a point during which both Nazi Party and the Communist parties rose in the years following the crash to altogether possess a Reichstag majority following the general election in July 1932. Hitler followed an autarky economic policy, creating a network of client states and economic allies in central Europe and Latin America. By cutting wages and taking control of labor unions, plus public works spending, unemployment fell significantly by 1935. Large scale military spending played a major role in the recovery. Greece Main article : Economic history of Greece and the Greek world The reverberations of the Great Depression hit Greece in 1932. The Bank of Greece tried to adopt deflationary policies to stave off the crises that were going on in other countries, but these largely failed. For a brief period the drachma was pegged to the U.S. dollar, but this was unsustainable given the country 's large trade deficit and the only long - term effects of this were Greece 's foreign exchange reserves being almost totally wiped out in 1932. Remittances from abroad declined sharply and the value of the drachma began to plummet from 77 drachmas to the dollar in March 1931 to 111 drachmas to the dollar in April, 1931. This was especially harmful to Greece as the country relied on imports from the UK, France and the Middle East for many necessities. Greece went off the gold standard in April, 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments. The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas, which a number of European countries did during the time period. Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma, stifling imports, allowed Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression. In 1939 Greek Industrial output was 179 % that of 1928. These industries were for the most part `` built on sand '' as one report of the Bank of Greece put it, as without massive protection they would not have been able to survive. Despite the global depression, Greece managed to suffer comparatively little, averaging an average growth rate of 3.5 % from 1932 to 1939. The dictatorial regime of Ioannis Metaxas took over the Greek government in 1936, and economic growth was strong in the years leading up to the Second World War. Iceland Icelandic post-World War I prosperity came to an end with the outbreak of the Great Depression. The Depression hit Iceland hard as the value of exports plummeted. The total value of Icelandic exports fell from 74 million kronur in 1929 to 48 million in 1932, and was not to rise again to the pre-1930 level until after 1939. Government interference in the economy increased : `` Imports were regulated, trade with foreign currency was monopolized by state - owned banks, and loan capital was largely distributed by state - regulated funds ''. Due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, which cut Iceland 's exports of saltfish by half, the Depression lasted in Iceland until the outbreak of World War II ( when prices for fish exports soared ). Ireland Main article : Economic history of the Republic of Ireland Frank Barry and Mary E. Daly have argued that : Ireland was a largely agrarian economy, trading almost exclusively with the UK, at the time of the Great Depression. Beef and dairy products comprised the bulk of exports, and Ireland fared well relative to many other commodity producers, particularly in the early years of the depression. Italy Main article : Economic history of Italy The Great Depression hit Italy very hard. As industries came close to failure they were bought out by the banks in a largely illusionary bail - out -- the assets used to fund the purchases were largely worthless. This led to a financial crisis peaking in 1932 and major government intervention. The Industrial Reconstruction Institute ( IRI ) was formed in January 1933 and took control of the bank - owned companies, suddenly giving Italy the largest state - owned industrial sector in Europe ( excluding the USSR ). IRI did rather well with its new responsibilities -- restructuring, modernising and rationalising as much as it could. It was a significant factor in post-1945 development. But it took the Italian economy until 1935 to recover the manufacturing levels of 1930 -- a position that was only 60 % better than that of 1913. Japan The Great Depression did not strongly affect Japan. The Japanese economy shrank by 8 % during 1929 -- 31. Japan 's Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo was the first to implement what have come to be identified as Keynesian economic policies : first, by large fiscal stimulus involving deficit spending ; and second, by devaluing the currency. Takahashi used the Bank of Japan to sterilize the deficit spending and minimize resulting inflationary pressures. Econometric studies have identified the fiscal stimulus as especially effective. The devaluation of the currency had an immediate effect. Japanese textiles began to displace British textiles in export markets. The deficit spending proved to be most profound and went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces. By 1933, Japan was already out of the depression. By 1934, Takahashi realized that the economy was in danger of overheating, and to avoid inflation, moved to reduce the deficit spending that went towards armaments and munitions. This resulted in a strong and swift negative reaction from nationalists, especially those in the army, culminating in his assassination in the course of the February 26 Incident. This had a chilling effect on all civilian bureaucrats in the Japanese government. From 1934, the military 's dominance of the government continued to grow. Instead of reducing deficit spending, the government introduced price controls and rationing schemes that reduced, but did not eliminate inflation, which remained a problem until the end of World War II. The deficit spending had a transformative effect on Japan. Japan 's industrial production doubled during the 1930s. Further, in 1929 the list of the largest firms in Japan was dominated by light industries, especially textile companies ( many of Japan 's automakers, such as Toyota, have their roots in the textile industry ). By 1940 light industry had been displaced by heavy industry as the largest firms inside the Japanese economy. Latin America Main article : Great Depression in Latin America Because of high levels of U.S. investment in Latin American economies, they were severely damaged by the Depression. Within the region, Chile, Bolivia and Peru were particularly badly affected. Before the 1929 crisis, links between the world economy and Latin American economies had been established through American and British investment in Latin American exports to the world. As a result, Latin Americans export industries felt the depression quickly. World prices for commodities such as wheat, coffee and copper plunged. Exports from all of Latin America to the U.S. fell in value from $1.2 billion in 1929 to $335 million in 1933, rising to $660 million in 1940. But on the other hand, the depression led the area governments to develop new local industries and expand consumption and production. Following the example of the New Deal, governments in the area approved regulations and created or improved welfare institutions that helped millions of new industrial workers to achieve a better standard of living. Netherlands Main article : Great Depression in the Netherlands From roughly 1931 to 1937, the Netherlands suffered a deep and exceptionally long depression. This depression was partly caused by the after - effects of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 in the U.S., and partly by internal factors in the Netherlands. Government policy, especially the very late dropping of the Gold Standard, played a role in prolonging the depression. The Great Depression in the Netherlands led to some political instability and riots, and can be linked to the rise of the Dutch national - socialist party NSB. The depression in the Netherlands eased off somewhat at the end of 1936, when the government finally dropped the Gold Standard, but real economic stability did not return until after World War II. New Zealand Main article : History of New Zealand § Great Depression New Zealand was especially vulnerable to worldwide depression, as it relied almost totally on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom for its economy. The drop in exports led to a lack of disposable income from the farmers, who were the mainstay of the local economy. Jobs disappeared and wages plummeted, leaving people desperate and charities unable to cope. Work relief schemes were the only government support available to the unemployed, the rate of which by the early 1930s was officially around 15 %, but unofficially nearly twice that level ( official figures excluded Māori and women ). In 1932, riots occurred among the unemployed in three of the country 's main cities ( Auckland, Dunedin, and Wellington ). Many were arrested or injured through the tough official handling of these riots by police and volunteer `` special constables ''. Portugal Main article : Economic history of Portugal Already under the rule of a dictatorial junta, the Ditadura Nacional, Portugal suffered no turbulent political effects of the Depression, although António de Oliveira Salazar, already appointed Minister of Finance in 1928 greatly expanded his powers and in 1932 rose to Prime Minister of Portugal to found the Estado Novo, an authoritarian corporatist dictatorship. With the budget balanced in 1929, the effects of the depression were relaxed through harsh measures towards budget balance and autarky, causing social discontent but stability and, eventually, an impressive economic growth. Puerto Rico In the years immediately preceding the depression, negative developments in the island and world economies perpetuated an unsustainable cycle of subsistence for many Puerto Rican workers. The 1920s brought a dramatic drop in Puerto Rico 's two primary exports, raw sugar and coffee, due to a devastating hurricane in 1928 and the plummeting demand from global markets in the latter half of the decade. 1930 unemployment on the island was roughly 36 % and by 1933 Puerto Rico 's per capita income dropped 30 % ( by comparison, unemployment in the United States in 1930 was approximately 8 % reaching a height of 25 % in 1933 ). To provide relief and economic reform, the United States government and Puerto Rican politicians such as Carlos Chardon and Luis Munoz Marin created and administered first the Puerto Rico Emergency Relief Administration ( PRERA ) 1933 and then in 1935, the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration ( PRRA ). South africa Main article : Great Depression in South Africa As world trade slumped, demand for South African agricultural and mineral exports fell drastically. The Carnegie Commission on Poor Whites had concluded in 1931 that nearly one third of Afrikaners lived as paupers. The social discomfort caused by the depression was a contributing factor in the 1933 split between the `` gesuiwerde '' ( purified ) and `` smelter '' ( fusionist ) factions within the National Party and the National Party 's subsequent fusion with the South African Party. Soviet Union The Soviet Union was the world 's sole communist state with very little international trade. Its economy was not tied to the rest of the world and was only slightly affected by the Great Depression. Its forced transformation from a rural to an industrial society succeeded in building up heavy industry, at the cost of millions of lives in rural Russia and Ukraine. At the time of the Depression, the Soviet economy was growing steadily, fuelled by intensive investment in heavy industry. The apparent economic success of the Soviet Union at a time when the capitalist world was in crisis led many Western intellectuals to view the Soviet system favorably. Jennifer Burns wrote : As the Great Depression ground on and unemployment soared, intellectuals began unfavorably comparing their faltering capitalist economy to Russian Communism... More than ten years after the Revolution, Communism was finally reaching full flower, according to New York Times reporter Walter Duranty, a Stalin fan who vigorously debunked accounts of the Ukraine famine, a man - made disaster that would leave millions dead. '' Despite all of this, The Great Depression caused mass immigration to the Soviet Union, mostly from Finland and Germany. Soviet Russia was at first happy to help these immigrants settle, because they believed they were victims of capitalism who had come to help the Soviet cause. However, when the Soviet Union entered the war in 1941, most of these Germans and Finns were arrested and sent to Siberia, while their Russian - born children were placed in orphanages. Their fate is unknown. Spain Main article : Economic history of Spain Spain had a relatively isolated economy, with high protective tariffs and was not one of the main countries affected by the Depression. The banking system held up well, as did agriculture. By far the most serious negative impact came after 1936 from the heavy destruction of infrastructure and manpower by the civil war, 1936 -- 39. Many talented workers were forced into permanent exile. By staying neutral in the Second World War, and selling to both sides, the economy avoided further disasters. Sweden Main article : Economy of Sweden By the 1930s, Sweden had what America 's Life magazine called in 1938 the `` world 's highest standard of living ''. Sweden was also the first country worldwide to recover completely from the Great Depression. Taking place in the midst of a short - lived government and a less - than - a-decade old Swedish democracy, events such as those surrounding Ivar Kreuger ( who eventually committed suicide ) remain infamous in Swedish history. Eventually, the Social Democrats under Per Albin Hansson would form their first long - lived government in 1932 based on strong interventionist and welfare state policies, monopolizing the office of Prime Minister until 1976 with the sole and short - lived exception of Axel Pehrsson - Bramstorp 's `` summer cabinet '' in 1936. During forty years of hegemony, it was the most successful political party in the history of Western liberal democracy. Thailand In Thailand, then known as the Kingdom of Siam, the Great Depression contributed to the end of the absolute monarchy of King Rama VII in the Siamese revolution of 1932. United Kingdom Main articles : Great Depression in the United Kingdom and Interwar Britain Unemployed people in front of a workhouse in London, 1930 The World Depression broke at a time when the United Kingdom was still far from having recovered from the effects of the First World War more than a decade earlier. The country was driven off the gold standard in 1931. The world financial crisis began to overwhelm Britain in 1931 ; investors across the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £ 21⁄2 millions a day. Credits of £ 25 millions each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of £ 15 millions fiduciary note slowed, but did not reverse the British crisis. The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget ; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald 's Labour government agreed ; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits 20 %. The attack on welfare was totally unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but King George V insisted he remain and form an all - party coalition `` National Government ''. The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on, along with a small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the gold standard, and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Grade Depression. In the 1931 British election, the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as Prime Minister for a largely Conservative coalition. The effects on the northern industrial areas of Britain were immediate and devastating, as demand for traditional industrial products collapsed. By the end of 1930 unemployment had more than doubled from 1 million to 2.5 million ( 20 % of the insured workforce ), and exports had fallen in value by 50 %. In 1933, 30 % of Glaswegians were unemployed due to the severe decline in heavy industry. In some towns and cities in the north east, unemployment reached as high as 70 % as shipbuilding fell 90 %. The National Hunger March of September -- October 1932 was the largest of a series of hunger marches in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. About 200,000 unemployed men were sent to the work camps, which continued in operation until 1939. In the less industrial Midlands and Southern England, the effects were short - lived and the later 1930s were a prosperous time. Growth in modern manufacture of electrical goods and a boom in the motor car industry was helped by a growing southern population and an expanding middle class. Agriculture also saw a boom during this period. United States Main articles : Great Depression in the United States and New Deal Unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen in Chicago 1931 Hoover 's first measures to combat the depression were based on voluntarism by businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages. But businesses had little choice and wages were reduced, workers were laid off, and investments postponed. In June 1930 Congress approved the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act which raised tariffs on thousands of imported items. The intent of the Act was to encourage the purchase of American - made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. Other nations increased tariffs on American - made goods in retaliation, reducing international trade, and worsening the Depression. In 1931 Hoover urged bankers to set up the National Credit Corporation so that big banks could help failing banks survive. But bankers were reluctant to invest in failing banks, and the National Credit Corporation did almost nothing to address the problem. Shacks on the Anacostia flats, Washington, D.C. put up by the Bonus Army ( World War I veterans ) burning after the battle with the 1,000 soldiers accompanied by tanks and machine guns, 1932 By 1932, unemployment had reached 23.6 %, peaking in early 1933 at 25 %. Drought persisted in the agricultural heartland, businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed. Hundreds of thousands of Americans found themselves homeless, and began congregating in shanty towns -- dubbed `` Hoovervilles '' -- that began to appear across the country. In response, President Hoover and Congress approved the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, to spur new home construction, and reduce foreclosures. The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to stimulate the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act ( ERA ) which included funds for public works programs such as dams and the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) in 1932. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions. But $2 billion was not enough to save all the banks, and bank runs and bank failures continued. Quarter by quarter the economy went downhill, as prices, profits and employment fell, leading to the political realignment in 1932 that brought to power Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It is important to note, however, that after volunteerism failed, Hoover developed ideas that laid the framework for parts of the New Deal. Buried machinery in a barn lot ; South Dakota, May 1936. The Dust Bowl on the Great Plains coincided with the Great Depression Shortly after President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1933, drought and erosion combined to cause the Dust Bowl, shifting hundreds of thousands of displaced persons off their farms in the Midwest. From his inauguration onward, Roosevelt argued that restructuring of the economy would be needed to prevent another depression or avoid prolonging the current one. New Deal programs sought to stimulate demand and provide work and relief for the impoverished through increased government spending and the institution of financial reforms. During a `` bank holiday '' that lasted five days, the Emergency Banking Act was signed into law. It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision, with federal loans available if needed. The Securities Act of 1933 comprehensively regulated the securities industry. This was followed by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 which created the Securities and Exchange Commission. Though amended, key provisions of both Acts are still in force. Federal insurance of bank deposits was provided by the FDIC, and the Glass -- Steagall Act. The Agricultural Adjustment Act provided incentives to cut farm production in order to raise farming prices. The National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) made a number of sweeping changes to the American economy. It forced businesses to work with government to set price codes through the NRA to fight deflationary `` cut - throat competition '' by the setting of minimum prices and wages, labor standards, and competitive conditions in all industries. It encouraged unions that would raise wages, to increase the purchasing power of the working class. The NRA was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1935. CCC workers constructing road, 1933. Over 3 million unemployed young men were taken out of the cities and placed into 2600 + work camps managed by the CCC These reforms, together with several other relief and recovery measures, are called the First New Deal. Economic stimulus was attempted through a new alphabet soup of agencies set up in 1933 and 1934 and previously extant agencies such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. By 1935, the `` Second New Deal '' added Social Security ( which was later considerably extended through the Fair Deal ), a jobs program for the unemployed ( the Works Progress Administration, WPA ) and, through the National Labor Relations Board, a strong stimulus to the growth of labor unions. In 1929, federal expenditures constituted only 3 % of the GDP. The national debt as a proportion of GNP rose under Hoover from 20 % to 40 %. Roosevelt kept it at 40 % until the war began, when it soared to 128 %. By 1936, the main economic indicators had regained the levels of the late 1920s, except for unemployment, which remained high at 11 %, although this was considerably lower than the 25 % unemployment rate seen in 1933. In the spring of 1937, American industrial production exceeded that of 1929 and remained level until June 1937. In June 1937, the Roosevelt administration cut spending and increased taxation in an attempt to balance the federal budget. The American economy then took a sharp downturn, lasting for 13 months through most of 1938. Industrial production fell almost 30 per cent within a few months and production of durable goods fell even faster. Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in 1937 to 19.0 % in 1938, rising from 5 million to more than 12 million in early 1938. Manufacturing output fell by 37 % from the 1937 peak and was back to 1934 levels. WPA employed 2 -- 3 million at unskilled labor Producers reduced their expenditures on durable goods, and inventories declined, but personal income was only 15 % lower than it had been at the peak in 1937. As unemployment rose, consumers ' expenditures declined, leading to further cutbacks in production. By May 1938 retail sales began to increase, employment improved, and industrial production turned up after June 1938. After the recovery from the Recession of 1937 -- 38, conservatives were able to form a bipartisan conservative coalition to stop further expansion of the New Deal and, when unemployment dropped to 2 % in the early 1940s, they abolished WPA, CCC and the PWA relief programs. Social Security remained in place. Between 1933 and 1939, federal expenditure tripled, and Roosevelt 's critics charged that he was turning America into a socialist state. The Great Depression was a main factor in the implementation of social democracy and planned economies in European countries after World War II ( see Marshall Plan ). Keynesianism generally remained the most influential economic school in the United States and in parts of Europe until the periods between the 1970s and the 1980s, when Milton Friedman and other neoliberal economists formulated and propagated the newly created theories of neoliberalism and incorporated them into the Chicago School of Economics as an alternative approach to the study of economics. Neoliberalism went on to challenge the dominance of the Keynesian school of Economics in the mainstream academia and policy - making in the United States, having reached its peak in popularity in the election of the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the United States, and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom. Literature And the great owners, who must lose their land in an upheaval, the great owners with access to history, with eyes to read history and to know the great fact : when property accumulates in too few hands it is taken away. And that companion fact : when a majority of the people are hungry and cold they will take by force what they need. And the little screaming fact that sounds through all history : repression works only to strengthen and knit the repressed. -- John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath The Great Depression has been the subject of much writing, as authors have sought to evaluate an era that caused both financial and emotional trauma. Perhaps the most noteworthy and famous novel written on the subject is The Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck, who was awarded both the Nobel Prize for literature and the Pulitzer Prize for the work. The novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers who are forced from their home as drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agricultural industry occur during the Great Depression. Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men is another important novella about a journey during the Great Depression. Additionally, Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird is set during the Great Depression. Margaret Atwood 's Booker prize - winning The Blind Assassin is likewise set in the Great Depression, centering on a privileged socialite 's love affair with a Marxist revolutionary. The era spurred the resurgence of social realism, practiced by many who started their writing careers on relief programs, especially the Federal Writers ' Project in the U.S. A number of works for younger audiences are also set during the Great Depression, among them the Kit Kittredge series of American Girl books written by Valerie Tripp and illustrated by Walter Rane, released to tie in with the dolls and playsets sold by the company. The stories, which take place during the early to mid 1930s in Cincinnati, focuses on the changes brought by the Depression to the titular character 's family and how the Kittredges dealt with it. A theatrical adaptation of the series entitled Kit Kittredge : An American Girl was later released in 2008 to positive reviews. Similarly, Christmas After All, part of the Dear America series of books for older girls, take place in 1930s Indianapolis ; while Kit Kittredge is told in a third - person viewpoint, Christmas After All is in the form of a fictional journal as told by the protagonist Minnie Swift as she recounts her experiences during the era, especially when her family takes in an orphan cousin from Texas. Naming Further information : Depression ( economics ) The term `` The Great Depression '' is most frequently attributed to British economist Lionel Robbins, whose 1934 book The Great Depression is credited with formalizing the phrase, though Hoover is widely credited with popularizing the term, informally referring to the downturn as a depression, with such uses as `` Economic depression can not be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement '' ( December 1930, Message to Congress ), and `` I need not recount to you that the world is passing through a great depression '' ( 1931 ). Black Friday, 9 May 1873, Vienna Stock Exchange. The Panic of 1873 and Long Depression followed The term `` depression '' to refer to an economic downturn dates to the 19th century, when it was used by varied Americans and British politicians and economists. Indeed, the first major American economic crisis, the Panic of 1819, was described by then - president James Monroe as `` a depression '', and the most recent economic crisis, the Depression of 1920 -- 21, had been referred to as a `` depression '' by then - president Calvin Coolidge. Financial crises were traditionally referred to as `` panics '', most recently the major Panic of 1907, and the minor Panic of 1910 -- 11, though the 1929 crisis was called `` The Crash '', and the term `` panic '' has since fallen out of use. At the time of the Great Depression, the term `` The Great Depression '' was already used to referred to the period 1873 -- 96 ( in the United Kingdom ), or more narrowly 1873 -- 79 ( in the United States ), which has retroactively been renamed the Long Depression. Other `` Great depressions '' Other economic downturns have been called a `` great depression '', but none had been as widespread, or lasted for so long. Various nations have experienced brief or extended periods of economic downturns, which were referred to as `` depressions '', but none have had such a widespread global impact. The collapse of the Soviet Union, and the breakdown of economic ties which followed, led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the standards of living in the 1990s in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc, which was even worse than the Great Depression. Even before Russia 's financial crisis of 1998, Russia 's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s, and some populations are still poorer as of 2009 than they were in 1989, including Moldova, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Comparison with the Great recession This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Comparisons between the Great Recession and the Great Depression Some journalists and economists have taken to calling the late - 2000s recession the `` Great Recession '' in allusion to the Great Depression. The causes of the Great Recession seem similar to the Great Depression, but significant differences exist. The previous chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, had extensively studied the Great Depression as part of his doctoral work at MIT, and implemented policies to manipulate the money supply and interest rates in ways that were not done in the 1930s. Bernanke 's policies will undoubtedly be analyzed and scrutinized in the years to come, as economists debate the wisdom of his choices. Generally speaking, the recovery of the world 's financial systems tended to be quicker during the Great Depression of the 1930s as opposed to the late - 2000s recession. If we contrast the 1930s with the Crash of 2008 where gold went through the roof, it is clear that the U.S. dollar on the gold standard was a completely different animal in comparison to the fiat free - floating U.S. dollar currency we have today. Both currencies in 1929 and 2008 were the U.S. dollar, but in an analogous way it is as if one was a Saber - toothed tiger and the other is a Bengal tiger ; they are two completely different animals. Where we have experienced inflation since the Crash of 2008, the situation was much different in the 1930s when deflation set in. Unlike the deflation of the early 1930s, the U.S. economy currently appears to be in a `` liquidity trap, '' or a situation where monetary policy is unable to stimulate an economy back to health. In terms of the stock market, nearly three years after the 1929 crash, the DJIA dropped 8.4 % on August 12, 1932. Where we have experienced great volatility with large intraday swings in the past two months, in 2011, we have not experienced any record - shattering daily percentage drops to the tune of the 1930s. Where many of us may have that ' 30s feeling, in light of the DJIA, the CPI, and the national unemployment rate, we are simply not living in the ' 30s. Some individuals may feel as if we are living in a depression, but for many others the current global financial crisis simply does not feel like a depression akin to the 1930s. 1928 and 1929 were the times in the 20th century that the wealth gap reached such skewed extremes ; half the unemployed had been out of work for over six months, something that was not repeated until the late - 2000s recession. 2007 and 2008 eventually saw the world reach new levels of wealth gap inequality that rivalled the years of 1928 and 1929. See also Book : Great Depression 1930s portal Causes of the Great Depression Cities in the Great Depression Dust Bowl Entertainment during the Great Depression Great Contraction List of Depression - era outlaws Timeline of the Great Depression General : Aftermath of World War I Economic collapse Involuntary unemployment List of economic crises References Jump up ^ John A. Garraty, The Great Depression ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Charles Duhigg, `` Depression, You Say? 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Barnes, The European world : a history ( 2nd ed 1970 ) page 885 ^ Jump up to : Robert Whaples, Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions., Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 ( March 1995 ), p. 150 in JSTOR. Jump up ^ Robert Whaples, Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions., Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 ( March 1995 ), p. 143 in JSTOR. Jump up ^ Klein, Lawrence R. ( 1947 ). `` The Keynesian Revolution ''. New York : Macmillan : 56 -- 58, 169, 177 -- 79. ; Rosenof, Theodore ( 1997 ). Economics in the Long Run : New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933 -- 1993. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2315 - 5. Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker, Reflections on the Great Depression, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003, ISBN 9781843765509, p. 11 - 12 Jump up ^ A Monetary History of the United States. 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Jump up ^ For Hayek 's view, see Diego Pizano, Conversations with Great Economists : Friedrich A. Hayek, John Hicks, Nicholas Kaldor, Leonid V. Kantorovich, Joan Robinson, Paul A. Samuelson, Jan Tinbergen ( Jorge Pinto Books, 2009 ). For Rothbard 's view, see Murray Rothbard, A History of Money and Banking in the United States ( Ludwig von Mises Institute ), pp. 293 -- 294. Jump up ^ John Cunningham Wood, Robert D. Wood, Friedrich A. Hayek, Taylor & Francis, 2004, ISBN 9780415310574, p. 115 Jump up ^ Sennholz, Hans ( October 1, 1969 ). `` The Great Depression ''. Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved October 23, 2016. Jump up ^ Mises, Ludwig. `` The Causes of the Economic Crisis, and Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression ''. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Bonner, Bill ( February 25, 2011 ). `` Buying Bad Debt to Return Bank Solvency ''. Business Insider. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Jump up ^ Harman, Chris ( 2009 ). Zombie Capitalism : Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx. London : Bookmarks Publications. pp. 143 -- 160. ISBN 978 - 1 - 905192 - 53 - 3. Jump up ^ Dorfman 1959 Jump up ^ Allgoewer, Elisabeth ( May 2002 ). `` Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics. Interpretations of the Great Depression '' ( PDF ). Discussion paper no. 2002 -- 14. Jump up ^ The Road to Plenty ( 1928 ) Jump up ^ Hubbert, M. King ( 1940 ). `` Man Hours and Distribution, Derived from Man Hours : A Declining Quantity, Technocracy, Series A, No. 8, August 1936 ''. Jump up ^ Bell, Spurgeon ( 1940 ). `` Productivity, Wages and National Income, The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution ''. Jump up ^ Peter Temin, Gianni Toniolo, The World Economy between the Wars, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 9780198042013, p. 106 Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker, Reflections on the Great Depression, Elgar publishing, 2003, ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 335 - 2, p. 22. Jump up ^ Robert Whaples : Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. In : Journal of Economic History. Band 55, Nr. 1 ( März 1995 ), S. 139 -- 154, hier S. 151 in JSTOR. Jump up ^ International data from Maddison, Angus. `` Historical Statistics for the World Economy : 1 -- 2003 AD ''.. Gold dates culled from historical sources, principally Eichengreen, Barry ( 1992 ). Golden Fetters : The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919 -- 1939. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 506431 - 3. Jump up ^ Eichengreen, Barry ( 1992 ). Golden Fetters : The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919 -- 1939. New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 506431 - 3. Jump up ^ Bernanke, Ben ( March 2, 2004 ). `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : Money, Gold and the Great Depression ''. At the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia. Jump up ^ Robert Whaples, `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '', Journal of Economic History, Vol. 55, No. 1 ( Mar., 1995 ), pp. 139 -- 54 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` The World in Depression ''. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22. ^ Jump up to : EICHENGREEN, B., & IRWIN, D.A. ( 2010 ). The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression : Who Succumbed and Why?. Journal Of Economic History, 70 ( 4 ), 871 -- 97. Jump up ^ `` Protectionism and the Great Depression ''. Paul Krugman Blog. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23. Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=MIDsnT3Ze0YC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=squLnSDrJ4EC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=peter+temin+smoot+hawley+Lessons+from+the+Great+Depression&source=bl&ots=3UxaSTyk3l&sig=7W_1IiDXMSCW2ATteQy8bjJ5smQ&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx376g48fUAhWFfxoKHZgjDE8Q6AEIRzAF#v=onepage&q=peter%20temin%20smoot%20hawley%20Lessons%20from%20the%20Great%20Depression&f=false Jump up ^ Maurice Allais ( 5 au 11 December 2009 ). `` Lettre aux français : contre les tabous indiscutés '' ( pdf ) ( in French ). Marianne. p. 38. Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat, Britain between the wars, 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 379 -- 385. ^ Jump up to : William Ashworth, A short history of the international economy since 1850 ( 2nd ed 1962 ) pp 237 -- 244. ^ Jump up to : Isabel Schnabel, `` The German twin crisis of 1931. '' Journal of Economic History 64 # 3 ( 2004 ) : 822 -- 871. ^ Jump up to : H.V. Hodson, Slump and Recovery, 1929 -- 1937 ( London, 1938 ), pp. 64 -- 76. ^ Jump up to : David Williams, `` London and the 1931 financial crisis. '' Economic History Review 15.3 ( 1963 ) : 513 -- 528. Jump up ^ Mowat, Britain between the wars, 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 386 -- 412. ^ Jump up to : Sean Glynn and John Oxborrow, Interwar Britain : a social and economic history ( 1976 ) pp 67 -- 73. Jump up ^ Per - capita GDP data from MeasuringWorth : What Was the U.S. GDP Then? Jump up ^ Gauti B. Eggertsson, `` Great Expectations and the End of the Depression, '' American Economic Review 98, No. 4 ( Sep 2008 ) : 1476 -- 1516 ; Jump up ^ `` Was the New Deal Contractionary? '' Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report 264, Oct 2006, Gauti B. Eggertsson Jump up ^ `` The Mistake of 1937 : A General Equilibrium Analysis, '' Monetary and Economic Studies 24, No. S - 1 ( December 2006 ), Boj.or.jp Jump up ^ Gauti B. Eggertsson, `` A Reply to Steven Horwitz 's Commentary on ' Great Expectations and the End of the Great Depression, ' '' Econ Journal Watch 7 ( 3 ), 197 -- 204, September 2010 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Steven Horwitz, `` Unfortunately Unfamiliar with Robert Higgs and Others : A Rejoinder to Gauti Eggertsson on the 1930s, '' Econ Journal Watch 8 ( 1 ), 2, January 2011. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Romer, Christina D., `` What Ended the Great Depression '', Journal of Economic History, December 1992, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 757 -- 784 ( 3 ) `` monetary development were crucial to the recovery implies that self - correction played little role in the growth of real output '' Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke. Essays on the Great Depression. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01698 - 6. p. 7 Jump up ^ Ben S. Bernanke, `` Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propaga - tion of the Great Depression, '' The American Economic Review 73, No. 3 ( June 1983 ) : 257 -- 76, available from the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank collection at Stlouisfed.org Jump up ^ `` Ben S. Bernanke, `` The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression : A Comparative Approach, '' Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 27, No. 1 ( February 1995 ) : 1 -- 28 '' ( PDF ). Fraser.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 16. Jump up ^ W.S. Woytinsky and E.S. World population and production : trends and outlook ( 1953 ) p 148 Jump up ^ Denyse Baillargeon, Making Do : Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression ( Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999 ), p. 159. Jump up ^ Jill Stephenson ( 2014 ). Women in Nazi Germany. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3 -- 5. Jump up ^ Susan K. Foley ( 2004 ). Women in France Since 1789 : The Meanings of Difference. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 186 -- 90. Jump up ^ Katrina Srigley ( 2010 ). Breadwinning Daughters : Young Working Women in a Depression - era City, 1929 -- 1939. University of Toronto Press. p. 135. Jump up ^ Jessica S. Bean, `` ' To help keep the home going ' : female labour supply in interwar London. '' Economic History Review ( 2015 ) 68 # 2 pp 441 -- 470. Jump up ^ Ann E. McCleary, `` ' I Was Really Proud of Them ' : Canned Raspberries and Home Production During the Farm Depression. '' Augusta Historical Bulletin ( 2010 ), Issue 46, pp 14 -- 44. Jump up ^ Tari Klassen, `` How Depression - Era Quiltmakers Constructed Domestic Space : An Interracial Processual Study, '' Midwestern Folklore : Journal of the Hoosier Folklore Society ( 2008 ) 34 # 2 pp 17 -- 47. Jump up ^ Baillargeon, Making Do : Women, Family and Home in Montreal during the Great Depression ( 1999 ), pp. 70, 108, 136 -- 38, 159. Jump up ^ Mark Metzler, `` Woman 's Place in Japan 's Great Depression : Reflections on the Moral Economy of Deflation. '' Journal of Japanese Studies ( 2004 ) 30 # 2 pp 315 -- 352. Jump up ^ N.R. Reagin, `` Marktordnung and Autarkic Housekeeping : Housewives and Private Consumption under the Four - Year Plan, 1936 -- 1939, '' German History ( 2001 ) 19 # 2 pp 162 -- 184. Jump up ^ Referring to the effect of World War II spending on the economy, economist John Kenneth Galbraith said, `` One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas. '' Daniel Yergin, William Cran ( writers / producer ) ( 2002 ). Commanding Heights, see chapter 6 video or transcript ( TV documentary ). U.S. : PBS. Jump up ^ Romer, Christina D. ( 1992 ). `` What Ended the Great Depression? ''. Journal of Economic History. 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 784. doi : 10.1017 / S002205070001189X. fiscal policy was of little consequence even as late as 1942, suggests an interesting twist on the usual view that World War II caused, or at least accelerated, the recovery from the Great Depression. Jump up ^ Higgs, Robert ( 1992 - 03 - 01 ). `` Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s ''. The Journal of Economic History. 52 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 60. ISSN 1471 - 6372. doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700010251. Jump up ^ Great Depression and World War II. The Library of Congress. Jump up ^ Depression & WWII Archived 2009 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine... Americaslibrary.gov. Jump up ^ Geoffrey Lawrence, Capitalism and the Countryside : The rural crisis in Australia ( Pluto Press, 1987 ) Jump up ^ A Century of Change in the Australian Labour Market, Australian Bureau of Statistics Jump up ^ Judy Mackinolty, ed. The Wasted Years? : Australia 's Great Depression ( Allen & Unwin, 1981 ). Jump up ^ 1929 -- 1939 -- The Great Depression Archived 2009 - 01 - 27 at the Wayback Machine., Source : Bank of Canada Jump up ^ Henry Laufenburger, `` France and the Depression, '' International Affairs ( 1936 ) 15 # 2 pp. 202 -- 224 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Dormois, The French Economy in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) p 31 Jump up ^ Paul Beaudry and Franck Portier, `` The French Depression in the 1930s, '' Review of Economic Dynamics ( 2002 ) 5 : 73 -- 99 doi : 10.1006 / redy. 2001.0143 Jump up ^ About the Great Depression, University of Illinois Jump up ^ Germany -- Economic, Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ). Jump up ^ `` The History Place -- Rise of Hitler : Hitler Runs for President ''. www.historyplace.com. Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23. Jump up ^ Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Karlsson, Gunnar ( 2000 ). History of Iceland. pp. 308 -- 312. Jump up ^ Frank Barry and Mary F. Daly, `` Concurrent Irish Perspectives on the Great Depression '' ( 2010 ) ( online ) Jump up ^ Frank Barry and Mary E. Daly, `` Irish Perceptions of the Great Depression '' in Michael Psalidopoulos, The Great Depression in Europe : Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context ( Athens : Alpha Bank, 2012 ) pp. 395 -- 424. Jump up ^ See also B. Girvin, Between Two Worlds : Politics and Economy in Independent Ireland ( Dublin : Gill and Macmillan, 1989 ). Jump up ^ Barry, Frank, and Mary E. Daly. `` Irish Perceptions of the Great Depression '' ( No. iiisdp349. IIIS, 2011. ) Online Jump up ^ Vera Zamagni, The economic history of Italy 1860 -- 1990 ( Oxford University Press, 1993 ) Jump up ^ Fabrizio Mattesini, and Beniamino Quintieri. `` Italy and the Great Depression : An analysis of the Italian economy, 1929 -- 1936. '' Explorations in Economic History ( 1997 ) 34 # 3 pp : 265 -- 294. Jump up ^ Fabrizio Mattesini and Beniamino Quintieri. `` Does a reduction in the length of the working week reduce unemployment? Some evidence from the Italian economy during the Great Depression. '' Explorations in Economic History ( 2006 ), 43 # 3, pp : 413 -- 437. Jump up ^ Myung Soo Cha, `` Did Takahashi Korekiyo Rescue Japan from the Great Depression? '', The Journal of Economic History 63, No. 1 ( March 2003 ) : 127 -- 144. Jump up ^ ( For more on the Japanese economy in the 1930s see `` MITI and the Japanese Miracle '' by Chalmers Johnson ) Jump up ^ Rosemary Thorp, Latin America in the 1930s : the role of the periphery in world crisis ( Palgrave Macmillan, 2000 ). Jump up ^ E.H. Kossmann, The Low Countries : 1780 -- 1940 ( 1978 ). Jump up ^ `` Social Welfare and The State : Great Depression '', Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Jump up ^ José Cardozo, `` The great depression and Portugal '' in Michael Psalidopoulos, ed., The Great Depression in Europe : Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context ( Athens : Alpha Bank, 2012 ), ISBN 9789609979368. pp. 361 -- 94 Online Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Manuel ( 2011 ). A New Deal for the Tropics. Princeton : Markus Wiener. p. 23. Jump up ^ `` Graph of U.S. Unemployment Rate : 1930 -- 1945 ''. American Social History Project. Retrieved April 19, 2017. Jump up ^ Dietz, James ( 1986 ). Economic History of Puerto Rico. Princeton : Princeton University Press. pp. 154, 155. Jump up ^ Dan O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme : class, capital, and ideology in the development of Afrikaner nationalism, 1934 -- 1948 ( Cambridge University Press, 1983 ). Jump up ^ The Great Depression and the 1930S, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Jump up ^ Robert William Davies, Mark Harrison, and Stephen G. Wheatcroft, eds. The economic transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913 -- 1945 ( Cambridge University Press, 1994 ) Jump up ^ Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow : Soviet Collectivization and the Terror - Famine ( 1987 ). Jump up ^ Jennifer Burns ( 2009 ). Goddess of the Market : Ayn Rand and the American Right, p. 34. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 - 19 - 532487 - 0 Jump up ^ http://www.genealogia.fi/emi/art/article237e.htm Jump up ^ Gabriel Tortella and Jordi Palafox, `` Banking and Industry in Spain 1918 -- 1936, '' Journal of European Economic History ( 1984 ), 13 # 2 Special Issue, pp. 81 -- 110. Jump up ^ R.J. Harrison, Economic History of Modern Spain ( 1978 ), pp. 129 -- 49. Jump up ^ Göran Therborn, `` A Unique Chapter in the History of Democracy : The Swedish Social Democrats '', in K. Misgeld et al ( eds ), Creating Social Democracy, University Park Pa., Penn State University Press, 1996. Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat, Britain between the wars, 1918 -- 1940 ( 1955 ) pp 386 -- 412. Jump up ^ Unemployment During The Great Depression Archived 2009 - 01 - 24 at the Wayback Machine., thegreatdepression.co.uk Jump up ^ Cook, Chris and Bewes, Diccon ; What Happened Where : A Guide To Places And Events In Twentieth - Century History p. 115 ; Routledge, 1997 ISBN 1 - 85728 - 533 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Work camps that tackled Depression '', BBC News. Jump up ^ Constantine, Stephen ( 1983 ), Social Conditions in Britain 1918 -- 1939, ISBN 0 - 416 - 36010 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Peter Clemens, Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954, Hodder Education, 4. Auflage, 2008, ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887, p. 114. Jump up ^ Charles R. Morris, A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs, 2017 ), 389 pp. online review Jump up ^ `` Smoot - Hawley Tariff '' Archived 2009 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine., U.S. Department of State. Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction Finance Corporation ''. EH.net Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Jump up ^ Clemens, Prosperity, Depression and the New Deal, 2008, p. 113. Jump up ^ The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ), The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers. Archived December 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Swanson, Joseph ; Williamson, Samuel ( 1972 ). `` Estimates of national product and income for the United States economy, 1919 -- 1941 ''. Explorations in Economic History. 10 : 53 -- 73. doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4983 ( 72 ) 90003 - 4. Jump up ^ `` Great Depression in the United States '', Microsoft Encarta. Archived 2009 - 10 - 31. Archived March 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ Joyce Bryant, `` The Great Depression and New Deal '', Yale - New Haven Teachers Institute. Jump up ^ The Dust Bowl, Geoff Cunfer, Southwest Minnesota State University. Archived December 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Jump up ^ `` National Park History : `` The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps '' ``. Nationalparkstraveler.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010. Jump up ^ Robert Goldston, The Great Depression, Fawcett Publications, 1968, p. 228. Jump up ^ Economic Fluctuations, Maurice W. Lee, Chairman of Economics Dept., Washington State College, published by R.D. Irwin Inc, Homewood, Illinois, 1955, p. 236. Jump up ^ Business Cycles, James Arthur Estey, Purdue University, Prentice - Hall, 1950, pp. 22 -- 23 chart. Jump up ^ Maurice W. Lee, 1955. Jump up ^ Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Coming of the New Deal : 1933 -- 1935. Paperback ed. New York : Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ( First published in 1958 ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34086 - 6 ; Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Politics of Upheaval : 1935 -- 1936. Paperback ed. New York : Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ( First published in 1960 ) ISBN 0 - 618 - 34087 - 4 Jump up ^ Lanny Ebenstein, Milton Friedman : A Biography ( 2007 ). Jump up ^ The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinbeck, Penguin, 2006, 0143039431, p. 238 Jump up ^ David Taylor, Soul of a People : The WPA Writers ' Project Uncovers Depression America ( 2009 ). Jump up ^ Jerre Mangione, The Dream and the Deal : The Federal Writers ' Project, 1935 -- 1943 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Jerrold Hirsch, Portrait of America : A Cultural History of the Federal Writers ' Project ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Stacy I. Morgan, Rethinking Social Realism : African American art and literature, 1930 -- 1953 ( 2004 ), p. 244. Jump up ^ Harry, Lou ( 1 October 2010 ). Cincinnati Magazine. Emmis Communications. pp. 59 -- 63. Retrieved 10 July 2017. Jump up ^ Morency, Philip. On the Aisle, Volume 2 : Film Reviews by Philip Morency. Dorrance Publishing. pp. 133 --. ISBN 9781434977090. Jump up ^ Pimpare, Stephen ( 2017 ). Ghettos, Tramps, and Welfare Queens : Down and Out on the Silver Screen. Oxford University Press. pp. 216 --. ISBN 9780190660727. Retrieved 10 July 2017. Jump up ^ Smith, Robert W. ( 2006 - 01 - 26 ). Spotlight on America : The Great Depression. Teacher Created Resources. ISBN 9781420632187. Retrieved 10 July 2017. ^ Jump up to : When Did the Great Depression Receive Its Name? ( And Who Named It? ), 2 - 16 - 09, by Noah Mendel, History News Network Jump up ^ William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream : A Narrative History of America, 1932 -- 1972. Jump up ^ Fletcher, T.W. ( 1961 ). `` The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873 -- 1896 ''. The Economic History Review. Blackwell Publishing. 13 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 432. JSTOR 2599512. doi : 10.2307 / 2599512. Jump up ^ `` Child poverty soars in eastern Europe '', BBC News, October 11, 2000. Jump up ^ See `` What Can Transition Economies Learn from the First Ten Years? A New World Bank Report, '' in Transition Newsletter Worldbank.org, K-A.kg ^ Jump up to : Who Lost Russia?, New York Times, October 8, 2000. Jump up ^ Rampell, Catherine ( March 11, 2009 ). `` ' Great Recession ' : A Brief Etymology ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Gibbs, Nancy ( April 15, 2009 ). `` The Great Recession : America Becomes Thrift Nation ''. Time. Jump up ^ Krugman, Paul ( March 20, 2009 ). `` The Great Recession versus the Great Depression ''. The New York Times. Jump up ^ Lahart, Justin ( July 28, 2009 ). `` The Great Recession : A Downturn Sized Up ''. The Wall Street Journal. Jump up ^ Rabinowitz, Marco ( October 6, 2011 ). `` The Great Depression vs. the Great Recession : A look at the value of the U.S. dollar in 1929 and 2008 ; what has changed and where that leaves us today ''. MSN Money. Benzinga. Jump up ^ Evans - Pritchard, Ambrose ( September 14, 2010 ). `` IMF Fears ' Social Explosion ' From World Jobs Crisis ''. The Daily Telegraph ( London ). `` America and Europe face the worst jobs crisis since the 1930s and risk ' an explosion of social unrest ' unless they tread carefully, the International Monetary Fund has warned. '' Further reading Ambrosius, G., and W. Hibbard, A Social and Economic History of Twentieth - Century Europe ( 1989 ) Bernanke, Ben ( 1995 ). `` The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression : A Comparative Approach '' ( PDF ). Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking. Blackwell Publishing. 27 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 28. JSTOR 2077848. doi : 10.2307 / 2077848. Brown, Ian. The Economies of Africa and Asia in the Iinter - war Depression ( 1989 ) Davis, Joseph S. The World Between the Wars, 1919 -- 39 : An Economist 's View ( 1974 ) Drinot, Paulo, and Alan Knight, eds. The Great Depression in Latin America ( 2014 ) excerpt Eichengreen, Barry. Golden Fetters : The gold standard and the Great Depression, 1919 -- 1939. 1992. Eichengreen, Barry, and Marc Flandreau. The Gold Standard in Theory and History ( 1997 ) online version Feinstein. Charles H. The European Economy between the Wars ( 1997 ) Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobson Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ), monetarist interpretation ( heavily statistical ) Galbraith, John Kenneth, The Great Crash, 1929 ( 1954 ), popular Garraty, John A. The Great Depression : An Inquiry into the causes, course, and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen - Thirties, as Seen by Contemporaries and in Light of History ( 1986 ) Garraty John A. Unemployment in History ( 1978 ) Garside, William R. Capitalism in Crisis : international responses to the Great Depression ( 1993 ) Glasner, David, ed. Business Cycles and Depressions ( Routledge, 1997 ), 800pp ; Excerpt Goldston, Robert, The Great Depression : The United States in the Thirties ( 1968 ) Grinin, L., Korotayev, A. and Tausch A. ( 2016 ) Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Springer International Publishing, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 17780 - 9 ; https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319412603 Haberler, Gottfried. The World Economy, money, and the great depression 1919 -- 1939 ( 1976 ) Hall Thomas E., and J. David Ferguson. The Great Depression : An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies ( 1998 ) Hodson, H.V. Slump and Recovery, 1929 -- 37 ( Oxford UP, 1938 ). online 496pp ; annual histories Kaiser, David E. Economic diplomacy and the origins of the Second World War : Germany, Britain, France and Eastern Europe, 1930 -- 1939 ( 1980 ) Kehoe, Timothy J., and Edward C. Prescott, eds. Great Depressions of the Twentieth Century ( 2007 ), essays by economists on U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Italy and on tariffs ; statistical Kindleberger, Charles P. The World in Depression, 1929 -- 1939 ( 3rd ed. 2013 ) Konrad, Helmut and Wolfgang Maderthaner, eds. Routes Into the Abyss : Coping With Crises in the 1930s ( Berghahn Books, 2013 ), 224 pp. Compares Germany, Italy, Austria, and Spain with those in Sweden, Japan, China, India, Turkey, Brazil, and the United States. Madsen, Jakob B. `` Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression '', Southern Economic Journal, Southern Economic Journal ( 2001 ) 67 # 4 pp : 848 -- 868 online at JSTOR. Markwell, Donald. John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press ( 2006 ). Mitchell, Broadus. Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal, 1929 -- 1941 ( 1947 ), 462pp ; thorough coverage of the U.S.. economy Mundell, R.A. `` A Reconsideration of the Twentieth Century '', The American Economic Review Vol. 90, No. 3 ( Jun., 2000 ), pp. 327 -- 340 online version Psalidopoulos, Michael, ed. The Great Depression in Europe : Economic Thought and Policy in a National Context ( Athens : Alpha Bank, 2012 ). ISBN 9789609979368. Chapters by economic historians cover Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland. table of contents Romer, Christina D. `` The Nation in Depression, '' Journal of Economic Perspectives ( 1993 ) 7 # 2 pp. 19 -- 39 in JSTOR, statistical comparison of U.S. and other countries Rothermund, Dietmar. The Global Impact of the Great Depression ( 1996 ) Online Tipton, F., and R. Aldrich, An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1890 -- 1939 ( 1987 ) For U.S. specific references, please see the listing in Great Depression in the United States. Contemporary Keynes, John Maynard. `` The World 's Economic Outlook '', Atlantic ( May 1932 ), online edition League of Nations, World Economic Survey 1932 -- 33 ( 1934 ) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Depression. Wikiquote has quotations related to : Great Depression Rare Color Photos from the Great Depression -- slideshow by The Huffington Post EH.net, `` An Overview of the Great Depression '', by Randall Parker. America in the 1930s. Extensive library of projects on America in the Great Depression from American Studies at the University of Virginia The 1930s Timeline, year by year timeline of events in science and technology, politics and society, culture and international events with embedded audio and video. AS@UVA Great Myths of the Great Depression by Lawrence Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum for copyright - free photos of the period An Age of Lost Innocence : Childhood Realities and Adult Fears in the Depression. American Studies at the University of Virginia Great Depression in the Deep South Soul of a People documentary on Smithsonian Networks The Great Depression at the History Channel `` Chairman Ben Bernanke Lecture Series Part 1 ''. Recorded live on March 20, 2012 10 : 35am MST at a class at George Washington University Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Category Commons New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. 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{ "text": "Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) - wikipedia Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) Jump to : navigation, search For other uses, see Time After Time ( disambiguation ). `` Time After Time '' Front sleeve for European releases Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She 's So Unusual B - side `` I 'll Kiss You '' Released January 27, 1984 Format 12 '' 7 '' Recorded June 1983 Studio The Record Plant ( New York City, New York ) Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 01 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Cyndi Lauper Rob Hyman Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) Alternative release A-side label of U.S. vinyl release Music video `` Time After Time '' on YouTube `` Time After Time '' is the second single by American singer - songwriter Cyndi Lauper from her debut studio album, She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ), with Rob Hyman ( co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters ) contributing backing vocals. The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27, 1984. The song became Lauper 's first number 1 hit in the U.S. The song was written in the album 's final stages, after `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '', `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' had been written. The writing began with the title, which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine, referring to the science fiction film Time After Time ( 1979 ). `` Time After Time '' is composed of simple keyboard - synth chords, bright, jangly guitars, clock - ticking percussion, and elastic bassline. Lyrically, it is a love song of devotion. Music critics gave the song positive reviews, with many commending the song for being a solid and memorable love song. The song has been selected as one of the Best Love Songs of All Time by many media outlets, including Rolling Stone, Nerve, MTV and many others. `` Time After Time '' was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 1985 edition. The song was a success on the charts, becoming her first number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 9, 1984, and remaining there for two weeks. The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the ARIA Singles Chart. The song is also known for its numerous covers by a wide range of artists, including Miles Davis, who recorded an instrumental version for his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest, and Eva Cassidy, whose cover of the song appears on her posthumous album of the same name. R&B singer Lil Mo also covered the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story. An acoustic version was sung by Lauper with Sarah McLachlan on her 2005 album The Body Acoustic. Lauper has performed the song live with Patti LaBelle twice in 1985 and 2004 and with Sarah McLachlan at the American Music Awards of 2005, as well as with rapper Lil ' Kim in 2009. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.2. 1 Lists of best songs 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) 8.3 US Re-release ( 2014 ) 8.4 Year - end charts 8.5 Certifications 9 Cover versions 9.1 INOJ version 9.1. 1 Weekly charts 9.1. 2 Year - end charts 9.1. 3 Certifications 9.2 Novaspace version 9.2. 1 Weekly charts 9.2. 2 Year - end charts 9.3 Quietdrive version 9.3. 1 Weekly charts 9.3. 2 Certifications 9.4 Javier Colon version 9.4. 1 Weekly charts 10 Other versions and samples 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Rob Hyman ( pictured ) co-wrote and sings background vocals on the track. While writing for her debut studio album, in the spring of 1983, Cyndi Lauper was introduced to American musician Rob Hyman, who was recommended by Rick Chertoff, the album 's producer. Lauper had already recorded the majority of the album, including the songs `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '', `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '', but Chertoff insisted that she and Hyman needed to record just `` one more song ''. Therefore, she and Hyman sat at a piano and started working on `` Time After Time ''. The inspiration for the song came after both songwriters were going through similar situations in their respective relationships ; he was coming out of a relationship, while she was having difficulties with her boyfriend, David Wolff. One of the first lines Rob wrote was `` suitcase of memories '', which according to Lauper, `` struck her '', claiming it was a `` wonderful line '', while other lines came from Lauper 's life. The song 's title was inspired after Lauper started writing for the song and needed a fake title as a placeholder for the time being. Thus, Lauper was looking in the TV Guide and saw a lot of movie titles, with the 1979 science fiction movie Time After Time being chosen. Although trying to remove the title later, Lauper claimed she could n't take it out without the song falling apart. Initially, Epic Records wanted `` Time After Time '' as the album 's lead single. However, Lauper felt that releasing a ballad first defines an artist in a certain way, noting that she could have been known as a balladeer and that it could have killed her career. Her manager Dave Wolff was convinced that `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' could be an anthem, and ultimately her label agreed and released it as the lead single. `` Time After Time '' eventually became the album 's second single, being released on January 27, 1984. Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper and Rob Hyman and produced by Rick Chertoff, `` Time After Time '' is built over simple keyboard - synth chords, bright, jangly guitars, clock ticking percussion, and elastic bassline. Lyrically, the track is a love song of devotion. Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics speculates that, `` In ' Time After Time, ' Lauper believes she is a difficult person, unworthy of love. She runs away and shuts people out. However, her devoted boyfriend who loves her unconditionally is willing to help her through anything. The relationship is given depth. The couple 's intimacy and history is apparent. They 've been together for a long time. They love and have seen each other through every tough part of their life. '' `` Time After Time '' is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in common time. Lauper 's vocals span from G to C in the song. Critical reception ( edit ) The song received critical acclaim : Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the track, calling it `` the album 's finest moment, if not Lauper 's greatest moment period. '' Susan Glen of PopMatters also called it a standout track, naming it `` gorgeous ''. Bryan Lee Madden of Sputnikmusic simply called it `` a masterpiece '' and `` the best and most significant song she ever wrote or recorded. '' Brenon Veevers of Renowned for Sound labeled it `` sentimental '' and `` gorgeous ''. Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics described the song as `` a sure - fire classic ''. Scott Floman, music critic for Goldmine magazine, described the song as `` gorgeously heartfelt '' and `` one of the decade 's finest ballads ''. Chris Gerard of Metro Weekly summarized the song as a `` beautiful and bittersweet ballad. '' Accolades ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' has entered many lists of `` Best Love Songs of All Time '', `` Best Ballads from the 80 's '' and others. Steve Peake of About.com listed the song at number 6 on her `` Top Songs of the ' 80s '', writing that the song `` stands tall among the music of the entire rock era as one of its all - time great timeless ballads, '' noting that `` it probably still functions impeccably as a properly emotionally wrenching slow - dance favorite. '' Bill Lamb, also from About.com, placed the song at number 21 on his `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' list. On Nerve 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '', `` Time After Time '' was placed at number 5, being called `` Lauper 's most enduring masterpiece hits at the very essence of commitment, '' with the article pointing out that `` she captures real romance in the most simple and straightforward of lines : ' If you 're lost, you can look and you will find me, time after time '. '' The song also entered the Rolling Stone & MTV 's `` 100 Greatest Pop Songs '' at number 66. The song also entered VH1 's `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years and `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' lists, at numbers 22 and 19 respectively. The song was also present on NME 's 100 Best Songs of the 1980s, being ranked at number 79. The website declared that `` ' Time After Time ' was a change in tack for Lauper, whose musical persona had previously been unstoppably light and frothy. ' Time After Time ' was demoed quickly in time for inclusion on her debut ' She 's So Unusual ', and ended up being a key song for both Lauper 's career and the decade itself. '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Female Performance 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Pop Video 1984 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award 1984 -- Billboard Awards for Best Female Performance 1985 -- Pro Canada Awards for Most Performed Foreign Song 2008 -- BMI Millionaire Award for 5 Million Spins on US Radio 2009 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award Nominations 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction 1985 -- Grammy Award for Song of the Year Lists of best songs ( edit ) Year By List Work Ranked 2000 Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Pop Songs `` Time After Time '' # 66 MTV 2003 VH1 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years `` Time After Time '' # 22 2006 VH1 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s `` Time After Time '' # 19 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' became Lauper 's first number - one single on the Billboard charts, reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1984. It also reached the top of the Adult Contemporary and Canadian Singles Chart. In the United Kingdom, `` Time After Time '' first peaked at number 54 on March 24, 1984, while peaking later at number 3, on June 16, 1984. In New Zealand, the song reached number 3, in Austria it reached number 5, in Switzerland it reached number 7, in France it peaked at number 9 and in Sweden it reached a peak of number 10. Music video ( edit ) Morristown, NJ, train station, seen at the end of the video. The video for `` Time After Time '' was directed by Edd Griles, and its storyline is about a young woman leaving her lover behind when she becomes homesick and worried about her mother. Lauper 's mother, brother, and then - boyfriend, David Wolff, appear in the video, and Lou Albano, who played her father in the `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' video, can be seen as a cook. Portions of the video were filmed at the now - closed Tom 's Diner in Roxbury Township, New Jersey, the intersection of Route 46 and Route 10 and at the Morristown train station. Portions of the video were also shot in front of Betty 's Department Store in Wharton, NJ, which was a staple of the community in the 1970s. According to Lauper, `` It was important to me that we were natural and human in the video. I wanted to convey somebody who walked her own path and did not always get along with everyone and did not always marry the guy. '' The video opens with Lauper watching the 1936 film The Garden of Allah and the final scene, where she gets on the train and waves goodbye to David, has Lauper crying for real. Track listing ( edit ) European single `` Time After Time '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 5 : 02 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Rob Hyman ) `` I 'll Kiss You '' -- 4 : 12 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Jules Shear ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 08 ( Robert Hazard ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 ( Robert Hazard ) US Vinyl, 7 ``, Single `` Time After Time '' `` I 'll Kiss You '' Personnel ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper, Rob Hyman Produced by Rick Chertoff Executive producer : Lennie Petze Associate producer : William Wittman Engineered by William Wittman Arranged by Cyndi Lauper, Rick Chertoff, Rob Hyman, Eric Bazilian Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 56 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Re-release ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Single Charts ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` The Longest Time '' by Billy Joel Billboard Adult Contemporary number one single 2 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Believe in Me '' by Dan Fogelberg Preceded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Billboard Hot 100 number one single 9 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Reflex '' by Duran Duran Cash Box Top 100 number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Preceded by `` Hello '' by Lionel Richie RPM Top Singles number one single 9 June 1984 - 23 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Preceded by `` Do n't Answer Me '' by The Alan Parsons Project RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Cover versions ( edit ) American R&B singer INOJ recorded the song in 1998. Her version peaked at number six on Billboard Hot 100 Charts in the U.S. The music video of this version first aired on BET and The Box. Novaspace : The German Eurodance project covered the song on their album Novaspace ( 2002 ). It reached number 6 in Germany, number 7 in Austria and # 15 in Australia. American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006. The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow. The cover is their only charting song, hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown. The cover was certified gold by the RIAA. In April 2011, on the premiere of the American version of the reality competition television series The Voice, Javier Colon performed an acoustic version of the song during the `` blind audition '' phase. The studio recording of his cover peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, number 41 on the Digital Songs chart, number 16 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart, and number 4 on the Top Heatseekers chart. INOJ version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 64 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Novaspace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 67 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 82 Quietdrive version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Javier Colon version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Heatseekers Songs ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 16 Other versions and samples ( edit ) Kids Incorporated covered `` Time After Time '' in 1984 in the Season 1 episode `` X Marks the Spot '' and in 1987 in the Season 4 episode `` You 've Got the Wrong Date ''. American Dance / Hi NRG artist Paul Parker released a cover of `` Time After Time '' in 1985. Miles Davis recorded the song on his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest. Tuck & Patti recorded a version of the song on their first album Tears of Joy in 1988. New Zealand singer Mark Williams and Australian actress / singer Tara Morice recorded the song as a duet for the soundtrack of the movie Strictly Ballroom in 1992. Everything But The Girl included a cover of the song on their acoustic album Acoustic ( Everything but the Girl album ) Eva Cassidy 's version of the song was published on her album Time After Time in 2000, four years after her death in 1996. American R&B Duo Changing Faces recorded the song as an album track for their 1997 Album `` All Day, All Night ''. Their version was not released as a single. American girl group Blaque covered `` Time After Time '' on their debut album Blaque in 1999. American R&B singer Lil Mo recorded the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story. English garage act Distant Soundz recorded a version of the song in 2002 featuring Robbie Beaumont, which reached number 20 in the UK charts. Willie Nelson covered the song on his album The Great Divide in 2002. French singer Nolwenn Leroy covered the song for her 2007 live album Histoires Naturelles Tour. Irish singer / songwriter Ronan Keating rendered the song in 2008. The rendition is the first single released from Keating 's fifth solo album, Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ). The single was released on February 8, 2009, and became Keating 's first single to be released in three years. The song was produced by Keating himself. The song peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart. Actress and singer, Anna Kendrick performed a cover of the song on the soundtrack to the film Up in the Air, in which she starred. In June 2016, Ben Weighill covered the song in an advert for bed company Dreams. The Lovelocks, a Canadian CCMA ® nominated female roots - country duo consisting of Ali Raney and Zoe Neuman released their cover of `` Time After Time '' in July, 2016 U96 : `` Heaven '' ( 1996 ). It reached # 2 in Austria, # 7 in Finland, # 4 in Germany, # 15 in the Netherlands, # 5 in Norway, # 5 in Sweden and # 16 in Switzerland. In 2006, Alison Pill covered this song in the seventh episode of the short lived NBC series The Book of Daniel ( TV series ). In 2008, American actress / singer Ashley Tisdale covered this song as a promotion for Degree Girl antiperspirant. Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen performed a cover of the song at Lauper 's induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015. Sung by Chrissy Metz on the This Is Us episode `` Kyle. '' American singer - songwriter and pianist Merry Ellen Kirk covered this song on her 2015 album, We are the Dreamers. Iron & Wine recorded a version of the song for a McDonald 's commercial in 2016. American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey sampled the song in her track `` Inseparable '', included on her album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel in 2009. See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1984 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1984 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toto Eclipse of the Heart : The Best of Eighties Soft Rock ''. Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ Jump up to : Myers, Marc ( 1 December 2015 ). `` How Cyndi Lauper Wrote Her First No. 1 Hit, ' Time After Time ' ''. The Wall Street Journal. New York City, NY, U.S. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stone & MTV : 100 Greatest Pop Songs : 51 -- 100 ''. Rock On The Net. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Song of the Year - 27th Grammy Awards ''. The Recording Academy. Retrieved April 25, 2018. Jump up ^ Moser, John J. ( December 3, 2005 ). `` Time after time, Cyndi Lauper ready to defend her body of work ''. The Morning Call. Retrieved October 30, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Returns ''. IGN Music. September 15, 2005. Retrieved October 30, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Lauper, Cindy ( 2012 ). Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir. Simon and Schuster,. ISBN 9781439147856. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time at Discogs ''. Discogs. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in French ). Les classement single. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani, Sal ( 29 September 2003 ). `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ''. Slant Magazine. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ Jump up to : Peake, Steve. `` Top Cyndi Lauper Songs of the ' 80s ''. About.com. Retrieved July 10, 2014. ^ Jump up to : Avoledo, Pam ( January 15, 2006 ). `` Single Review : Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' ``. Blogcritics. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' time - after - time ' by cyndi - lauper songbpm.com ''. songbpm.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Lauper, Cyndi. `` Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' Sheet Music in C Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print ``. Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17. Jump up ^ Glen, Susan. `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual PopMatters ''. PopMatters. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Madden, Bryan Lee ( February 17, 2010 ). `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ( album review ) ''. Sputnikmusic. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Veevers, Brendon ( April 14, 2014 ). `` Album Review : Cyndi Lauper -- She 's So Unusual ( A 30th Anniversary Celebration ) ''. Renowned for Sound. Retrieved July 10, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Album Reviews ''. Sfloman.com. Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ Gerard, Chris ( April 3, 2014 ). `` Cyndi Lauper 's `` She 's So Unusual '' 30 Years Later ``. Metro Weekly. Retrieved July 10, 2014. 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Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in German ). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Singles Top 100. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` 7 ''. Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir. Simon and Schuste. ISBN 9781471114274. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ( US Single ) at Discogs ''. Discogs. Retrieved July 11, 2014. Jump up ^ Kent, David ( 1993 ). Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992. Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6. Archived from the original ( doc ) on 2016 - 02 - 27. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 ''. Top 30 ( in Dutch ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6749. '' RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1432 -- Saturday, June 09, 1984 ''. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ). CHUM. Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Time After Time ''. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia ''. HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 26, 1984 '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts L ''. The South African Rock Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 9, 1984 ''. Cash Box magazine. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history ''. Billboard Canadian Digital Songs. for Cyndi Lauper. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - January 14, 2006 ''. Billboard Adult Contemporary. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) ''. Billboard. 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Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 20 September 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 20 September 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ Hay, Carly ( March 20, 1999 ). `` Popular Uprisings : Billboard 's Weekly Coverage of Hot Prospects for the Heatseekers Chart ''. Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2014. ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time ''. Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Pop Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time ''. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 10, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Digital Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history ''. Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs. for Javier Colon. Retrieved 24 September 2016. ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history ''. Billboard Heatseekers Songs. for Javier Colon. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history ''. Billboard Canadian Digital Songs. for Inoj. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inoj -- Time After Time ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 September 2016. 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Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Novaspace -- Time After Time ''. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ). Single Top 100. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33, 2002 '' ( in Dutch ). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 7, 2003 ''. Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 ''. Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 ''. Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2002 ''. GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ). Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time ''. Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Digital Songs ) ''. Billboard. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump up ^ `` Nolwenn Leroy - Histoires Naturelles Tour ( Album ) '' ( in French ). Lescharts.com. Retrieved June 29, 2016. Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Ronan Keating -- Time After Time ''. Chartstats.com. 2009 - 03 - 28. Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22. Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15. Jump up ^ `` Dreams unveils latest Replace Every Eight campaign - Furniture News Magazine ''. Jump up ^ `` Welcome ''. Jump up ^ The Lovelocks ( 15 July 2016 ). `` The Lovelocks - Time After Time ( Official HD ) '' -- via YouTube. Jump up ^ `` hitparade.ch U96 -- Heaven ''. Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29. Jump up ^ `` 2015 Annual Induction and Awards Ceremony ''. Songwriters Hall of Fame. June 19, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Jump up ^ Goodman, Jessica ( June 19, 2015 ). `` Carly Rae Jepsen 's cover of Cyndi Lauper 's ' Time After Time ' is totally ' 80s ''. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Further reading ( edit ) Lauper, Cindy ( 2012 ). Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439147856. Myers, Marc ( 2016 ). Anatomy of a Song : The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock, R&B and Pop. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978 - 1 - 61185 - 959 - 1. External links ( edit ) Video on VH1 Classic website Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time -- Uploaded by CyndiLauperVEVO on YouTube `` Time after Time '' Songfacts Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' The Hooters Eric Bazilian Rob Hyman David Uosikkinen John Lilley Fran Smith, Jr. Tommy Williams Bobby Woods John Kuzma Rob Miller Andy King Mindy Jostyn Studio albums Amore Nervous Night One Way Home Zig Zag Out of Body Time Stand Still Live albums The Hooters Live Both Sides Live Compilations Greatest Hits Hooterization : A Retrospective Video releases The Ultimate Clip Collection Mark Williams Studio albums Mark Williams Sweet Trials Taking It All In Stride Life After Dark Mark Williams ZNZ Mind over Matter Compilations Greatest Hits The Very Best of Singles `` Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life '' `` Sweet Wine '' `` If It Rains '' `` Taking It All in Stride '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' `` A House for Sale '' `` Home and Away '' `` Show No Mercy `` Fix of Love `` Time After Time '' Related articles Dragon Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&oldid=842843840 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1980s ballads Rock ballads 2009 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Cyndi Lauper songs INOJ songs Ronan Keating songs Mark Williams ( singer ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Cyndi Lauper Songs written by Rob Hyman Willie Nelson songs The Hooters songs Nana Mouskouri songs 1983 songs Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 01 : 44. 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[ { "answer_passages": [ "( 1 week ) Cover versions ( edit ) American R&B singer INOJ recorded the song in 1998. Her version peaked at number six on Billboard Hot 100 Charts in the U.S. The music video of this version first aired on BET and The Box. Novaspace : The German Eurodance project covered the song on their album Novaspace ( 2002 ). It reached number 6 in Germany, number 7 in Austria and # 15 in Australia. American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006. The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow. The cover is their only charting song, hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown. The cover was certified gold by the RIAA. In April 2011, on the premiere of the American version of the reality competition television series The Voice, Javier Colon performed an acoustic version of the song during the `` blind audition '' phase. The studio recording of his cover peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, number 41 on the Digital Songs chart, number 16 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart, and number 4 on the Top Heatseekers chart. INOJ version ( edit )" ], "id": [ "13189545373885712638" ], "short_answers": [ "John Tucker Must Die" ], "yes_no_answer": [ -1 ] } ]